<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20210209767658
Title:Spatial-temporal pattern and gravity center change of fractional vegetation cover in Xinjiang, China from 2000 to 2019
Title of translation:2000-2019&#24180;&#26032;&#30086;&#26893;&#34987;&#35206;&#30422;&#24230;&#26102;&#31354;&#26684;&#23616;&#21450;&#37325;&#24515;&#21464;&#21270;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Wang, Jianguo (1, 2); Zhang, Fei (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environmental Modeling Autonomous Region of Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Fei(zhangfei3s@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:188-194
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Vegetation has become the main producer to serve as an integral part of natural ecosystem, as well as perform various vital ecological functions. Vegetation coverage has some direct effects on the structure, functions, and health of an ecosystem. The vegetation coverage can also be one of the key ecological parameters that can reflect the level and quality of an ecosystem, particularly on Xinjiang, China, characterized by shortage of water resources and fragile ecological environment in the arid hinterland of Eurasia. New challenge has posed on the ecological system in Xinjiang, as "the Belt and Road" initiative is being promoted. Furthermore, the area and quality of vegetation coverage is degrading, as adverse effects increased from the climate change and human activities in the last 20 years, leading to severe negative impacts on the ecological environment and social economy. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the long-term sequence monitoring on the vegetation coverage at the regional scale, in order to promote the eco-friendly development model, and further to ensure the sustainable development of the "Silk Road of Green Development". In this study, MODIS/EVI data was employed to obtain the Fractional Vegetation Coverage (FVC) based on pixel dichotomy, thereby to explore the change in vegetation coverage and its driving mechanisms. The variation of FVC was revealed using the percentage of deviation from normal and linear regression analysis. The driving mechanism of FVC change was also analyzed by the gravity center model and correlation analysis. The results showed that: 1) The average vegetation coverage was 0.255 in Xinjiang from 2000 to 2019, where the area with an very low coverage accounting for 63.53%. The vegetation coverage was higher in Yili River Valley, where the area with an extremely high coverage accounting for 77.9%, whereas that in southern Xinjiang only accounted for 6.94%. 2) The FVC was on the rise in Xinjiang as a whole, with a stable variation. The percentage of abnormal change was within the normal range. However, the fluctuation of FVC was relatively large in eastern Xinjiang. In 2015, the FVC value was nearly 20% higher than the average level, with other regions fluctuating in the range of &plusmn;5%. The reduction area of vegetation coverage was larger than that of the increasing area, where 53.04% of the area tended to decrease. At the level of significance less than 0.05, the area with increasing trend was large. 3) In the driving mechanisms for the variation of vegetation coverage, the spatial position of vegetation centers, temperature and precipitation were calculated to analyze the change and relationship between the gravity centers of various elements from the spatial level. The vegetation center of gravity fluctuated to high longitude and high latitude. In terms of longitude change, temperature was the main driving factor of vegetation spatial change in Xinjiang, indicating a positive correlation between the center of vegetation and temperature. There was a negative correlation between the vegetation center and precipitation center in Yili River Valley, with R value of -0.492. However, there was no significant relationship between the vegetation center and the center of temperature and precipitation in eastern Xinjiang. The significant change of vegetation coverage was less than 0.05 under the level of low vegetation coverage and uneven distribution. The increased area was greater than the reduced area, indicating an obvious effect of ecological restoration. A recommendation can be to strengthen the vegetation protection, especially in the area of reduced vegetation coverage. The evaluation of vegetation change and its driving mechanisms in different regions of Xinjiang can provide a scientific basis to protect the fragile ecological environment.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Vegetation
Controlled terms:Climate change - Ecosystems - Environmental protection - Roads and streets - Sustainable development - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation analysis - Ecological environments - Ecological functions - Ecological parameters - Ecological restoration - Fractional vegetation cover - Positive correlations - Vegetation protection
Classification code:406.2  Roads and Streets - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 444  Water Resources - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 6.94e+00%, Percentage 7.79e+01%, Age 2.00e+01yr, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 5.30e+01%, Percentage 6.35e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20210209767671
Title:Effects of CeO<inf>2</inf> addition ratio on hydrogen production during cellulose gasification catalyzed by Fe-based catalysts
Title of translation:CeO<inf>2</inf>&#28155;&#21152;&#27604;&#20363;&#23545;Fe&#22522;&#20652;&#21270;&#21058;&#20652;&#21270;&#32420;&#32500;&#32032;&#27668;&#21270;&#21046;&#27682;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Zhao, Yujia (1, 2); Zou, Jun (1); Hu, Junhao (1); Yang, Haiping (1); Yang, Guang (1); Chen, Hanping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan; 430074, China; (2) China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan; 430074, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Haiping(yhping2002@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:269-274
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biomass energy is currently the fourth largest energy source in the world. Biomass steam gasification at high temperature is also one of the most promising methods of hydrogen production. However, there are some problems, such as high release content of alkali and alkaline earth metal, high tar content, deactivation of catalysts, and low hydrogen content in the conversion process of biomass. These shortcomings have prevented the application of biomass gasification in modern energy and chemical industries. In the process of gasification, the catalyst usually plays an important role in tar conversion and hydrogen production. The iron-based catalysts well perform in the process of thermochemical conversion, where the CeO<inf>2</inf> is a very effective catalyst additive, indicating significantly improve the thermal stability of iron-based catalysts. When the proportion of CeO<inf>2</inf> in CeO<inf>2</inf>/Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> bimetallic Catalyst is high, CeFeO<inf>3</inf> with perovskite structure can be synthesized. It has also been proved that CeFeO<inf>3</inf> has a high oxygen-carrying capacity, strong oxygen transferability, fast reaction rate, and high photocatalytic activity. This study focused on the effect of Ce addition on the catalytic performance of iron-based catalysts and the syngas in the process of biomass gasification. A co-precipitation method was used to prepare the CeO<inf>2</inf>/Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> bimetallic catalysts with different ratios. The cellulose was selected as biomass sample, in order to simplify the impact of high content of alkali and alkaline earth metals in biomass. The specific experiments were carried out in a two-stage fixed-bed gasification reactor. The distribution of gas products, gas yield, structure characteristics, the stability of catalyst were analyzed with variant approaches at different Ce:Fe molar ratios, temperatures and cycles. The optimal molar ratio of CeO<inf>2</inf>/Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> bimetallic catalysts was found, further to reveal the effect mechanism of Ce addition on biomass gasification with the iron-based catalyst. The results showed that the catalytic performance of CeO<inf>2</inf>/Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> catalyst was much better than that of pure CeO<inf>2</inf> or Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>. It infers that the addition of Ce and Fe had a synergistic effect on the volatile conversion and hydrogen production. When the molar ratio of CeO<inf>2</inf>/Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> catalyst was 3:7, the maximum yield of the H<inf>2</inf> was 21.63 mmol/g cellulose at 800&#8451;, while the total gas yield reached 92.21%. The CeFeO<inf>3</inf> product can be generated at 800&#8451; or higher temperature after the redox reactions without forming CeO<inf>2</inf>/Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> clathrate. The existence of CeFeO<inf>3</inf> enhanced the process of biomass gasification with steam. After 3 cycles, the yield of each gas tended to be stable, while the catalytic activity of CeO<inf>2</inf>/Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> bimetallic catalyst did not decrease significantly. Due to the high capacity and oxygen mobility, the introduction of CeO<inf>2</inf> can be used to improve the oxidation performance of iron-based catalysts, while to promote the oxidation of possible carbon deposits on the catalyst surface. Therefore, an enhancement effect can be achieved in an inner-looping chemical gasification and the stability of CeO<inf>2</inf>/Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> catalyst. This finding can provide a promising guidance for the in-depth understanding of biomass gasification mechanism. Some experiments are under the way to analyze the characteristics of catalyst reduction, surface micro-topography, and carbon deposition. A composite catalyst was recommended in the further research to combine perovskite-type oxygen carriers and carbon dioxide adsorption. It is also necessary to explore its catalytic characteristics in the internal cycle chemical chain gasification and influence on the biomass gasification process.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Catalyst activity
Controlled terms:Alkaline earth metals - Alkalinity - Biomass - Carbon dioxide - Carbon dioxide process - Cellulose - Cerium - Cerium oxide - Chemical industry - Chemical stability  - Gas adsorption - Gasification - Hematite - Hydrogen production - Iron - Iron deposits - Molar ratio - Perovskite - Photocatalytic activity - Precipitation (chemical)  - Redox reactions - Tar - Thermodynamic stability - Topography
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon dioxide adsorption - Catalytic performance - Coprecipitation method - Energy and chemical industries - High photocatalytic activities - In-depth understanding - Structure characteristic - Thermochemical Conversion
Classification code:482.2  Minerals - 522  Gas Fuels - 534.2  Foundry Practice - 545.1  Iron - 547.2  Rare Earth Metals - 549.2  Alkaline Earth Metals - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 801  Chemistry - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 805  Chemical Engineering, General - 811.3  Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Molality 2.16e+01mol/kg, Percentage 9.22e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20210209767538
Title:Effects of heat combining with Nisin treatment on the sterilization of Bacillus subtilis spores
Title of translation:&#28909;&#32467;&#21512;Nisin&#22788;&#29702;&#23545;&#26543;&#33609;&#26438;&#33740;&#33469;&#23394;&#30340;&#26432;&#28781;&#25928;&#26524;
Authors:Chen, Le (1); Zhang, Zhong (1); Guo, Jiajun (1); Shen, Jin (1); Chen, Xiang (1); Shang, Binling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food and Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Zhong(zhangzhong99@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:320-325
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Bacterial spores are the most difficult microorganisms to be inactivated, which can cause food spoilage and poisoning in food production. High-temperature treatment above 100&#8451; is often used to inactivate bacterial spores in food, but the heat treatment at high temperature inevitably affects the nutrition and sensory quality of products. In this study, a lower-temperature heat treatment combined with Nisin on bacterial spores was proposed to explore the inactivation effects and mechanism, in order to find a feasible way to inactivate bacterial spores with lower-temperature. A plate-counting method, fluorescence polarization method, spectrophotometry and flow cytometry were used to determine the survival rate, fluorescence polarization degree, the absorbance value and inner membrane permeability of the spore samples. The results showed that: 1) The 80&#8451; treatment or Nisin alone cannot inactivate bacterial spores, but the 80&#8451; heat treatment combined with Nisin can effectively inactivate bacterial spores. After treated at 80&#8451; with 500 mg/L Nisin for 20 min, the survival concentration of bacterial spores decreased by about 1.4 lg (CFU/mL). 2) The fluorescent probe DPH was used to mark the inner membrane of bacterial spores, and further to analyze the fluidity of bacterial spores in the inner membrane. The results showed that the heat treatment combined with Nisin can significantly improve the fluidity of the inner membrane. Nisin can directly affect the degree of fluorescence polarization in the inner membrane. With higher Nisin concentration, the influence of Nisin on the degree of fluorescence polarization of inner membrane was stronger, whereas, the influence was smaller in the heat treatment at 80&#8451;. The effects of 500 mg/L Nisin on the bacterial spores were much stronger than that of heat at 80&#8451;. 3) The content release of spore was closely related to the inner membrane permeability of bacterial spores, and the absorbance value of spore suspension was often used to estimate the release of spore's content. The higher release degree of spore's content caused more significant decrease of the absorbance value of spore suspension. After 80&#8451; thermal treatment combined with Nisin, the absorbance value of spore suspension was significantly lower than that of thermal or Nisin treatment alone. After the treatment with 80&#8451; heat and 500 mg/L Nisin for 20 min, the absorbance value of spore suspension was the lowest. 4) The spores treated with heat combined with Nisin were stained with PI (Propidium Iodide), whereas, the changes of inner membrane permeability were studied by flow cytometry. The 80&#8451; thermal treatment combined with Nisin can significantly increase the permeability of inner membrane. Compared with heat or Nisin used alone, the permeability of inner membrane increased significantly after thermal treatment combined with Nisin. The higher Nisin concentration caused the higher permeability of inner membrane. It was found that Nisin had significant effects on the fluidity and permeability of inner membrane for the spore, where the 80&#8451; thermal treatment combined with different concentrations of Nisin had synergistic effect to improve the permeability of inner membrane. With the increase in the permeability of inner membrane, water was easier to enter the core of bacterial spores, which reduced the heat resistance of bacterial spores. The 80&#8451; thermal treatment combined with 500 mg/L Nisin can effectively inactivate bacterial spores, while the addition of Nisin greatly reduced the temperature required for inactivation of bacterial spore. The findings can contribute to reduce the damages of thermal sterilization on the nutritional and sensory quality in food production.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Antibiotics
Controlled terms:Bacteria - Bacteriology - Flow cytometry - Fluidity - Fluorescence - Food microbiology - Heat resistance - Heat treatment - Membranes - Nutrition  - Organic polymers - Polarization - Spoilage - Sterilization (cleaning)
Uncontrolled terms:Bacillus subtilis spores - Fluorescence polarization - Fluorescence polarization method - High temperature treatments - Inactivation effect - Lower temperatures - Synergistic effect - Thermal sterilization
Classification code:461  Bioengineering and Biology - 537.1  Heat Treatment Processes - 741.1  Light/Optics - 741.3  Optical Devices and Systems - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 5.00e-01kg/m3, Time 1.20e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20210209767597
Title:Drought monitoring based on GRACE data in the Pearl River Basin, China
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;GRACE&#37325;&#21147;&#21355;&#26143;&#25968;&#25454;&#30340;&#29664;&#27743;&#27969;&#22495;&#24178;&#26097;&#30417;&#27979;
Authors:Deng, Zifeng (1); Wu, Xushu (1); Wang, Zhaoli (1, 2); Li, Jun (1); Chen, Xiaohong (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou; 510640, China; (2) State Key Lab of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou; 510641, China; (3) Department of Water Resources and Environment, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; 510275, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Zhaoli(wangzhl@scut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:179-187
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Intensity and frequency of extreme climate events are ever-increasing, as the global climate is changing all the time. Drought has caused the tremendous impact and destruction on water resources, natural ecological environment, agricultural production, as well as the social and economic development. Therefore, the drought monitoring and evaluation are necessary to make emergency measures, thereby to reduce the loss triggered by the drought. However, the drought behaves an obviously temporal and spatial characteristics, one of which the terrestrial water storage has been lower than the historical average. Note that the terrestrial water storage is the sum of surface water, biowater, soil moisture, groundwater, and snow/ice. Fortunately, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment mission (GRACE) satellite can provide a long-term and effective method to in-situ monitor the changes in terrestrial water storage. A continuous, rapid, and repetitive observation can be conducted in the GRACE gravity satellite, without being restricted by ground conditions. The global data with uniform distribution and observation scale can be obtained, to effectively solve the problems related to the depth of ground observation, insufficient data acquisition, uneven distribution of spatial and hydrological models. In this study, a dimensionless standardized Water Storage Deficit Index (WSDI) based on GRACE data was proposed to monitor drought in the Pearl River Basin from April 2002 to June 2017. A systematic evaluation was made to explore the capability of WSDI for the spatiotemporal variation of drought, and thereby to identify the drought events, compared with the common drought indexes, including the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Standardized Runoff Index (SRI), and Self-Calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI). The WSDI was calculated by the GSM data from the GRACE Level-2 RL06 published by CSR (Center for Space Research) and JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory). The SPEI and SPI were calculated by the meteorological data collected from 183 meteorological stations in the Pearl River Basin, and then interpolated with the Kriging method. The SRI and scPDSI were calculated by the output data from the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface hydrological model. The drought events were analyzed during 2002 to 2015 which monitored by the WSDI and common drought indexes, compared with the drought centroid trajectories of drought events. The results showed that: 1) In the 7 drought events monitored by the WSDI during 2002 to 2017, the drought events from 2003 to 2006 were the worst with the longest drought duration, the highest drought intensity, and the greatest drought severity. Evaluation of drought in the Pearl River Basin showed that the drought situation monitored by the WSDI was basically consistent with the actual drought situation recorded by the Pearl River Water Resource Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources. It verified that the GRACE data can be used to capture the occurrence, development, and disappearance of drought events, together with the drought characteristics; 2) The time variation of WSDI and its response to climate anomalies were in good agreement with the SPI-6, SPI-12, SPEI-6, SPEI-12, SRI-3, SRI-6, SRI-12, and scPDSI, indicating the similar peaks and troughs. It infers that there was a strong correlation with the WSDI. Specifically, the WSDI had the highest Pearson correlation coefficient with the scPDSI (0.803, P<0.05), which can comprehensively describe drought, whereas, a low Pearson correlation coefficients with the SPI-3 and SPEI-3, which have obviously seasonal characteristics to reflect the condition of short- and medium-term moisture. The WSDI can better reveal comprehensive water changes in the mid-and-long term for the study area, and thereby it can be used to monitor drought events caused by the water deficit in all layers of land; 3) The centroid trajectories of drought events recorded by the WSDI was basically consistent with those recorded by the SPI-12, SPEI-12, SRI-12, scPDSI, where the drought centroid of large-scale drought events appeared a movement from eastern to western regions. This result demonstrated that the WSDI can be used to reasonably represent the spatiotemporal changes of drought. Therefore, the WSDI has obvious advantages and application potentials suitable for monitoring and evaluation of large-scale hydrological drought. The finding can provide valuable information and a new data source in the large-scale monitoring and assessment for hydrological drought.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:45
Main heading:Drought
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Climate change - Climate models - Correlation methods - Data acquisition - Digital storage - Extreme weather - Gems - Geodetic satellites  - Groundwater - Monitoring - Rivers - Soil moisture - Space research - Water supply - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment missions - Jet Propulsion Laboratory - Monitoring and evaluations - Pearson correlation coefficients - Self-calibrating Palmer drought severity indices - Social and economic development - Standardized precipitation index - Variable infiltration capacities
Classification code:405.3  Surveying - 443  Meteorology - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 482.2.1  Gems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 656.2  Space Research - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921  Mathematics - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20210209767541
Title:Method for detecting dragon fruit based on improved lightweight convolutional neural network
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#25913;&#36827;&#30340;&#36731;&#37327;&#21270;&#21367;&#31215;&#31070;&#32463;&#32593;&#32476;&#28779;&#40857;&#26524;&#26816;&#27979;&#26041;&#27861;
Authors:Wang, Jinpeng (1); Gao, Kai (1); Jiang, Hongzhe (1); Zhou, Hongping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing; 210037, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:218-225
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The real-time detection of dragon fruit in the natural environment is one of the necessary conditions for dragon fruit automated picking. This paper proposed the lightweight convolutional neural network YOLOv4-LITE. YOLOv4 integrates multiple optimization strategies, and its detection accuracy is 10% higher than traditional YOLOv3. However, the YOLOv4 requires a large amount of memory storage because of the complexity of backbone network and huge calculation, so it is not suitable to be deployed in embedded devices for real-time detection. The Mobilenet-v3 network was selected to replace CSPDarknet-53 as the YOLOv4 backbone network because it can significantly improve the detection speed. Mobilenet-v3 extends the depth of separable convolution and introduces the attention mechanism, which reduces the computation of feature maps and speeds up the propagation speed of feature maps in the network. In order to improve the detection accuracy of small targets, up-sampling is carried out on the 39-layers and 46-layers respectively. The 39-layers feature map is combined with the feature map of the last bottleneck layer, and upsampling is applied twice. The fused feature map uses a 1&times;1 convolution to enhance the dimension of the feature map. Then, up-sampling is conducted on the 46-layer to fuse with the 11-layer feature map, and the feature map is fused for multi-scale prediction. The convolution is performed three times to obtain a 52&times;52 scale feature map for the detection of small targets. The 51-layer feature map is combined with the 44-layer feature map and convolution is applied three times, and a 26&times;26 feature map is obtained for the detection of medium-sized targets. The 59-layer feature map is combined with the 39-layer feature map, and convolution is applied three times, and a 13&times;13 feature map is obtained for the detection of medium-sized targets. 2513 images of dragon fruit under different occlusion environments were used as data sets for the training experiment. Results showed that the lightweight YOLOv4-LITE network proposed achieved an Average Precision (AP) value of 96.48%, the average of the accuracy and recall rates (F1 score)of 95%, average Intersection over Union (IoU) of 81.09%, and model occupying 2.7 MB of memory. Meanwhile, by comparing and analyzing different backbone networks, the detection speed of Mobilenet-V3 was improved, and 160.32 ms reduced the average detection time compared with CSPDarknet-53. YOLOv4-LITE took only 2.28 ms to detect a 1 200&times;900 resolution image on the GPU. YOLOv4-LITE network can effectively identify dragon fruit in the natural environment, and has strong robustness. Compared with existing target detection algorithms, the detection speed of YOLOv4-LITE was approximately 9.5 times higher than that of SSD-300 and 14.3 times than that of Faster-RCNN. The influence of multi-scale prediction on model performance was further analyzed, and four feature maps with different scales were used for fusion prediction. The AP value was improved by 0.81% when four scales were used for prediction, but the average time was increased by 10.33 ms, and the model weight was increased by 7.4 MB. The overall results show that the lightweight YOLOv4-LITE proposed in this paper has significant advantages in terms of detection speed, detection accuracy and model size, and can be applied to the detection of dragon fruit in a natural environment.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Feature extraction
Controlled terms:Backpropagation - Convolution - Convolutional neural networks - Digital storage - Forecasting - Fruits - Predictive analytics - Scales (weighing instruments) - Signal detection - Signal sampling  - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Attention mechanisms - Detection accuracy - Model performance - Multi scale prediction - Multiple optimizations - Natural environments - Real-time detection - Target detection algorithm
Classification code:716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.4  Artificial Intelligence - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922  Statistical Methods - 943.3  Special Purpose Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 8.10e-01%, Percentage 8.11e+01%, Percentage 9.50e+01%, Percentage 9.65e+01%, Time 1.03e-02s, Time 1.60e-01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.026
Funding details:  Number: BE2018364, Acronym: -, Sponsor: -;Number: 51408311, Acronym: NSFC, Sponsor: National Natural Science Foundation of China;
Funding text:Received date: 2020-07-24 Revised date: 2020-10-12 Foundation item: Jiangsu Science and Technology Project (BE2018364); National Natural Science Foundation of China (51408311) Biography: Wang Jinpeng, associate professor, engaged in intelligent agricultural research. Email: jpwang@njfu.edu.cn

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20210209767655
Title:Monitoring rice growth based on a portable three-band instrument for crop growth monitoring and diagnosis
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#20415;&#25658;&#24335;&#19977;&#27874;&#27573;&#20316;&#29289;&#29983;&#38271;&#30417;&#27979;&#20202;&#30340;&#27700;&#31291;&#38271;&#21183;&#30417;&#27979;
Authors:Lin, Weipan (1); Li, Huaimin (1); Ni, Jun (1); Jiang, Xiaoping (1); Zhu, Yan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210095, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Yan(yanzhu@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:203-208
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The development of instruments for monitoring and diagnosing crop growth quickly and non-destructively obtain crop growth information, which is very helpful for the production and management of crop fields. Aimed at the problems with the existing two-band instrument used for crop growth monitoring and diagnosis, such as relying on a single vegetation index and low accuracy of growth index retrieval, this study developed a portable three-band instrument for crop-growth monitoring and diagnosis CGMD303 (Crop-Growth Monitoring and Diagnosis, CGMD). The CGMD303 instrument consisted of a multi-spectral crop growth sensor, processor system, sensor holder, level, shielded cable, and other components. Multi-spectral crop sensors were divided into upward light sensors and downward light sensors in structure. The upward light sensor could receive solar radiation information in the 660, 730, and 815 nm bands; the downward light sensor consisted of three detector lenses, which were used to detect the characteristic wavelengths of 660, 730, and 815 nm, respectively. The radiation information would be processed after being converted to electrical signals through the photoelectric detector. To test the monitoring performance of CGMD303 on rice growth, rice field experiments were conducted from July 2018 to September 2018 at the demonstration base of the National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture in Rugao City, Jiangsu Province, China (32&deg;27'N, 120&deg;77'E), and 2 varieties (Liangyou 728 and Huaidao NO.5), 3 nitrogen levels (0, 150 and 360 kg/hm²) and 2 planting density levels (30 cm&times;15 cm and 50 cm&times;15 cm) were set in the rice experiments. The canopy spectral reflectance of 660, 730, and 815 nm was obtained at the jointing stage, booting stage, and heading stage of rice and 2 new three-band vegetation indices were constructed. Fitting results of the vegetation indices obtained by CGMD303 and the commercial instrument ASD FieldSpec HandHeld2 showed a good linear correlation, indicating that CGMD303 effectively obtained rice canopy reflectance. Two three-band vegetation indices obtained by CGMD303 and rice growth parameters were fitted to construct rice growth monitoring models. The highest coefficient of determination values of the three-band vegetation indices and leaf area index, leaf dry weight, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf nitrogen accumulation of indica rice were 0.90, 0.74, 0.70, 0.79, respectively, and the relative root mean square error was 0.12, 0.17, 0.11, 0.22, respectively; the highest coefficient of determination values of the three-band vegetation indices and corresponding growth indices of Japonica rice were 0.74, 0.62, 0.38, 0.59, respectively, and the relative root mean square error was 0.21, 0.21, 0.16, 0.31, respectively. The prediction accuracy of the rice growth monitoring models based on CGMD303 for each growth parameters was tested and the coefficient of determination of leaf area index, leaf dry weight, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf nitrogen accumulation of rice were 0.85, 0.72, 0.45, 0.68, respectively, and the relative root mean square error were 0.21, 0.32, 0.13, 0.39, respectively. Verification results showed that CGMD303 could accurately predict leaf area index, biomass, and nitrogen indices of rice. CGMD303 had the advantages of accurate and stable data acquisition, simple operation, high-cost performance, etc. It was suitable for field operations and had high application potential.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Crops - Data acquisition - Errors - Mean square error - Nitrogen - Reflection - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Canopy spectral reflectance - Coefficient of determination - Commercial instruments - Engineering and technology - Monitoring performance - Photoelectric detectors - Radiation information - Root mean square errors
Classification code:723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Size 8.15e-07m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20210209767667
Title:Simulation and experiment of air flow field in the cleaning device of ratooning rice combine harvesters
Title of translation:&#20877;&#29983;&#31291;&#32852;&#21512;&#25910;&#33719;&#26426;&#28165;&#36873;&#35013;&#32622;&#20869;&#37096;&#27668;&#27969;&#22330;&#20998;&#26512;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Wang, Hanhao (1); Li, Yaoming (1); Xu, Lizhang (1); Huang, Mingsen (1); Ma, Zheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Corresponding author:Li, Yaoming(ymli@ujs.edu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:84-92
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ratooning rice is a kind of double cropping in rice, where only the upper 2/3 part of the rice plant is cut off after the first season of mature rice, leaving the lower third of the plant and root system to let it grow another season of rice. The combine harvester can crush the rice piles, when working in the field, thereby reducing the yield of the second season of ratooning rice. A wide header is widely used in the combine harvester for the ratooning rice, in order to reduce the number of round trips of the combine harvester in the field, and thus reduce the rolling rate, while, leave enough stalks to meet the growth requirements of the second season of ratooning rice. The ear part is cut off in harvesting the first season rice. Therefore, the ratooning rice extract has the characteristics of large material volume, high grain content and high water content. Long grass and leaves are easy to block on the screen surface, and a large number of grains can not be screened efficiently, which greatly increases the screening load. In this study, a cleaning device was developed in combine harvesters for ratooning rice, in order to efficiently complete the cleaning of ratooning rice extracts. A six-blade centrifugal fan was used as a cleaning fan to ensure suffcient wind speed and flow. The shutter screen was used as the upper of vibrating screen, indicating excellent wind guiding.With the help of vibration, the materials on the screen surface can be quickly blown away and layered. Meanwhile, the grains can be screened efficiently, due to the screen plate was flat and unobstructed. The working parameters were obtained, when the distribution of air flow field was optimal, via simulating the internal flow field in a cleaning device with three different screen openings. The CFD software was used to perform numerical simulation and comparative analysis on the internal airflow field inside the cleaning device in combine harvester for the ratooning rice under different screen opening scales. The diagram of gas streamline was obtained in the cleaning room, whereas, the diagram of wind speed cloud was obtained at different height above the vibrating screen. When the fan speed was 1 050 r / min, it was found that the screen had the best wind guiding effect, where the screen opening was 20 mm, indicating that the optimal distribution of wind speed was above the screen surface. The wind speed in most areas can meet the separation requirements of ratooning rice extract. The wind speed was 3.67-4.29 m/s in the 1/2 place in front of screen, indicating that there was enough to separate the light impurities in the mixture. The wind speed increased above 11.02 m/s in the last 1/2 places, showing evenly distribution suitable for cleaning. The wind speed was measured at a total of 75 measurement points above the screen surface, where the fan speed was 1050 r/min and the screen opening was 25 mm, using the TES1340 precision hot wire anemometer. The measured wind speed was generally lower than the simulated wind speed, and the gap between the two values was lager in the high wind speed area than that in the low wind speed area. The reason for this phenomenon is that the numerical simulation was completed under ideal conditions, where the airflow attenuation was slower than the actual situation. The grain impurity rate can reach the lowest, when the screen opening was 20 mm in the field test. A variance analysis of data showed that there was no main effect on the cleaning loss rate of shutter screen, indicating that the cleaning effect was the best, when the screen opening is 20 mm. These values are consistent with the results that obtained from numerical simulation of air flow field. When the rotation speed of fan was 1 050 r/min, under the working condition of the feeding amount of 5.36 kg/s, the preferred combination of working parameter can be: the opening scale of shutter screen was 20 mm, and the vibration frequency of the cleaning sieve was 6 Hz. Specifically, the impurity rate of the ratooning rice grain was 1.52%, while the loss rate was 1.11%. The feasibility of developed cleaning device was verified for the cleaning of regenerated rice materials.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Combines
Controlled terms:Air - Air cleaners - Anemometers - Cleaning - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer software - Flow fields - Grain (agricultural product) - Harvesters - Numerical models  - Plants (botany) - Speed - Vibrating screens - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Comparative analysis - High water content - Hot wire anemometers - Internal flow field - Measurement points - Optimal distributions - Vibration frequency - Working parameters
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 451.2  Air Pollution Control - 605.1  Small Tools, Powered - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5  Computer Applications - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921  Mathematics - 944.3  Pressure Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 6.00e+00Hz, Mass_Flow_Rate 5.36e+00kg/s, Percentage 1.11e+00%, Percentage 1.52e+00%, Rotational_Speed 1.05e+03RPM, Size 2.00e-02m, Size 2.50e-02m, Velocity 1.10e+01m/s, Velocity 3.67e+00m/s to 4.29e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20210209767642
Title:Performance analysis and experiments of seed filling assisted by groove-tooth of pneumatic disc precision metering device for rapeseed
Title of translation:&#27833;&#33756;&#27668;&#21147;&#30424;&#24335;&#31934;&#37327;&#25490;&#31181;&#22120;&#27133;&#40831;&#36741;&#21161;&#20805;&#31181;&#24615;&#33021;&#20998;&#26512;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Li, Zhaodong (1, 2); Yang, Wenchao (1, 3); Wu, Yaoyao (1); He, Shun (1); Wang, Weiwei (1, 2); Chen, Liqing (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei; 230036, China; (2) Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Machinery and Equipment, Hefei; 230036, China; (3) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Liqing(lqchen@ahau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:57-66
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:High precision of seed metering device is becoming essential to regulate the seeding amount of a direct seeding machine, and to enhance the quality of planting density. A pneumatic seeding technology can be highly expected, due to its low injury rate, good seed adaptability, and large adjustable range of sowing volume. In planting rapeseed, the filling problem can occur during the seeding process with a high velocity using the pneumatic precision metering device, easy to cause serious missed seeding and large working negative pressure. Therefore, an assistant filling plate with groove-tooth directional disturbance was proposed to deal with the filling problem. This study aims to investigate the effects of groove-tooth structure on filling performance in a plate-type pneumatic seed metering device with high velocity and precision for planting rapeseed. An EDEM software, high velocity camera technology and orthogonal test were combined to explore the assisted filling performance, the seed-group mobility under different types and thickness of groove-tooth. This method can be used to alleviate the serious leakage and large demanding for wind pressure power in the seeding process. The EDEM numerical simulation was performed to analyze the influence of different thickness and types of groove-tooth on seed-group mobility during planting. The average kinetic energy and its sum were selected as the quantitative indicators. The results showed that there was a better assistant filling effect in a seed churning device with a linear groove-tooth structure in the thickness from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm, which helped to improve the seed mobility and inhibit the seed-group drag. In the bench test, the Huayouza 62 was selected, where its 1000-grain weight was 4.4 g, the sphericity was 91.5 %, and the water content was 7.6 %. With the help of high-velocity camera technology, the groove-tooth optimization and assistant filling performance test were carried out to explore the influence of experimental factors on assistant suction performance. According to the model parameters, the smooth plate, arc-shaped and linear seed plate with groove-tooth were produced by the optimized experiment of seed churning device, and thereby they were installed on the top surface of pneumatic precision metering devices during planting rapeseed. It is noted that the seed casing was made of transparent materials for the convenience of observation. Optimized type of groove-tooth was taken as the object, and the thickness of groove-tooth, velocity and negative pressure were taken as experiment factors, while, the leakage absorption rate and the absorption qualification rate were taken as experiment indicators. A three-factor four-level orthogonal experiment was carried out using Design-Expert software. The results showed that when the negative pressure was not less than 1 500 Pa, and the velocity was less than 6.0 km/h, the filling performance for three types of seed plates had little difference. When the velocity was 6.0-9.5 km/h, the assistant filling performance of seed plate with the linear groove-tooth was better than that with the arc groove-tooth and smooth plate. In three factors and four horizontal orthogonal experiments, the optimal was achieved for the filling performance of 1.0 mm thickness, further to clarify the influences of thickness of groove-tooth, negative pressure and velocity on suction performance. The optimal conditions of groove-tooth can be obtained: the thickness of 1.0 mm, the negative pressure of 1 500-2 500 Pa, the velocity of 2.6-9.5 km/h, the adsorption qualification rate was not less than 96 %, and leakage rate was not more than 4 %. The findings can provide a sound reference for the optimal design of pneumatic seed metering device in plate type with high velocity and high precision for planting rapeseed.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Filling
Controlled terms:Cameras - Kinetic energy - Kinetics - Oilseeds - Plates (structural components) - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Pneumatics - Software testing - Structural dynamics - Velocity  - Wind effects
Uncontrolled terms:Different thickness - Experimental factors - Orthogonal experiment - Performance analysis - Quantitative indicators - Seed metering devices - Suction performance - Transparent material
Classification code:408  Structural Design - 408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 632.3  Pneumatics - 632.4  Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 691.1  Materials Handling Equipment - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 723.5  Computer Applications - 742.2  Photographic Equipment - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
Numerical data indexing:Mass 4.40e-03kg, Percentage 4.00e+00%, Percentage 7.60e+00%, Percentage 9.15e+01%, Percentage 9.60e+01%, Pressure 1.50e+03Pa, Pressure 1.50e+03Pa to 2.50e+03Pa, Size 1.00e-03m, Size 5.00e-04m to 1.50e-03m, Velocity 1.67e+00m/s, Velocity 1.67e+00m/s to 2.64e+00m/s, Velocity 7.22e-01m/s to 2.64e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20210209767543
Title:Measurement of environmental parameters of cascading caged-rearing duck houses in Shandong of China in summer and winter
Title of translation:&#23665;&#19996;&#22799;&#20908;&#23395;&#33410;&#23618;&#21472;&#24335;&#31548;&#20859;&#32905;&#40493;&#33293;&#29615;&#22659;&#21442;&#25968;&#27979;&#23450;
Authors:Guan, Qingmiao (1); Ding, Weimin (1); Guo, Binbin (2); Li, Kang (1); Shi, Zhendan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China; (2) Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Weimin(wmding@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:246-253
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This study aims to investigate the influence of environmental parameters on the outgoing quality of meat ducks. In this experiment, Cherry Valley ducks were taken as the research object. 48 measuring points were selected in the breeding house to measure the whole growth cycle, in order to explore the distribution law of environmental parameters in different positions of the cascading caged-rearing meat duck house in summer and winter. The results showed that there were significant differences in the environmental parameters collected from various locations in different seasons. In summer, the temperature and humidity at the distance of 27.3m (28.81&#8451;, 79.89%) and 45.3m (28.60&#8451;, 79.64%) away from the clear road end were significantly lower than (P<0.05) those at 9.3m (28.95&#8451;, 80.50%) and 63.3m (28.87&#8451;, 80.22%). The wind speed at the position of 9.3m (0.34 m/s) was significantly lower than (P<0.05) that at other measuring point. The concentration of ammonia and carbon dioxide showed an upward trend from the end of clean channel to the end of the sewage channel. In the vertical direction, the temperature and humidity in the upper middle layer (29.01&#8451;, 80.59%) were significantly higher than (P<0.05) those in the upper and lower layers. The wind speed in the upper layer (1.00m/s) was significantly higher than (P<0.05) that in the middle and lower layers, indicating that there was no significant difference between the middle and lower layers. The concentrations of ammonia (1.36mg/m&sup3;) and carbon dioxide (1519.98mg/m&sup3;) in the lower layer were higher than others. In winter in the horizontal direction, the temperature decreased from the clean end to the sewage end at the age of 1~3 weeks, but increased at the age of 4~5 weeks. During the test period, the relative humidity, wind speed, concentration of ammonia and carbon dioxide showed an upward trend from the clean road end to the dirty road end. Vertically, the temperature (24.50&#8451;), concentration of ammonia concentration (6.25mg/m&sup3;), and carbon dioxide (5215.87mg/m&sup3;) in the middle layer were significantly higher than (P<0.05) those in the upper and lower layers. The wind speed in the middle layer (0.07m/s) was significantly lower than (P<0.05) that in the upper and lower layers. In summer and winter, the average outgoing quality of the middle floor (2.88, 3.05 kg) was slightly lower than that of the upper and lower floors, while, the average outgoing quality of the back end (2.84, 3.01 kg) was slightly lower than that of the front end. The results of correlation analysis showed that there was a very significant negative correlation between temperature and relative humidity in summer and winter (P<0.01), while, an extremely significant negative correlation between wind speed and concentration of ammonia concentration and carbon dioxide (P<0.01). There was an extremely significant positive correlation between ammonia concentration and carbon dioxide concentration (P<0.01). The relative humidity in summer was negatively correlated with the outgoing quality of meat ducks (P<0.05). The results demonstrated that the fixed-point ventilation, increasing cage spacing or replacing heating equipment in winter can be recommended in the areas with weak ventilation, according to the distribution law of environmental parameters in the house. This finding can provide a sound reference to improve the uniformity of air distribution in the house, while, reduce the temperature and dehumidification, particularly to alleviate the accumulation of harmful gases, for a good growing environment for meat ducks breeding.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Carbon dioxide
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Environmental regulations - Floors - Heating - Houses - Humidity control - Meats - Roads and streets - Sewage - Speed  - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Ammonia and carbon dioxide - Ammonia concentrations - Average outgoing qualities - Carbon dioxide concentrations - Environmental parameter - Positive correlations - Temperature and humidities - Temperature and relative humidity
Classification code:402  Buildings and Towers - 402.3  Residences - 406.2  Roads and Streets - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 452.1  Sewage - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 822.3  Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.92e-02yr to 5.75e-02yr, Age 7.67e-02yr to 9.59e-02yr, Mass 3.01e+00kg, Mass 3.05e+00kg, Mass_Density 1.36e-06kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.52e-03kg/m3, Mass_Density 5.22e-03kg/m3, Mass_Density 6.25e-06kg/m3, Percentage 7.96e+01%, Percentage 7.99e+01%, Percentage 8.02e+01%, Percentage 8.05e+01%, Percentage 8.06e+01%, Velocity 1.00e+00m/s, Velocity 3.40e-01m/s, Velocity 7.00e-02m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20210209767685
Title:Inversion of free ferric oxide content in surface soil based on HJ-1A hyperspectral images
Title of translation:HJ-1A&#39640;&#20809;&#35889;&#24433;&#20687;&#30340;&#34920;&#23618;&#22303;&#22756;&#28216;&#31163;&#27687;&#21270;&#38081;&#21547;&#37327;&#21453;&#28436;
Authors:Ma, Chi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Liaoning Provincial College of Communications, Shenyang; 110122, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Chi(machi1001@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:164-170
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The real-time monitoring of soil free ferric oxide content is very important for obtaining regional soil physical and chemical characteristics data, monitoring soil environment, and implementing regional precision agriculture. It took HJ-1A hyperspectral remote sensing image as the basis to establish an inversion model of free ferric oxide contents in surface soil of Nong'an county, which also had combined with test data obtained from soil sampling in the study area. The whole process was divided into three steps: first of all, soil samples were taken in the research area from April 29^th to April 30^th, 2017, and 82 soil samples were collected. At the same time, the longitude and latitude of the sampling points were measured by hand-held GPS receivers to determine the position of the sampling points in remote sensing images, and the free ferric oxide content of the soil samples was tested in the laboratory. Moreover, the HJ-1A hyperspectral remote sensing image covering the study area, which was synchronized with the soil sampling time, was selected, and the FLAASH atmospheric correction model was used to carry out an atmospheric correction on the remote sensing image to eliminate the influence of water vapor, ozone, dust and the like on the imaging process in the imaging process of the sensor. Erdas software was used to carry out a geometric precise correction on the remote sensing image, and the corrected error was less than 1 pixel. Erdas software was used to draw the boundary of the research area, and the remote sensing image was cut and spliced; Finally, the reflectivity was subjected to the mathematical transformation such as reciprocal, logarithmic, exponential, power function, reciprocal of the logarithm, first-order differential of reflectivity, first-order differential of reciprocal, first-order differential of logarithmic, first-order differential of exponential, first-order differential of logarithmic reciprocal, etc. The correlation analysis between the reflectance and its mathematical transformation data and the content of soil free ferric oxide was carried out to obtain the sensitive band of ferric oxide. The inversion model of soil free ferric oxide content in the study area was established by using the method of multiple linear regression analysis, which was used to invert the content of soil free ferric oxide in the study area and draw the spatial distribution map. The results showed that the reflectivity of HJ-1A hyperspectral remote sensing image was negatively correlated with the content of free ferric oxide in the soil in the study area, and reached the peak value at the 104^th band, and the correlation coefficient was -0.455. The correlation between the reflectivity and the content of soil free ferric oxide could be significantly improved by first-order differential, reciprocal first-order differential, logarithmic first-order differential, exponential first-order differential, and other mathematical transformation. Among them, the reflectivity index of first-order differential transform and free soil ferric oxide content in the 79^th band correlation was the best-reaching and the correlation coefficient was 0.908. A multivariate regression model was established by using reflectance index transformation. The determination coefficient of the model was 0.837 and the root mean square error was 1.59 g/kg. According to the testing results of the influence of organic matter in soil on the inversion accuracy of free ferric oxide contents, it was obvious that the organic matter in the soil of the study area could produce minimal impacts on the inversion accuracy of free ferric oxide contents. This experiment could use for reference for the spectral analysis of soil free ferric oxide and provide data support for the monitoring of the regional soil ecological environment.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Atmospheric chemistry - Biogeochemistry - Chemical analysis - Global positioning system - Hyperspectral imaging - Iron oxides - Linear regression - Mathematical transformations - Mean square error  - Metadata - Monitoring - Organic compounds - Reflection - Remote sensing - Sampling - Soil testing - Soils - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - Ecological environments - First-order differentials - Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Image - Multiple linear regression analysis - Multivariate regression models - Physical and chemical characteristics - Spatial distribution map
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 481.2  Geochemistry - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20210209767697
Title:Structure optimization and experiment of sugarcane chopper harvester extractor
Title of translation:&#20999;&#27573;&#24335;&#29976;&#34071;&#25910;&#21106;&#26426;&#25490;&#26434;&#39118;&#26426;&#32467;&#26500;&#20248;&#21270;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Xing, Haonan (1); Ma, Shaochun (1); Wang, Fenglei (1); Bai, Jing (1); Hu, Jiwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimized Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Shaochun(shaochun2004@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:67-75
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Machine-harvested sugarcane usually contains too many impurities, and subsequently the cane loss often occurs when the impurities were separated by the extractor. These problems make it difficult for the mechanized harvesting of sugarcane to be recognized by sugar mills and farmers, which seriously restricts the promotion of mechanized harvesting in China. In this study, taking the extractor of a segmented sugarcane harvester (model: 4GZQ-180) as the optimization object, a CFD method was used to explore the aerodynamic performance of a extractor, and thereby to propose the improvement scheme, finally to manufacture a prototype for the test. The impurity rate and cane loss rate were used as the main indexes to evaluate the performance of the extractor before and after optimization. The commercial CFD software Fluent was selected to analyze the airflow field nearby the whole extractor and the blade, in order to investigate the performance and defects of the prototype extractor. The SST k-&omega; model and the realizable k-&Epsilon; model were utilized to calculate the turbulence near the blade and the turbulence in the extractor, respectively. The simulation results of flow field near the blade showed that the cusp of leading edge and trailing edge of blade can lead to the decrease of the lift, while, the increase of the drag. The simulation results of extractor flow field showed that: the discharge hood changed dramatically, and the airflow was blocked by the main shaft. These defects led to the serious separation of flow in the extractor. In the numerical simulation, the shape of blade was improved, and the maximum lift-to-drag ratio of the improved blade was significantly higher than that of the current blade. The cusp of discharge hood was eliminated after optimization, and the axis direction of main shaft was the same as the air flow direction. In order to further eliminate the flow separation, the cowl was installed outside the hydraulic motor, whereas, the cross-section shape of support frame was set to a streamline. The numerical simulation results showed that the air flow rate and efficiency of optimized extractor were greatly improved. The flow rate and power were selected as evaluation indexes to verify the accuracy of numerical simulation, indicating that the error between the calculated and measured value was about 10%. The experiments related to the impurity rate and cane loss rate were carried out to evaluate the performance of the extractor. The determination of impurity rate showed that the impurity rate of the optimized extractor was similar to the prototype extractor at a high speed (1 650 r/min), but it was significantly lower than that of the prototype extractor at medium (1 350 r/min) and low (1 050 r/min) speed. The determination of cane loss rate show that the cane loss rate of the optimized extractor was similar to that of the prototype extractor at low speed, but the cane loss rate was significantly reduced at medium and high speed.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Air - Choppers (circuits) - Defects - Drag - Flow fields - Flow separation - Harvesters - Harvesting - Hydraulic motors - Lift drag ratio  - Numerical models - Structural optimization - Sugar factories - Turbulence
Uncontrolled terms:Aero-dynamic performance - Cross section shape - K epsilon models - Lift to drag ratio - Mechanized harvesting - Separation of flows - Structure optimization - Sugarcane harvesters
Classification code:631  Fluid Flow - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 651.1  Aerodynamics, General - 723.5  Computer Applications - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 822.1  Food Products Plants and Equipment - 921  Mathematics - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Rotational_Speed 1.05e+03RPM, Rotational_Speed 1.35e+03RPM, Rotational_Speed 1.65e+03RPM
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20210209767571
Title:Draft cone tube pressure of pumped-storage power unit in load rejection test
Title of translation:&#25277;&#27700;&#33988;&#33021;&#26426;&#32452;&#29993;&#36127;&#33655;&#35797;&#39564;&#26102;&#23614;&#27700;&#38181;&#31649;&#21387;&#21147;
Authors:Zhang, Fei (1); Wang, Xianping (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Technology Center of State Grid Xinyuan Company Ltd., Beijing; 100053, China; (2) Voith Hydro Power Generation Shanghai Ltd., Shanghai; 200240, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:93-101
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:One of the key control parameters in hydraulic transient process of pumped-storage power unit is draft cone tube pressure, which should be within the design value. The design value is calculated by one dimension mathematical model of hydraulic transient theory with considering on certain pressure pulsation correction and calculation error. For a long time, there is non-negligible deviation between the calculated value by one dimension numerical simulation and the measured value of draft cone tube from on-site load rejection test. Henceforth, once engineers use measured values to check calculation results, they can not get reasonable explanation and evaluation between simulation results and measured values. In order to settle the difference between regulation guarantee calculation value and measured value, minimum pressure of draft cone tube was clarified from multiple perspectives in this paper, and Chinese standards or codes relating to hydraulic transient calculation were reviewed. The standard research indicates that for pumped storage unit, the minimum draft cone tube pressure should not below -0.08MPa in any circumstances. Measured draft cone tube pressure data of the rated load rejection tests performed in Hongping pumped storage power station during commissioning period was investigated. Firstly, field measuring conditions of draft cone tube pressure was thoroughly assessed and confirmed, and the validity of measured pressure was verified by using short-time-Fourier-transform to analyse the frequency characteristics. The frequencies of four draft cone tube pressure are similar, of which are low frequency component and rotor-stator frequency. The main frequencies are lower than first order eigen frequency of measuring pipes. The obtained data can be regarded as near wall measured pressure. Secondly, Savitzky-Golay filter was employed to separate trend and pulsation of measured draft cone tube pressure. The separated pressure trend can be deemed as the average section pressure of draft cone tube in one dimension numerical simulation, and the pressure pulsation represents the fluid complexity in the hydraulic transients. For pressure pulsations, relationship between maximum peak-to-peak values and time lengths were studied. For Hongping pumped-storage units, the maximum peak-to-peak values and time lengths of each unit are 0.489 MPa/0.46 s, 0.477 MPa/0.09 s, 0.532 MPa/0.66 s and 0.486 MPa/0.11 s, the average is 0.496 MPa/0.33 s. Consistency between pressure trends and one-dimension simulation results was verified. The verfication indicates that the guide vane closing principles are the same and pressure trends comply with the simulation results well. Thirdly, maximum peak-to-peak value of pressure pulsation was used to correct the one-dimension simulation results and trend items. The correction of draft cone tube has negligible errors with on-site measured values. Finally, the correction process was summarized for the hydraulic transient calculation of draft cone tube. The case study indicates that the pressure trend, which is consistent with one-dimension simulation result, can be effectively separated from measured draft cone tube pressure by using low-pass filter with cutoff frequency of 0.1-0.2 times rated rotational frequency; the maximum peak-to-peak value of pressure pulsation can be obtained by selecting data of 3-4 rotational periods; hydraulic transient calculation of draft cone tube can be effectively corrected and verified by superposing the maximum peak-to-peak value of measured pressure pulsation. The research provides effective support for regulation guarantee design and verification of pumped-storage power units.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Two phase flow
Controlled terms:Cutoff frequency - Digital storage - Hydraulics - Low pass filters - Numerical models - Pumped storage power plants - Separation - Tubes (components)
Uncontrolled terms:Frequency characteristic - Low-frequency components - Measuring conditions - Pumped storage power station - Pumped-storage units - Rotational frequency - Savitzky-Golay filter - Short time Fourier transforms
Classification code:611.1  Hydroelectric Power Plants - 619.1  Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 632.1  Hydraulics - 703.2  Electric Filters - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 921  Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Pressure -8.00e+04Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20210209767604
Title:Soil microbial diversity of black soil under different land use patterns in northeast China
Title of translation:&#19996;&#21271;&#40657;&#22303;&#21306;&#19981;&#21516;&#22303;&#22320;&#21033;&#29992;&#26041;&#24335;&#19979;&#20892;&#30000;&#22303;&#22756;&#24494;&#29983;&#29289;&#22810;&#26679;&#24615;
Authors:Jia, Pengli (1); Feng, Haiyan (1); Li, Miao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of earth sciences and resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Haiyan(haiyan@cugb.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:171-178
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil microorganisms participate in the energy flow and nutrient cycle of soil ecosystem, affecting the geochemical cycle process of organisms. Their diversity and community compositions play an important role in determining the function and sustainability of soil ecosystem. The functional diversity of soil microbial community is one of the important indexes to express the soil microbial community and ecological function. Soil microbial diversities of black farmland under different land use types are of great significance to the rational utilization and protection of soil resources. This paper explored the diversity of black soil microorganisms under different land use patterns of farmland, including maize, rice, soybean and potato, and taking the wasteland as the control. The Biolog Eco microplate method and pure culture of bacteria were used to study the changes of soil microbial diversity under four different land use patterns in the black soil area of central and southwest Heilongjiang province. The results showed that: 1) The number of culturable bacteria from more to less were potato, rice, soybean, maize, wasteland, but the variation of Shannon-Wiener diversity index from high to low was: wasteland (2.18), maize (2.11), potato (2.00), rice (1.73), soybean (1.49). 2) The utilization degree of carbon source of microorganisms in black soil under different utilization patterns increased with the extension of culture time. We found that amino acids, carbohydrates and polymers were main carbon sources for the metabolism of microorganisms in black soil. The Shannon-wiener index (3.18), McIntosh index (5.96), richness index (24.89) and Simpson index (0.95) of maize soil microorganisms were higher than those of other land use patterns, among which the diversity index of rice soil microorganisms was the smallest. There was no significant difference between the diversity index of potato, soybean and wasteland. Maize was better suited to the soil environment of farmland in the black soil area of Heilongjiang Province. 3) Principal component analysis identified two principal component factors that were related to carbon sources and explained 54.43% and 7.95% of the variance, respectively. Principal component analysis showed that different land use patterns significantly affects the metabolic diversity of carbon sources in the soil microbial community, and the main types of carbon sources that differentiated the metabolic characteristics of the soil microbial community were carbohydrates, amino acids and carboxylic acids, among which carbohydrates were particularly prominent. It showed that different land use patterns can affect the functional diversity of soil microorganisms. The results of this study is helpful to understand the relationship between soil microbial diversity and land use patterns of farmland in black soil area and provides certain scientific basis for agricultural development and scientific and rational utilization of black soil resources.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:49
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Amino acids - Bacteria - Carbohydrates - Carbon - Ecosystems - Farms - Forestry - Land use - Metabolism  - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Community composition - Different land use types - Ecological functions - Metabolic characteristics - Shannon-wiener diversity indices - Soil microbial community - Soil microbial diversity
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.44e+01%, Percentage 7.95e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20210209767670
Title:Research progress of ground penetrating radar and electrical capacitance for in-situ non-destructive measurement of crop roots
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#25506;&#22320;&#38647;&#36798;&#21644;&#30005;&#23481;&#27861;&#30340;&#20316;&#29289;&#26681;&#31995;&#21407;&#20301;&#26080;&#25439;&#27979;&#37327;&#25216;&#26415;&#30740;&#31350;&#36827;&#23637;
Authors:Liu, Xiuwei (1); Gu, Huijie (1, 2); Han, Jie (3); Jiang, Hanbing (1, 2); Duan, Shiming (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water-saving, Shijiazhuang; 050022, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China; (3) Hebei University of Science and Technology Library, Shijiazhuang; 050018, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:226-237
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Improving root structure of crops is an effective way to solve the conflict between food production and environment. However, traditional root research methods (such as excavation) are time-consuming, labor-intensive, destroying the in-situ state of roots and point based, which make them difficult to meet the requirements to obtain root information for cultivation and breeding. Therefore, it is urgent to develop in situ non-destructive method for detecting the root. While, some progress has been made in the non-invasive detection of roots in developed countries, the related research is limited in China. Hence, this paper summarized the research status of in situ root non-destructive detection technology and then took the ground penetrating radar and electric capacitance method as examples, which can detect crop root in field non-invasively, to systematically review the principles, applications, unsolved questions and future research focus. Both ground penetrating radar and electrical capacitance can use linear models to predict root size (such as root length, diameter and biomass etc). Besides that, ground penetrating radar can also measure root parameters by nonlinear model and forward model. However, ground penetrating radar was extensively used to measure the coarse root not in fine root detection. So far, there is limited literature to summarize the model for ground penetrating radar to predict crop root parameters. As contrast, electrical capacitance method was widely used to measure crop roots. But in recent years, it was questioned that the feasibility of measuring root, which mainly consists of two aspects: as the leakage of electric current from the near root base, root system can't be detected; the stem and root system form a series circuit with the growth medium as the boundary, In the series circuit, the value of the capacitor is mainly determined by the value of the smaller capacitor, because the capacitance of the stem is less than that of the root, so the value measured by the capacitance method reflects the information of the interface between the stem and the substrate. Therefore, this paper focuses on: (1) the principle of ground penetrating radar and electrical capacitance for phenotyping roots and the summary as well as comparison of models for predicting root parameters; (2) the applications of ground penetrating radar and electric capacitance for measuring root system, analysis of main influencing factors for measuring root system and particular discussion about the electric capacitance feasibility in detecting roots; (3) the comparison between ground penetrating radar and electrical capacitance. The main focus of future research is to improve the accuracy of ground penetrating radar measurement of crop roots and to verify the feasibility of electrical capacitance method for root measurement. Hence, four suggestions were made for the future development: (1) improving the accuracy of ground penetrating radar in detecting crop roots; (2) clarifying the principle of electrical capacitance to detect root system; (3) measuring more root traits; (4) considering the knowledge of physics, mathematics, plant physiology, breeding and other related subjects in application. Furthermore, as the spatial variation of soil water moisture is consistent with the distribution of root system, rapid monitoring the spatial changes in soil moisture by ground penetrating radar and electrical resistivity tomography may provide information of root distribution. Therefore, this paper also briefly reviews the application of these two techniques in soil moisture detection. Overall, this review aims to provide important references for domestic researchers.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:95
Main heading:Radar measurement
Controlled terms:Capacitance - Crops - Forecasting - Forestry - Geological surveys - Geophysical prospecting - Ground penetrating radar systems - Moisture determination - Nondestructive examination - Plants (botany)  - Soil moisture - Soil surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Electric capacitance - Electrical capacitance - Electrical resistivity tomography - Ground Penetrating Radar - Non-destructive measurement - Non-invasive detection - Nondestructive detection - Nondestructive methods
Classification code:481.1  Geology - 481.4  Geophysical Prospecting - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20210209767561
Title:Design and experiment of the grading device for a potato seed cutting machine
Title of translation:&#39532;&#38083;&#34223;&#31181;&#34223;&#20999;&#22359;&#26426;&#20998;&#32423;&#35013;&#32622;&#30340;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Lyu, Jinqing (1, 2); Wen, Xinyu (1); Li, Zihui (1); Li, Jicheng (1); Liu, Zhongyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) College of Engineering, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163319, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:76-83
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There is a large land area for potato s in China, the mechanized potato sowing operation is an important part of the entire potato mechanization process. At present, the cultivation mode of potato mechanized sowing is mainly based on cut potatoes, and the uniformity of potato tubers directly affect the quality of sowing. In most areas, manual cutting is still used, and the cutting efficiency is low. In some areas, potato cutting machines are used for potato cutting, which is more efficient, but the traditional potato seed cutting machine cannot get the uniform potato tubers when cutting potatoes, and cannot meet the requirements of mechanized seeding. It would affect the subsequent growth and development of potatoes and has a greater impact on the entire potato mechanization process. Aiming at solving the above-mentioned problem, a grading device that can installed on the potato seed cutting machine was designed. Firstly, the structure of the grading device was introduced, the grading device is mainly composed of grading roller, frame, side baffle, spacing adjustment mechanism, etc. And the working principle of the grading device was explained in the study, the potato seeds inputted in the grading device would be guided and graded with the rotation of the grading rollers, and the small potato seeds would fall from the grading gap of the adjacent grading rollers, while the large potato seeds would continue to move backward with the rotation of the grading rollers until leaving the grading device. Conveyor belts are arranged below and behind the grading device to receive the potatoes outputed by the grading device. Moreover, the cutting process of the potato seeds was explained, potato seeds weighing less than 100 g need to be cut once, and the potato seeds weighing more than 100 g need to be cut twice or more to meet the sowing requirements. The stress state of potato seeds on the grading rollers and the movement state on the grading rollers were analyzed, so as to determine the structural parameters of each part of the grading roller wheel of the grading device and the reasonable grading roller rotation velocity. The number of grading rollers, the rotation velocity of the grading roller, and the feeding amount were selected as the experimental factors, and the grading precision was selected as the evaluation index for the orthogonal test. Kexin 1 was selected as the experimental potato seeds. The software Design-Expert 8.0.6 was used to process and optimize the experimental data and determine the optimum parameter combination. The test results showed the primary and secondary order of influencing factors for the grading precision. The order was the number of grading rollers, the rotation velocity of the grading roller, the feeding amount. And the article performed a verification test on the optimum parameter combination obtained from the test. The verification test was conducted under the optimum parameter combination and the results showed that when the number of grading rollers was 7, the rotation velocity of the grading roller was 110 r/min, and the feeding amount was 40 t/h, the grading precision was 98.7%, which can meet the grading requirements. This research provides a high-efficiency and high-grading precision device for potato seed cutting machine.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Grading
Controlled terms:Belt conveyors - Efficiency - Feeding - Mechanization - Rollers (machine components) - Rotation - Software design - Testing - Velocity - Weighing
Uncontrolled terms:Adjustment mechanisms - Cutting efficiency - Experimental factors - Growth and development - Optimum parameters - Precision devices - Structural parameter - Verification tests
Classification code:601  Mechanical Design - 601.2  Machine Components - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 692.1  Conveyors - 723.1  Computer Programming - 913.1  Production Engineering - 931.1  Mechanics - 943.3  Special Purpose Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.00e-01kg, Mass_Flow_Rate 1.01e+01kg/s, Percentage 9.87e+01%, Rotational_Speed 1.10e+02RPM
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.010
Funding details:  Number: CARS-09-P23, Acronym: -, Sponsor: -;Number: 2017YFD0700705,2016YFD0701600, Acronym: -, Sponsor: -;
Funding text:National Key Research and Development Plan (2016YFD0701600, 2017YFD0700705); China Agriculture Research System Special Foundation (CARS-09-P23); Heilongjiang Province Potato Industry Technology Collaborative Innovation and Promotion System.

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20210209767586
Title:Colony image segmentation and counting based on hyperspectral technology
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#39640;&#20809;&#35889;&#25216;&#26415;&#30340;&#33740;&#33853;&#22270;&#20687;&#20998;&#21106;&#19982;&#35745;&#25968;
Authors:Li, Yanxiao (1); Hu, Xuetao (1); Zhang, Fang (2); Shi, Jiyong (2); Qiu, Baijing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Jiyong(shi_jiyong@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:326-332
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Colony plate counting methods as the national standard method are common and traditional for quantity inspection of living bacteria in food and agricultural products. The colonies are counted by manual counting and computer vision counting methods because of the color difference between colonies and background (such as medium and the edge of petri dish). However, colonies and background with similar color will interfere with the colony segmentation and lead to the deviation in counting results. Considering colonies and background have different spectral information resulting from different chemical compositions, hyperspectral imaging technology can be applied to colony segmentation and adherent colonies separation combined with chemostics. The segmentation method of colony and background, separated method of adherent colonies and calculation method of colony number were developed for colony counting. The hyperspectral images of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) colony plate were acquired in the wavelengths from 431 to 963 nm. Spectral information of colonies and background (medium and the edge of petri dish) was extracted after preprocessing hyperspectral images. Genetic algorithms (GA) was used for processing spectral data and eleven characteristic wavelengths were selected (604, 636, 790, 799, 748, 683, 492, 437, 558, 470 and 928 nm). Genetic Algorithms least Square Support Vector Machine (GA-LS-SVM) model was established for distinguishing colonies and background by using the spectral information at the eleven characteristic wavelengths. The identification model with identification rate of 97.22% indicated that the colony and background could be successfully distinguished. The segmentation method of colony and background was developed. The spectral information of every pixel was extracted to identify whether it is colony or background by using the identification model. The binary image of colony segmentation was obtained through the spatial information in hyperspectral images. The location of colony was assigned as 1 and the location of background was assigned as 0, resulting in colony segmentation. The hyperspectral image at 604 nm was used for segmentation of adherent colonies to obtain binary image of adherent colonies segmentation. The segmentation threshold between background and colony was set as 0.5. The results demonstrated that the colonies were successfully segmented from background and adherent colonies could be accurately separated. Finally, the isolated colonies were counted by contour tracking algorithm after colony segmentation from background and adherent colonies separation. For application, acquisition of hyperspectral image, colony segmentation, adhesion colonies separation and colony number calculation were used for B. subtilis colony counting of real samples. The time required by the developed method was about 10 min. Its average relative error of colony count was 4.2% with the manual counting method as the standard method. In addition, the colony plate counting was performed by using computer vision counting method. The average relative error of colony counting was 8.3% which was higher than the developed method. These results indicated that this method performed better than computer vision counting method though the consuming time was longer than that spent by the automatic colony counter. This method with high accuracy can become a novel plate colony counting method and provide technical support for the detection of microbial quantity in food and agricultural products.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Agricultural robots - Bacteriology - Binary images - Colorimetry - Computer vision - Data handling - Genetic algorithms - Hyperspectral imaging - Separation  - Spectroscopy - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Average relative error - Chemical compositions - Hyperspectral imaging technologies - Identification rates - Least square support vector machines - Segmentation methods - Segmentation threshold - Spatial informations
Classification code:723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 941.4  Optical Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.20e+00%, Percentage 8.30e+00%, Percentage 9.72e+01%, Size 4.31e-07m to 9.63e-07m, Size 4.70e-07m, Size 6.04e-07m, Size 9.28e-07m, Time 6.00e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20210209767702
Title:Effects of subsoiling depth on water use efficiency and yield of cotton field under drip irrigation in south Xinjiang, China
Title of translation:&#28145;&#26494;&#28145;&#24230;&#23545;&#21335;&#30086;&#28404;&#28748;&#26825;&#30000;&#27700;&#20998;&#21033;&#29992;&#25928;&#29575;&#19982;&#20135;&#37327;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Wang, Liang (1, 2); Guo, Rensong (2); Kuerban, Wumaierjiang (1); Tian, Liwen (2); Lin, Tao (2); Zheng, Zipiao (2); Xu, Haijiang (2); Kong, Fanyang (2); Cui, Jianping (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Kuqa Upland Cotton Test Station, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kuqa, 842099, China; (2) Institute of Industrial Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi; 830091, China
Corresponding author:Cui, Jianping(3022825258@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:144-152
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Northwest China Plain has become the largest cotton production region in the world. Cotton production occupies a key position, as an important pillar industry for agricultural development in Xinjiang, China. However, continuous cropping in cotton field has caused increasingly serious shortage on the farmland water, particularly great negative effects on the soil ecological environment in the root area. Subsoiling has been an effective tillage measure to optimize the soil environment, and further to drive the process of water movement and dissipation, thereby to promote the absorption and utilization of nutrients and water in the deep soil by roots, finally to increase soil productivity and crop yields. However, the research on the response of water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency to subsoiling is lacking, particularly on the irrigated cotton area in southern Xinjiang. In this study, a positioning subsoiling experiment in a cotton cultivation field was carried out under drip irrigation with plastic film mulching from April to October of 2019 in Awati County experimental base of the arid inland Tarim Basin, Northwest China (40&deg;06'N, 80&deg;44'E, altitude 1 025 m). Using the non-subsoil (CK) as a control, a machete subsoiler with a depth locator was used for precise subsoiling at depths of 30 cm (TD1), 40 cm (TD2), and 50 cm (TD3). The test was performed to explore the effect of different subsoiling depths on soil bulk density, soil water consumption, evapotranspiration (ETc), water use efficiency (WUE) and the growth characteristics and crop productivity in cotton growing seasons. The results showed that the subsoiling reduced the bulk density of soil, while increased soil water consumption and evapotranspiration, thereby to improve the utilization and absorption of deep soil moisture in the rapid growth period. Compared with CK, TD1, TD2 and TD3, on average, the bulk density of 0-60 cm soil reduced by 1.0%, 1.9% and 3.3%, respectively, and the soil moisture content of 0-80 cm soil layer by 5.3%, 11.6% and 11.3% at flowering and boll stage, respectively. The subsoiling significantly increased soil water consumption and ETc in the whole growing season (P<0.05). Compared with CK, TD1, TD2 and TD3, the subsoiling significantly increased soil water consumption by 31.4, 30.0 and 47.4 mm, respectively, ETc by 6.7%, 6.3% and 10.0%. In terms of the potential of subsoiling on cotton production, the subsoiling had a significant promotion effect on cotton dry matter accumulation, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE), but it did not increase linearly with the depth of subsoiling. Especially, TD2 was more conducive to the maximum of dry matter accumulation, yield, and WUE. Compared with CK, TD1, TD2 and TD3, the dry matter accumulation increased by 11.6%, 22.5% and 20.8%, respectively, as well as the yield by 7.0%, 15.5% and 13.0%(P<0.05), respectively. TD2 increased water use efficiency (WUE) by 8.9% and 6.3%, compared with CK and TD3. The subsoiling of 40 cm can be an optimal subsoiling on the irrigated ecological cotton in the southern Xinjiang, where the rational construction of soil tillage layer, both the maximum of cotton yield and water productivity. The finding can provide a very high popularization and application for the dry farming cotton in the southern Xinjiang, China.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Cultivation
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Cotton - Crops - Ecology - Efficiency - Evapotranspiration - Productivity - Soil moisture - Subirrigation - Water absorption  - Water management - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Cotton cultivation - Dry matter accumulation - Ecological environments - Growth characteristic - Plastic film mulching - Rational construction - Water-use efficiency
Classification code:446.1  Water Supply Systems - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.13e+01%, Percentage 1.16e+01%, Percentage 1.55e+01%, Percentage 1.90e+00%, Percentage 2.08e+01%, Percentage 2.25e+01%, Percentage 3.30e+00%, Percentage 5.30e+00%, Percentage 6.30e+00%, Percentage 6.70e+00%, Percentage 7.00e+00%, Percentage 8.90e+00%, Size 0.00e+00m to 6.00e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 8.00e-01m, Size 1.02e+03m, Size 3.00e-02m, Size 4.00e-01m, Size 4.74e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20210209767682
Title:Treatment of pig biogas slurry wastewater by microbial inoculum 3D-RBC combined with BCO process
Title of translation:&#33740;&#21058;&#25346;&#33180;3D-RBC&#32852;&#21512;BCO&#24037;&#33402;&#22788;&#29702;&#20859;&#29482;&#27836;&#28082;&#24223;&#27700;
Authors:Liu, Xiangyang (1); Zhang, Qian (1); Luo, Wandong (1); Chen, Xue (1); Zhang, Zhengyi (1); Guo, Qingsong (1); Zhao, Tiantao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing; 400054, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Qian(zhangqianswu2005@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:49-56
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Discharge of aquaculture wastewater from large-scale pig farms has become one of the major pollution sources for agricultural non-point sources in China. After the treatment of anaerobic fermentation for aquaculture wastewater, most of the COD is removed, but the concentration of NH<inf>4</inf>⁺-N is still very high, leading to the production of biogas slurry with the low ratio of C/N and high strength of ammonia nitrogen. If the concentration of NH<inf>4</inf>⁺-N was high beyond the threshold of conventional denitrification microorganisms, the enrichment difficulty with the seriously unbalanced C/N ratio can occur, while, the low organic matter also affects the removal of total nitrogen. Therefore, it is highly demanding to explore a new biological treatment technology that suitable for this kind of biogas slurry, in order to ensure the sustainable development of industrial aquaculture in animal husbandry. In view of the water quality characteristics of oligotrophic and high ammonia nitrogen, a novel process was proposed to combine three-dimensional rotating biological contactor (3D-RBC) and biological contact oxidation (BCO) reactor using the oligotrophic heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) mixed bacteria with high tolerance of ammonia nitrogen as microbial inoculants for the treatment of piggery biogas slurry wastewater. The removal efficiency of pollutants was also evaluated in the combination process under the condition of actual biogas slurry. An emphasis was put on the effects of concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) and C/N ratio on the removal of pollutant during the treatment. A high-throughput sequencing technology was selected to analyze the change of microbial community structure in optimization process of DO and C/N ratio. The results showed that: (1) In the case of actual biogas slurry, the start-up of 3D-RBC and BCO reactors can be completed in 12d and 18d, respectively, when using the HN-AD mixed bacteria as microbial inoculants for the biofilm formation. The removal efficiency of COD, NH<inf>4</inf>⁺-N, and TN in the combined process were 94.8%, 95.7% and 80.1%, respectively, and the effluent water quality can reach the level of Class I-B according the national standard GB 18918-2002. (2) During the optimization of DO and C/N ratios in the 3D-RBC reactor, the removal rates of COD, NH<inf>4</inf>⁺-N, and TN were reduced by 25.4%, 15.4%, and 15.5%, respectively, particularly after the addition of the bottom exposure. There was no significantly increase in the removal efficiency of COD, NH<inf>4</inf>⁺-N, TN, and TP, whereas, the energy consumption of aeration increased in the combination process. The combined process can be especially suitable to treat the biogas slurry with the low C/N ratio and high concentration of nitrogen. The improved C/N ratio can lead to the decrease in the removal rate of TN, while, increase the cost of carbon in the treatment of 3D-RBC. (3) The biodiversity in the 3D-RBC disc biofilm decreased slightly after the addition of bottom exposure, but the variety and abundance of the dominant genus HN-AD decreased significantly, leading to a decrease in the removal efficiency of nitrogen. When C/N=1 and C/N=3, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter have relatively high abundance, whereas, its abundance decreased significantly while the nitrogen removal efficiency decreased, when C/N increased to 6. The oligotrophic Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas bacteria can serve as the key materials for the efficient removal of nitrogen from actual biogas slurry in the 3D-RBC. It infers that the decrease of C/N ratio can significantly enhance its abundance, and thereby improve the nitrogen removal.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Biological water treatment
Controlled terms:Aerobic bacteria - Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Ammonia - Aquaculture - Biodiversity - Biofilms - Biogas - Chemical oxygen demand - Denitrification  - Dissolved oxygen - Effluents - Energy utilization - Mammals - Nitrogen removal - Pollution - Structural optimization - Wastewater treatment - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Biological contact oxidation - Concentration of dissolved oxygen - Heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifications - High-throughput sequencing - Microbial community structures - Nitrogen removal efficiency - Rotating biological contactor - Water quality characteristics
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 445.2  Water Analysis - 452.3  Industrial Wastes - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 454  Environmental Engineering - 461  Bioengineering and Biology - 462.5  Biomaterials (including synthetics) - 522  Gas Fuels - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.54e+01%, Percentage 1.55e+01%, Percentage 2.54e+01%, Percentage 8.01e+01%, Percentage 9.48e+01%, Percentage 9.57e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20210209767662
Title:Inversion of SPAD value of winter wheat by multispectral remote sensing of unmanned aerial vehicles
Title of translation:&#26080;&#20154;&#26426;&#22810;&#20809;&#35889;&#36965;&#24863;&#21453;&#28436;&#20908;&#23567;&#40614;SPAD&#20540;
Authors:Zhou, Mingu (1); Shao, Guomin (2); Zhang, Liyuan (2); Yao, Xiaomin (2); Han, Wenting (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Area of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Han, Wenting(hanwt2000@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:125-133
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Remote sensing technology has been widely used to monitor the changes in SPAD, which is an important parameter. In this study, the multispectral images were acquired by a six-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle, and the SPAD of winter wheat was measured to carry out the estimation research. The four growth stages with the most obvious changes in SPAD were selected, namely the jointing stage, booting stage, heading stage, and flowering stage. The camera with five bands (475, 560, 668, 717, and 840 nm) was used to collect multispectral canopy leaves at the four stages. A total of four data collections were performed to extract spectral reflectance data and the SPAD was measured from 1^st April to 27^th April 2018. A total of 65 samples were selected and recorded with GPS. The test area was divided into 65 sample zones with each one measuring 2.5 m&times;25 m, of which one sample area of 1 m &times; 1 m was selected. All the zones were in a rectangle, so they could be evenly distributed 8 m from the center of the cell in the horizontal direction. The overall samples were S-shaped distribution. The samples in the middle were located at the center of the rectangular cell. The SPAD of 65 samples were measured by SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter at the same time when the UAV data was collected. In the sample area, seven leaves of different canopy parts were selected to measure the tip, middle, and base. The average of the three parts was used as the SPAD values of the leaf. Finally, the average value of the leaf blades was taken as the final SPAD value of the sample. The canopy reflectance data was extracted from multispectral images. And then the correlation coefficients of SPAD values and spectral reflectance data in four growth stages were analyzed. Herein, the reflectivity of single-band and SPAD directly had serious collinearity problems so principal component regression, stepwise regression, and ridge regression these three methods were chosen to solve it. After that, the SPAD inversion models were established separately by using the reflectance data and the SPAD values as the data source. The best inversion model and stage were selected by comparison. The results showed that a high correlation was obtained between the SPAD and canopy spectral reflectance. In the visible light band, the negative correlation was observed between canopy spectral reflectance and SPAD at the jointing stage, booting stage, and flowering stage. On the contrary, it was a positive correlation at the heading stage and a positive correlation at the red-edge and near-infrared bands at all four stages. Compared with the main bands in the model expression, the frequency of passing the screening in different growth stages was different. The highest passing frequency was the near-infrared band in the jointing stage. The blue band was selected at the booting stage, the near-infrared band at the heading stage, and the green and red bands at the flowering stage. This study compared the prediction accuracy of the models established by three regression methods. The results showed that the models of stepwise regression established at the heading stage had the highest inversion accuracy with the adjusted coefficient of determination was 0.77, and the root mean square error was 0.61. The validation showed the coefficient of determination was 0.73, and the root mean square error was 0.56. It indicated that the model could be used to estimate the crop coefficient. Compared with the four periods, the heading stage was the best inversion stage of SPAD value. The study results proved the feasibility of inversion of the winter wheat SPAD value by unmanned aerial vehicle multispectral remote sensing, and at the same time, it could provide a reference for the rapid monitoring of the SPAD value of other crops.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Antennas - Crops - Data mining - Infrared devices - Mean square error - Reflection - Regression analysis - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Uncontrolled terms:Canopy spectral reflectance - Coefficient of determination - Correlation coefficient - Different growth stages - Multispectral remote sensing - Principal component regression - Remote sensing technology - Root mean square errors
Classification code:652.1  Aircraft, General - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.00e+00m, Size 8.00e+00m, Size 8.40e-07m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20210209767535
Title:Migration and changes of heavy metals during biotransformation of pig manure by black soldier fly
Title of translation:&#40657;&#27700;&#34427;&#29983;&#29289;&#36716;&#21270;&#29482;&#31914;&#36807;&#31243;&#20013;&#37325;&#37329;&#23646;&#30340;&#36801;&#31227;&#21464;&#21270;
Authors:Wang, Xiaobo (1); Cai, Ruijie (1); Geng, Weina (1); Mao, Zhiyue (1); Zhao, Yi (1); Jiang, Huidong (1); Xu, Xiaoyan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agronomy and Resource and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin; 300384, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Xiaoyan(xuxy6699@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:263-268
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A large amount of livestock manure has caused seriously ecological pollution, as the rapid development of livestock and poultry industry. The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are a good candidate for poultry and livestock manure treatment. The harvested insect bodies and feces can also be used as animal feed and organic fertilizer. The usage of BSFL can be efficient and environment-friendly to treat pig manure, but the heavy metals in pig manure have posed a great impact on the BSFL transformation process. In this study, the 7-day-old BSFL were used to transform pig manure at 30&#8451;, in order to explore the BSFL growth and the transformation efficiency of manure, as well as the changes of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, As) in the BSFL bodies and feces. After 8 days of transformation, the larvae were about to enter the prepupal stage, where the transformation process terminated. The results showed that the dry weight of BSFL bodies increased with the prolongation of growth time during 8 days, and reached the highest value on the 8th day. The growth rate was the lowest from 0 to 2 d, whereas, the highest from 4 to 6 days. The conversion rate of pig manure increased with time, where the maximum value of 11.5% on the 6th day, and then decreased on the 8th day. The concentrations of Cu, Cr and As in BSFL bodies on the 8th day decreased by 24.5%, 21.7% and 33.0%, respectively, compared with those on the 2th day, indicating an obvious decrease in the concentrations of heavy metals with the larval growth. The content of Cd in BSFL increased with the larval growth, and the Cd concentration on the 8th day increased by 75.4%, compared with that on the 2th day. The changes of Cu, Cr, As and Cd concentrations in the BSFL feces were opposite to those of the bodies. The contents of Zn in the BSFL bodies and feces did not change significantly with the larval growth time. After 8 days of transformation, the Cd content in BSFL feces was significantly lower than that in pig manure, while, the contents of Cu, Cr, As and Zn were not significantly different from those in pig manure. The bioaccumulation factor of Cd by BSFL was the highest (reaching 3.8), and the values of other metals were lower than 1. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals was ranked in order Cd > Zn > Cu > Cr > As. After transformation, the heavy metals Cu, Cr, As and Zn in pig manure were mainly distributed in BSFL feces, accounting for 83.6%-92.7%; whereas, the distribution of Cd was 30.3%-50.2% in BSFL bodies and 49.8%-69.7% in feces. Compared with pig manure, the biological activities of Cu and As in BSFL feces increased, while those of Cr and Cd decreased. The biological activity of Zn did not change significantly after the transformation process. This finding can provide a potential data basis for the resource utilization of livestock manure by BSFL and the safety of transformed products.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Manures
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Bioaccumulation - Bioactivity - Fertilizers - Heavy metals - Mammals
Uncontrolled terms:Bioaccumulation factor - Black soldier fly larvae - Ecological pollutions - Environment friendly - Organic fertilizers - Resource utilizations - Transformation efficiency - Transformation process
Classification code:461.6  Medicine and Pharmacology - 461.9  Biology - 531  Metallurgy and Metallography - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.10e-02yr to 1.64e-02yr, Age 2.19e-02yr, Percentage 1.15e+01%, Percentage 2.17e+01%, Percentage 2.45e+01%, Percentage 3.03e+01% to 5.02e+01%, Percentage 3.30e+01%, Percentage 4.98e+01% to 6.97e+01%, Percentage 7.54e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20210209767572
Title:Research progress of orchard plant protection mechanization technology and equipment in China
Title of translation:&#20013;&#22269;&#26524;&#22253;&#26893;&#20445;&#26426;&#26800;&#21270;&#25216;&#26415;&#19982;&#35013;&#22791;&#30740;&#31350;&#36827;&#23637;
Authors:Zheng, Yongjun (1); Chen, Bingtai (1); Lyu, Haotun (1); Kang, Feng (2); Jiang, Shijie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:110-124
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Orchard spray is a key link to orchard production, due to it occupied nearly 25% of the total workload of orchard management. Moreover, the degree of plant protection mechanization directly affects the economic benefits of fruits. In this review, the orchard characteristic, the general situation of plant protection mechanization and the reasons restricting its development were introduced briefly, in order to clarify the future progress of mechanization technology and equipment for the orchard plant protection in China. The main reason impeding the development of plant protection mechanization can be a large proportion of hilly orchards, including gradient, slope and flat orchard, together with a very complex planting environment. Since the standardized modern orchards are being promoted, the scale is still small, due partly to the extensive management in traditional orchards the high price. Currently, the plant protection mechanization level of flat orchard was 15%, whereas, the hilly orchard was only 7.5%. Therefore, the progress of key plant protection mechanization technologies and equipment was presented in detail, further to improve the mechanization level of plant protection. For example, the pipeline spraying technology and equipment brought good benefits and spraying effects to the hilly orchard, while, the application of air-assisted spraying technology and equipment improved the mechanized operation level of the flat orchard. Electrostatic spraying technology and equipment were especially used to enhance the droplet coverage rate on the back of leaves. While the tunnel spraying technology and equipment increased the droplet density on the canopies, to recovery the droplet that left the target, indicating that it can effectively improve the pesticide utilization. Variable rate spraying technology and equipment were becoming a hot research topic, particularly on the precise control of spray on demand. The core technology of variable rate spraying was target detection, such as ultrasonic detection, laser detection, infrared detection, machine vision methods. The ultrasonic and laser detection methods have achieved the best application. Since 2010, the great development and application of aerial spraying technology and equipment have been widely recognized. Especially, the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) of rotor plant protection has become one of the most popular machines with small size, fast flight speed and strong terrain adaptability among the agricultural aerial equipment. In this review, the research state of rotor plant protection UAV in orchard was introduced from three aspects: operation model, downwash flow field, and working parameters. Plant protection equipment can offer some suggestions for the development of plant protection mechanization from these aspects: promoting standardized models of orchard plant, developing stereo spraying technology, promoting specialized and mechanical service model of plant protection, thereby for the intelligent robots of plant protection.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:122
Main heading:Orchards
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Antennas - Drops - Economic and social effects - Intelligent robots - Machinery - Mechanization - Plants (botany) - Slope protection - Stereo image processing  - Ultrasonic testing - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Uncontrolled terms:Air-assisted spraying - Development and applications - Electrostatic spraying - Hot research topics - Standardized models - Technology and equipments - Ultrasonic detection - Variable rate spraying
Classification code:601  Mechanical Design - 652.1  Aircraft, General - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.6  Robot Applications - 753.3  Ultrasonic Applications - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 7.50e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20210209767660
Title:Controlling agricultural non-point source pollution: Thinking and practice in the era of agricultural green high-quality development
Title of translation:&#20892;&#19994;&#32511;&#33394;&#39640;&#36136;&#37327;&#21457;&#23637;&#26399;&#38754;&#28304;&#27745;&#26579;&#27835;&#29702;&#30340;&#24605;&#32771;&#19982;&#23454;&#36341;
Authors:Zhan, Xiaoying (1); Zhang, Aiping (1); Zhang, Qingwen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Qingwen(zhangqingwen@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:1-7
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agriculture is the cornerstone of economic development in China to serve a solid foundation for food security over the last three decades. However, the rapid increases in crop and animal production have caused serious non-point pollution, while farmers have received limited benefits, where the countryside and natural habitats have been insufficiently protected. Since great contributions have been made to mitigate the pollution over past decades, the pollution induced by agriculture are still great challenge. Since 2018, the rural revitalization led by the construction of ecological civilization marks the beginning of a new era in the treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution with higher requirements. In this study, an attempt was made on the shortage, and challenges of agricultural non-point source pollution control in modern agriculture. Currently, a systematical investigation is still lacking, particularly on the occurrence mechanism of environmental pollutants at the interface, microorganism and molecular scale. In the phase of pollutant migration, transformation and absorption, there is a lack of accurate traceability technology. In the aspect of model simulation, the parametrization of non-point source pollution mechanism, rationalization of model parameters and modularization of management measures need to be strengthened. In terms of technology, the traditional mode of relying on single source governance that "fixes the point and the line but not the watershed" cannot achieve the effect of overall optimization. This study focused on the major existing challenges of agro-ecological environment in China, further to propose that ecological cycle of agricultural industries practicing with a watershed orientation. The watershed management can be the core of agricultural non-point source pollution control. The traditional linear production mode of "resources-product-waste discharge" in the main grain production areas can be transformed into the combination of multi-dimensional and multi-levels of watershed, recycling, and benefit-oriented. Excessive nitrogen and phosphorus from manure can contribute to substantial damage and costs to the environment and human health. Meanwhile, animal manure is the major source of additional nutrients and crucial for maintaining soil organic matter and crop yield in traditional farming systems. The integration of cropping and livestock with cycling industrial chain can be considered as a key technology to control agricultural non-point source pollution. A better understanding the non-point pollution is necessary to take the lead in modern agricultural operations. Substantial promotion of agricultural non-point source pollution control depends mainly on a multi-dimensional governance participation, a sound system of laws, regulations and policies, strong regulatory system, scientific and technological system, and effective performance evaluation system. The involvement of farmers and agricultural entrepreneurs in pollution control action is a systematic maintenance to ensure the full control of agricultural non-point source pollution. Two ways can be: 1) Working directly with transferring knowledge to farmers through organized farmer cooperatives; and 2) enterprise-based approaches embodying relevant scientific results into commercial products. The theory has been testified with the typical example of agricultural non-point source pollution control in Qintaihe watershed of Binzhou, Shandong Province. An ecological recycling industrial chain of cropping and breeding has been built in Binzhou. A recycling path of waste recycling was explored with "double wheel drive" of government enterprises and "escort" of scientific research institutions. Local leading enterprises have played an important role with the advantages of industrial techniques for non-point source pollution control, integrating the recycling of agricultural organic waste into the clean planting of high-quality wheat planting and ecological pig breeding, and further to bridge the gap of agricultural pollution control and development of agricultural modernization industry. The finding can provide a valuable guidance for the construction of ecological and environmental system for the agricultural practices in the new era of China.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Pollution control
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Crops - Fertilizers - Food supply - Laws and legislation - Mammals - Manures - Modular construction - Quality control - Recycling  - Soil conservation - Water conservation - Water management - Water pollution - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural industries - Agricultural modernizations - Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Agricultural operations - Ecological environments - Environmental pollutants - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Non-point source pollution
Classification code:405.2  Construction Methods - 444  Water Resources - 444.1  Surface Water - 452.3  Industrial Wastes - 453  Water Pollution - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 822.3  Food Products - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20210209767630
Title:Hydraulic characteristics of waste convergence under paddle-wheel aerators for square aquaculture pond with round angle
Title of translation:&#27700;&#36710;&#24335;&#22686;&#27687;&#26426;&#39537;&#21160;&#19979;&#26041;&#24418;&#22278;&#20999;&#35282;&#20859;&#27542;&#27744;&#38598;&#27745;&#27700;&#21160;&#21147;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Gui, Fukun (1); Zhang, Xuefen (1); Qu, Xiaoyu (2); Zhang, Qingjing (3); Fang, Shuai (1); Feng, Dejun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan; 316022, China; (2) School of Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan; 316022, China; (3) Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing; 100068, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Dejun(fengdj@zjou.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:275-282
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture have attracted more and more attention in recent years in China, where various types of fish are raised at a high density, particularly relying mainly on agricultural equipment and supplementary feeds. A considerable revolution has emerged increasingly from the traditional aquaculture methods, in order to meet the growing demands for the seafood both in quantity and quality, thereby to compensate for the significantly reduced capture from over exploited fisheries. Consequently, it is also urgent to deal with the solid wastes primarily derived from the uneaten feed and fecal droppings of cultured fish in the tank, especially that in the tank of high density. Moreover, solid wastes have been classified as the most dangerous waste in fish culture systems, for that they can clog the fish gills, thereby leading to the death of fish. Therefore, it is highly recommended to effectively remove the solid wastes in the tank as quickly as possible, because the reduction of residence time in a tank can be used to prevent the wastes of decomposition, further to lessen the stress to the cultured fish. In an excellent oxygen transfer system, a paddle-wheel aerator is commonly used as aquaculture equipment. The paddle-wheel aerator can generate flow circulation via adjusting the deployment, to converge solid wastes at the vicinity of the outlet end, and subsequently the solid wastes can be discharged from the tank. However, there is no sound theoretical guidance on adjusting the deployment, depending often on the experience of farmers in aquaculture practice. This case can result in various deployment patterns for the ineffective convergence and removal of solid wastes. In this study, a laboratory experiment was conducted in a model square tank with four round cut corners, in order to investigate the effects of deployment angel &theta; (&theta; represents the acute angle between the impellers and the center line of the tank), deployment distance ratio d/a (d is the distance between the center point of the impellers and the nearest pool wall, a is the length of the pool), and the driving velocity of paddle-wheel aerator, on the efficiency of convergence and removal for solid wastes. A simplicity artificial feed was selected to simulate the solid waste in the experiment. A CCD camera was used to record the wastes distribution in the tank, while, the captured images were obtained concurrently. A quantitative analysis was conducted using the processed images from the MATLAB software. An indicator was set as the maximum distance of the waste to the outlet in a tank. An appropriate deployment pattern of paddle-wheel aerator can be determined by comparing the maximum distribution distance under various working conditions. The flow velocity was also measured to figure out the flow characteristics under an Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry. The results show that the generation of circulation in a horizontal panel in the tank was the primary requirement for converging solid wastes to the center of the tank, and it can significantly be affected by the deployment angle, deployment distance ratio d/a, and driving velocity. When the deployment distance ratio d/a was small, the removal efficiency of solid wastes gradually decreased with the increase of the angle in the range of 0&deg;-30&deg;, and then gradually increased in the range of 40&deg;-60&deg;, finally decreased in the range of 70&deg;-90&deg;, peaking at the angle of 70&deg;. When the deployment distance ratio d/a was in some range, the removal efficiency of solid wastes gradually decreased with the increase of deployment distance at the deployment angle of 0&deg; and 70&deg;. It gradually increased for the deployment angle of 45&deg; with some undesired convergency of solid wastes in the round cut corners. There were the optimal deployment angle and distance ratio d/a in the paddle-wheel aerators, where the removal efficiency of solid wastes can gradually increase as the driving velocity increased. The findings can provide a sound reference for the deployment of paddle-wheel aerator in the intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture pond.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Wheels
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Aquaculture - CCD cameras - Efficiency - Fish - Flow velocity - Impellers - Lakes - MATLAB  - Residence time distribution - Salinity measurement - Solid wastes - Tanks (containers) - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Acoustic Doppler velocimetry - Agricultural equipment - Flow charac-teristics - Hydraulic characteristic - Intensive aquacultures - Laboratory experiments - Oxygen transfer system - Removal efficiencies
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 619.2  Tanks - 631  Fluid Flow - 714.2  Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921  Mathematics - 922.1  Probability Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20210209767623
Title:Identification of vegetable leaf diseases based on improved Multi-scale ResNet
Title of translation:&#25913;&#36827;Multi-scale ResNet&#30340;&#34092;&#33756;&#21494;&#37096;&#30149;&#23475;&#35782;&#21035;
Authors:Wang, Chunshan (1, 2, 3, 4); Zhou, Ji (1); Wu, Huarui (2, 3); Teng, Guifa (1, 4); Zhao, Chunjiang (2, 3); Li, Jiuxi (5)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071001, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (4) Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Big Data, Baoding; 071001, China; (5) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071001, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Chunjiang(zhaocj@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:209-217
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Although the performance of the deep network-based image recognition model of vegetable leaf disease is excellent, it is still difficult to deploy to the edge computing equipment, embedded equipment, mobile equipment, and other areas of agricultural Internet of Things (IoT) due to the problems of huge parameters, long training time, high storage cost, and calculation cost. Therefore, how to reduce the size of the model while ensuring the accuracy of model recognition has become a hot issue. Based on the study of the advantages and disadvantages of ResNet18, this study proposed an improved Multi-scale ResNet lightweight disease recognition model. The Multi-scale ResNet had made improvements in network structure design, multi-scale feature extraction, feature mapping dimensionality reduction, and complexity reduction. In order to test the effectiveness of the network, this study used two datasets. Dataset 1 used 15 vegetable diseases in the public dataset of the Plantvillage and the AI Challenge2018, and dataset 2 was self-collecting 7 disease images. Each image was resized to 224 &times; 224 using bilinear interpolation. In order to prevent overfitting due to too few data, the original dataset was enhanced through translation, scaling and rotation, random clipping and scaling, random brightness contrast enhancement, random gamma noise, and vertical flip. The original dataset was expanded to 134 232, and the training set, verification set, and test set were divided according to the ratio of 7:2:1. The experimental scheme included model structure design and comparison with other models. In the model structure design experiment, five options were included convolution kernel design, channel design, residual layer connection design, grouping design, and residua block number design. The effectiveness of network design mode was verified by changing one design method by fixing other design methods. Finally, the network structure of Multi-scale ResNet was determined, including the network structure of using large convolution kernel and group convolution, two channels, two-layer connection mode, and two residua blocks. The accuracy of Multi-scale ResNet on dataset 1 and dataset 2 reached 95.95% and 93.05% respectively. Compared with other models (AlexNet, VGG16, ResNet50, SqueezeNet), the improved Multi-scale ResNet has the least number of parameters and the smallest model volume. And the accuracy of Multi-scale ResNet was 3.72% lower than the original ResNet18, but the training parameters of the model were reduced about 93% and the overall size of the model was reduced about 35%. The minimum size of Multi-scale ResNet was 68.75 MB, and the accuracy was only about 1.5% lower than ResNet50. Moreover, the loss value of the model decreases smoothly, and there was no similar oscillation phenomenon of the original ResNet18 and ResNet50. Experiments showed that the Multi-scale ResNet has the characteristics of small size and high accuracy. It made the vegetable leaf disease identification model had the ability to deploy and run in the scene of limited hardware. It overcame the shortcomings of the traditional depth model which was not suitable for edge deployment because of its large parameters and calculation. It could meet the urgent need of realizing long-term, large-scale, and low-cost automatic identification of vegetable diseases under the condition of resource constraints.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Statistical tests
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Automation - Convolution - Design - Digital storage - Dimensionality reduction - Image recognition - Internet of things - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Bilinear interpolation - Complexity reduction - Contrast Enhancement - Identification model - Image-recognition model - Internet of Things (IOT) - Multi-scale features - Oscillation phenomenon
Classification code:716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.50e+00%, Percentage 3.50e+01%, Percentage 3.72e+00%, Percentage 9.30e+01%, Percentage 9.60e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20210209767570
Title:Effects of climate change and human activities on net primary productivity in the Northern Slope of Tianshan, Xinjiang, China
Title of translation:&#27668;&#20505;&#21464;&#21270;&#21644;&#20154;&#31867;&#27963;&#21160;&#23545;&#22825;&#23665;&#21271;&#22369;&#20928;&#21021;&#32423;&#29983;&#20135;&#21147;&#21464;&#21270;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Yin, Xiaojun (1); Zhu, Honghui (2); Gao, Jerry (3); Gao, Jun (4); Guo, Lijie (1); Wang, Jiaojiao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China; (2) College of Economics and Management, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China; (3) Department of Computer Engineering, San Jose State University, CA; 95192, United States; (4) Anhui Sichuang Electronic Co., Ltd., Hefei; 230000, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Honghui(zhuhonghui1973@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:195-202
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The northern slope of Tianshan has become an important development base of agriculture and animal husbandry, particularly for the key area of "one belt, one road". The investigation of Net primary productivity (NPP) in this area is absolutely essential to the sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry, due to the NPP can serve as a significant indicator of ecological environment evaluation. However, most previous studies of NPP mainly focused on the simulation of NPP under a model in a specific period. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the change of NPP from 2004 to 2015, and further investigate the impact of climate change and human activities on the NPP change. The remote sensing image data in the long time series was used to quantify the global variation of NPP subjected to the climate change and human activities. The specific procedure was as follows: First, the image data collected from a MODIS C6 remote sensing was used to simulate the actual net primary productivity (NPP<inf>A</inf>) for 12 years, and the simulated NPP<inf>A</inf> was verified by biomass data measured from the field, indicating that the MODIS C6 remote sensing data was feasible to simulate NPP<inf>A</inf>. Then, the change trends of temperature, precipitation, and NPP<inf>A</inf> were analyzed in the past 12 years, to clarify the influence of temperature and precipitation on NPP<inf>A.</inf> Finally, the net primary productivity (NPP<inf>H</inf>) was selected to explain the effect of human activities on the Northern Slope of Tianshan. The results show that: the actual NPP<inf>A</inf> at the Northern Slope of Tianshan ranged from 128.67 to 170.49 g/(m²&bull;a) from the period of 2004 to 2015, with an average annual value of 144.71 g/(m²&bull;a). There were obvious differences in the spatial characteristics of NPP<inf>A</inf> in different regions, showing a trend of high in the West and low in the East. The annual average of NPP<inf>A</inf> in the western region was the highest, indicating that the central and western regions were the main supply areas of NPP<inf>A</inf> on the Northern Slope of Tianshan. Specifically, the change rates of temperature and precipitation in the East were -0.13&#8451;/a and 8.89 mm/a, whereas, those in the central region were the smallest, with the change rates of -0.09&#8451;/a and 8.70 mm/a, and those in the western region were the largest, with the change rates of-0.15&#8451;/a and 11.21 mm/a, respectively. It infers that the effect of precipitation on NPP<inf>A</inf> was greater than that of temperature. The average of annual NPP<inf>H</inf> on the northern slope of Tianshan ranged from -163.44-543.74 g/(m²&bull;a), with an annual average of 13.72 g/(m²&bull;a), while an average annual change rate of-1.24 g/(m²&bull;a). Specifically, 44.15% of them were affected by the positive human activities, mainly distributed in Yiwu, Balikun, Wenquan county, and the south of North Slope of Tianshan along the Tianshan Mountain; 55.85% of negative impact areas were mainly distributed in the north and central part of the north slope of Tianshan. The influence of human activities on NPP change was gradually developing towards the direction of promoting effect in the northern slope of Tianshan. The typical areas triggered by increasing human activities were mainly distributed in the middle and east of the northern slope of Tianshan, while, the areas of increasing negative effects were scattered in Kuitun and Wusu County. The finding can provide a new way to explore the spatial pattern, process, and function of NPP under natural and human disturbance.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Climate change
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Animals - Ecosystems - Photosynthesis - Phytoplankton - Radiometers - Remote sensing - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological environment evaluations - Global variations - Human activities - Human disturbances - Net primary productivity - Remote sensing data - Remote sensing images - Spatial characteristics
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 471  Marine Science and Oceanography - 741.1  Light/Optics - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 944.7  Radiation Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.20e+01yr, Percentage 4.41e+01%, Percentage 5.59e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20210209767587
Title:Technological parameters and effect of pretreatment of pig biogas slurry with ceramic membrane
Title of translation:&#38518;&#29943;&#33180;&#39044;&#22788;&#29702;&#29482;&#22330;&#27836;&#28082;&#30340;&#24037;&#33402;&#21442;&#25968;&#21450;&#25928;&#26524;&#30740;&#31350;
Authors:Xiao, Hua (1); Xu, Xing (1); Zhou, Xin (1); Zhu, Xiaoming (1); Zhou, Weidong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) The Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou; 310021, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Weidong(zhouwd@mail.zaas.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:42-48
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biogas slurry is the liquid part of anaerobic fermentation of excrements from breeding industries. It is rich in organic matters, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients. However, biogas slurry is an environmental pollution source if it is discharged without proper treatment. To recover the nutrients and remove Suspended Solids (SS) and trace heavy metals in the biogas slurry, a membrane filtration system was designed in this work. Herein, Ceramic Membrane (CM) was applied for pretreatment because of its large membrane flux, strong anti-pollution ability and high chemical stability features. The key parameters that affect the performance of the membrane filtration system, such as membrane pore size, biogas slurry temperature, membrane surface velocity and Volume Reduction Factor (VRF), were investigated. The effects of pretreatment were studied via analyzing the membrane flux, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), turbidity, ammonia nitrogen, and the content of heavy metals under different conditions. The results showed that the membrane flux could reach 250 L/ (m²&bull;h) for 50 nm CM, which was 75 L/ (m²&bull;h) higher than that of 20 nm CM. However, in order to achieve high permeate water quality and heavy metal removal efficiency, ultrafiltration by 20 nm pore size CM was selected for pretreatment. The membrane flux increased from 165 to 275 L/ (m²&bull;h) upon increasing liquid temperature from 15 to 40 &deg;C. With the increase of membrane surface velocity, the membrane flux increased gradually, but the increasing rate decreased. The membrane flux could reach 175 L/ (m²&bull;h) under the membrane surface velocity of 3.0 m/s.When the concentration rate increased, the membrane fluxes showed a downward trend of first fast and then slow. The maximum VRF of 20 nm pore CM could reach above 10, and the corresponding membrane flux was 62.6 L/ (m²&bull;h). The pretreatment of biogas slurry by CM filtration had the optimal economy, when the frequency converter operated in the range of 40-45 Hz. The removal efficiency of turbidity by 20, 100 and 1 000 nm pore CMs was 99.77%, 83.91% and 81.87%, respectively. And there was no significant difference on the COD removal between 20 nm and 100 nm, which was 15.97% and 13.12%, respectively. There was almost no retention of ammonia nitrogen for all CMs. The removal rate of Ca, Mg, K, P by 20 nm CM was 14.7%, 66.3%, 3.9% and 32.9% respectively. The retention rate of Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe and Mn in biogas slurry by 20 nm CM was 96.0%, 95.5%, 100%, 86.5% and 76.0%, respectively. However the removal efficiency of Cr was quite low owing to its anionic state in biogas slurry. To draw a conclusion, pretreatment of biogas slurry by ultrafiltration using 20 nm CM could effectively remove SS and heavy metals, and retain majority of the dissolved organic and inorganic nutrients in biogas slurry. After pretreatment by ultrafiltration, nanofiltration(NF) or reverse osmosis(RO) could be used to concentrate the dissolved nutrients including organic matters, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. This study provides a useful reference for the harmless treatment and resource utilization of swine wastewater and biogas slurry. It is anticipated that membrane concentrate system could render versatile applications for biogas slurry.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Microfiltration
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Biogas - Biogeochemistry - Ceramic membranes - Chemical oxygen demand - Chemical stability - Chemicals removal (water treatment) - Efficiency - Heavy metals - Mammals  - Membranes - Metal drawing - Nitrogen - Nutrients - Phosphorus - Pollution - Pore size - Potassium - Trace elements - Turbidity  - Ultrafiltration - Wastewater treatment - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Environmental pollutions - Membrane filtration system - Pretreatment of biogas - Removal efficiencies - Resource utilizations - Technological parameters - Volume reduction factor
Classification code:445.2  Water Analysis - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 522  Gas Fuels - 531  Metallurgy and Metallography - 535.2  Metal Forming - 549.1  Alkali Metals - 741.1  Light/Optics - 801  Chemistry - 801.2  Biochemistry - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 812.1  Ceramics - 913.1  Production Engineering - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 4.00e+01Hz to 4.50e+01Hz, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 1.31e+01%, Percentage 1.47e+01%, Percentage 1.60e+01%, Percentage 3.29e+01%, Percentage 3.90e+00%, Percentage 6.63e+01%, Percentage 7.60e+01%, Percentage 8.19e+01%, Percentage 8.39e+01%, Percentage 8.65e+01%, Percentage 9.55e+01%, Percentage 9.60e+01%, Percentage 9.98e+01%, Size 1.00e-06m, Size 1.00e-07m, Size 2.00e-08m to 1.00e-07m, Size 2.00e-08m, Temperature 2.88e+02K to 3.13e+02K, Velocity 3.00e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20210209767599
Title:Coupling coordination relationship between village-level cultivated land pressure and rural poverty in mountainous areas
Title of translation:&#23665;&#22320;&#26449;&#22495;&#32789;&#22320;&#21387;&#21147;&#19982;&#20892;&#26449;&#36139;&#22256;&#32806;&#21512;&#21327;&#35843;&#24615;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Cai, Jin (1, 2); Qiu, Jiqin (3); Luo, Dongqi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of the Economy of the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing; 400067, China; (2) School of Public Administration, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing; 400067, China; (3) School of Business Administration, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing; 400067, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:283-293
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China's poverty alleviation has made great progress, as the years of large-scale development-oriented poverty relief drive since the mid-1980s. At present, the poverty in rural China has transformed into the geo-relation poverty, restrained by individual ability of peasant household, special geographic environment, and resource factors, from the surface poverty that formed by the backward economic development, and deficiency of manage agencies. The lack of resource element has become a major obstacle to poverty governance, especially on the most important livelihood capital of farmers - cultivated land resources. High quantity, quality, and utilization efficiency in cultivated land resources can contribute to poverty alleviation and increasing income of farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the inner relationship between cultivated land pressure and rural poverty in the perspective of cultivated land resources. Taking 109 villages in Zhenyuan County of Yunnan Province as the research unit, this study aims to find the linkages between rural poverty and spatial patterns of cultivated land pressure in mountain area. The weighted sum approach and coupling degree model were used based on the field survey data. The results show that: 1) The indexes of rural poverty and farmland pressure in village scale were both high in Zhenyuan County. The spatial distribution was characterized by "low in the middle, high in the East and West, and secondary high in the north and South" under the ArcGIS10.2 platform; 2) The coupling level of farmland pressure and rural poverty was high, where the coupling factor C reached 0.79. The spatial pattern was characterized by: the high coupling in whole region, the coupling gradually decreased from the central area to the East and West, showing the structural characteristics of "ridge". It infers that there was high coupling in the central region, and low at both sides. The spatial correlation pattern of coupling level showed that the high-high agglomeration area was mainly distributed in Enle Town, whereas, the low-low agglomeration area was mainly distributed in Zhentai town; 3) The main coupling types of Zhenyuan County were classified by forced, mild and moderate coordination. The spatial distribution showed the characteristics of overall coordination and local imbalance. The spatial correlation pattern showed that the high-high agglomeration area was in Zhentai town, whereas, the low-low agglomeration area was in Enle town. In order to alleviate the pressure of cultivated land and rural poverty, the government can increase the investment in cultivated land resources, further to solve the problem of "two not worry and Three Guarantees" for the farmers. Targeted strategies can vary in different regions: 1) In the central region with high coupling level of "double low" type, land improvement can be recommended to increase cultivated land area and optimize allocation of resource, particularly on strengthening the use of cultivated land. 2) In the north and south areas with high coupling level of "double high" type, returning cultivated land to forest can be selected to reduce the pressure of economic development on cultivated land, while, maintain the ecological function. 3) In the eastern and western regions with the relatively low coupling level, the function of cultivated land resources can be used to develop the typical economic industries, mainly including livestock and poultry, tea, and under-forest economy, according to the characteristic resources of mountainous areas.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Agglomeration - Digital storage - Economic and social effects - Economics - Farms - Forestry - Land use - Natural resources - Spatial distribution - Tea
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological functions - Large-scale development - Peasant households - Poverty alleviation - Spatial correlations - Structural characteristics - Utilization efficiency - Weighted sum approaches
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921  Mathematics - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20210209767622
Title:Detection of straw coverage based on multi-threshold and multi-target UAV image segmentation optimization algorithm
Title of translation:&#29992;&#22810;&#38408;&#20540;&#22810;&#30446;&#26631;&#26080;&#20154;&#26426;&#22270;&#20687;&#20998;&#21106;&#20248;&#21270;&#31639;&#27861;&#26816;&#27979;&#31224;&#31174;&#35206;&#30422;&#29575;
Authors:Liu, Yuanyuan (1); Sun, Jiahui (1); Zhang, Shujie (1); Yu, Haiye (2); Wang, Yueyong (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun; 130118, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun; 130025, China; (3) College of Engineering and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun; 130118, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Yueyong(yueyongw@jlau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:134-143
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Straw mulching has been an efficient solution to reduce soil loss in environmental protection and sustainable development in modern agriculture. Therefore, a rapid detection of straw coverage can contribute to the efficiency and accuracy in the process of straw mulching. In this study, a novel algorithm was proposed to optimize large-scale image segmentation for the aerial image of straw coverage during straw mulching. An artificial bee colony survey multi-objective grey wolf optimization algorithm (AS-MOGWO) was used to upgrade via introducing the design concept of multi-objective integration. Specifically, an external archive of multi-objective grey wolf optimization algorithm (MOGWO) was added into the differential evolution (DE) GWO, and the search strategy of observed bees in artificial colony algorithm. The DE algorithm can be used to solve the problem that the traditional gray wolf optimization algorithm (GWO) is easy to fall into the local optimal and the slow processing speed. Extending to multi-objective can also improve the accuracy of multi-threshold image segmentation. The Observation phase of artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) can be used to compare the solution of problem, and further to enhance the stability and optimization ability of algorithm. The DE-GWO algorithm was extended from single target to multi-target DE-MOGWO, thereby to achieve multi-objective optimization. The accuracy of multi-threshold image segmentation was greatly improved, while, the algorithm was enhanced to extract and classify different ground objects in the collected images. The observation phase of ABC algorithm was added in the detection of straw coverage, further to improve the quality and processing speed of automatic image segmentation. The stability and optimization ability of algorithm can be enhanced after the integration of various methods. The upgraded algorithm inherited the automatic segmentation of DE-GWO, while gained the efficient convergence of AS-MOGWO, indicating an improved stability and processing speed for image segmentation. An optimal threshold was set using the gray-scale histogram of straw image, then to segment the images, and finally to calculate the number of pixels in each part and the coverage of straw. The experimental results showed that the matching error was less than 8% between the DE-AS-MOGWO optimization algorithm and the manual measurement method. Compared with the PSO, GWO, DE-GWO, and DE-MOGWO algorithms, the average matching rate of DE-AS-MOGWO improved 4.967, 3.617, 2.188 and 3.404 percentage point, respectively, whereas, the average error rate reduced 0.168, 0.131, 0.089 and 0.116 percentage point, respectively. Furthermore, the algorithm time reduced 82%, 84%, 17% and 32%, respectively. A software system was also developed for the area detection of straw coverage based on the proposed algorithm, where the straw covering area and straw coverage rate can be calculated from the acquisition area of aerial images. The GWO, DE-GWO, DE-MOGWO and DE-AS-MOGWO algorithms can also be selected for the comparison of different results. The DE-AS-MOGWO algorithm can produce a better segmentation, while processing with large-scale UAV images in a short time, indicating an excellent applicability under various conditions in the images of straw coverage. The finding can provide a promising potential way to improve the segmentation accuracy for the detection of straw coverage in modern agriculture.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Aircraft detection - Antennas - Environmental protection - Image enhancement - Multiobjective optimization - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Sustainable development - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial bee colonies - Artificial bee colony algorithms (ABC) - Automatic image segmentation - Automatic segmentations - Differential Evolution - Manual measurement methods - Optimization algorithms - Segmentation accuracy
Classification code:454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 652.1  Aircraft, General - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.70e+01%, Percentage 3.20e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+00%, Percentage 8.20e+01%, Percentage 8.40e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20210209767699
Title:Simulation and experiment of thawing process of pork under vacuum condition
Title of translation:&#30495;&#31354;&#26465;&#20214;&#19979;&#29482;&#32905;&#35299;&#20923;&#36807;&#31243;&#30340;&#27169;&#25311;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Li, Heqiang (1); Zou, Tonghua (1); Song, Ruiqi (1); Zhang, Kunsheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Tianjin Key Laboratory of Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin; 300134, China
Corresponding author:Zou, Tonghua(zthua@tjcu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:311-319
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This study aims to explore the temperature distribution and thawing rate of frozen pork under vacuum conditions (vacuum degree of 100 Pa) during the thawing process, as well as the effect of vacuum thawing on pork quality. A total 20 kg of foreleg meat was collected from the same male white pig (about 6 months old) that had not yet been cooled were purchased from a local Metro supermarket. The purchased pork was first placed in an incubator with ice bags and transported back to the laboratory within 30 minutes, and then taken out and placed on a sterile operating table for simple cleaning to remove the surface fat and fascia tissue, and finally cut into pieces, each piece weighing about 1 kg with roughly the same shape and size (12 cm&times;12 cm&times;12 cm). The thermocouples were inserted into the center of meat blocks to measure temperature, and marked the sample number, then the meat blocks that put in zip-lock bags were placed in a -35&#8451; freezer for freezing. The freezing was stopped when the thermocouples measured the core temperature of meat blocks to reach -20&#8451;, and then the samples were taken out for vacuum thawing and air thawing experiments. In the vacuum thawing experiment, it was performed after connecting the thermocouples of samples to the temperature sensors of the thawing box and setting the thawing pressure of 100 Pa, the thawing temperature of 15&#8451;. In the air thawing, the same thawing temperature was set for the experiment. Both thawing process was set to start when the temperature of sample center was -18&#8451;, and then automatically recorded the sample temperature per 5 minutes until the sample center temperature was 4&#8451; to terminate the experiment and stop recording. After the thawing was completed, some properties of pork were tested, including the water retention (thaw loss rate, cooking loss rate and pH value) and texture properties (hardness, elasticity, chewiness, adhesiveness, and resilience). The vacuum thawing was a complex physical process, including solid heat transfer and water vapor condensation. In the simulation, the solid heat transfer with meat as the research object and the condensation process with moist air as the research object were separately calculated. The heat transfer model was established according to the actual size of the frozen pork sample. The water vapor condensation model used a two-dimensional steady-state model to calculate the physical field. The thawing process in air thawing method was simplified to a pure heat transfer process. The finite element analysis software COMSOL Multiphysics was used to simulate the vacuum thawing process and the air thawing process, respectively, and the numerical simulation results were verified by the experimental results. The results showed that the numerical simulation time for vacuum thawing and air thawing were 8.90 and 27.30 h, respectively, whereas, the physical experimental results were 8.83 and 28.40 h, respectively. The errors between the simulation and experimental data were 0.79% and 4.03%, respectively, indicating in the acceptable range of errors. After testing the quality of thawed pork, it was found that the thawing loss rate and the cooking loss rate in the vacuum thawed pork were 1.45% and 5.36%, respectively, whereas, that in the air thawing in the control group were 5.12% and 19.90%, respectively, indicating the impact was remarkable (P<0.05). After vacuum thawing, the pH value of vacuum thawed pork maintained the best, about 6.49 (pH measured before thawing is 6.50), indicating significantly better than 5.96 of the air thawing group (P<0.05). The texture of vacuum thawed pork was also better than that of air thawing group (P<0.05). Compared to natural air thawing, the vacuum thawing has a faster thawing rate, while better maintain the quality of meat after thawing. The established vacuum thawing model has better reliability to represent the heat transfer and thawing process in the vacuum thawing. The finding can provide a sound reference for the in-depth research in the field of vacuum thawing.s of vacuum thawing, which provides a certain reference for in-depth research in the field of vacuum thawing.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Thawing
Controlled terms:Adhesives - Computer software - Condensation - Freezing - Heat transfer - Mammals - Meats - Numerical models - pH - Pile foundations  - Quality control - Temperature sensors - Textures - Thermal processing (foods) - Thermocouples - Water vapor
Uncontrolled terms:Complex physical process - Comsol multiphysics - Condensation process - Finite element analysis software - Heat transfer model - Heat transfer process - Two-dimensional steady-state models - Water vapor condensation
Classification code:483.2  Foundations - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 822.2  Food Processing Operations - 822.3  Food Products - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 921  Mathematics - 944.5  Temperature Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.36e+00%, Percentage 7.90e-01%, Pressure 1.00e+02Pa, Time 1.02e+05s, Time 1.80e+03s, Time 3.00e+02s, Time 3.18e+04s, Time 3.20e+04s, Time 9.83e+04s, Age 5.00e-01yr, Mass 1.00e+00kg, Mass 2.00e+01kg, Percentage 1.45e+00%, Percentage 1.99e+01%, Percentage 4.03e+00%, Percentage 5.12e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20210209767698
Title:Research progress of key technology and device for size-grading shell-breaking and shell-kernel separation of walnut
Title of translation:&#26680;&#26691;&#20998;&#32423;&#30772;&#22771;&#21462;&#20161;&#21450;&#22771;&#20161;&#20998;&#31163;&#20851;&#38190;&#25216;&#26415;&#19982;&#35013;&#32622;&#30740;&#31350;&#36827;&#23637;
Authors:Liu, Mingzheng (1); Li, Changhe (1); Cao, Chengmao (2); Turdi, Turruhon (3); Li, Xinping (4); Che, Ji (5); Yang, Huimin (3); Zhang, Xiaowei (1); Shi, Mingcun (1); Zhao, Huayang (6); Gao, Lianxing (7); He, Guangzan (8); Jia, Dongzhou (6); Li, Hansong (9)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao; 266520, China; (2) School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei; 230036, China; (3) Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi; 830011, China; (4) College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang; 471003, China; (5) Xinjiang Jiangning Light Industry Machinery Engineering Technology Co. Ltd, Urumqi; 830011, China; (6) Institute of technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao; 028042, China; (7) College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China; (8) Sichuan Jieneng Drying Equipment Co. Ltd, Chengdu; 610041, China; (9) Shandong Agricultural Machinery Research Institute, Jinan; 250200, China
Corresponding author:Li, Changhe(sy_lichanghe@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:294-310
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Walnut varieties are rich with the wide planting area in China, and the high yield ranked in the world. The walnut kernel is the most important edible part of walnut fruit. The by-products of walnut, such as walnut shell, have also great application potential to serve as cheap raw materials for the extraction of some important medical ingredients and the production of industrial products. However, the by-products are often burned or discarded as wastes in the processing process, leading to environmental pollution. The intensive processing of walnut products is increasing daily demanding with high nutrition and economic added value, indicating the walnut has a broad prospect of comprehensive development and utilization. Walnut size-grading, shell-breaking and kernel-fetching, as well as shell-kernel separating are the most critical the links in the primary processing, which are the prerequisite before the intensive processing of walnut. However, the traditional manual operation mode and the primary processing equipment with simple functions cannot meet the high quality and quantitative requirements of the food industry, which seriously restricts the development of the walnut industry. Therefore, it is imperative to strengthen the research and development of key technologies and devices for walnut primary processing. Based on the size characteristics, four devices were used in walnut size-grading, including the type of taper roller, grid cylinder, sieve, and visual imaging. The status quo and application characteristics of devices were summarized in this review. The combinations of optimized parameters can be obtained from the multi-factor performance tests for different types of devices. The physical characteristics of walnut were important basis for the design of shell-breaking device, such as sphericity, shell thickness, and moisture content, due to they directly determine the mechanical properties of walnut shell and kernel. The specific ranges of parameters were determined to represent different physical characteristics. Three main principles of walnut shell-breaking were then classified, including extrusion, collision, and gas explosion. The characteristics and applications of core shell breaking were reviewed, with emphasis on three innovative shell-breaking devices. The multi-factor performance test can be used to optimize the parameter combination of main influencing factors in each type of device. In shell-kernel separation, the winnowing type was the main application in the relevant devices at present. The morphological characteristics and physical parameters of walnut mixed shell-kernel were the main basis for setting the wind speed and direction. An attempt was made on the separation mechanism of shell-kernel by winnowing type, the optimization parameters of various shell-kernel separation devices and their respective multi-factor performance tests. This review systematically summarized the physical characteristics, working mechanism, device, and performance optimization test, corresponding to the key links of walnut primary processing. The finding can be expected to deepen the understanding of walnut primary processing, and further provide theoretical basis and technical support for improving walnut processing level.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:107
Main heading:Shells (structures)
Controlled terms:Grading - Separation - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Development and utilizations - Environmental pollutions - Morphological characteristic - Optimization parameter - Performance optimizations - Physical characteristics - Research and development - Wind speed and directions
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 802.3  Chemical Operations
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20210209767574
Title:Environmental characteristics of a swine gestation barn with an innovative cooling pad system
Title of translation:&#35268;&#27169;&#21270;&#29482;&#22330;&#22922;&#23072;&#27597;&#29482;&#33293;&#25913;&#36827;&#28287;&#24088;&#38477;&#28201;&#31995;&#32479;&#30340;&#29615;&#22659;&#29305;&#24615;
Authors:Li, Xiusong (1, 2); Ye, Zhangying (1); Li, Guoming (3); Shen, Pan (2); Zhu, Songming (1); Feng, Xiaolong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China; (2) Qingdao Bigherdsman Machinery Co., Ltd., Qingdao; 266000, China; (3) Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, MS; 39762, United States
Corresponding author:Zhu, Songming(zhusm@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:238-245
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Cooling and heating facilities are highly demanding in summer and winter, respectively, particularly for most large-scale pig farms in the typical continental monsoon climate zone in China. An energy-efficient ventilation system is essential to the environmental requirements for the growth and production of sow. Currently, a pad-fan evaporative cooling system is the most common method to control environmental temperature inside the housing for the large-scale pig unit. The operation of cooling process can provide comfortable temperature of fresh air, but make a big drop in the indoor temperature between both ends of a large pig house. However, the uneven distribution of fresh air in a large house can result in the extreme need for a high energy consumption in a cooling system. In the case of current pad cooling system, it is difficult to meet the requirements of thermal environment and air quality for pregnant sows in large-scale sow farms. Fortunately, a ground channel ventilation system is widely concerned in the environmental control field of pig farms, because it can cool down in summer and simultaneously warm up in winter. In the present study, an innovative ventilation system combining cooling pad and ground channel was proposed to explore the environmental characteristics inside a swine gestation barn. This feasible system was designed to significantly improve the uniformity of air distribution, while, reduce the energy consumption, by controlling the temperature difference between the front and rear of a large pig house. A typical pregnant sow house with this innovative ventilation system was built in Henan Province, China. The specific ventilation mode was as follows: the outdoor fresh air entered the underground duct system below the solid floor of the sow through the cooling pad, then flew into the house uniformly from the air inlet in front of the head of the sow, and finally the waste gas was discharged out of the house by the roof fan. The house with the size of L&times;W&times;H 98m&times;47m&times;4m contained 1344 pregnant sows, and 24 rows of gestation stalls. Half of the area with the size of 49m&times;44m was selected for the environmental test. The field test was carried out to investigate the effect of new cooling system on environmental characteristics inside the pregnant sow house. The parameters related to thermal environment and air quality were measured to analyze the environment change of the pigsty in summer and winter. Temperature/relative humidity (RH) sensors, anemometers, air quality monitors, and air particle counters were used to measure the temperature/RH, air speed, NH<inf>3</inf>/CO<inf>2</inf> content, and PM2.5/PM10 distribution, respectively, during summer and winter. The effective environmental temperature was recorded, and the breathing rate were calculated, in order to evaluate sow stress status in summer and winter. The results show that during summer, the temperature of input air was reduced more than 25% with the innovative ventilation system, while, maintaining the air temperature at (27.1&plusmn;1.0) ^oC, and the average cooling efficiency was -84.4 kW. During winter, the air temperature was retained at (17.7&plusmn;1.2) ^oC without extra heating, and the average heating efficiency was 121.6 kW. More than 87% of the heat exchanged at the first half (close to the air inlet) of the system. The temperature, RH, and air speed were distributed evenly, where the temperature fluctuation was less than 3.8 ^oC. The indexes of effective environmental temperature (EET) and respiratory rate of sow were verified that the tested sows were under a comfortable environmental state of fresh air during winter, and slightly heat stress status during summer. The contents of NH<inf>3</inf>, CO<inf>2</inf>, PM2.5 and PM10 were distributed evenly in the large house, less than those recommended national standards released by Chinese governmental agencies. The innovative pad ventilation cooling system can significantly decrease energy consumption of environmental control, while maintain excellent air quality inside the swine gestation barn. This proposed cooling system can contribute to the crucial environmental-friendly and economic implications on swine production.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Air intakes - Air quality - Ammonia - Atmospheric temperature - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Environmental management - Environmental testing - Evaporative cooling systems - Farm buildings  - Heating - Houses - Mammals - Particle size analysis - Thermoelectric equipment - Ventilation
Uncontrolled terms:Comfortable temperature - Environmental characteristic - Environmental requirement - Environmental temperature - Environmental-friendly - High energy consumption - Temperature differences - Temperature fluctuation
Classification code:402.1  Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 402.3  Residences - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 451.2  Air Pollution Control - 454.1  Environmental Engineering, General - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 615.4  Thermoelectric Energy - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 643.5  Ventilation - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 8.70e+01%, Power -8.44e+04W, Power 1.22e+05W
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20210209767675
Title:Phosphorus pollution model for plain paddy irrigation district based on soil microenvironment sub-stratification
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#22303;&#22756;&#24494;&#29615;&#22659;&#20998;&#23618;&#30340;&#24179;&#21407;&#27700;&#31291;&#28748;&#21306;&#30967;&#27745;&#26579;&#27169;&#22411;
Authors:Chen, Minghong (1); Bai, Lu (1); Liu, Xuanye (1); Guo, Jiansong (1); Wang, Chaozi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:17-26
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Non-point source phosphorus pollution generated from irrigated farmlands is one of the main causes of local and regional eutrophication. However, current phosphorus pollution models either do not include the water movement in irrigation and drainage process or do not consider the phosphorus transformation under the exchanging aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Therefore, we developed a physically based phosphorus pollution model to quantitatively describe the water movement and phosphorus fate and transport processes in irrigated paddy fields in plain areas. The simulation of the runoff yield in an irrigation area was based on the water balance equations describing the water input and output of the paddy fields and the motion wave equations describing the water movement in the drainage channel networks. The simulation of the excess phosphorus yield was based on the convection diffusion equations and a phosphorus transformation model considering the soil sub-stratification-the cultivated horizon was sub-divided into aerobic and anaerobic layers. In this way, the changes in dissolved oxygen and the processes of phosphorus transformation in different soil layers caused by the alternating wet and dry conditions could be quantitatively described in details. The phosphorus flux of diffusion, particle mixing and infiltration between the water layer, the aerobic soil layer and the anaerobic soil layer were also quantified. The model was calibrated and verified with the observed ponding water depth, drainage discharge, and phosphorus concentrations in the runoff and soil water in one experimental paddy field and two typical drainage ditches in Heping Irrigation District, Heilongjiang, China in 2018. The simulated drainage discharge and phosphorus concentrations of the experimental paddy field and the drain ditches agreed well with the observations. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R²) of the simulated drainage discharge were greater than 0.820 and 0.815, respectively. And the NSE and R² of simulated total phosphorus concentration were greater than 0.811 and 0.821, respectively. The simulated vertical distribution of the soil soluble phosphorus obtained by considering the aerobic and anaerobic layers of the cultivated horizon were closer to the in situ observation than the results obtained with the same model but do not consider the soil sub-stratification. Then, the verified phosphorus pollution model was used to estimate the non-point source phosphorus pollution in the whole Heping Irrigation District. The phosphorus loss through drainage and leakage during the growth stages of rice was 1.88 kg/hm², which was about 5.7% of the phosphorus input from fertilization and irrigation. Among the 1.88 kg/hm² phosphorus loss, the phosphorus output load of runoff at the tillering stage (0.85 kg/hm²), and the jointing and booting stage (0.60 kg/hm²) was the first and second largest loss, due to rainfall washout of soil phosphorus. The loss by leakage output load was the second and first largest at the soaking stage (0.11 kg/hm²) and the tillering stage (0.16 kg/hm²), due to the basic fertilizer and the early booting stage fertilizer. For the whole Heping Irrigation District, the total excess phosphorus exported from the first ditch (1.40 t) and the fourth ditch (1.39 t) were the first and second largest, due to their larger control area of the irrigation district. Overall, the physically based phosphorus pollution model developed in this study included the water movement in irrigation and drainage process, considered the phosphorus transformation under the exchanging aerobic and anaerobic conditions caused by the alternating wet and dry conditions, and provided more accurate estimation of phosphorus fate and transport in irrigated paddy fields in plain areas.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Agricultural runoff
Controlled terms:Biochemical oxygen demand - Dissolved oxygen - Equations of motion - Eutrophication - Fertilizers - Irrigation - Phosphorus - Soil moisture - Soil pollution - Water pollution  - Wave equations
Uncontrolled terms:Aerobic and anaerobic conditions - Alternating wet and dries - Coefficient of determination - Convection-diffusion equations - Heping irrigation districts - Phosphorus concentration - Phosphorus transformations - Water balance equation
Classification code:453  Water Pollution - 453.1  Water Pollution Sources - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 921.2  Calculus
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.70e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20210209767562
Title:Effects of moisture content on maturity and pollution gas emissions during sheep manure composting
Title of translation:&#21547;&#27700;&#29575;&#23545;&#32650;&#31914;&#22534;&#32933;&#33104;&#29087;&#24230;&#21450;&#27745;&#26579;&#27668;&#20307;&#25490;&#25918;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Li, Danyang (1); Ma, Ruonan (1); Qi, Chuanren (1); Yuan, Jing (1); Li, Guoxue (1); Sun, Shaoze (2); Liu, Yan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resource and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) General Office, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100190, China
Corresponding author:Li, Guoxue(ligx@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:254-262
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the development of intensive and large-size livestock farming, a large amount of livestock manure has brought environmental pollution in some areas. Aerobic composting is a widely-used and efficient technology for the treatment and utilization of organic waste, which realizes harmless treatment, quantity reduction, stabilization and reutilization. However, there are several issues such as low maturity degree of compost product and emission of polluting gases during the process of composting, moisture content (MC) is one of the most important factors of composting. In order to study the effects of initial MC on maturity and pollution gas emissions during the sheep manure composting and optimize the process conditions, an experiment was carried out in 60 L sealed fermenters for 35 days. In this research, sheep manure and cornstalk were used as raw composting materials. According to the different initial MC, high-humidity sheep manure without any cornstalk was set as MC75 treatment, cornstalks were thoroughly mixed with sheep manure in certain proportions to adjust the initial MC to be 70%, 65%, 60% and 55%, respectively. C/N ratio of the composting mixture of five treatments was adjusted to 22 approximately by adding urea. The chemical and physical characters and maturity indicators such as temperature, germination index, electric conductivity, and pH value were analyzed, and continuous monitoring of pollution gases (CH<inf>4</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O, and NH<inf>3</inf>) were conducted. The results demonstrated that the sheep manure composting pile with the MC of 75% could not be activated successfully, the compost product still had the risk in farmland utilization because it did not experience the thermophilic period (>50&#8451;). However, lots of greenhouse gases such as CH<inf>4</inf> and N<inf>2</inf>O were released and the greenhouse gas emissions equivalent was the largest among all treatments during the experiment (41.4 g/kg). While the co-composting process could be started effectively for all treatments with sheep dung and cornstalks. MC70%, 65%, 60% and 55% treatments all entered into thermophilic stage and reached the peak values of temperature on the 2nd and 4th day, respectively. The thermophilic phase lasted for 8-10 d to reach the compost sanitary requirements. Moreover, the germination index of all treatments under the addition of cornstalks were higher than 80%, the electric conductivities were below 4 mS/cm and the pH values were in the range of 8 to 9 at the end of composting, which could be biologically non-toxic and meet the maturity standard completely. The treatment with the initial MC of 65% had long thermophilic phase (10 d) and high biodegradation degree, whose degradation rate of dry material reached 45%. Meanwhile, compared to the other treatments, the total nitrogen loss and the total greenhouse effects were decreased by 4.81%-16.99% and 7.56%-48.62%, respectively. Consequently, sheep manure with high moisture content should be collected and disposed frequently in sheep farming, and it is not environmentally friendly to pile up without any bulking agent. The optimal initial moisture content is about 65% in this study during the aerobic co-composting of sheep manure and cornstalk. In addition, the control of ammonia emissions by adding additives could be taken into account in future research.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Gas emissions
Controlled terms:Additives - Ammonia - Biodegradation - Chemical analysis - Composting - Cultivation - Degradation - Electric conductivity - Electric conductivity measurement - Farms  - Fertilizers - Greenhouse gases - Indicators (chemical) - Manures - Moisture - Moisture determination - pH - Piles - Pollution - Urea  - Waste treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Biodegradation degree - Continuous monitoring - Efficient technology - Environmental pollutions - Harmless treatments - High moisture contents - Initial Moisture Content - Thermophilic period
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 801  Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 942.2  Electric Variables Measurements - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Age 9.59e-02yr, Electrical_Conductivity 4.00e-01S/m, Percentage 4.50e+01%, Percentage 4.81e+00% to 1.70e+01%, Percentage 5.50e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+01%, Percentage 6.50e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Percentage 7.50e+01%, Percentage 7.56e+00% to 4.86e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+01%, Volume 6.00e-02m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20210209767564
Title:Variation characteristics and rules of nitrogen and phosphorus contents throughout the slurry movement from scaled dairy farms in Tianjin
Title of translation:&#22825;&#27941;&#35268;&#27169;&#21270;&#22902;&#29275;&#22330;&#31914;&#27700;&#36816;&#31227;&#20013;&#27694;&#30967;&#21547;&#37327;&#21464;&#21270;&#29305;&#24449;
Authors:Li, Mengting (1); Sun, Di (1, 4); Mu, Meirui (2); Liu, Haixue (2); Zhang, Keqiang (1); Yang, Renjie (3); Zhao, Run (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin; 300191, China; (2) Laboratory of Agricultural Analysis, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin; 300384, China; (3) College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin; 300384, China; (4) College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun; 130118, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Run(15900389657@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:27-33
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Both nitrogen and phosphorus were abundant in the dairy manure, which were ideal water and fertilizer resources in agriculture. However, influenced by the change of environmental conditions, there were great differences in manure collection and transportation methods and treatment processes in different dairy farms, resulting in unclear characteristics and varying rules of nitrogen and phosphorus components and contents in numerous links of slurry movement, which was harmful to the sustainable management on the manure. Based on the long-term monitoring on the complex manure rotation system of 33 large-scale dairy farms in Tianjin, the variation characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus contents were uncovered in the whole chain of slurry movement along with the time and space, and the variation rules of nitrogen and phosphorus contents were explored under different management modes in different dairy farms. The results showed that there were 6 single or combined manure cleaning ways and 5 slurry treatment technologies in 33 dairy farms distributed in 6 main dairy industry districts. Therein dry clean plus slurry flush and dry clean were the main cleaning ways of manure in Tianjin. Sbs_L (storage of biogas slurry plus lagoon) and Af_Sbs_L (anaerobic fermentation plus storage of biogas slurry plus lagoon) were the main combined treatment processes adopted by the dairy farms. Great variability was appeared to the overall distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus in the slurry movement, and positive skewed distribution was showed on the data of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). The range of TN content was 100.4-6 207.4 mg/L, the average value plus minus standard deviation was 1 691.5 &plusmn; 1 279.1 mg/L, and the coefficient of variation was 0.76, and great variability was showed on the data. The highest probability of TN content was around 750 mg/L. The range of TP content was 2.0-184.0 mg/L, the average value plus minus standard deviation was 69.0 &plusmn; 44.2 mg/L, and the coefficient of variation was 0.64. The highest probability of TP content was in the range of 20-40 mg/L, while the degree of variation of TN was greater than that of TP. The characteristics and rules of nitrogen and phosphorus content were focused on slurry movement under different space-time conditions and management conditions in this study. The analysis of linear mixed effect model showed that, 1) the contents of TN and TP in the slurry were significantly different in 4 seasons (P < 0.001); 2) the contents of TN in the slurry was no significantly different in 6 districts (P > 0.05), but the contents of TP in the slurry was significantly different in 6 districts (P < 0.05); 3) the contents of TN (P > 0.05) and TP (P > 0.79) in the slurry were no significantly different under 6 cleaning ways of manure, but the contents of TN and TP in slurry under DC_DC (dry clean + dry clean) were slightly higher than those in other approaches; 4) the contents of TN (P > 0.05) and TP (P > 0.17) in the slurry were no significantly different under 5 slurry treatment technologies, but the contents of TN and TP after Af_Sbs (anaerobic fermentation plus slurry storage) treatment were slightly higher than those of the other 4 technologies; 5) the contents of TN and TP in the slurry were significantly different in 19 migration processes (P < 0.000 1). In the combined processes of dry clean plus dry clean and anaerobic fermentation plus storage of biogas slurry, the highest content of TN and TP was yielded, while during the dry clean plus slurry flush /deep litter and lagoon, the lowest content of TN and TP was yielded. In conclusion, this study systematically illuminated the variation characteristics and rules of nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the whole chain of slurry movement under complicated environmental and management conditions, which provided a theoretical basis for the research and development of practical technologies and pathways selection of manure management.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Biogas - Digital storage - Dry cleaning - Environmental management - Environmental technology - Fermentation - Lakes - Manures - Nitrogen fertilizers  - Phosphorus - Research and development management - Sewage lagoons - Statistics - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Coefficient of variation - Environmental conditions - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Research and development - Sustainable management - Transportation method - Variation characteristics
Classification code:452.2  Sewage Treatment - 454  Environmental Engineering - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 802  Chemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit Processes - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 901.3  Engineering Research - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 2.00e-02kg/m3 to 4.00e-02kg/m3, Mass_Density 2.00e-03kg/m3 to 1.84e-01kg/m3, Mass_Density 2.07e-01kg/m3, Mass_Density 2.79e-01kg/m3, Mass_Density 7.50e-01kg/m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20210209767551
Title:Effects of strong turbulence structure coherent on load of blade root in a yaw wind turbine
Title of translation:&#24378;&#28237;&#27969;&#30456;&#24178;&#32467;&#26500;&#23545;&#20559;&#33322;&#39118;&#21147;&#26426;&#21494;&#26681;&#36733;&#33655;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Li, Deshun (1, 2, 3); Hu, Yuan (1); Li, Rennian (1, 2, 3); Guo, Tao (1); Dong, Yanbin (1); Li, Yinran (1, 2, 3); Wang, Qing (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (2) Gansu Provincial Technology Centre for Wind Turbines, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Fluid Machinery and Systems of Gansu Province, Lanzhou; 730050, China
Corresponding author:Li, Rennian(lirn@lut.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:102-109
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The strong turbulent wind has a significant impact on the dynamic load of wind turbine blade in a yaw state. Because the root of blade is the most stressed position, the dynamic characteristics of load are the key factors affecting the life and safe operation of wind turbine. In this study, the NWTCUP (The NREL National Wind Technology Center Model) wind spectrum model was used to couple KHB (Kelvin-Helmholtz Billow) flow, in order to construct a strong turbulent coherent structure wind condition. Subsequently, the FAST (Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence) program was used to calculate the aerodynamic load of the NREL 1.5MW wind turbine under different yaw angles. Finally, the effect of KHB turbulent coherent structure was investigated on the dynamic load of wind turbine blade roots under yaw conditions. The results showed that the turbulent coherent structures increased the amplitude and energy of load fluctuations in a wind turbine. The increase of yaw angle has a smaller effect on the blade root edgewise moment, while a greater effect on the blade root flapwise moment, indicating the stronger dispersion of both factors. The turbulent coherent structure reduced the average value of blade root edgewise moment by 1.903%, while increased the average value of blade root flapwise moment by 2.906%. In Wavelet analysis of the root load, the turbulent coherent structure has a small effect on the energy of the edgewise moment, while, the energy was mainly concentrated in the low frequency band, corresponding to u'w', v'w'. There was a significant effect in terms of the leaf root flapwise moment, where the energy change corresponds well with u'w'. The energy of leaf root flapwise moment increased, as the yaw angle increased.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Turbomachine blades
Controlled terms:Aerodynamics - Dynamic loads - Turbine components - Turbulence - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms:Dynamic characteristics - Kelvin-Helmholtz billows - Load fluctuations - Low frequency band - National wind technology centers - Turbulent coherent structures - Wind turbine blade roots - Wind turbine blades
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 615.8  Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 617  Turbines and Steam Turbines - 651.1  Aerodynamics, General
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.90e+00%, Percentage 2.91e+00%, Power 1.50e+06W
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20210209767633
Title:Global sensitivity analysis for ORYZA(v3) model under different rice growing environments in China
Title of translation:&#20013;&#22269;&#19981;&#21516;&#27700;&#31291;&#29983;&#38271;&#29615;&#22659;&#19979;ORYZA(v3)&#27169;&#22411;&#21442;&#25968;&#20840;&#23616;&#25935;&#24863;&#24615;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Tan, Junwei (1, 2); Cui, Yuanlai (2); Wang, Wenchao (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430072, China; (3) Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research, Wuhan; 430010, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:153-163
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rice is widely cultivated over a large climate spanin China, and thereby its growing environments vary greatly. Two main systems of rice cropping arethe double-season rice (early rice and late rice) and single-season rice (middle rice). In Norther China,only single-seasonrice is cultivated, whereas, inSouthern China,both can be cultivated due to the moderate climate. In different cultivars and environments, the ORYZA(v3) model has been widely used for rice growing simulation, while the model has been calibrated and validated in the world. The ORYZA(v3) model is the latest version updated from the ORYZA2000, by integrating new modules and routines to quantify daily dynamics of soil temperature, carbon, nitrogen, and environmental stresses.This model has been significantly improved with enhanced capability to simulate rice growth, development, and yield formation under non-stressed, water stressed, and nitrogen stressed conditions. Many studies have been conducted for the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of parameters in the ORYZA model series. However, the temporal and spatial characteristics of parameter sensitivities in the model are still unclear. In this study, 18 typical sites were selected from 16 rice cultivation sub-regions in China, and a global sensitivity analysis for each site was conducted for 16 crop parameters in the ORYZA(v3) model over 30 years (1986-2015) using the Extended FAST method.Theoutput variables were set as the leaf area index (LAI), dry weight of stems (WST), total aboveground dry matter (WAGT), and dry weight of storage organs (WSO) at four development stages (the basic vegetative, photoperiod-sensitive, the panicle-formation, and grain-filling phase). The 30-year means and standard deviations of total sensitivity indices and interaction indices of each model parameters were calculated for the output variables at different growing stages under different environments. The correlations between parameter sensitivities and meteorological factors were analyzedto explore the impacts factors of model parameter sensitivities. The results showed that the total sensitivity indices and interaction indices greatly varied with different growing stages, different rice regimes, and different sites. Moreover, the differences were especially obvious in those sites, such as Dali, Yinchuan, and Mudanjiang,particularly onthe high altitude or special climate conditions, comparing to other typical sites. In the selected parameters, the sensitivities of parameters RGRLMX, SPGF and WGRMX were strongly influenced by the environment than others, thus their calibration need to be paid more attention. Correlation analysis indicated that the global sensitivity indices of model parameters wassimilar and significant correlations with daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature, and cumulative temperature within rice growing period. However, the sensitivity of model parameters cannot show a single pattern of variation in space,due to the integrated impacts of altitude, latitude and other factors on local climate conditions at the typical sites. In some typical sites, such as Dali and Mudanjiang, the RGRLMX has very high sensitivity, while the others were insensitive or little sensitive, indicating that the model may have some imperfections leading some limitation of applications in those areas with cold weather during rice growing period.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Sensitivity analysis
Controlled terms:Climate models - Cultivation - Nitrogen - Plants (botany) - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Global sensitivity analysis - Growing environments - Meteorological factors - Minimum temperatures - Parameter sensitivities - Photoperiod sensitives - Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis - Temporal and spatial
Classification code:804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 921  Mathematics - 922.1  Probability Theory
Numerical data indexing:Age 3.00e+01yr
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20210209767537
Title:Accumulative loss risk of phosphorus and its environmental threshold in fluvo-aquic soil
Title of translation:&#28526;&#22303;&#30967;&#32032;&#32047;&#31215;&#27969;&#22833;&#39118;&#38505;&#21450;&#29615;&#22659;&#38408;&#20540;
Authors:Liu, Juan (1, 3); Zhang, Naiming (2, 3); Zhang, Shuxiang (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming; 650201, China; (2) College of Resource and Environmental Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming; 650201, China; (3) Yunnan Soil Fertility and Pollution Restoration Laboratory, Kunming; 650201, China; (4) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Naiming
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:8-16
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fluvo-aquic soil is a typical cultivated soil with the widely distribution and high intensity of fertilization in China. However, the accumulation and loss of phosphorus in fluvo-aquic soil cannot be ignored as the ecological changes. In this study, the typical fluvo-aquic soils were collected as the test soils with different phosphorus levels (high, medium, and low) in Henan province, China, in order to explore the characteristics of phosphorus loss from fluvo-aquic soil induced by surface runoff and leaching. Simulation experiments of an artificial rainfall and a soil column were conducted to measure the content of Olsen-P and soluble active phosphorus (CaCl<inf>2</inf>-P) in soils, and the concentrations of different forms of phosphorus in runoff or leaching. In a split-line model, the relationship between soil Olsen-P content and Total Phosphorus (TP) in solution was used to evaluate P risk from black soil in surface runoff and leaching. The results showed that: 1) The contents of Olsen-P and CaCl<inf>2</inf>-P in fluvo-aquic soil profiles were in the order of high, medium and low phosphorus level, whereas, the soil phosphorus sorption index value were in the order of low, medium and high phosphorus level. In the profile distribution of phosphorus, the content of Olsen-P and CaCl<inf>2</inf>-P in fluvo-aquic soil with low and medium phosphorus level decreased with increasing soil profile, while the content of Olsen-P and CaCl<inf>2</inf>-P in fluvo-aquic soil with high phosphorus level was the highest in the 20-40 cm soil layer. 2) The concentration and losses of TP, Total Dissolved Phosphorus (TDP) and particulate phosphorus (PP) in the runoff from fluvo-aquic soils with different phosphorus levels were in the order of high > medium > low phosphorus level, and the PP dominated in fluvo-aquic soil runoff. 3) The concentration and loss of various forms of phosphorus in the leachate of low- and medium-phosphorus level from fluvo-aquic soil decreased with the increasing soil depth. However, in the leachate of high phosphorus level, the concentration and loss of phosphorus in the 20-40 cm soil profile were significantly higher than those of in other soil profiles, where the phosphorus concentration in the whole profile increased first and then decreased with the increasing soil profile, whereas, the profile of high phosphorus level presented the distribution pattern that upper and lower was low, and middle was high. The leaching loss of fluvo-aquic soil was dominated by TDP. The high- and low-phosphorus fluvo-aquic soil was dominated by Dissolved Organic Phosphorus (DOP), while the medium-phosphorus fluvo-aquic soil was dominated by Molybdate Reactive Phosphorus (MRP). 4) The relationship between CaCl<inf>2</inf>-P and Olsen-P were characterized using split-line models, identifying the thresholds at 24.65 Olsen-P mg/kg for the fluvo-aquic soil. It was also pointed out that the TP concentration in runoff and leachate was positively correlated with the CaCl<inf>2</inf>-P content in soil, and that CaCl<inf>2</inf>-P can be used to predict the phosphorus concentration of water discharged from soil. The outcomes derived from these experimental conditions regarding the determination of P loss in runoff by the artificially simulated rainfall experiment. The P loss in leaching by the soil column method and P environmental thresholds also need further verification in the field. This finding can help to assess phosphorus loss from fluvo-aquic soil under different phosphorus levels, and further to provide a scientific basis for water environment protection and soil phosphorus management in fluvo-aquic soil areas.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Agricultural runoff - Chlorine compounds - Leaching - Phosphorus - Rain - Soil surveys - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) - Environmental threshold - Experimental conditions - Molybdate reactive phosphorus - Particulate phosphorus - Phosphorus concentration - Total dissolved phosphorus - Water environment protection
Classification code:443.3  Precipitation - 453.1  Water Pollution Sources - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally
Numerical data indexing:Size 2.00e-01m to 4.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20210209767680
Title:Pilot study on the effects of flocculation pretreatment on membrane fouling of membrane bioreactor treating wastewater from dairy cattle farms
Title of translation:&#32110;&#20957;&#39044;&#22788;&#29702;&#23545;&#22902;&#29275;&#22330;&#33180;&#29983;&#29289;&#21453;&#24212;&#22120;&#33180;&#27745;&#26579;&#24433;&#21709;&#30340;&#20013;&#35797;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Song, Jianchao (1); Shang, Bin (1); Tao, Xiuping (1); Dong, Hongmin (1); Wang, Jun (2); Guo, Jiangpeng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management in Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing; 100107, China
Corresponding author:Tao, Xiuping(taoxiuping@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:20
Issue date:October 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:34-41
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A cost-effective pretreatment method is highly demanding for the high-strength wastewater from dairy cattle farms in modern agricultural industry. In this study, a pilot test was conducted to investigate the effects of the flocculation on the membrane fouling of submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR). Normally, the wastewater from dairy cattle farm cannot be directly used as the influent of MBR, due to it contains high organic matters. Therefore, the flocculated and diluted raw wastewater can serve as the influent of MBR, where the chemical oxygen demand (COD) contents were similar. Two specific stages can be selected to operate sequentially in membrane fouling. The mechanism was also proposed in terms of transmembrane pressure, particle size, extracellular polymeric substances, and soluble microbial products inside MBR process tank during the two stages. The results showed that the transmembrane pressure in the first stage increased rapidly with time, when the flocculated effluent was used in the second stage, the membrane fouling rate decreased by 47% and the maintenance cleaning interval was 16 d in comparison with the interval of 10 d in the first stage. The concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP) of MBR in treating raw wastewater in the first stage were (4.76 &plusmn; 1.67) g/L and (3.94 &plusmn; 1.41) g/L, while the corresponding values of EPS and SMP in treating flocculated effluent were (3.97 &plusmn; 1.58) g/L and (2.23 &plusmn; 1.12) g/L, respectively. The SMP concentration in the first stage increased rapidly after the operation of the membrane bioreactor, but the SMP concentration in the second stage increased first and then decreased with time, and basically returned to its initial concentration level on the 30th day into the experiment. During both operation stages of MBR, the EPS concentration gradually increased with the running time. The peak volume percentages of the maximum particle size (MPS) in both stages increased first and then declined, and the maximum values in the first and second stage appeared on 16 d and 23 d, respectively. Both EPS concentration and SMP concentration decreased with the increase of particle size in the first stage, while in the second stage, EPS concentration increased with the increase of particle size, but there was no change rule between SMP concentration and particle size. Dispersed distribution of MPS in the first stage was observed and MPS turned to decrease after 16 days, while the MPS in the second stage remained relatively stable, and the maximum volume percentage of MPS increased from 3.57% to 5.95%. The COD removal rate of two influent waters by MBR can reach more than 90%, and the NH<inf>3</inf>-N (ammonia nitrogen) removal rate was close to 90%. The TP (total phosphorus) treatment effect of flocculated effluent was higher than that of raw sewage. The concentration of NPAM residue in flocculating effluent was analyzed, and the concentration ranged from 2 to 6 mg/L. When the flocculated effluent entered the process tank as MBR influent, the residual flocculant was not easy to permeate through the membrane module, and subsequently accumulated in the MBR process tank, where the macromolecule NPAM can combine the soluble constituents with the activated sludge flocs to form floc particles larger than the membrane pores, indicating effective to inhibit the clogging of membrane pores and the forming of gel layer, thereby to mitigate the membrane fouling. In Flocculation pretreatment, the EPS and SMP concentrations of liquid inside MBR process tank decreased with the concentration of SMP protein decreased significantly (P<0.05), but the particle size of liquid inside MBR process tank increased significantly (P<0.05), indicating beneficial for MBR fouling mitigation. The cost of dairy wastewater flocculation was estimated to be 0.08 Yuan/m³. The combination of flocculation and MBR can be expected to be a promising technology for high-strength wastewater treatment in dairy cattle farms.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Effluents
Controlled terms:Activated sludge process - Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Ammonia - Bioconversion - Bioreactors - Chemical oxygen demand - Cost effectiveness - Costs - Effluent treatment  - Flocculation - Membrane fouling - Membranes - Nitrogen removal - Ostwald ripening - Particle size - Polymers - Sewage - Tanks (containers) - Wastewater treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Activated sludge flocs - Agricultural industries - Extracellular polymeric substances - High strength wastewater - Membrane fouling rates - Soluble microbial products - Submerged membrane bioreactors - Transmembrane pressures
Classification code:452  Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 619.2  Tanks - 802  Chemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit Processes - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 815.1  Polymeric Materials - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911  Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 4.38e-02yr, Mass_Density 2.00e-03kg/m3 to 6.00e-03kg/m3, Percentage 3.57e+00% to 5.95e+00%, Percentage 4.70e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.