<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20213810903605
Title:Operation characteristics of the composite system for combing solar PV/T collector and ground-coupled heat pump
Title of translation:&#22826;&#38451;&#33021;PV/T&#38598;&#28909;&#22120;&#32806;&#21512;&#22303;&#22756;&#28304;&#28909;&#27893;&#22797;&#21512;&#31995;&#32479;&#36816;&#34892;&#29305;&#24615;
Authors:Zhang, Changxing (1); Xu, Hang (1); Lu, Jiahui (1); Liu, Yufeng (1); Peng, Donggen (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation in Civil Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao; 266590, China; (2) School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang University, Nanchang; 330031, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:215-222
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system can absorb the solar energy, while generating electricity and heat, due mainly to its combining the photovoltaic and solar thermal hybrid energy conversion. PV panels as core components of PV/T system are generally cooled under the circulating fluid for high efficiency of power generation in the utilization of solar thermal energy. As such, a current PV/T system can offer electricity and heat for the building, while effectively shorten the investment cycle, compared with the PV system. Lastly, a solar PV/T collector and a ground-coupled heat pump (PV/T-GCHPs) are combined to serve as an improved energy supply system for the complementary utilization of solar energy and shallow geothermal energy. In this study, a PV/T-GCHPs mathematical model was presented for the cooling/heating demand of a 6-floor employee apartment, further to evaluate the performance of the system when simulating the operation characteristics. The results showed that the surface temperature of PV panels decreased significantly, due mainly to the cooling effect of the borehole heat exchanger (BHE) in the PV/T-GCHPs, indicating a higher PV efficiency than before. The temperature of PV panels in the PV/T-GCHPs was 44.69% lower than that of the PV system at noon on a typical day (April 2), whereas the PV efficiency was 12.12% higher than that of the PV system at the same time. The total power generation increased by 20 322 kWh in the power generation of PV panels in the PV/T-GCHPs, compared with the PV system in 20 years. The maximum monthly power generation increased 13.62%, while, the minimum monthly power generation increased 8.67%, compared with the PV system in the first year of PV/T-GCHPs operation. The minimum monthly average PV efficiency was 16.23% in the PV/T-GCHPs, 4.47% higher than that in the PV system. The solar energy was used to charge the ground in the whole life cycle of PV/T-GCHPs (20 years). The average temperature of ground corresponding to the 175 200 h was 2.5 &#8451; higher than that in the GCHPs. The ground temperature was kept from dropping rapidly, which was caused from the imbalance of cooling and heating loads in buildings. The total length of BHEs in the PV/T-GCHPs was shortened by 600 m than that in the GCHPs under the same building load. The 20-year mean coefficient of performance (COP) of PV/T-GCHPs was 5.21 in the whole life cycle, 32.23% higher than that of GCHPs through the initial investment of BHEs in the PV/T-GCHPs system. There was a significant economic benefit in the direct cost saving (in this case of 77 192.45 Yuan cost-saving), compared with the GCHPs in the life cycle. The finding can provide a promising theoretical foundation for the popularization and application of the PV/T-GCHPs system in cold regions of China.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Solar power generation
Controlled terms:Coefficient of performance - Cooling - Geothermal energy - Geothermal heat pumps - Investments - Life cycle - Photovoltaic cells - Solar collectors - Solar energy - Solar heating
Uncontrolled terms:Borehole heat exchangers - Coefficient of performances (COP) - Energy supply system - Ground coupled heat pump - Operation characteristic - Shallow geothermal energies - Surface temperatures - Theoretical foundations
Classification code:615.1  Geothermal Energy - 615.2  Solar Power - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.00e+01yr, Percentage 1.21e+01%, Percentage 1.36e+01%, Percentage 1.62e+01%, Percentage 3.22e+01%, Percentage 4.47e+00%, Percentage 4.47e+01%, Percentage 8.67e+00%, Size 6.00e+02m, Time 6.31e+08s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20213810903616
Title:Calibration and experimental verification of discrete element parameters of oil sunflower seeds
Title of translation:&#27833;&#33909;&#31869;&#31890;&#31163;&#25955;&#20803;&#21442;&#25968;&#26631;&#23450;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;&#39564;&#35777;
Authors:Hao, Jianjun (1); Wei, Wenbo (1); Huang, Pengcheng (2); Qin, Jiahui (1); Zhao, Jianguo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071000, China; (2) Zhangjiakou Rural Revitalization Promotion Center, Zhangjiakou; 075000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:36-44
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Discrete element method (DEM) is widely used to simulate the key work process of oil sunflower seeding and harvesting. However, feature parameters of oil sunflower seeds are still lacking, particularly on the contact parameters between seeds and mechanized planting/harvesting equipment. Taking the oil sunflower seeds as the research object, this research aims to establish a discrete element model using a 3D scanning reverse simulation in the EDEM software, and then to calibrate the specific parameters of oil sunflower seeds. The average length, width, and thickness of 567DW oil sunflower seeds were 13.36, 6.94, and 4.63 mm, respectively, in an absolute digital caliper. The weight of 100 567DW oil sunflower seeds was measured at 9.547 g using an electronic analytical balance. The density of 567DW oil sunflower seeds was 849.4 kg/m³, and the water content was 10.13% in a B0D-75-&#8545; electric thermostatic drier and pycnometer. Poisson's ratio, elastic modulus, and shear modulus of oil sunflower seeds were 0.413, 304.69, and 107.82 MPa, respectively. A universal tensile testing machine was also used. The static friction coefficients between oil sunflower seeds and steel plate/plexiglass were 0.423 and 0.525 on the inclined plane, respectively. A physical stacking test was performed on a cylinder lifting for the oil sunflower seeds. MATLAB platform was selected to carry out a gray-scale and binarization processing on the image of stacking angle. Bwperim and imfill functions were selected to extract the outline of binary image, and then perform the holes filling and expansion on the inner edge, finally to obtain the edge contour. The edge contour was imported into the Origin software, where the converted coordinate data was obtained for the linear fitting slope, thereby obtaining a stacking angle of 48.858&deg;. Taking the stacking angle as the evaluation index, the Plackett-Burman test was used to screen out the factors with a significant impact on the stacking angle and the static and dynamic friction coefficients between the oil sunflower seeds. The steepest ascending path was used to determine the range of factors with a significant impact on the stacking angle. The variance analysis was also made to optimize the response surface. Optimal static/dynamic friction coefficients between oil sunflower seeds were determined to be 0.41 and 0.05, respectively. A stacking test was simulated with a better parameter combination, where the measured stacking angle was 48.976&deg;, only 0.24% in error with the stacking angle, compared with the physical stacking test. The electromagnetic hopper vibration and simulation were carried out to obtain the mass flow rate curves of oil sunflower seeds under different working voltages. The correlation coefficient of the two curves was 0.998, indicating the changing trend was all the same. Consequently, the reliable model of oil sunflower seeds and the calibrated discrete element parameters can provide significant theoretical support to the discrete element simulation.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Oilseeds
Controlled terms:3D modeling - Binary images - Elastic moduli - Finite difference method - Materials testing apparatus - MATLAB - Stiction - Sunflower oil - Tensile testing
Uncontrolled terms:Binarization processing - Correlation coefficient - Discrete element modeling - Discrete element simulation - Dynamic friction coefficient - Experimental verification - Static friction coefficient - Tensile testing machines
Classification code:723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921  Mathematics - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass 9.55e-03kg, Mass_Density 8.49e+02kg/m3, Percentage 1.01e+01%, Percentage 2.40e-01%, Pressure 1.08e+08Pa, Size 4.63e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20213810903615
Title:Co-combustion between sewage sludge and maize stover and content analysis of heavy metals in ash
Title of translation:&#27745;&#27877;&#19982;&#31224;&#31174;&#25530;&#28903;&#36807;&#31243;&#21450;&#27745;&#27877;&#28784;&#20013;&#37325;&#37329;&#23646;&#21547;&#37327;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Guo, Shuai (1); Yu, Shixiang (1); Che, Deyong (1); Liu, Hongpeng (1); Sun, Baizhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin; 132012, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Baizhong(sunbaizhong@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:207-214
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Incineration is an alternative way to treat sludge, but heavy metals and other pollutants will be generated thereby. Besides, landfill of incinerated sludge ash will cause soil pollution, so reducing heavy metals in sludge combustion ash is an urgent problem to be solved. Based on this issue, this paper studies the co-combustion between sludge and maize stover at 350-650 &#8451; in a laboratory scale tubular furnace. The main purpose is to explore the influence of different reaction temperatures and mixing ratios of corn stalk on the content of eight heavy metals (Zn, Mn, Pb, Sb, As, Ni, Cr, Cu) in the (co-)combustion ash. The results showed that the content of Zn, Pb and Sb in the ash decreases with the addition of maize stover. Comparing with the combustion ash of corn stalk, the content of Zn, Pb and Sb within sludge combustion ash decrease by 93%, 90% and 82% at 350 &#8451;. At 350-550 &#8451;, the content of Mn and Cr in the co-combustion ash is higher than that of sludge or maize stover ash alone. Comparing with the combustion ash of maize stover, the content of Mn and Sb within co-combustion ash decrease by 20% and 37% at 350 &#8451;. While the changing trend of Cu and Ni are just opposite. Comparing with the combustion ash of maize stover, the content of Cu and Ni within co-combustion ash decrease by 30% and 50% at 450 &#8451;. Then, it can be concluded from the testing results of XRD that the maize stover combustion ash contains more KCl (45.4% at 350 &#8451;), which could be converted to HCl under certain conditions, and then reacts with heavy metals to form chloride which promotes the volatilization of Zn, Pb and Sb. However, KCl is not found in the co-combustion ash, which indicates that complete conversion of KCl may occur during co-combustion, thus it could promote the volatilization of Cu and Ni. Meanwhile, it also shows that the decomposition of silicate to produce a large amount of SiO<inf>2</inf> (76.4% at 650 &#8451;) could happen during co-combustion, which is conducive to retention of Mn and Cr in the ash. Finally, the optimal fitting relationship (Ploy2D) between the contents of eight heavy metals in combustion ash and reaction conditions were given, which can be used to predict the contents of heavy metals in the ash, This study can provide technical support for sludge recycling treatment.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Waste incineration
Controlled terms:Antimony - Antimony compounds - Chlorine compounds - Chromium - Copper - Heating furnaces - Lead - Lead metallography - Manganese - Nickel  - Potassium compounds - Sewage sludge - Silica - Silicates - Soil pollution - Zinc compounds - Zinc metallography
Uncontrolled terms:Changing trends - Content analysis - Optimal fitting - Reaction conditions - Reaction temperature - Technical support - Tubular furnaces - Urgent problems
Classification code:452.2  Sewage Treatment - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 543.1  Chromium and Alloys - 543.2  Manganese and Alloys - 544.1  Copper - 546  Lead, Tin, Zinc, Antimony and Alloys - 548.1  Nickel
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 3.70e+01%, Percentage 4.54e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 7.64e+01%, Percentage 8.20e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.30e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20213810903536
Title:Influences of rib start point in large double-volute double-suction pumps on the radial force and pressure fluctuation
Title of translation:&#38548;&#26495;&#36215;&#22987;&#20301;&#32622;&#23545;&#22823;&#22411;&#21452;&#34583;&#22771;&#21452;&#21560;&#27893;&#24452;&#21521;&#21147;&#21644;&#21387;&#21147;&#33033;&#21160;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Niu, Maosheng (1); Zhu, Qiang (1); Lu, Hongzhong (1); Xiao, Gonghuai (1); Cai, Ting (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Shanghai KaiQuan Pump (Group) CO., LTD., Shanghai; 201801, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:20-27
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Vibration has been an ever-increasing demand for the operational stability of centrifugal pumps in recent years, especially in most large pumps in modern industry. The internal flows are generally dominated by the characteristics of operation stability and vibration of centrifugal pumps. Nevertheless, the blade and volute structures are dramatically detrimental to the internal flows. The radial force is one of the most significant factors to affect the operation stability, and the pressure pulsation inside the volute, particularly in the tongue areas. A double-volute structure is selected normally to reduce the radial force in commonly-used large pumps, instead of a single-volute structure. But the specific structures are still required to be optimized, such as the arrangement of the rib start point. In this study, a three-dimensional unsteady dynamic was proposed to clarify the influences of rib start point on the hydraulic performance, radial force, and pressure fluctuation in the volute of a large double-volute double-suction pump. The variation of fluctuation amplitude and frequency of radial forces were considered at the different rib start points. Meanwhile, the radial forces of the double-volute pump at various flow rates were also compared with those of the single-volute pump. The experiments of pump performance (head, efficiency, and power) were performed on the large-scale pump platform in KaiQuan Factory in Shanghai of China. The numerical data agreed well with the experiments, same as the grid independence check. The results indicated that the hydraulic efficiency at the design points decreased about 4%-5% in the double-volute structure, compared with the single-volute structure. Periodic variation of radial force was detected in the test, where the blade passing frequency was dominated during a blade revolution. The angle of radial force was also changed periodically. The rib start point significantly determined the radial force, where the minimum appeared when the rib started from 190&deg; and 200&deg;, whereas, the maximum appeared when the rib started from 212&deg;. Seven monitoring points were located in the tongue areas to collect the pressure fluctuations. It was found that all the mean, peak, and fluctuation values at the points behind the tongue were much less than those in the front of the tongue under the different rib structures, only 25%-50% of the corresponding value of points in the front of the tongue. The pressure fluctuations of points in front of the tongue were dominated by the blade passing frequency, whereas, those points behind the tongue were dominated by the double blade passing frequency. More importantly, the pressure fluctuation of points declined dramatically, when the rib start point moved backwards, indicating a cause of double blade passing frequency. Thus, the rib start point should be placed at 200&deg; from the tongue point in the flow direction, where the maximum efficiency and the minimum radial force can be achieved, particularly considering the coupled interaction of hydraulic performance and radial force. The finding can greatly contribute to the hydraulic improvement and structure optimization in large centrifugal pumps.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Structural optimization
Controlled terms:Centrifugal pumps - Efficiency
Uncontrolled terms:Blade passing frequency - Double suction pumps - Fluctuation amplitudes - Hydraulic efficiency - Hydraulic performance - Operational stability - Pressure fluctuation - Structure optimization
Classification code:618.2  Pumps - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.50e+01% to 5.00e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+00% to 5.00e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20213810903467
Title:Monitoring of chlorophyll content in rice canopy and single leaf using sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence
Title of translation:&#21033;&#29992;&#26085;&#20809;&#35825;&#23548;&#21494;&#32511;&#32032;&#33639;&#20809;&#30417;&#27979;&#27700;&#31291;&#21494;&#29255;&#21494;&#32511;&#32032;&#21547;&#37327;
Authors:Yin, Yuming (1); Wang, Yongqing (1); Ma, Chunchen (1); Zheng, Hengbiao (1); Cheng, Tao (1); Tian, Yongchao (1); Zhu, Yan (1); Cao, Weixing (1); Yao, Xia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture (NETCIA), Nanjing Agricultural University / Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Smart Agriculture, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry(CIC-MCP), Nanjing; 210095, China
Corresponding author:Yao, Xia(yaoxia@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:169-180
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Rapid and accurate monitoring leaf chlorophyll content is a critical step to explore the photosynthesis, nitrogen nutrition, and stress status of crops. Furthermore, vegetation index and radiation transfer model are widely used to determine the chlorophyll content in crops using the sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) technology. In this study, a monitoring model of chlorophyll content was established using linear regression and radiation transfer models, further to evaluate the accuracy and applicability for the rice growth and field management. A field plot test was carried out at the experimental base of National Engineering Technology Center for Information Agriculture (NETCIA) in Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, China. Different varieties of rice, densities and nitrogen application rates were set during test from May to October 2018. The radiance and reflectivity spectra of canopy and leaf scales were obtained using two hyperspectral spectrometers, thereby to calculate the chlorophyll content using Dualex instruments. Various SIF and vegetation indices were also calculated, where Fraunhofer line discrimination (FLD) was utilized to extract the canopy fluorescence intensities at 687 and 761 nm. A chlorophyll content model was then constructed using the canopy SIF intensity and leaf SIF index, where a reflectivity vegetation index was utilized to compare with the predicted one. A look-up table was also prepared for the inversion of rice canopy and leaf chlorophyll content using the SCOPE and Fluspect-B models. PROSAIL and PROCWT models were also selected to assess the hyperspectral reflectance inversion. Root mean square error (RMSE) and determination coefficient (R²) were used to evaluate the accuracy of chlorophyll content inversion. The results showed that: 1) The canopy SIF intensity F<inf>761</inf> presented the strongest correlation with the canopy chlorophyll content (R² = 0.72), better than the red edge chlorophyll index (CI <inf>red edge</inf>, R²=0.63); 2) The downward SIF index at the leaf scale behaved the strongest correlation (R²= 0.77) with the leaf chlorophyll content, compared with the upward SIF index, similar to the best performing vegetation index CI<inf>red edge</inf> (R²=0.81). 3) The PROSAIL model was used for the inversion of canopy chlorophyll content (R² = 0.91, RMSE = 22.59 &mu;g/cm), better than the SCOPE model (R² =0.57, RMSE = 56.54 &mu;g/cm); 4) The PROCWT model was used for the inversion of leaf chlorophyll content (R² = 0.72, RMSE = 6.42 &mu;g/cm), better than the Fluspect-B model (R² = 0.55, RMSE = 19.45 &mu;g/cm). Consequently, the SIF index demonstrated a better performance on the chlorophyll content at canopy and leaf scales. An excellent feasibility was also found in the radiation transport model using SIF to invert the chlorophyll content. The findings can provide a promising theoretical support to monitor the crop chlorophyll content for plant photosynthesis using SIF in the future. The next step can be recommended to maximize the number of test samples for a higher inversion accuracy of Fluspect-B and SCOPE radiation transfer models.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Chlorophyll
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Crops - Fluorescence - Mean square error - Nitrogen - Photosynthesis - Reflection - Table lookup - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Chlorophyll fluorescence - Determination coefficients - Fluorescence intensities - Hyperspectral reflectance - Hyperspectral spectrometer - Leaf chlorophyll content - Nitrogen application rates - Radiation transport modeling
Classification code:723.1  Computer Programming - 741.1  Light/Optics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Linear_Density 1.95e-06kg/m, Linear_Density 2.26e-06kg/m, Linear_Density 5.65e-06kg/m, Linear_Density 6.42e-07kg/m, Size 6.87e-07m, Size 7.61e-07m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20213810903512
Title:Pig facial expression recognition using multi-attention cascaded LSTM model
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#22810;&#27880;&#24847;&#21147;&#26426;&#21046;&#32423;&#32852;LSTM&#27169;&#22411;&#30340;&#29482;&#33080;&#34920;&#24773;&#35782;&#21035;
Authors:Wen, Changji (1, 3); Zhang, Xiaoran (1); Wu, Jianshuang (1); Yang, Ce (2); Li, Zhuoshi (1, 4); Shi, Lei (1, 3); Yu, Helong (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun; 130118, China; (2) College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Paul; 55108, United States; (3) Institute for the Smart Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun; 130118, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun; 130022, China
Corresponding author:Yu, Helong(264496469@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:181-190
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Facial expression recognition has widely been used in various life scenarios, such as medicine, criminology, education, and deep learning. Deep learning also makes this technology highly efficient and accurate at present. Much effort has been made to consider the migration of relatively mature facial recognition to animal expressions. The reason was that animals can also express their emotions through facial expressions, according to zoologists. Once the complex emotions expressed by animals can be understood, the incidence of injuries and illnesses can be early monitored in the freedom of animal expressions, thereby maintaining a happy mood for a long time, without hunger, thirst, and worries in a fully guaranteed life. As such, facial expressions can be expected to evaluate animal welfare, due mainly to a comprehensive reflection of physiology, psychology, and behavior of livestock. However, it is difficult to recognize the subtle changes in different areas of facial expressions, particularly for the simple tissue structure of facial muscles in domestic animals. In this study, a Multi-Attention cascaded Long Short Term Memory (MA-LSTM) model was proposed for the recognition of pig facial expression. The specific procedure was as follows: firstly, a simplified multi-task convolution neural network (SMTCNN) was used to detect and then locate the pig face in the frame image, where the influence of the non-pig face region on the recognition performance was removed. Secondly, a multi-attention mechanism was introduced to characterize various feature channels with different visual information and peak response regions. The facial salient regions caused by the changes of facial expression were captured via clustering the regions with similar peak responses. Then the facial salient regions were used to focus on subtle changes in the pig face. Finally, the convolution and attention features were fused and subsequently input into LSTM to classify the data. Data enhancement was performed on the original dataset, thereby obtaining a self-annotated expression dataset of domestic pigs. The expanded datasets were then utilized in the experiments. The experimental results showed that the recognition accuracy of the module with closing the multi-attention mechanism increased by 6.3 percentage points on average, while the misclassification rate was also reduced significantly, compared with the MA-LSTM model. Additionally, the average recognition accuracy of the MA-LSTM model increased by about 32.6, 18.0, 5.9, and 4.4 percentage points, respectively, compared with commonly-used facial video expression recognition. Four types of expressions were classified in visualization, such as anger, happiness, fear, and neutral. Specifically, there was a more obvious variation in the facial area of domestic pigs that was caused by anger and happiness, where the recognition accuracy was higher than others. Nevertheless, the misclassification rate was also higher, due mainly to the fact that the changes of two areas were relatively similar. In any way, the proposed MA-LSTM model was also verified by all the test data in pig face recognition.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Long short-term memory
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Behavioral research - Classification (of information) - Convolution - Deep learning - Face recognition - Mammals
Uncontrolled terms:Attention mechanisms - Convolution neural network - Facial expression recognition - Facial Expressions - Facial recognition - Misclassification rates - Recognition accuracy - Visual information
Classification code:716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20213810903622
Title:Effects of short-term plowing and organic amendments on soil physical properties and maize yield in dark brown soil in Northeast China
Title of translation:&#30701;&#26399;&#32763;&#32789;&#21644;&#26377;&#26426;&#29289;&#36824;&#30000;&#23545;&#19996;&#21271;&#26263;&#26837;&#22756;&#29289;&#29702;&#24615;&#36136;&#21644;&#29577;&#31859;&#20135;&#37327;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Li, Na (1, 2, 4); Long, Jinghong (1, 2); Han, Xiaozeng (1); Zhang, Fengqin (3); Lei, Wanying (1, 2); Sheng, Ming (1); Han, Zhiyong (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin; 150081, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China; (3) Heihe Aihui Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Heihe; 164300, China; (4) State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, College of Ecological Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu; 610059, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:99-107
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Constructing a suitable plough layer is one of the important technical methods to solve the problem of "shallowing, thinning and hardening" of the plough layer in dry farmland, especially for soils with high soil clay content. In this study, a field experiment including different tillage layer construction models was set up in Aihui experiment garden, Heihe. Effects of different soil tillage depth (15 cm and 35 cm) and organic matter (maize straw and cattle manure) amendments on soil physical properties, maize yield and its yield components were investigated. Eight field treatments were established with four replicates and random block design, including shallow tillage (0-15 cm) without or with maize straw return (T15 and T15+S), deep plowing (0-35 cm) without or with straw return (T35 and T35+S), deep plowing (0-35 cm) with cattle manure (T35+OM) and cattle manure plus maize straw (T35+S+OM), no tillage with maize straw mulching (NT+SM1) or ridged-mulching (NT+SM2) on the surface. The returning rate of maize straw and cattle manure were 10 000 kg/hm² and 30 000 kg/hm², respectively. Results obtained from 2019 and 2020 showed that soil physical properties were largely influenced after one-year different soil plowing and organic amendments practices. Compared with T15, T35+S, T35+OM and T35+S+OM significantly decreased soil bulk density, increased total porosity, saturated water capacity, water holding capacity, content of &gt;0.25 mm water-stable aggregates, as well as optimized the soil three phase ratio (P&lt;0.05). T15+S obviously improved soil physical properties in 0~15 cm soil layer, while T35+S, T35+OM and T35+S+OM significantly improved soil physical properties in 15-35 cm sublayer. The maize yield, harvest index and yield components were also influenced by soil plowing and organic amendments practices, and seemed to differed with annual precipitation. Compared with T15, in the year of normal precipitation (2019), the maize yield in T35+S, T35+OM and T35+S+OM treatments was not significantly different (P&gt;0.05). While in 2020 with surplus precipitation, the maize yield in T15+S and T35+S+OM and significantly increased by 27.6%-37.0%, harvest index increased by 22.75%-28.57% (P&lt;0.05). Averaged crop yield in no-tilled soils decreased (P&lt;0.05). Soil tillage and organic amendments significantly increased ear length and number of kernels per row, decreased bare top length, consequently caused increases in maize yield. In conclusion, deep plowing plus organic amendment into soil is a feasible agricultural management for improving soil physical properties, optimizing soil three phase ratio, and increasing maize yield. This technique is applicable in the construction of reasonable plough layer of dryland in dark brown soil in northern China.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Fertilizers - Manures - Physical properties - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural management - Annual precipitation - Construction model - Organic amendments - Soil clay content - Soil physical property - Water holding capacity - Water stable aggregates
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.76e+01% to 3.70e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.50e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 3.50e-01m, Size 1.50e-01m, Size 1.50e-01m to 3.50e-01m, Size 3.50e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20213810903576
Title:Hydraulic performance experiments and numerical simulation of portable water measuring flume of imitating airfoil shape
Title of translation:&#20223;&#26426;&#32764;&#24418;&#20415;&#25658;&#24335;&#37327;&#27700;&#27133;&#27700;&#21147;&#29305;&#24615;&#35797;&#39564;&#19982;&#25968;&#20540;&#27169;&#25311;
Authors:He, Mengyang (1); Shang, Haixin (1); Zhang, Kuandi (1, 2); Ling, Peng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resource, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Kuandi(zhangkuandi428@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:117-124
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Accurate, simple, and rapid water measurement in the field is highly required for the planned water use and water-saving agriculture in most irrigation areas, particularly in the last small cross-section irrigation districts. In this study, a measuring device was proposed in an airfoil-like shape with a simple structure, according to the conventional airfoil-shaped flow measuring flume. The simple structure of the airfoil-shaped measuring device was applied to the small cross-section flow measurement of the rectangular channel. A hydraulic model test was carried out in the Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering and Hydraulics of Northwest A&F University of China in 2020. A plexiglass rectangular channel flume was designed with a size of 17 m&times;70 cm&times;100 cm. Flow flume models were all made of hollow wooden materials. A total of 42 test schemes were designed, including 1 set of airfoil length, 6 sets of contraction ratios, and 7 sets of flow rates. A better hydraulic performance was presented in the numerical simulation than before, such as Froude number and flow streamline. A FLOW-3D software was also used to supplement several sets of models to evaluate the simulation accuracy, and the hydraulic performance. Specifically, the upstream Froude number (less than 0.5) was verified to meet the national standard requirements. The position of the throat produced the critical flow, whereas, the downstream resumed the slow flow. The average height of backwater was 3.25 cm, while the maximum was 6.32 cm, and the minimum was 0.46 cm. A total of 84 datasets were obtained from the hydraulic model test and numerical simulation. The flow formula of the portable airfoil-shaped flume was achieved, where the average relative error was 6.34%, meeting the requirements of the last small cross-section channel. The flow rate range of the flume was 15.3-47.2 L/s. An optimal combination of hydraulic parameters was achieved, where the range of shrinkage ratio from 0.606 to 0.709, with an average error of 6.95% under shrinkage ratio of 0.606, while 4.91% under shrinkage ratio of 0.709. The airfoil length ranged from 65 to 80 cm, all of which were suitable for the specific irrigation area. Correspondingly, it was suggested that the airfoil length ranged from 65 to 80 cm, when the channel width was 70 cm in the practical field. In addition, the double channel in the flow measurement device demonstrated that the entrance was flush, and the central axis was parallel in the center of the rectangular water tank. There was no gap between the bottom of the fixture and the channel surface during installation. The symmetrical model was well sealed at the joint of the central axis of the channel for a higher accuracy of flow measuring precision. Consequently, the simplified airfoil-shaped flume can be expected for the higher safety of measuring channel, concurrently remaining the excellent performance. This finding can provide a promising economic and practical support to the higher performance of measuring water and the efficiency of water use, particularly to the popularization of small-section portable flow measurement flume in most irrigation districts.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Rivers
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Airfoils - Computer software - Flow measurement - Froude number - Hydraulic models - Irrigation - Numerical models - Shore protection - Shrinkage  - Water conservation - Water management - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Average relative error - Hydraulic engineering - Hydraulic parameters - Hydraulic performance - Hydraulic performance experiments - Irrigation districts - Rectangular water tanks - Water-saving agricultures
Classification code:407.1  Maritime Structures - 444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 632.1  Hydraulics - 652.1  Aircraft, General - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 921  Mathematics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.91e+00%, Percentage 6.34e+00%, Percentage 6.95e+00%, Size 3.25e-02m, Size 4.60e-03m, Size 6.32e-02m, Size 6.50e-01m to 8.00e-01m, Size 7.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20213810903489
Title:Control system for auto-targeting precision variable-rate fertilization of fruit trees in a greenhouse orchard
Title of translation:&#35774;&#26045;&#26524;&#22253;&#33258;&#21160;&#23545;&#38774;&#31934;&#20934;&#21464;&#37327;&#26045;&#32933;&#25511;&#21046;&#31995;&#32479;
Authors:Bai, Qiuwei (1); Zhang, Xin (1); Luo, Hongpin (1); Li, Guanglin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China
Corresponding author:Li, Guanglin(liguanglin@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:28-35
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Over or under-fertilization has normally resulted in environmental pollution or the reduction of fruit production, particularly in orchards. In this study, a precise target fertilization device with variable rates was developed for fruit trees in an orchard. The volume of the groove was automatically adjusted for the fertilizer discharging wheel, according to the diameter of the canopy of fruit trees, and the amount of fertilizer required by the target. The rotation speed of the fertilizer discharging wheel was continuously altered with the speed of the vehicle in the process of fertilization. The external groove wheel structure was adopted in the device to tailor the groove volume. A Lidar sensor was used to detect the canopy position of fruit trees in real time, thereby determining the starting and stopping position of fertilization. A hall sensor was used to detect the speed of the fertilization vehicle, and STM32F407VET6 microcontroller was used as the core to design the controller. Three kinds of granular fertilizers were selected as test materials, including urea, compound fertilizer, and organic compound fertilizer. The amount of fertilizer discharging was also calibrated under various speeds of fertilizer discharging wheels with different groove openings. The fertilizer discharging quantity of a single groove showed a negative linear relationship between the rotation speed of fertilizer discharging wheel, and the determination coefficient R² was greater than or equal to 0.93. Some mathematical relationships were established between the target fertilizer amount of a single fruit tree and the rotation speed of fertilizer discharging wheel, the speed of fertilization vehicle, the volume of the groove of fertilizer discharging wheel, and the diameter of the canopy of the fruit tree. The control rules of rotation speed were also established for the fertilizer discharging wheel. An experiment of variable fertilization was performed on the citrus trees in a greenhouse, when the target fertilization amount of a single fruit tree was changed from 50 to 2 500 g. The results showed that the relative error of the maximum fertilization was 5.17% in a single fruit tree. Moreover, the average relative error was less than 3%, and the maximum coefficient of variation was 1.47%. Furthermore, the different granular fertilizers were accurately applied under the changing speed of the fertilization vehicle. The relative error of the maximum fertilization was 4.83% in a single citrus tree, the average relative error was less than 4.5%, and the maximum coefficient of variation was 6.96%, and the automatic fertilization was completed within the diameter of the canopy of the fruit tree. Consequently, the device can be expected to apply the fertilizer on the specific target, according to the diameter of the fruit tree canopy, suitable for a small or large amount of quantitative fertilization for the different kinds of granular fertilizer. Precise variable fertilization can contribute to different sizes of fruit trees.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Forestry
Controlled terms:Citrus fruits - Controllers - Errors - Greenhouses - Hall effect transducers - Optical radar - Orchards - Rotation - Speed - Trees (mathematics)  - Urea - Urea fertilizers - Vehicle wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Average relative error - Coefficient of variation - Determination coefficients - Environmental pollutions - Granular fertilizers - Mathematical relationship - Variable fertilizations - Variable rate fertilization
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment - 732.1  Control Equipment - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.4  Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 931.1  Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Mass 5.00e-02kg to 2.50e+00kg, Percentage 1.47e+00%, Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 4.50e+00%, Percentage 4.83e+00%, Percentage 5.17e+00%, Percentage 6.96e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20213810903552
Title:Design and test of double-row walking garlic combine harvester
Title of translation:&#21452;&#34892;&#25163;&#25206;&#24335;&#22823;&#33948;&#32852;&#21512;&#25910;&#33719;&#26426;&#35774;&#35745;&#21644;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Hou, Jialin (1, 2); Li, Chao (1, 2); Zhang, Zhilong (1, 2); Li, Tianhua (1, 2); Li, Yuhua (1, 2); Wu, Yanqiang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an; 271018, China; (2) Shandong Agricultural Equipment Intelligent Engineering Laboratory, Tai'an; 271018, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:1-11
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The planting area of garlic in China accounts for more than 90% of the whole area in the world. The major producer of garlic also needs mechanized harvesting in modern agriculture in recent years. Two kinds of harvesting technologies are divided mainly into: the widely-used segmented harvesting for the separation of garlic and soil individually, whereas, the new combined harvesting to concurrently separate the garlic, stem, root, and soil. However, the current garlic combine-harvester in the world can only collect the garlic under the upright position and wide rows, but cannot achieve the harvesting and cutting roots of lodging garlic plants. In this study, a novel garlic combined-harvester was designed to improve the harvesting efficiency, while reducing the labor intensity, according to the current state of garlic planting. Some specific conditions were also considered, including the working process of digging, the posture correction of garlic seedling, clamping, cutting, and low-damage collecting. The parameters of key components were determined using a theoretical and dynamic simulation of the operation process. A Box-Behnken orthogonal test was performed, where the forward speed, digging depth, and clamping distance were taken as the test factors, whereas, the damage rate and loss rate were the evaluation indices. A three-factor three-level Box-Behnken simulation was also carried out. A field test was conducted at a planting cooperative in Mindong, Shandong Province of China in May 2019. The test object was set as a variety of "Jinxiang Red Garlic". The shaft of shovel and gearbox gears were adjusted to change the distance between the clamping chains, thereby obtaining the different forward speeds, digging depths, and chain spacing during the test. The damage and loss rates were recorded for the harvested garlic in the field. Variance and response surface were utilized to determine the effects of forward speed, digging depth, and clamping distance on the evaluation index. A Design-Export software was used to optimize the model. An optimal combination of parameters was achieved as followed: the forward speed of 0.51 m/s, digging depth of 97.2 mm, and clamping distance of 7.6 mm, corresponding to the damage and loss rates of 0.63% and 1.25%, respectively. The parameters were tested in the field to verify the accuracy of the optimized model. The relative errors of all indices in the predicted and experimental data were less than 5%, indicating that the model was reliable and suitable for prediction and further optimization. The main factors affecting the damage and loss rates of garlic were determined for the forward speed, digging depth, and clamping distance. The finding can provide a sound theoretical reference for the design and optimization of garlic combine-harvester in mechanized production of intelligent agriculture.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Combines
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Harvesters - Harvesting - Speed - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Combine harvesters - Design and optimization - Mechanized harvesting - Modern agricultures - Operation process - Optimal combination - Response surface - Shandong province
Classification code:821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.25e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 6.30e-01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Size 7.60e-03m, Size 9.72e-02m, Velocity 5.10e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.001
Funding text:China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-24-D-01); Key Research and Development Program of the Shandong Province(2019GNC106031); Vegetable Industry Innovation Team Project of Modern Agricultural Technology System in Shandong Province (SDAIT-05-11).

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20213810903588
Title:Effects of soil-layer compounding schemes on the soil fertility of newly-constructed cultivated land
Title of translation:&#22303;&#23618;&#22797;&#37197;&#26041;&#26696;&#23545;&#27835;&#27807;&#36896;&#22320;&#26032;&#22686;&#32789;&#22320;&#22303;&#22756;&#32933;&#21147;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Huang, Yunxin (1, 2); Li, Yurui (1, 2); Liu, Yansui (1, 2); Wang, Yongsheng (1); Zhang, Xuanchang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100101, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Yansui(liuys@igsnrr.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:64-72
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The improvement of the quality of the newly-constructed cultivated land is of great significance to the effective utilization of the newly-constructed cultivated land after the implementation of the "Gully Land Consolidation Project" (GLCP) in Yan' an. To explore an effective method that can be used to quickly improve the newly-constructed cultivated land with poor quality of GLCP, a 4-year soil-layer compounding experiment was carried out in Yangjuangou watershed (109&deg;31'-109&deg;71' E, 36&deg;42'- 36&deg;82' N). Based on the complementary structure of the Red Clay (RC) and Malan Loess (ML), the different ratios of RC and ML were used for reconstruction of the 0-30 cm soil layer of the newly-constructed cultivated land (T0, undisturbed soil; T1, 100% RC; T2, 83.3% RC and 16.7% ML; T3, 66.7% RC and 33.3% ML; T4, 50% RC and 50% ML; T5, 33.3% RC and 66.7% ML; T6, 16.7% RC and 83.3% ML; T7, 100% ML). The chemical and physical properties of the soil and the condition of crop were measured, and the soil fertility of each scheme was comprehensively evaluated by principal component analysis. The results of experiment showed: The &gt;0.25 mm water-stable aggregates in T2 and T3 increased by 13.7 and 15.2 times, respectively, compared with T0. Compared with T0 treatment, the geometric mean diameter (GMD) and mean weight diameter (MWD) of water-stable aggregates &gt;0.25 mm in T3 treatment were 20.9% and 29.1% higher while bulk density decreased by 11.1% and porosity increased by 15.3%. The contents of organic matter and nitrate nitrogen in T3 increased by 24.5% and 100%, respectively, compared with the control group. Compared with T0 treatment, the available potassium values in T2 and T3 treatment were increased by 29.3% and 17.6%, respectively. The results of principal component analysis showed that soil structure was the structural basis of soil fertility, and soil nutrient was an important part of soil fertility, which jointly determined soil fertility. And the order of the comprehensive fertility score from high to low was T3, T2, T1, T5, T6, T4, T7, T0. The maize in T3 treatment had the maximum aboveground biomass and 1000-grain weight, and the maize yield was also relatively high. It could be concluded that the scheme was the optimal one when the volume ratio of RC and ML was 66.7% and 33.3%, respectively for the soil having the highest comprehensive fertility and the crops growing relatively well. In conclusion, the experimental results show that soil-layer compounding is a feasible method to construct soil with high quality quickly, and the study provides practical reference for the improvement of the quality of newly-constructed land in the GLCP and the implementation of similar projects in the future.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Chemical analysis - Crops - Cultivation - Land use
Uncontrolled terms:Above ground biomass - Available potassiums - Chemical and physical properties - Geometric mean diameters - Land consolidations - Mean weight diameter - Undisturbed soils - Water stable aggregates
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 406  Highway Engineering - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Age 4.00e+00yr, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 1.11e+01%, Percentage 1.53e+01%, Percentage 1.76e+01%, Percentage 2.09e+01%, Percentage 2.45e+01%, Percentage 2.91e+01%, Percentage 2.93e+01%, Percentage 3.33e+01%, Percentage 6.67e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 3.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20213810903607
Title:Characteristics and their influencing factors of water recharge under different groundwater levels in the Mu Us Sandy Land of China
Title of translation:&#27611;&#20044;&#32032;&#27801;&#22320;&#19981;&#21516;&#22320;&#19979;&#27700;&#20301;&#22475;&#28145;&#19979;&#22303;&#22756;&#27700;&#34917;&#32473;&#29305;&#24449;&#21450;&#24433;&#21709;&#22240;&#32032;
Authors:Pei, Yanwu (1, 2); Huang, Laiming (1, 3); Shao, Ming'an (1, 2, 3, 4); Li, Ronglei (1, 2); Zhang, Yinglong (5)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100101, China; (2) College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China; (4) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling; 712100, China; (5) Shenmu Ecological Association, Shenmu; 719399, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Laiming(huanglm@igsnrr.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:108-116
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Water and soil conservation have been highly critical to the vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction in the arid and semi-arid regions, particularly in southeastern China. Thus, it is necessary to characterize the soil water recharge and movement under different Groundwater Levels (GWL) for water use efficiency and sustainable agriculture. In this study, the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions (&delta;²H and &delta;¹⁸O) of rain water, soil water and groundwater were measured in three different woodlands (i.e., Salix psammophila woodland with GWL range of 253-260 cm, Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongholica Litv. woodland with GWL range of 87-93 cm and Amygdalus pedunculata Pall. woodland with GWL range of 172-176 cm) in the Gechougou watershed in the southeastern edge of Mu Us Sandy Land. The characteristics and influencing factors of soil water recharge were clarified in three types of woodland. Results showed that the &delta;²H and &delta;¹⁸O of soil water were plotted below the local meteoric water line, in Salix psammophila, Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongholica Litv., and Amygdalus pedunculata Pall. Woodland, where the slope of soil water line in the three types of woodlands (5.69-7.13) was less than that of the local meteoric water line (7.79), indicating that the soil water in each woodland was replenished by the local precipitation. The &delta;²H and &delta;¹⁸O of soil water in Salix psammophila (0-20 cm), Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongholica Litv. (0-40 cm), and Amygdalus pedunculata Pall. Woodland (0-40 cm) exhibited the depletion of heavy isotopes and enrichment of light isotopes in monitoring period, while significantly positive correlated (P &lt; 0.05) with the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of precipitation, indicating that the shallow soil water (&lt; 40 cm) under different woodlands was more easily replenished by the precipitation. The mean values of &delta;²H and &delta;¹⁸O of deep soil water in different types of woodlands (Salix psammophila (&gt; 180 cm), Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongholica Litv. (&gt; 60 cm), and Amygdalus pedunculata Pall. Woodland (&gt; 120 cm)) were close to those of the groundwater, where the &delta;²H and &delta;¹⁸O of soil water tended to be more stable (CV &lt; 10%) with the increase of depth. The depth ranges of soil water recharged by groundwater were about 73-80, 27-33, and 52-56 cm, respectively, during the monitored period in the three types of woodlands (Salix psammophila, Pinus sylvestris L. var., and Amygdalus pedunculata Pall. woodland), according to the correlations of &delta;¹⁸O between soil water and groundwater (i.e., in term of how easily the &delta;¹⁸O of soil water were mixed and displaced with the fluctuating groundwater). Consequently, the shallow soil water (&lt;40 cm) in the three woodlands was mainly recharged by precipitation, especially in the rainy season, whereas, the deep soil water (27-80 cm above the GWL) was dominantly recharged by groundwater. Therefore, the deep soil water recharge by shallow groundwater can be expected to alleviate the deficit of soil water in the dry season, in turn providing potential water sources for vegetation growth in the study area. In any way, the shallow and deep sources of soil water were inevitable prerequisites for the construction of sand-fixing plants under the arid climate in the southeastern edge of Mu Us Sandy Land.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Recharging (underground waters)
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Hydrogen - Isotopes - Oxygen - Soil conservation - Soil moisture - Value engineering - Vegetation - Water conservation  - Water piping systems - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid regions - Ecological reconstruction - Meteoric water lines - Oxygen isotopic composition - Sustainable agriculture - Vegetation restoration - Water and soil conservations - Water use efficiency
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 444.2  Groundwater - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.5  Value Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 4.00e-01m, Size 1.20e+00m, Size 1.72e+00m to 1.76e+00m, Size 1.80e+00m, Size 2.53e+00m to 2.60e+00m, Size 2.70e-01m to 8.00e-01m, Size 4.00e-01m, Size 5.20e-01m to 5.60e-01m, Size 6.00e-01m, Size 8.70e-01m to 9.30e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20213810903471
Title:Yield of non-film cotton and the response of temperature, humidity and salt in the root zone to irrigation
Title of translation:&#26080;&#33180;&#26825;&#33457;&#20135;&#37327;&#21450;&#20854;&#26681;&#21306;&#28201;&#28287;&#30416;&#23545;&#28748;&#28297;&#37327;&#30340;&#21709;&#24212;
Authors:Li, Junhong (1); Wang, Jun (2); Li, Nannan (1); Hao, Xianzhe (2); Shi, Xiaojuan (1); Tian, Yu (1); Shi, Feng (1); Luo, Honghai (1); Yang, Guozheng (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China; (2) Shihezi Experimental Station for Efficient Water Use in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi; 832003, China; (3) College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Luo, Honghai(luohonghai79@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:134-143
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Plastic-film pollution is the limiting factor for the efficient and sustainable development of cotton in Xinjiang in western China. This study aims to explore the mechanism of non-film cotton, moisture, temperature and salt concentration in the root zone under the deep and night irrigation for the future cotton production. An experiment was carried out at the Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Crop Water Efficient Water Use (Shihezi) (45&deg;38'N, 86&deg;09'E) of the Ministry of Agriculture from 2019 to 2020. The total amount of precipitation during the cotton growth period in 2019 was higher than that in 2020. The daily average maximum and minimum temperatures were both lower than that in 2020. Under the condition of equal row spacing and high density planting (26 plants/m²), the early-maturing land cotton variety 'Xinluzao 74' was used as a test material (the growth period was 120 d). 5 irrigation water treatments (W<inf>1</inf>, 2 649 m³/hm²; W<inf>2</inf>, 2 925 m³/hm²; W<inf>3</inf>, 3 201 m³/hm²; W<inf>4</inf>, 3 477 m³/hm²; W<inf>5</inf>, 3753 m³/hm²) were set up (Among them, W<inf>1-3</inf> treatment was the average drip volume of underground drip irrigation, and W<inf>4-5</inf> treatment was the average drip volume of field film mulching water-saving drip irrigation). Some parameters were evaluated, including the formation of cotton yield, and the change of moisture, temperature and salt concentration in the root zones. The results showed that the seed cotton yield in 2020 increased by 45.6%-65.5%, compared with 2019 (P&lt;0.05). W<inf>4</inf> treatment was higher with 4.1%-10.3% increment, compared with other treatments (P&lt;0.05). The total number of bolls per unit area and the weight of a single boll increased by 4.2%-11.4% and 2.2%-4.1% in W<inf>4</inf> treatment, compared with other treatments (P&lt;0.05). Soil water content was ranked in order of W<inf>5</inf> (W<inf>4</inf>, W<inf>3</inf>, W<inf>2</inf>) before the full flowering period &gt; W<inf>1</inf>. There was no significant difference between the treatments after the full flowering period, but 21.2%-35.0% lower than that before the full flowering period (P&lt;0.05). The soil temperature of W<inf>4</inf> treatment was 0.4%-1.3% and 0.4%-2.4% higher than other treatments at 0-55 and 95-135 d after sowing, respectively (P&gt;0.05). The soil pH was lower in the W<inf>4</inf> treatment; The soil electrical conductivity was 6.4% to 19.4% higher than other treatments in the 0-30 cm soil layer under W<inf>3</inf> treatment (P&lt;0.05). The correlation analysis showed that the seed cotton yield was significantly positively correlated with the soil conductivity at 10 cm, but significantly negatively correlated with pH (P&lt;0.05); it was significantly positively correlated with 20 cm soil conductivity and soil water content during flowering. It was significantly negatively correlated with temperature and pH in the late period of the boll (P&lt;0.05). Accordingly, an irrigation volume of 3 477 m³/hm² can be expected to create a suitable temperature and salt environment in the root zone (especially &gt;10-20 cm soil layer) for cotton growth under the condition of no-film high-density deep layer and night drip irrigation. As such, the yield can be up to 4 873 kg/hm², indicating the high goal of efficient production in filmless cotton.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Cotton
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Entertainment industry - Soil moisture - Subirrigation - Sustainable development - Water conservation - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation analysis - Cotton production - Experimental stations - Maximum and minimum temperatures - Salt concentration - Scientific observations - Soil electrical conductivity - Soil water content
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.12e+01% to 3.50e+01%, Percentage 2.20e+00% to 4.10e+00%, Percentage 4.00e-01% to 1.30e+00%, Percentage 4.00e-01% to 2.40e+00%, Percentage 4.10e+00% to 1.03e+01%, Percentage 4.20e+00% to 1.14e+01%, Percentage 4.56e+01% to 6.55e+01%, Percentage 6.40e+00% to 1.94e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 3.00e-01m, Size 1.00e-01m, Size 2.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20213810903484
Title:Pore network simulation and experiments of drying shrinkage-deformation for apple slices
Title of translation:&#33529;&#26524;&#20999;&#29255;&#24178;&#29157;&#25910;&#32553;&#21464;&#24418;&#30340;&#23380;&#36947;&#32593;&#32476;&#27169;&#25311;&#21450;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Xu, Yingying (1); Wen, Huaixing (1); Tan, Libin (1); Yuan, Yuejin (1); Wang, Dong (1); Yuan, Yueding (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an; 710021, China; (2) College of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan University of Finance and Economics, Changsha; 410205, China
Corresponding author:Yuan, Yuejin(yuanyj@sust.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:289-298
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">This study aims to explore the heat-mass transfer and stress-strain of shrinkage deformation of fruits and vegetables, thereby determining the effect of capillary force on the drying process. Pore networks, heat-mass transfer, and mesomechanics were also selected to clarify the micropore structure and capillary force during drying. A coupled heat-mass transfer and stress-strain model was established for the drying shrinkage deformation of fruits and vegetables at the pore scale. Microscopic imaging was utilized to capture the slices of fruits and vegetables, and then to extract and characterize the parameters of the micro pore structure, finally to identify and label the capillary liquid mass. A program was also developed to simulate using the programming software Visual C++. The simulation program mainly included the three modules: building physical model, solving mathematical model, and data processing. The original file was input to generate the framework of the physical model, according to the coordinate values of nodes and throats. The components of the physical model, such as skeleton particles, holes, and throats, were represented with the object of a class in object-oriented programming (OOP). Therefore, all the attributes and relationships of components were encapsulated to ensure that the mathematical model module easily accessed each component and absorbed the channel structure information of the physical model in time. The mathematical model module was the core of the program to realize the calculation and huge solutions. The data processing module mainly realized the real-time display of calculated data, further obtaining the distribution contours for later Excel processing. Correspondingly, the distribution of moisture, temperature, and stress-strain in the apple slices were simulated in pore networks. An attempt was also made to clarify the effects of drying stress and microporous structure on drying shrinkage-deformation. Taking apple slices as the research object, a hot-air drying experiment was carried out to compare the experimental and simulation data. Results showed that the relative errors were less than 10% between the simulated and experimental values of moisture content, temperature, and shrinkage deformation rate. Consequently, the model can be expected to effectively simulate the real process of heat-mass transfer and irregular shrinkage deformation of fruits and vegetables in the drying process. The distribution fields of moisture, temperature, and stress-strain in the pore networks were in the irregular and asymmetric shape, resulting in obvious dry spots, wet spots, irregular drying fronts, and even asymmetric shrinkage-deformation. Capillary and wet stress posed significant effects on the drying shrinkage deformation of fruits and vegetables, where the capillary stress was the dominant factor for the irregular shrinkage-deformation. It demonstrated that there was a significant effect of pore structure parameters on the drying process of fruits and vegetables. Specifically, the drying time was longer and the capillary stress was smaller when the porosity of materials was larger. The capillary stress was greater and the drying time was longer when the coordination number of the model was larger. The capillary stress with uniform diameter distribution was larger, followed by the distribution of normal and experimental materials. The finding can provide sound theoretical support to better drying quality under the optimal processing parameters of fruits and vegetables.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:C++ (programming language) - Computer software - Data handling - Deformation - Fruits - Mass transfer - Microporosity - Moisture - Object oriented programming - Pore structure  - Shrinkage - Stress-strain curves - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental materials - Fruits and vegetables - Micro-pore structures - Micro-porous structure - Objectoriented programming (OOP) - Programming software - Shrinkage deformation - Structure parameter
Classification code:641.3  Mass Transfer - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20213810903549
Title:Freshwater fish species identification method based on improved ResNet50 model
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#25913;&#36827;ResNet50&#27169;&#22411;&#30340;&#22823;&#23447;&#28129;&#27700;&#40060;&#31181;&#31867;&#35782;&#21035;&#26041;&#27861;
Authors:Wan, Peng (1, 2); Zhao, Junwei (1); Zhu, Ming (1, 2); Tan, Hequn (1, 2); Deng, Zhiyong (1); Huang, Yuyi (1); Wu, Wenjin (3); Ding, Anzi (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China; (3) Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing and Nuclear-agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan; 430070, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:159-168
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Species identification of freshwater fish has a wide range of applications in most fields, such as breeding, fishing, and processing. However, most traditional algorithms of fish identification cannot meet the ever-increasingly high requirements in recent years, such as simple feature extraction, high accuracy, and portability. In this study, a new identification algorithm was proposed for the freshwater fish species using an improved ResNet50 model. Six types of freshwater fish were taken as the research objects, including the bighead, bream, carp, crucian, grass carp, and silver carp. An image acquisition system was established for the freshwater fish images with a single background. As such, an image dataset of freshwater fish was constructed to joint those images with interference background on the Internet. A Pytorch framework was then selected to perform image preprocessing of freshwater fish for the sample diversity. An improved ResNet50 model was thus built to identify the freshwater fish species. Firstly, the fully connected layer Fc1 and Dropout were added, while the migration learning was introduced to train the model. Secondly, CELU was selected as the activation function to improve the expression of the neural network. Finally, Adam optimization was used to update the gradient. A cosine annealing was also embedded to attenuate the learning rate. In addition, the hyperparameters of the model were optimized in the multiple model training. Correspondingly, six kinds of freshwater fish were identified to verify the accuracy and performance of the improved ResNet50 model. A single validation test under a four-fold cross-validation model was carried out to train and evaluate the model. The confusion matrix was used to visualize the recognition of each type of fish. The results showed that: the image dataset of freshwater fish consisting of a single and interference background images was selected to train the model under the single validation, where the accuracy rate was 96.94%, 1.22% higher than before. The average detection time was 0.2345s for a single freshwater fish image. The accuracy rate of the model was 100% under the four-fold cross-validation, when the dataset of the freshwater fish image was selected with a single background. By contrast, the accuracy rate of the model was 96.20%, when the dataset of freshwater fish image consisted of a single and interference background, indicating an excellent general performance and robustness. The accuracy, recall and F1 score of each type of freshwater fish were relatively high visualized to the confusion matrix, when the model was trained on the freshwater fish image and a single background dataset, indicating the superior performance of the model. The improved ResNet50 model presented a general structure and training, while a high accuracy rate under different backgrounds. The finding can provide a sound technical reference for the identification of freshwater fish species in intelligent aquaculture.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Fish
Controlled terms:Image resolution - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Activation functions - Confusion matrices - Fish identification - General structures - Identification algorithms - Image acquisition systems - Image preprocessing - Species identification
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 1.22e+00%, Percentage 9.62e+01%, Percentage 9.69e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20213810903620
Title:Effects of planting pattern on canopy light utilization and yield formation in machine-harvested cotton field
Title of translation:&#31181;&#26893;&#27169;&#24335;&#23545;&#26426;&#37319;&#26825;&#20896;&#23618;&#20809;&#33021;&#21033;&#29992;&#19982;&#20135;&#37327;&#24418;&#25104;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Zhang, Hao (1); Lin, Tao (2, 3, 4); Tang, Qiuxiang (1); Cui, Jianping (2); Guo, Rensong (2); Wang, Liang (2); Zheng, Zipiao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agriculture, Cotton Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi; 830052, China; (2) Institute of Cash Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi; 830091, China; (3) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Desert-Oasis Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Urumqi; 830091, China
Corresponding author:Lin, Tao(27427732@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:54-63
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Light radiation transmission inside the canopy is an important determinant to optimize planting patterns for deep integration of agricultural machinery and techniques, thereby realizing standardized planting and mechanized operation. However, it is still unclear about the regulation mechanism of machine-harvested cotton planting mode on canopy light radiation transmission and yield formation. In this study, a two-year field experiment was carried out under the same density in Xinjiang cotton areas of western China, in order to clarify the effects of planting patterns on canopy light utilization and yield in mechanically harvested cotton. Three kinds of machine-harvested cotton were set. An investigation was also made on the evolution characteristics of canopy structure, canopy effective radiation, and yield formation under different configurations. The correlation analysis was carried out between planting pattern, canopy light interception, and yield composition factors. The results demonstrated that there was an obvious spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the canopy structure of cotton under different planting patterns and the characteristics of light radiation transmission inside. The canopy transmittance of S1(Each film planting three rows) changed in the horizontal direction of "V" in the early stage of growth, compared with the treatment of S3. Meanwhile, the expansion of row spacing increased the distribution of PAR(Photosynthetically active radiation) between the rows in the cotton fields, but there was no significant influence on the transmittance near the rows of cotton. In the later stage of growth, the transmittance of the cotton field in each horizontal direction changed slightly, but the transmittance of the lower layer under the treatment of S1 was significantly higher than that of S2(Each film planting four rows) and S3(Each film planting six rows). The average row spacing significantly enhanced the boll number and weight at the lower part of cotton, finally promoting the yield. The two-year seed cotton yields of S1 cotton were 6 507.50 and 6 161.08 kg/hm², which were 10.66%, 23.10%(2017) and 10.29%, 15.32%(2018)higher than that of S2 and S3 cotton, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the average row spacing, the yield composition, and the light interception rate of the lower layer, whereas, a negative correlation was found between the middle layer, the upper layer, and the total light interception rate. This indicated that the average row spacing reduced the optical interception rate in the middle and upper layers, while increased the optical interception rate in the lower layer for higher yield, although the total optical interception rate in the canopy tended to decrease. The "each film planting three rows" machine-harvested cotton planting mode can increase the PAR transmittance in the middle and lower parts of the upper canopy in the vertical direction, where the utilization efficiency of light energy was improved as a whole, compared with the arrow row treatment. The number of bolls increased by 16.7%, the quality of cotton bolls increased by 6.6%, and the final yield increased by 19.21%, compared with the traditional one. The planting mode mainly determined the light transmission in the vertical direction, thereby dominating the PAR transmittance and interception in the canopy. The light transmittance of the middle and lower canopy gradually increased, with the increase of average row spacing. The varying degrees alleviated the excessive concentration of interleaved leaves between the wide and narrow rows, resulting in the canopy closure and the supply of photosynthetic products in the middle and lower canopy. Therefore, the "each film planting three rows" machine-picked cotton planting mode can be expected to concurrently improve the cotton yield and light energy utilization. Consequently, the quality of mechanical picking can greatly promote the deep integration of mechanical harvesting and agricultural machinery.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Light transmission
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural robots - Cotton - Energy utilization - Film growth - Forestry - Harvesting - Light - Transmissions
Uncontrolled terms:Canopy light interceptions - Evolution characteristics - Negative correlation - Photosynthetically active radiation - Positive correlations - Regulation mechanisms - Spatial and temporal heterogeneity - Utilization efficiency
Classification code:525.3  Energy Utilization - 602.2  Mechanical Transmissions - 741.1  Light/Optics - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.03e+01%, Percentage 1.07e+01%, Percentage 1.67e+01%, Percentage 1.92e+01%, Percentage 6.60e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20213810903499
Title:Optimization and experiment of parameters for the impeller structure of extractor in a sugarcane chopper harvester
Title of translation:&#29976;&#34071;&#25910;&#21106;&#26426;&#25490;&#26434;&#39118;&#26426;&#21494;&#36718;&#32467;&#26500;&#21442;&#25968;&#20248;&#21270;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Xing, Haonan (1); Ma, Shaochun (1); Mo, Jianlin (2); Zeng, Bosheng (2); Liang, Wenpeng (2); Li, Weiqing (1); Wang, Fenglei (1); Bai, Jing (1); Ding, Zhengliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimized Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Guangxi Research Institute Corporation of Agricultural Machinery, Nanning; 530007, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Shaochun(shaochun2004@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:12-19
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">An impeller is one of the most important core components for the extractor in a sugarcane chopper harvester. Aerodynamic characteristics of impeller mainly dominates the cleaning performance of an extractor. Therefore, this study aims to optimize the structural parameters of impeller for a better performance using numerical simulation on CFD platform and response surface method (RSM). A realizable K - &Epsilon; turbulence model was selected to calculate the internal flow field of an extractor in CFD simulation. A verification test showed that the maximum error of simulated value was 5.24%, and the average error was 4.29%, indicating a higher accuracy of model. A Box-Behnken design was utilized for the response surface test. Specifically, the installation angle (&beta;), the number of blades (N), and gap ratio (G) were taken as the factors, whereas, the wind speed (v) of an extractor under no-load condition was taken as the evaluation index. Additionally, the impurity rate was used as the evaluation index in the pretest to determine the range of gap ratio. The pretest results showed that there was no significant difference in the impurity rate of impeller with four kinds of G values under the same wind speed. It infers that the G value posed nothing effect on the relationship between no-load wind speed and impurity rate. Subsequently, the level of response surface test was determined after the pretest. The analysis of variance show that N², &beta;, &beta;², G and N²&times;G presented extremely significant effects on the evaluation index, while N and N&times;G significant influence. An investigation was made to explore the variation in the attack angle in the main work area of a blade and the vortex distribution at the root, in order to reveal the influence mechanism of each factor on the evaluation index. It was found that the v increased with the increasing &beta;, but when &beta; = 30&deg;, the performance of blade tip was reduced with the upward trend of v. Furthermore, the vortex caused the flow field near the impeller to deteriorate, when N and G were at the lowest level. An optimal combination of structural parameters in the impeller were achieved, where N= 4, &beta; = 30&deg; and G = 55%. Two kinds of sugarcane from different sites were used in field experiment, thereby to evaluate the cleaning effect of an extractor on the sugarcane with high impurity content. The sugarcane on the site I was growing well, and the sugarcane on the site II was short while containing more impurities. The field test showed that the impurity rate was reduced by 2.34, 2.2, and 2.4 percentage points, when the driving speed was 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 km/h, respectively, indicating a better performance under the optimized impeller on the site II. The optimized extractor also increased the loss rate. The loss rate increased by 1.01 and 0.85 percentage points, but the decrease in the impurity rate was greater than the increase in the loss rate, when harvesting the sugarcane in the normal and under growth state in the field.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Impellers
Controlled terms:Choppers (circuits) - Computational fluid dynamics - Flow fields - Harvesters - Numerical methods - Structural optimization - Surface properties - Surface testing - Turbulence models - Vortex flow  - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Aerodynamic characteristics - Influence mechanism - Internal flow field - K-epsilon turbulence model - Optimal combination - Response surface method - Structural parameter - Vortex distribution
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 601.2  Machine Components - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 723.5  Computer Applications - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.29e+00%, Percentage 5.24e+00%, Percentage 5.50e+01%, Velocity 9.72e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20213810903553
Title:Effect of previous sloping water erosion on soil wind erosion in typical thin layered Mollisol region
Title of translation:&#20856;&#22411;&#34180;&#23618;&#40657;&#22303;&#21306;&#21069;&#26399;&#22369;&#38754;&#27700;&#34432;&#23545;&#22303;&#22756;&#39118;&#34432;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Zuo, Xiaofeng (1, 3); Zheng, Fenli (1, 2); Zhang, Jiaqiong (1, 2); Wang, Yifei (1); Sang, Qiming (1); Zhang, Xunchang (4)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation CAS & MWR, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology/MOE Engineering Research Center of Desertifi-cation and Blown-sand Control, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing; 100875, China; (4) Grazinglands Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, El Reno; 73036, United States
Corresponding author:Zheng, Fenli(flzh@ms.iswc.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:45-53
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The sloping farmlands in the Mollisol region of northeast China have the characteristics of multi-agent compound soil erosion followed by snow-melt runoff erosion and then wind erosion in spring. However, the current researches on compound soil erosion in this region are still rather weak, which affects the accurate implementation of the prevention and control measures of compound soil erosion. This paper applied an approach of combining indoor simulated rainfall experiment with wind tunnel simulation experiment to analyze previous sloping water erosion effects on the soil wind erosion in the Mollisol region of northeast China. The results showed that the amount of soil wind erosion significantly reduced after the previous sloping water erosion at 50 and 100 mm/h rainfall intensities, i.e., previous sloping water erosion action produced obvious an anti-wind erosion effect. Under the action of wind speeds of 9, 12 and 15 m/s, the anti-wind erosion efficiencies produced by the previous sloping water erosion at the rainfall intensities of 50 and 100 mm/h are 68.4%-96.2% and 77.2%-97.6%, respectively; with an increase of rainfall intensity, the anti-wind erosion effect increased. The soil wind erosion rate after previous sloping water erosion action was comprehensively affected by the rainfall intensity in previous sloping water erosion and wind velocity in later soil wind erosion. With increasing of rainfall intensity, the inhibiting effect of soil wind erosion caused by previous sloping water erosion action was greater. The previous sloping water erosion action reduced wind erosion delivery and its height, and wind erosion delivery decreased with the increase of rainfall intensity of the previous sloping water erosion. The main reasons for the anti-wind erosion effect caused by the previous sloping water erosion were that the soil compaction processes caused by previous sloping rainfall and runoff altered soil physical-mechanic properties and surface morphology, which caused an increase of surface soil shear strength and soil hardness, and then enhanced soil structure stability and anti-wind erosion ability, and inhibited wind erosion occurrence. The research findings of this study not only reveal the mechanism of previous sloping water erosion affecting soil wind erosion in the Mollisol region of northeast China, but also provide a theoretical basis for preventing compound erosion and sustainably utilization of Mollisol resources.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Soil conservation
Controlled terms:Erosion - Morphology - Multi agent systems - Rain - Runoff - Shear flow - Shear strength - Soil mechanics - Soils - Surface morphology  - Wind - Wind tunnels
Uncontrolled terms:Physical mechanics - Prevention and controls - Rainfall and runoffs - Rainfall intensity - Region of northeast chinas - Simulated rainfall - Sloping farmlands - Wind-tunnel simulation
Classification code:442.1  Flood Control - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 443.3  Precipitation - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 651.2  Wind Tunnels - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 6.84e+01% to 9.62e+01%, Percentage 7.72e+01% to 9.76e+01%, Velocity 1.20e+01m/s, Velocity 1.50e+01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20213810903532
Title:Land consolidation zoning of Northern Guangdong for suitable mechanization transformation in hilly and mountainous areas based on limiting factors
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#38480;&#21046;&#22240;&#23376;&#30340;&#31908;&#21271;&#19992;&#38517;&#23665;&#21306;&#32789;&#22320;&#23452;&#26426;&#21270;&#25972;&#27835;&#20998;&#21306;
Authors:Liu, Guangsheng (1, 3); Zhao, Lesong (1); Cheng, Yingxuan (2); Zhou, Yuting (1); Wang, Cunyue (1); Lin, Hanbing (1); Wang, Hongmei (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Public Administration, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510640, China; (2) Guangdong Province Institute of Land Surveying and Planning, Guangzhou; 510075, China; (3) Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Land Use and Consolidation, Guangzhou; 510640, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Hongmei(hmwang@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:262-270
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Land consolidation zoning is one of the most important ways for fitting large-medium farm machinery to promote agricultural mechanization and rural revitalization in hilly and mountainous areas. Therefore, reclamation planning is of great significance to effectively allocate resources in modern mechanized agriculture. Taking the hilly and mountainous area of northern Guangdong of China as the research area, this study aims to construct the evaluation index system of mechanization potential for large-medium farm machinery in a cultivated land using limiting factors. Two dimensions were also selected, including agricultural machinery accessibility and operation convenience. An improved obstacle degree model was used to identify the dominant limiting factors of cultivated land consolidation for fitting large-medium farm machinery. The improvement difficulty was then determined, according to the restriction degree and difficulty coefficient of dominant limiting factors. A suitable mechanized improvement zoning of cultivated land was delimited using the improvement potential and difficulty. A regional improvement strategy was finally proposed for the study area during this time. The results showed that: (1) There was obviously spatial differentiation of cultivated land consolidation for fitting large-medium farm machinery in the study area. The high potential improvement area was mainly distributed in the hilly areas, whereas, the low potential improvement area was mainly distributed in the basin areas. (2) The insufficient number of cultivated land construction was found to significantly restrict the mechanization for the relatively scattered and irregular shape of plots. (3) The difficulty distribution areas were generally consistent with the potential for improvement. The areas with greater difficulty were the mountainous areas with obvious limitation of the machine-ploughing track, where less difficulty was observed in the basins; particularly those were subjected to the land contiguous conditions and irregular shapes. (4) The priority area presented a great potential and small difficulty, indicating an obvious restriction from the contiguity and regular shape of the land. Additionally, there were limited potential and difficulty in the minor consolidation areas. Land consolidation can also be carried out using simple projects, such as the merging of fields. There were also high potential and difficulty in the comprehensive consolidation areas. Correspondingly, there were several limiting factors with a relatively large degree of restriction. It also needed to be remedied using comprehensive engineering during this time. Additionally, the ideal mechanization production was found in the backup improvement area, where the potential was small and difficult in the study area. It is necessary to invest a lot to further improve the mechanization level of cultivated land. (5) Special planning is highly urgent to formulate the relevant technical standards for the mechanization of cultivated land. Different types of cultivated land consolidation need to formulate the fitting large-medium farm machinery, according to local conditions, such as interconnection plots, horizontal strip fields, horizontal terraces, gentle slope dry land, and terrace dry land. (6) The remediation zoning was support to spatial guidance of cultivated land consolidation for fitting large-medium farm machinery using the potential and difficulty of remediation, particularly on selecting targeted objects of cropland mechanized remediation. The finding can also provide a promising reference for similar areas to carry out the cultivated land consolidation for fitting large-medium farm machinery.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Mechanization - Pollution - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural mechanization - Difficulty coefficient - Evaluation index system - Hilly and mountainous areas - Improvement strategies - Land consolidations - Spatial differentiation - Technical standards
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 601  Mechanical Design - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20213810903522
Title:Research progress of biogas slurry treatment and resource utilization
Title of translation:&#27836;&#28082;&#22788;&#29702;&#26041;&#24335;&#21450;&#36164;&#28304;&#21270;&#30740;&#31350;&#36827;&#23637;
Authors:Song, Yingjin (1); Wang, Guanchao (1); Li, Ran (2); Chen, Guanyi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin; 300072, China; (2) School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Guanyi(chen@tju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:237-250
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">A large amount of biogas slurry has gradually become an important part of sewage sources with the rapid development of large and medium-sized biogas projects in China in recent years. Biogas slurry, as a residue of anaerobic fermentation, generally cannot meet the national discharge standard of aquaculture wastes, due to the high concentration of organic matter and nutrients. Effective disposal of biogas slurry can greatly contribute to the surrounding environment, while saving agricultural resources. There are most useful matters in the biogas slurry for plants, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, microelement, amino acids, humic acid, indoleacetic acid, vitamin B, and some auxin. Correspondingly, biogas slurry can widely be expected to serve as the best organic fertilizer in pollution-free agricultural products for better crop growth and soil properties without diseases. Additionally, it can also be used as feed additive for animal growth, where there are essential vitamins and hormones. However, biogas slurry also has many pollutants, such as high concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and ammonia nitrogen (NH<inf>4</inf>⁺-N). In addition, it even has harmful substances, such as heavy metals (for instance, mercury, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, and lead), which are easy to settle, antibiotics, and pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, the disposal and resource utilization of biogas slurry are highly demanding to alleviate the impact of current industrial development on the environment. Traditional wastewater treatment can achieve the purification of biogas slurries, such as activated sludge process, membrane concentration, and chemical flocculation. But how to improve the efficiency of treatment needs to clarify in further researches, particularly for the waste of resources and high-cost investment in current direct processing. Among them, the membrane concentration of biogas slurry can intercept most pollutants, while considering high-value utilization of nutrients recovery. However, it is difficult to achieve a lower effluent concentration of pollutants using whether single-stage or multistage combined treatment, where there are material erosion, pollution, limited service, and the high cost of membrane concentration. Biochemical methods have an obvious removal effect for pollutants in biogas slurry, with the high removal rate, and the effluent over the discharge standard. MBR and SBR processes can achieve a higher removal rate of ammonia nitrogen, compared with the UASB and A/O processes. The removal efficiencies of suspended solid (SS) and COD are significantly improved using chemical crystallization and flocculation as biological pretreatment, while the subsequent treatment pressure and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) are effectively reduced. Biogas slurry reflux can increase the total amount of microorganisms in the fermentation system, the gas production, and methane yield for better performance of anaerobic fermentation with water-saving consumption under the premise of appropriate reflux ratio. However, it is difficult to determine the reflux of biogas slurry, due to the participation of different substrates in the fermentation, the control conditions of fermentation reaction, and the storage conditions of biogas slurry. At the same time, there are also a series of problems, such as ammonia nitrogen inhibition, volatile organic acids, and cellulose accumulation, leading to the reduction of gas production and methane content, even the termination. Therefore, the reflux ratio should be set strictly in practical application, according to the properties of fermentation substrate and biogas slurry to prevent the occurrence of inhibition of gas production. Microalgae culture using biogas slurry is more significant to realize resource reuse, compared with the traditional physical and biochemical way. However, it still remains unsolved to achieve the conversion of microalgae into biofuels, the cost-saving, and high technical level. Biogas slurry has the potential as an organic quick-acting fertilizer for the high standard of farmland irrigation, due to the 17 kinds of bioactive substances in addition to macroelements and microelements. An active role of biogas slurry can be found to improve the crop yield, soaking seeds, insect resistance and bacteriostasis, soil fertility, and livestock breeding. It can thus become an efficient substitute for chemical fertilizers in agricultural development, particularly for the most economical and effective way to the resource utilization of biogas slurry. In view of the considerable amount of biogas slurry production, limited land consumption and low degree of resource utilization in China, it is very urgent to formulate a reasonable and efficient combination of biogas slurry disposal and resource utilization for the most healthy and sustainable agriculture.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:113
Main heading:Biogas
Controlled terms:Activated sludge process - Agricultural products - Agricultural robots - Algae - Ammonia - Biochemical oxygen demand - Crops - Efficiency - Effluent treatment - Effluents  - Fermentation - Fertilizers - Flocculation - Gas industry - Heavy metals - Methane - Microorganisms - Nitrogen - Nitrogen removal - Nutrients  - Organic acids - Ostwald ripening - Oxygen - Pollution - Sewage - Substrates - Trace elements - Wastewater disposal - Wastewater treatment - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Biochemical oxygen demands (BOD) - Biological pre-treatment - Effluent concentrations - Hydraulic retention time - Pathogenic microorganisms - Pollution-Free Agricultural Products - Surrounding environment
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 452  Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 461.9  Biology - 522  Gas Fuels - 531  Metallurgy and Metallography - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20213810903527
Title:Influence mechanism of alkali excitation on strength and microstructure of Pisha Sandstone geopolymer cement composite soil
Title of translation:&#30897;&#28608;&#21457;&#23545;&#30738;&#30722;&#23721;&#22320;&#32858;&#29289;&#27700;&#27877;&#22797;&#21512;&#22303;&#24378;&#24230;&#21450;&#24494;&#35266;&#32467;&#26500;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;&#26426;&#29702;
Authors:Li, Xiaoli (1); Zhao, Xiaoze (1); Shen, Xiangdong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:73-81
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Pisha Sandstone is well known as feldspathic Sandstone, soft rock, and montmorillonite-enriched Sandstone in the Ordos region of Inner Mongolia of China. A large amount of loose Pisha Sandstone serves as a typical engineering material for roadbed base, channel lining, or earth dam slope in most road paving, field drainage, or water transmission. In this study, the alkali-excited geopolymer cement composite soil with Pisha Sandstone as the base material was developed to improve the mechanical properties of cement soil for the further resource utilization of Pisha Sandstone. A universal material testing machine was also selected to explore the effect of alkali excitation on the mechanical properties of composite soil at the various temperatures of alkali excitation and equivalence. A mercury-pressure test was carried out to clarify the time-varying characteristics of pore structure. Subsequently, X Diffraction Pattern (XRD) was utilized to identify the crystal composition, while, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to determine the changes of atomic structure in chemical reactions. The positions of different absorption peaks in XRD and FTIR were selected to evaluate the degree of chemical reactions. A Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) was also used to characterize the morphology of composite soil. The results revealed that the temperature of alkali excitation and alkali equivalent behaved a great positive influence on the mechanical properties of Pisha Sandstone geopolymer hydroclay. The micromechanical data show that the N-A-S-H gel content as a main factor significantly altered the pore structure and strength of Pisha Sandstone geopolymer cement composite soil. In turn, the N-A-S-H gel content depended mainly on the temperature of alkali excitation and alkali equivalent, similar to the dissolution of some montmorillonite, quartz, and metakaolin in Pisha Sandstone. In addition, the free SiO<inf>3</inf>^2- and AlO<inf>3</inf>^2- substances promoted the production of N-A-S-H gel in alkali environment. However, the transformation of N-A-S-H gel to potassium A zeolite was promoted significantly to cause the decrease of strength, when the temperature exceeded 80 &#8451;. Since the N-A-S-H gel content changed the percentage of &lt;10 nm pore structure of composite soil, the filling and cementing effect caused by the porosity of composite soil tended to decrease. Meanwhile, the percentage of large pores decreased, whereas, the percentage of small pores increased. An optimum ratio of composite soil was achieved at the alkali excitation temperature of 80 &#8451; with 2% alkali equivalent. The greatest number of N-A-S-H gel products were generated in the Pisha Sandstone geopolymer cement composite during this time, particularly with the largest percentage of internal &lt;10 nm pore size of 11.67%, the lowest porosity of 23.47%, and the highest strength of 8.23 MPa. The finding can provide a sound theoretical basis for the practical application of Pisha Sandstone geopolymer cement composite soil in engineering projects in northwestern China.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Composite structures
Controlled terms:Cement industry - Chemical reactions - Clay minerals - Composite materials - Crystal atomic structure - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Geopolymer concrete - Geopolymers - Inorganic polymers - Morphology  - Pore size - Pore structure - Sandstone - Soil cement - Soil testing - Soils - Strength of materials - X ray diffraction - Zeolites
Uncontrolled terms:Crystal composition - Engineering materials - Excitation temperature - Properties of composites - Resource utilizations - Scanning electronic microscopes - Structure of composites - Time-varying characteristics
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 412  Concrete - 412.1  Cement - 414  Masonry Materials - 482.2  Minerals - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801  Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 815.1.2  Inorganic Polymers - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.3  Atomic and Molecular Physics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.17e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+00%, Percentage 2.35e+01%, Pressure 8.23e+06Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20213810903604
Title:Remote sensing image extraction for coastal aquaculture ponds in the Guangxi Beibu Gulf based on Google Earth Engine
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;GEE&#30340;&#24191;&#35199;&#21271;&#37096;&#28286;&#27839;&#28023;&#27700;&#20135;&#20859;&#27542;&#27744;&#22616;&#36965;&#24863;&#25552;&#21462;
Authors:Wen, Ke (1); Yao, Huanmei (1); Huang, Yi (1); Chen, Huaquan (1); Liao, Pengren (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning; 530004, China
Corresponding author:Yao, Huanmei(yaohuanmei@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:280-288
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Aquaculture ponds have expanded significantly with the increase of food demand under an ever-increasing population, especially in the coastal areas of China. However, a large number of aquaculture ponds have posed a great threat to the ecological environment, such as the destruction of coastal wetland, together with the water and soil pollution, although economic benefits have been gained during this time. Therefore, the spatial distribution of aquaculture ponds is of great significance for the scientific management of coastal zones and the sustainable development of fishery. There are many bays, lagoons, and coastal marshes in the Beibu Gulf of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in China, particularly where the coastal terrain is more complex. Moreover, there is some competition between aquaculture land and other land-use types, leading to the fragmentation of aquaculture land patches. Furthermore, there is also limit utilization of traditional remote sensing to identify the aquaculture ponds in this area. In this study, taking the Beibu Gulf of Guangxi province in China as the study area, a new remote sensing identification was proposed using Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and time-series remote sensing data. Firstly, all Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 remote sensing datasets were collected in 2019. The following classification eigenvalues were constructed that: 1) Inundation frequency (IF) was used to evaluate the water bodies at pixel scale. 2) The annual mean value of pixels SWIR2 and VH were calculated to eliminate the water identification error caused by building shadow and impervious water surface. 3) Image collection of NDWI time-series was integrated to calculate the mean value between 85%~95% in an ascending order at the pixel level, particularly for better identification of dikes between ponds. The optimal segmentation threshold was then determined to extract the aquaculture ponds using a large number of training books. Finally, the object-oriented method was used to screen out the objects for better classification effects. The segmentation was also carried out again to improve the recognition. The results showed that the total area of aquaculture ponds was 199.3km², covering the entire coastal area. Furthermore, the overall accuracy of identification was 0.921, and the Kappa coefficient was 0.842. Four regions were selected as examples to visually interpret the aquaculture ponds using the Google high-resolution images, thereby further evaluating the validity of identification. The identified area accounted for more than 90% of the area of visual interpretation in the large-scale concentrated aquaculture ponds, while 80.76% of the area of densely arranged small ponds, compared with the visual interpretation. The obtained values were closer to the actual aquaculture surface area. It infers that the temporal remote sensing data can widely be expected to serve as the classification characteristic value, while effectively exclude the abandoned ponds, paddy fields, and seasonal waters. A better performance was achieved in a large-scale complex environment, particularly on higher efficiency of remote sensing identification and extraction of aquaculture ponds. This finding can provide sound technical support to the AI monitoring the ecological environment and spatial optimization of coastal areas in modern aquaculture.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Coastal zones - Economics - Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions - Engines - Extraction - Lakes - Land use - Pixels - Ponds  - Soil pollution - Sustainable development - Time series - Water pollution - Wetlands
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological environments - High resolution image - Identification errors - Object oriented method - Optimal segmentation - Remote sensing images - Scientific management - Visual interpretation
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 453  Water Pollution - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 471  Marine Science and Oceanography - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Area 1.99e+08m2, Percentage 8.08e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20213810903513
Title:Parameter determination and verification of improved Green-Ampt model under saline-alkali soil infiltration
Title of translation:&#30416;&#30897;&#22303;&#20837;&#28183;&#19979;&#20462;&#27491;Green-Ampt&#27169;&#22411;&#21442;&#25968;&#30830;&#23450;&#19982;&#39564;&#35777;
Authors:Chen, Junying (1, 2); He, Xujia (1, 2); Yang, Yalong (2); Bai, Xuqian (2); Li, Yi (2); Xie, Linlin (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:125-133
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Based on the traditional Green-Ampt infiltration model, the diffusion rate D(&theta;) was introduced to improve the model according to the saline soil infiltration characteristics. Considering the presence of air in the soil, the method of linearizing D(&theta;) expression was adopted to improve the accuracy of the model parameters. Five types of saline-alkali soils were used to conduct five one-dimensional water infiltration experiments. The data of infiltration rate and wetting front were used to verify the applicability of the improved model, and the result showed that the simulated values of the improved model were in good agreement with the measured values. The average value of the R² for the five saline-alkali soil infiltration rate was 0.983, and all the average absolute errors for the five saline-alkali soil infiltration rate were less than 0.05 cm/min. The average value of the R² for the five saline-alkali soil wetting front was 0.868, and all the average absolute errors for the five saline-alkali soil wetting front were less than 3.50 cm. The simulation data of the improved Green-Ampt model were not completely consistent with the measured value, which was due to the combined influence of various factors, the main reason was that the test data was easy to be changed by environmental disturbance. Notably, none of the model data is completely consistent with the experimental data. The experimental data was affected by the disturbance of environmental factors, and were often different from the theoretical results. The experimental data was different from the theoretical results due to the interference of environmental factors. Soil characteristics was the main factors affecting model parameters, and the model parameters of the improved model was affected by K⁺+Na⁺ content of saline-alkali soil. The correlation between salt content and model parameters was also explored, the result showed that the suction head value decreased with the decrease of the content of K⁺+Na⁺, and the saturated hydraulic conductivity increased with the decrease of the content of K⁺+Na⁺. However, the S1 in the five saline-alkali soils did not conform to the above law, which was due to the influence of the texture of its heavy clay. The increase of clay particles in the soil reduces the infiltration performance, the water conductivity of the soil decreased and the pore structure of the soil became more complicated. Guo Green-Ampt model was used to simulate the infiltration process of saline-alkali soil. The results showed that Guo Green-Ampt model had a certain limitation in the simulation of saline-alkali soil infiltration, and the improved model had a better simulation effect than Guo Green-Ampt model, but the two models had different applicable conditions, so there were certain limitations in the comparison. The improved Green-Ampt model can simulate the infiltration process of saline-alkali soil with different levels of salinization, and it can be used in the study of the infiltration model of saline-alkali soil with relatively heavy clay texture. The improved model was still applicable when the ionic composition of saline-alkali soil was different from that of test soil. However, for the saline-alkali soil with different soil texture, especially the soil with very high sand content, the improved model was limited to some extent. This study can provide theoretical support for further study on the mechanism of water infiltration in saline-alkali soil and promotion of local agricultural production.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Clay products - Hydraulic conductivity - Pore structure - Saline water - Soil moisture - Textures - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Applicable conditions - Average absolute error - Environmental disturbances - Green-ampt infiltration models - Infiltration modeling - Parameter determination - Saturated hydraulic conductivity
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 632.1  Hydraulics - 812.1  Ceramics - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Size 3.50e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20213810903483
Title:Mechanical and degradation properties of molded straw flowerpot prepared by modified urea-formaldehyde adhesive with feather keratin
Title of translation:&#32701;&#27611;&#35282;&#34507;&#30333;&#25913;&#24615;&#33074;&#37275;&#26641;&#33026;&#27169;&#21387;&#31224;&#31174;&#33457;&#30406;&#21147;&#23398;&#21450;&#38477;&#35299;&#24615;&#33021;
Authors:Yong, Cheng (1, 2); Du, Keke (1, 3); Sun, Enhui (1, 2); Huang, Hongying (1, 2); Qu, Ping (1, 2); Xu, Yueding (1, 2); Guan, Mingjie (3); Zhang, Heming (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing; 210014, China; (2) Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing; 210014, China; (3) College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing; 210037, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:223-229
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Discarded Straw flowerpots are usually difficult to degrade in the soil environment, due mainly to the non-degradable urea-formaldehyde adhesive during molding. In this study, keratin was extracted from the wastes of poultry feathers using reduction, instead of part of urea and the extracted keratin polycondenses with formaldehyde, further to synthesize a modified urea-formaldehyde adhesive for the straw flowerpots. The modified urea-formaldehyde adhesive was then mixed with the rice straw of biological modification to mold a green and environment-friendly degradable flowerpot. An investigation was made to explore the effect of different contents of keratin on the physical and chemical properties of modified urea-formaldehyde as well as the influence of modified urea-formaldehyde on the mechanical and biodegradable properties. Fourier infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the basic adhesive properties of urea-formaldehyde adhesive, thereby analyzing the changes of functional group and thermodynamic properties of the modified urea-formaldehyde adhesive. At the same time, three-point bending tests, microbial degradation ability tests, and degradation in soil tests were also carried out to determine the variation in the mechanical strength and biodegradability of molded straw flowerpots. The results showed that keratin significantly reduced the content of free formaldehyde in the urea-formaldehyde adhesive with a higher viscosity. The -NH and -COOH groups in keratin were favorable for the copolymerization with UF adhesive, where a cross-linking network was formed. The temperature of the third pyrolysis peak was 285.8 &#8451; representing the adhesive polycondensation cross-linked structure when the keratin content was 3%. The modified urea-formaldehyde adhesive increased by 5.0%, compared with non-free formaldehyde, indicating the best thermal stability. Furthermore, the final carbon residuals of modified urea-formaldehyde adhesive were all reduced with different contents of keratin, compared with UF, indicating suitable for natural degradation of composites prepared by the modified urea-formaldehyde and straw fibers. Meanwhile, the best elastic modulus and flexural strength were achieved in 2 552 and 47.7 MPa for the straw flowerpots with 3% keratin-modified urea-formaldehyde adhesive, indicating the increases of 8.97% and 85.59%, respectively, compared with the unmodified. NH and - COOH groups of keratin normally participated in the adhesive body structure, thereby achieving better crosslinking adhesive in the substrate surface infiltration formed on the solid bonding interface. Since too much keratin cannot participate in the shape of the structure during the crosslinking reaction, the reduction in the conduction process made a great contribution to the decrease in the strength of bonding interface stress of composites, thus determining the macroscopic mechanical properties of the material. Additionally, the best biodegradability was also achieved in the straw molded flowerpot with 5% keratin-modified urea-formaldehyde adhesive. The microbial growth area was 91.2% on the straw flowerpot surface in 28 days, while the residual mass percentage of straw flowerpot in 6 months was 64.10%. Consequently, the degradation muss loss increased by 80.95%, respectively, compared with the unmodified. This finding can provide strong theoretical support to create the degradable straw flowerpots. In this case, crops straws can widely be expected for waste disposal and utilization in sustainable agriculture.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Adhesives
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Bending dies - Bending tests - Biodegradability - Biodegradation - Chemical bonds - Composite structures - Crosslinking - Formaldehyde  - Infrared spectroscopy - Keratin - Metabolism - Reduction - Soil testing - Thermodynamic properties - Thermogravimetric analysis - Urea - Urea formaldehyde resins - Waste disposal
Uncontrolled terms:Biological modification - Crosslinked structures - Crosslinking reaction - Macroscopic mechanical properties - Microbial degradation - Physical and chemical properties - Sustainable agriculture - Three-point bending test
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 422  Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 603.1  Machine Tools, General - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 801  Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Age 5.00e-01yr, Age 7.67e-02yr, Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 6.41e+01%, Percentage 8.10e+01%, Percentage 8.56e+01%, Percentage 8.97e+00%, Percentage 9.12e+01%, Pressure 2.55e+09Pa, Pressure 4.77e+07Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20213810903487
Title:Drying effect of carrot in drying greenhouse combined with heat pump system
Title of translation:&#24178;&#29157;&#28201;&#23460;&#19982;&#28909;&#27893;&#32852;&#21512;&#31995;&#32479;&#23545;&#32993;&#33821;&#21340;&#30340;&#24178;&#29157;&#25928;&#26524;
Authors:Xie, Honglei (1); Shang, Chunyu (2); Wang, Shubin (1); Sun, Liwei (1); Li, Caini (3); Hou, Maomao (1); Huang, Yuji (1); Zhong, Fenglin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Horticulture of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou; 350002, China; (2) College of Horticulture of Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) College of Food Science of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou; 350002, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Yuji(yjhuang2004@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:314-320
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Vegetables are more popular to be added into food after drying. But the cost of vegetable drying technology is relatively high, failing to meet the needs of the food industry at present. In this study, a combined system of drying greenhouse and heat pump was designed to dry vegetables at a low cost. Some structural parameters were designed in the dry greenhouse, according to the actual working environment of test sites, including the deviation angle, roof structure, roof inclination angle, and ventilation system. A three-stage heat pump was developed to combine the drying greenhouse. Specifically, the three condensers were taken as a whole, where the low-temperature air was heated to a high temperature through three stages, and then put into the drying area for vegetable drying. In three evaporators, the high-temperature air was cooled to a low temperature for the next cycle in the condenser. Carrots were selected as experimental materials, aiming to determine the performance index and drying effect of the system. A field experiment was carried out in Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, China from March 25, 2019 to April 25, 2019. The solar radiation intensity and the temperature inside and outside the drying greenhouse were firstly measured, then the performance indexes of the heat pump were evaluated, and finally, the quality indexes of the carrot were collected during the test. The experimental results showed that the dry greenhouse provided a better thermal insulation performance than before. Specifically, the average solar radiation indoor was 526 W/m², the average temperature in the daytime was 6.4&#8451; (higher than that in the outdoor), and the average temperature at night was 4&#8451; (higher than that in the outdoor). Furthermore, the COP of the system increased by 26%-29%, compared with the heat pump individually. In system parameters, the drying temperature, loading capacity, and wind speed posed significant effects on the quality of dried carrots. Under the conditions of drying temperature of 60&#8451;, wind speed of 2 m/s, and loading capacity of 2 000 kg, the quality indexes of dried carrots were better, with the average color (a * value) of 31.27, the average rehydration ratio of 5.42, the average vitamin C of 1.51 mg/g, the average total sugar of 12.36 %, and the average carotenoid of 0.68 mg/g. The economic indicators showed that the processing capacity of fresh carrots was 80 kg/h, the discharge of dry carrots was 18.8 kg/h, while the power consumption was 53.5 (kW&bull;h)/h, and the production cost of dry carrots was 2.25 yuan/kg. In the whole, an attempt was made to explore new technology of vegetable drying during this time, particularly combining the greenhouse and heat pump. A better performance was achieved for the higher quality of carrots than before. The subsequent investigation can be focused on how to better retain the nutrients of vegetables, such as the updated drying medium of the heat pump unit for faster heat transmission during drying. The findings can provide an insightful theoretical idea and scientific support to the technical exploration on the food supply of bulk carrot after drying.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Costs - Food supply - Greenhouse effect - Greenhouses - Heat pump systems - Pumps - Roofs - Solar radiation - Temperature - Thermal insulation  - Vegetables - Ventilation - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental materials - High temperature air - Insulation performance - Performance indices - Processing capacities - Solar radiation intensity - Structural parameter - Working environment
Classification code:413.2  Heat Insulating Materials - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 616.1  Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 618.2  Pumps - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 643.5  Ventilation - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 822.3  Food Products - 911  Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
Numerical data indexing:Mass 2.00e+03kg, Mass_Flow_Rate 2.22e-02kg/s, Mass_Flow_Rate 5.22e-03kg/s, Percentage 1.24e+01%, Percentage 2.60e+01% to 2.90e+01%, Surface_Power_Density 5.26e+02W/m2, Velocity 2.00e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20213810903520
Title:Scale effect of water-saving potential in multi-source irrigation systems based on modified SWAT model
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#25913;&#36827;SWAT&#27169;&#22411;&#30340;&#22810;&#27700;&#28304;&#28748;&#21306;&#33410;&#27700;&#28508;&#21147;&#23610;&#24230;&#25928;&#24212;
Authors:Wu, Di (1); Cui, Yuanlai (2); Huang, Wenbo (1); Gong, Lanqiang (1); Fan, Guofu (1); An, Lina (1); Li, Dacheng (1); Yu, Qian'an (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Power China Guiyang Engineering Corporation Limited, Guiyang; 550081, China; (2) State Key laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430072, China
Corresponding author:Cui, Yuanlai(YLCui@whu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:82-90
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Agricultural water accounts for more than 60% of the total water consumption in China. Among them, crops irrigation accounts for about 90% of the total agricultural water consumption. Therefore, it is highly demanding to transform the water management in modern irrigation systems. Alternatively, water-saving transformation can be utilized to save irrigation water, where the Water-saving Potential (WSP) is a key parameter to evaluate the performance of system. It is also necessary to consider the scale effect of parameters. Taking the Yang-shu-dang (YSD) watershed in Zhanghe Irrigation System in Hubei Province of China as the study area, a distributed hydrological model was established in this study using the modified Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Some datasets were collected to validate the model, including the daily discharge at the outlet of YSD watershed in 2005-2009 and 2016-2017, the daily evapotranspiration in the typical experimental fields in 2007-2008 and 2016-2017, the irrigation water consumptions from the local water source (drainage channels and ponds) and the Zhanghe Reservoir in 2005-2008, and the irrigation amount in the typical experimental field in 2016-2017. The simulation performance of model was also assessed using the Relative Errors (RE), the coefficients of determination (R²), and the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficients (NSE). The results showed that the modified SWAT model presented an excellent performance to simulate the hydrological processes and irrigation water consumptions in a multi-source system. For example, the NSE of daily discharge reached 0.81 in the calibration period, whereas, that of daily evapotranspiration reached 0.90, and the RE of irrigation water consumption was only 2.75%. Moreover, the sub-basins nesting was used to divide the study area into six size scales. Three water-saving scenarios were set for the study area, namely the increased drainage area of ponds, the increased water utilization coefficient of canal system, and the rice water-saving irrigation. The traditional and new WSPs were calculated under different scenarios with the modified SWAT model, particularly considering the reuse of return flow in different scales, further to analyze the change rules. In the increased drainage area of ponds, the traditional and new WSPs first increased, then decreased, and finally stabilized with the increase of scale area, while the change rule depended mainly on the variation in water supply proportion of ponds over different scales. In the increased water utilization coefficient of canal system, the traditional and new WSPs gradually decreased, and then stabilized with the increase of the scale area. The reason was that the great variation in the water supply proportion of Zhanghe Reservoir over different scales. In rice water-saving irrigation, the traditional and new WSPs first decreased, and then increased as the scale increased, while finally remained stable. The change rule depended on the changes in the ratio of paddy fields at different scales. Finally, the relationship between two WSPs depended mainly on the changes in irrigation water consumption, and the reused amount of return flow at different scales before and after the implementation of water-saving measures. This study can provide decision-making basis and guidance for water management and water-saving reconstruction project layout in irrigation systems.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Waterworks
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Decision making - Evapotranspiration - Irrigation - Lakes - Ponds - Reservoirs (water) - Water conservation - Water management - Water supply  - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Daily evapotranspirations - Distributed hydrological model - Efficiency coefficient - Performance of systems - Reconstruction projects - Rice water-saving irrigations - Soil and water assessment tool - Water-saving potentials
Classification code:441.2  Reservoirs - 444  Water Resources - 444.1  Surface Water - 446  Waterworks - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 912.2  Management
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.75e+00%, Percentage 6.00e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20213810903564
Title:Spatial layout optimization of rural settlements based on the theory of safety resilience
Title of translation:&#37319;&#29992;&#23433;&#20840;&#38887;&#24615;&#29702;&#35770;&#30340;&#20892;&#26449;&#23621;&#27665;&#28857;&#31354;&#38388;&#24067;&#23616;&#20248;&#21270;
Authors:Zou, Yafeng (1, 2); Gu, Xiangxiang (1); Luo, Yiting (1); Wang, Qi (1); Jia, Gengrong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Public Management, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot; 010020, China; (2) Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing; 100101, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:271-279
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Safety resilience is essential to effectively optimize the spatial layout of rural settlements in the context of rural revitalization, particularly to the survival and development of rural settlements. Taking Kekeyiligeng Town, Wuchuan County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China as a typical case, this study aims to define the connotation and characteristics of residential safety resilience in rural settlements using the principle of safety resilience. The landscape pattern index was also utilized to analyze the current situation of spatial distribution in the rural settlements. The safety resilience of rural settlements was then calculated using Expert Scoring and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Four dimensions of characteristics were selected, including suitability, redundancy, adaptability, and self-organization. Referred to National Rural Revitalization Strategic Plan (2018-2022) and Opinions on Promoting Village Planning as a Whole, the optimal types of the spatial layout were determined to obtain the optimal strategies in the rural settlements. The results showed that: 1) Safety resilience of rural settlements was a procedural concept with the phased characteristics, including the defense phase, recovery phase, adaptation phase, and independent capabilities throughout the various phases of system operation. The salient characteristics of safety resilience were proposed for the rural settlements in different stages of system operation, indicating better suitability, redundancy, adaptability, and self-organization. 2) The overall performance of safety resilience was relatively excellent in the rural settlements. There were 87 patches of rural settlements above the security level, accounting for 52.5% of the total area of Kekeyiligeng Town. There was also a spatial pattern of "south high north low, middle high around low". Specifically, there were 26 high-security patches with an area of 87.07 hm² in the rural settlements, locating close to the institutional towns. 61 medium-security rural settlements with the largest area of 195.19 hm² were mainly distributed in Furudong Village, mostly near the traffic arteries of Juzihao Village. A total of 41 critical safety level rural settlements with an area of 142.81 hm² were mainly distributed in Wulanhudong Village, particularly scattered in the marginal area of Dashuigedong and Juzihao Village. There were 46 insecure rural settlements with an area of 112.49 hm², mainly distributed in Dashuigedong and Sanshengtai Village. 3) Different types of rural settlements well conformed to the development and evolution trend of villages, representing their own strategies of spatial layout optimization. The suburban integration type of rural settlements should be positively integrated with urban areas in the industrial economy and public service system, in order to promote the coordinated development of urban and suburban areas. Furthermore, the agglomeration promotion type of rural settlements should be used to strengthen the construction of infrastructure and integrated development of various economic types. The characteristic protection type of rural settlements should also be used to actively improve the production and living conditions, where appropriate tourism can be developed to increase the income of villagers. Additionally, the general persistence type of rural settlements should be a further intensive and economical use of land to improve the situation of hollowing out. Consequently, the relocation merge type of rural settlements is no longer suitable for human habitation. Therefore, the central village of high safety resilience needs to relocate using a weighted-Voronoi diagram. The findings can provide a potential basis to comprehensively promote the planning and development of rural settlements under the background of rural revitalization.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Analytic hierarchy process - Redundancy - Urban planning
Uncontrolled terms:Analytic hierarchy process (ahp) - Inner Mongolia autonomous regions - Integrated development - Landscape pattern indices - Planning and development - Spatial layout optimizations - Urban and suburban areas - Weighted voronoi diagram
Classification code:403.1  Urban Planning and Development - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.25e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20213810903526
Title:Coordinate degree and differential optimizing "production-living-ecological" function in the Yellow River Basin
Title of translation:&#40644;&#27827;&#27969;&#22495;"&#19977;&#29983;"&#21151;&#33021;&#21327;&#35843;&#24615;&#27979;&#24230;&#21450;&#20854;&#24046;&#24322;&#24615;&#20248;&#21270;&#35843;&#25511;
Authors:Zhang, Yuzhen (1); Chen, Yang (1); Wang, Jie (1); Ye, Jianping (1, 2); Zhang, Bangbang (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing; 100872, China; (2) The Research Center for Land Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing; 100872, China; (3) College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Bangbang(bangbang.zhang@nwafu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:251-261
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The sustainable utilization of the Yellow River Basin greatly determines the socio-economic development and ecological security in China. Taking the Yellow River Basin as the study area, this study aims to propose some improvement suggestions to optimize the land resources for better ecological protection and high-quality development, particularly from the perspective of the coordination of "living-ecological-production" functions. Therefore, the specific relationship between "living-ecological-production" functions in the study area was the focus. A GIS spatial analysis was made to measure the function coordination. A mechanical equilibrium model was established to identify the dysfunctional areas using geospatial data and socio-economic statistics. Firstly, the initial values of various land use functions were determined, according to the relationship between land-use types and functions. The specific values of the living function, ecological function, agricultural, and non-agricultural production function were corrected using the population density, habitat quality, gross primary productivity, and non-agricultural industry output, concurrently considering the differences of regional socio-economic development and natural conditions. Secondly, three values of land-use function were converted into the standard function per unit of land, further enhancing the comparability of various functions in different regions. Finally, the mechanical equilibrium model was utilized to determine the coordination level and land use type of three functions in each county unit. The results showed that there were four levels and six types of coordination degrees for the "living-ecological -production" function in the study area, namely, the level of coordination, amelioration, confliction, and disorder level, while the higher-production & lower-ecology, higher-life & lower-ecology, higher-life & lower-production, higher-ecology &lower-production, higher-ecology & lower-living, and higher-production & lower-life type. Furthermore, the coordination level of different regions was significantly different, but the coordination was at the "amelioration" level as a whole. Specifically, the lower basin presented the highest coordination degree, as well as the value of living and production function, whereas, the upper basin behaved the maximum ecological function, while the middle basin had the middle value of living-ecological-production functions, compared with the three sub-regions. The production function was the lowest in the study area, where only about 24% of the county units presented a higher value of production function than the standard. There was a similar trend in the ecological and living function, accounting for about 43.50% and 43.77% of the county units, comparing the three functions. The coordination degree was better at the coordination and amelioration level in most county units, considering the specific situation of each county. In addition, only about 3.64% of the county units in the disorder level were mainly distributed along the two sides of the study area. The coordination degrees of the county units were mainly higher-production & lower-ecology, and higher-ecology & lower-life types, most of which were scattered in the whole Yellow River region. Consequently, the county units in the Yellow River Basin needed to optimize the coordination of the "living-ecological-production" function in terms of land use and industrial structure, thereby strengthening the supply of public service facilities and ecological maintenance. The improved short board function can be expected to achieve the ultimate goal of sustainable development and utilization of land resources in the Yellow River region. The finding can provide sound scientific guidance to determine the coordination level and type of land use.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Ecology
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Economic and social effects - Industrial economics - Land use - Population statistics - Rivers - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural industries - Agricultural productions - Development and utilizations - Ecological production functions - Gross primary productivity - Mechanical equilibrium - Socio-economic development - Sustainable utilization
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444.1  Surface Water - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.40e+01%, Percentage 3.64e+00%, Percentage 4.35e+01%, Percentage 4.38e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20213810903515
Title:Predicting bulk density and porosity of soil using image processing and support vector regression
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#22270;&#20687;&#22788;&#29702;&#21644;SVR&#30340;&#22303;&#22756;&#23481;&#37325;&#19982;&#22303;&#22756;&#23380;&#38553;&#24230;&#39044;&#27979;
Authors:Yang, Wei (1); Lan, Hong (1); Li, Minzan (1); Meng, Chao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Li, Minzan(limz@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:144-151
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Soil structure is essential for plant development and moisture balance, generally representing the spatial heterogeneity of different components or properties of soil. In this case, bulk density and porosity of soil are important parameters to evaluate the soil structure. In the traditional measurement, the ring knife is normally used to measure soil bulk density. But this commonly-used measurement requires multiple instruments, such as ring cutters, aluminum boxes, and drying boxes, although the measured data is accurate to serve as a standard requirement. Particularly, the whole process is time-consuming and labor-intensive, unsuitable for the rapid and accurate measurement of soil bulk density in a large range of farmland in recent years. Therefore, it is highly urgent to explore a convenient, efficient, and indirect measurement of soil bulk density, especially for the input variables for most prediction models in precision agriculture. In this study, prediction models of soil bulk density and porosity were constructed with the soil resistance using image processing and Support Vector Regression (SVR). The color and texture parameters of the soil surface image were also used to characterize the soil roughness, according to the correlation between roughness, resistance, and bulk density of soil. A measuring system was developed to mount a vehicle for soil resistance. In image processing, HSV color space was used for the threshold segmentation, while the first-order distance, second-order moment, and third-order moment of HSV three components were taken as color parameters. The specific texture parameters included the energy, entropy, contrast, and inverse variance of the gray-level co-occurrence matrix. Principal component analysis was used to extract the principal components of color and texture parameters for the non-correlation between the input parameters. The correlation analysis was then made between the prediction of the SVR model and the standard value measured by the ring knife. Specifically, the coefficient of determination R² of the SVR model reached 0.867 for the prediction of soil bulk density, the coefficient of determination R² of decision tree regression model reached 0.734 for the prediction of soil bulk density, and the SVR model root mean square error was 0.001 g/cm&sup3;, indicating better performance than that of decision tree regression. Nevertheless, the calculation time took 6.810 s, about 4.7 s longer than the 2.153 s calculation time of decision tree regression. In soil porosity, the coefficient of determination R² of the SVR model was 0.743, and the root mean square error was 2.284. The coefficient of determination R² was 0.690 for the decision tree regression model, the root mean square error was 3.345. The calculation time of the SVR model was 3.144 s, less than the duration of the decision tree regression model at 4.302 s. It demonstrated that the SVR model can widely be expected to predict soil bulk density and porosity using color and texture parameters combined with soil resistance as input variables. In the case of small and medium-sized data samples, SVR model can achieve good prediction results. The finding can provide a sound reference for the rapid and effective prediction of bulk density and porosity in soil.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Boundary layers - Color - Decision trees - Errors - Forecasting - Image segmentation - Inverse problems - Mean square error - Porosity  - Predictive analytics - Soils - Support vector regression - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Decision tree regression - Gray level co-occurrence matrix - Indirect measurements - Root mean square errors - Spatial heterogeneity - Support vector regression (SVR) - Threshold segmentation
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 741.1  Light/Optics - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.00e+00kg/m3, Time 2.15e+00s, Time 3.14e+00s, Time 4.30e+00s, Time 4.70e+00s, Time 6.81e+00s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20213810903542
Title:Apple fruit detection under natural condition using improved FCOS network
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#25913;&#36827;FCOS&#32593;&#32476;&#30340;&#33258;&#28982;&#29615;&#22659;&#19979;&#33529;&#26524;&#26816;&#27979;
Authors:Long, Yan (1, 2, 3); Li, Nannan (1, 2, 3); Gao, Yan (1, 2, 3); He, Mengfei (1, 2, 3); Song, Huaibo (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Yangling; 712100, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:307-313
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Apple industry in China is leading the modern agriculture production around the world in recent years. In mechanized harvesting, a visual system is one of the most important components for an apple-picking robot, whose primary task is to quickly recognize the fruit. However, some factors can inevitably make the fruit target recognition difficult, such as complex backgrounds, variable illumination, shadows of branches and leaves, as well as the severe overlap in natural scenes. In this study, an improved target detection of apples was proposed using an improved Fully Convolutional One-Stage Object Detection (FCOS) network, in order to rapidly identify and accurately locate the fruits under complex natural conditions. A darknet19 with a smaller model volume was applied for the network as the backbone network, and then the center-ness branch was introduced to the regression branch. At the same time, a loss function combining Generalized Intersection over Union (GIoU) and Focus loss was presented to enhance the detection performance, while reducing the error caused by the imbalance of positive and negative sample ratios. In the beginning, the dataset of apple images was collected to enhance and label in the field under natural growth conditions, and then the features of images were extracted through the Darknet backbone network. After that, the objects to be detected at different scales were assigned to different network layers for subsequent prediction. Finally, classification and regression were carried out to realize the target detection of apples. The specific identification steps were as follows. Firstly, some parameters were needed to be modulated, including the brightness, contrast, hue, and saturation of the original image. Different operations were then utilized to accelerate the data enhancement, such as the horizontal mirror image, color disturbance, and noise adding. After that, a field experiment was conducted on the FCOS networks with varying degrees of improvement, where only multi-scale training was used as FCOS-A, the loss function applying only Focal loss was recorded as FCOS-B, the loss function using only GIoU loss as the bounding box loss was marked as FCOS-C, and all the above improvements at the same time were recorded as modified FCOS. The detection performances of improved FCOS-A, FCOS-B, FCOS-C, and modified FCOS were improved significantly, compared with the traditional FCOS network. It infers that the multi-scale training, together with the application of GIoU and Focal loss greatly contributed to a better performance of the network. Both networks of FCOS and improved FCOS accurately identified the apple targets in the case of double fruits. Similarly, the improved FCOS network also achieved a better detection performance in the case of multi-fruit and dense fruits, compared with the traditional FCOS network. Since the fruits in the natural growth environment were often shaded with each other or by branches or leaves, some contour information of fruits was lost in the fruit detection, leading to a detecting difficulty in these losing parts. In addition, the size of the target frame in the modified FCOS network was closer to the size of the true outline of fruits, when the fruit was severely obscured by branches and leaves. In any way, the modified FCOS network achieved better detection and higher robustness under the conditions of forward light and backlight, compared with the traditional network. A detection test of apple fruits was also carried out with different lighting conditions, density, and shading degrees on the computer workstation. The precision of detection was 96.0%, and the mean Average Precision (mAP) was 96.3%, indicating a higher detection accuracy and stronger robustness than before in the apple detection using the improved FCOS network.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Complex networks - Computer workstations - Image enhancement - Network layers - Object detection - Object recognition
Uncontrolled terms:Contour information - Detection performance - Generalized intersection - Lighting conditions - Mechanized harvesting - Modern agricultures - Natural conditions - Variable illumination
Classification code:722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.60e+01%, Percentage 9.63e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20213810903609
Title:Effects of stocking density and toy provision on production performance, behavior and physiological indexes of finishing pigs
Title of translation:&#39282;&#20859;&#23494;&#24230;&#21644;&#29609;&#20855;&#23545;&#32946;&#32933;&#29482;&#29983;&#20135;&#24615;&#33021;, &#34892;&#20026;&#21644;&#29983;&#29702;&#25351;&#26631;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Li, Yongzhen (1, 2); Wang, Chaoyuan (1, 2, 3); Huang, Shiwei (1, 2, 3); Liu, Zuohua (4); Wang, Hao (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Beijing Engineering Research Center on Animal Healthy Environment, Beijing; 100083, China; (4) Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing; 402460, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Chaoyuan(gotowchy@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:191-198
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Stocking density and toy provision are the major measures widely-used to improve environmental enrichment for pig welfare farming. However, the specific interaction of stocking density and toy provision is still lacking. In this study, a 3&times;2 arrangement (three stocking density levels &times; with /without toys) was designed to explore the interaction of stocking density and toys on the production performance, behavior, and physiology indexes of finishing pigs, thereby determining a proper stocking density for the production with/without toy provision in China. A field experiment was conducted in a growing-finishing pig house in Chongqing City from September to November 2018. Stocking density was set at three levels of 0.75, 1.05, and 1.35 m²/pig. A total of 144 finishing pigs with an initial average body weight of 57.0&plusmn;4.4kg were also randomly assigned into 12 pens with 12 pigs in each pen. Four chewing toys were suspended in each pen for the toy provision group. The results showed that the average daily gain (ADG) of finishing pigs with a 1.35 m²/pig stocking density was 10.0% and 7.7% higher than that of 0.75 m²/pig and 1.05 m²/pig (P&lt;0.05) in the groups without toy settings, whereas, the F/G (feed/gain) was 7.3% and 2.0% lower, respectively (P&lt;0.05). Meanwhile, the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of pigs housed in 1.05 m²/pig was lower than that of two stocking densities (P&lt;0.05). Pigs spent less time on lying and drinking with the increase of stocking density, while more time on feeding and other behaviors when the groups stabilized (P&lt;0.05). There was a significant increase in the surface temperature of the pig body, serum cortisol, and inflammatory cytokines concentrations (P&lt;0.05). Toy provision inside pens enhanced the behavior diversity, while effectively decreased the water consumption and abnormal behaviors (P&lt;0.01), where there was a significant decrease in the serum IgG and inflammatory cytokines concentration (P&lt;0.05). The IL-1&beta;, IL-6 and TNF-&alpha; concentrations of pigs housed in 1.05 m²/pig with toy provision at the 53^rd day were 20.2% (P&lt;0.01), 23.2% (P&lt;0.05) and 15.7% (P&lt;0.05) higher than those without toys, respectively. Moreover, pigs with toy provision gained more weight and feed intake, especially at lower space allowance environment (0.75 m²/pig). Consequently, a significant correlation was observed in the stocking density and toy provision on water consumption, lying, and feeding behaviors (P&lt;0.05), indicating that the space occupation of toys inside the pen played an essential role to improve the welfare of finishing pigs. A relatively lower stocking density was beneficial to the weight gain, feed conversion, welfare, and health level of finishing pigs. Consequently, toy provision can meet the behavior expression needs of pigs, while greatly reduce the abnormal behaviors and stress levels in barren and crowded environments. In addition, it is relatively limited for better welfare finishing pig via enriching the pen environment and the space allowance in the commercial farming level. Therefore, stocking densities between 1.05 and 1.35 m²/pig with toy provision can achieve better performance on the production, welfare, and efficiency under the various conditions for finishing pigs.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Toys
Controlled terms:Mammals - Physiology
Uncontrolled terms:Abnormal behavior - Behavior expression - Inflammatory cytokines - Physiological indices - Production performance - Specific interaction - Surface temperatures - Water consumption
Classification code:461.9  Biology
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+00%, Percentage 7.30e+00%, Percentage 7.70e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20213810903505
Title:Experiments and parameter optimization of almond shell and kernel air separation device
Title of translation:&#24052;&#26086;&#26408;&#29289;&#26009;&#22771;&#20161;&#39118;&#36873;&#35013;&#32622;&#35797;&#39564;&#21450;&#21442;&#25968;&#20248;&#21270;
Authors:Wang, Xuenong (1, 2); Bian, Bo (1); Tuluhong, Turdi (2); Zhang, Li (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi; 830052, China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi; 830091, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:299-306
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">This study aims to explore the aerodynamic characteristics of almond shells, thereby optimizing the structure parameters in an air separation device. The finite element (FE) simulation was also performed on ANSYS 16.0-fluent flow field platform. A single-factor orthogonal test was selected to determine the optimal parameters for better performance of air separation and higher index of cleaning rate. Taking the Shache No.18 as the research object, the density and moisture content of almond shells and kernels were measured in a field test. A suspension speed test bed was used to optimize the aerodynamic characteristics of almond shells and kernels at the Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China. A field test was also performed on the mixture of cracked shell kernels in an air separation device with an optimized structure. A Design Expert 10.0 software was used to calculate for a better parameter combination of the air separation device. The results showed that there was a great variation in the suspension velocities of a large shell, medium shell, small shell and kernel of Shache 18 almond, ranging from 9.92 to 11.03, 8.86 to 9.66, 8.27 to 8.85, and 13.10 to 13.96 m/s, respectively. The flow field simulation showed that the distribution of air velocity was higher on the vibrating screen surface of the air separation device, particularly in the center and low around. Subsequently, a systematic optimization was made on the feeding and discharging ports of the air separation device after the simulation. The single factor test showed that there was a great influence of feed rate and cleaning fan speed on the loss rate of the material. Additionally, since the loss rate of the material under each factor was within the acceptable range during the test, the orthogonal test did not consider the loss rate so far. Correspondingly, the orthogonal test demonstrated that the influence of working parameters on the cleaning rate was ranked in order from large to small: screen vibration frequency, cleaning fan speed, corrugated screen inclination angle, and feeding amount in the air separation device. Consequently, an optimal parameter combination of high cleaning rate was also calculated as follows: the feeding amount of 6 kg/min, cleaning fan speed of 1 160 r/min, screen vibration frequency of 47 Hz, inclination angle of 3&deg; for the vibrating screen, and the speed of centrifugal fan was 1 275 r/min, particularly combining with the orthogonal test and optimization function of shell kernels in an air separation device. A verification test was then conducted to calculate the average of parameters in the optimal combination under the same test environment and conditions. It was found that the cleaning rate reached 99.144%. The findings can provide sound theoretical support to the development and optimization of air separation equipment for the shell and kernel of almond.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Air cleaners
Controlled terms:Aerodynamics - Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Air - Cleaning - Feeding - Flow fields - Machinery - Orthogonal functions - Separation  - Shells (structures) - Speed - Testing - Vibrating screens
Uncontrolled terms:Aerodynamic characteristics - Agricultural mechanization - Finite element simulations - Influence of feed rates - Optimal parameter combinations - Optimization function - Parameter optimization - Systematic optimization
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 451.2  Air Pollution Control - 605.1  Small Tools, Powered - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 651.1  Aerodynamics, General - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921  Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 4.70e+01Hz, Mass_Flow_Rate 1.00e-01kg/s, Percentage 9.91e+01%, Rotational_Speed 1.16e+03RPM, Rotational_Speed 1.28e+03RPM, Velocity 1.31e+01m/s to 1.40e+01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20213810903625
Title:Soil quality evaluation in topsoil layer of black soil in Jilin Province based on minimum data set
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#26368;&#23567;&#25968;&#25454;&#38598;&#30340;&#21513;&#26519;&#30465;&#40657;&#22303;&#32789;&#23618;&#22303;&#22756;&#36136;&#37327;&#35780;&#20215;
Authors:Mei, Nan (1); Gu, Yan (1); Li, Dezhong (2); Liang, Yao (3); Yuan, Jingchao (3); Liu, Jianzhao (3); Ren, Jun (3); Cai, Hongguang (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun; 130118, China; (2) Soil and Fertilizer Station of Jilin Province, Changchun; 130030, China; (3) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun; 130033, China
Corresponding author:Cai, Hongguang(caihongguang1981@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:91-98
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Soil quality refers to the comprehensive capacity of the soil, covering three aspects of maintaining productive capacity, protecting environmental quality, and promoting animal and plant health, which can sensitively reflect the dynamic changes of soil conditions and soil management. Soil quality assessment is the quantitative expression of soil intrinsic properties, which can be reflected through soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. As the main soil type in the main grain production area of the central plain of Jilin, the quality of black soil directly affects the regional ecological security and sustainable agricultural development. In this study, the typical black soil in Jilin Province was taken as the research object,1401 soil samples were collected, and 8 soil physical and chemical indexes and maize yield were determined. The Minimum Data Set (MDS) method was used to screen the evaluation indicators, the quality of the black soil was evaluated, and the suitable range of soil parameters was proposed by combining the Soil Quality Index (SQI) and the yield. The results showed that the surface soil nutrient of black soil maize growing area in Jilin Province was above the medium level, soil acidification was obvious, and the variation coefficient of soil chemical index was greater than that of the physical index. MDS for soil quality evaluation of black soil in Jilin Province consisted of soil Bulk Density (BD), Soil Organic Matter (SOM), Available Phosphorus (AP), and pH value. The filtering rate of indicators reached 50.0%, which significantly simplified the evaluation index system and eliminated the influence of information overlap among indicators on the evaluation results to the greatest extent. There were significant differences between the soil quality indexes calculated from the Total Data Set (TDS), the Important Data Set (IDS),and MDS. The positive correlation (0.716(R<inf>TDS-IDS</inf>²), 0.771(R<inf>TDS-MDS</inf>²) respectively) showed that the MDS was suitable to replace the TDS to evaluate the soil quality of the black soil. The SQI of the cultivated layer in the black soil maize planting area was distributed between 0.22 and 0.75, the average value was 0.53&plusmn;0.08, and the coefficient of variation was 0.15, showing a high trend in the east and a low trend in the west. There was a significant correlation between the SQI and the yield (R²=0.524), which showed that the soil quality index increased firstly and then decreased with the yield, further proving that the MDS was scientific in evaluating soil quality, and the pursuit of yield should not be at the cost of soil quality. The optimum range of soil parameters for maintaining higher soil quality and yield in the topsoil layer of black soil was 1.23-1.43 g/cm³ for BD, 4.74-6.96 for pH, 33.14-35.81 g/kg for SOM, and 122.46-136.06 mg/kg for AP. BD and pH in the study area were within the appropriate range, and the improvement of SOM and AP content should be realized through straw returning, rational application of organic fertilizer, and phosphorus fertilizer. The results could provide theoretical and parameter support for the diagnosis of black soil quality, improvement of black soil fertility, and selection of suitable farmland management measures in Jilin Province.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agronomy - Cultivation - Fertilizers - Information filtering - Network security - pH - Phosphorus - Quality assurance - Soil quality
Uncontrolled terms:Biological properties - Coefficient of variation - Environmental quality - Evaluation index system - Positive correlations - Soil quality assessments - Soil quality evaluation - Sustainable agricultural development
Classification code:723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 903.1  Information Sources and Analysis - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.23e+03kg/m3 to 1.43e+03kg/m3, Percentage 5.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20213810903590
Title:Inhibition effects of vermicomposting products and activated sludge extraction on strains of pathogenic bacteria of potato
Title of translation:&#34479;&#34451;&#31914;&#21644;&#27963;&#24615;&#27745;&#27877;&#28024;&#25552;&#28082;&#23545;&#39532;&#38083;&#34223;&#33268;&#30149;&#33740;&#30340;&#25233;&#21046;&#20316;&#29992;
Authors:Zhao, Nana (1, 2); Pan, Xiaohan (1, 2); Chen, Qing (1, 2); Chang, Ruixue (1, 2); Chen, Shuo (1, 2); Cui, Jianyu (1, 2); Mu, Kangguo (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Prevention-Control and Remediation, Beijing; 100193, China
Corresponding author:Mu, Kangguo(kgmu@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:230-236
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Potato is one of the most important cash crops in China. Nevertheless, serious soilborne diseases have posed a great threat to potato production in recent years, due mainly to the deteriorated soil environment during the commonly-used continuous cropping practice with the expansion of planting areas. Alternatively, organic waste is widely expected to effectively control soilborne diseases, due to its richness in nutrients, bioactive substances, and living microorganisms. Specifically, two typical organic wastes are the vermicomposting product and activated sludge from the gourmet powder factory. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the suppressive effects of the vermicomposting product and activated sludge on two representative pathogenic bacteria of Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum. The growth rate in the culture dish was adopted to determine the suppressive effects of extracts from two materials on the pathogens. A bioassay experiment in a pot was used to treat the canker disease of potato stem, particularly for the stable promotion of seedling growth. The results showed that the extracts of the vermicomposting product and activated sludge presented significantly suppressive effects on the pathogens, where the inhibition rate increased dramatically with the decrease of dilution ratio. The inhibition rate in the 100 times diluent of the vermicomposting product and activated sludge extracts were 78.3% and 98.8% on R. solani, while 60.1% and 75.8% on F. oxysporum, respectively. The specific synergistic effects of 1 000 times dilution in two extracts were 98.6% and 72.6% for R. solani and F. oxysporum, respectively. But the inhibitory effect on pathogenic bacteria decreased rapidly after high-temperature sterilization of the vermicomposting product and activated sludge, indicating a relatively minor difference, compared with the control. Additionally, suppressive effects in the 100 times diluent in the mixing extracts were 18.4% and 20.3% on R. solani, while 5.3% and 9.2% on F. oxysporum, respectively. It proved that the vermicomposting product and activated sludge extracts can be used to effectively control canker diseases of potato stem caused by F. oxysporum. Correspondingly, the combined application can be expected to synergically prevent and control the stem canker of potatoes. The control effect was up to 69.0%, 38.0%, 21.1% higher than that of the vermicomposting product and activated sludge alone, while the high of potato seedlings increased by 56.8%, compared with the control, where the extracts from two materials were 1:1 mixed and diluted 200 times. It infers that the significant synergistic effect can greatly contribute to disease prevention and growth promotion, when the vermicomposting product and activated sludge were used concurrently. Therefore, the organic wastes, including the vermicomposting product and activated sludge, can be expected to control the potato soilborne diseases in modern sustainable agriculture.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Bacteria
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Crops - Disease control - Extraction - Plants (botany) - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:After high temperature - Bioactive substances - Disease prevention - Fusarium oxysporums - Pathogenic bacterium - Rhizoctonia solani - Sustainable agriculture - Synergistic effect
Classification code:802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.84e+01%, Percentage 2.03e+01%, Percentage 2.11e+01%, Percentage 3.80e+01%, Percentage 5.30e+00%, Percentage 5.68e+01%, Percentage 6.01e+01%, Percentage 6.90e+01%, Percentage 7.26e+01%, Percentage 7.58e+01%, Percentage 7.83e+01%, Percentage 9.20e+00%, Percentage 9.86e+01%, Percentage 9.88e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20213810903579
Title:Model for marine organism detection in shallow sea using the improved YOLO-V4 network
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#25913;&#36827;YOLO-V4&#32593;&#32476;&#30340;&#27973;&#28023;&#29983;&#29289;&#26816;&#27979;&#27169;&#22411;
Authors:Mao, Guojun (1, 2); Weng, Weidong (1); Zhu, Jinde (1); Zhang, Yuan (3); Wu, Fucun (4); Mao, Yuze (5)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Computer and Mathematics, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou; 350118, China; (2) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Applications, Fuzhou; 350118, China; (3) Zoneco Group Co., Ltd., Dalian; 116001, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao; 266071, China; (5) Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao; 266071, China
Corresponding author:Mao, Yuze(maoyuze@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:152-158
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Intelligent detection of marine organisms is a significant step of marine ranching strategy. An underwater robot is highly demanding to rapidly and accurately monitor marine organisms in the complex ocean environment. However, there is a relatively low distinction between marine organisms and their living environment, some of which are covered or semi-hidden, due mainly to the low contrast of seabed environment, and uneven distribution of brightness. Therefore, it is a big challenge to accurately identify the specific marine life in the undersea environment. Many target (object) detections using deep learning have emerged, such as EfficientDet, RetinaNet, and YOLO-V4, with the development of convolutional neural networks (CNN) in recent years. Nevertheless, the current network cannot fully meet the specific requirements of marine biological recognition. It is also necessary to improve the detection accuracy, operation speed, and detection efficiency of dense targets. In this study, an improved target (object) detection network using YOLO-V4 was designed to realize the rapid and accurate identification of marine organisms in an aquaculture environment of a shallow sea. A marine biological dataset was firstly established with 7 240 images, which were generated from 1 810 original images after data enhancement. Training (80%) and test datasets (20%) were divided. Data enhancement (suitable for the small data sample learning) effectively enriched the background and elements of the original images, thereby producing much more learning samples than before. As such, an effective expansion of the sample was achieved in the same learning effect as the large sample. Secondly, the Cross-Stage Partial network (CSP) was successfully introduced, while the Embedded Connection (EC) component was designed to detect marine organisms. An improved YOLO-V4 network model was constructed, when the EC was embedded into the end of the YOLO-V4 network. The improved YOLO-V4 network with an EC can be expected to make the gradient flow propagate on different learning paths, while effectively delay the occurrence of gradient disappearance, aiming to improve the detection accuracy and cost-saving calculation. Finally, Marine Organism Detection (MOD) was presented using the improved YOLO-V4 network to achieve a better performance in the complex seabed environments. The experimental results showed that the mAP<inf>50</inf> and mAP<inf>75</inf> of the MOD model were 0.969 and 0.734, respectively, while the computational complexity was 35.328 billion floating-point operations (BFLOPs), and the detection frame rate was 139 ms on the computer system with a graphics accelerator GeForce GTX 1650. The mAP<inf>50</inf> and mAP<inf>75</inf> from the MOD increased by 0.9 percent points and 4.8 percent points, respectively, while the amount of computation only increased by 0.2%, compared with the original YOLO-V4 model. Especially, the evaluating indicators in the MOD model improved in all studied categories, where mAP<inf>75</inf> presented the most obvious. In addition, the precision and recall values of balance points in the MOD model were closer to (1, 1) in most cases. It can also be reasonable that the learning performance was better in the MOD than the original YOLO-V4 model, compare with the PR curves. Consequently, the finding can provide promising insightful ideas and useful references for the rapid and accurate detection of the marine organisms in an underwater robot of intelligent fishing.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Image enhancement
Controlled terms:Complex networks - Convolutional neural networks - Deep learning - Digital arithmetic - Learning systems - Marine biology - Object detection - Robots
Uncontrolled terms:Biological recognition - Detection efficiency - Evaluating indicators - Floating point operations - Graphics accelerators - Intelligent detection - Precision and recall - Undersea environment
Classification code:461.9  Biology - 721.1  Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.5  Robotics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 2.00e-01%, Percentage 4.80e+00%, Percentage 8.00e+01%, Percentage 9.00e-01%, Time 1.39e-01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20213810903567
Title:Preparation of magnetic meat and bone meal biochar modified by magnetic fluid and its adsorption properties for Cd²⁺
Title of translation:&#30913;&#27969;&#20307;&#25913;&#24615;&#21046;&#22791;&#30913;&#24615;&#32905;&#39592;&#29983;&#29289;&#28845;&#21450;&#20854;&#23545;Cd²⁺&#30340;&#21560;&#38468;&#29305;&#24615;
Authors:Qiao, Hongtao (1); Li, Hailong (1); Zhao, Baowei (2); Zhang, Xianting (1); He, Ruiqing (1); Yang, Gang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou; 034000, China; (2) School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou; 730070, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:199-206
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Aquaculture scale and aquatic products are rapidly rising in recent years, particularly with the increasing intensive level of aquaculture industry in the world. A large number of by-products (waste biomass) are inevitably generated during processing, including abnormally dead aquatic products, residual bait, and feces. Most waste biomass is normally buried or incinerated, resulting in the waste of biomass energy and environmental pollution in the risk of zoonotic diseases. Fortunately, the pyrolysis of waste biomass into the meat-and-bone-meal (MBM) biochar has widely been used for the treatment of heavy metal pollution. Therefore, this study aims to propose a new treatment for the reduction, harmlessness, and resource disposal of waste biomass in the aquaculture industry. Taking the abnormal death of carp as an example, the carp meat-bone-meal biochar (CBC) was prepared. The magnetic fluid was selected to control the type and particle size of loaded iron oxide, thereby modifying the CBC for the magnetic carp meat-bone-meal biochar (MCBC). An investigation was also made on the effects of magnetic fluid modification on the physicochemical properties of MCBC. A series of batch equilibrium and sequential extraction tests were carried out to explore the adsorption characteristics of MCBC for Cd²⁺ under various microstructural characterization. The results showed that there was a much more uniform surface of Fe<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf> loading on the CBC in the magnetic fluid, while the adsorption efficiency of Cd²⁺ increased by 160%. MCBC presented a much larger specific surface area, the total pore volume, the average pore size, and surface charge, compared with CBC. The adsorption equilibrium time of MCBC for Cd²⁺ decreased from 180 to 90 min, as the initial concentration of Cd²⁺ increased from 50 to 100 mg/L. The adsorption was well fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetics and diffusion-chemisorption adsorption models. An intra-particle diffusion model demonstrated that the adsorption of Cd²⁺ by MCBC presented a continuous multi-stage process, including the rapid diffusion of liquid film, slow diffusion of intra particle, and final adsorption/desorption equilibrium, indicating that the intra particle diffusion was not the only rate control step. Freundlich and Temkin adsorption models were utilized to better simulate the isothermal adsorption behavior. The saturated adsorption capacity of MCBC for Cd²⁺ using Langmuir equation was 74.6-96.2 mg/g at different adsorption temperatures. The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics showed that the adsorption of Cd on MCBC was a combination of various mechanisms, where the adsorption was mainly using chemical action. The adsorption mechanisms of Cd²⁺ on MCBC were mainly dominated by ion exchange, precipitation, electrostatic adsorption, and surface oxygen-containing functional group complexation. A sequential extraction test demonstrated that the current forms of Cd²⁺ on MCBC were exchangeable fraction (48.4%), acid extractable fraction (29.5%), stable fraction (21.8%), and water-soluble fraction (0.3%), indicating that the Cd²⁺ was predominantly adsorbed on MCBC as exchangeable and acid extractable. The finding can provide a potential theoretical reference for the resource utilization of aquaculture industry wastes and the remediation of heavy metal pollution.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Adsorption
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Biomass - Diffusion in liquids - Diffusion in solids - Extraction - Heavy metals - Ion exchange - Iron oxides - Liquid films - Magnetic bubbles  - Magnetic fluids - Magnetite - Meats - Particle size - Physicochemical properties - Pollution - Pore size - Positive ions - Precipitation (chemical) - Waste disposal  - Waste treatment - Waste utilization
Uncontrolled terms:Adsorption characteristic - Adsorption temperature - Electrostatic adsorption - Environmental pollutions - Intra-particle diffusion - Micro-structural characterization - Pseudo second order kinetics - Saturated adsorption capacity
Classification code:452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 531  Metallurgy and Metallography - 701.2  Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 708.4  Magnetic Materials - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 822.3  Food Products - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 5.00e-02kg/m3 to 1.00e-01kg/m3, Percentage 1.60e+02%, Percentage 2.18e+01%, Percentage 2.95e+01%, Percentage 3.00e-01%, Percentage 4.84e+01%, Time 1.08e+04s to 5.40e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.12.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.