<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20213810903574
Title:Detection of lead and cadmium in soil using composite nanomaterials modified screen-printed electrode
Title of translation:&#22797;&#21512;&#32435;&#31859;&#26448;&#26009;&#20462;&#39280;&#19997;&#32593;&#21360;&#21047;&#30005;&#26497;&#26816;&#27979;&#22303;&#22756;&#20013;&#38085;&#21644;&#38217;
Authors:Liu, Ning (1, 2); Zhao, Guo (3); Wang, Xuming (2); Liu, Gang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Gang(pac@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:180-189
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Lead Pb (&#8545;) and cadmium Cd (&#8545;) are toxic heavy metals, particularly difficult to be biodegraded in soil. Furthermore, lead and cadmium at trace levels can cause serious damage to brains, kidneys, blood, nerves, and other organs. A large amount of Pb (&#8545;) and Cd (&#8545;) can also be deposited in the soil environment after anthropogenic improper activities, such as sewage irrigation, the abuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, as well as the excessive discharge of industrial wastes. Pb (&#8545;) and Cd (&#8545;) can be absorbed by crops, and then accumulated in animals, finally enriched thousands of times into the human body under the biomagnification of the food chain, thereby causing economic losses and a great threat to human health. Therefore, it is highly urgent to accurately detect the accumulation of Pb (&#8545;) and Cd (&#8545;) in soil. An electrochemical Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV) is widely utilized to combine with chemically modified working electrodes for the detection of heavy metal ions. Screen-Printed Electrodes (SPEs) have also been commonly used in recent years, due to easy preparation, disposable capability, and low cost. Particularly, SPEs with a small size are quite qualified as the sensing device of miniature electrochemical detection equipment, suitable for many detection scenarios, such as flow cells and microfluidics. In this study, electrochemical reduction and coating were applied to fabricate a modified SPE (Bi/Nafion/rGO/IL/SPE) with the bismuth film/Nafion/reduced graphene oxide/ionic liquid composite nanomaterials, to accurately, fast, and reliably detect trace Pb (&#8545;) and Cd (&#8545;) in soil with a low-cost. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) was also selected to characterize the electron transport capability of the modified electrodes. It was found that the composite nanomaterials greatly improved the electron transport capability of SPE and the stripping voltammetry responses for Pb (&#8545;) and Cd (&#8545;) on the SPE. Moreover, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was utilized to characterize the morphology of the modified electrodes. It was found that the rGO greatly enhanced the specific surface area of bare SPEs, thereby obtaining much more active sites for the electro-deposition of heavy metal ions. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) was used to identify the deposition amount of heavy metal ions on the surface of different modified electrodes. The results demonstrated that the modification with the bismuth film, rGO, and Nafion gradually increased the deposition amount of Pb (&#8545;) and Cd(&#8545;) on the modified SPE surface. Additionally, the Pb(&#8545;) and Cd(&#8545;) standard solutions were selected to optimize the experimental parameters, including the pH value of support electrolyte, bismuth ions concentration, deposition potential, and potential time. There were linear responses of Bi/Nafion/rGO/IL/SPE to Pb(&#8545;) and Cd(&#8545;) in the concentration from 1 to 80 &mu;g/L, with the critical values of 0.124 &mu;g/L for Pb(&#8545;) and 0.232 &mu;g/L for Cd(&#8545;) (S/N=3), under an optimal experimental condition. The determination coefficients (R²) of linear correction models were 0.993 and 0.985 for Pb(&#8545;) and Cd(&#8545;), respectively. In six SWASV measurements, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of Pb(&#8545;) and Cd(&#8545;) peak currents were 1.57% and 2.32%, respectively, indicating high stability and repeatability of Bi/Nafion/rGO/IL/SPE. Other heavy metal ions were also added to investigate the anti-interference performance of modified electrodes. It was found that there was no serious interference of other heavy metal ions (except for Cu(&#8545;)) on the voltammetry responses of Pb(&#8545;) and Cd(&#8545;), where the changes of peak currents were all less than 5%. Since Cu(&#8545;) inhibited the Pb(&#8545;) and Cd(&#8545;) peak currents by 40.02% and 62.85%, respectively, the Cu²⁺ interference could be alleviated by adding ferricyanide. Finally, actual soil samples under the standard addition were used to verify the practicability of modified SPEs. Results demonstrated that the average recovery rates of Pb(&#8545;) and Cd(&#8545;) were 98.71% and 98.93%, respectively, indicating that the Bi/Nafion/rGO/IL/SPE can be applied to detect the trace lead and cadmium in soil.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:41
Main heading:Pollution
Controlled terms:Bismuth compounds - Cadmium - Chemical detection - Costs - Cyclic voltammetry - Deposition - Electric discharges - Electrochemical electrodes - Electrolytes - Electrolytic reduction  - Electron transport properties - Energy dispersive spectroscopy - Fertilizers - Graphene - Health risks - Industrial wastes - Irrigation - Lead - Losses - Metal ions  - Metal working - Morphology - Nanocomposite films - Reduced Graphene Oxide - Scanning electron microscopy - Sewage - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - ELectrochemical detection - Electrochemical reductions - Energy dispersive spectroscopies (EDS) - Optimal experimental conditions - Relative standard deviations - Screen printed electrodes - Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry
Classification code:452.1  Sewage - 452.3  Industrial Wastes - 461.7  Health Care - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531.1  Metallurgy - 535.2.2  Metal Forming Practice - 546.1  Lead and Alloys - 549.3  Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 702  Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 712.1  Semiconducting Materials - 761  Nanotechnology - 801  Chemistry - 801.4.1  Electrochemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 911  Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.00e-06kg/m3 to 8.00e-05kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.24e-07kg/m3, Mass_Density 2.32e-07kg/m3, Percentage 1.57e+00%, Percentage 2.32e+00%, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 6.29e+01%, Percentage 9.87e+01%, Percentage 9.89e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20213810903545
Title:Weight analysis of influencing factors of fishing capacity of marine fishing vessels using machine learning algorithm
Title of translation:&#21033;&#29992;&#26426;&#22120;&#23398;&#20064;&#31639;&#27861;&#30340;&#28023;&#27915;&#28180;&#33337;&#25429;&#25438;&#33021;&#21147;&#24433;&#21709;&#22240;&#32032;&#26435;&#37325;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Lyu, Chao (1); Sun, Jiaxin (1); Liu, Shuang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; 201306, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Shuang(s-liu@shou.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:135-141
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Previous quantitative analysis is often made at the macro level, such as the fishing capacity of marine fishing vessels. There are some limited requirements on the number of indicators in the fishing vessel operation. In this study, a weight evaluation model was presented on the influencing factors in the fishing capacity of a single vessel using machine learning. Fishing monitoring data were about 200,000 rows from 2018 to 2019 in three provinces of the South China Sea. First, the cleaning of original data was implemented using quartile, principal component analysis, data standardization, and unique thermal coding, where reliable data of more than 40,000 rows was obtained. Secondly, machine learning was used to construct the BP neural network, decision tree, and random forest models. At the same time, the grid search and cross validation combined with the traversal cycle were used to create 6,000 generations of learning curves. The results showed that the random forest model performed the best in terms of mean square error, mean absolute error, and determination coefficient, where the determination coefficient of the best parameters group was 0.951, indicating that the random forest model was obviously superior to others. Finally, the weights of each index were extracted using the random forest, thereby obtaining the weights of fishing monitoring data. The result showed that the weights of various influencing factors were as follows: Output of nets(50.070%), PCA (after reducing the dimension of power, gross ton and length)(23.779%), trawls (including single tow, double tow and shrimp tow nets)( 9.409%), number of nets(6.782%), operating time(4.578%), gill nets(2.019%), net drawing(1.347%), seine nets(1.228%), cover nets(0.628%), fishing gear(0.122%), fishing tackle(0.022%), age of vessel(0.009%), material of fishing vessel (steel)(0.002%), material of fishing vessel (FRP) (0.002%) and material of fishing vessel (wood) (0.002%).The research results clearly represent the impact proportion of various factors, which can provide important technical support and reference for the quantitative evaluation and supervision of the fishing capacity of marine fishing vessels, ship reduction and conversion, renewal and transformation and other marine fishing industry management.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Fishing vessels
Controlled terms:Backpropagation - Decision trees - Fisheries - Learning systems - Marine engineering - Marine industry - Mean square error - Metal drawing - Monitoring - Random forests  - Ship conversion
Uncontrolled terms:BP neural networks - Data standardization - Determination coefficients - Evaluation modeling - Mean absolute error - Quantitative evaluation - Random forest modeling - Vessel operations
Classification code:535.2  Metal Forming - 673.1  Shipbuilding - 674.1  Small Marine Craft - 675  Marine Engineering - 723.4  Artificial Intelligence - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.22e-01%, Percentage 1.23e+00%, Percentage 1.35e+00%, Percentage 2.00e-03%, Percentage 2.02e+00%, Percentage 2.20e-02%, Percentage 2.38e+01%, Percentage 4.58e+00%, Percentage 5.01e+01%, Percentage 6.28e-01%, Percentage 6.78e+00%, Percentage 9.00e-03%, Percentage 9.41e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20213810903612
Title:Evaluation of national county-level rural industry development condition and its employment driving potential
Title of translation:&#20840;&#22269;&#21439;&#22495;&#20065;&#26449;&#20135;&#19994;&#21457;&#23637;&#29366;&#20917;&#21450;&#20854;&#23601;&#19994;&#24102;&#21160;&#28508;&#21147;&#35780;&#20215;
Authors:Yang, Yadong (1); Cheng, Changlin (2); Du, Yating (1); Ju, Zhanghong (1); Zhang, Qing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) School of Economics, Beijing Wuzi University, Beijing; 101149, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Qing(zhangqing01@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:322-330
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Rural industry is one of the most important strategic measures to realize the rural revitalization in China. Therefore, it is of great significance to accelerate the prosperity of rural industry, while get access to the labor and employment-driven potential. This study aimed to select the priorities of rural industry, thereby to evaluate the potentials of labor employment driven by the development of rural industries, especially contributed by the pro-rural industry within the priority field. The tracking data of rural industry was also used in the national agricultural industrial parks at the dimension of county-scale. At the same time, a preferential index system was constructed for the rural industry, including market demand, location endowment, and factor supply. The elastic coefficient of demand income and the rate of industrial growth were used to explain the market demand, in order to highlight the spatial distribution and location of rural industrial factors. Location endowment was measured from three secondary indicators: space Gini coefficient, Herfindahl index, and spatial aggregation index, while the supply of factors was to measure local advantage and endowment. The level supply of factors in rural industry was mainly from the proportion of local employees in total employed population, proportion of social capital investment, growth rate of science and technology extension personnel, and the policy documents. In this case, Boston matrix model was combined to evaluate the priority selection of rural industry, and thereby to determine the employment-driven potential. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was conducted to calculate the weight of preferential index system upon the secondary indicators in the rural industry. The Boston matrix model was employed to greatly facilitate the visual graph representation in the priorities of sample rural industry. The index of each indicator was then weighted after standardization of source data. The obtained evaluation values were utilized to sort the rural industry that released by the National Bureau of Statistics, including agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery, construction industry, wholesale and retail, accommodation, and catering industry. In the potential of labor employment, the labor absorption level driven by rural industry was calculated using the labor absorption potential index. It was found that the rural industry should rely on the local conditions, in terms of market demand, location endowment, and factor supply. The rural industries with great potential to employment were mostly social service industries and agriculture, forestry, fishery, and animal husbandry. The rural industries with higher labor efficiency were mainly in the wholesale, retail and transportation. In accommodation and catering, the location of countryside should be used to improve labor productivity and employment flexibility. In addition, the National Modern Agricultural Industrial Park project that approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2017 have provided effective support and evidence for the employment-driven mechanism of rural industry, in order to fully reflect the driving role and incubation capacity of rural industry in labor force employment. Rural industry in the National Modern Agricultural Industrial Park made great contribution to an average increase of more than 20% for industry-related farmers, with the aid of policy support, industrial incubation and market cultivation, indicating a huge employment absorption potential. Rural industry can be expected to contribute a positive driving force on the employment potential in rural revitalization.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Service industry
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Analytic hierarchy process - Animals - Commerce - Construction industry - Cultivation - Employment - Fisheries - Forestry - Investments  - Location - Matrix algebra - Personnel - Population statistics - Productivity - Timber
Uncontrolled terms:Absorption potential - Agriculture and rural - Analytic hierarchy process (ahp) - Catering industries - Elastic coefficient - Industry development - Science and Technology - Spatial aggregation
Classification code:405  Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 912.4  Personnel - 921.1  Algebra - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20213810903571
Title:Classification of land use in Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia using feature optimal decision trees
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#29305;&#24449;&#20248;&#36873;&#20915;&#31574;&#26641;&#27169;&#22411;&#30340;&#27827;&#22871;&#28748;&#21306;&#22303;&#22320;&#21033;&#29992;&#20998;&#31867;
Authors:Sun, Yanan (1); Li, Xianyue (1); Shi, Haibin (1); Cui, Jiaqi (1); Ma, Hongyu (1); Wang, Weigang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China
Corresponding author:Li, Xianyue(lixianyue80@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:242-251
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Up-to-date classification of land use types has become a critical component in current strategies to manage natural resources and the regional environment. Alternatively, remote sensing has also been widely used over the past 20 years as an effective tool for spatial data acquisition, particularly for the sustainable management of natural resources and economical perspective to the land use and land cover changes. However, the land use classification using remote sensing is subjected to the characteristics of dispersion and fragmentation in the Hetao irrigation district of northwest China in recent years. This study aims to quantify the effects of duration and characteristic variables on the recognition accuracy of remote sensing for land use types. A decision-tree model was also established to classify the land use types using the integrated band reflectance, spectral index, and texture feature of different periods based on Landsat time-series image data. The model was finally verified by the measured data and Google Earth images from the quantitative structure and spatial layout. The specific procedure was as follows. Firstly, the characteristic variables were extracted from the Landsat time-series images of different periods, including the features of band, spectra, and texture. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was selected to extract the feature factors. Only a few independent variables were selected from multiple variables or factors, aiming to fully reflect the information of more original indexes. Secondly, seven schemes were constructed using the characteristic factors, including three single-category schemes (Scheme 1 to 3), and four combined-category schemes (Scheme 4 to 7). Finally, a classification model of land use was constructed and then verified in different periods via the decision tree. The results showed that: 1) The highest repetition rate was found in the Green and Ent (entropy) with other factors in different months. The correlation between Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) was much higher to be selected in future research. 2) The combined feature variables greatly improved the accuracy of classification, where the average overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient increased by 6.72% and 0.09, respectively, compared with the single feature variable. 3) There were some effects of different recognition periods on the accuracy of the model. The accuracy of the classification model in the band, spectral index, and texture feature using remote sensing images in August was better than that of other periods, where the misclassification was reduced on the spatial layout of unused and residential land. Specifically, the overall accuracy, Kappa coefficient, producer accuracy, and user accuracy were 80.23%, 0.74%, 80.95%, and 86.26%, respectively. Correspondingly, the best identification period was August in the study area, followed by September. 4) The optimal remote-sensing model was utilized to identify the agricultural land, forest, grassland, wasteland, water bodies, and build-up land under the optimal recognition period and combination, where the high accuracies were achieved: 96.83%, 73.33%, 70.00%, 65.52%, 100.00%, and 80.00%, respectively. In addition, the user accuracies were 76.62%, 100.00%, 82.35%, 82.61%, 100.00%, and 80.00%, respectively. In a word, the feature optimal decision-tree model under the optimal identification period significantly reduced the amount of data and the difficulty of model application, particularly suitable for the long-time and spatial changes of land use types. The finding can provide promising technical support to effectively improve the accuracy of land use classification in modern resource management.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Data acquisition - Decision trees - Forestry - Image texture - Information management - Irrigation - Remote sensing - Sustainable development - Textures  - Time series - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy of classifications - Enhanced vegetation index - Hetao irrigation districts - Land use and land cover change - Landuse classifications - Normalized differential vegetation indices - Quantitative structures - Spatial data acquisition
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.00e+01yr, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 6.55e+01%, Percentage 6.72e+00%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Percentage 7.33e+01%, Percentage 7.40e-01%, Percentage 7.66e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+01%, Percentage 8.02e+01%, Percentage 8.10e+01%, Percentage 8.23e+01%, Percentage 8.26e+01%, Percentage 8.63e+01%, Percentage 9.68e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20213810903562
Title:Analysis of driving factors of chemical fertilizer application by LMDI method at Enshi of Hubei Province in China
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;LMDI&#26041;&#27861;&#30340;&#24681;&#26045;&#24030;&#21270;&#32933;&#26045;&#29992;&#39537;&#21160;&#22240;&#32032;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Mao, Zhongming (1); Yang, Haoyi (1); Liu, Chensiyu (1); Ma, Zhu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Economics, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan; 430074, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:111-120
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Excessive application of chemical fertilizer has caused the ever-increasing agricultural non-point source pollution in recent years. Great efforts were made to control agricultural pollution, and thereby explore the changing characteristics and driving factors for the application intensity of chemical fertilizer. The amount of chemical fertilizer was widely expected to be reduced, further to enhance the efficiency of chemical fertilizer application and green development of agriculture. Taking the Enshi Prefecture of Hubei Province in central China as an empirical case, this study aims to determine the spatio-temporal variation characteristics and the driving force of chemical fertilizer application. Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (EMDI) exponential decomposition and panel regression models were established to comprehensively consider the efficiency of fertilizer application, regional fertilization structure, agricultural technology development, multiple planting index, and agricultural acreage. The results showed as follows: 1) The fertilizer application in the study area increased firstly, then steadily, and finally decreased over the last ten years. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased from 1:0.30:0.15 in 2007 to 1:0.39:0.26 in 2018, gradually approaching the level of developed countries in the world. There were one low-intensity zone, two medium-intensity zones, four high-intensity zones, and one ultra-high intensity zone by 2018 for chemical fertilizer application in the study area. 2) Chemical fertilizer application in the study area decreased by 7 008.32 t in 2016, 3 341.65 t in 2017, and 15 059.81 t in 2018, compared with the previous year. The efficiency increase of fertilizer application reduced the amount of fertilizer application by 11 159.44, 14 051.95 and 8 644.21 t in the last three years. The multiple cropping index reduced the amount of fertilizer application by 5 229.76 t in 2017, and 30 889.98 t in 2018. There was no significant effect value in 2016. The development of agricultural technology increased the amount of fertilizer application by 4 089.71, 11 136.97 and 12 215.74 t in 2016, 2017 and 2018. But there was no significant driving effect of regional structure. 3) There were positive effects of three factors to reduce the application amount of chemical fertilizer, including the economic development, adjustment of agricultural structure, and expansion of financial scale. But the population increase presented negative effects in this case. It is suggested to change the direction of agricultural technology development, from merely increasing production to multi production with high efficiency. The effective arable land area should also be reasonably adjusted, in order to further improve the efficiency of chemical fertilizer application. A model of ecological security and green development should be fostered to promote the reduction of chemical fertilizers and the increase of efficiency in modern agriculture.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Chemical analysis - Efficiency - Pollution control - Regression analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Agricultural pollution - Agricultural technologies - Chemical fertilizers - Fertilizer applications - Increasing production - Multiple cropping index - Spatio-temporal variation
Classification code:804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1  Production Engineering - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20213810903568
Title:Design and experiment of the sowing monitoring system for a wide-width rapeseed planter
Title of translation:&#27833;&#33756;&#23485;&#24133;&#25773;&#31181;&#20316;&#19994;&#30417;&#27979;&#31995;&#32479;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Ding, Youchun (1, 2); Chen, Liyuan (1, 2); Dong, Wanjing (1, 2); Wang, Wanchao (1, 2); Liu, Xiaodong (1, 2); Wan, Kaiyang (1, 2); Liu, Weipeng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agricqulture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:38-45
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Sowing is one of the most important processes in agricultural production. The efficiency and quality of sowing also dominate deeply the growth and yield of crops. Precision sowing in mechanized seeding aims to achieve a high yield of crops under reasonable planting density in recent years. It is highly urgent to accurately monitor the sowing amount, frequency, and work quality of planter for visualization and digitalization in precision sowing. A wide-width planter can be expected to significantly improve productivity during large-scale planting, especially for rapeseed production. However, most planters are difficult to adjust the working parameters suitable for agronomic requirements, because the real-time sowing frequency fails to be detected during the traditional sowing, particularly for the small seeds, such as rapeseed. Furthermore, the state-of-the-art precise sensors have increased the cost of the monitoring quite a lot. It is still lacking to deal with the real-time data during the sowing in the current system. In this study, a rapeseed sowing monitoring system was proposed for the wide-width planter (named 2BMF-12), thereby significantly improving the quality of planting scale and mechanized production. The quality of sowing was also evaluated during the rapeseed sowing. The 2BMF-12 planter was utilized to support up to 12 rows of sowing at the same time. The monitoring system included 12 seed-sensing devices and a detecting terminal. The seed-sensing devices were placed on the planter under the sowing pipe lines, in order to collect the information of seeds crossing the sensing area and generate electrical signals. The terminal received the electrical signals as external interrupts using multithreading I²C bus to expand ports, in order to receive more interrupts-channel at the same time. In this case, the terminal was designed to monitor 12 rows, where more rows were set under parallel connecting the chips, named PCF8574 on the I²C bus. Then, the sowing amount and frequency were measured for each row of the planter. The leakage and qualified index of sowing were thus counted, according to national standards. Local database was used to manage and store in the assigned table of the database once a second. MariaDB server was built in the sowing monitoring terminal for real-time storage and management parameters during the planters running, such as sowing amount, sowing frequency, the leakage, and qualified index. Bench and field tests showed that the seeding monitoring system was stable to real-time detect the status and leakage index during sowing. Specifically, the system error was 2.21 percentage points for the degree of leakage, while there was no severity leakage occurred in the planter. The accuracy rate of the monitoring system was not less than 96.5% for rapeseed sowing, suitable for the farm. This finding can provide for the quality evaluation of rape seeding operations in the future. It can be possible to combine with high-precision BeiDou positioning satellite and mobile internet, thereby supporting the sowing amount and leaking state maps generating for the sowing in the fields.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Crops - Digital storage - Oilseeds - Productivity - Quality control - Radio navigation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Electrical signal - Monitoring system - National standard - Percentage points - Planting density - Quality evaluation - Working parameters
Classification code:716.3  Radio Systems and Equipment - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.65e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20213810903544
Title:Interference effect of solar photovoltaic array on near surface aeolian sand transport in sandy areas
Title of translation:&#27801;&#21306;&#20809;&#20239;&#38453;&#21015;&#23545;&#36817;&#22320;&#23618;&#39118;&#27801;&#36755;&#31227;&#30340;&#24178;&#25200;&#25928;&#24212;
Authors:Tang, Guodong (1, 2); Meng, Zhongju (3); Gao, Yong (3); Dang, Xiaohong (3); Shi, Ruijia (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Yinshanbeilu National Field Research Station of Desert Steppe Eco-hydrological System, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100038, China; (2) Institute of Water Resources for Pastoral Area Ministry of Water Resources, Hohhot; 010020, China; (3) Desert Science and Engineering College/Key Laboratory of Aeolian Sand Physics and Sand Control Engineering in Inner Mongolia, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010011, China; (4) Erdos Soil and Water Conservation Workstation, Ordos; 010300, China
Corresponding author:Meng, Zhongju(mengzhongju@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:101-110
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Deserts are ideal places to develop ground-mounted large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) power stations. However, it is evitable surface erosion that may occur after the construction of a solar PV power station, where solar energy production, operation, and maintenance depend mainly on geomorphological changes in sandy areas. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of wind-sand movement under the interference of solar PV array, thereby reducing the damage to solar energy. The study area was located in the middle part of the Hobq Desert in China. The observation field was 300 m from the west edge of the test solar PV power station that was built at the end of 2018. There were no any protective measures on the surface of the solar PV power station during the test, such as sand-binding plants or sand-barriers. Field observations were conducted from 20 March to 13 April 2019. The reason was that the aeolian sand activity was the strongest in the study area during from March to May, due to the frequent occurrence of strong wind, extended drought, and limited rain. Thus, wind erosion led to the formation of trenches in the immediate vicinity of the downwind of panels, and sand ripples between adjacent north-south panels. The surface surrounding the test PV panels was smoothened, while the underlying surface was flattened before the experimental instruments were arranged. The flatting operation allowed for the comparison of experimental data. Sediment transport was measured in different wind directions above shifting dunes at three observation sites around the PV panels, such as between, in front of, and behind the panels. Meanwhile, the wind speed and direction were recorded using a HOBO sensor at the observation sites of shifting dunes. The sediment transport data was also collected at sixteen wind regimes. Sand-fixation of solar photovoltaic array, aeolian-sand flow structure and fitted model around the PV panels were then analyzed under the different wind regimes. The results showed that the near-surface sand transport rate above shifting dunes was always larger than that in the solar PV array in all cases, where the intersection angle between the solar PV array and wind direction was a key parameter to dominate the sand inhibition rate of solar PV array. Specifically, the sand inhibition rate ranged from 35.34% to 93.02% at the angle range from -12.30&deg; to 82.19&deg;. The mean value of sand transport rate above the solar PV array reduced to 84.63%, compared with the shifting dunes, especially with the angle exceeding 45&deg;. There was also no change in the sand transport rate model when applying the solar PV array, similar to the shifting dunes. A two-parameter exponential function was better fit for the measured profiles of flux density on the near-surface of solar PV array. Wind-sand flow between and behind the panels tended to evidently move towards a high layer with the angle increased, where the rising range was 8-10 cm, whereas, the saltation height at the observation site before the panels tended to move towards a low layer, where the decrease range was 4-5 cm. The finding can contribute to the understanding of the wind-sand movement characteristics under the interference of solar PV array, providing insightful ideas to plan better technical schemes against wind-sand hazards at solar PV power stations.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Solar power plants
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Coastal engineering - Erosion - Exponential functions - Instrument panels - Photovoltaic cells - Photovoltaic effects - Sand - Sediment transport - Sedimentation  - Solar energy - Solar power generation - Surface testing - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Geomorphological change - Interference effects - Intersection angles - Movement characteristics - Protective measures - Solar photovoltaic power - Solar photovoltaics - Wind speed and directions
Classification code:407.3  Coastal Engineering - 443  Meteorology - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 444  Water Resources - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 615.2  Solar Power - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 921  Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.53e+01% to 9.30e+01%, Percentage 8.46e+01%, Size 3.00e+02m, Size 4.00e-02m to 5.00e-02m, Size 8.00e-02m to 1.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20213810903519
Title:Effects of ultrasound pretreatment on water state and hot-air drying characteristics of kiwifruit
Title of translation:&#36229;&#22768;&#39044;&#22788;&#29702;&#23545;&#29461;&#29492;&#26691;&#27700;&#20998;&#29366;&#24577;&#21450;&#28909;&#39118;&#24178;&#29157;&#29305;&#24615;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Yuan, Lijing (1, 2); He, Xiu (1, 2); Lin, Rong (1, 2); Cheng, Shasha (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian; 116034, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian; 116034, China
Corresponding author:Cheng, Shasha(chengshasha880321@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:263-272
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Drying is one of the most commonly used food processing methods. It can prolong the shelf life by reducing water activity and inhibiting quality degradation caused by microbial and enzyme reactions. In order to further clarify the effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on the quality of kiwifruit, the effects of ultrasonic power (200-600 W) and ultrasonic time (10-30 min) on the water state and distribution and nutritional components (total soluble solids, titratable acids, vitamin C, total phenols and total flavonoids) of kiwifruit slices were studied.In this paper, drying characteristics and moisture migration during subsequent hot-air drying, as well as the microstructure, color and texture characteristics of dried samples were investigated.The water state, distribution and migration of kiwifruit slices were monitored by Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LF-NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and the microstructure of kiwifruit slices was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).The results of LF-NMR relaxation showed that there were three water components in kiwifruit, labeled T<inf>21</inf>, T<inf>22</inf> and T<inf>23</inf>, respectively. They represented the water with the lowest fluidity in the cell wall, the water in the cytoplasm and extracellular space, and the water with the highest fluidity in the vacuole. Ultrasonic pretreatment could lead to the splitting of T<inf>23</inf> relaxation peak and the decrease of T<inf>23</inf> peak amplitude, suggesting the redistribution of water in kiwifruit slices. At the same time, the greater the ultrasonic power, the longer the ultrasonic time, and the more obvious the drying effect. Compared with untreated samples, ultrasonic pretreatment reduced the contents of total soluble solids, titratable acids, vitamin C, total phenols and total flavonoids in kiwifruit slices. The LF-NMR results of hot air drying showed that the water redistribution caused by ultrasonic pretreatment could accelerate the moisture migration during hot air drying. MRI found that the brightness area of kiwi slices decreased with the extension of drying time, and the red gradually decreased, indicating the decrease of water during drying. In addition, MRI images also showed that the moisture on the surface of kiwifruit slices was first removed during hot air drying, and then the internal moisture migrated to the surface for evaporation. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images showed that micro channels and folds were formed in kiwifruit slices after ultrasonic pretreatment. These channels and folds led to the changes of water state and distribution, and accelerated the migration and removal of water during hot air drying. Compared with the control sample, ultrasonic pretreatment increased the drying rate of hot air drying process by 7.6% - 17.5%. In addition, ultrasonic pretreatment had no significant effect on the total color difference of dried kiwifruit slices (P&gt;0.05), but decreased the hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness and resilience of dried kiwifruit slices (P&lt;0.05). The results showed that ultrasonic pretreatment could accelerate the hot air drying speed and improve the texture characteristics of kiwifruit by changing the microstructure, water state and distribution of kiwifruit, but it would cause the loss of some nutrients. On this basis, the pretreatment conditions of ultrasound power 400 W for 20 min or 600 W for 10 min were more suitable. The research results provide a reference for the application of ultrasonic pretreatment in the hot-air drying of kiwifruit.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Ascorbic acid - Colorimetry - Cytology - Flavonoids - Fluidity - Magnetic field effects - Magnetic resonance imaging - Moisture - Nuclear magnetic resonance - Phenols  - Scanning electron microscopy - Solar dryers - Textures - Ultrasonics
Uncontrolled terms:Drying characteristics - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR) - Pretreatment conditions - Texture characteristics - Total color difference - Ultrasonic pretreatment - Ultrasound pre treatments - Water redistribution
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 701.2  Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 753.1  Ultrasonic Waves - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 941.4  Optical Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 7.60e+00% to 1.75e+01%, Power 2.00e+02W to 6.00e+02W, Power 4.00e+02W, Power 6.00e+02W, Time 1.20e+03s, Time 6.00e+02s to 1.80e+03s, Time 6.00e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20213810903539
Title:Effects and mechanism of carbon and nitrogen removal of wastewater using Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-TiO<inf>2</inf>/UV/O<inf>3</inf>+PSAF treatment on a swine farm
Title of translation:Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-TiO<inf>2</inf>/UV/O<inf>3</inf>+PSAF&#21327;&#21516;&#22788;&#29702;&#29482;&#22330;&#24223;&#27700;&#25928;&#26524;&#21450;&#20854;&#38500;&#30899;&#33073;&#27694;&#26426;&#21046;
Authors:Xiao, Yanchun (1, 2); Chen, Biao (1); Huang, Jing (1); Liu, Ruilai (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou; 350003, China; (2) Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Coastal Basin Environment, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuqing; 350300, China; (3) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan; 354300, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Biao(FAASHJKXGroup@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:224-231
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Wastewater in livestock and poultry farming is the top priority to prevent and control the non-point source pollution in modern agriculture, due mainly to its high concentrations of nitrogen, suspended solids, and organic matter. In this research, a combined treatment was proposed to assemble Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-TiO<inf>2</inf> photocatalytic ozonation and polyaluminum ferric silicate coagulant (Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-TiO<inf>2</inf>/UV/O<inf>3</inf>+PSAF), in order to achieve the deep decarbonization and denitrification of swine farm wastewater with low-carbon and high-ammonia-nitrogen (NH<inf>3</inf>-N) content. Response Surface Method (RSM) was employed to optimize the operating conditions of the combined process: the dosage of Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-TiO<inf>2</inf> was 1.06 g/L, the flow rate of O<inf>3</inf> was 3.02 g/h, the aeration time was 90.75 min, and the dosage of aluminum ferropolysilicate (PSAF) was 833.29 mg/L. The experimental value (COD: 88.79%; NH<inf>3</inf>-N: 82.24%) and the model predicted value (COD: 89.46%; NH<inf>3</inf>-N: 82.70%) were deviated by 0.75% and 0.56%, lower than 5%, indicating the excellent performance of the model. The interaction of composite factors demonstrated that the COD removal rate increased firstly, and then decreased with the increase of Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-TiO<inf>2</inf> dosage, O<inf>3</inf> flow rate and PSAF dosage, and finally peaked at the maximum in the range of 1.04-1.12 g/L Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-TiO<inf>2</inf> dosage, 2.90-3.10 g/h O<inf>3</inf> flow rate and 800-900 mg/L PSAF dosages. The NH<inf>3</inf>-N removal rate increased first and then decreased, with the increase of O<inf>3</inf> flow rate and aeration time, and finally reached the maximum in the range of 2.90-3.10 g/h O<inf>3</inf> flow rate and 84-96 min aeration time. Furthermore, three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy (3DEEMs) and ultraviolet-visible absorption difference spectroscopy (UV-Vis) were utilized to analyze the variation characteristics of fluorescence and molecular structures of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) in wastewater. The features and mechanism of carbon and nitrogen removal in the combined treatment were elucidated using the morphological changes of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and the Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN). A remarkable effect was achieved under the optimal operating conditions, particularly on the treatment of soluble microbial metabolites and humus-like substances in swine farm wastewater. Specifically, the removal rates of DOC and TDN were 77.7% and 82.6%, and the synergy factors were 1.11 and 1.50, respectively. Anyway, the Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-TiO<inf>2</inf>/UV/O<inf>3</inf> unit behaved substantially reduced humus-like substances. Humus-like substances were transformed into small molecules through synergistic oxidation by O<inf>3</inf>,&bull;OH and h⁺, where NH<inf>3</inf>-N was oxidized to NO<inf>3</inf>^--N and N<inf>2</inf> (N<inf>2</inf> conversion rate was 39.71%), indicating the improved polarity of organic matter and the number of oxygen-containing functional groups. As such, the conversion and mineralization of nitrogen was promoted to create great water inlet conditions for PSAF coagulation. The removal of organic matter was facilitated with high oxygen and carbon ratio, as well as inorganic nitrate nitrogen using the bidentate complexation and electrical neutralization, where the surface of polynuclear hydroxyl polymer was used to adsorb, and finally to deposit in the bottom sludge in the PSAF coagulation system. This finding can provide a novel idea for the advanced treatment of low-carbon and high-ammonia-nitrogen organic wastewater, particularly for the control of agricultural non-point source pollution and ecological treatment of the water environment.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Chemicals removal (water treatment)
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Aluminum compounds - Ammonia - Biogeochemistry - Chemical oxygen demand - Chemical water treatment - Coagulation - Dissolution - Flow rate  - Fluorescence - Fluorescence spectroscopy - Hematite - Metabolites - Nitrogen removal - Organic carbon - Oxygen - Ozone water treatment - Ozonization - Silicates  - Soils - Titanium dioxide - Wastewater treatment - Water pollution - Water pollution control
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Dissolved organic matters - Non-point source pollution - Optimal operating conditions - Oxygen-containing functional groups - Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopies - Ultraviolet visible absorption - Variation characteristics
Classification code:452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 453  Water Pollution - 453.2  Water Pollution Control - 481.2  Geochemistry - 482.2  Minerals - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631  Fluid Flow - 741.1  Light/Optics - 741.3  Optical Devices and Systems - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.06e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 8.00e-01kg/m3 to 9.00e-01kg/m3, Mass_Density 8.33e-01kg/m3, Mass_Flow_Rate 8.39e-07kg/s, Percentage 3.97e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 5.60e-01%, Percentage 7.50e-01%, Percentage 7.77e+01%, Percentage 8.22e+01%, Percentage 8.26e+01%, Percentage 8.27e+01%, Time 5.04e+03s to 5.76e+03s, Time 5.44e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20213810903470
Title:Estimation of external phenotypic parameters of Bunting leaves using FL-DGCNN model
Title of translation:&#21033;&#29992;FL-DGCNN&#27169;&#22411;&#20272;&#27979;&#32511;&#33821;&#21494;&#29255;&#22806;&#37096;&#34920;&#22411;&#21442;&#25968;
Authors:Chen, Ling (1); Wang, Haoyun (1); Xiao, Haihong (1); Ma, Shihang (2); Yang, Yao (1); Xu, Huanliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Computer Science, College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210095, China; (2) China Mobile Communications Group Shanghai Co. Ltd., Shanghai; 200060, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Huanliang(huanliangxu@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:172-179
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Plant leaves blocked under natural growth conditions cannot fully acquire the complete external phenotypic data. Therefore, this study aims to estimate these parameters in low-cost and automated batches using Dynamic Graph CNN with Feature Layering (FL-DGCNN). A stack encoder model was also used for Bunting (Epipremnum aureum) leaves. A camera was selected to shoot at a certain angle between two images. Further, motion recovery was utilized to reconstruct the three-dimensional model of the plant after feature points matching. Straight-through filtering and clustering segmentation were used to obtain a single chip Point cloud data. Specifically, the geometric model of the blade using surface parameters was discretized into a point cloud, but the point cloud was incomplete to a certain proportion to simulate the natural growth state. An auto-encoder model was modified into a deep-structured stack encoder under a multi-layer combination, and then to reduce the distance between the input point cloud and the actual point cloud. As such, the incomplete geometric model point cloud achieved shape completion after the training. The determination coefficients of leaf length, width, and area estimated by the stack encoder decreased less, as the percentage of incomplete point clouds increased, while those estimated by the auto-encoder decreased by multiples. The robustness of stack encoder completion was better in the leaf point cloud, compared with autoencoders under the same incompleteness. The shape was also similar to the original point cloud after completion within 40% of incompleteness. There were great variations in the shape of the blade when the blade was incomplete or more than 50%. A better performance was also achieved in the occluded blades. The completed point cloud was input into the FL-DGCNN deep learning network, and the feature maps were then extracted at different scales in the image pyramid, thereby enhancing semantic and geometric information. The farthest point sampling was used to extract from the original point cloud. The extracted features were connected to obtain a vector after feature layering and fusion, particularly for point clouds with contour features at different scales. The basic neural network module of edge convolution structure was adopted to better capture the local structure. The point cloud structure was represented by the directed graph, where the edge feature was obtained from the neighbor nodes. The local features of each group were superimposed on the shallow and deep network for the multiple perceptions in the original edge convolution structure, and then the leaf length, width, and area were estimated for the external phenotypic parameters of leaves. The highest accuracy was achieved to estimate the leaf width and area, followed by that of leaf length with a relatively small error. The determination coefficient and root mean square error were better than before, indicating a relatively lower error and stronger ability of feature extraction, compared with multiple networks. Additionally, a total of 200 leaves of Epipremnum aureum were collected in the experiment to verify the model, where the estimated values were linearly fitted to the measured. The determination coefficients and root mean square errors of leaf length, width, and area were 0.92 and 0.37 cm, 0.93 and 0.34 cm, 0.94, and 3.01 cm², respectively. The experiment demonstrated that the model is highly effective to estimate the external phenotypic parameters of plant leaves.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Parameter estimation
Controlled terms:Convolution - Deep learning - Directed graphs - Errors - Geometry - Image enhancement - Learning systems - Mean square error - Plants (botany) - Semantics  - Signal encoding - Three dimensional computer graphics
Uncontrolled terms:Clustering segmentation - Convolution structure - Determination coefficients - Feature points matching - Geometric information - Geometric modeling - Root mean square errors - Three-dimensional model
Classification code:716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 921  Mathematics - 921.4  Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Size 3.70e-03m, Size 9.20e-03m, Size 9.30e-03m, Area 3.01e-04m2, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Size 3.40e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20213810903501
Title:Characteristics of surface runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus loss for different vegetation covers in Qinghai alpine region of China
Title of translation:&#38738;&#28023;&#39640;&#23506;&#21306;&#20856;&#22411;&#26893;&#34987;&#22320;&#34920;&#24452;&#27969;&#21450;&#27694;&#30967;&#27969;&#22833;&#29305;&#24449;
Authors:Huang, Wei (1); Wang, Dongmei (1); Li, Ping (1); Liu, Ruosha (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Dongmei(dmwang@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:92-100
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Soil nitrogen and phosphorus loss are closely related to a surface runoff under natural rainfall. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the mechanism behind these and influencing factors in the vegetation construction for water and soil conservation in the Qinghai alpine region of China. In this study, the typical vegetations were taken as the research objects, including Populus cathayana, Picea crassifolia, Larix, principis-rupprechii, Grass land, Juniperus przewalskii in the study area. The runoff plot combined with indoor experiment was also used to analyze the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus loss to surface runoff for different types of vegetation. Redundancy analysis was made to identify the main influencing factors on the loss of soil nitrogen and phosphorus. The results indicated as follows: 1) Under the condition of natural rainfall, the rainfall interception effect of different vegetation types was different, and the interception effect was affected by the rainfall. In the rainfall range of 0-50 mm, the average interception rate of each vegetation was 49.37% for Populus cathayana forest, 32.62% for Juniperus przewalskii, and 21.21% for Grass land, 18.90% for Picea crassifolia forest, 9.28% for Larix principis-rupprechtii forest. 2) There was a positive correlation between penetrating rainfall and surface runoff in the study period, while surface runoff depended greatly on the penetrating rainfall. There was also an obvious difference in the runoff reduction of different planting types. Specifically, the best runoff reduction was found in Larix principis-rupprechtii forest, whereas, the worst was in Populus cathayana forest. 3) The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in Qinghai alpine region was relatively low, and the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface runoff was ranked in order of nitrate nitrogen&gt;ammonia nitrogen&gt;phosphate. The total loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in different vegetation types was ranked in the order of Populus cathayana&gt;barren grassland&gt;Picea crassifolia&gt;Juniperus przewalskii&gt;Larix principis-rupprechtii. 4) The redundancy analysis showed that the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus depended mainly on the surface runoff, saturated water content, and bulk density. Five typical vegetations can be expected to effectively alleviate nitrogen and phosphorus loss to surface runoff, where the interception and nutrient control effect of Larix principis-rupprechtii forest was the best, while that of Populus cathayana forest was the worst. Consequently, some suggestions can be given during this time to reduce surface runoff and saturated water content, while increasing bulk density for the effective reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus loss. This finding can provide a sound reference for regional vegetation construction in the future.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Forestry - Phosphorus - Rain - Redundancy - Soil conservation - Soils - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Indoor experiment - Loss of nitrogen and phosphorus - Nitrogen and phosphorus loss - Picea crassifolia forests - Positive correlations - Rainfall interception - Redundancy analysis - Water and soil conservations
Classification code:442.1  Flood Control - 443.3  Precipitation - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.89e+01%, Percentage 2.12e+01%, Percentage 3.26e+01%, Percentage 4.94e+01%, Percentage 9.28e+00%, Size 0.00e+00m to 5.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20213810903548
Title:Design and experiment of crawler corn harvester for sloping fields
Title of translation:&#23653;&#24102;&#24335;&#22369;&#22320;&#29577;&#31859;&#25910;&#33719;&#26426;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Geng, Duanyang (1); Sun, Yancheng (1); Li, Huabiao (1); Mou, Xiaodong (1); Zhang, Guodong (1); Wang, Zongyuan (1); Lu, Xiufeng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shangdong University of Technology, Zibo; 255000, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Polytechnic College, Jining; 272000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:11-19
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">In view of the fact that small plots and more slope plots restrict corn mechanized harvesting in hilly region of China, a crawler corn harvester was designed to realize corn mechanized harvesting under complex terrain conditions in hilly region. In order to ensure the ear-catching rate, the key parameters were designed and the optimal parameters combination was obtained that the diameter of the ear picking roller is 82 mm, the height of the spiral ridge on the surface of the ear picking roller is 8-15 mm, the length of the long ear picking roller is 50-60 cm, and the spiral angle of the ear picking roller is 20.79&deg;. It can solve the feeding problems of corn plant in the complex terrain and the unsmooth feeding performance of traditional ear-picking roller, increase the feeding amount of header, and effectively shorten the length of the whole machine by about 0.5-1.2 m. Through structure simplification and mechanical analysis, it was concluded that the turnover of corn harvester working on the slope is related to the gravity position and the track span, and the turnover angle becomes smaller with the increase of the center of gravity of the equipment, that is, the turnover risk is greater when working on the slope ground. Therefore, adjusting the width between the two tracks can increase the safety range of gravity variation of the whole machine, reduce the rollover risk of the machine working on the slope. The running stability of the whole machine in the complex terrain conditions can be improved by 27.34% when the width between the two tracks expands with 0.8 m. The hydraulic system of 10 t engineering vehicle was used to solve the problem of driving load in slope operation and the resistance in harvesting operation, which will directly affect the function of the whole machine in the field, such as walking, overtaking and steering. Based on the principle of hydraulic control, a two-way operation control system was developed, which can meet the turning and turning requirements in small plots such as mountains and hills, and improve the turning efficiency of the whole machine by more than 90%. Zhengdan 958 maize cultivars with grain moisture content of 33.5%, stem moisture content of &gt;89% and fruit stalk moisture content of &gt;52% were selected to test ear loss rate. The assessment indices of influencing factors of ear loss rate were determined by orthogonal test, including machine forward speed, ear picking roller clearance and ear picking roller speed. The mathematical regression model between the influencing factors and indicators was established by using Design Expert, and through the analysis of variance to verify the significance of the assessment indicators, the best combination of operation parameters was determined that the forward speed of the machine is 2 km/h, the clearance of the ear picking roller is 14 mm, and the speed of the ear picking roller is 1 000 r/min. Under the optimal combination of the operation parameters, the ear loss rate was 1.25%. The design indicators of the machine can meet the relevant national standards, and can satisfy the needs of corn mechanized harvesting in hilly and mountains region.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Rollers (machine components)
Controlled terms:Feeding - Harvesters - Harvesting - Hydraulic equipment - Landforms - Moisture - Moisture determination - Occupational risks - Regression analysis - Risk assessment  - Slope stability
Uncontrolled terms:Assessment indicator - Engineering vehicles - Grain moisture content - Harvesting operations - Mechanical analysis - Mechanized harvesting - Operation parameters - Optimal combination
Classification code:406.2  Roads and Streets - 481.1  Geology - 601.2  Machine Components - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.25e+00%, Percentage 2.73e+01%, Percentage 3.35e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Rotational_Speed 1.00e+03RPM, Size 1.40e-02m, Size 5.00e-01m to 1.20e+00m, Size 5.00e-01m to 6.00e-01m, Size 8.00e-01m, Size 8.00e-03m to 1.50e-02m, Size 8.20e-02m, Velocity 5.56e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20213810903587
Title:Development of deep fertilizing no-tillage segmented maize sowing opener using discrete element method
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#31163;&#25955;&#20803;&#27861;&#30340;&#20813;&#32789;&#28145;&#26045;&#32933;&#20998;&#27573;&#24335;&#29577;&#31859;&#25773;&#31181;&#24320;&#27807;&#22120;&#30740;&#21046;
Authors:Zhao, Shuhong (1); Liu, Hanpeng (1); Hou, Leitao (1); Zhang, Xin (1); Yuan, Yiwen (1); Yang, Yueqian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Yueqian(yangyueqian@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:1-10
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Openers in no-tillage can confer a yield benefit via disruption of pathogenic hyphae, particularly when crop rotations lack species diversity in extremely cold climates, like in northeast China. However, it is still urgent to improve the uniformity of seedling depth, while alleviating large working resistance and soil disturbance on the deep fertilizing no-tillage planter after returning crop stalks to the field. In this study, a novel opener was designed for corn seeds in a segmented flow for deep fertilizing and no-tillage using a Discrete Element Method (DEM). Six types of stubble cutter-fertilization shovel devices were selected on the soil to explore the effect mechanism in the simulated analysis. First of all, a soil-corn stubble-corn straw DEM model was established to achieve the uniform seed-to-soil contact. Three kinds of stubble cutters (including plane, notched and corrugated stubble cutter) were then randomly combined with two kinds of fertilization shovels (including sharp and arc-type fertilization shovel) in the DEM simulation test. After that, a respective analysis was carried out for the motion trail of soil particles in the six types of stubble cutter-fertilization shovel devices after the operation. The location and direction of soil particles were finally extracted to obtain six fitted curves representing the maximum force in the falling process. As such, the curve of the opener was designed in the buried part. Specifically, the opener curve &#8544; was set as the fitted falling curve of soil particles after the combination operation of three kinds of stubble cutters and sharp-cornered fertilization shovel devices. The opener curve &#8545; was that of three kinds of stubble cutters and arc-type fertilization shovel devices. The opener curve III was that of six kinds of stubble cutters and fertilization shovel devices. At the same time, the inclined edge of the opener in the unburied part was also designed to improve the passing ability, particularly for the sliding frictional angle under the minimum power consumption when cutting straw. In addition, the buried clearance angle of the opener was set as 6&deg; with the traverse width of 20 mm and inclined edge angle of 30&deg;. Finally, the optimal spacing between the fertilization shovel and the opener was determined as 374 mm, according to the time and advanced speed for the soil particle falling back to the maximum force. Besides, a field test was performed on three kinds of segmented openers to verify the feasibility of the developed device. Curve III was finally chosen in the buried part for more extensive applicability of the segmented opener. The field comparison test indicated that the variable coefficient of seedling depth in the segmented opener dropped 14.24%, 27.31%, and 33.63%, respectively, while the working resistance dropped 27.56%, 16.93%, and 1.23%, respectively, as well as 11.67%, 28.34%, and 49.34% in the soil disturbance area, compared with the sharp-cornered, the sliding knife and double disk opener. Consequently, a high operation performance was achieved in the segmented opener, including high uniformity of seedling depth, small working resistance, and soil disturbance for deep fertilizing and no-tillage.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Crops - Electric power supplies to apparatus - Finite difference method - Shovels
Uncontrolled terms:Combination operation - Effect mechanism - Frictional angles - No-tillage planter - Operation performance - Simulated analysis - Soil disturbances - Variable coefficients
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.6  Numerical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.17e+01%, Percentage 1.23e+00%, Percentage 1.42e+01%, Percentage 1.69e+01%, Percentage 2.73e+01%, Percentage 2.76e+01%, Percentage 2.83e+01%, Percentage 3.36e+01%, Percentage 4.93e+01%, Size 2.00e-02m, Size 3.74e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20213810903504
Title:Effects of tea addition method on physicochemical characteristics and sensory quality of beer products
Title of translation:&#33590;&#21494;&#28155;&#21152;&#26041;&#24335;&#23545;&#37247;&#36896;&#21860;&#37202;&#29702;&#21270;&#29305;&#24615;&#21450;&#24863;&#23448;&#21697;&#36136;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Ni, Jingtian (1); Xia, Peng (2, 3); Dai, Haodong (2, 3); Wang, Shaozhen (2, 3); Zhu, Chenwen (2); Jiang, Jun (2, 3); Chen, Qi (2, 3); Gao, Xueling (2, 3, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei; 230036, China; (2) College of Tea and Food Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei; 230036, China; (3) Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Hefei; 230036, China; (4) Anhui Industry System for Agro-products Processing, Hefei; 230036, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Xueling(sharling@ahau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:299-305
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Beer is rich in a variety of nutrients and functional components, including carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, and phenolic compounds. It is the third beverage product in terms of consumption and sales after water and tea. Beer output in industry scale reached 50.61 million tons in China in 2013, but 34.11 million tons in 2020, indicating a gradual decline from 2014 to 2020. Crafted beers gradually begin emerging from abroad, with the increase of consumption level, particularly rich in the mouth feel and flavor. Alternatively, tea is rich in nutrients and substances (tea polyphenols, tea polysaccharides, and theanine) with diverse biological properties, including high antioxidant activity, anti-aging, and lipid-lowering effects. There are many tea resources in China, where the output ranks first all over the world. Therefore, the combination of tea and beer can be expected to enhance the tea flavor of beer for better health function. In this study, oolong tea was added in the boiling stage and the main fermentation stage of the beer brewing process, thereby investigating the effects of different addition on physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacity, storage stability, and sensory properties of beer products. The main results were as follows: The fermentation rate of beer increased significantly when adding 0.3% (m/v) oolong tea at the boiling stage (boiling addition group) and the main fermentation stage (main fermentation addition group), compared with the controlled group. The DPPH radical scavenging ability, ABTS⁺ radical scavenging ability, and iron ion reducing ability of two products in the tea beer (boiling addition group and main fermentation addition group) increased to 82.74% and 89.21%, 41.53% and 51.49%, and 36.49 mg/L FeSO<inf>4</inf> and 43.83 mg/L FeSO<inf>4</inf>, respectively. The anti-aging ability of finished tea beer was improved during storage. The contents of caffeine (CAF) and catechins increased significantly in the tea beer, including epigallocatechin (EGC), catechin (C), epicatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin gallate (EC), epigallocatechin gallate (GCG), epigallocatechin gallate (ECG). The contents of total phenol and EGCG in tea beer samples from the main fermentation supplemental group were significantly higher than those of the controlled group and boiling supplemental group (P &lt; 0.05), where were 734.40 mg/L and 8.43 mg/L, respectively. The sensory evaluation showed that the addition of tea improved the tea aroma and tea taste of products, where the coordination of tea aroma, tea taste and wine body of beer in the main fermentation addition group presented the best among the three beer products. The scale-up beer production also confirmed the feasibility of tea beer brewing. This finding can provide a promising reference to develop tea beer products.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Beer
Controlled terms:Antioxidants - Fermentation - Flavonoids - Iron compounds - Metal ions - Nutrients - Odors - Phenols - Physicochemical properties - Tea  - Vitamins - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-oxidant activities - Antioxidant capacity - Biological properties - DPPH radical-scavenging abilities - Epigallocatechin gallate - Functional components - Lipid-lowering effects - Physicochemical characteristics
Classification code:445.2  Water Analysis - 531.1  Metallurgy - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 822.3  Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 7.34e-01kg/m3, Mass_Density 8.43e-03kg/m3, Percentage 4.15e+01%, Percentage 5.15e+01%, Percentage 8.27e+01%, Percentage 8.92e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20213810903507
Title:Soil moisture inversion in arid areas by using machine learning and fully polarimetric SAR imagery
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#26426;&#22120;&#23398;&#20064;&#21644;&#20840;&#26497;&#21270;&#38647;&#36798;&#25968;&#25454;&#30340;&#24178;&#26097;&#21306;&#22303;&#22756;&#28287;&#24230;&#21453;&#28436;
Authors:Yang, Liping (1); Hou, Chenglei (2, 3); Su, Zhiqiang (2); Bai, Yuxing (2); Wang, Tong (1); Feng, Rui (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an; 710054, China; (2) School of Earth Science and Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an; 710054, China; (3) College of Land Resources and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan; 250100, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:74-82
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Soil moisture is one of the most important variablesto affect the water cycle and energy balanceduring theevolution of regional ecosystem in arid areas. However, accurate monitoring of soil moisture is still a challenging task, due to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Radar remote sensing has widely been expected to be one of the most effective technologies in regional soil moisture monitoring. Fully polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) can also provide abundant polarized information for different machine learning algorithms to retrieve soil moisture in various regions. However, such research is still lacking in most arid areas, together with the specific evaluation on the performance of different machine learning algorithms. This study aims to retrieve the soil moisture in arid areas using the PolSAR parameters and various machine learning algorithms. The study area was selected as Juyanze region located in the southeast of Ejina banner of Inner Mongolia in western China. Basedon Radarsat-2 imagery, radar variables were set as the extractedbackscattering coefficients (BC) using the standard intensity and phase processing, while the multiple polarimetric parameters that derived from Cloude-Pottier decomposition (CPD) and Yamaguchi decomposition (YD). The parameter correlation and importance were also analyzed after that. Then, 21 soil moisture inversion models were established using three machine learning algorithms, namely Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network (BP-ANN). Model performance was further evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation. Finally, the optimal model was achieved to inverse soil moisture in the study area, where the spatial distribution pattern was analyzed. The results show that: 1) The average scattering angle presented the most prominent influence on the inversion accuracy, followed by entropy and anti-entropy among all the variables. Moreover, cross-polarized backscattering coefficients made much more contribution to the model accuracy, compared with the co-polarized backscattering coefficients. The importance of even scattering and volume scattering was remarkably higher than that of surface scattering and spiral scattering. Parameters derived from CPD made outstanding contributions to the retrieval,where the importance scores and correlation coefficients were much higher than those of backscattering coefficients and parameters derived from YD. 2) The developed models of soil moisture inversion under the combined scheme of various variable types performed better than those built solely on single variable type in all three machine learning algorithms, indicating that the combined scheme greatly improved the accuracy of models.3) RF model was more suitable for soil moisture inversion in arid areas,compared with SVM and BP-ANN, according to the determination coefficient R² and the root mean square error (RMSE). The model performed best using BC + CPD scheme as input variables. The validation set R² and RMSE were 0.78 and 6.60%, respectively, with the standard deviation of R² and RMSE of 0.15 and 1.95%, respectively. Consequently, 89% moisture variation can be explained by this optimal model. 4) Generally speaking, soil moisture in the study area maintained at a low level, and the average soil moisture content was 8.83%. Moisture content around the Swan Lake and the center of Paleolake was obviously higher than other areas. The inversion data conformed greatly to the actual situation, indicating a great potential to soil moisture inversion in arid areas.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Backpropagation - Backscattering - Decision trees - Entropy - Learning systems - Mean square error - Moisture control - Moisture determination - Neural networks  - Polarimeters - Radar imaging - Remote sensing - Soil moisture - Support vector machines - Surface scattering - Synthetic aperture radar
Uncontrolled terms:10-fold cross-validation - Back-propagation artificial neural network - Backscattering coefficients - Determination coefficients - Soil moisture monitoring - Spatial and temporal heterogeneity - Spatial distribution patterns - Yamaguchi decompositions
Classification code:443  Meteorology - 444  Water Resources - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4  Artificial Intelligence - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 941.3  Optical Instruments - 944.2  Moisture Measurements - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.50e-01%, Percentage 1.95e+00%, Percentage 6.60e+00%, Percentage 7.80e-01%, Percentage 8.83e+00%, Percentage 8.90e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20213810903577
Title:Comprehensive assessment of resource and environmental carrying capacity of village and town from the perspective of governance
Title of translation:&#27835;&#29702;&#35270;&#35282;&#19979;&#26449;&#38215;&#24314;&#35774;&#36164;&#28304;&#29615;&#22659;&#25215;&#36733;&#21147;&#32508;&#21512;&#35780;&#20272;
Authors:Huang, An (1); Tian, Li (1); Yu, Jianghao (1); Gao, Yuan (2); Li, Yongfu (3); Li, Qing (4); Xiong, Binyu (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing; 100084, China; (2) School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Department of Architecture, Shanghai University, Shanghai; 200444, China; (4) College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai; 200082, China
Corresponding author:Tian, Li(litian262@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:232-241
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Comprehensive assessment of Resources and Environment Carrying Capacity (RECC) is essential to the development planning of villages and towns. When integrating the government agencies, markets, village collectives, and individuals, the village is generally set as the smallest spatial unit and administrative management in China. The multi-center collective action has also an important effect on the resources and environmental utilization in the construction of villages and towns, and then indirectly interferes with the RECC. However, it is still lacking to consider the management dimension in the actual RECC assessment, and the RECC formation in the process of urban and rural integrated construction. Therefore, it is urgent to evaluate the RECC of villages and towns from the perspective of governance. In this study, two frameworks of a Social-Ecological System (SES) and Pressure Status Governance (PSG) were constructed to comprehensively assess the RECC of villages and towns development. Taking Liyang City, Jiangsu Province of China as the study area, an investigation was made to comprehensively evaluate the RECC and diagnose the obstacle factors. The results showed that: 1) Three dimensions were found to form the RECC comprehensive system, including the development demand of villages and towns, the supply of resources and environment, and the collective actions of multi-center stakeholders. Correspondingly, the PSG framework was selected to evaluate the RECC. 2) More than 80% of villages needed to be improved in the study area, where the RECC was above the medium level, particularly with the generally good situation of resources and environment, and the relatively low pressure and management dimension. There was an obvious agglomeration effect in the high-level RECC villages that were distributed mainly in the Nandu, Zhuze, and Biqiao towns, as well as Daitou, Licheng, and Daibu towns in the east, whereas, the low-level RECC villages were scattered in every town. In PSG dimensions, the status index was above the medium level in more than 80% of villages, and the pressure and governance index was below the medium level in more than 80% of villages. 3) The regions with the low and medium RECC were the primary and secondary areas, whereas, the regions with the high RECC still reserved a large space to improve in the future. There were also 4, 5, and 9 obstacle factors in the high, medium, and low RECC regions in the study areas, respectively, particularly concentrated in the state and management dimension. There were three types of obstacle factors, including the global, local and single area. Among them, the water and ecological environment state, as well as the villager initiative were the main obstacles to the coexistence of the whole region. Specifically, the highest frequency was found in the water environment state for all regions, indicating that needed to be improved urgently. Collective organizational capacity was the local obstacle factor in the high and low RECC regions, while the collective initiative and government intervention were the local obstacle factors in the medium and low RECC regions. The states of cultivated land resources and environment, as well as water resources, were the single obstacle factors in the lower RECC region. Finally, the future management strategies were formulated from three aspects of a global, local, and single region, according to the diagnosis of obstacle factors. The finding can provide a theoretical reference to improve the comprehensive RECC in Liyang City.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:50
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Ecology - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Agglomeration effects - Comprehensive assessment - Ecological environments - Environment carrying capacities - Environmental carrying capacities - Government intervention - Management strategies - Social-ecological systems
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20213810903559
Title:Effects of reclaimed water irrigation on the evolution characteristics of desiccation crack of typical subtropical zone soils
Title of translation:&#20877;&#29983;&#27700;&#28748;&#28297;&#23545;&#20122;&#28909;&#24102;&#20856;&#22411;&#22303;&#22756;&#24178;&#32553;&#35010;&#32541;&#28436;&#21464;&#29305;&#24449;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Wang, Wei (1); Wang, Hui (1); Chen, Xiaoyue (1); Tan, Shuai (1); Hu, Chuanwang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resource & Civil Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha; 410128, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Hui(wanghuisb@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:55-65
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The requirement for water resources is ever-increasing with the rapid development of the economy in China. Reclaimed water can be used to greatly alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand for fresh water. The unconventional water sources can also contribute to the structure of water supply, water pollution and ecological security in sustainable agriculture. But, long-term irrigation with reclaimed water may cause the change of soil physical and chemical properties, and then result in the development of desiccation cracks. This study aims to reveal the effects of reclaimed water irrigation on soil desiccation crack and the developmental process in the subtropical region. Four types of subtropical soils were selected as the test materials, including the red, Fluvo-aquic, purple, and paddy soil. Four concentrations of reclaimed water were also used for continuous irrigation, including original reclaimed water (RW) and diluted concentrations of 2(RW-2), 4(RW-4), 6(RW-6) times. An evaporation test was then carried out, where the digital image processing was combined to extract the parameters of soil desiccation cracks. The result showed that the reclaimed water inhibited the formation and development of desiccation cracks in the red soil. The inhibitory effect became more obvious, as the concentration of reclaimed water increased. Specifically, the water content of the initial crack, the area density, and the length density of the desiccation crack dramatically decreased by 57.9%, 54.3%, and 35.4%, respectively. By contrast, the reclaimed water promoted the formation and development of desiccation crack in the Fluvo-aquic, purple, and paddy soil. There were most promoting effects on desiccation crack areas of Fluvo-aquic soil, and desiccation crack length and connectivity of the purple soil, whereas, the least promoting effect was found in the paddy soil. Furthermore, the promoting effect became much stronger, as the concentration of reclaimed water increased, except in the reclaimed water-diluted concentration of 4 times. In addition, there was a balanced process of desiccation crack in the red soil, whereas, that concentrated in the early stage of Fluvo-aquic, purple, and paddy soil, indicating obvious concentration effect of reclaimed water with low concentration. It was also found that there were great influences of soil type on the developmental rate of crack area density in the initial stage, particularly on the developmental rate of connectivity index. Similarly, the concentration of reclaimed water presented a great influence on the length in the deceleration stage, the developmental rate in the accelerated and initial stage, and the maximum developmental rate of crack length density. A three-linear model was utilized to fit the relationship between the developmental degree of soil crack area density, and water content under reclaimed water irrigation. The water content of the initial, accelerated, and decelerated stages were 22.67% to the water content of initial crack, 17.20%-22.67%, and 0-17.20%, respectively, while the developmental rates of each stage were 0.017, 0.037, and 0.020, respectively. A four-parameter log-logistic equation was selected to fit the relationship between the developmental degree of length density and connectivity, as well as the water content. The water content of the accelerated and decelerated stages during the crack length development were 28.06% to the water content of initial crack and 0-28.06%, respectively, where the maximum developmental rate was 4.56, while the water content of the accelerated and decelerated stages during the development of crack connectivity were 26.27% to the water content of initial crack and 0-26.27%, respectively, where the maximum developmental rate was 4.50. The finding can provide a sound reference to develop the quality standards of reclaimed water for irrigation systems in the subtropical zone.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Water pollution
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Driers (materials) - Economics - Image processing - Irrigation - Reclamation - Soil testing - Soils - Tropics - Water resources  - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Concentration effects - Connectivity indices - Ecological security - Evolution characteristics - Long-term irrigations - Soil physical and chemical properties - Subtropical regions - Sustainable agriculture
Classification code:443  Meteorology - 444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 453  Water Pollution - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 0.00e+00% to 1.72e+01%, Percentage 0.00e+00% to 2.63e+01%, Percentage 0.00e+00% to 2.81e+01%, Percentage 1.72e+01% to 2.27e+01%, Percentage 3.54e+01%, Percentage 5.43e+01%, Percentage 5.79e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20213810903566
Title:Monitoring of cotton leaf area index using machine learning
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#26426;&#22120;&#23398;&#20064;&#30340;&#26825;&#33457;&#21494;&#38754;&#31215;&#25351;&#25968;&#30417;&#27979;
Authors:Ma, Yiru (1); Lyu, Xin (1); Yi, Xiang (1); Ma, Lulu (1); Qi, Yaqin (1); Hou, Tongyu (1); Zhang, Ze (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural College of Shihezi University/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi; 832003, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Ze(zhangze1227@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:152-162
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Leaf area index (LAI) is one of the most important indicators that characterize canopy structure and growth of crops. LAI changes can therefore greatly contribute to the variable rate fertilization of cotton. It is of great significance to monitor LAI quickly, accurately, and non-destructively, thereby guiding crop fertilization in modern agriculture. The traditional LAI monitoring relies mainly on manual sampling with high labor intensity and time-consuming. Furthermore, the lagging data cannot meet the needs of real-time monitoring. Most studies on crop LAI have also been made using remote sensing in recent years, such as hand-held spectrometers, unmanned aerial vehicles, and satellites. Nevertheless, the near-earth surface spectrum cannot be used to continuously and rapidly monitor at the spatial scale, due to the limited shooting range and the weight of the instrument. Satellite images are mostly used for the plant LAI monitoring at forest or large regional scale, particularly on the resolution of 10-60m. Alternatively, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has the potential to fast capture high resolution images repeatedly, suitable for accurate crop monitoring of small plots. Many efforts have been made to monitor the LAI of wheat, rice, corn and others using spectral images under UAVs. Since spectral technology can monitor timely and dynamically, and in macro mode, the resulting LAI spectral data really determines the vegetation index. As such, the hyperspectral reflectance of plant canopy can provide much richer information of vegetation characteristics, compared with vegetation index. However, a large amount of hyperspectral data under UAVs normally presents data redundancy and high multicollinearity. Reasonable spectral transformation can also be utilized to remove the background and noise of hyperspectral data. Correspondingly, machine learning has widely been applied to crop growth monitoring for deep information in data, particularly combined with remote sensing. Great ability of learning and prediction can be achieved using the partial least squares (PLS) model (an extension of multicollinearity model), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF), in order to reduce the collinearity between variables in different ways. In this study, the UAV hyperspectral data was preprocessed using the First Derivative (FDR), the Second Derivative (SDR), Savitzky-Golay(SG) smoothing, and Multiple Scatter Correction (MSC) under the plot experiments of different varieties and nitrogen treatments. Sensitive bands were also selected using the Pearson correlation coefficient, Successive Projections Algorithm (SPA), Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA), and Competitive Adaptive Reweighting (CARS). A cotton LAI monitoring model was finally constructed to calculate the reflectance of selected bands using the Partial Least Square Regression(PLSR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Random Forest Regression (RFR). The results showed that the canopy spectra of different LAI were significantly different from 760-1000 nm, where there was a significant correlation between the canopy spectrum and LAI. The sensitive response band of LAI in the cotton canopy was concentrated in the visible light (400-780 nm) and near-infrared (after 900 nm). The highest precision and stability were achieved in the RFR model under each pretreatment for LAI monitoring. Among them, the FDR-SFLA-RFR model performed the best, where the determination coefficient, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and relative RMSE for the modeling dataset were 0.74, 1.648 3, and 26.39%, respectively. In the verification dataset, the determination coefficient, RMSE and relative RMSE were 0.67, 1.622 0, and 25.97%, respectively. Consequently, the optimal estimation model can be rationally selected to represent the UAV spectral reflectance of the canopy using various pretreatments, band selecting, and modeling. The findings can provide the potential basis to accurately manage the variable fertilization in cotton fields.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:54
Main heading:Learning systems
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Antennas - Correlation methods - Cotton - Crops - Decision trees - Infrared devices - Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Metadata  - Monitoring - Random forests - Reflection - Remote sensing - Scales (weighing instruments) - Spectroscopy - Support vector machines - Support vector regression - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - Partial least square regression - Partial least squares models - Pearson correlation coefficients - Shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) - Successive projections algorithms (SPA) - Support vector regression (SVR) - Variable rate fertilization
Classification code:652.1  Aircraft, General - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 943.3  Special Purpose Instruments - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.60e+01%, Percentage 2.64e+01%, Size 1.00e+01m to 6.00e+01m, Size 4.00e-07m to 7.80e-07m, Size 7.60e-07m to 1.00e-06m, Size 9.00e-07m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20213810903573
Title:Filtration technology of poultry washing wastewater based on maize stover filter media
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#29577;&#31859;&#31224;&#31174;&#28388;&#26009;&#30340;&#20859;&#31165;&#20914;&#27927;&#24223;&#27700;&#36807;&#28388;&#25216;&#26415;
Authors:Guan, Zhengjun (1); Yin, Heng (1); Han, Wei (1); Zhang, Tiantian (1); Wu, Yingtao (1); Chen, Kezhao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:216-223
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Treatment of livestock and poultry wastewater has brought tremendous pressure to the surrounding environment, particularly to the large-scale and intensive breeding and mechanized farming. Poultry washing wastewater generally contains complex components, a large amount of solid particle sludge, and high ammonia nitrogen content, leading to single pretreatment means and high treatment costs. Alternatively, easily accessible, low-cost corn stalks can be used as filter materials to pretreat the poultry washing wastewater for high efficiency of wastewater treatment. It is an economical and effective way to treat waste with waste, thereby realizing the resource utilization and harmless treatment of poultry washing wastewater. Filtration pretreatment can also effectively remove suspended solids in aquaculture wastewater. Since the filtered solids were subjected to composting treatment, where together returning to the field for effective use of resources. Post-biochemical treatment was performed on the filtered wastewater, and further greatly reduced the processing costs of aquaculture wastewater. This study aims to explore the filtering law of corn stalk as a filter material, and the effects of corn-stalk particle size, compaction, and filling height of filter material on the filtration pretreatment of poultry-washing wastewater. A structural model was also established for the poultry-washing wastewater filtration device. The filtration characteristics of main pollutants were investigated in poultry washing wastewater under different particle sizes, filter thicknesses, and compactions, where the boundary conditions of each factor were determined. A single factor test was carried out to determine the boundary condition of parameters. The three-factor three-level orthogonal test was designed to clarify the effect of corn stalk filter on the poultry-washing wastewater. The results show that the filter material presented the best filtering performance when the particle size of corn stalk was 1cm, the compaction degree was 1.4 times density (74.93kg/m³), and the filling height of filter material was 50cm. The Total Solids (TS) removal rate of poultry-washing wastewater was 31.22%, the Volatile Solid (VS) removal rate was 44.51%, the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal rate was 24.07%, and the NH<inf>4</inf>⁺-N removal rate was 21.20%, indicating an excellent filtration performance. The anaerobic fermentation efficiency of filtered poultry-washing wastewater was much higher than before and after filtration. Under the same conditions, the anaerobic fermentation time of filtered poultry-washing wastewater was shortened by about 50%, which was of great significance to reduce the operation cost and the floor area of the project. The structure model was built for the poultry-washing wastewater filtration device using experimental parameters. The finding can provide a promising theoretical basis to develop the straw filtration equipment for aquaculture wastewaters.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Wastewater treatment
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Ammonia - Aquaculture - Boundary conditions - Chemical oxygen demand - Compaction - Cost reduction - Efficiency - Fermentation - Filtration  - Particle size - Washing - Waste treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Aquaculture wastewater - Chemical oxygen demand removals - Different particle sizes - Experimental parameters - Filtration characteristics - Filtration performance - Filtration technologies - Surrounding environment
Classification code:452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 7.49e+01kg/m3, Percentage 2.12e+01%, Percentage 2.41e+01%, Percentage 3.12e+01%, Percentage 4.45e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Size 1.00e-02m, Size 5.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20213810903591
Title:Preparation and functional properties of soy protein isolate particles by high pressure homogenization-freeze drying technology
Title of translation:&#39640;&#21387;&#22343;&#36136;-&#20919;&#20923;&#24178;&#29157;&#25216;&#26415;&#21046;&#22791;&#22823;&#35910;&#20998;&#31163;&#34507;&#30333;&#24494;&#31890;&#21450;&#20854;&#21151;&#33021;&#29305;&#24615;
Authors:Xiao, Zhigang (1, 2); Wang, Yifan (1); Wang, Kexin (1); Duan, Qingsong (2); Zhu, Minpeng (1); Huo, Jinjie (1); Jiang, Ruisheng (1); Li, Hang (1); He, Dong (1); Gao, Yuzhe (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Grain, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang; 110034, China; (2) College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110886, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Yuzhe(gaoyuzhe_66@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:306-313
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">This study aims to improve the PDI and functional properties of soy protein isolate. The high-pressure homogenization combined with freeze-drying was used to prepare soy protein isolate particles. A structure-activity relationship was established to clarify the effect of pressure on the properties and structure of soy protein isolate particles after preparation. The results showed that the average particle size of soy protein isolate was greatly reduced, with the gradual increase of pressure, where the distribution curve of particle size moved to the left. The particle size of soy protein isolate was reduced by about 1 631% at 100 MPa, indicating a much wider curve distribution of particle size, compared with natural soy protein isolate. The PDI and functional properties of soy protein isolate particles were significantly improved, with the increase of pressure in the range of 60-100 MPa. The solubility of soy protein at 100 MPa, emulsifying activity, emulsification, and oil retention increased by 172.98%, 28.71%, 77.82%, and 123.76%, respectively, while the foam height also increased with time. The reason was that the unfolding of protein structure and enhanced surface hydrophobicity allowed the protein to be rapidly adsorbed at the air-water interface. Scanning electron micrograph demonstrated that there was an aggregated state in the soy protein isolate particles that had not been homogenized under high pressure, indicating that the spherical surface was recessed inward. Correspondingly, the soy protein isolate particles presented a network structure after the high-pressure combined freeze-drying process. The hydrophobic groups of soy protein isolate particles were exposed to a large amount, where the surface charge enhanced as the electrostatic repulsion increased, namely the surface hydrophobicity increased under the action of high pressure and shear force. The solubility and the improved functional properties depended mainly on the transformation of &alpha;-helix and &beta;-turn to &beta;-sheet and random coil structure. It was a benefit to improve the functional properties and structural characteristics of soy protein. The finding can provide a sound theoretical basis in the extensive application of the food industry.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Proteins
Controlled terms:Air - Emulsification - Hydrophobicity - Low temperature drying - Oils and fats - Particle size - Phase interfaces - Scanning electron microscopy - Solubility - Structural properties
Uncontrolled terms:Distribution of particles - Electrostatic repulsion - High pressure homogenization - Random-coil structures - Scanning electron micrographs - Structural characteristics - Structure activity relationships - Surface hydrophobicity
Classification code:408  Structural Design - 801.4  Physical Chemistry - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.24e+02%, Percentage 1.63e+03%, Percentage 1.73e+02%, Percentage 2.87e+01%, Percentage 7.78e+01%, Pressure 1.00e+08Pa, Pressure 6.00e+07Pa to 1.00e+08Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20213810903555
Title:Parameter analysis and development of fractional calculus model for stress relaxation of cornstalk and potato residues
Title of translation:&#31224;&#31174;-&#34223;&#28195;&#28151;&#21512;&#29289;&#26009;&#24212;&#21147;&#26494;&#24347;&#20998;&#25968;&#38454;&#27169;&#22411;&#30340;&#24314;&#31435;&#21450;&#21442;&#25968;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Guo, Wenbin (1); Wang, Zhipeng (1); Hou, Zhibo (1); Hu, Fan (1); Wang, Chunguang (1); Qi, Wenjing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Chunguang(nndjdwcg@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:284-290
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Accurate characterization of stress relaxation in loose materials can greatly contribute to reducing energy consumption of briquetting, while improving the quality of briquettes in modern agriculture. Thus, rheological tests and data fitting were often utilized to optimize the parameters in different models. However, a relatively large number of parameters are contained in the current stress relaxation models, failing to fully describe the permanent deformation. This study aims to improve the fitting accuracy of the stress relaxation model, while reducing the number of model parameters, particularly for better representing the parameters related to the permanent deformation of loose agricultural materials. A simple stress relaxation model was also proposed using fractional calculus to describe the stress relaxation behavior of cornstalk mixing with potato residues. Cornstalk and potato residues were mixed in a weight ratio of 1:3. The cornstalk was cut into pieces &lt; 3mm and dried naturally to a moisture content of (4&plusmn;0.1)%, whereas, the potato residue was dehydrated to a moisture content of (65&plusmn;1)%, and then collected from a starch processing factory. A stress relaxation test was conducted to acquire stress-time curves under five compression densities (700-1 100 kg/mm³) using a self-developed adjustable compression device mounted on a universal testing machine. The stress-time curves illustrated that there was obvious stress relaxation behavior in the mixture of cornstalk and potato residues when compressed. A Generalized Maxwell model and a fractional model were proposed to evaluate the parameters using curve fitting and regression analysis. The results indicated that the fractional model presented a better fitting accuracy than the Generalized Maxwell model, where the coefficients of determination were between 0.996 4-0.999 5. Moreover, there were only two undetermined parameters (K and &beta;) in the fractional model, less than the parameters (elastic modulus E<inf>1</inf>, E<inf>2</inf>, E<inf>e</inf> and viscosity coefficients &eta;<inf>1</inf>, &eta;<inf>2</inf>) in the Generalized Maxwell model. Thus, the fractional model was expected to more accurately and briefly represent the stress relaxation behavior of the mixture, compared with the Generalized Maxwell model. Additionally, correlation analysis showed that K was significantly correlated with E<inf>1</inf>, E<inf>2</inf>, E<inf>e</inf>, &eta;<inf>1</inf>, &eta;<inf>2</inf>, and thus K was expected to serve as a key coefficient for the viscoelastic characteristic of mixed materials. In the fractional order, &beta; was significantly correlated with the ratio of equilibrium modulus E<inf>e</inf> to total modulus E<inf>0</inf>, and thus &beta; was used to describe the proportion of residual elasticity with respect to total elasticity, representing the permanent deformation of mixed materials. The relaxation ratio S<inf>r</inf> and relaxation rate S<inf>t</inf> were also calculated to verify the physical meanings of K and &beta;, together with the connection with K and &beta;. It was found that &beta; was significantly negatively correlated with S<inf>r</inf>, whereas, K was significantly positively correlated with S<inf>t</inf>. It further proved that the fractional model can be used to describe the permanent deformation degree of mixed material after stress relaxation. Consequently, the fractional model successfully represented the stress relaxation behavior of cornstalk mixing with potato residues, where the obtained parameters fully represent the degree of permanent deformation. The finding can provide both potential theoretical and practical significance to analyze the briquetting mechanism, and improve the briquetting process of loose agricultural materials.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Stress relaxation
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Briquets - Briquetting - Calculations - Curve fitting - Deformation - Elasticity - Energy utilization - Mixing  - Mixtures - Moisture - Moisture determination
Uncontrolled terms:Briquetting mechanism - Generalized Maxwell model - Permanent deformations - Reducing energy consumption - Stress relaxation behavior - Stress relaxation tests - Universal testing machines - Visco-elastic characteristics
Classification code:524  Solid Fuels - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921  Mathematics - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 7.00e+11kg/m3 to 1.10e+12kg/m3, Size 3.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20213810903608
Title:Spatial distribution characteristics and influence factors of degree of compaction in dry-farming Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China
Title of translation:&#40644;&#28142;&#28023;&#26097;&#20316;&#21306;&#22303;&#22756;&#21387;&#23454;&#24230;&#31354;&#38388;&#20998;&#24067;&#29305;&#24449;&#21450;&#20854;&#24433;&#21709;&#22240;&#32032;
Authors:Li, Yong (1); Zhao, Yunze (1); Gou, Yuxuan (1); Huang, Yuanfang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing; 100193, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Yuanfang(yfhuang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:83-91
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Soil compaction is a major cause of physical degradation in agricultural fields. The Degree of Compaction (DC) is a useful parameter to characterize the response of crops to different soils. Taking the degree of compaction as the research object, this study aims to explore the characteristics of soil compaction in the dry-farming Huang-Huai-Hai plain of China. 255 soil samples were collected in 2017. Mann-Kendall mutation test, geostatistics, and redundancy analysis were used to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of the plough and compacted layer in the study area, particularly the spatial variation and influencing factors of the degree of compaction. The influence of compaction on grain yield was determined to preliminarily propose the optimal range for the degree of soil compaction. The results showed that the depth of both ploughed and compacted layers increased from north to south, where the maximum depth of the ploughed layer reached 22.50 cm, and the minimum was only 10.21 cm, whereas, the maximum depth of the compacted layer was 17.50 cm, and the minimum was 7.50 cm. There were significant differences in the degree of soil compaction in different regions. Specifically, the degree of compaction in the compacted layer was significantly higher than that of the ploughed layer. Nevertheless, there was spatial consistency in the degree of compaction of the ploughed and compacted layers. In the ploughed layer, the higher value area of the degree of compaction was distributed mainly in the eastern of Henan Province, the northern of Anhui Province, and the northern of Hebei Province, where the maximum was 87.68%, whereas, the lower value area was in the northwest of Shandong Province, and the southern of Hebei Province. There was a significant impact of the degree of compaction in the ploughed layer on grain yield (P&lt;0.01), where the yield was higher when the degree of compaction was in the range of 70%-80%. The degree of soil compaction depended on both natural and human factors. The contribution of each influencing factor to the degree of soil compaction was ranked in a descending order: the average annual precipitation, average annual temperature, total power of agricultural machinery, sand content, silt content, clay content, and soil organic matter content. Among them, the average annual precipitation, average annual temperature, and total power of agricultural machinery presented extremely significant effects on the degree of soil compaction (P&lt;0.01). In addition to uncontrollable natural factors, mechanical tillage was an important human factor for soil compaction. In general, soil compaction was improved by deep plowing with large agricultural machinery, but much attention should also be paid to soil compaction caused by machinery. The findings can provide a sound theoretical reference to improve the soil compaction in farmland, thereby formulating the management measures in dry-farming Huang-Huai-Hai regions.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Compaction
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural robots - Grain (agricultural product) - Human engineering - Soil mechanics - Soils - Spatial distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural fields - Average annual precipitation - Degree of compaction - Distribution characteristics - Management measures - Redundancy analysis - Soil organic matter contents - Spatial consistency
Classification code:461.4  Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921  Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 7.00e+01% to 8.00e+01%, Percentage 8.77e+01%, Size 1.02e-01m, Size 1.75e-01m, Size 2.25e-01m, Size 7.50e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20213810903468
Title:Incipient law of sediment particles in shallow water affected by rainfall
Title of translation:&#21463;&#38477;&#38632;&#24433;&#21709;&#30340;&#27973;&#27700;&#27877;&#27801;&#39063;&#31890;&#36215;&#21160;&#35268;&#24459;
Authors:Xiao, Ke (1); Yang, Fengguang (1); Nie, Ruihua (1); Huang, Er (1); Wang, Xiekang (1); Liu, Xingnian (1); Peng, Qing'e (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu; 610065, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Fengguang(yangfengguang@scu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:121-127
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Sediment transport is a key link to the river flow in mountainous areas under rainfall conditions. Mountain river flow is usually considered to be laminar, because of the shallow depth and large slope. This study aims to investigate the influence of rainfall on the incipient motion of uniform sediment in laminar open channel flows. A mathematical model was also established for the incipient shear stress of sediment particles under the rainfall when the rainfall fell into the main flows with terminal velocity. Assuming that the rainfall remained the unchanged shapes in a short period, a scenario was developed, particularly when the rainfall drop particles settled in stationary water. As such, the water was assumed as the transport in the porous media with relative velocity. Both scenarios were considered equivalent, in terms of grain size, porosity, and drag forces. A critical shear stress model was derived using the conception of flow transportation in the porous media, where the forces were analyzed when acting on the uniform sediment particles. The analysis results showed that there was little influence of rainfall on the velocity, where the linear velocity profile was still applied. The coefficients of lift and drag forces were determined with the measured incipient shear stress data without disturbance of the rainfall. It was found that both of them were a function of shear Reynolds number. The combined variables were fitted using two force coefficients, thereby obtaining a linear relationship with shear Reynolds number and the power of -1.8(R²=0.996). 8 different rainfall intensities varying from 0.254 to 152.4 mm/h were selected, when fitting to the 224 original measured data, to finally develop the probability density function of raindrop diameters for given rainfall intensity (R²=0.998). Therefore, the average diameter value used in the present study was obtained by integration. The remaining parameters of the model were obtained to compare the present model with Garry Li experimental data. It was found that the critical shear velocity was reduced for the presence of the rainfall. The experiments were performed on a flume with a test section of 3.6 m long and 0.4 m wide. The flume bed was covered with sediments using the median diameters of 0.74 mm, and the inclined angle at slopes of 2.0&deg;. The simulated rainfall was provided by three nozzles located 3.6 m above the center of the flume connected to the water mains, and the rainfall intensity varied from 0 to 162 mm/h. Reynolds number of shallow flow in the experiment was 39-60, smaller than the lower critical Reynolds number of the natural river channels. Comparison with Garry Li measured data, the computation model could more accurately predict the critical shear stress for the laminar flow with rainfall disturbance. To verify the accuracy of the model, the obtained values were compared with the predictions of Li formula and Zhao et al. formula. Specifically, the accuracy of the model was the highest, where the average error was 14.8% and the minimum error was only 3.9%. A mathematical model of incipient shear stress can be used for the sediment particles, where the influence of rainfall can provide theoretical support to the prevention and control of water and sediment disasters in mountainous areas.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Shear flow
Controlled terms:Disaster prevention - Drag - Laminar flow - Open channel flow - Particle size analysis - Porous materials - Probability density function - Rain - Reynolds number - Rivers  - Sediment transport - Shear stress - Stream flow - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Critical shear stress - Force coefficients - Linear relationships - Natural river channel - Prevention and controls - Rainfall intensity - Sediment particles - Simulated rainfall
Classification code:443.3  Precipitation - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention - 922.1  Probability Theory - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.48e+01%, Percentage 3.90e+00%, Size 3.60e+00m, Size 4.00e-01m, Size 7.40e-04m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20213810903477
Title:Analysis of long-term mechanism for development of straw industry in northeast China under guidance of "Green-concept"
Title of translation:"&#32511;&#33394;"&#24341;&#39046;&#19979;&#19996;&#21271;&#22320;&#21306;&#31224;&#31174;&#20135;&#19994;&#21457;&#23637;&#38271;&#25928;&#26426;&#21046;&#35299;&#26512;
Authors:Cong, Hongbin (1); Meng, Haibo (1); Yu, Jiadong (1); Ye, Bingnan (1); Yao, Zonglu (2); Feng, Jing (1); Yu, Bingchi (1, 3); Qin, Chao (1, 3); Huo, Lili (2); Yuan, Yanwen (1); Dai, Minyi (1); Li, Lijie (1); Shen, Yujun (1); Zhao, Lixin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Center of Energy and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100125, China; (2) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture CAAS, Beijing; 100000, China; (3) Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163000, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Lixin(zhaolixin5092@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:314-321
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Straw resource has exceeded 190 million tons in Northeast China, accounting for more than 1/5 of the national total. Northeast China is the main grain-producing area, including Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and East Inner Mongolia (Chifeng, Tongliao, Hulunbeier, and Xing'an League). The high-yield black soil in this region has also encountered an overdraft of land fertility in recent years. Many efforts have been made to enhance the utilization capacity and returning level of straw, in order to speed up the recycling of straw, while protecting the black land in the important corn production area, one of "the golden corn belt". Green development can be a trade-off between the ecological environment and resource bearing capacity, where environmental protection is taken as an important pillar to achieve sustainable development. In the treatment of straw resources, burning straw in the open air would pollute the atmosphere to cause fire risks and traffic hazards, whereas, random stacking after collection would pose the risk of water pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to take effective measures to protect the black soil, while improving the comprehensive utilization and benefits of straw and rationally tailoring the priority sequence of fertilizer, feed, fuel, base and raw material. This study aims to explore the long-term mechanism for the high quality and efficient development of the straw industry, according to the general requirements of green and sustainable agriculture. The connotation of green development was first summarized to combine the present situation, while some suggestions and developmental needs of straw utilization were proposed during this time. Correspondingly, the general idea was also given for the straw industry development under the guidance of the "Green" concept. It was found that the direct returning straw to fields for fertilizers was mainly distributed in the United States, the combined planting with breeding for feed utilization was mainly in South Korea, and the generating power and heat for energy utilization was mainly in Denmark. Subsequently, the main achievements were combined with the typical practices of straw utilization in Northeast China. A long-term development framework of the straw industry was also constructed under the guidance of the "Green" concept, from the perspectives of technical equipment, regulations, cultivation of market subjects, public service, and market supervision. Finally, the straw utilization mode using a long-term mechanism was carried out in villages and towns communities using the pyrolysis co-production technology, as illustrated by examples. This finding can provide potential decision-making support to promote high quality and efficient utilization of straw in Northeast China.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:44
Main heading:Green manufacturing
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Cultivation - Decision making - Economic and social effects - Energy utilization - Environmental protection - Fertilizers - Service industry - Sustainable development - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive utilizations - Decision making support - Ecological environments - Industry development - Long-term development - Market supervisions - Sustainable agriculture - Technical equipments
Classification code:453  Water Pollution - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 912.2  Management - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20213810903469
Title:Influences of post-harvest melatonin treatment on preservation quality and shelf life of fresh-cut cauliflower
Title of translation:&#37319;&#21518;&#35114;&#40657;&#32032;&#22788;&#29702;&#23545;&#40092;&#20999;&#33457;&#26928;&#33756;&#20445;&#40092;&#21697;&#36136;&#21450;&#36135;&#26550;&#26399;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Xue, Jianxin (1); Wang, Kai (1); Li, Zezhen (2); Zhang, Shujuan (1); Mu, Bingyu (1); Li, Zihui (1); Huang, Liang (1); Zhao, Huamin (1); Sun, Haixia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China; (2) College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:273-283
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Fresh-cut cauliflower has special economic significance in post-harvest management, as a vegetable with a high perishable rate. Among them, melatonin is a kind of indoleamine that plays an important role against abiotic stress. This study aims to evaluate the effect of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.50 mmol/L of melatonin on the preservation quality of nutritionals in the fresh-cut cauliflower during 16-day storage at 4&#8451;. Six samples of each replicate were randomly taken at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 d after treatment to measure weight loss, firmness, color, polygalacturonase (PG), and lipoxygenase (LOX) activities, and PG and LOX expression. The rest of the fruits were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80&#8451; before determining the endogenous melatonin levels and DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenolic, ascorbic acid, and total glucosinolates contents. The results showed that the nutritional quality was clearly delayed (P&lt;0.05) by the 0.10 mmol/L melatonin treatment, as disclosed by the weight loss, firmness, color, total glucosinolates content, and endogenous melatonin content of fresh-cut cauliflower samples. Furthermore, 0.10 mmol/L melatonin treatment was optimal for the enhancement (P&lt;0.05) of total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, indicating that it delayed (P&lt;0.05) the reduction in ascorbic acid. Moreover, 0.10 mmol/L melatonin treatment enhanced (P&lt;0.05) PG expression, where decreased first and then increased (P&lt;0.05) LOX gene expression during storage, and delayed (P&lt;0.05) the activities of PG and LOX. After storage for 16 d, the changes of cellular structure in the 0.10 mmol/L treatment group and control group were observed under a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The results showed the 0.10 mmol/L treatment sample cells presented obvious slight plasmolysis after storage for 16 d, where a small amount of autophagy was observed, while the slight plasmodesmata were also found between the cells. However, some variations of cells were also observed as follows: the mitochondria of cells in the ultrastructure of cauliflower florets in the absence of melatonin treatment (control) were moderately swollen, the endoplasmic reticulum was moderately expanded, autophagy appeared, and the cytoplasm and cell wall were separated. Consequently, the finding demonstrated that the melatonin treatment may be expected to serve as a useful technique to extend the postharvest life and improve quality in fresh-cut cauliflower.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:47
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Ascorbic acid - Cell death - Gene expression - Hormones - Liquefied gases - Transmission electron microscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Antioxidant capacity - Cellular structure - DPPH radical scavenging activities - Endoplasmic reticulum - Nutritional qualities - Polygalacturonase - Total glucosinolates - Total phenolic content
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9  Biology - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control
Numerical data indexing:Age 4.38e-02yr, Molar_Concentration 1.00e-01mol/m3, Molar_Concentration 5.00e-01mol/m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.031
Funding details:  Number: 31801632, Acronym: NSFC, Sponsor: National Natural Science Foundation of China;
Funding text:National Natural Science Foundation of China (31801632), Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Shanxi (2019L0396) and Shanxi Agricultural of University Research Grant (2016YJ04).

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20213810903524
Title:Multi-temporal remote sensing based crop classification using a hybrid 3D-2D CNN model
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#28151;&#21512;3D-2D CNN&#30340;&#22810;&#26102;&#30456;&#36965;&#24863;&#20892;&#20316;&#29289;&#20998;&#31867;
Authors:Lu, Yuanbing (1, 2); Li, Huapeng (1); Zhang, Shuqing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun; 130102, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China
Corresponding author:Li, Huapeng(lihuapeng@iga.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:142-151
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Reliable and accurate classification of crop types can greatly contribute to data sources in agricultural monitoring and food security. Remote sensing can be used to rapidly and accurately extract the planting areas and distribution of main crops, thereby optimizing the spatial pattern of crops, grain production, and management. However, it is extremely difficult to identify and then map different types of crops with high accuracy and efficiency, especially for traditional machine learning. The reason is that there are highly complex and heterogeneous spectral data in crop space on time-series remote sensing images. Fortunately, three-dimensional convolution neural networks (3D CNN) are suitable for the spatio-temporal information in the time-series remote sensing imagery. Nevertheless, the high complexity of the 3D CNN model often requires a large number of training samples. In this study, a novel hybrid classification model (called 3D-2D CNN) was proposed to integrate 3D CNN and two-dimensional convolution neural networks (2D CNN) in the trade-off among accuracy, efficiency, and ground sample acquisition. The specific procedure was as follows. The spatio-temporal features were first extracted from the multiple 3D convolutional layers, then the output features were compressed for the spatial feature analysis in the 2D convolutional layer, and finally the high-level maps of features were flattened to predict the category in the fully connected layer. Batch normalization was performed on the input data of each layer to accelerate the network convergence. As such, the complex structure of the original 3D CNN was reduced, while the capacity of 3D-2D CNN remained in spatio-temporal feature extraction. Taking northern California, USA, as the study area, Landsat8 multi-temporal images were utilized as the remote sensing data source in the test to verify the model. Landsat images presented specific characteristics, compared with the natural. The spectral and texture features of the same type varied greatly along with the imaging time and conditions. California agricultural investigation was used as sampling data. Accordingly, the land plots in the study area were randomly divided into a training, validation, and test region, according to 2:2:6 stratification, where the training and validation sample datasets were randomly selected. Since the overflow easily occurred, when the training dataset was limited in actual work, it was necessary for the deep learning model to require a large number of data samples to train a CNN. Correspondingly, two small sample sets of different proportions were randomly selected from the training sample set of 50% and 25% to verify the feasibility of the model. The trained models were then used to predict the test region. The experimental results showed that the overall accuracy (89.38%), macro-average F1 value (84.21%), and Kappa coefficient (0.881) of 3D-2D CNN for 13 crop classifications performed better than other deep learning, including 3D CNN and 2D CNN, as well as traditional machine learning, such as Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Random Forest (RF). It should be mentioned that the proposed 3D-2D CNN also achieved the best performance in the small training set, where the highest recognition rate of classification was obtained, compared with the benchmark models. Meanwhile, the convergence time of 3D-2D CNN was reduced greatly, compared with the 3D CNN, thanks to a significant reduction of parameters. It was found that there was a greater effect of temporal features of crops that were hidden in multi-temporal remote sensing imagery on CNN classification, compared with texture features. Consequently, the highest accuracy and strongest robustness were obtained in the 3D-2D CNN model, due mainly to the comprehensive utilization of spatial-temporal-spectrum features. The finding can provide a highly effective and novel solution to crop classification from multi-temporal remote sensing.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:3D modeling - Agricultural robots - Benchmarking - Classification (of information) - Complex networks - Convolution - Crops - Decision trees - Deep learning - Economic and social effects  - Efficiency - Food supply - Large dataset - Learning systems - Neural networks - Sampling - Space optics - Spectrum analysis - Support vector machines - Textures  - Time series
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural monitoring - Comprehensive utilizations - Convolution neural network - Multi-temporal remote sensing - Reduction of parameters - Remote sensing data source - Spatio temporal features - Spatiotemporal information
Classification code:656.1  Space Flight - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products - 913.1  Production Engineering - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 961  Systems Science - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 8.42e+01%, Percentage 8.94e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20213810903514
Title:Design and experiment of the auxiliary steering system for a four-wheel independent electrically driven high clearance sprayer
Title of translation:&#22235;&#36718;&#29420;&#31435;&#30005;&#39537;&#21160;&#39640;&#22320;&#38553;&#21943;&#38654;&#26426;&#36741;&#21161;&#36716;&#21521;&#31995;&#32479;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Liu, Hui (1); Long, Youneng (1); He, Siwei (1); Cui, Yemin (2); Shen, Yue (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) Nantong Guangyi Mechanical & Electrical Co., Ltd, Nantong; 226631, China
Corresponding author:Shen, Yue(shen@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:30-37
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Aiming at the unstable steering of a four-wheel independent electrically driven high clearance sprayer due to the failure of the hub motor controller to respond to a large disturbance, an auxiliary steering method based on electrically controlled hydraulic pressure was proposed. Firstly, the structure and steering principle of the self-steering chassis of the four-wheel independent electrically driven highland gap sprayer were briefly introduced. Secondly, the realization method of the hydraulic assisted steering system was described, including the establishment of the steering resistance moment calculation model, and the analysis of the steering resistance moment required by the wheels under rolling and sliding conditions. The upper limit of the steering resistance moment can be calculated when the two wheels fail turning. Thirdly, based on the structural characteristics of the self-steering chassis, the kinematics model of the hydraulic auxiliary steering was established, the relevant parameters of the important components of the hydraulic system were calculated, the installation position of the hydraulic cylinder was determined, and the key components of the hydraulic system were selected. Finally, the simulation and experiment were carried out to verify the performance of coordinated control of auto steering and auxiliary steering. In the simulation test, the independent operation of self-steering, the independent operation of auxiliary steering, and the collaborative operation of the self-steering and auxiliary steering of the sprayer were simulated and adjusted to make the angle tracking trajectory of the self-steering and the auxiliary steering as consistent as possible. The simulation results showed that, self-steering alone, auxiliary steering alone, and coordinated self-steering and auxiliary steering could all track to the target angle by about 1.8 s. The response of the self-steering is relatively slow in the early stage, but it is a little faster than the auxiliary steering when tracking the target Aangle in the later stage. The auxiliary steering has a slight overshoot after tracking the target Aangle and keeps this slight error in the later stage. Since the self-steering and auxiliary work together has faster response performance than the first two separate operating systems, they are more stable when they reach the target angle. Under the working conditions of independent operation of the self-steering system and cooperative operation of the self-steering system and auxiliary steering system, the comparison tests of downhill and paddy field with a gradient of 15&deg; were carried out at a speed of 1 m/s respectively. The test results showed that in the downhill test, the maximum tracking deviation of the independent auto-steering system operation was 6.1&deg;, and the maximum tracking deviation of the co-operation of auto-steering and auxiliary steering was 0.9&deg;. In the paddy field test, the maximum tracking deviation of the independent auto-steering system operation was 10.3&deg;, and the maximum tracking deviation of the co-operation of auto-steering and auxiliary steering was 1.5&deg;. The experimental results verify the feasibility and stability of the proposed hydraulic auxiliary steering system. The system has good test performance and can meet the actual operation requirements.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Four wheel steering
Controlled terms:Chassis - Hydraulic equipment - Target tracking - Testing - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Co-ordinated control - Collaborative operations - Cooperative operation - Installation position - Kinematics modeling - Response performance - Steering resistance moments - Structural characteristics
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 662.4  Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components
Numerical data indexing:Time 1.80e+00s, Velocity 1.00e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20213810903523
Title:Simulation of inside environmental factors in solar greenhouses using Elman neural network in North China
Title of translation:&#21033;&#29992;Elman&#31070;&#32463;&#32593;&#32476;&#30340;&#21326;&#21271;&#26842;&#22411;&#26085;&#20809;&#28201;&#23460;&#23460;&#20869;&#29615;&#22659;&#35201;&#32032;&#27169;&#25311;
Authors:Cheng, Chen (1); Feng, Liping (1); Dong, Chaoyang (2); Gong, Zhihong (2); Liu, Tao (2); Li, Zhenfa (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Tianjin Climate Center, Tianjin; 300074, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Liping(fenglp@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:200-208
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Accurate forecast is critical to the hour- and daily-varying changes of environmental factors in different types of structures in a solar greenhouse, particularly to the high effectiveness of greenhouse environment control system. In this study, a 2-year of greenhouse experiment was carried out from 2018 to 2020 in Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Base, in Wuqing, Tianjin (east longitude 116.97&deg; north latitude 39.43&deg;, altitude 8 m) in north China. Observation data of inside environment factors were used for the solar greenhouse with 6 structural parameters. A hour- and daily-varying model was also constructed with high accuracy. In the hour-varying model, the weather data in No.1 greenhouse were used as modeling data, and the weather data in No.2 greenhouse were used as verification data. In the daily-varying model, the meteorological data in No.3 to No.6 greenhouses were used as modeling data, and the meteorological data in No.1 and No.2 greenhouses were used as verification data. According to the least-squares method, the change range ratio of meteorological factors under different crops was fitted as the crop parameter and the ratio of daily average meteorological factors in different greenhouses as the crop parameter. Elman neural network was used to predict hour-varying inside temperature of 1.5 m, 0.5 m, and CO<inf>2</inf> concentration, as well as daily-varying of average humidity, average temperature, the maximum temperature, and minimum temperature in the solar greenhouse. The statistical variables of model validation were also selected to evaluate the accuracy of the model, including the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE), and conformity index (D). The prediction results were compared with the stepwise regression and BP neural network modeling. The results showed: 1) In Elman neural network, the RMSE of simulated and measured values for the hour-varying model of inside environmental factors (1.5m air temperature, 0.5 m air temperature, and CO<inf>2</inf> concentration) in the solar greenhouse were 2.14&#8451;, 1.33&#8451;, and 55.32 &mu;mol/mol, respectively, while the NRMSE were 10.01%, 5.87%, and 10.70%, respectively. There was optimal stability performance of the hour-varying model for the indoor environment factors in the solar greenhouse. 2) The RMSE of simulated and measured values in the daily-varying model of inside environmental factors (daily average air humidity and temperature, the maximum and minimum air temperature) were 0.59%, 0.88&#8451;, 2.02&#8451; and 0.98&#8451;, respectively, where the NRMSE were 0.79%, 4.44%, 7.02%, and 6.66%, respectively. It also indicated that the optimal stability of the daily-varying model was achieved. Consequently, the Elman neural network can be expected to accurately simulate the hour- and daily-varying environmental elements. The finding can also provide sound technical support to couple the environmental and crop model in the solar greenhouse.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Neural networks
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Atmospheric temperature - Backpropagation - Carbon dioxide - Crops - Forecasting - Greenhouses - Information analysis - Least squares approximations - Mean square error  - Meteorology - Solar heating
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural science and technology innovations - BP neural network model - Environmental factors - Greenhouse environment - Greenhouse experiments - Least squares methods - Meteorological factors - Root mean square errors
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 723.4  Artificial Intelligence - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 903.1  Information Sources and Analysis - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.00e+00yr, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.07e+01%, Percentage 4.44e+00%, Percentage 5.87e+00%, Percentage 5.90e-01%, Percentage 6.66e+00%, Percentage 7.02e+00%, Percentage 7.90e-01%, Size 1.50e+00m, Size 5.00e-01m, Size 8.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20213810903618
Title:Extraction of transshipment information of offshore fish carrier vessels in Zhejiang Province of China
Title of translation:&#27993;&#27743;&#30465;&#36817;&#28023;&#28180;&#36816;&#33337;&#36716;&#36733;&#20449;&#24687;&#25552;&#21462;
Authors:Fan, Xiumei (1); Zhang, Shengmao (1); Cui, Xuesen (1); Yang, Shenglong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Fisheries Remote Sensing and Information Technology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Academy of Fisheries Science, Shanghai; 200090, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Shengmao(ryshengmao@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:128-134
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Fish carrier vessels are engaged in the transportation of catch for high efficiency and effort of vessels, as fishing intensity redoubles in recent years. This study aims to extract the characteristic data in the transshipment of fish carrier vessels at sea in Zhengjiang Province of China, and then indirectly determine the fishing intensity of vessels. Beidou Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) position signals were also used to set the threshold of speed, distance, and time during extraction. If the distance between fish carrier and fishing vessel at sea was less than 50 m, and the duration was longer than 3 VMS position records, the system assumed that a transshipment event possibly happened, where the duration of the encounter, the names of vessels, and the spatial location were also recorded in real time. As such, the possible transshipment events were identified using the Beidou VMS position data in 2018, and then statistical analysis was also made for verification. It was found that there were 28 916 transshipment events between 808 fish carriers and 3 548 fishing vessels. Specifically, 21.0% of transshipment events happened, when the fish carrier vessels were stopped, whereas, 53.7% of transshipment events happened when the fish carrier vessels were sailing at a low speed between 1-1.4 m/s. The transshipment events with a duration of less than 12.5 min accounted for 81.3% of the total. Furthermore, the distribution of hot spots was finally obtained for the transshipment of fish carrier vessels. Additionally, the longest cumulative duration of transshipment was 187 hours at the space grid of 122.5-123&deg;E and 31.5-32&deg;N, followed by 150 h at the space grid of 122-122.5&deg;E and 28-28.5&deg;N. Consequently, it is widely expected to analyze the spatial distribution and the cumulative duration of transshipment events at sea, thereby clarifying the temporal and spatial changes in fishing vessel efforts.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Fishing vessels
Controlled terms:Extraction - Fish - Fisheries - Fishing (oil wells) - Offshore oil well production - Radio navigation - Sailing vessels
Uncontrolled terms:Carrier vessels - High-efficiency - Position data - Position signals - Spatial location - Temporal and spatial changes - Vessel monitoring systems - Zhejiang province of China
Classification code:511.1  Oil Field Production Operations - 674.1  Small Marine Craft - 716.3  Radio Systems and Equipment - 802.3  Chemical Operations
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.10e+01%, Percentage 5.37e+01%, Percentage 8.13e+01%, Size 5.00e+01m, Time 5.40e+05s, Time 6.73e+05s, Time 7.50e+02s, Velocity 1.00e+00m/s to 1.40e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20213810903606
Title:Improving the quality of vegetarian sausage prepared with textured fibril soy protein using oil pre-emulsification
Title of translation:&#27833;&#33026;&#39044;&#20083;&#21270;&#25552;&#39640;&#22823;&#35910;&#25289;&#19997;&#34507;&#30333;&#32032;&#39135;&#39321;&#32928;&#21697;&#36136;
Authors:Chen, Lin (1); Chen, Wei (2); Ettelaie, Rammile (3); Wu, Jinlian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Food Science, College of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou; 510006, China; (2) The Affiliated Huadu Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou; 510800, China; (3) College of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds; LS29JT, United Kingdom
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:291-298
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Plant protein-based meat analogues are becoming popular, such as textured fibril soy protein, and gluten, because of the healthy cholesterol-free, meat-like texture, and low cost. However, vegetarian sausages that are prepared with a plant source of protein usually taste dry and inelastic, compared with meat sausages, due mainly to the low emulsifying and gelling functionality. Recently, several studies have also reported that the incorporation of pre-emulsified vegetable oil into emulsion-type sausages can markedly promote the Water- and Fat-Binding (WFB) capacities of sausages, as well as the textural and sensory properties. Since chemical modification was focused mainly on the functionalities of proteins, few reports were to optimize the processing parameters of vegetarian sausages for better quality. Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the effects of pre-emulsified oil on the stability, texture, and microstructure of vegetarian sausage prepared with Textured Fibril Soy Protein (TFSP). Rapeseed oil and soy protein isolate were used to prepare the pre-emulsified oil with a high-speed mixer. A Box-Behnken model using Response Surface Method (RSM) was used to optimize the formulation of pre-emulsified oil, thereby maximizing the gel strength of TFSP-vegetarian-sausage. The optimal combination of parameters was achieved as follows: rapeseed oil content: 445 g/L, SPI concentration: 105 g/L, and the shear rate of high-speed mixer: 9.0&times;10³ r/min. The gel strength, hardness, and chewiness of TFSP-sausage increased by approximately 100%, 10%, and 26%, respectively, compared with the traditional. An RSM quadratic model was selected to conduct the analysis of variance for the regression equation. It was found that the importance of influential factors was ranked in order of rapeseed oil content &gt; SPI concentration &gt; shear rate. The sensory evaluation showed that the TFSP-sausage prepared with pre-emulsified oil tasted tenderer, juicier, and more delicious, compared with the control group, indicating the improved textural and sensory attributes after the addition of pre-emulsified oil. A confocal laser scanning microscope was used to characterize the microstructure and the loss of cooking, water, and fat. It was found that the emulsion stability of TFSP-sausage was remarkably improved in the addition of pre-emulsified oil, where the emulsified oil droplets were homogeneously dispersed in the gel matrix of TFSP sausage. In conventional, the rapeseed oil was directly mixed and homogenized with other raw and subsidiary materials, while the emulsion droplets were unstable in the resultant sausage pastes, due to the bridge flocculation and coalescence. It was the reason that the comprehensive droplet coalescence and 'oiling off' often occurred in the control TFSP-sausage after cooking. As a result, the 'filler effect' of emulsified oil droplets was introduced to strengthen the WFB capacities of TFSP-sausage, particularly on the textural and sensory attributes. The finding demonstrated that the application of pre-emulsified vegetable oil can effectively improve the emulsion stability, with prominent effects and economic benefits in the textural and sensory attributes during the preparation of TFSP-sausage.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Emulsification
Controlled terms:Chemical modification - Coalescence - Drops - Emulsions - Meats - Mixers (machinery) - Oilseeds - Proteins - Shear deformation - Textures  - Vegetable oils - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Confocal laser scanning microscope - Droplet coalescence - Influential factors - Optimal combination - Processing parameters - Regression equation - Response surface method - Soy protein isolates
Classification code:445.2  Water Analysis - 801.3  Colloid Chemistry - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.05e+02kg/m3, Mass_Density 4.45e+02kg/m3, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 2.60e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20213810903592
Title:Estimation of nitrogen contents in citrus leaves using Stacking ensemble learning
Title of translation:&#21033;&#29992;Stacking&#38598;&#25104;&#23398;&#20064;&#20272;&#31639;&#26577;&#27224;&#21494;&#29255;&#27694;&#21547;&#37327;
Authors:Wu, Tong (1); Li, Yong (2); Ge, Ying (2); Liu, Lingjie (1); Xi, Shunzhong (2); Ren, Mengjie (2); Yuan, Xiaohui (3); Zhuang, Cuizhen (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China; (2) School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing; 211100, China; (3) Xinping Chushi Agriculture Co., Ltd, Xinping; 653407, China
Corresponding author:Li, Yong(liyong@hhu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:163-171
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Leaf Nitrogen Content (LNC) is an important indicator to evaluate the quality and yield of fruits, where nitrogen is an essential nutrient element for the growth of citrus. Satellite remote sensing has been widely used to rapidly and nondestructively capture nitrogen content data for the cultivation and production of citrus in recent years. In this study, a two-layer stacking ensemble learning framework was constructed using Landsat8 OLI satellite remote sensing images and ground sample data, thereby accurately estimating the nitrogen content of citrus leaves in critical growth periods. K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RF), and Adoptive boosting (Adaboost) were utilized as base models, whereas, Linear Regression (LR) was employed as the meta-model. The LNC values were sorted from high to low and then divided into 6 groups at equal intervals. A systematic analysis was also made to compare the spectral characteristics under different LNC. There were significant differences in the spectral reflectance in the visible light range (400-760 nm) and near-infrared band (760-1 250 nm), due mainly to the absorption of chlorophyll and the multiple reflections of the canopy. The trees with higher LNC commonly presented lower spectral reflectance. The correlation coefficient between vegetation indices (VIs) and LNC was calculated to optimize the spectral features. Grid search and 5-fold cross validation were utilized to train the model, where the LNC distribution map was generated for the study area. The results showed that the Stacking presented the best performance in the testing dataset, with coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.761, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 1.046 g/kg, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 1.366 g/kg and Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE) of 3.494%.. Compared with Adaboost, the best performance was achieved using individual models, where the R² increased by 0.025, whereas RMSE, MAE, and MAPE decreased by 0.07, 0.109 g/kg and 0.325 percentage point, respectively. It revealed that the Stacking was fully integrated into the base models for a higher estimation accuracy. However, there was an obviously underestimated phenomenon in the measured value from each model, particularly in the LNC estimated values of &gt;32 g/kg. Meanwhile, by comparing the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) of each model, the AIC value of Stacking was significantly lower than other individual model, indicating that Stacking was the best LNC estimation model in the observation period of this study. In addition, soil background and model performance were discussed. The spectral information was interfered by soil background. Based on the concept of soil line, many researchers proposed some VIs to reduce the influence, which were also adopted. In this study, only spectral features were used to build the model, which limited the capability of the model. It would be considered to increase the observation periods and add texture features to construct a more comprehensive estimation model. In summary, Stacking could accurately and effectively estimate citrus LNC, providing the potential to estimate the nitrogen content in citrus leaves using satellite remote sensing.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Adaptive boosting - Citrus fruits - Decision trees - Errors - Infrared devices - Mean square error - Nearest neighbor search - Nitrogen - Quality control - Reflection  - Satellites - Soils - Statistical tests - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Akaike information criterion - Coefficient of determination - Correlation coefficient - K nearest neighbor (KNN) - Root mean squared errors - Satellite remote sensing - Spectral characteristics - Spectral reflectances
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 655.2  Satellites - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Size 4.00e-07m to 7.60e-07m, Size 7.60e-07m to 1.25e-06m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20213810903538
Title:Design and experiment of the automatic transplanter for chili plug seedlings
Title of translation:&#36771;&#26898;&#31348;&#30424;&#33495;&#33258;&#21160;&#31227;&#26685;&#26426;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Han, Changjie (1); Xiao, Liqiang (1); Xu, Yang (1); Zhang, Jing (1); Li, Honglei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi; 830052, China; (2) Dezhou Furuite Agricultural Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Dezhou; 253000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:20-29
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Most of vegetable varieties have widely been applied in China at present. Transplanting plug seedlings can greatly contribute to the survival ratio of seedlings, and the resistance to disasters during the growth for better quality and yield of vegetables. However, current manual seedling fetching and transporting seedlings were commonly used in a semi-automatic transplanting machine with high cost and labor intensity. In this study, a fully automatic plug-seedling transplanting and planting machine was developed to meet the transplanting operation mode and agronomic requirements for high efficiency, where the seedlings were taken in a row to be divided, and then be dropped. The transplanting machine was mainly composed of a tray transfer, a seedling picking and dropping, a flexible chain seedling transporting, and a planting mechanism. Plug seedling transplanting was automatically realized under the cooperation of the valve control cylinder movement and mechanical transmission. The simple control system presented a novel structure to gain higher work efficiency. Furthermore, only one operator was required to place the seedling tray, indicating the labor cost-saving. A tractor was used to haul the automatic plug-seedling transplanter, where an air pump driven by a power output shaft was selected to generate the compressed air, thereby providing power for the automatic seedling picking and dropping system. The ground wheel was also utilized to drive the planting and flexible chain conveying mechanism when rotating the plug seedling. A three-dimensional design Solidworks software was used to design the specific structure after the valve control strategy was determined. Correspondingly, the movement trajectories of seedling plate putter and plug seedlings were analyzed to determine the key structure parameters of the plate-moving mechanism. A variable-step ratchet device was also characterized to confirm the size of key components. MATLAB platform was utilized to carry out the structural optimization. The force was thus determined for a seedling clamping device, together with the main component of the seedling picking and dropping mechanism. The key parameters were also determined for the cylinder of a seedling clamping device. FluidSIM software was used to simulate the pneumatic circuit system under different system parameters, further optimizing the design of a pneumatic circuit with simple structure, reliable work performance, and high efficiency. A field trial was conducted using chili seedlings with an average seedling height of 166.7 mm. Evaluation indicators were set as the success rate of seedling taking and dropping, planting frequency, coefficient of variation of plant spacing, and lodging rate. The test results showed that the average success rate of planting and dropping seedlings was 97.07%, and the planting frequency was 123 plants/min, when the working pressure was 0.4 MPa, while the operating speed of a transplanter was 1.4-1.7 km/h, and the moving parts of the machine cooperated well during working. Specifically, the lodging rate was 1.67%, and the coefficient of variation of plant spacing was 3.67%. The data was well in accordance with the machinery industry standard JB/T10291-2013 "Transplanter of dry land plant". It verifies the rationality of plug seedlings with automatical transplanting. The finding can provide sound technical support to improve the automation level of a plug-seedling transplanter in agricultural production.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural robots - Chain conveyors - Clamping devices - Compressed air - Cylinders (shapes) - Digital storage - Efficiency - MATLAB - Plates (structural components)  - Pneumatics - Structural optimization - Valves (mechanical) - Vegetables - Wages
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Coefficient of variation - Evaluation indicators - Mechanical transmission - Movement trajectories - Three-dimensional designs - Transplanting machine - Valve control cylinders
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 601.2  Machine Components - 632.3  Pneumatics - 692.1  Conveyors - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 912.4  Personnel - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921  Mathematics - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.67e+00%, Percentage 3.67e+00%, Percentage 9.71e+01%, Pressure 4.00e+05Pa, Size 1.67e-01m, Velocity 3.89e-01m/s to 4.72e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20213810903569
Title:Calculation method for irrigation return flow in a water diversion irrigation district of arid areas
Title of translation:&#24178;&#26097;&#21306;&#24341;&#27700;&#28748;&#21306;&#28748;&#28297;&#36864;&#27700;&#35745;&#31639;&#26041;&#27861;
Authors:Jie, Feilong (1); Fei, Liangjun (1); Li, Shan (1); Zhu, Hongyan (1); Hao, Kun (1); Liu, Lihua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China
Corresponding author:Fei, Liangjun(feiliangjun2008@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:66-73
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Many water diversion irrigation projects were launched in the arid areas of northwest China in recent years. Intense human activities have changed the water cycle of "diversion-irrigation-return" in the irrigation areas. In this study, the "Unit Return-Flow-Graph" was defined as the curve of irrigation return flow weight formed by deep percolation with uniform temporal and spatial distribution in a given watershed within a unit period. The Unit Return-Flow-Graph was then combined with the "Bucket model" (water balance model for crop root zone), thereby establishing the calculation model for the irrigation return flow. Deep percolation was also evaluated under the water balance, and then the Unit Return-Flow-Graph was combined to calculate the irrigation return flow. The study area was set as the Jingdian Irrigation District (part of the Yellow River Basin) in Gansu Province, China. The results showed that the calculated value of irrigation return flow in the study area fitted well with the monitored. The determination coefficient R² in the model calibration and validation period were 0.82 and 0.71, respectively, indicating the reliable performance of the models. The validated model was used to calculate the deep percolation in the study area from 2000 to 2019 under the irrigation return flow from 2002 to 2019. The calculation results showed that the main influencing factor of yearly deep percolation was the sum amount of net irrigation and effective rainfall. The correlation coefficient between the sum amount of net irrigation and effective rainfall was 0.718 (P&lt;0.01), indicating a significantly positive correlation. The main influencing factor of monthly deep percolation was the crop growth period in the irrigation area, where 69.6% of deep percolation occurred during winter irrigation (October to November). A large amount of irrigation water and rainfall were consumed by crops in the form of evapotranspiration during the crop non-growth period, with less deep percolation. The coefficient of yearly deep percolation was significantly positively correlated with the yearly deep percolation (r=0.944, P&lt;0.01). The monthly coefficient of deep percolation was significantly dependent on the crop growth. It was less than 0.4 in the crop growing period, but greater than 0.8 in the non-growing period. The reason was that the crop consumed more water during the growing period, but less for deep percolation. Low water consumption but more deep percolation occurred in the crop non-growing period. The main influencing factor was the yearly deep percolation, where the correlation coefficient between the two was 0.716 (P&lt;0.01), showing a significant positive correlation. The monthly irrigation return flow was correlated with the monthly deep percolation. The reason was that there was a significant lag time in the process of irrigation return flow. Since the curve was fitted to the Unit Return-Flow-Graph in the study area. The lagging peak of irrigation return flow was about 2 months, but the impact of deep percolation on the irrigation return flow reached about 24 months. The parameters of Unit Return-Flow-Graph presented clear physical meanings, relatively easy to determine the parameters using measured data. The Unit Return-Flow-Graph was effectively utilized to calculate the amount of irrigation return flow in water diversion irrigation areas, particularly on the water resources management in irrigation areas. In addition, the yearly and monthly deep percolation and irrigation return flow changed significantly, which affected the irrigation effect in Jingdian Irrigation District. The findings can provide a sound potential reference for water diversion in the irrigation districts of arid areas.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Flow graphs
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Crops - Cultivation - Flood control - Graphic methods - Irrigation - Rain - Solvents - Water management - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Determination coefficients - Irrigation return flows - Model calibration and validation - Positive correlations - Reliable performance - Temporal and spatial distribution - Water resources management
Classification code:442.1  Flood Control - 443  Meteorology - 443.3  Precipitation - 444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.4  Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.67e-01yr, Age 2.00e+00yr, Percentage 6.96e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20213810903508
Title:Monitoring of feeding rate and online control of parameters in primary processing of Tilapia
Title of translation:&#32599;&#38750;&#40060;&#21021;&#21152;&#24037;&#21890;&#20837;&#37327;&#30417;&#27979;&#19982;&#36816;&#34892;&#21442;&#25968;&#22312;&#32447;&#25511;&#21046;
Authors:Zhang, Chao (1); Huang, Jianbin (1); Cheng, Fang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China
Corresponding author:Cheng, Fang(fcheng@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:46-54
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">This study aims to realize the real-time monitoring and online control of material status and parameters of equipment during fish primary processing. Taking Tilapia as the research object, a real-time monitoring system was developed using machine vision. Multi-source data and knowledge fusion were used to establish an online control system for the operational parameters. The system was mainly composed of an industrial computer, PLC, industrial camera, servo motor and monitor. The research contents included: 1) Multi-target images of Tilapia were taken online under the different acquisition frames and exposure time of the camera, according to the changes in the real-time conveying speed of the production line. The influencing factors of Tilapia spreading were investigated in the simulation. A field experiment was then carried out to optimize the structure and operational parameters. 2) Local threshold, Remove, Morphological processing, Median Filter (LRMF) image processing were designed to extract ROI of Tilapia images with different sizes under the grid background. An area-weight model of Tilapia was established under high-speed dynamic conditions. Accurate monitoring of Tilapia feeding rate was realized to reduce the random overlap between fish bodies. 3) Fuzzy control was utilized to improve the stability of the feeding rate during Tilapia processing in the production line. 4) A control software was developed to real-time monitor and adjust the feeding rate and key operating parameters, such as the feeding rate, conveyor belt speed, and descaling drum speed. The test results showed that machine vision was feasible to real-time acquire and tailor the feeding rate of Tilapia in the production line. The best spreading of fish was achieved with the average spreading rate of 87% when the height difference between the hoist and conveyor belt was 15 cm, the conveying speed difference was 0.25 m/s, and the horizontal conveying speed was 0.3-0.7 m/s. The range of spreading rate was 1.87%, suitable for the requirements of feeding rate monitoring. The coefficient of determination was 0.9 in the Tilapia area-weight model, and the accuracy rates for the acquisition of feeding rate, the rotation speed of descaling drum, and the conveying speed reached 95.61%, 98.5%, and 98.6%, respectively. More importantly, the response time of the system was less than 1s. In addition, the fluctuation range of feeding rate was reduced by 43.5% after the application of the system, while the descaling drum realized self-regulation at 80-100 r/min, when the average processing speed of the production line was 2 000 kg/h, indicating the high processing performance of production lines. A rule-based closed-loop online regulation of operating parameters was realized for the requirements of real-time monitoring of fish primary processing. The finding can provide promising technical references for the automation control in the production line of freshwater fish primary processing.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Feeding
Controlled terms:Belt conveyors - Cameras - Computer vision - Fish - Fuzzy control - Median filters - Metal cleaning - Monitoring - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Industrial computers - Morphological processing - Online control systems - Operational parameters - Processing performance - Real time monitoring - Real time monitoring system
Classification code:691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 692.1  Conveyors - 703.2  Electric Filters - 723.5  Computer Applications - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 742.2  Photographic Equipment
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Flow_Rate 5.56e-01kg/s, Percentage 1.87e+00%, Percentage 4.35e+01%, Percentage 8.70e+01%, Percentage 9.56e+01%, Percentage 9.85e+01%, Percentage 9.86e+01%, Rotational_Speed 8.00e+01RPM to 1.00e+02RPM, Size 1.50e-01m, Time 1.00e+00s, Velocity 2.50e-01m/s, Velocity 3.00e-01m/s to 7.00e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20213810903473
Title:Establishment and application of daylighting efficiency model for the front roof covered with dust film in solar greenhouses
Title of translation:&#32771;&#34385;&#34180;&#33180;&#31215;&#28784;&#30340;&#26085;&#20809;&#28201;&#23460;&#21069;&#23627;&#38754;&#37319;&#20809;&#25928;&#29575;&#27169;&#22411;&#26500;&#24314;&#21450;&#24212;&#29992;
Authors:Zhang, Rui (1, 2); Liu, Yichuan (1, 2); Zhu, Delan (1, 2); Ge, Maosheng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Delan(dlzhu@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:190-199
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Highly efficient use of solar energy depends mainly on the reasonable daylighting design of the front roof in a solar greenhouse. This study aims to establish a daylighting efficiency model for the front roof of a solar greenhouse in a natural environment. Taking Yangling district, Shanxi Province of China, as the study area, the dust accumulation and distribution were also acquired on the surface of greenhouse film under the conditions of no rain for a long time in winter. The light transmittance of greenhouse film was evaluated under different solar incidence angles and ash accumulation. An ash accumulation distribution model and a light transmittance attenuation model were constructed for the greenhouse film, further combining with the calculation model of solar incidence angles. Matlab platform was selected to develop the script for the calculation program of light transmittance for the front roof in a solar greenhouse. The transmittance of the daylighting surface was first simulated using the geographic coordinates of a greenhouse, date and time, the curve shape of the daylighting surface, orientation, and the type of film materials. A field test was also carried out to verify the model in the study area. The results showed that: 1) There was a similar simulation accuracy of the transmittance model and the measured value when considering both the influence of dust accumulation and solar incidence angles. The average absolute error of calculated and measured values at three measuring points were 0.90%, 2.13%, and 2.02%, respectively. The transmittance efficiency of greenhouse plastic film decreased by about 16.2% in the case of ash accumulation, compared with that without ash accumulation. This indicated that there was great significance of ash accumulation to precisely predict the light transmittance. 2) The high transmittance of the winter solstice was taken as the design goal in the study area, while the point of 0.8m away from the bottom of the front roof in the greenhouse was determined as the control point. The optimal heights of control points on the front roof were 0.6 and 0.8 m for the greenhouses with the parabolic and the single-oblique curves. Correspondingly, the solar incidence angles of the daylighting surface were within the reasonable range of daylighting angles within 2 h before and after noon on the winter solstice, when the construction orientation was 5&deg; from the south by west. Therefore, the daylighting efficiency and energy capture were higher than those in the other orientations. 3) Two kinds of plastic films were tested to make sure the higher light intensity in the greenhouse. It was found that the white PO film performed better in winter, where the outside environment was in low light level and cold. As a result, it was suggested to select the white PO film as the covering material of the front roof. This finding can provide a promising theoretical foundation to calculate the daylighting efficiency of the film surface, thereby optimizing the daylighting surface structure in a greenhouse.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Greenhouses
Controlled terms:Daylighting - Dust - Image coding - MATLAB - Plastic films - Roofs - Solar energy - Solar heating - Surface structure
Uncontrolled terms:Average absolute error - Calculation programs - Distribution models - Geographic coordinates - Light transmittance - Natural environments - Theoretical foundations - Transmittance models
Classification code:451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 817.1  Polymer Products - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 921  Mathematics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.62e+01%, Percentage 2.02e+00%, Percentage 2.13e+00%, Percentage 9.00e-01%, Size 6.00e-01m, Size 8.00e-01m, Time 7.20e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20213810903485
Title:Spatio-temporal pattern and its influencing factors of coordinated development of man-land relationship in China using PSR model
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;PSR&#27169;&#22411;&#30340;&#20013;&#22269;&#20154;&#22320;&#20851;&#31995;&#21327;&#35843;&#21457;&#23637;&#26102;&#31354;&#26684;&#23616;&#21450;&#20854;&#24433;&#21709;&#22240;&#32032;
Authors:Zhang, Bosheng (1, 2, 3); Yang, Zisheng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Land & Resources and Sustainable Development, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming; 650221, China; (2) Institute of Targeted Poverty Alleviation and Development, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming; 650221, China; (3) Yunnan Hanye Construction Engineering Co., Ltd., Kunming; 650224, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Zisheng(yangzisheng@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:252-262
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Scientific cognition of the interactive relationship between man and land is an important basis to realize the coordinated development of the man-land relationship. In this study, the PSR (Press-State-Response) theoretical system was established to investigate the spatio-temporal pattern and the influencing factors in the coordinated development of the man-land relationship in China. Human activities posed great pressure on the regional environment and thereby aggravated the contradiction between man and land. At the same time, the man-land relationship was formed in the man-land interaction and fed back to human activities. Then, an adaptive system between man and land was formed after positive (or negative) response measures to improve (or worsen) the man-land relationship. The PSR evaluation index system was thus constructed on the basis of the theoretical system. The cross-sectional data were selected from different provinces of China in 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017. The results showed that: 1) There was a relatively stable level of coordinated development in the man-land relationship in China from 2002 to 2017, generally between moderate and good coordination. However, the value of coordination degree was in a V shape trend, which decreased from 0.648 to 0.494 in 2002-2007, and then rose to 0.639 in 2012, and further increased to 0.705 in 2017. There was also a development process of "tightening first and then easing" in the man-land relationship over the past 15 years. 2) There was also an obvious increase in the regional differences for the coordination of man-land relations from the perspective of space. The coordination of the man-land relationship in western provinces generally decreased, and that in eastern and central regions improved, while those in northeast regions remained relatively stable. At present, it mainly showed the spatial distribution characteristics of higher coordination degree in the eastern, northeast, and central region, whereas the lower coordination degree in the western region. 3) The geographic detector analysis showed that there were different factors influencing the coordination of the man-land relationship among the eastern, central, and western regions. Specifically, the leading influencing factors in eastern China were as follows: Population density, pesticide usage per unit cultivated land area, per capita cultivated land area, the proportion of industrial output value to GDP, per capita industrial wastewater discharge, the popularization rate of harmless sanitary toilets in rural areas, and per capita water resources. The leading influencing factors in central China were: Forest coverage rate, proportion of crops affected area to total cultivated land area, population density, per capita water resources, urban water-saving rate, and proportion of crops affected area to total cultivated land area, and fertilizer application amount per unit cultivated land area. There were five leading influencing factors in western China, including per capita arable land area, effective irrigation rate of arable land, per capita industrial wastewater discharge, the proportion of industrial output value to GDP, and the popularization rate of harmless sanitary toilets in rural areas. Each region should take the coordinated development of man and land as the criterion during this time, thereby implementing different control measures according to the local physical and geographical conditions and promoting economic and social development. Human activities needed to be standardized in utilizing and transforming nature, thereby promoting the coordinated and sustainable development of the man-land system.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Adaptive systems - Crops - Land use - Population distribution - Population dynamics - Population statistics - Sustainable development - Water conservation - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Distribution characteristics - Economic and social development - Evaluation index system - Fertilizer applications - Geographical conditions - Industrial wastewater discharges - Interactive relationships - Spatiotemporal patterns
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 405.3  Surveying - 444  Water Resources - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.50e+01yr
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20213810903531
Title:Salt accumulation model for the reflux of membrane concentrate from piggery liquid digestate UF-MBR+RO treatment process
Title of translation:&#29482;&#22330;&#27836;&#28082;UF-MBR+RO&#22788;&#29702;&#24037;&#33402;&#27987;&#32553;&#28082;&#22238;&#27969;&#30340;&#30416;&#31215;&#32047;&#27169;&#22411;
Authors:Jiang, Xiaomei (1); Li, Jun (2); Wang, Jiongke (1); Wu, Peike (1); Deng, Liangwei (1); Wang, Wenguo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu; 610041, China; (2) College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu; 610106, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Wenguo(wangwenguo@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:13
Issue date:July 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:209-215
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">High-concentration organic wastes are often found in the liquid digestate that is derived from anaerobic digestion of manure in large-scale swine farms. There is also a contradiction between the treatment load of liquid digestate and the available land for absorption, due mainly to the high content of ammonia nitrogen, while the C/N ratio is relatively low. Thus, it requires the integration of physical or chemical technologies with biological ones for a deep treatment, since biological treatment alone cannot meet the current requirement of large-scale liquid digestate. Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane can play an important role in the deep-treatment of piggery liquid digestate. However, the reflux of concentrate in the RO process can lead to the accumulation of salinity, leading to much lower efficiency of subsequently biological treatment. In this study, a salt accumulation model was established in the nanofiltration (UF)-membrane bioreactor (MBR) under the reflux of membrane concentrate. Four kinds of salt ions were fitted with the theoretical, where the root mean square error (RMSE) was measured to evaluate the accuracy of the model. The salinity accumulation was clarified in UF-MBR under three types of sludge retention time (SRT), considering the adsorption capacity of activated sludge. The results showed that the salinity accumulation model of UF-MBR was successfully established to predict the salinity equilibrium. The running cycles were needed to achieve the required salinity. Secondly, the fitting determination coefficient (R²) of the actual values of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) and magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) in the MBR and the theoretical values predicted by the salinity accumulation model were higher than 0.95, and the RMSE was less than 4.00 mg/L. Therefore, the UF-MBR salinity model here can be expected to predict the accumulation trend of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ with high accuracy. Thirdly, SRT decreased from 60 d to 30 d, and the salinity decreased from 4.83% to 2.63%. The required time decreased from 249 d to 179 d for reaching salt equilibrium. The reduction of SRT can effectively alleviate the salinity accumulation in UF-MBR, while reducing the time to reach the salinity equilibrium. In addition, when the SRT was 30, 45, and 60 d, the salinity accumulated in UF-MBR should be between 0.95%-2.63%, 1.29%-3.59%, and 1.59%-4.83%, respectively, indicating the salinity equilibrium values were higher than 1.00%. When setting the SRT within 30 d, there was alleviated inhibition of salinity accumulation on the removal performance of activated sludge pollutants. Fourthly, both the R² of the actual values of potassium ions (K⁺) and sodium ions (Na⁺) in this process and the theoretical values predicted by the salinity accumulation model were less than 0.95, while the RMSE was higher than 15.00. The low-accuracy prediction of the UF-MBR salinity model here may be attributed to the adsorption of activated sludge, thereby reducing the content of K⁺ and Na⁺ in MBR. The effect of adsorption on the model was low, indicating a feasible model when the accumulation of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ was high. This work can provide a sound reference for the future application of UF-MBR+RO treatment in piggery liquid digestates.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Liquids
Controlled terms:Activated sludge process - Adsorption - Ammonia - Anaerobic digestion - Biochemical engineering - Bioreactors - Fertilizers - Forecasting - Mean square error - Metal ions
Uncontrolled terms:Adsorption capacities - Biological treatment - Chemical technologies - Determination coefficients - Effect of adsorptions - Membrane bio reactor (MBR) - Root mean square errors - Sludge retention time
Classification code:452.2  Sewage Treatment - 531.1  Metallurgy - 802.1  Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 805.1.1  Biochemical Engineering - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 4.00e-03kg/m3, Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 1.59e+00% to 4.83e+00%, Percentage 4.83e+00% to 2.63e+00%, Percentage 9.50e-01% to 2.63e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.