<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20214711210417
Title:Detection of ridge in front of agricultural machinery by fusion of camera and millimeter wave radar
Title of translation:&#30456;&#26426;&#19982;&#27627;&#31859;&#27874;&#38647;&#36798;&#34701;&#21512;&#26816;&#27979;&#20892;&#26426;&#21069;&#26041;&#30000;&#22466;
Authors:Zhang, Yan (1); Pan, Shengquan (1); Xie, Yinshan (1); Chen, Kai (1); Mo, Jinqiu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; 200240, China
Corresponding author:Mo, Jinqiu(mojinqiu@sjtu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:169-178
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Detection of the front ridge is an important step for navigation and path planning of autonomous agricultural vehicles. In single sensor detection, it is hard to acquire enough information, such as shape, distance, and height, because of the complex environment in the field. In this study, the novel detection of the front ridge was proposed to integrate the camera and millimetre-wave radar. The camera was used to collect the shape, while the radar was used to collect the distance and height of the front ridge. More detailed information of the front ridge was achieved after fusion of the data acquired by the camera and millimetre-wave radar. In visual detection, the distribution characteristics of the front ridge were used in the images, while the gradient resampling was used to accelerate image processing. Only less than 1% of the total needed to be processed. A support vector machine (SVM) was then applied with 11-dimensional colour-texture features in image segmentation. The 11-dimensional colour-texture features contained three-dimensional colour features in RGB colour space, four-dimensional colour features in HSI colour space, and four-dimensional texture features in gray level co-occurrence matrix, indicating both colour and texture features of the front ridge. Furthermore, the equal-width hypothesis of the geometric feature was used to obtain a more accurate shape of the front ridge. The equal-width hypothesis referred to that there were no sharp curvature changes of the front ridge in the images. Some misjudgement points were filtered in this hypothesis. Millimetre-wave radar was installed vertically in the millimetre-wave radar detection. Compared with the common horizontal one, the vertical installation was used to ensure the installation height and bumpy ground, while the height of ridge at the same time. In fusion detection, the millimetre-wave radar data was transferred to the image coordinate system via coordinate transformation formula and pinhole imaging model. The visual detection was then used to filter interference points in the millimetre-wave radar data. An accurate distance of the front ridge was captured, and the interference points in the millimetre-wave radar data were filtered easily using the coupled camera and millimetre-wave radar. Both camera and millimetre-wave radar were two-dimensional sensors, but after fusion, the three-dimensional information was achieved, like shape, distance, and height of the front ridge. The camera and millimetre-wave radar enhanced each other. The radar was placed at different heights and angles in both horizontal and vertical installation, in order to verify the vertical placement of radar. Tests showed that the horizontal installation was greatly affected by the installation height and terrain turbulence, but the vertical installation effectively overcame these effects. A dataset was recorded to verify the correctness of fusion, including 300 images and 50 groups of fusion data with different distance and shooting angles of the front ridge. The test was performed on the Nvidia Jetson TX2 hardware platform, where the visual detection spent 40.83 ms per image, and the accuracy was 95.67%, the average angle deviation was 0.67&deg;, the average offset deviation was 2.69%. The accuracy was slightly reduced by 1.33%, the average angle deviation was slightly reduced by 0.04&deg;, the average offset deviation was slightly reduced by 0.14 percentage points, but the detection speed was improved by 794.11 ms, compared with the traditional whole image processing. The average deviation of distance detection was 0.11 m in fusion detection, the standard deviation of distance detection was 6.93 cm, and the average deviation of height detection was 0.13 m. Consequently, the standard deviation of height detection was 0.19 m. The fusion detection of the camera and millimetre-wave radar can meet the requirements of real-time and accuracy for autonomous agricultural vehicles.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Support vector machines
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Color - Data fusion - Image segmentation - Linear transformations - Metadata - Millimeter waves - Motion planning - Remote sensing - Textures  - Tracking radar - Vector spaces
Uncontrolled terms:Autonomous agricultural vehicles - Color texture features - Images processing - Millimeter-wave radar - Millimetre-wave radar - Radar data - Ridge - Shape distances - Support vectors machine - Visual detection
Classification code:711  Electromagnetic Waves - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1  Light/Optics - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921  Mathematics - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00E00%, Percentage 1.33E+00%, Percentage 2.69E+00%, Percentage 9.567E+01%, Size 1.10E-01m, Size 1.30E-01m, Size 1.90E-01m, Size 6.93E-02m, Time 4.083E-02s, Time 7.9411E-01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20214711210482
Title:Evaluation of deep learning algorithm for crop identification based on GF-6 time series images
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;GF-6&#26102;&#24207;&#25968;&#25454;&#30340;&#20892;&#20316;&#29289;&#35782;&#21035;&#28145;&#24230;&#23398;&#20064;&#31639;&#27861;&#35780;&#20272;
Authors:Chen, Shiyang (1); Liu, Jia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resource and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Jia(liujia06@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:161-168
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Crop type mapping is one of the most important tools with medium and high spatial resolution satellite images in monitoring services of modern agriculture. Taking Heilongjiang Province of northeast China as a study area, this study aims to evaluate the state-of-the-art deep learning in crop type classification. A comparison was made on the Convolution Neural Network (CNN), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), and Attention Mechanism (AM) for the application in crop type classification, while the traditional random forest (RF) model was also used as the control. Six models of deep learning were Temporal Convolutional Neural Network (TempCNN), Multi Scale 1D Residual Network (MSResNet), Omniscale Convolutional Neural Network (OmniscaleCNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), STAR Recurrent Neural Network (StarRNN), and Transformer. The specific procedure was as follows. First, GF-6 wide-field view image time series was acquired between April and November in the Lindian and Hailun study area, northeast of China, in order to extract the features of three types of crops at different growth stages. The resulting image time series used in the Lindian and the Hailun was composed of 41 and 48 GF-6 images, respectively. The preprocessing workflow included RPC correction, radiometric calibration, convert to top-of-atmospheric and surface reflectance using 6S atmospheric correction. The image interpolation and global min-max normalization were also applied to fill the empty pixel, further improving the convergence speed and stability of neural networks. The ground truth data was manually labelled using a field survey combined with GF-2 high-resolution image to generate datasets for train and evaluation. The datasets included six crops, such as rice, maize, soybean, water, urban and rest, covering 2 003 629 pixels in Lindian, 935 679 pixels in Hailun. Second, all models were trained and evaluated in Lindian, according to the differences between CNN, RNN, AM, and RF. All models achieved an overall accuracy of 93%-95%, and F1-score above 89%, 84%, and 97% for soybean, maize, and rice, respectively, where three major crops were from both study areas. Thirdly, the trained model in Lindian was transferred to that in Hailun, where the overall classification accuracy of each model declined between 7.2% to 41.0%, due to the differences of land cover classes and temporal composition of the data. Among CNNs, the accuracy of MSResNet barely changed to recognize three types of crops after transfer. Since OmniScaleCNN was automatically adjusted the size of the convolution filter, the accuracy of OmniScaleCNN after the transfer was better than that of TempCNN. A forget gate was utilized in the LSTM and StarRNN among RNNs, in order to avoid gradient explosion and disappearance in the classification, where the overall accuracy declined less than 10% after transfer. However, the accuracy of attention-based Transformer and RF dropped significantly. All models performed better on the distribution of three types of crops under the condition that the spatial location and temporal composition of data remain unchanged, in terms of visual analysis of classified images. Two CNN or RNN models were expected to accurately identify the general distribution of all land cover classes, under the varying spatial location and temporal composition. Furthermore, the run time of each deep learning was within 1 h, less than 6.2 times of random forest. Time consumption in the whole process was associated with the model training, as well as the image treatment for the Hailun study area covering an area of about 10 000 km&sup2;. Correspondingly, deep learning presented a high-precision and large-scale crop mapping, in terms of classification accuracy and operating efficiency, particularly that the transfer learning performed better than before.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Convolution - Convolutional neural networks - Decision trees - Image enhancement - Long short-term memory - Mapping - Pixels - Remote sensing - Time series
Uncontrolled terms:Convolution neural network - Convolutional neural network - Deep learning - GF-6 - Heilongjiang - Random forests - Recognition - Remote-sensing - Study areas - Times series
Classification code:405.3  Surveying - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.4  Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Electrical conductance 6.00E+00S, Percentage 1.00E+01%, Percentage 7.20E+00% to 4.10E+01%, Percentage 8.40E+01%, Percentage 8.90E+01%, Percentage 9.30E+01% to 9.50E+01%, Percentage 9.70E+01%, Time 3.60E+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20214711210424
Title:Design and experiment of the strip-collected pre-positioning mechanism for safflower picking robots
Title of translation:&#32418;&#33457;&#37319;&#25688;&#26426;&#22120;&#20154;&#38598;&#26465;&#39044;&#23450;&#20301;&#26426;&#26500;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Chen, Fei (1); Ge, Yun (1, 2); Zhang, Lixin (1, 2); Qi, Zhuhui (1); Zeng, Haifeng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China; (2) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi; 832000, China
Corresponding authors:Ge, Yun(gy_shz@163.com); Ge, Yun(gy_shz@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:10-19
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Mechanical harvesting safflower has increased rapidly, with the continuous expansion of planting areas in recent years. However, the branch swing of safflower generally interferes with accurate visual recognition positioning and harvesting quality in selective harvesting of safflower. In this study, a strip-collected pre-positioning mechanism was proposed for a picking robots to adjust the morphology of safflower plants before visual recognition. The key factors were clarified on the swing of branches during harvesting, according to the growth characteristics of safflower, including the one branch has one safflower, the high growth center of the top of the fruit ball, the different opening time, and symmetrical distribution of spatial morphology of safflower plants. A safflower plants strip-collected mechanism also ran with the trunk position recognition to explore the plant shape for the pre-positioned state of strip-collected. The key working parts were designed to determine the structural parameters of safflower plants strip-collected and trunk position recognition mechanism. Specific works included: 1) A kind of safflower plant club mechanism was designed to meet the requirements of strip-collected operation, according to the four-bar kinematics. The key parameters were also optimized for the strip-collected clamping plate drive mechanism and strip-collected clamping plate. 2) The cam motion was utilized to determine the key parameters of trunk position recognition. The position relationship between the strip-collected operation and each working section of the cam was further analyzed to match the working stroke of strip-collected operation and the trunk position recognition. 3) A field test showed that the qualified rate of exposed length of anti swing branch was 80.53%, the fruit ratio of safflower fruit ball was 2.04%, the damage rate of plant was 0.47%, the damage rate of fruit ball was 1.04%, the width-to-width ratio was 16.64%, the dispersion of fruit ball was 83.76%, and the shading rate of fruit ball was 6.51%. Consequently, the strip-collected pre-positioning operation can effectively reduce the swing of the branches, where the whole safflower fruit balls are orderly distributed, and finally reduce the difficulty of identification and picking of the whole safflower. This finding can provide a sound theoretical basis for automatic safflower picking in modern mechanical harvesting.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Harvesting
Controlled terms:Cams - Fruits - Kinematics - Machine design - Mechanisms - Morphology - Plates (structural components) - Robots
Uncontrolled terms:Keys parameters - Mechanical - Picking robot - Position recognition - Pre-positioning - Safflower - Selective harvesting - Strip-collected - Trunk positions - Visual recognition
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 601  Mechanical Design - 601.3  Mechanisms - 731.5  Robotics - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 931.1  Mechanics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.04E+00%, Percentage 1.664E+01%, Percentage 2.04E+00%, Percentage 4.70E-01%, Percentage 6.51E+00%, Percentage 8.053E+01%, Percentage 8.376E+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20214711210363
Title:Design and experiment of double helix pair roller pepper harvesting device
Title of translation:&#21452;&#34746;&#26059;&#23545;&#36746;&#24335;&#36771;&#26898;&#25910;&#33719;&#35013;&#32622;&#30340;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Yuan, Xiaowei (1, 2); Yang, Shuangping (2); Jin, Ruocheng (3); Zhao, Liwei (3); Dao, Erjicairen (1); Zheng, Nan (3); Fu, Wenping (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Bayinguoleng Vocational and Technical College, Korla; 841000, China; (2) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi; 830052, China; (3) Development Center of Agricultural and Rural Mechanization, Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Korla; 841000, China; (4) Korla Yuanfeng Agricultural Machinery Co. Ltd, Korla; 841000, China
Corresponding author:Jin, Ruocheng(404111390@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:1-9
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Pigment pepper is a highly valued plant containing natural pigments, such as capsanthin and chili Rubin. Pepper production has been one of the largest vegetable industries in China. The total area of pepper planting in Xinjiang in 2018 was about 120 000 hm², of which pigment pepper was about 106 000 hm². Therefore, the output is likely to be reduced, if the pigmented pepper cannot be harvested in time by hand. It is highly urgent for the efficient and mechanized harvesting of pepper at present. Two types of pepper harvesting machinery included the comb tooth and spiral roller type. In the comb tooth type, an alternative comb tooth roller is placed horizontally to comb and pull pepper. This structure presents a high harvesting speed and high efficiency, but a high impurity rate was found in the pepper after harvesting, while it is easy to cause damage to the pepper. In the spiral roller type, two high-speed rotating spiral rollers generate a toggle force for pepper harvesting. This structure reduces the damage and impurity rate of peppers, but the harvesting efficiency is lower than that of comb tooth type. In this study, a new roller-type pepper harvesting device with a double helix pattern was designed for a higher harvesting efficiency, while low damage rate, thereby meeting the large production demand for pigmented peppers. The stress of pepper at the contact point of the spiral steel bar was also analyzed to determine the main factors of harvesting performance. The pigment pepper in Yanqi County of Xinjiang was used as the test object, where the moisture content was less than 40% after two days of being beaten with defoliant. A single factor test was carried out to explore the effect of each factor on the harvest performance, further to determine the significance range of influencing factors. A four-factor five-level orthogonal optimization was then conducted, where the removal and damage rates were taken as the experimental indexes, whereas, the working speed, roller speed, gap, and pitch as the experimental factors. A regression equation of each factor was achieved on the removal and damage rate, the primary and secondary order of influencing factors, as well as the interaction of each factor. The surface graph was analyzed to obtain the interaction of various factors. Design-expert 10 software was used to optimize the parameters, and the resulting parameters were then verified via the verification test. Optimal performance was achieved, when the working speed was 2.1 km/h, the roller speed was 142 r/min, the roller distance was 24.3 mm, and the roller pitch was 10 cm. A combination of parameters was that the removal rate was 98.7%, and the damage rate was 3.46%, meeting the field operation requirements of a pigment pepper harvester. This finding can provide a sound reference to design and optimize the pigmented pepper harvester.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Harvesting
Controlled terms:Efficiency - Harvesters - Machine design - Moisture - Pepper - Rollers (machine components)
Uncontrolled terms:Damage rate - Double helix - Harvesting devices - Helix pair roller - Impurity rates - Pepper harvesting - Removal rate - Roller type - Tooth type - Xinjiang
Classification code:601  Mechanical Design - 601.2  Machine Components - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.46E+00%, Percentage 4.00E+01%, Percentage 9.87E+01%, Size 1.00E-01m, Size 2.10E+03m, Size 2.43E-02m, Angular velocity 2.3714E+00rad/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20214711210508
Title:Analysis of the pipeline transfer path characteristics of pumping stations based on transfer entropy
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#20256;&#36882;&#29109;&#30340;&#27893;&#31449;&#31649;&#36947;&#25391;&#21160;&#20256;&#36882;&#36335;&#24452;&#29305;&#24615;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Zhang, Jianwei (1); Yang, Can (1); Huang, Jinlin (2); Cao, Kelei (1); Ye, Hexin (3); Li, Ziyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou; 450046, China; (2) Guangdong Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Guangzhou; 510635, China; (3) Guangdong Technology Center of Water Resources and Hydropower, Guangzhou; 510635, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:47-52
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The transmission path of vibration difficult to determine has posed a great threat to the safe operation of water transmission pipeline, due mainly to the complex structure of pump station pipeline, where there are many vibration sources. In this study, an attempt was made to analyze the pipeline transfer path characteristics of pumping stations using transfer entropy. The pipeline of 7 pump stations in an irrigation area was also taken as the research object. Firstly, a prototype test was carried out to obtain the spectrum diagram, and energy proportion, thereby analyzing the main vibration source of pipeline vibration. Then, a transmission entropy method was used to identify the vibration transmission path of the main vibration source in the pump station pipeline under various working conditions. The effectiveness of the pipeline vibration transmission path was finally verified when taking the information transmission rate as the quantitative standard. The results show that: 1) The main vibration source was caused by the blade frequency and frequency doubling in the pipeline, mainly transmitting from the elbow and tee pipe to other parts when the pumping station unit operated stably. Furthermore, the average information transmission rate was 27.2%. More importantly, the transmission rate was relatively low during stable operation, mainly because the anchor block, buttress, and other devices played a critical role in the vibration reduction and energy dissipation. 2) The main vibration source was also caused by the blade frequency in the pipeline, mainly transmitted from the elbow and tee to other parts of the pipeline, when the pump station unit starting up. The average information transmission rate was 42%. It was found that a large part of the energy at the elbow and tee was transmitted to other parts of the pipeline during startup. 3) The main vibration source was the high-frequency vibration caused by low-frequency water flow pulsation and pipe water coupling in the pipeline when the pump station unit was shut down. The vibration was mainly transmitted periodically between the valve, elbow, and tee. The average information transmission rate was 51.4%. It can be seen that a large part of the energy from the valve, elbow, and tee was transmitted to other parts of the pipeline. Correspondingly, the information transmission rate of each working condition showed that a large part of vibration energy at the pipeline valve, elbow, and tee pipe was still transmitted to other parts. Whether the machine was switched on or off, the energy transmitted by the pipeline during the stable operation was less under the control of vibration reduction measures, such as anchor block. Therefore, the prototype observation data was selected to analyze the source of vibration through the spectrum diagram and energy proportion, where quantitatively determine the transmission relationship between vibration from the perspective of energy with the help of transmission entropy and information transmission rate, as well as the direction of vibration transmission. It was more efficient and intuitive than before, indicating great advantages in the application of vibration transmission path recognition. Consequently, this research can greatly contribute to accurately identify the vibration transmission path of the main vibration source in the pump station pipeline, thereby identifying the dangerous parts of the pipeline under different working conditions, where the vibration reduction measures can be further proposed. This finding can provide a promising theoretical basis for the operation and management of the pump station pipeline.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Energy dissipation
Controlled terms:Flow of water - Pipeline compressor stations - Pumping plants - Pumps - Vibration analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Information transmission - Information transmission rate - Pump station - Source analysis - Transfer entropy - Transmission paths - Transmission rates - Vibration - Vibration source analyse - Vibration sources
Classification code:446  Waterworks - 525.4  Energy Losses (industrial and residential) - 618.1  Compressors - 618.2  Pumps - 619.1  Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 631.1.1  Liquid Dynamics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.72E+01%, Percentage 4.20E+01%, Percentage 5.14E+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20214711210471
Title:Influences of air thermal energy utilization system with fan-coil units on the thermal and humid environment of multi-span tunnel in cold wave
Title of translation:&#23506;&#28526;&#22825;&#27668;&#34920;&#20919;&#22120;-&#39118;&#26426;&#38598;&#25918;&#28909;&#31995;&#32479;&#23545;&#36830;&#26635;&#22823;&#26842;&#28909;&#28287;&#29615;&#22659;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Zong, Chengji (1); Wang, Pingzhi (1, 2); Chen, Xianzhi (3); Li, Ming (1, 2); He, Xueying (1); Wang, Jianyu (1); Xu, Dan (1, 2); Song, Weitang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou Controlled-Environment Vegetable Engineering Center, Wenzhou; 325000, China
Corresponding authors:Song, Weitang(songchali@cau.edu.cn); Song, Weitang(songchali@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:214-221
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Multi-span plastic tunnel greenhouse has widely been used in the cultivation of vegetables, fruits, and flowers. However, it is easily suffered from freezing damage to crops, particularly from cold waves in winter. In this study, an air thermal energy utilization system was developed with the fan-coil units to effectively control the thermal and humid environment in the shed. A field experimented was also performed on a two-span plastic tunnel in Wenzhou city of China during the cold wave from January 8 to January 13, 2021. The system was composed of fan-coil units, water reservoir, circulating water pump, supply and return water pipes, as well as control devices. The circulation of water in the system was utilized to collect and then store the surplus heat in the shed during the day, while finally released at night to heating the two-span plastic tunnel. In the collected phase, once the air temperature in the shed reached 15 &#8451; on the day, or it was 5 &#8451; higher than the water temperature in the water reservoir, the system was started until the air temperature dropped to 10 &#8451;, or it was 2 &#8451; lower than the water temperature. In the released phase, once the outside air temperature was below 2 &#8451; at night, or it was 4 &#8451; lower than the water temperature, the system was started to operate until the air temperature reached 5 &#8451;, or it was only 2 &#8451; higher than the water temperature. The collected and released performance of the system was evaluated using the collection and discharge heat, as well as heat flow, according to the change of water temperature in the experiment. The difference between water and air temperature was taken as the main influencing factor to analyze the heat flow in the collected and released phases. An exergy analysis of condensation dehumidification was also made during this time. The results showed that the system ensured the temperature inside the shed was 5.2-7.8 &#8451; to protect crops from freezing damage, higher than that outside the shed in cold waves. The heat collection was 390.6-693 MJ, while the heat release was 361.2-609 MJ. The Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the system was 4.4-7.2, indicating quite remarkable energy saving. When the difference in water temperature increased by 1 &#8451; during the operation of the system, the heat collection flow rate increased by 0.82 kW, while the heat release flow rate increased by 0.58 kW, indicating a larger heat transfer rate per unit time. In addition, the moisture absorption coefficient of the system was about 1.70 in the heat collected phase, due mainly to the presence of condensation and dehumidification. Meanwhile, the exergy efficiency tended to increase rapidly, up to 82.8%, as the temperature difference between water and air increased, indicating high energy utilization performance in the process of condensation and dehumidification. Nevertheless, the condensation and dehumidification gradually weakened until stopped, and concurrently the exergy efficiency decreased significantly, with the increase of water temperature. Consequently, the air thermal energy utilization system with fan-coil units can be expected to serve a safe, low carbon, and controllable heating technology. The finding can provide a potential application to ensure the safe production of multi-span plastic tunnels in winter.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Freezing
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Condensation - Crops - Cultivation - Energy utilization - Humidity control - Water pipelines
Uncontrolled terms:Air temperature - Cold waves - Dehumidify - Fan coil unit - Humid environment - Multi-span plastic tunnel - Multi-spans - Plastic tunnels - Thermal environment - Water temperatures
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 619.1  Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Energy 3.612E+08J to 6.09E+08J, Energy 3.906E+08J to 6.93E+08J, Percentage 8.28E+01%, Power 5.80E+02W, Power 8.20E+02W, Size 4.318E-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20214711210344
Title:Optimization of combustion process and noise reduction of a low power non-road diesel engine
Title of translation:&#23567;&#21151;&#29575;&#38750;&#36947;&#36335;&#29992;&#26612;&#27833;&#26426;&#29123;&#28903;&#36807;&#31243;&#20248;&#21270;&#19982;&#38477;&#22122;
Authors:Ma, Zhihao (1); Liu, Yuna (1); Dong, Yongchao (1); Wang, Xudong (2); Wu, Shiqing (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Vehicle & Transportation Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang; 471003, China; (2) Zhejiang Xinchai Co., Ltd., Shaoxing; 312000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:40-46
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Diesel engine has widely been used in the non-road mobile machinery industry, because of its considerable advantages in power, economy, and reliability. However, the working process of an diesel engine is rough, due mainly to the compression ignition operating mode Furthermore, the noise of the diesel engine cannot meet the requirements of living comfort. Therefore, it is highly necessary to reduce the noise of diesel engines. The noise of the internal combustion engine mainly includes aerodynamic, mechanical, and combustion noise. Combustion noise plays a leading role in the total noise of diesel engines, especially for direct injection diesel engines. Combustion noise is also closely related to the combustion process of internal combustion engines. The combustion noise is greater, as the combustion process is more intense in recent years. Fortunately, the noise can be reduced via the optimized parameters and tunable process. Therefore, the in-cylinder combustion process can also be optimized for the noise reduction of diesel engines. Since the pre-injection, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and turbocharging technologies cannot be widely used to reduce combustion noise for low power non-road diesel engines, due to the cost, structure, and application object. Therefore, the reasonable selection of parameters can make the matching of "fuel, air, and chamber" more perfect on the basis of existing low-power non-road diesel engine parts, thereby improving the combustion process in the cylinder. In this study, an optimization experiment was performed on the in-cylinder combustion of a diesel engine, in order to ensure the power performance, economy, NO<inf>x</inf>, and soot emissions of low power non-road machinery, while reducing the combustion noise in the diesel engine. A low-power non-road 4D29G31 diesel engine was used as an original engine. The optimization was made on the nozzle protrusion, nozzle hole number, nozzle hole diameter, and swirl ratio. The "fuel, air, and chamber" achieved the best matching state to improve the fuel-air mixing, the combustion in cylinder, and performance of diesel engine. The dynamic fuel supply advance angle was optimized to shorter the ignition delay time. The combustion rate and pressure oscillations were then be suppressed during the rapid combustion period. The maximum combustion pressure and the rising rate of the diesel engine under the rated condition were reduced by 18% and 44.9% after optimization, respectively, where the noise of the engine was reduced by 0.73 dB, compared with the original engine. The maximum combustion pressure and the rising rate of the diesel engine were reduced by 39% and 40% under the maximum torque condition, respectively, where the noise of the engine was reduced by 1.07 dB than before. It demonstrated that the combustion noise was reduced significantly in the whole diesel engine after optimization. At the same time, the economy and emission performance of diesel engines reached optimal in a low-power non-road diesel engine.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Diesel engines
Controlled terms:Acoustic noise - Combustion chambers - Direct injection - Emission control - Engine cylinders - Exhaust gas recirculation - Exhaust gases - Fuel economy - Fuels - Ignition  - Noise abatement - Nozzles - Optimization - Roads and streets
Uncontrolled terms:Combustion noise - Combustion pro-cess - Fuel injection systems - In-cylinder combustion - Low Power - Noise - Non-road - Non-road use - Optimisations - Swirl ratio
Classification code:406.2  Roads and Streets - 451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 451.2  Air Pollution Control - 521  Fuel Combustion and Flame Research - 521.1  Fuel Combustion - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 612.1.1  Internal Combustion Engine Components - 612.2  Diesel Engines - 654.2  Rocket Engines - 751.4  Acoustic Noise - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Decibel 1.07E+00dB, Decibel 7.30E-01dB, Percentage 1.80E+01%, Percentage 3.90E+01%, Percentage 4.00E+01%, Percentage 4.49E+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20214711210343
Title:Detection of adulterated fritillariae using terahertz time domain spectroscopy
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#22826;&#36203;&#20857;&#26102;&#22495;&#20809;&#35889;&#25216;&#26415;&#30340;&#25530;&#20551;&#24029;&#36125;&#27597;&#26816;&#27979;
Authors:Xu, Zhen (1); Liu, Yande (1); Hu, Jun (1); Li, Maopeng (1); Cui, Huizhen (1); Zhan, Chaohui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang; 330013, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Yande(jxliuyd@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:308-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Unibract fritillary bulb, a traditional precious Chinese medicinal material, has the effects of clearing away heat, moisturizing the lungs, reducing phlegm, and relieving cough. However, the adulteration of Unibract fritillary bulbs has posed a serious threat to the medicinal effect and the healthy development of the market in recent years. Therefore, it is of great significance to accurately and rapidly detect the adulterated Unibract fritillary bulb powder. In this study, a systematic detection was conducted to distinguish the adulterated fritillariae using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Five samples of Fritillaria powder were used as the research objects, containing different adulterants (rice flour, Kudzuvine root powder, sweet potato powder, wheat flour, and Fritillaria Ussuriensis Maxim powder), pure Unibract fritillary bulb powder as the control group. Chemometric methods were also selected to detect the quality of Unibract fritillary bulb. The specific procedure was as follows. Firstly, adulterated samples were prepared with different types of Unibract fritillary bulbs in the same content. Then, the terahertz time-domain spectra were collected. Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) was also used in the range of 0.5-3.0 THz, according to the original and five adulterated Fritillaria powders. The original spectrum was used to remove the irrelevant variables and noise using the Savitzky-Golay smoothing (S-G Smoothing), Normalize, and Multiple Scatter Correction (MSC). A two-class model was established using the obtained spectral data. Thirdly, Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensionality of preprocessed data, while simplifying the calculation of the model. Kennard-Stone (KS) was selected to divide the sample data into a 1:3 ratio, while the spectral data into prediction and modeling set. Finally, a Support Vector Machine (SVM) multi-classification model was established using Grid Search and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), where two parameters were optimized, namely, the penalty parameters (c) and the number of cores (g) of SVM. Correspondingly, the recognition accuracy rates of various samples were compared under the optimal spectral preprocessing and parameter optimization. The results showed that six binary classification models for the original spectra presented a correct identification rate of 100%, indicating a high accuracy for the pure Unibract fritillary bulb and adulterated Fritillaria. There were also great differences in the time domain spectra in the terahertz of samples. A multi-classification model was then established using Normalize combined with MSC preprocessing, further optimizing parameters using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The overall accuracy of PSO optimization was higher than that of grid search optimization, where the highest accuracy rate was 100%. The lowest accuracy rate was 90%, and the average prediction accuracy was 95.67%, while the root mean square error was 0.432 when Unibract fritillary bulb powder was mixed with Fritillaria Ussuriensis Maxim powder. Consequently, Terahertz spectroscopy combined with a support vector machine can simultaneously detect a variety of Unibract fritillary bulb powder containing different adulterants. This finding can provide a theoretical experience for the detection of Unibract fritillary bulb adulteration in the field of medicine, thereby ensuring the excellent quality of Chinese medicinal materials in the trading market.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Support vector machines
Controlled terms:Discriminant analysis - Least squares approximations - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Principal component analysis - Spectrum analysis - Surface plasmon resonance - Terahertz spectroscopy - Time domain analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy rate - Classification models - Fritillaria - Grid search - Spectra's - Support vectors machine - Tera Hertz - Terahertz time domain - Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy - Time domain
Classification code:723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 903.1  Information Sources and Analysis - 921  Mathematics - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922  Statistical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.1  Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 5.00E+11Hz to 3.00E+12Hz, Percentage 1.00E+02%, Percentage 9.00E+01%, Percentage 9.567E+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20214711210315
Title:Application status and perspective of spatial-frequency domain imaging in quality evaluation of agricultural products
Title of translation:&#31354;&#38388;&#39057;&#22495;&#25104;&#20687;&#22312;&#20892;&#20135;&#21697;&#21697;&#36136;&#26816;&#27979;&#20013;&#30340;&#24212;&#29992;&#29616;&#29366;&#19982;&#23637;&#26395;
Authors:Wang, Zhong (1); Hu, Dong (1); Sun, Zhizhong (2); Ying, Yibin (3, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou; 311300, China; (2) College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou; 311300, China; (3) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing Equipment of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Hangzhou; 310058, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Dong(20180047@zafu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:275-288
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Light interaction with plant tissue varies significantly in different components with the structural, chemical, and optical characteristics in most agro products at the microscale. In light-tissue interaction, the tissues can generally be treated as being primarily composed of absorption and scattering particles, and thus the light propagation through tissues can be simplified as mainly involving the process of photon interactions with the absorption and scattering particles. When entering the tissue, the light can be absorbed and/or scattered, represented by the absorption coefficient (&mu;<inf>a</inf>) and reduced scattering coefficient (&mu;'<inf>s</inf>), respectively. Quantification of optical properties (i.e., &mu;<inf>a</inf> and &mu;'<inf>s</inf>) can greatly contribute to clarifying the measured data, optimizing optical devices, and finally improving the quality and safety assessment of agro-products. Alternatively, Spatial-Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI) has widely been used to measure the optical properties, and then to evaluate the quality/safety of agro products last decades, showing the wide-field and noncontact imaging, depth- and resolution-varying, as well as signal enhancement. SFDI can also be used to reconstruct the three-dimensional distribution of optical features related to tissue physicochemical properties in the field of nondestructive detection. This study first overviewed the origins and development of SFDI in the field of agricultural engineering, and then introduced the main working principles of SFDI, including system components, light propagation model, data measurement and processing, and inverse algorithms for optical property estimation. Specifically, the SFDI was first applied to the nondestructive detection of bruising on Golden Delicious apples in 2007, indicating a better performance to distinguish the bruised apple from the sound one. The SFDI system is mainly composed of a light source, a digital projector, a CCD camera, a wavelength selective device, and a sample stage, the former three of which are the core components to directly determine the quality of structured illumination and collected images, as well as the testing efficiency. Calibration is also required for the SFDI system with the standard samples before evaluation. The specific procedure is followed. The images of target samples are first captured by the SFDI system. The light uniformity correction, image demodulation, system response calibration, and surface profile correction are then conducted to obtain the diffuse reflectance images for the quality and safety evaluation directly, or for the optical property estimation coupled with inverse algorithms. After that, the application status of SFDI was summarized in the field of agricultural engineering, including the measurement of optical property and quality/safety assessment of several thin-skinned fruits, such as apple, pear, kiwifruit, cucumber, and peach. The challenges and future perspectives of the SFDI technique were also presented eventually. Nevertheless, the current SFDI technique is derived mostly from the diffusion approximation, thereby hindering the application easy to introduce large measurement errors. There are great challenges when measuring the optical property of two- and multi-layered agro products. It is also lacking a standardized optical system for accurate estimation of the optical property. The SFDI presents better performance in the depth-varying detection, but the penetration depth is a bit shallow limited to the millimeter level. Moreover, the demand for portable handheld devices of the SFDI technique is ever increasing in recent years. This review can provide a critical overview of the development of the SFDI technique for better understanding in the field of agricultural engineering.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:77
Main heading:Optical properties
Controlled terms:Data handling - Fluorescence - Frequency domain analysis - Fruits - Histology - Infrared devices - Light - Light scattering - Light sources - Optical data processing  - Physicochemical properties - Quality control - Tissue
Uncontrolled terms:Absorption and scatterings - Agro-products - Application status - Light transfer - Quality and safeties - Quality evaluation - Quality safety - Safety assessments - Scattering particles - Spatial frequency domain imaging
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1  Light/Optics - 801.4  Physical Chemistry - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20214711210451
Title:Microalgal harvesting and lipid extraction by coupling buoyant-bead and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction method
Title of translation:&#32806;&#21512;&#28014;&#29664;-&#36229;&#22768;&#36741;&#21161;&#28342;&#21058;&#33795;&#21462;&#27861;&#29992;&#20110;&#24494;&#34299;&#37319;&#25910;&#21450;&#27833;&#33026;&#25552;&#21462;
Authors:Xu, Kaiwei (1); Zou, Xiaotong (1); Liu, Yi (1); Zhang, Gaoshan (1); Du, Weihao (1); Ma, Xiaojing (1); Lei, Chencen (1); Li, Yanpeng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an; 710054, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an; 710054, China
Corresponding authors:Li, Yanpeng(liyanp01@chd.edu.cn); Li, Yanpeng(liyanp01@chd.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:267-274
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Microalgae can widely be considered as one of the most promising bioenergy feedstocks. There is no competition with crops, where microalgae do not require arable land for cultivation. There is also no influence on the supply or price of food crops, compared with conventional oil crops. However, the harvesting and lipid extraction of microalgae have been the major challenges in the microalgae industry. Traditional harvesting is time-consuming, energy-intensive, and/or not eco-friendly, particularly to separate microalgae cells, including centrifugation, gravity sedimentation, flocculation, and flotation. A buoy-bead flotation is emerging for harvesting the microalgae in recent years. The dried biomass powder or wet concentrate can also be used for lipid extraction after microalgae harvesting and concentration. The cost of lipid extraction accounts for 30%-40% of the total biodiesel production. Bead milling, homogenizer, microwave, and ultrasound are commonly-used mechanical disruptions. Among them, ultrasound-assisted extraction has widely been used to extract intracellular components, due to its high energy efficiency easy to be commercialized on a large scale. Specifically, the extraction time can be shortened to 1/10, while the extraction efficiency can increase by 50-500 times, compared with the control. In this study, surface-layered polymeric microspheres (SLPMs) were used in the buoy-bead flotation for harvesting microalgae. After that, the ultrasound-assisted extraction was utilized to break the cell wall, and then to extract lipid from microalgae. In harvesting, the zeta potential of flocs was analyzed to compare the harvesting efficiency of microspheres with flocculants and surface-modified microspheres by a single factor. In lipid extracting, a novel approach was developed to couple the buoyant beads and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction for higher efficiency. Mathematical modeling and central composite design (CCD) were used to statistically optimize the effect of ultrasonic time, the ratio of hexane and isopropanol, microalgal concentration, and transducer power on lipid yield. The optimum operation condition was determined to compare with different lipid extraction. The compositions of extracted lipids were then characterized using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). It was found that the SLPMs achieved a higher harvesting efficiency of 98.36%, compared with the surfactant/flocculant and sodium silicate microspheres. Consequently, the maximum lipid yield was 18.91 % under an optimal combination: the ultrasonic time of 13 min, the hexane: isopropanol ratio of 4, microalgal concentration of 13.6 g/L, and transducer power of 254 W. Fourier transform infrared demonstrated that the content of lipid, polysaccharide and proteins increased significantly on the surface of microalgal cells, with the increase of ultrasonic time. More importantly, ultrasound can also damage the cell structure of microalgae cells. A higher cell disruption efficiency and small particle size were achieved in the coupled approach, compared with ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction. Additionally, compared with the modified Bligh & Dyer method, the buoyant beads and ultrasound assisted solvent extraction (BBUASE) method has lower polyunsaturated fatty acid content and higher saturated fatty acid content. Thus, the BBUASE can be expected to serve as a highly efficient way to produce fatty acid methyl ester and raw biodiesel in the modern microalgae industry.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Microalgae
Controlled terms:Biodiesel - Energy efficiency - Flocculation - Flotation - Gas chromatography - Lipids - Microorganisms - Oils and fats - Ostwald ripening - Ultrasonics
Uncontrolled terms:Buoy-bead flotation - Buoyant beads - Fatty acid contents - Isopropanol - Lipid extraction - Polymeric microsphere - Power - Solvent extraction methods - Ultrasound disruption - Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction
Classification code:461.9  Biology - 523  Liquid Fuels - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 753.1  Ultrasonic Waves - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.1  Organic Compounds
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.891E+01%, Percentage 3.00E+01% to 4.00E+01%, Percentage 9.836E+01%, Power 2.54E+02W, Time 7.80E+02s, Mass density 1.36E+01kg/m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20214711210509
Title:Comparison of interpolation algorithms for DEMs in topographically complex areas using airborne LiDAR point clouds
Title of translation:&#22797;&#26434;&#22320;&#24418;&#20013;&#26426;&#36733;LiDAR&#28857;&#20113;&#26500;&#24314;DEM&#30340;&#25554;&#20540;&#31639;&#27861;&#23545;&#27604;
Authors:Li, Pengfei (1); Zhang, Xiaochen (1); Yan, Lu (1); Hu, Jinfei (1); Li, Dou (1); Dan, Yang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an; 710054, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Jinfei(jinfeih@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:146-153
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology has widely been used to efficiently acquire terrain data over large areas, particularly providing data sources for the generation of high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). However, little was known about the errors in the interpolation of airborne LiDAR point clouds for topographically complex areas, thereby resulting in the less application of airborne LiDAR in the earth surface process. In this study, the errors of six commonly-used DEM interpolations were assessed using the airborne LiDAR point clouds acquired from a topographically complex area in the gullied Loess Plateau, China. Six DEM interpolations included the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), Kriging, Spline, Natural Neighbor (NN), Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN), and Trend. Firstly, four parameters were optimized, including IDW, Kriging, Spline, and Trend. Secondly, the optimized algorithms were applied to produce DEMs. Lastly, the errors of DEMs were quantitatively evaluated using mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (R²). Results showed that: 1) The optimal values of IDW weights and searching points were 1 and 12, respectively. The optimal parameters for Kriging included non-orientation, Gauss function, and 12 searching points. Spline performed best in regular spline functions and 32 of searching points. Nevertheless, Trend was unsuitable for the topographically complex area, due to the produced DEMs with meter-level errors. 2) In terms of quality, IDW, Kriging, NN, and TIN produced relatively sound DEMs at the 1%-25% subsampling rate (1-19 points /m²), whereas, unreasonable outliers were found in the DEMs produced by Spline. Additionally, there were similar spatial patterns in the DEMs produced by IDW, Kriging, NN, TIN, and Spline, when the subsampling rate was 50%-100% (39-77 points /m²). 3) Excellent relations (R²&gt;0.99) were found between the elevation measurements and the DEMs produced using point clouds of different subsampling rates. The average MAE and RMSE of produced DEMs firstly decreased rapidly, and then stabilized, as the point density increased, demonstrating that the reduction of interpolation errors varied slowly, as the point density reached a certain level. TIN produced the lowest error at a 1% subsampling rate (1 points/m²), with the MAE and RMSE of 0.208 and 0.298 m, respectively. At the 5%-12.5% subsampling rate (4-10 points/m²), NN produced the lowest error, where the MAE and RMSE were 0.170-0.175 m and 0.259-0.262 m, respectively. At the &gt;25%-100% subsampling rate (&gt;19-77 points/m²), Spline yielded the lowest error with the MAE and RMSE of 0.164-0.168 and 0.249-0.255 m, respectively. More importantly, the interpolation errors for steep areas were considerably higher than those for gently-sloping areas. The errors for steep areas decreased markedly, while those for gently-sloping areas changed slightly, as the point density increased. NN and TIN were the most suitable interpolation for gently- and steep-sloping areas at the point density of 1-19 points/m², with the MAE of 0.049-0.171 and 0.062-0.776 m, respectively. Spline yielded the lowest interpolation errors for both steep- and gently-sloping areas with the MAE of 0.010-0.123 and 0.051-0.593 m, respectively when the point density was between 39-77 points/m². The findings can provide promising potential support to the earth surface process, thereby generating high-resolution DEMs for the topographically complex areas.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:48
Main heading:Optical radar
Controlled terms:Complex networks - Errors - Geomorphology - Inverse problems - Kriging - Landforms - Mean square error - Optimization - Sediments - Surveying  - Topography
Uncontrolled terms:Complex topographies - Digital elevation model - Interpolation algorithms - Inverse distance weighted - Light detection and ranging - Loess Plateau - Mean absolute error - Natural neighbors - Subsampling rates - Triangulated irregular networks
Classification code:405.3  Surveying - 481.1  Geology - 481.1.1  Geomorphology - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 741.3  Optical Devices and Systems - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00E00%, Percentage 1.00E00% to 2.50E+01%, Percentage 2.50E+01% to 1.00E+02%, Percentage 5.00E+00% to 1.25E+01%, Percentage 5.00E+01% to 1.00E+02%, Size 1.70E-01m to 1.75E-01m, Size 2.08E-01m, Size 2.49E-01m to 2.55E-01m, Size 2.59E-01m to 2.62E-01m, Size 2.98E-01m, Size 5.10E-02m to 5.93E-01m, Size 6.20E-02m to 7.76E-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20214711210325
Title:Local cooling performance and application effect of cow bed with cooling water pipe
Title of translation:&#22902;&#29275;&#21351;&#24202;&#20919;&#27700;&#31649;&#23616;&#37096;&#38477;&#28201;&#31995;&#32479;&#24212;&#29992;&#25928;&#26524;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Du, Xinyi (1, 2); Zhong, Yuting (1); Shi, Zhengxiang (1, 2); Gui, Jinming (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding authors:Shi, Zhengxiang(shizhx@cau.edu.cn); Shi, Zhengxiang(shizhx@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:197-203
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">High surface temperature can easily cause heat stress in dairy cows in most tropic areas of China in summer. Heat stress can negatively affect the production and reproductive performance, as well as the immune capacity of cows. Mild and moderate heat stress has also gradually become a key factor constraining the healthy production of dairy cows in recent years, with the improvement of large-scale breeding. However, the current cowshed cooling technology is limited by environmental conditions or high energy consumption. It is highly demanding for the local cooling system in the whole bed suitable for a low-temperature cooling source. In this study, a local cooling system of water pipes was designed to improve the bed environment and alleviate heat stress of dairy cows, according to the heat dissipation of thermal sensitive areas. The experiment was carried out in Datong Experimental Station of the National Dairy Industry Technology System. DN40 galvanized water pipes were laid in front of and behind the breastplate positions of two-bed rows in a naturally ventilated cowshed. The water pipes were covered with a cushion layer about 3 cm thick to meet the safety and comfort needs of cows. A floor heating radiation film of 0.6 m wide was laid below to reduce cooling loss of the system, particularly for heat preservation and insulation. Water pipes were arranged in a single serpentine coil suitable for the narrow rectangle bed, with 2 tubes at the height of mouth and nose of cow, while 4 tubes at the contact position of chest and abdomen of cow, where the space between tubes was 60 mm. The cooling water of the system was first from 200 m deep groundwater in the milking hall, and then flowed through the treated beds in the cowshed to cool down, finally back to the storage tank in the milking hall for washing. The flow rate was 0.3 m/s in pipes. Performance indexes were selected to evaluate the system operation, such as the temperature of the water pipe wall and bed surface. The results showed that the pipe wall temperature varied between 18^oC and 22^oC under the pipe flow of 0.38 kg/s and flow rate of 0.3 m/s, indicating a positive linear correlation between the pipe wall temperature and the distance of water inlet (P&lt;0.01). The surface temperature of the no-load bed decreased by 2.1^oC in the treated group, compared with the control. Besides, the application of the system was tested in different core body temperatures, respiration rates, milk yields, and lying behaviors of cows. Specifically, the cows were detected in the moderate heat stress for 50.7% of the day, while the mild heat stress for 17.4% during phase one. The average core body temperature in the treated group was 0.3^oC lower than that in the control group, indicating an extremely significant difference (P&lt;0.01). The respiratory rate in the treated group was at most 9times/min lower than that in the control group. There was no significant decrease in the milk yield of cows in the treated group. Correspondingly, a similar trend was achieved in the daily changes of core body temperature and respiratory rate of cows for the treated and control groups. Specifically, the cooling system performed better, as the temperature increased. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the lying-down time between the two groups, even though the local bed environment in the treated group was significantly better than that of the control group. More importantly, a 3 cm thick pad was laid on water pipes to improve the bed comfort, which was installed after the chest plate position to ensure that the region of the udder was not squeezed when cows laid down. Nevertheless, there was an inevitable impact on the bedrest comfort, where the single lying time fluctuated greatly in the initial operation of the system, because the galvanized water pipe was made of hard material, while the cushion was often opened by hooves. The lying time in the treated group gradually approached that in the control group, as the experiment went on. Anyway, the water-cooled bed system can widely be expected to effectively improve the local bed environment in the cowshed, further alleviating the heat stress of cows.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Energy utilization
Controlled terms:Air - Air conditioning - Atmospheric temperature - Cooling - Cooling systems - Cooling water - Environmental technology - Galvanizing - Groundwater - Pumps  - Surface properties - Thermal stress - Thermoelectric equipment - Water pipelines
Uncontrolled terms:Body temperature - Control groups - Core body - Dairy cow - Heat stress - Local cooling - Pipe walls - Surface temperatures - Water pipes - Water-cooled bed
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 444.2  Groundwater - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 454  Environmental Engineering - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 539.3  Metal Plating - 546.3  Zinc and Alloys - 615.4  Thermoelectric Energy - 618.2  Pumps - 619.1  Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 643.3  Air Conditioning - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass flow rate 3.80E-01kg/s, Percentage 1.74E+01%, Percentage 5.07E+01%, Size 2.00E+02m, Size 3.00E-02m, Size 6.00E-01m, Size 6.00E-02m, Velocity 3.00E-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20214711210519
Title:Migration trajectory and spatial pattern of cultivated land non-point source pollution in Dongting Lake Plain from 2005 to 2019
Title of translation:2005-2019&#24180;&#27934;&#24237;&#28246;&#24179;&#21407;&#32789;&#22320;&#38754;&#28304;&#27745;&#26579;&#36801;&#31227;&#36712;&#36857;&#21450;&#31354;&#38388;&#26684;&#23616;
Authors:Ding, Xueqian (1); Wu, Qun (1); Wen, Gaohui (2, 3); Zhang, Chao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210095, China; (2) School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha; 410081, China; (3) Hunan Key Laboratory of Geospatial Big Data Mining and Application, Changsha; 410081, China
Corresponding authors:Wen, Gaohui(wengaohui360101@sina.com); Wen, Gaohui(wengaohui360101@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:258-266
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The Dongting Lake Plain is one of the most important food production bases in China. However, the non-point source pollution has posed a great threat to social and economic development in the cultivated land, due to a large number of chemical fertilizers and pesticides that have widely been used unreasonably during agricultural production in recent years. It is also very serious for the pollution of livestock and poultry breeding. Taking 21 county-level administrative units in part of Hunan Province in the Dongting Lake Plain as the research area, the inventory analysis was made to construct three types of pollution units for the farmland fertilizer, human and livestock excrement, as well as farmland solid wastes. Some parameters were calculated, including the total emission and intensity of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Phosphorus (TP). The temporal and spatial evolution of non-point source pollution was determined in the cultivated land, further to analyze the movement trajectory of emission intensity barycenter and the degree of spatial agglomeration, using the center of gravity model and the cold/hot spot analysis. The results showed that: 1) There was a great decrease in the total emissions and emission intensity of COD, TN, and TP from the cultivated land non-point source pollution in the study area from 2005 to 2019. It was related to the promotion of ecological farming, soil testing formula technology, as well as the scale control of livestock and poultry breeding. There were also the spatial distribution characteristics of "east&gt;west&gt;central" in the pollution degree for three types of pollutants. 2) Three types of pollutants all moved in the longitude and latitude directions, but there was a more obvious in the east-west direction, where the barycenter of emission intensity presented a tendency to run westward. The adjustment and implementation of pollution prevention policies were attributed to the shift of the barycenter of the emission intensity in the three pollutants. 3) There were significant differences in the spatial patterns of the three pollutants. Specifically, the COD pollution was significantly different, TP was followed, and TN was the smallest in various regions. Hot spots were mostly distributed in the east of the Dongting Lake plain around the basin. The main reason was that these areas were on the edges of the intersection of the Dongting Lake and the Yangtze River, with advantageous location, rapid urbanization and industrialization, and stronger arable land utilization. The cold spots were mostly distributed in Nanxian and the surrounding areas in the middle of the Dongting Lake Plain. The concept of ecological civilization was contributed greatly to the distribution. As a result, much attention needs to pay to the treatment of non-point source pollution in the cultivated land and surrounding counties. Consequently, the non-point source pollution was improved in the cultivated land in the process of ecological civilization construction. There was also a great difference in the degree and control of cultivated land non-point source pollution in various regions. The finding can provide a sound theoretical basis to manage the non-point source pollution of cultivated land.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Lakes
Controlled terms:Chemical oxygen demand - Farms - Fertilizers - Land use - Landforms - Soil testing - Spatial distribution - Well testing
Uncontrolled terms:Analysis method - Barycenter models - Cold spots - Cultivated lands - Dongting lake plain - Hotspots - Inventory analyse method - Inventory analysis - Nonpoint-source pollution (NPS) - Spatial and temporal variation
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 405.3  Surveying - 481.1  Geology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.2  Agricultural Chemicals - 902.1  Engineering Graphics - 921  Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20214711210513
Title:Antioxidant capacity of phenols from apricot kernel coat extracted with deep eutectic solvent
Title of translation:&#26447;&#20161;&#31181;&#30382;&#37210;&#31867;&#29289;&#36136;&#30340;&#20302;&#20849;&#29076;&#28342;&#21058;&#25552;&#21462;&#21450;&#20854;&#25239;&#27687;&#21270;&#33021;&#21147;
Authors:Xiong, Ying (1, 2, 3); Zhou, Bo (1, 2); Zhong, Haiyan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha; 410004, China; (2) School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha; 410004, China; (3) Hunan Botanical Garden, Changsha; 410116, China
Corresponding authors:Zhong, Haiyan(zhonghaiyan631210@126.com); Zhong, Haiyan(zhonghaiyan631210@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:289-298
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">A new green solvent (Deep Eutectic Solvents, DESs) was used to investigate the antioxidant ability and phenolic composition of apricot kernel coat extracts. In this study, four kinds of conventional solvents and five kinds of deep eutectic solvents were also selected with different concentrations, thereby determining the extraction efficiency of apricot kernel coat polyphenols. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging ability and Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (ORAC) were used to evaluate the antioxidant ability of apricot kernel coat extracts. Furthermore, a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was utilized to compare the phenolic composition of apricot kernel coat extracts by conventional and deep eutectic solvents. The standards were also set as gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy phenylacetic acid, chlorogenic acid, and propyl gallate. The results showed that the acidified methanol among the conventional solvents presented the best extraction efficiency, where the extraction yield of phenols was 0.55 mg/g. The deep eutectic solvents showed a great difference in the extraction efficiency among different formulations and concentrations. However, the deep eutectic solvents presented a better extraction efficiency, compared with conventional solvents, especially that choline chloride - oxalic acid (DESs2) and choline chloride - malic acid (DESs3) presented a better extraction efficiency for the phenolic compounds from apricot kernel coat. The extraction yields of apricot kernel coat phenolic compounds by DESs2 and DESs3 were 2.20 and 1.85 times that of acidified methanol, respectively. Extracts by acidified methanol showed the best antioxidant ability among the conventional solvents, whereas, the antioxidant ability of apricot kernel coat extracts by deep eutectic solvents was also better than that of conventional solvents. The extracts by DESs3 showed a better DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging ability, followed by DESs2. Specifically, the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities of apricot kernel coat extracts by DESs3 were 1.73 and 2.15 times higher than that of acidified methanol. The apricot kernel coat extracts by DESs2 and DESs3 showed better oxygen radical absorption capacity, increasing by 14.92 and 17.73 &mu;mol/g, respectively, compared with the acidified methanol. The results of HPLC showed that there were at least nine kinds of phenols, including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy phenylacetic acid, chlorogenic acid, propyl gallate, and four phenolic compounds with no standards in the extracts from the apricot kernel coat. The phenolic composition of extracts by conventional solvents was complex, and the extraction yields of each phenolic compound were relatively low. There were eight kinds of phenols in the extracts by conventional solvents, while there was a much simpler phenolic composition of extracts by deep eutectic solvents. Extracts by DESs2 and DESs3 contained a large quantity of phenolic components with a retention time of 7.314 min, while this component was not found in extracts by conventional solvents. There was only a large amount of protocatechuic acid in the extracts by choline chloride - malic acid - proline (DESs5), where the extraction yield of protocatechuic acid was 0.19-0.47 mg/g under different concentrations. Consequently, DESs can be expected to serve as an efficient solvent for the effective extraction of phenolic compounds from apricot kernel coats.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:47
Main heading:Antioxidants
Controlled terms:Chlorine compounds - Efficiency - Eutectics - Free radicals - High performance liquid chromatography - Methanol - Organic solvents - Oxalic acid - Oxygen - Phenols
Uncontrolled terms:Antioxidant ability - Apricot kernel coat - Choline chloride - Deep eutectic solvents - Extraction efficiencies - Extraction yield - Phenolic compounds - Phenolics compositions - Protocatechuic acid - Scavenging ability
Classification code:531.2  Metallography - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Molar concentration 1.492E+04mol/m3, Molar concentration 1.773E+04mol/m3, Time 4.3884E+02s, null 1.90E-01null to 4.70E-01null, null 5.50E-01null
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20214711210378
Title:Development of reed shoot harvesters
Title of translation:&#33446;&#33479;&#31499;&#37319;&#25910;&#26426;&#30740;&#21046;
Authors:Liao, Kai (1); Gu, Quanyuan (1); Gao, Zicheng (1); Xiang, Mingyou (1); Tang, Tong (1); Min, Shuhui (1); Li, Lijun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha; 410004, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:20-30
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Reed harvesting has been confined to the high labor intensity of manual picking reed and muddy working environment in recent years. In this study, a self-propelled crawler reed harvester was developed with high stability suitable for mechanized picking in the wetland. Four components were composed of the picking, lifting, collecting modules, and self-propelled crawler chassis. The machine was utilized to realize the automatic picking and collection of reeds. A diesel engine was selected to drive the whole machine. The transmission system was divided into mechanical and hydraulic parts. The mechanical transmission was used to move and collect the longitudinal transmission power, whereas, the hydraulic transmission provided the power adjustment of the picking device, transverse collection speed regulation, and lifting module. Firstly, the synchronous belt traction and towing picking device were designed, according to the stress characteristics of reed picking. The specific operational parameters were included: the pitch angle was adjustable from 0 to 60&deg;, and the maximum ground clearance of the front end was 400 mm, and the picking width was 876 mm. At the same time, the picking device was equipped with a variable amplitude lifting module, where the lifting height was up to 200 mm from the ground for the passing performance and operation. A conveying and collecting device of reed shoots was then designed, according to the biological characteristics of the reed. Specifically, the belt speed was 0.5 m/s for the longitudinal conveying device, while, 1 m/s for the transverse collecting device. Finally, a self-propelled crawler chassis was designed with a supporting power of 13.3 kW, according to the distribution of each module and transmission relationship. The power and driving performance of the whole machine were calculated to determine the power demand of the full load. The transverse and longitudinal limit inclination and transverse slip angles were obtained for the driving requirements in the lake area. The picking test showed that the picking efficiency, damage rate, and missing mining rate were 71 kg/h, 8%, and 7.6%, respectively. The driving performance of the whole machine was stable with 0-9 km/h driving speed range, while, the height adjustment range of the front end of the picking device from the ground was 0-638 mm, suitable for the terrain to pick shoots. The maximum longitudinal depression angle, elevation, and transverse tipping angle of the whole machine were 50&deg;, 63&deg;, and 45&deg; respectively, whereas, the longitudinal and transverse limit slip angles were 42&deg; and 38&deg;, respectively, indicating the excellent wetland trafficability and stability. The finding can provide reliable technical support to the structural optimization and intelligent upgrading of self-propelled reed shoot harvester.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Harvesters
Controlled terms:Automobile drivers - Chassis - Conveying - Electric power transmission - Harvesting - Landforms - Machine design - Power transmission - Transmissions
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic picking - Driving performance - Front end - Labour intensity - Reed shoot - Self-propelled - Slip angle - Transmission systems - Whole machine - Working environment
Classification code:432  Highway Transportation - 481.1  Geology - 601  Mechanical Design - 602.2  Mechanical Transmissions - 662.4  Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 663.2  Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components - 692.1  Conveyors - 706.1.1  Electric Power Transmission - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 912.4  Personnel
Numerical data indexing:Mass 7.10E+01kg, Percentage 7.60E+00%, Percentage 8.00E+00%, Power 1.33E+04W, Size 0.00E00m to 6.38E-01m, Size 0.00E00m to 9.00E+03m, Size 2.00E-01m, Size 4.00E-01m, Size 8.76E-01m, Velocity 1.00E00m/s, Velocity 5.00E-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20214711210397
Title:Decomposition of wheat stalk under different tillages in rice field
Title of translation:&#19981;&#21516;&#32789;&#20316;&#26041;&#24335;&#19979;&#27700;&#31291;&#30000;&#40614;&#31224;&#38477;&#35299;&#25928;&#26524;
Authors:Wang, Yanpeng (1, 2); Wang, Xiaochan (1, 2); Shi, Yinyan (1, 2); Wei, Tianxiang (1, 2); Yang, Sijun (3); Ding, Qishuo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China; (2) Jiangsu Province Engineering Lab for Modern Facility Agriculture Technology & Equipment, Nanjing; 210031, China; (3) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding authors:Wang, Xiaochan(wangxiaochan@njau.edu.cn); Wang, Xiaochan(wangxiaochan@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:239-247
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Straw returning has widely been used in circular agriculture and soil conservation tillage in recent years. This study aims to explore the decomposition impacts of the wheat stalk under three tillage modes on the paddy filed in the summer rice and winter wheat system. A field experiment was conducted at the Shajiang black soil zone in the middle-lower reaches of Huaihe River. Three tillage treatments were set in the paddy filed, including "ploughing+rotary+puddling (PRP)", "rotary+puddling (RP)", and "puddling+rotary (PR)". The decomposing parameters were then measured, such as the decomposing rates, the residual contents of the wheat stalk nutrients and components from 0 to 90 days (45 days as step length). A laser confocal scanning microscopy (OLS-4100, Olympus) was selected to characterize the microstructure of wheat stalk. The results showed that: 1) The decomposition rate varied fast in the early stage, but slowly in the late stage. Specifically, the decomposition rate rapidly reached 45%-55% during 0-45 days, while the maximum value of the decomposition rate was less than 58.27% under different tillage and straw returning modes at 90 days. 2) There were significant effects of returning time on the parameters, such as wheat stalk nutrients (including carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)), micro structures (including radial or X-direction length (L<inf>x</inf>), axial or Y-direction length (L<inf>y</inf>)), and mechanical properties (including shearing strength (SS), bending strength (BS), compressive strength (CS)) (P&lt;0.05). The influence of returning time was found on the wheat stalk components (including Lignin (L), cellulose (Ce), Hemicellulose (He)). The residual contents of the wheat stalk components and nutrients such as C, N, P, L, and He increased to 1.01-1.33, 1.81-3.45, 1.15-1.82, 1.15-1.39, 1.45-2.77 times than those of the indexes at 0 day. Meanwhile the residual contents of the wheat stalk K and Ce decreased to 0.04-0.11, 0.77-0.95 times than those of the indexes at 0 day. The L<inf>x</inf> and L<inf>y</inf> of micro-structure parameters were 5.65-13.60, 2.48-9.18 times than those of the indexes at 0 day. The wheat stalk SS, BS, and CS at 45 and 90 days would decreased to 0.07-0.34, 0.26-0.58 and 0.43-0.76 times than those of the initial parameters at 0 day. 3) There were significant effects of tillage on the residual contents of the wheat stalk N, P and K (P&lt;0.05), while impacts on the residual contents of the wheat stalk L, Ce and He. Comparing with the treatment of RP and PR, the treatment of PRP rapidly reduced the residual contents of the wheat stalk N, P, K, and Ce, but quickly increased residual contents of the wheat stalk L, while there was no reasonable order of residual He. Consequently, the PRP treatment presented a better performance for straw degradation in this case. This finding can greatly contribute to reduce the mechanical strength of wheat stalk and release nutrients when returning wheat straw to the field in sustainable agriculture.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Microstructure
Controlled terms:Bending strength - Cellulose - Compressive strength - Crops - Decomposition - Lignin - Nutrients - Soil conservation - Soils - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Conservation tillage - Decomposition rate - Micro-structures - Residual content - Rice fields - Shearing strength - Wheat stalks - Wheat straw returning - Wheat straws - Winter wheat
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 811.3  Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 0.00E00yr, Age 0.00E00yr to 1.233E-01yr, Age 0.00E00yr to 2.466E-01yr, Age 1.233E-01yr, Age 2.466E-01yr, Percentage 4.50E+01% to 5.50E+01%, Percentage 5.827E+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20214711210384
Title:Effects of greenhouse ventilation and water control conditions on water consumption characteristics and yield of tomato
Title of translation:&#28201;&#23460;&#36890;&#39118;&#25511;&#27700;&#26465;&#20214;&#23545;&#30058;&#33540;&#32791;&#27700;&#29305;&#24615;&#21450;&#20135;&#37327;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Ge, Jiankun (1); Xin, Qingcong (1); Gong, Xuewen (1); Ping, Yinglu (1); Bo, Guokui (1); Li, Yanbin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Water Resources and Electric Power, North China University, Zhengzhou; 450045, China
Corresponding author:Gong, Xuewen(gxw068@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:204-213
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Optimal ventilation and irrigation water are highly essential to optimize irrigation systems for greenhouse crops, particularly on indoor microclimate, water saving, fruit yield, and quality. In this study, a field experiment was conducted at the Xinxiang Comprehensive Experimental Base of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences from March to June 2020. Two ventilation treatments were set (T<inf>1</inf>: opening the north and top windows; T<inf>2</inf>: opening the north, top and south windows) under various vents opening at different locations in the greenhouse. Two moisture treatments (the water surface evaporation coefficients were 0.9 and 0.5, respectively) referred to the cumulative evaporation of a standard 20 cm evaporation dish. A fully combinatorial design was used to divide into four treatments (T<inf>1</inf>K<inf>0.9</inf>, T<inf>1</inf>K<inf>0.5</inf>, T<inf>2</inf>K<inf>0.9</inf>, T<inf>2</inf>K<inf>0.5</inf>) in total. An investigation was also made on the effects of different aeration and moisture on the physiological ecology, water consumption characteristics, and yield of mulched drip tomatoes. Path analysis was finally utilized to explore the ranking of main control factors affecting the stem flow rate of tomatoes under three typical weather conditions (sunny, cloudy, and overcast). The results showed that: 1) The temperature and relative humidity were much lower inside the T<inf>2</inf> compartment on sunny or cloudy days, compared with the T<inf>1</inf> compartment. Nevertheless, the temperature was basically the same inside two compartments on overcast days, whereas, the relative humidity inside the T<inf>2</inf> compartment was higher than that in the T<inf>1</inf> compartment. 2) Crop water consumption depended mainly on water treatments and root development during the whole reproductive period. Specifically, the water consumption of T<inf>1</inf>K<inf>0.9</inf> and T<inf>2</inf>K<inf>0.9</inf> were 282.4 and 278.4 mm, respectively, higher than that of T<inf>1</inf>K<inf>0.5</inf> (201.8 mm) and T<inf>2</inf>K<inf>0.5</inf> treatments (202.5 mm). The water consumption intensity of each treatment at different fertility stages was ranked in order: mid-fertility &gt; rapid growth period &gt; late fertility &gt; early fertility, among which the mid-fertility stage presented the highest water consumption. The daily water consumption intensities of T<inf>1</inf>K<inf>0.9</inf>, T<inf>1</inf>K<inf>0.5</inf>, T<inf>2</inf>K<inf>0.9,</inf> and T<inf>2</inf>K<inf>0.5</inf> reached 3.4, 2.3, 3.9, and 2.3 mm/d, respectively. Path analysis was utilized to determine the comprehensive impact of meteorological factors on the sap flow rate. The parameters were ranked in order: net radiation &gt; temperature &gt; relative humidity &gt; wind speed at 2 m. Furthermore, there was a direct correlation between the net radiation and sap flow rate, whereas an indirect correlation was found among temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed at 2 m. 3) Different ventilation and moisture conditions posed significant effects on the growth, development, and yield of tomatoes. The leaf area index showed in the pattern of T<inf>2</inf>K<inf>1</inf> &gt; T<inf>1</inf>K<inf>1</inf> &gt; T<inf>2</inf>K<inf>2</inf> &gt; T<inf>1</inf>K<inf>2</inf> in the peak period of water demand, transpiration rate showing T<inf>2</inf>K<inf>0.9</inf> &gt; T<inf>2</inf>K<inf>0.5</inf> &gt; T<inf>1</inf>K<inf>0.9</inf> &gt; T<inf>1</inf>K<inf>0.5</inf>. The average fruit mass of T<inf>2</inf>K<inf>0.9</inf> was 0.15 kg, while the water use efficiency was 53.0 kg/m³, and the total yield reached 147.6 t/hm², the yields of T<inf>1</inf>K<inf>0.9</inf>, T<inf>1</inf>K<inf>0.5</inf> and T<inf>2</inf>K<inf>0.5</inf> were 139.5, 124.2 and 119.4 t/hm², respectively. Therefore, it can be recommended that the T<inf>2</inf>K<inf>0.9</inf> treatment is preferred to improve the yield and water use efficiency of tomatoes for ventilation and water control in the solar greenhouses in North China.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Regression analysis
Controlled terms:Crops - Ecology - Evaporation - Fruits - Greenhouses - Irrigation - Moisture - Physiology - Ventilation - Water conservation  - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:%moisture - Net radiation - Path analysis - Physiological ecology - Sap flow rate - Temperature-relative humidity - Ventilation control - Water consumption - Water control - Yield
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.9  Biology - 643.5  Ventilation - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Linear density 5.30E+01kg/m, Magnetic flux density 2.018E+02T, Mass 1.50E-01kg, Size 2.00E+00m, Size 2.00E-01m, Size 2.025E-01m, Size 2.30E-03m, Size 2.784E-01m, Size 2.824E-01m, Temperature 1.00E00K, Temperature 2.00E+00K
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20214711210429
Title:Tree trunk cavity detection using ground-penetrating radar migration imaging
Title of translation:&#25506;&#22320;&#38647;&#36798;&#20559;&#31227;&#25104;&#20687;&#26816;&#27979;&#26641;&#24178;&#31354;&#27934;
Authors:Li, Guanghui (1); Liu, Min (1); Xu, Hui (1); Zhang, Yinan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi; 214122, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:154-160
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The decay and cavities inside the fruit trees are the principal factors, leading to shortening their lifespan and even death. Long-term exposure to natural erosion, pest invasion, or artificial damage can easily cause cavities in the trunk, which seriously threatens the health of fruit trees and results in negative impacts on the fruit quality. Therefore, fruit trees should be inspected periodically to detect internal defects, and then take measures to protect the fruit trees. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) presents entirely nondestructive testing with the characteristics of portability and high efficiency, often suitable for the field of fruit tree evaluation. A circumferential movement can also be made to identify the cavity along the tree trunk surface. The transmission position of the radar signal can be adjusted through the moving distance to realize multiple fixed-point measurements. The receiving signals of all detecting points are utilized to analyze the cavities of the measurement area. However, the irregular trunk profile has already been a great challenge to position the GPR measurement points. In this study, a novel detection was proposed for the tree cavities to construct the trunk contour coordinate system, and then locate testing points. Image affine transform and marching squares were applied to extract the profile of the trunk. The integral was also used to estimate the relative position of measuring points on the surface of the trunk, according to the coordinates of the cross-sectional profile. Signal preprocessing was utilized to extract the effective signals from the cluttered raw radar data, further reducing the influence of noise signals on the imaging for nondestructive detection of GPR. In sequential preprocessing, the specific steps included the time-varying gain on the radar signal to enhance the clarity, the removal of the direct wave to correct the size of the time window, filtering the ringing noise using background removal and singular value decomposition, and labeling the signal position of the cavity using a threshold. The migration imaging was combined with the coordinates of measuring points and the effective radar signal after preprocessing to construct the radar wave diffraction surface during the image reconstruction of the internal cavity in the trunk. All the diffraction surfaces were then superimposed to highlight the cavity part, where the image morphology was characterized to eliminate the interference data. A field experiment was conducted on the circular simulation and various actual irregular tree trunk samples. The cosine similarity was used to evaluate the reconstruction data. The accuracy was estimated via the overlap between the reconstruction and the actual tree trunks. Experimental results show that the contour acquisition presented an error of less than 0.6% for the image of a circular tree trunk, while less than 3% for the irregular trunk. In the current measurement software TreeWin, the reconstruction error of circular tree trunk contour was about 0.6%, while the error of irregular tree trunk was about 9.5%. It indicated that the contour acquisition scheme was more suitable for the actual ancient tree section. In the detection of location and size of the cavity, a construction accuracy of 95.41% was achieved for the simulation, and 87.54% for the actual tree trunks, much higher than 73.64% and 65.02% obtained by the TreeWin software, respectively. Correspondingly, the irregular tree trunk contour posed a great influence on the measurement of GPR. The radar combined with the migration was highly consistent with the actual situation suitable for ancient tree protection.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Efficiency - Forestry - Geological surveys - Geophysical prospecting - Ground penetrating radar systems - Image reconstruction - Morphology - Nondestructive examination - Orchards - Radar imaging  - Singular value decomposition - Tracking radar
Uncontrolled terms:Cavities detection - Fruit trees - Ground Penetrating Radar - Lifespans - Measuring points - Migration imaging - Nondestructive detection - Principal factors - Radar signals - Trunk cavity
Classification code:481.1  Geology - 481.4  Geophysical Prospecting - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment - 821.0  Woodlands and Forestry - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921  Mathematics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.00E+00%, Percentage 6.00E-01%, Percentage 6.502E+01%, Percentage 7.364E+01%, Percentage 8.754E+01%, Percentage 9.50E+00%, Percentage 9.541E+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20214711210351
Title:Spatial distribution pattern of soil salinization in farmland of Wulate sub-irrigation areas in Hetao Irrigation District in Inner Mongolia in spring
Title of translation:&#27827;&#22871;&#28748;&#21306;&#20044;&#25289;&#29305;&#28748;&#22495;&#26149;&#23395;&#22303;&#22756;&#30416;&#30897;&#21270;&#31354;&#38388;&#20998;&#24067;&#29305;&#24449;
Authors:Wang, Ruiping (1, 2); Wan, Heyang (2); Chen, Shuai (2); Xia, Yuhong (1); Bai, Qiaoyan (3); Peng, Zunyuan (1); Shang, Songhao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Water Conservancy Research Institute of Bayannur City, Bayannur; 015000, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing; 100084, China; (3) Bayannur Water Conservancy Enterprise Service Center, Bayannur; 015000, China
Corresponding author:Shang, Songhao(shangsh@tsinghua.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:105-113
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Soil salinization has posed a great threat to agricultural production and regional development in irrigation districts of arid regions with shallow groundwater tables. Therefore, it is highly demanding to assess the soil salinization-alkalization for rational regulation of soil water and salt regime in high-efficient utilization of water and land resources. In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the spatial distribution pattern of soil salinization in the farmland of the Wulate sub-irrigation area in the lower reaches of the Hetao irrigation district in spring. An analysis of soil particle size was performed using field sampling combined with laboratory testing. The soil profiles (ground surface to groundwater level) of typical points were determined to measure the salinization indicators at 113 sampling points, including the Total Salt content (TS), pH value, contents of eight major salt ions (CO<inf>3</inf>^2-, HCO<inf>3</inf>^-, Cl^-, SO<inf>4</inf>^2-, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺+Na⁺), exchangeable Na⁺ content, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), and Exchangeable Sodium Percentages (ESP) in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers. Classical statistics, geostatistics, and multi-index comprehensive evaluation were applied to obtain the spatial distributions of soil salinization regime using different indicators. The results showed that the content of TS in 0-20 cm soil layer was higher than that in 20-40 cm. The soluble salt ions in the soil were mainly HCO<inf>3</inf>^-, SO<inf>4</inf>^2-, Cl^-, and Na⁺. The spatial variability of pH value was weak with the coefficient of variation (CV) less than 10%, those of TS and contents of CO<inf>3</inf>^2-, Cl^-, SO<inf>4</inf>^2- and K⁺+Na⁺ were strong with CV greater than 100%, those of HCO<inf>3</inf>^-, CEC, exchangeable Na⁺ and ESP were medium with 10%&lt;CV&lt;100%, while those of Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ were strong or close to strong. The spatial distribution of soluble salt ions in the soil was composed mainly of sodium-containing neutral and alkaline salts, such as sulfate, chloride, and bicarbonate. The spatial distributions of pH, TS, and ESP were similar, all showing an increasing trend from west to east and from the middle to the south and north sides, with higher content near the west bank of the Wuliangsuhai Lake and the Honggebu pumping station, while varying in the salinization on the south bank of the Tabu canal. The pH value ranged from 7.5 to 8.5. 32% of sub-irrigation areas were covered by salinized soil classified from TS, mainly light salinized soil. 97% of the areas were classified as alkalization soil from ESP, mainly light alkalized soil (40%), medium alkalized soil (23%), and alkaline soil (23%). Therefore, soil alkalization was more severe than soil salinization. Factor analysis indicated that TS, Cl^-, Na⁺, exchangeable Na⁺, ESP, and CEC were the important factors influencing the soil salinization-alkalization in the Wulate sub-irrigation area, with the integrated scores ranging from -0.78 to 3.38. Correspondingly, it is first necessary to reduce the soil salt content for better control of soil salinization, while reducing soil alkalinity in improved soil structure. Furthermore, the high values can further be analyzed to determine the engineering, agronomic, and chemical measures for the control of soil salinization in the areas with high integrated scores that are mainly distributed in the east part of the study region. In areas with low integrated scores, the soil texture can be improved to strengthen the soil fertility retention capacity for better agricultural production, if there was a low TS but a high ESP. In areas with a medium integrated score, crop planting patterns and saline-alkali soil management can be carried out, according to the specific situation. The findings can provide potential evidence for the optimal distribution of cropping patterns, thereby scientifically regulating the soil water and salt in the Hetao irrigation district.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Kriging
Controlled terms:Alkalinity - Chlorine compounds - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Ion exchange - Ions - Irrigation - Particle size - Particle size analysis - pH  - Sodium - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soil testing - Spatial distribution - Sulfur compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Exchangeable sodium percentages - Hetao irrigation districts - Irrigation area - pH value - Salinisation - Salt content - Salt ions - SO 4 2- - Soil salinization - Wulate sub-irrigation area
Classification code:405.3  Surveying - 444.2  Groundwater - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 549.1  Alkali Metals - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 902.1  Engineering Graphics - 921  Mathematics - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00E+01%, Percentage 1.00E+02%, Percentage 2.30E+01%, Percentage 3.20E+01%, Percentage 4.00E+01%, Percentage 9.70E+01%, Size 0.00E00m to 2.00E-01m, Size 2.00E-01m to 4.00E-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20214711210374
Title:Downscaling of TRMM satellite precipitation products and its application in hydrological simulation of Xiangjiang River Basin
Title of translation:TRMM&#21355;&#26143;&#38477;&#27700;&#20135;&#21697;&#38477;&#23610;&#24230;&#21450;&#20854;&#22312;&#28248;&#27743;&#27969;&#22495;&#27700;&#25991;&#27169;&#25311;&#20013;&#30340;&#24212;&#29992;
Authors:Fan, Tianyi (1, 2); Zhang, Xiang (2); Huang, Bing (1); Qian, Zhan (1); Huang, Lue (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Hunan Water Resources and Hydropower Survey, Design, Planning and Research Co., Ltd., Changsha; 410007, China; (2) State Key Lab of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430072, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Xiang(zhangxiang@whu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:179-188
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Precipitation data with a high temporal and spatial resolution is of great practical significance to accurately characterize the spatiotemporal changes of regional precipitation in ecological and hydrological processes. However, traditional meteorological station observations cannot meet the high requirements of data acquisition. The purpose of this research was to deal with the time-scale extension in Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) downscaling, particularly for a higher spatial resolution of TRMM satellite precipitation products under continuous observation and wide coverage. A variable parameter spatial regression model, Geographic Weighted Regression (GWR), was selected for the spatial downscaling of annual and monthly TRMM. Specifically, the parameters were estimated between the dependent and the independent variables at each location via the local weighted least squares method. The study area was taken as the Xiangjiang River in the Dongting Lake water system of the Yangtze River Basin in Hunan Province of China. The specific procedure was as follows. The precipitation data of meteorological stations was first embedded into the TRMM satellite precipitation grid. Then the longitude, latitude, digital elevation models were selected, with the slope, aspect, and normalized difference vegetation index as auxiliary variables. Finally, a TRMM satellite precipitation downscaling model was established using GWR and multiple factors, such as geography, topography, and vegetation. In addition, a variety of scale indexes were used to invert for three products of satellite-ground fusion daily precipitation I, II, and III. The precipitation input data were selected to drive the SWAT distributed hydrological model, further to evaluate the application potential in hydrological simulation. The coefficient of determination, root mean squared error, and average relative error were used to quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of TRMM data before and after downscaling. Moreover, the relative error and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency were also used to quantitatively evaluate SWAT simulation. The results showed that the spatial resolution of TRMM precipitation increased from 0.25&deg; to 0.05&deg;, while the coefficient of determination between the monthly precipitation observed by the meteorological station increased by 0.33 on average, and the root mean square error decreased by 43.30 mm on average, and the average relative deviation decreased by 38.71 percentage points on average after the GWR downscaling, indicating excellent applicability in the TRMM downscaling. Compared with the TRMM daily precipitation, the coefficient of determination between the satellite-ground fusion daily precipitation III product and the meteorological station observation daily precipitation increased by 0.81, the root mean square error decreased by 10.27 mm, and the average relative deviation decreased by 0.11 percentage points, indicating that it was feasible and effective for the meteorological station observation daily precipitation as a proportional index to spread the satellite-ground fusion monthly precipitation. The satellite-ground fusion daily precipitation III product presented the largest Nash efficiency coefficient, the smallest relative error, and the best hydrological simulation effect in the soil and water assessment tool's daily and monthly runoff. It infers to replace meteorological stations with the TRMM satellite precipitation for hydrological simulation. The finding can provide potential support to high-precision precipitation data acquisition and efficient hydrological simulation in scarce areas of meteorological stations.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Data acquisition - Digital storage - Errors - Image resolution - Lakes - Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Rain - Rain gages - Regression analysis  - Rivers - Satellites - Topography - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Daily precipitations - Down-scaling - Geographic weighted regression - Geographics - Hydrological simulations - Meteorological station - Proportional index method - Remote-sensing - Tropical rainfall measuring missions - Weighted regression
Classification code:443.2  Meteorological Instrumentation - 443.3  Precipitation - 655.2  Satellites - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 943.3  Special Purpose Instruments - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.027E-02m, Size 4.33E-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20214711210444
Title:Optimization and simulation of decoupling algorithm for cascade drainage system control
Title of translation:&#20018;&#32852;&#36755;&#27700;&#28192;&#31995;&#25511;&#21046;&#35299;&#32806;&#31639;&#27861;&#20248;&#21270;&#19982;&#20223;&#30495;
Authors:Guan, Guanghua (1); Liu, Wangjiayi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430072, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:68-77
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Coupling characteristics of a series channel system refers that the regulation action of a single control gate can affect the water level of adjacent pools in upstream/downstream reaches. Without decoupling, there is often a dramatic decline in the performance of the control system, even instability in the optimal controller for a single channel pool. In particular, the coupling effect is more complex, because there are significant differences in the length and capacity of adjacent channels in various irrigation districts of China. Decoupling can allow the pools to run independently of channel control, making it easier to change the individual channel. However, it is still lacking in the design principle of decoupling coefficient in complex canal systems with different lengths and scales. In this study, an optimization was proposed for decoupling algorithm in the upstream direction using Proportional-Integral-Differential (PID) feedback control. Firstly, an efficient range was determined for the decoupling coefficient. Secondly, an amplification factor was introduced to improve the decoupling effect in various lengths of adjacent channels. Finally, a simulation was carried out under different water intake flows and geometric structures between the upper and lower reaches of the channel. Three engineering examples were also selected with different decoupling amplitude to verify the simulation. The results show that the optimization scheme presented a significant improvement in the control performance. The improved range of system increased first and then decreased, with the addition of amplification factor. There was also an excellent enhancement of coefficient interval with a gentle change of the improved range in the middle, indicating that the reasonable value range of amplification factor. Specifically, 1) the specific range of basic decoupling coefficient should be between 0.8 and 1.0. 2) A calculation formula was proposed, while the amplification factor was selected in the area near the ratio of water surface area of adjacent channels and pools. 3) The selection and correction of the amplification factor significantly improved the control performance, when the upstream and downstream designs of a series channel system differed greatly in the flow capacity. 4) The amplification factor was directly determined by the length ratio for the convenience of engineering application when there was no obvious change in the flow rate and section size in the channel. Whereas, it was best to determine the ratio of water surface area when the operating flow varied greatly. Furthermore, the optimized decoupling adjusted the value of amplification factor, according to the change of water surface area ratio caused by different channel flow, responding more accurately and rapidly to the disturbance of channel pool, while reducing the degree of coupling between the channels. Consequently, the algorithm can be applied to the decoupling controller design in the complex channel systems in different scales, further to realize the independent control of drainage pools. The finding can provide a sound reference for the intelligent scheduling of water transmission systems in the irrigation district and water diversion projects. More importantly, it can be suggested to consider the characteristics of specific channels for the optimized coefficient, according to the response characteristics and application of channels in engineering applications.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Water levels
Controlled terms:Controllers - Hydraulic structures - Irrigation - Irrigation canals - Lakes - Optimization - Proportional control systems - Rivers - Three term control systems - Two term control systems
Uncontrolled terms:Adjacent channels - Amplification factors - Channel systems - Control decoupling - Decouplings - Down-stream - Downstream constant water level - Drainage systems - Optimisations - Proportional + integral + differential controllers
Classification code:731.1  Control Systems - 732.1  Control Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20214711210464
Title:Evaluating the effects of fertilization treatments on the nitrogen use efficiency of apple trees using allometric model and ¹⁵N tracer
Title of translation:&#29983;&#38271;&#27169;&#22411;&#21644;¹⁵N&#31034;&#36394;&#35780;&#20215;&#26045;&#32933;&#22788;&#29702;&#23545;&#33529;&#26524;&#26641;&#27694;&#32933;&#21033;&#29992;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Han, Jiale (1, 2); Feng, Tao (1, 3); Zhu, Zhijun (1, 3); Li, Pengfei (1, 2); Zhang, Afeng (1, 2); Tong, Yan'an (1, 2); Wang, Xudong (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Xinyangfeng Agricultural Technology Co. Ltd., Jingmen; 448000, China
Corresponding authors:Zhang, Afeng(zhangafeng@nwsuaf.edu.cn); Zhang, Afeng(zhangafeng@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:96-104
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Nitrogen is one of the most essential mineral elements for plant growth. A large amount of nitrogen fertilizer has widely been introduced into the farmland soil every year, to ensure the supply of agricultural products in China. However, the apple Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) is still at a lower level, compared with the developed countries. It is necessary to improve NUE via scientific fertilizer technology, such as the little amount of nitrogen fertilizer, or organic substitution for synthetic fertilizer. Alternatively, the ¹⁵N tracer technology can be used to accurately predict the whereabouts of nitrogen in plants or soil, thereby effectively evaluating the NUE of plants. Since ¹⁵N tracer has been used in the NUE of apple trees, the input cost is relatively high for the difficulty in field micro-zone control. Thus, it is highly demanding to seek a direct and feasible way for evaluating the NUE of apple trees. In this study, a allometric model was applied to estimate the biomass of fruit trees combining with the nitrogen content of each plant part, thereby assessing the NUE of apple trees. A simpler yet more effective approach was proposed to evaluate the efficiency after comparing the allometric model and the ¹⁵N tracer technique. Five-year-old 'Yanchanghong' apple trees (selected from 'Nagafu 2') were used as research materials. An allometric model and ¹⁵N tracer technology were selected to carry out experiments. Four fertilizer treatments were carried out: no nitrogen fertilizer (CK); conventional high nitrogen (N800); optimized nitrogen reduction (N400); and the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer (N200+O200). An analysis was made on the plant biomass, absorption, and utilization of nitrogen, as well as the distribution characteristics of nitrogen in different parts of apple trees. The results showed that: There was no significant difference in the apple yield under different fertilization treatments (31.7-37.3 t/hm²). The current season biomass increments of annual branches, perennial branches, leaves, boles, and roots were 0.26-0.38, 1.56-2.12, 0.22-0.24, 1.52-1.68, and 1.30-1.45 kg/plant, respectively. The replacement strategy of organic fertilizer significantly increased the biomass of annual branches and perennial branches, but there was no significant effect on other organs. The NUE values of apple trees were 13.13%-31.94% and 11.64%-32.40%, respectively, after evaluation using the allometric model and ¹⁵N tracer. Specifically, the NUE values evaluated by allometric model and tracer increased by 143.26% and 178.35% under N200+O200 treatment, compared with N800 treatment. A reasonable combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers effectively improved the utilization of nitrogen fertilizers in apple trees, indicating an obvious reduction in chemical fertilizer with high efficiency. Nevertheless, the varying fertilization treatments presented no significant effects on the nitrogen distribution of various plant parts, where 60.38%-61.02% (allometric model) and 67.71%-73.29% (¹⁵N tracer) of nitrogen accumulated in the storage organs of fruit trees. Likewise, there were significant differences in the storage organs of fruit trees, the NUE of fruits and leaves, as well as the nitrogen distribution rates of organs, whereas, the overall NUE of the apple tree was similar when using the allometric model and ¹⁵N tracer individually. The root mean square error of NUE was 3.10% in the combined, indicating an average difference of 3.10% in two assessments of NUE. Therefore, it is a convenient and feasible way to estimate the NUE of apple trees using the allometric model. The finding can provide promising data support for future research on the nitrogen utilization of apple trees.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Biomass - Efficiency - Forestry - Minerals - Nitrogen fertilizers - Orchards - Plants (botany)
Uncontrolled terms:15N tracer - Allometric models - Apple trees - Combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer - Fertilisation - Fruit trees - Inorganic fertilizers - Nitrogen-use efficiency - Organic fertilizers - Tracer technology
Classification code:482.2  Minerals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.0  Woodlands and Forestry - 821.2  Agricultural Chemicals - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Force 1.50E+01N, Mass 1.30E+00kg to 1.45E+00kg, Percentage 1.164E+01% to 3.24E+01%, Percentage 1.313E+01% to 3.194E+01%, Percentage 1.4326E+02%, Percentage 1.7835E+02%, Percentage 3.10E+00%, Percentage 6.038E+01% to 6.102E+01%, Percentage 6.771E+01% to 7.329E+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20214711210341
Title:P20 plant protection UAV to control cnaphalocrocis medinalis by reduced pesticide application
Title of translation:&#29992;P20&#22411;&#26893;&#20445;&#26080;&#20154;&#26426;&#20943;&#37327;&#26045;&#33647;&#38450;&#27835;&#31291;&#32437;&#21367;&#21494;&#34719;
Authors:Zeng, Wen (1, 2); Deng, Jizhong (1, 2); Gao, Qichao (1, 2); Jia, Ruichang (1, 2); Lan, Yubin (2, 3); Zhang, Jianling (1, 2); Chen, Pengchao (2, 3); Xiao, Hanxiang (4); Zhang, Yali (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviation Pesticides, Spraying Technology (NPAAC), Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) College of Electronics Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (4) Plant Protection Institute, Guangdong Agricultural Science Academy, Guangzhou; 510640, China
Corresponding authors:Zhang, Yali(ylzhang@scau.edu.cn); Zhang, Yali(ylzhang@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:53-59
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Plant protection Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have widely been applied for rice diseases and pest control in China. This study aims to promote the reduced application of pesticides in rice, thereby exploring the control efficacy of pests and diseases using plant protection UAV. A field experiment was also conducted using a P20 quad-rotor plant protection UAV with a centrifugal spray system at the late tillering and booting stage of rice. A droplet deposition experiment of rice canopy was performed on two spray volume levels of 15 and 22.5 L/hm². Three levels of pesticide dosage were determined to be 480, 540, and 600 mL/hm² (80%, 90%, and 100% of recommended dosage) for the cnaphalocrocis medinalis control efficacy with the same two spray volume levels (15, and 22.5 L/hm²). Meanwhile, a pesticide spraying test was conducted with a knapsack electric sprayer (KES) for comparison as well. The droplet deposition test showed that the droplet was evenly distributed in the upper-canopy, better than that in the lower-canopy. There was an extreme difference in the droplet deposition on the upper- and lower-canopy of rice at the same spray period and spray volume. In particular, the droplet deposition on the upper-canopy was much larger than that on the lower-canopy. There were also significant differences among the droplet deposition on the upper-canopy between 15 and 22.5 L/hm². Compared with that of 15 L/hm², the spray volume of 22.5 L/hm² increased the droplet deposition on the upper-canopy by 64.77%, and 60.53% at the late tillering and booting stage, respectively. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference among the droplet deposition of upper- and lower-canopy between the late tillering and the booting stage. The control efficacy test showed that the pesticide dosage presented a great effect on the control efficacy of cnaphalocrocis medinalis, indicating that the larger pesticide dosage achieved better, where the control efficacy of 100% pesticide dosage was the best. Specifically, the control efficacy of plant protection UAV was better than that of KES at the same pesticide dosage. There was a significant difference in the control efficacy between the spray volume of 15 and 22.5 L/hm². The control efficacy at the late tillering and booting stage with 22.5 L/hm² increased by 21.51% and 7%, respectively, compared with 15 L/hm². No significant difference was found on the control efficacy in the treatment of spray volume 22.5 L/hm² and pesticide dosage 80%, spray volume 15 L/hm² and pesticide dosage 90%, as well as KES application. The plant protection UAV with a spray volume of 22.5 L/hm² achieved better droplet deposition on the upper-canopy, and higher control efficacy. Additionally, a spray volume of 22.5 L/hm² and pesticide dosage of 80% achieved the same cnaphalocrocis medinalis control efficacy as that with the KES with the pesticide dosage of 100%. This finding can provide a sound reference to the parameters set for the plant protection UAV spraying pesticides, thereby promoting the reduction of pesticides in rice.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Pesticides
Controlled terms:Antennas - Deposition - Disease control - Drops - Spray nozzles - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Uncontrolled terms:Cnaphalocrocis medinalis - Droplet deposition - Field experiment - Knapsacks - Pesticide applications - Plant protection - Quad rotors - Reduced pesticide application - Spray - Upper canopy
Classification code:631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 652.1  Aircraft, General - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00E+02%, Percentage 2.151E+01%, Percentage 6.053E+01%, Percentage 6.477E+01%, Percentage 7.00E+00%, Percentage 8.00E+01%, Percentage 9.00E+01%, Volume 1.50E-02m3, Volume 1.50E-02m3 to 2.25E-02m3, Volume 2.25E-02m3, Volume 6.00E-04m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20214711210432
Title:Tomato water stress state detection model by using terahertz spectroscopy technology
Title of translation:&#21033;&#29992;&#22826;&#36203;&#20857;&#20809;&#35889;&#25216;&#26415;&#26500;&#24314;&#30058;&#33540;&#27700;&#20998;&#32961;&#36843;&#29366;&#24577;&#26816;&#27979;&#27169;&#22411;
Authors:Zhang, Xiaodong (1, 2); Duan, Zhaohui (1, 2); Mao, Hanping (1, 2); Gao, Honyan (1, 2); Shi, Qiang (1, 2); Wang, Yafei (1, 2); Shen, Baoguo (3); Zhang, Xin (4)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (3) Jiangsu Aviation Technical College, Zhenjiang; 212134, China; (4) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China
Corresponding authors:Mao, Hanping(maohpujs@163.com); Mao, Hanping(maohpujs@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:121-128
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Rapid detection of water stress is of great significance for scientific and effective management of water and fertilizer, further improving the yield and quality of tomatoes. In this study, a new detection model was proposed for water stress state in tomatoes using terahertz spectroscopy. "Hezuo 906" tomato was taken as the research object. A systematic experiment was performed in a Venlo-type greenhouse at the Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang Province, China. The soilless culture was adopted, where the matrix was perlite. Kawasaki nutrient solution was used to provide the same nutritional environment for the samples. Artificial ventilation was adopted to ensure the temperature and humidity in the greenhouse in the appropriate range. Water and fertilizer were controlled precisely to ensure the balance of nutrient elements. Four water stresses were set at 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of the standard irrigation amount from 5 days after transplanting. Each gradient was repeated 10 times. The pinnate compound leaves of inverted 6 leaves were collected on the 65th day after the water stress treatment, particularly representing the growth state of tomatoes. 20 samples were collected for each water stress treatment in a total of 80 samples. Samples were dried for subsequent characterization. A terahertz spectral system was then utilized to acquire the power spectrum, absorbance, and transmittance spectrum of tomato leaves under different water stress. Savitzky-golay (SG) was used to reduce the noise of data. Stability competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (SCARS) was used to extract multi-dimensional characteristic frequency bands. Multiple linear regression (MLR) models were established between tomato moisture content and power spectrum, tomato moisture content and absorbance, tomato moisture content, and transmission. The results showed that the terahertz power spectrum and the absorbance were negatively correlated with the water content of blades in the frequency range of 0.5-1.5 THz. However, the transmittance gradually increased with the increase of water stress, showing a positive correlation. Among them, the model presented the best performance, when using the characteristics of the power spectrum in the frequency domain. Specifically, the determination coefficient of the prediction set was 0.900 7, and the root mean square error (RMSE) of the prediction set was 0.482 5. Furthermore, a fusion prediction model was established for tomato moisture content using support vector machines (SVM) on the basis of integrating three dimensions of terahertz features of absorbance, transmittance, and power spectrum, in order to further improve the accuracy of the model. It was found that R² of the prediction set was 0.951 4, while RMSE of the prediction set was 0.366 8, indicating higher than the single-dimensional detection model. The improved model can be applied to detect the moisture content of tomato leaves using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The finding can provide a sound foundation for the detection of crop water stress.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Extraction - Feature extraction - Fertilizers - Frequency domain analysis - Greenhouses - Linear regression - Moisture determination - Nutrients - Power spectrum - Terahertz spectroscopy  - Vegetables - Water content - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:%moisture - Detection models - Features extraction - Fusion model - Moisture detection - Power-spectra - Spectra's - Tera Hertz - Tomato leaf - Water stress
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.2  Agricultural Chemicals - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.1  Mechanics - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.37E-02yr, Frequency 5.00E+11Hz to 1.50E+12Hz, Percentage 2.00E+01%, Percentage 4.00E+01%, Percentage 6.00E+01%, Percentage 8.00E+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20214711210362
Title:Mechanism of ammonium carbonate on Penicillium italicum and its effect on the quality of different citrus fruits
Title of translation:&#30899;&#37240;&#38133;&#23545;&#24847;&#22823;&#21033;&#38738;&#38665;&#30340;&#20316;&#29992;&#26426;&#21046;&#21450;&#23545;&#19981;&#21516;&#26577;&#27224;&#26524;&#23454;&#21697;&#36136;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Xu, Jinjuan (1); Yang, Shuzhen (1); Zhang, Meihong (1); Li, Xiaoying (1); Peng, Litao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Peng, Litao(penglt12@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:299-307
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Citrus is susceptible to infection by a variety of fungi during storage and transportation, leading to severe economic loss. Penicillium italicum is one of two major postharvest diseases of citrus fruits, causing blue mold. It is crucial to seek a safe and effective way to replace or reduce the use of synthetic fungicides for health and environmental concerns. Since the ammonium carbonate can be expected to inhibit P. italicum activity in recent years, it still remains unknown on the specific mechanism and the effect on the fruit quality of different citrus species. Taking the "Navel" orange, "Tribute" citrus, and "Fertile" orange as the research objects, this study aims to investigate the antifungal activity of ammonium carbonate against Penicillium italicum causing blue mold in fruits via interfering reactive oxygen metabolism. A possible mechanism of ammonium carbonate was also clarified to evaluate the storage qualities under the safe and limited growth of P. italicum after treatment. Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope (SEM/TEM) were utilized to characterize the mycelial morphology and mitochondrial structure. The mitochondrial ATPase activities and H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf> content were also measured to determine the inhibition of substances against the pathogens. Furthermore, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of reduced glutathione were measured to further clarify the effect of ammonium carbonate on the accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). In addition, an in-vivo experiment was carried out to explore the effects of ammonium carbonate on the storage quality, such as soluble solids, vitamin C, titratable acid, reducing sugar, and color of citrus. The results showed that ammonium carbonate greatly inhibited the spore germination and mycelial growth of P. italicum in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, ammonium carbonate at 0.4 and 0.8 g/L completely inhibited the spore germination and mycelial growth, respectively. The morphology observation showed that ammonium carbonate caused the growth of mycelia with sparse nodes and fewer branches. Ultrastructural observation showed that the hypha was seriously shrunk to the abnormal structure of mitochondria. Physiological and biochemical analysis indicated that ammonium carbonate treatment caused the decrease of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, Ca²⁺-ATPase, and Mg²⁺-ATPase activities in the mitochondria of hypha, further resulted in the loss of reduced glutathione content and glutathione reductase activity, concurrently interrupted the balance of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Peroxidase (POD) activities in the scavenging system of ROS, and finally to promote the H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf> accumulation in hypha of P. italicum. Nevertheless, the addition of Cysteine (Cys), a scavenger of ROS, partially restored the spore germination that inhibited by ammonium carbonate. In vivo test, 16 g/L ammonium carbonate treatment significantly reduced the lesion diameter of citrus fruits inoculated with P. italicum (P&lt;0.05), and then alleviated the disease severity in "Novel" orange, "Tribute" citrus, and "Fertile" orange. Correspondingly, the ammonium carbonate treatment can be expected to reduce the natural disease incidence without adverse effects on fruit weight loss, color, and quality parameters, including soluble solids, titratable acid, vitamin C, and reducing sugar contents. These results demonstrated that ammonium carbonate can be used to damage the mitochondrial structure and function of P. italicum, thereby promoting the accumulation of ROS for the antifungal activity. The powerful antifungal activity of ammonium carbonate against P. italicum can offer great potential application in control of postharvest decay of citrus fruits.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Mitochondria
Controlled terms:Antioxidants - Carbonation - Citrus fruits - Fungi - Molds - Morphology - Oxygen - Quality control - Transmission electron microscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Action mechanisms - Antifungal activities - Blue mold - Citrus - Mitochondrias - Penicillium italica - Reactive oxygen species - Spore germination - Storage quality
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass density 1.60E+01kg/m3, Mass density 4.00E-01kg/m3, Mass density 8.00E-01kg/m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20214711210348
Title:Shape-stable phase change materials preparation of composite of paraffin/Fe-MIL-101-NH<inf>2</inf> as metal-organic framework
Title of translation:&#30707;&#34593;/Fe-MIL-101-NH<inf>2</inf>&#37329;&#23646;&#26377;&#26426;&#39592;&#26550;&#23450;&#24418;&#22797;&#21512;&#30456;&#21464;&#26448;&#26009;&#21046;&#22791;
Authors:Hou, Junying (1); Yang, Jinxing (1); Hao, Jianjun (1); Zhan, Zhiguo (1); Wang, Yaya (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071001, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:232-238
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Phase change materials (PCMs) can widely be used to absorb and release large amounts of latent heat at temperatures when the physical state changes. Heat storage systems depend mainly on the high latent heat density and small temperature intervals in PCMs during phase transition. However, there is a great leakage of current solid-liquid PCMs in the liquid phase, resulting from a large volume change above the melting point. Alternatively, the porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been investigated as solid support for a variety of storage purposes. A MOFs matrix material can also be expected to deal with the leakage of a shape-stabilized composite PCM in the most practical way. It is highly demanding for the extremely large surface area, large pore volume, and chemical tunability in the MOFs as the ideal matrix for PCMs. In particular, MOFs can also be designed for several aspects, such as pore shape and size, framework topology, and surface properties in the inner channels. A combination of fatty acids and porous MOF supports can be utilized to maintain the solid shape in the liquid PCM composite, where the phase change temperature of paraffin is within the range of normal human environments. Paraffin also presents high latent heat, suitable melting temperature range, non-corrosivity/non-toxicity, excellent chemical stability, and easy availability. The outstanding energy storage density and suitable phase change temperature also allow for the paraffin highly practical in the building materials. In this study, a facile solution impregnating approach was proposed to access a novel type of shape-stabilized PCM with metal-organic frameworks as the matrix. As such, a paraffin/MOF composite PCM was developed for heating storage, where paraffin was used as a phase change core, while Fe-MIL-101-NH<inf>2</inf> was the supporting matrix. Solvent evaporation was finally conducted to successfully prepared 40 wt%~70 wt% paraffin/Fe-MIL-101-NH<inf>2</inf> Shape-stable Phase Change Material (ss-PCM). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were also conducted to characterize the morphology and structure of ss-PCM composites. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was used to determine the thermal stability, while Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to the supercooling, the energy storage, and thermal cycle stability of ss-PCM. SEM images showed that the maximum loading of paraffin wax was 70%, mostly distributed in the interior and external core of Fe-MIL-101-NH<inf>2</inf>. XRD and FTIR showed that the paraffin wax and Fe-MIL-101-NH<inf>2</inf> were physically combined in the ss-PCM. DSC analysis indicated that the highest energy storage capacity (51.3 J/g) was achieved in the 70 wt% paraffin/ Fe-MIL-101-NH<inf>2</inf>. In addition, there was no significant decrease in the thermal enthalpy of 70 wt% paraffin/Fe-MIL-101-NH<inf>2</inf> (47.6 J/g) after 50 cycles, indicating an excellent heat cycle stability. Consequently, a novel paraffin/Fe-MIL-101-NH<inf>2</inf> composite PCM can be expected to serve as the heat storage application. This finding can also provide a novel approach to access the shape-stabilized composite PCMs, which can potentially be extended to a variety of solid-liquid phase change materials.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Paraffins
Controlled terms:Chemical stability - Fatty acids - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Heat storage - Latent heat - Liquids - Melting point - Metals - Morphology - Organometallics  - Phase change materials - Scanning electron microscopy - Storage (materials) - Thermogravimetric analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Composite phase change materials - Fe-MIL-101-NH2 - matrix - Metalorganic frameworks (MOFs) - Phase change temperature - Porous metal - Shape-stabilized - Solid-liquid phase change materials - Stable phasis - X- ray diffractions
Classification code:641.1  Thermodynamics - 694.4  Storage - 801  Chemistry - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 7.00E+01%, Specific energy 4.76E+04J/kg, Specific energy 5.13E+04J/kg
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20214711210478
Title:Effects of the heights of farmland drainage outlets on nitrogen and phosphorus loss from surface runoff
Title of translation:&#20892;&#30000;&#25490;&#27700;&#21475;&#39640;&#24230;&#23545;&#22320;&#34920;&#24452;&#27969;&#27694;&#30967;&#27969;&#22833;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Ma, Yingjun (1, 2, 3); Wan, Chen (1, 3, 4); Zhang, Keqiang (1, 3); Jiang, Haibin (1, 3); Wang, Feng (1, 3); Shen, Shizhou (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin; 300191, China; (2) College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (3) Dali Observation and Experimental Station of National Agricultural Environment, Dali; 671004, China; (4) College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming; 650201, China
Corresponding authors:Shen, Shizhou(shenshizhou@126.com); Shen, Shizhou(shenshizhou@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:114-120
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The Erhai Lake is the second second-largest freshwater resource in the Yunnan Plateau (southwest China). The lake is also a national protected area and drinking water source for Dali residents. The water quality of the Erhai Lake is has gradually aggravated eutrophication, even above an acceptable level in the rainy season, due mainly to global natural conditions and intensified human activities in recent years. Specifically, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the main factors causing eutrophication. Furthermore, the rice planting area accounts for about 10% of the total area of Erhai Lake Basin, a typical agricultural basin. The rice planting season is in the peak month of rainfall in the basin, where rainstorm events occur frequently. The loss of nutrients in farmland subjected to rainstorms has been a key environmental factor to determine the water quality of Erhai Lake in the rainy season. Much effort has been dedicated to the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the farmland of the Erhai Lake Basin, particularly on fertilization management and rotation mode. Farmland drainage outlets can serve as the channels for terrestrial pollutants to enter rivers, lakes, and other water bodies. However, only a few studies focused on the farmland drainage outlets for pollution prevention and flood control. Taking the height of the drainage outlet in the Erhai Lake Basin as a research object, this study aims to find an effective way to reduce the nitrogen and phosphorus loss from surface runoff in farmland. An artificial rainfall simulation was also adopted. Five drainage outlets were set with different heights, according to the height of the farmland drainage outlet (5-10 cm from the soil surface), and the height of the rice plant in the peak period of rainfall in the study area. The bottom distances of the drainage outlet were 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 cm from the soil surface. An investigation was finally made to evaluate the control of drainage outlets at different heights on nitrogen and phosphorus losses in farmland runoff. The results showed that: 1) The low drainage outlet of farmland resulted in the increase of nitrate nitrogen and particulate nitrogen concentrations at the early stage of runoff generation. The drainage outlet height of more than 15 cm effectively reduced the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in various forms, all of which be stabilized at a low level. 2) The losses of nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly reduced, with the increase in the height of farmland drainage outlets. A better control was achieved at the height of the farmland drainage outlet increasing from 5 to 15-25 cm. Specifically, the losses of total nitrogen, particulate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen reduced by 85.60%-93.13%, 88.39%-95.77%, 84.59%-91.72%, 63.05%-65.15%, respectively. The losses of total phosphorus and particulate phosphorus decreased by 86.75%-92.66%, 61.64%-94.61%, respectively. Moreover, there was an extremely high reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus losses, when the farmland drainage outlet was set at a height of 15 cm. But there was no significant change over 15 cm. 3) The main form of nutrient loss was the dissolved state in the paddy field. The dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus losses accounted for 52.37%-83.64% and 67.83%-92.29% of the total nitrogen and phosphorus losses, respectively. The inorganic nitrogen loss in runoff was mostly ammonium nitrogen, accounting for 47.85%-80.80% of the total nitrogen loss. Consequently, the drainage outlet at the height of 15-25 cm can be expected to achieve a superior performance for the runoff pollution control in farmland. Anyway, it is strongly recommended to be 15 cm high for the farmland drainage outlet in the Erhai Lake Basin. This finding can provide a significant support to control nutrient loss in farmland, thereby to improve improving the ecological environment.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Lakes
Controlled terms:Catchments - Eutrophication - Farms - Flood control - Leaching - Nitrogen - Phosphorus - Potable water - Rain - River pollution  - Runoff - Storms - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Drainage outlet - Erhai lake basins - Farmland drainage - Height of drainage outlet - Loss of nitrogen and phosphorus - Nitrogen and phosphorus loss - Rainy seasons - Simulated rainfall - Surface runoffs - Total nitrogen
Classification code:442.1  Flood Control - 443.3  Precipitation - 444  Water Resources - 444.1  Surface Water - 445.2  Water Analysis - 453  Water Pollution - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00E+01%, Percentage 4.785E+01% to 8.08E+01%, Percentage 5.237E+01% to 8.364E+01%, Percentage 6.164E+01% to 9.461E+01%, Percentage 6.305E+01% to 6.515E+01%, Percentage 6.783E+01% to 9.229E+01%, Percentage 8.459E+01% to 9.172E+01%, Percentage 8.56E+01% to 9.313E+01%, Percentage 8.675E+01% to 9.266E+01%, Percentage 8.839E+01% to 9.577E+01%, Size 1.50E-01m, Size 1.50E-01m to 2.50E-01m, Size 2.50E-01m, Size 5.00E-02m to 1.00E-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20214711210490
Title:Optimizing rules and empirical research of provincial permanent basic farmland layout based on the "Three-line" coordination
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;"&#19977;&#32447;"&#32479;&#31609;&#30340;&#30465;&#22495;&#27704;&#20037;&#22522;&#26412;&#20892;&#30000;&#24067;&#23616;&#20248;&#21270;&#35268;&#21017;&#19982;&#23454;&#35777;&#30740;&#31350;
Authors:Chen, Wenguang (1, 2); Zhang, Qingpu (1, 2); Kong, Xiangbin (1, 2); Duan, Xiangfeng (3); Zuo, Xuyang (4); Tan, Min (5); Zhao, Jing (5); Dong, Tao (5)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Land Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Farmland Quality and Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing; 100193, China; (3) Natural Resources Ecological Restoration Center of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning; 530023, China; (4) Administrative Approval Office of the Department of Natural Resources of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning; 530022, China; (5) Beijing Fangyuan Da Di Planning and Design Consulting Co., Ltd., Beijing; 100194, China
Corresponding authors:Kong, Xiangbin(kxb@cau.edu.cn); Kong, Xiangbin(kxb@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:248-257
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Spatial layout of permanent basic farmland can greatly contribute to better preserve high-quality farmland resources, further optimize the spatial pattern of the country for national food security. It is necessary to coordinate the red line of ecological protection and the boundary of urban development. However, there were unclear boundaries of departmental space management authority and low efficiency of resource space management and control, due mainly to the inconsistent delineation time of "three lines", technical standards, coordination of delineation, and the overlaps of delineated space. In this review, the policy and regulations were systematically sorted out using the protection red line of permanent basic farmland, the ecological protection red line, and the urban development boundary (hereinafter referred to as the "three lines"). Some indicators were selected from the current planning, pollution damage, ecological conditions, utilization status, and comprehensive quality. Some rules were established to optimize the layout of permanent basic farmland in the province under the "three lines" coordination. An example was also selected to verify in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The results show that: 1) The overall planning was made for the "three lines" of permanent basic farmland, according to the national utilization of arable land, as well as the degree of concentration and contiguous areas. All 7 413.46 hm² of permanent basic farmland was withdrawn in the core area of ecological protection red line, and 5 073.05 hm² high-quality contiguous permanent basic farmland was retained in the form of "skylights" within the general area of the ecological protection red line and the urban development boundary. 2) The whole study area withdrew 1 426 540.77 hm² of permanent basic farmland, where non-arable land was mainly marked as engineering restoration and unmarked. Specifically, the compensation of 525 614.37 hm² of permanent basic farmland was located mainly in the high-quality contiguous arable land outside the red line of ecological protection and urban development boundaries. The protection rate of permanent basic farmland was as high as 85.62% after the layout optimization. 3) All concentrated and contiguous permanent basic farmland reached 95.08%, indicating no severe damage, rocky desertification, and sloping land above 25&deg;. The utility grade of permanent basic farmland increased by 0.06. There was also no overlap between the permanent basic farmland and the ecological protection red line, as well as the urban development boundary. Consequently, the established rules were achieved to optimize the layout of permanent basic farmland for the goal of "protection priority, layout optimization, quality improvement, and three-line coordination". This review can also be conducive to coordinating the contradiction between food security, ecological security, and economic development in the province. The finding can provide a sound reference for the cities and counties in provinces, further delineating the protection red lines of permanent basic farmland under the "Three Lines".<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Ecology - Farms - Food supply - Optimization - Urban growth - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:"three line" coordination - Arable land - Ecological protection - Guangxi - Guangxi zhuang autonomous region - High quality - Layout optimization - Permanent basic farmland - Red line - Urban development
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1  Urban Planning and Development - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.3  Food Products - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.562E+01%, Percentage 9.508E+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20214711210493
Title:Influences of multi-layer secondary air distribution on NO<inf>x</inf> reduction rate and slagging tendency of maize stover particle combustion
Title of translation:&#22810;&#23618;&#20108;&#27425;&#39118;&#37197;&#39118;&#23545;&#29577;&#31859;&#31224;&#31174;&#39063;&#31890;&#29123;&#28903;&#38477;&#20302;NO<inf>x</inf>&#20135;&#29575;&#21450;&#32467;&#28195;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Liu, Shanjian (1); Wang, Shuaichao (1); Yi, Weiming (1); Li, Yongjun (1); Feng, Xiangdong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo; 255000, China
Corresponding author:Yi, Weiming(yiweiming@sdut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:222-231
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Biomass refers to the material derived directly from plants, thereby serving as a renewable, low-carbon emission, and environment-friendly energy source. Straw biomass is characterized by high alkali metal and ash content, where the ash caking easily occurs during combustion. This feature has become one of the most important factors limiting the use of industrial boiler fuel, particularly affecting the air distribution and complete combustion in the reaction chamber. In this study, a biomass combustion test device was designed with multi-layer secondary air, thereby explorg the influence on the NO<inf>x</inf> reduction rate and slagging in corn straw particle combustion. Two types of parameters were set firstly, including different primary and secondary air grading ratios, and the multi-layer ratios of secondary air. An evaluation was also made on the concentration of pollutants, such as CO and NO<inf>x</inf> in flue gas, combustion efficiency, and ash slagging rate. The results show that the concentration of NO<inf>x</inf> in flue gas significantly reduced, when the primary and secondary air were distributed in stages, whereas, the concentration of CO and NO<inf>x</inf> in flue gas changed in opposite directions, showing a competitive relationship. Specifically, a higher secondary air position or lower secondary air volume led to incomplete combustion of corn straw particles, and a significant increase in CO concentration. The temperature at each measuring point and the NO<inf>x</inf> concentration in the flue gas in the combustion chamber was reduced significantly, compared with the control group, under different secondary air distribution modes. Moreover, the emission of the lowest NO<inf>x</inf> concentration was released in W<inf>1</inf> working condition, about 150 mg/m³. The NO<inf>x</inf> concentration was also significantly reduced, whereas, the slagging rate decreased greatly, with the lowest of 4.5%, when the secondary air was equipped with multi-layer air. The slagging rate of corn stalk increased significantly, with the increase of temperature T<inf>1</inf>, indicating that the temperature T<inf>1</inf> was an important factor affecting the slagging of corn stalk particles during combustion. Correspondingly, the best working condition was achieved, where there was a relatively low NO<inf>x</inf> concentration and slagging rate under W<inf>1</inf> working conditions. Furthermore, the incomplete combustion of corn stalk particles was attributed to the higher secondary air position or the lower secondary air volume, whereas, the CO concentration was attributed to the higher carbon content in ash. Additionally, the combustion efficiency decreased at the low temperature on the bottom of the combustion chamber. Consequently, four slagging indexes cannot correctly predict the change of slagging tendency under various fuel zone at temperature T<inf>1</inf>, such as acid-base ratio, alkalinity index Al<inf>c</inf>, Na content index, and silicon ratio index G. More importantly, when the temperature T<inf>1</inf> was introduced into the silicon ratio index g, the modified G<inf>t</inf> can be expected to well predict the slagging tendency of corn straw particles in the combustion zone.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Flue gases
Controlled terms:Alkali metals - Biomass - Combustion - Flues - Grading - Nitrogen oxides - Physicochemical properties
Uncontrolled terms:Condition - Corn straws - Maize stover - Multi-layers - NO x - NOx concentration - Physicochemical property - Secondary air - Secondary air distribution - Slagging index
Classification code:451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 549.1  Alkali Metals - 801.4  Physical Chemistry - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.50E-04kg, Percentage 4.50E+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20214711210499
Title:Optimal strategy for water level of Sanmenxia Reservoir to enhance follow-up power of water and sediment regulation of Xiaolangdi Reservoir
Title of translation:&#22686;&#24378;&#23567;&#28010;&#24213;&#35843;&#27700;&#35843;&#27801;&#21518;&#32493;&#21160;&#21147;&#30340;&#19977;&#38376;&#23777;&#27700;&#24211;&#27700;&#20301;&#26041;&#26696;&#20248;&#36873;
Authors:Zhang, Jinliang (1, 2); Lu, Jun (1, 2); Gao, Xing (1, 2); Zhao, Menglong (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou; 450003, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Water Management and Water Security for Yellow River Basin, Ministry of Water Resources (under construction), Zhengzhou; 450003, China
Corresponding authors:Lu, Jun(393956425@qq.com); Lu, Jun(393956425@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:60-67
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The follow-up power is still lacking for the water and sediment regulation in the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. The follow-up power of flow is required for the reservoir to discharge the sediment and the lower river channel, finally to transport the sediment into the sea, as the large flow of water is released during the water regulation stage with the reduction of large flow into the reservoir. It is necessary to fully explore the potential of the Sanmenxia Reservoir, providing the follow-up power for water and sediment regulation in the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. In this study, the possible boundary conditions were analyzed with the formation of a double sediment erosion base level via rebuilding the bottom hole of the Sanmenxia reservoir. The restricted operation water level of 305-312 m was also set in several flood seasons, according to the early flood season during July to August, and the later flood season during September to October. Several operation water levels of 318-326 m were set in the non-flood season, and nine schemes were combined with different water levels in flood season and non-flood season, considering the scouring and silting characteristics of the Sanmenxia Reservoir area. A mathematical model was constructed for the sediment erosion and siltation in the Sanmenxia Reservoir. The measured data from July 1, 1973, to June 30, 2019, were utilized to calibrate the parameters of the model. The calculation error of reservoir siltation was controlled within 5%. After that, the schemes were calculated using the verified mathematical model. The boundary conditions were that: in the Xiaolangdi Reservoir area in April 2020, the future inflow of 27.205 billion m&sup3; and the incoming sediment of 800 million tons of reservoir, from the accumulated erosion and siltation in the reservoir area, the accumulated increase in the elevation value of Tongguan (erosion base level of the lower Weihe River), the accumulated power generation of the power station, the average annual discharge over 2 600 m³/s in the reservoir, the largest wetland area in the reservoir area and the change of inundated population in the reservoir area. Nine schemes were evaluated using the fuzzy optimization model, and then the optimal water level scheme of the Sanmenxia Reservoir was proposed under the condition of reducing the erosion base level. The optimal water level was 308 m in the early flood period during July to August, 312 m in the later flood period during September to October, and the highest water level was 321 m in the non-flood period. The optimal scheme presented an increase of 42% in the discharge above 2 600 m³/s, a cumulative increase of 9% in power generation capacity, and a 73% increase in the wetland area. The possible impact was analyzed for the rising of water level, particularly on the elevation of Tongguan, the risk increase of eroding bank in the reservoir area, where the observation during specific implementation in time and formulating risk response plans. The findings can provide a promising application to enhance the follow-up power of water and sediment regulation in the Xiaolangdi Reservoir, thereby improving the comprehensive benefits of the Sanmenxia Reservoir.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Water levels
Controlled terms:Boundary conditions - Erosion - Errors - Floods - Optimization - Reservoir management - Reservoirs (water) - Sediments
Uncontrolled terms:Double sediment erosion base level - Evaluation models - Flood season - Fuzzy optimal evaluation model - Optimal evaluations - Reservoir area - Sanmenxia Reservoir - Sediment erosion - Water and sediment regulation - Xiaolangdi reservoir
Classification code:441.2  Reservoirs - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 512.1.2  Petroleum Deposits : Development Operations - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.20E+01%, Percentage 5.00E+00%, Percentage 7.30E+01%, Percentage 9.00E+00%, Size 3.05E+02m to 3.12E+02m, Size 3.08E+02m, Size 3.12E+02m, Size 3.18E+02m to 3.26E+02m, Size 3.21E+02m, Size 6.00E+02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20214711210510
Title:Natural frequency identification of fruit trees by combination of data-driven stochastic subspace identification and graph theory clustering method
Title of translation:Data-SSI&#19982;&#22270;&#35770;&#32858;&#31867;&#32467;&#21512;&#35782;&#21035;&#26524;&#26641;&#22266;&#26377;&#39057;&#29575;
Authors:Xu, Linyun (1); Han, Yuanshun (1); Chen, Qing (1); Jiang, Dong (1); Jin, Jing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing; 210037, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:136-145
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Mechanical vibration harvesting is one of the most effective means in the mechanized harvesting of fruit. Two types are mainly divided in the vibration harvesting machinery, including the shaking and comb brush type. In shaking machinery, the vibration excitation equipment is used to excite the trunk or branch, thereby forcing the fruit tree in response to the vibration, and finally the fruit moves in a certain form to produce the inertial force. As such, the fruit falls off, particularly when the inertial force of fruit is greater than the binding force of the fruit stalk. Nevertheless, the vibration transmission of branches varies in the different types of fruit trees, or the different shapes of crown structure in the same kind of fruit trees. In essence, the internal structure and inherent characteristics of fruit trees determine the dynamic characteristics. Correspondingly, the dynamic response of fruit trees depends mainly on the tree structure and inherent features. The natural frequency of fruit trees is determined by the structure and natural characteristics. The natural frequency of fruit trees is one of the most important parameters to design the vibration harvester of fruit trees. The natural frequency can commonly be obtained in the modal test. The traditional modal test is mostly artificial excitation, difficult to cause effective attenuation response for the fruit trees with complex structure, and the accuracy of frequency identification is limited by the accuracy of frequency spectrum test. In this study, a combination was proposed to integrate the data-driven stochastic subspace identification (SSI) and graph theory clustering stability diagram, in order to effectively identify the natural frequency of fruit trees. The data-driven SSI showed excellent noise immunity suitable for dense modal identification. Only the output response signal of fruit trees was used to identify the natural frequency of fruit trees. The actual response signal of the fruit tree structure was directly collected for parameter identification. The link of the input excitation signal was reduced significantly, particularly on the technical requirements and workload. In the process of noise reduction, an order determination of the system was processed, including the data-driven SSI, stabilization diagram generation, graph theory clustering, and the response signal of fruit trees under random or environmental excitation. As such, the natural frequency of fruit trees was effectively identified to minimize the human subjective factors. A field test was performed on a small indoor ginkgo tree and a large outdoor ginkgo tree. The natural frequency was also compared with the impact hammer frequency spectrum. The results showed that there was an excellent correspondence between the natural frequencies identified by data-driven SSI and the impact hammer frequency spectrum, where the relative error was small, the average error was 2.14%, and the maximum error was 4.17%. Furthermore, the average relative error between the recognition of outdoor large fruit trees under environmental excitation and the corresponding frequency spectrum was 2.88%, and the maximum relative error was 6.02%. In general, the relative errors were less than 5% in the most corresponding natural frequencies. Consequently, the data-driven SSI and graph theory clustering were feasible for the natural frequency identification of fruit trees using the output response signals. The stable graph with the distance threshold was utilized to reduce the influence of human factors, while improving the efficiency of natural frequency identification. The finding can provide a promising application in mechanical vibration harvesting, particularly where it is difficult to apply artificial force to fruit trees, or the effect of artificial force is not ideal in an outdoor environment.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Natural frequencies
Controlled terms:Fruits - Harvesting - Modal analysis - Orchards - Stabilization - Stochastic systems - Trees (mathematics) - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Clusterings - Data driven - Data-driven stochastic subspace identification method - Frequency identification - Frequency spectra - Fruit trees - Graph theory clustering - Stochastic subspace identification - Stochastic subspace identification methods - Vibration
Classification code:731.1  Control Systems - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921  Mathematics - 921.4  Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 931.1  Mechanics - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.14E+00%, Percentage 2.88E+00%, Percentage 4.17E+00%, Percentage 5.00E+00%, Percentage 6.02E+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20214711210323
Title:Excavation and design of the support parameters of circular hydraulic tunnel under non-uniform stress field
Title of translation:&#38750;&#22343;&#21248;&#24212;&#21147;&#22330;&#20316;&#29992;&#19979;&#22278;&#24418;&#27700;&#24037;&#38567;&#27934;&#24320;&#25366;&#19982;&#25903;&#25252;&#21442;&#25968;&#35774;&#35745;
Authors:Wu, Qingliang (1, 2, 3); Wu, Mengjun (2, 3); Fang, Lin (2, 3); Xiang, Rong (4); Liu, Maoyi (4); Guo, Hongyan (2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China; (2) China Merchants Chongqing Communications Research & Design Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing; 400067, China; (3) National Engineering Laboratory for Highway Tunnel Construction Technology, Chongqing; 400067, China; (4) Chongqing Chengtou Public Rental Housing Construction Co., Ltd., Chongqing; 400015, China
Corresponding authors:Wu, Mengjun(1574818282@qq.com); Wu, Mengjun(1574818282@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:78-85
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Diversion tunnel is one of the most important underground structures in agriculture, water conservancy and engineering fields. Optimal parameters are critical to ensure the safety of tunnel construction. In this study, the complex function was used to determine support parameters of a circular hydraulic tunnel, considering the influence of excavation unloading and the interaction between surrounding rock and lining. An analytical solution was also derived for the stress and displacement under the condition of immediate support after excavation in the non-uniform stress field with smooth contact between the lining and surrounding rock. The correctness of the solution was verified to compare with the classic Kirsch solution. Finally, the objective function of parameters optimization was established for the tunnel construction using the maximum principal stress criterion. Two cases were selected to design the excavation size of the tunnel and the elastic modulus of lining, namely, the horizontal ground stress less or greater than vertical ground stress. The results show that the stress concentration caused along the excavation boundary of surrounding rock, and the stress distribution inside the lining were all related to the size of the tunnel, the internal water pressure, the horizontal lateral pressure coefficient, the physical and mechanical parameters of surrounding rock and the lining. The excavation radius was optimized, when the horizontal lateral pressure coefficient was less than 1.00 in example 1 (design of excavation size of surrounding rock). It was also found that the maximum principal stress appeared at 0&deg; of the inner wall, where 24.999 478 MPa was for the optimized excavation radius of 3.67 m, and about 28.29 MPa for the excavation radius of 4.00 m. When the excavation radius is 3.67 m, the resistance of lining material is satisfied, while when the excavation radius is 4.00 m, the strength limit of lining material is exceeded, and the tensile stress appeared. The maximum principal stress in the lining increased, with the increase of excavation size. The optimal size of tunnel excavation was beneficial to reduce the cost of lining support. The principal stress changed in the radial and circumferential directions, and even the tensile stress appeared near the 0&deg; and 90&deg; of the inner wall of the lining, with the further expansion of excavation size. Correspondingly, the reinforcement ratio for the inner wall of lining increased appropriately in the support design to enhance the tensile strength. The elastic modulus of lining was optimized, when the horizontal lateral pressure coefficient was greater than 1.00 in example 2 (design of elastic modulus of lining material). Comparing the optimized elastic modulus 14.71 GPa with the elastic modulus 15.00 GPa, it was found that the maximum principal stress appeared at 90&deg; of the inner wall, where the former was about 24.999 968 MPa, which meets the resistance of the lining material, and the latter was about 25.26 MPa, which exceeds the strength limit of the lining material. The maximum principal stress value in the lining increased, with the increase of the elastic modulus of lining material. Consequently, a high-strength and low-modulus concrete ratio can be expected to design for the better bearing capacity of the lining. The findings can provide a sound theoretical reference for the tunnel excavation and support parameter design in modern projects.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Elastic moduli
Controlled terms:Excavation - Optimization - Rock mechanics - Rocks - Stress concentration - Tensile stress - Tunnel linings - Underground structures - Unloading - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Circular tunnels - Complex function method - Complex functions - Function methods - Inner walls - Lining materials - Maximum principal stress - Parameter optimization - Stress field - Surrounding rock
Classification code:401.2  Tunnels and Tunneling - 408.1  Structural Design, General - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Pressure 1.471E+10Pa, Pressure 1.50E+10Pa, Pressure 2.526E+07Pa, Pressure 2.829E+07Pa, Pressure 4.78E+08Pa, Pressure 9.68E+08Pa, Size 2.54E-02m, Size 3.67E+00m, Size 4.00E+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20214711210516
Title:Effects of the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil microbial biomass and soil respiration in saline soil
Title of translation:&#26377;&#26426;&#26080;&#26426;&#32933;&#37197;&#26045;&#23545;&#30416;&#28173;&#21270;&#22303;&#22756;&#24494;&#29983;&#29289;&#37327;&#21644;&#21628;&#21560;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Zhou, Hui (1, 2); Shi, Haibin (1, 2); Zhang, Wencong (1, 2); Wang, Weigang (1, 2); Su, Yongde (1, 2); Yan, Yan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot; 010018, China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Water Conservancy and Soil and Water Environment in Arid Region, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot; 010018, China
Corresponding authors:Shi, Haibin(shi_haibin@sohu.com); Shi, Haibin(shi_haibin@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:86-95
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Microorganisms can adapt to the salinity by ingesting energy, further to synthesize organic osmolytes in soil. However, microbial demand for energy may change, as the soil salinity changes. In this study, a field experiment was carried out to explore the effects of the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil respiration and microbial biomass in saline soil. The samples were taken as the mild saline soil, S<inf>1</inf> (electrical conductivity (EC) 0.46 dS/m) and moderate saline soil, S<inf>2</inf> (electrical conductivity (EC) 1.07 dS/m) in Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia, China, in 2018. Soil respiration rate was measured by a li-8100 soil carbon flux automatic measurement system. Surface soil samples of 0-20 cm depths were collected under various fertilization regimes in mild and moderate saline soil. Calcium chloride and chloroform fumigation extraction were used to investigate the effect of various fertilization regimes on the mineral nitrogen contents and microbial biomass in soil. Six treatments were set, including no fertilization (CK), urea (U<inf>1</inf>), and 25%, 50%, 75%, as well as 100% of urea N substituted by organic fertilizers U<inf>3</inf>O<inf>1</inf>, U<inf>1</inf>O<inf>1</inf>, U<inf>1</inf>O<inf>3</inf>, and O<inf>1</inf>, respectively, during the second growing season (April-September). The parameters were measured under equal N application rates of 240 kg/hm², the dynamics of soil microbial biomass (i.e., microbial biomass carbon [MBC] and microbial biomass nitrogen [MBN]), and soil respiration (i.e., soil respiration rate, soil autotrophic respiration rate, and soil heterotrophic respiration rate). The results showed that the contents of mineral nitrogen in S<inf>1</inf> soil were higher in the U<inf>1</inf> treatment during the early growing stage (seedling and stem elongation stage), but higher in the U<inf>1</inf>O<inf>1</inf> treatment in the later stage. S<inf>2</inf> soil showed that the soil mineral nitrogen contents were higher in the whole growing stage, as the application rate of organic fertilizer increased. Furthermore, the increase of soil salinization resulted in the decrease of microbial biomass and microbial activity in the soil. The MBC in S<inf>1</inf> soil increased by 12.01%-68.81%, while the MBN increased by 14.31%-58.58%, and the soil respiration flux increased by 11.75%-54.71%, compared with S<inf>1</inf> soil. Furthermore, the organic fertilizer significantly increased the microbial biomass and microbial activity under different degrees of saline soils. The S<inf>1</inf> saline soils treated with U<inf>1</inf>O<inf>1</inf> presented the higher MBC, MBN, and soil respiration flux, indicating a significant increase compared with U<inf>1</inf> treatment (P&lt;0.05). The performance of S<inf>2</inf> saline soil after the O<inf>1</inf> treatment was better than that after the U<inf>1</inf> treatment, where the MBC, MBN, and soil respiration flux increased (P&lt;0.05). The highest maize yield was also achieved in the S<inf>1</inf> and S<inf>2</inf> soil treated with U<inf>1</inf>O<inf>1</inf> and O<inf>1</inf>, which were 11 902.91, and 7 609.67 kg/hm², respectively. A correlation analysis was found that the soil respiration presented a significant positive correlation with the MBC and MBN (P&lt;0.05). The soil temperature and mineral nitrogen had a significant positive correlation with the soil respiration, MBC, and MBN (P&lt;0.05). Regression analysis showed that there was a significant exponential relationship between the soil respiration and temperature (P&lt;0.05), but the relationship between soil respiration rate and soil moisture content was not significant. Additionally, there was a significant nonlinear relationship of soil microbial biomass and respiration rate with the organic fertilizer rate and soil salt concentration. The regression coefficient demonstrated that the appropriate organic fertilizer rate contributed to maximizing the soil microbial biomass and respiration rate in different saline soils. Optimal organic and chemical fertilizer management models were achieved for the mild saline soil in the Hetao irrigation area. Specifically, the mild saline soil (120 kg/hm² urea+120 kg/hm² organic fertilizer), and moderate saline soil (240 kg/hm² organic fertilizer) can be expected for the higher corn yield under the improved soil microbial environment.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:46
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Biomass - Calcium chloride - Carbon - Electric conductivity - Metabolism - Minerals - Nitrogen - Organic carbon - Soil pollution - Soil surveys  - Urea
Uncontrolled terms:Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer - Inorganic fertilizers - Microbial biomass - Microbial biomass carbon - Organic fertilizers - Respiration - Saline soil - Salinisation - Soil microbial biomass - Soil respiration
Classification code:482.2  Minerals - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.20E+02kg, Mass 2.40E+02kg, Mass 6.0967E+02kg, Percentage 1.00E+02%, Percentage 1.175E+01% to 5.471E+01%, Percentage 1.201E+01% to 6.881E+01%, Percentage 1.431E+01% to 5.858E+01%, Percentage 2.50E+01%, Percentage 5.00E+01%, Percentage 7.50E+01%, Size 0.00E00m to 2.00E-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20214711210460
Title:Optimized design and experiment of the precise obstacle avoidance control system for a grape interplant weeding machine
Title of translation:&#33889;&#33796;&#26666;&#38388;&#38500;&#33609;&#26426;&#31934;&#20934;&#36991;&#38556;&#25511;&#21046;&#31995;&#32479;&#20248;&#21270;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Xu, Liming (1); Zhao, Shijian (1); Ma, Shuai (1); Niu, Cong (1); Yan, Chenggong (1); Lu, Caiyun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:31-39
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Weeds have generally seized the growth resources of grapes, resulting in the aggravation of plant diseases and insect pests for the reduced grape quality, particularly the yield reduced by 10% to 20%. Therefore, weed removal is one of the most important steps in the vineyard. The current obstacle avoidance system in an automatic obstacle avoidance weeder can be operated bilaterally in the hedge-frame grape cultivation. Most obstacle avoidance action was controlled by the switches, where the obstacle avoidance stroke was fixed. However, a relatively low effect of weeding often occurred, due mainly to the obstacle avoidance action stroke cannot be accurately controlled, according to the position of obstacles. In this study, a highly precise control system of obstacle avoidance was optimized to design in an interplant weeding machine, according to the principle of copying control. The specific system consisted of the signal acquisition of obstacle avoidance, program control, hydraulic actuator, and the obstacle avoidance monitoring feedback part. A closed-loop control system was also composed of signal acquisition, hydraulic actuator, and monitoring feedback part, according to the requirements of precise obstacle avoidance. The signal acquisition of obstacle avoidance was run to collect the angle change of signals &#8710;&beta; in real time when the weeding cutter moved to the position close to the obstacle. A voltage signal was then converted to transmit for the control system. The theoretical action stroke of the hydraulic actuator was calculated by the control system, where the signal was converted and output to the hydraulic actuator in the &theta; Angular variation &#8710;&beta; size. At the same time, the displacement sensor of obstacle avoidance monitoring feedback transmitted the actual action stroke to the control system for the precise adjustment of the action stroke of the hydraulic cylinder. The structure of the hydraulic circuit was optimized to realize the precise control of obstacle avoidance under the combination of hydraulic and electronic control. Static calibration was carried out for the precise control program of obstacle avoidance. Specifically, the effective stroke range was 5-145 mm for the calibration hydraulic cylinder and the feedback displacement sensor, and the effective stroke of the signal acquisition displacement sensor was 0-70 mm. PID parameters were set in the control program at the speed of 440 mm/s, where the optimal PID parameters were finally determined as P=0.034 3; I=127.78; D=0. The target center distance curve of the hydraulic cylinder was well fitted to the actual center distance curve, indicating an accurate, quick and stable implementation of the obstacle avoidance process. Recurdyn was used to simulate the precise obstacle avoidance operation in a weeding machine under the condition of straight obstacles. The coverage rate of the weeding operation was calculated to analyze the movement track of the weeding cutter disc. An optimal speed of the weeding cutter disc was selected as 200 r/min. Taking the operation speed of the machine as the experimental factor, the weeding coverage rate, and the damage rate of the fruit tree as evaluation indexes, field tests were carried out in the Scientific Research Test Base of China Agricultural University Zhuozhou, Hebei Province in June 2021. The results were as follows: The average coverage rate of weeding was 94.82%, 94.36%, 93.97%, and 92.60% at the machine speed of 260, 320, 380, and 440 mm/s, and the fruit tree damage rate was 1.67%, 1.78%, 1.92%, and 2.08%, respectively. The best comprehensive effect of weeding coverage rate and the highest operational efficiency was achieved at the operation speed of 380 mm/s. The average weeding operation coverage rate was 93.97% in the test, and the machine weeding operation coverage rate under the original obstacle avoidance control system was about 90.02%. The coverage rate of weeding operation increased by 4.39% at the same machine operation speed. Consequently, there was an excellent performance obstacle avoidance weeding in the highly precise control system of obstacle avoidance. This finding can provide a sound reference for further optimization of the interplant weeding machines in the modern orchards.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Three term control systems
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Calibration - Closed loop control systems - Cultivation - Cylinders (shapes) - Feedback - Hydraulic actuators - Hydraulic equipment - Hydraulic machinery - Machine design  - Mechanical actuators - Signal processing
Uncontrolled terms:Coverage rate - Displacement sensor - Hydraulic cylinders - Interplant weeding machine - Mechanisation - Obstacles avoidance - Optimization design - Precise control - Precise obstacle avoidance - Weeding machines
Classification code:601  Mechanical Design - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 731.1  Control Systems - 732.1  Control Equipment - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Angular velocity 3.34E+00rad/s, Percentage 1.00E+01% to 2.00E+01%, Percentage 1.67E+00%, Percentage 1.78E+00%, Percentage 1.92E+00%, Percentage 2.08E+00%, Percentage 4.39E+00%, Percentage 9.002E+01%, Percentage 9.26E+01%, Percentage 9.397E+01%, Percentage 9.436E+01%, Percentage 9.482E+01%, Size 0.00E00m to 7.00E-02m, Size 5.00E-03m to 1.45E-01m, Velocity 3.80E-01m/s, Velocity 4.40E-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20214711210518
Title:Catalytic co-pyrolysis of biomass and low-density polyethylene over activated carbon catalyst
Title of translation:&#27963;&#24615;&#28845;&#20652;&#21270;&#29983;&#29289;&#36136;&#19982;&#20302;&#23494;&#24230;&#32858;&#20057;&#28911;&#20849;&#28909;&#35299;
Authors:Lin, Xiaona (1); Lei, Hanwu (2); Yi, Weiming (1); Cai, Hongzhen (1); Chen, Xiaoyun (1); Guo, Yadong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo; 255000, China; (2) Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland; WA; 99354-1671, United States
Corresponding author:Lei, Hanwu(hlei@wsu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:189-196
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">This study aims to explore the interaction of biomass components and plastics in the catalytic co-pyrolysis over the Activated Carbon (AC) catalyst. A fixed bed reactor was used to conduct the catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose, xylan, lignin, Douglas Fir (DF) alone, and the catalytic co-pyrolysis of their mixture with Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) over AC catalyst. AC catalyst was prepared via phosphoric acid activation followed by microwave carbonization. The obtained AC catalyst was characterized by a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH<inf>3</inf>-TPD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The main surface functional groups of AC were -OH (3 400 cm^-1), -C-H (2 950 cm^-1), -C=O (1 700 cm^-1), -C=C (1 550 cm^-1, 880 cm^-1), and -CH-Ar (750 cm^-1). Notably, the functional groups of -C-O-P (1 150 cm^-1) and -P-O (1 050 cm^-1) were successfully introduced in the catalyst, providing effectively active sites for the cracking and aromatization reactions to form aromatics. The BET surface area of AC was 1 440.0 m²/g, with a much higher external surface area of 1 412.8 m²/g and a lower micropore surface area of 27.2 m²/g. The total pore volume of AC was 0.86 cm³/g with low micropore volume. The peak at 100-200 &#8451; was the weak acid site, which attributed to the weakly absorbed NH<inf>3</inf> on the external surface of AC catalyst, whereas, the peak at 200~300 ^oC corresponded to the medium strength acid sites. The surface morphology of AC catalyst exhibited an irregular pore structure, due mainly to the chemical activation by phosphoric acid created the porosity in biomass matrix via the release of volatiles, shrinkage, fusion, and cracking reactions. Furthermore, the liquid yield was obtained from the catalytic pyrolysis of different feedstocks in the catalysis of AC catalyst. The order was ranked: Cellulose (55.0%) &gt;xylan (36.0%) &gt; DF (32.0%) &gt; lignin (22.5%). The highest yield of char was obtained from the lignin pyrolysis, whereas, the pyrolysis of DF produced the maximum yield of gas. The catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose and xylan produced mainly furans, accounting for 78.6% and 83.2%, respectively. The main products of lignin pyrolysis were sample phenols. CO and CO<inf>2</inf> were the main gas components during catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose, indicating that carbonylation and decarboxylation reactions were dominant at the active sites of the AC catalyst. The gas composition of lignin was H<inf>2</inf> and CO<inf>2</inf>, which were from the dehydrogenation and decarboxylation reactions of side chains of lignin structural units. The results were attributed to the different structures and compositions of biomass feedstocks. The catalytic pyrolysis of LDPE produced aromatics and C<inf>9</inf>-C<inf>16</inf> hydrocarbons as the main liquid product and H<inf>2</inf> as the main gas products. The experimental liquid yield of four mixtures was reduced by 8.7%-11.4%, while the gas yield increased by 22.6%-64.0%, compared with the simulated. The content of aromatics and light aliphatic hydrocarbons (C<inf>9</inf>-C<inf>16</inf>) increased in liquid products, whereas, the content of oxygenates decreased significantly. The H<inf>2</inf> content increased, whereas, the contents of CO and CO<inf>2</inf> decreased in gas products, indicating that there were interactions between biomass components and LDPE during catalytic co-pyrolysis. The interactions of cellulose /LDPE and hemicellulose /LDPE were mainly Diels-Alder reactions between furans and olefins, while the interaction of lignin and LDPE was mainly hydrogen transfer reaction, which promoted the dehydroxylation and demethoxylation reactions of phenols. These interactions greatly contributed to the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons and light aliphatic hydrocarbons (C<inf>9</inf>-C<inf>16</inf>), meanwhile, a large amount of hydrogen (80.6%-91.9%) was released.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Activated carbon
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Biomass - Carbonization - Catalysis - Catalyst activity - Catalytic cracking - Chemical activation - Chemical reactors - Elastomers - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy  - Microporosity - Morphology - Plastics - Pore structure - Scanning electron microscopy - Surface morphology
Uncontrolled terms:Acid site - Activated carbon catalysts - Active site - Biomass components - Catalytic pyrolysis - Copyrolysis - Cracking reactions - Douglas fir - External surfaces - Surface area
Classification code:801  Chemistry - 802.1  Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 817.1  Polymer Products - 818.2  Elastomers - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.25E+01%, Percentage 2.26E+01% to 6.40E+01%, Percentage 3.20E+01%, Percentage 3.60E+01%, Percentage 5.50E+01%, Percentage 7.86E+01%, Percentage 8.06E+01% to 9.19E+01%, Percentage 8.32E+01%, Percentage 8.70E+00% to 1.14E+01%, Size 1.50E+00m, Size 2.72E+01m, Size 4.00E+00m, Size 4.128E+02m, Size 4.40E+02m, Size 5.00E-01m, Size 5.50E+00m, Size 7.00E+00m, Size 7.50E+00m, Size 8.60E-03m, Size 8.80E+00m, Size 9.50E+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20214711210433
Title:Improved YOLO V4 model for face recognition of diary cow by fusing coordinate information
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#34701;&#21512;&#22352;&#26631;&#20449;&#24687;&#30340;&#25913;&#36827;YOLO V4&#27169;&#22411;&#35782;&#21035;&#22902;&#29275;&#38754;&#37096;
Authors:Yang, Shuqin (1, 2, 3); Liu, Yangqihang (1, 2, 3); Wang, Zhen (1); Han, Yuanyuan (1); Wang, Yongsheng (4); Lan, Xianyong (5)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Yangling; 712100, China; (4) College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (5) College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:15
Issue date:August 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:129-135
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Individual identity identification of dairy cows is one of the most prerequisites for the intelligent, precision, and large-scale breeding of dairy cows. It can also provide basic information for the formulation of individual feeding plans, milk production efficiency, and health status analysis. As such, an important link can serve in the management of milk source traceability, disease prevention, and insurance claim settlement. Traditional artificial identification of cows, such as ear tags, brands, neck chains, and pricks, is time-consuming and laborious, particularly easy to cause a stress response, resulting in injuries to cows and people. Current identification using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or some physiological characteristics, such as bovine nose mirror lines, iris, retinal blood vessels, still have some defects in durability, cost, and accessibility. In this study, a cow face identification was proposed to fuse with the coordinate information using an improved YOLO V4 detection model, in order to identify individual dairy cows accurately and nondestructively. Holstein cow was also taken as a research object. First, 71 facial images were collected in an actual dairy farm over three years, including the cows with different growth stages, various lighting conditions, postures, and degrees of occlusion. A preprocessing step was also selected to remove the blurry, severe occlusion, insufficient light, and abnormal images. The preprocessed dataset was enhanced and then expanded by -10&deg; to 10&deg; rotation, random brightness adjustment, and cropping, thereby improving the generalization performance of the model. In total, 16 614 images of the training set were obtained, including 10 940 images in 2019 and 2020, and some 5 674 images taken in 2021, where the remaining 649 images in 2021 were used as the test set. Secondly, the coordinate attention and coordinate convolution module (CoordConv) containing the coordinate channel were introduced into the feature extraction layer and detection head part of the YOLO V4 network, particularly for the model sensitivity of target location. Finally, the improved YOLO V4 model was compared with 5 object detection models to verify the effectiveness. The test results showed that the average accuracy of the improved YOLO V4 model was 93.68%. Specifically, the new model was improved by 16.32, 10.92, 0.89, 1.51 and 0.19 percentage points, respectively, compared with SSD, CenterNet, YOLO V4, Faster R-CNN, and CA-YOLO V4 model. The improved YOLO V4 model was slightly lower than the original YOLO V4 model, in terms of detection speed. Furthermore, better recognition performance was achieved for the cows with the face occlusion in the improved YOLO V4 model than others. The recognition rate reached 92.60%, the new model was 12.79, 30.52, 10.95 and 7.91 percentage points higher than that of SSD, CenterNet, YOLO V4, and Faster R-CNN model, respectively. Nevertheless, it was necessary to enhance the recognition accuracy, when the facial features were not obvious leading by large occlusion area and dark light. Consequently, the experiment demonstrated that the coordinate information greatly contributed to enhancing the position sensitivity of the cow face for a higher recognition accuracy in the improved YOLO V4 model. This finding can provide effective technical support to identify the cow face in precise dairy cow breeding.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Convolution
Controlled terms:Blood vessels - Face recognition - Feature extraction - Image enhancement - Image recognition - Insurance - Mammals - Object detection - Object recognition - Ophthalmology
Uncontrolled terms:Attentional mechanism - Coordinate convolution - Dairy cow - Dairy cow face - Identity / identifications - Large-scales - Milk production - Percentage points - Recognition accuracy - YOLO v4
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.6  Medicine and Pharmacology - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.26E+01%, Percentage 9.368E+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.