<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20212610571224
Title:Monitoring technology for collapse erosion based on the nap of the object photograph of UAV
Title of translation:基于贴近摄影测量的崩岗侵蚀监测技术
Authors:Li, Zhijun (1); Zhong, Linting (1); Huang, Yanhe (1); Ge, Hongli (1); Zhu, Yu (1); Jiang, Fangshi (1); Li, Xiaofei (1); Zhang, Yue (1); Lin, Jinshi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou; 350002, China
Corresponding author:Lin, Jinshi(jslin@fafu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:151-159
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Collapsing gully is one of the most serious ecological and environmental damage in southern China. The dynamic change of wall collapse is also difficult to monitor in the high-risk and complex terrain. Obviously, a more concise and accurate method is necessary to monitor the dynamic collapse, and further to clarify the collapsing gully erosion. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) nap of the object photograph is brand new photogrammetry for the needs of fine measurement. Point cloud data was generated to extract different parameters of collapse terrain. The topographic features of the avalanche wall were extracted, and then the obtained data was used to analyze the spatial characteristics and soil migration changes under the photogrammetry. Collapsing gully research area was located in the AnXi County, Fujian Province of South China. The specific procedure was as follows. 1) The control points were arranged in the study area, where the coordinates of each control point were measured using Trimble R4 GNSS GPS, Trimble R2 GPS, and (1+1) RTK network mode. 2) The image data was acquired by the nap of photogrammetry technology. PIX4DMapper was utilized to evaluate the positioning accuracy of control point data obtained by RTK. 3) The Digital Surface Model (DSM) data in the study area was processed by ArcMap, whereas, the digital surface model of differences (DOD) values was obtained for measured accuracy. The DOD was equivalent to the change of soil erosion and deposition volume, accurately reflecting the volume change of soil dynamic migration. The elevation change was also measured in the research area during the monitoring period. Through CloudCompare, Scale-invariant feature transform-Clustering Views for Multi-View Stereo (SFM-MVS) technology was used to analyze the reproducibility of point cloud data. A Canon 5D Mark III SLR camera was applied to the surround fixed focus-range image to collect data, and simultaneously to measure the target wall collapse as the reference data. Three groups of control plots were arranged according to the lowest level (LODmin) in the study area. The error sources and feasibility close to photogrammetry were analyzed from the accuracy of positioning and measurement, as well as the point cloud reproducibility. 4) The distribution characteristics of landslide erosion deposition were evaluated during the monitoring period, combined with the rainfall data collected by an RG3-M rainfall recorder. The results showed that: 1) The average resolution of the image close to the photogrammetry technology was 4.1 mm in terms of positioning. The average projection error was controlled at about 0.19 mm in terms of control point calibration. 2) The total mean absolute error of DOD in measurement was 0.006 m<sup>3</sup>, 45.45% lower than that of traditional oblique photogrammetry. 3) The overall improvement was 162.5% in elevation accuracy. 4) In reproducibility, the average value of elevation error was only 0.36 mm for the repeated point cloud data, indicating high stability. 5) The dynamic change of erosion settlement in the collapsed wall was monitored in the study area during the study period. The total rainfall was 564.6 mm in the study area, while the soil loss of the collapsed wall was 4.758 m<sup>3</sup>. The UAV Nap of the object photograph can be expected to serve as efficient and accurate monitoring for the erosion sediment transport in south collapsing gully areas of China.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Data mining
Controlled terms:Antennas - Deposition - Erosion - Errors - Global positioning system - Image coding - Landforms - Photogrammetry - Photography - Rain - Sediment transport - Soil mechanics - Soils - Stereo image processing - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy of positioning - Digital surface models - Distribution characteristics - Environmental damage - Monitoring technologies - Positioning accuracy - Scale invariant feature transforms - Spatial characteristics
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 443.3 Precipitation - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 746 Imaging Techniques - 802.3 Chemical Operations
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.62e+02%, Percentage 4.55e+01%, Size 1.90e-04m, Size 3.60e-04m, Size 4.10e-03m, Size 5.65e-01m, Volume 4.76e+00m3, Volume 6.00e-03m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20212610571210
Title:Revitalization potential, type and path of rural construction land based on supply and demand balance
Title of translation:基于供需均衡的农村建设用地盘活利用潜力, 类型与路径
Authors:Qu, Yanbo (1); Zhan, Lingyun (1); Ping, Zongli (2); Zhu, Weiya (2); Dong, Xiaozhen (1); Zhang, Yong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Public Management, Shandong University of Finance and Economic, Jinan; 250014, China; (2) Shandong Territorial and Spatial Planning Institute, Jinan; 250014, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Weiya(425111018@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:269-278
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Revitalization of rural construction land refers to that the inefficiently used and abandoned or idle rural construction land can be converted into arable land, thereby improving the quality and efficiency of intensive land use. The specific land includes the collapsed homestead land, idle public infrastructure land, the abandoned industrial and mining land, as well as other idle ones ranging from arable land, woodland, to grassland. An acute contradiction is ever-increasing between urban construction demand and insufficient land supply; due mainly to the rapid urbanization that has incurred the large influx of rural migrant laborers into cities, together with the rapid flow of technology and investment. Correspondingly, the high loss rate of population has occurred in some villages. The great migration has posed violent shocks on the spatial structure of rural communities, particularly in the presence of unbalanced homesteads and "hollow villages". Therefore, it is necessary to implement the rural revitalization and new effective urbanization, further to balance the supply and demand of urban/rural land use. However, the revitalized potential of rural land resources has become an important supplementary to urban construction land in the development of China's long-term dual economic system. Particularly, there is a diversified demand for rural land in recent years. The continued preferential policy towards cites has also led to the prominent contradiction between the unbalanced and insufficient development of urban and rural areas. This study aims to firstly measure the utilization potential of rural construction land at the county scale in Shandong Province of China, and then to identify the types of land utilization, finally to propose a distribution or release path of revitalization potential to rural construction land. The research showed that: 1) The potential invigoration of rural construction land in study areas was about 249, 000 hectares. Among them, the idle construction land accounted for 34.14%, and the others accounted for 65.86%. 2) The rural areas with high potential for construction land utilization were concentrated in the central and southern Shandong, while the areas with high demand for urban and rural development land were located in the Jiaodong Peninsula, the northern Shandong Plain, provincial capitals and the area near the central cities, where the economic level was higher and the non-agricultural industries developed rapidly. There was more unbalance between supply and demand in space in these regions. 3) Seven types of rural construction land included the rural development-priority and development-moderate invigoration, indicating the spatial differentiation in oversupply under high-potentials, while in short supply under low-potentials. 4) The potential invigoration of rural construction should be given priority for rural development, whereas, the urban construction should be properly supported. It is also an effective way to combine the local invigoration with other areas through the regional linkage and cross-regional coordination supply. The finding can provide a practical reference and policy support for the planning and management of rural construction land, further promoting regional high-quality urban-rural development.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Industrial economics - Investments - Land use - Regional planning
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural industries - Jiaodong peninsulas - Preferential policies - Public infrastructures - Regional coordination - Spatial differentiation - Supply and demand balances - Urban and rural areas
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics
Numerical data indexing:Area 0.00e+00m2, Percentage 3.41e+01%, Percentage 6.59e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20212610571174
Title:Image recognition for different developmental stages of rice by RAdam deep convolutional neural networks
Title of translation:基于RAdam卷积神经网络的水稻生育期图像识别
Authors:Xu, Jianpeng (1, 2); Wang, Jie (1, 2); Xu, Xiang (1); Ju, Shucun (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Anhui Rural Comprehensive Economic Information Center, Hefei; 230031, China; (2) Anhui Agricultural Ecological Big Data Engineering Laboratory, Hefei; 230031, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:143-150
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">An improved Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was proposed to replace the current manual observation of the rice development period for higher efficiency and accuracy. In this study, a CNN image recognition was established with 50 layers using a risk adaptive authorization mechanism (RAdam) optimizer. Five developmental stages of rice were selected to automatically detect, including regreening, tillering, jointing, heading, and milk stage. Two cameras were assumed in 12 test fields for two consecutive years, where two pre-set points were set in each test field. Images and videos of rice were taken continuously at 8: 00 and 16: 00 each day. The geometric transformation of image was also used to increase the amount of input data. Finally, 35422 datasets of grading images were obtained on rice development stages. Training and test datasets were divided at the ratio of 7: 3, where the original 1920x1080 pixel image was processed into 224x224 pixel size. Each image was then classified and labelled manually. A combined ExG factor with Otsu threshold was utilized to segment the rice images, to avoid the interference of some factors (water, soil, and garbage) in the rice field on the characteristics of rice development period. Strong robustness was obtained when the light and color changed, indicating high requirements of extracting the "green" characteristics of rice plant images. The parallel operation of CNN was realized by Tensor flow GPU. Four pre-trained CNN models were selected to conduct comparative experiments, including VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, and Inception v3. The initial learning rate was set to be 0.001. The training accuracies of the VGG16, VGG19, and Inception v3 network models were 99.46%, 94.36%, and 98.70%, respectively whereas the verification accuracies were 94.76%, 89.43%, and 93.59%, respectively. The training accuracy of the ResNet50 network model was about 5% higher than that of the VGG19 network model, also higher than those of the VGG16, and Inception v3 network models. The loss value of the ResNet50 network model was also about 90% lower than those of models. Thus, it was inferred that the ResNet50 model was better suitable for the identification of key developmental stages of rice. Nevertheless, the accuracy and loss of the ResNet50 model varied greatly under the Adam and RAdam optimizers. The RAdam optimizer was faster than Adam, indicating high stability and convergence speed. Specifically, the convergence speed for Adam was 11 s per step, while that for RAdam was 12 s per step. Multiple experiments were performed on the batch size and learning rate, and further to evaluate the performance of the ResNet50 model. The training time was reduced by 737 s, when the learning rate was set to be 0.001, and the batch size was 32. Subsequently, 5 experiments were performed on the ResNet50 network model to train the datasets of rice images during different developmental stages. The accuracies of the training and validation set were 99.53%, and 97.66%, respectively, when the training iteration reached the 18th round. Once the iterative training continued, the accuracies of the training and validation set remained stable. The constructed CNN model can be expected to recognize rice images in different developmental stages, with an average recognition accuracy of 97.33%, while high network stability and fast convergence speed. The finding can provide an effective way to automatically monitor the development stages of rice in intelligent agriculture.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Convolutional neural networks
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Convolution - Deep neural networks - Grading - Image recognition - Image segmentation - Mathematical transformations - Metadata - Pixels
Uncontrolled terms:Comparative experiments - Development stages - Developmental stage - Fast convergence speed - Geometric transformations - Parallel operations - Recognition accuracy - Stability and convergence
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 8.94e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.36e+01%, Percentage 9.44e+01%, Percentage 9.48e+01%, Percentage 9.73e+01%, Percentage 9.77e+01%, Percentage 9.87e+01%, Percentage 9.95e+01%, Time 1.10e+01s, Time 1.20e+01s, Time 7.37e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20212610571169
Title:Estimation model and parameter identification of SOF deposition on SCR carrier of diesel engines
Title of translation:柴油机SCR载体SOF沉积量估算模型与参数辨识
Authors:Wang, Xiulei (1, 3); Guo, Shenggang (2); Li, Guoxiang (1); Zhao, Lianhai (3); Zhu, Jibin (3); Zhu, Jinliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shangdong University, Jinan; 250061, China; (2) School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing; 100091, China; (3) WeiChai Power Co., Ltd., Weifang; 261061, China
Corresponding author:Li, Guoxiang(liguox@sdu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:42-51
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">This study aims to improve the low NOx conversion efficiency of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system caused by the soluble organic fraction (SOF) deposition of SCR carrier in a diesel engine. A sediment quantity model of SOF deposition was proposed to optimize key parameters using a multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA). Firstly, a road spectrum test at low temperatures was conducted to collect the data of SOF deposition amount in four groups. A SOF high-temperature pyrolysis was carried out to obtain 10 groups of experimental data at a steady-state temperature. Secondly, a model of SOF deposition was established using Matlab/Simulink tools, including SOF raw emission, the SCR carrier of SOF capture, and SOF pyrolysis module. Two ways were selected to calculate the SOF raw emission. One was the theoretical estimation using an approximate linear relationship of SOF with the gaseous unburned hydrocarbons (HC). Another was the direct measurement of SOF raw emission, where the excess air coefficient was used to correct the transient SOF raw emission. The capture efficiency of SOF by SCR carrier was evaluated via mapping the upstream discharge and exhaust gas flow of SCR. A correction was also introduced using the deposition amount of SOF. The SOF pyrolysis was prepared under the component analysis and chemical reaction kinetics model of SOF. Three stages were divided in a pyrolysis process of SOF, including the short, medium, and long chain. The key parameters of SOF pyrolysis were determined, such as the transient correction MAP, activation energy of three stages, pre-exponential factor, and mass proportion coefficient. Thirdly, various multi-objective GAs were evaluated prior to optimization. An interactive adaptive-weight GA (i-awGA) was selected to optimize the key parameters considering both efficiency and accuracy, whereas, a non-dominated sorting GA II (nsGA II) was used to identify the optimal solution, and a strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm (spEA) was utilized to generate the penalty function. Finally, a multi-objective GA optimization was performed on the transient correction MAP and three groups of pyrolysis parameters. In MAP optimization, the number, range, and distribution of MAP points acted by each gene were calculated using the type of MAP, combined with the basic value of MAP and the number of genes. In optimization of pyrolysis parameters, pre-exponential factors were calculated using the activation energy and compensation effect for the physical significance of the model. The average error of low temperature deposition of 4 groups of SOF reached 2.42%, the average error of high temperature pyrolysis of 12 groups reached 4.03%. Specifically, the largest average error of 3.04% was obtained for the low-temperature path deposition in one group of SOF for verification, whereas, the largest average error of 5.41% was for the steady-temperature pyrolysis in two groups. It demonstrates that the proposed model of SOF deposition and the GA optimization was well suitable for the engineering application.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Parameter estimation
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Chemical analysis - Deposition - Diesel engines - Errors - Flow of gases - Genes - Genetic algorithms - Multiobjective optimization - Pyrolysis - Reaction kinetics - Selective catalytic reduction - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Engineering applications - High-temperature pyrolysis - Low-temperature deposition - Multi-objective genetic algorithm - Selective catalytic reduction systems - Soluble organic fraction - Steady-state temperature - Strength pareto evolutionary algorithm
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 631.1.2 Gas Dynamics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.42e+00%, Percentage 3.04e+00%, Percentage 4.03e+00%, Percentage 5.41e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20212610571216
Title:Experimental study on the kneading pretreatment for shelling effect of Penaeus vannamei
Title of translation:南美白对虾揉搓预处理对剥壳影响的试验研究
Authors:Zhang, Xiuhua (1); Su, Yuefeng (1); Yi, Jinggang (1); Wang, Zehe (1); Yang, Shuhua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071001, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:307-315
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">A kneading pretreatment was proposed to reduce the connection force between the shell and meat in a typical fresh shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). The influencing factors were optimized using measured parameters to improve the efficiency of shrimp shelling and the quality of meat. Fresh Penaeus vannaeus were taken as the research object in the experiment with the body length of (12.1±0.5) cm, the first segment thickness of (10.9±0.9) mm, the total weight of (10.6±1.5) g, the lateral wedge angle of 4.8°±1°, as well as the ventral and dorsal wedge angle of 5.9°±0.6°. Prior to the experiment, the key factors were determined to influence the shrimps kneading, including the normal pressure, the total kneading distance, and kneading direction (inverse proportion of direction). A belt-type kneading device was designed according to the needs of experiments and the body characteristics of shrimps. The upper and lower kneading belt in the device were in relative motion to achieve the kneading of the middle shrimp. The dip angle of two kneading belts was set at 5.4°, in order to make the kneading belt better fit the shrimp body. Specifically, the distance between two kneading belts was utilized to control the amount of normal pressure of shrimps kneading, whereas, the relative rotation distance was to adjust the total kneading distance. The relative direction of kneading belt movement was used to tailor the inverse proportion of direction. Before the rolling test, fresh shrimps were treated at 1℃ for 15min, further to simulate the environment of shrimp in the modern processing section (washing and grading in a mixture of ice and water). Just then, fresh shrimps had already passed out in such an environment, which was also helpful for the later rubbing work. The influencing factors were set as the normal kneading pressure, the total kneading distance, and direction, whereas, the evaluation indexes were the stripping index, juice loss rate, and breakage rate. Box Behnken design (BBD) in the Design-Expert8.06 software was selected to first conduct a single-factor experiment, and then a multi-factor one. A regression equation was also established using a Response Surface Method (RSM). A combination of optimal parameters was obtained: 11.8 N of kneading normal pressure, 70 cm of total kneading distance, inverse proportion of direction 30%, while the stripping index of 1.41, juice loss rate of 3.44%, and breakage rate of 4.9%. The experiment was carried out again under the optimal parameter condition, where the error between predicted and true value was less than 5%, indicating a reliable performance. The stripping index was the average of shucking grades for each shrimp in the group, whereas, the inverse proportion of direction was the percentage of the total distance kneaded in the opposite direction. The force of shrimp was calculated according to the three-layer shell, epithelium and muscle of shrimp during kneading. A specific mechanism was proposed for the shell loosening of shrimps, combined with the force and experimental observation of kneading. The first was the deformation of the shrimp body caused by extrusion pressure; the second was the tearing effect of shearing force on the shell; the third was the rolling to transmit both deformation and tearing of shell into the whole circumference of the shrimp body. The structures of kneaded and unrubbed shrimp were compared under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that the separation between the shell and muscle of kneading shrimps was significantly higher than that of unrubbed ones, indicating that the kneading significantly promoted the separation. There was an obvious shell/meat separation, such as fold fractures in rolling, but no separation of epithelium from shrimp for less loss of juice. Consequently, the kneading can keep the fresh characteristics of shrimps with a nice taste for a longer shelf life. There were also no additives and high-energy consumption for both environmental protection and energy-saving during fresh shrimps processing.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Shellfish
Controlled terms:Additives - Belts - Deformation - Energy conservation - Energy utilization - Grading - Inverse problems - Muscle - Scanning electron microscopy - Shells (structures)
Uncontrolled terms:Boxbehnken design (BBD) - High energy consumption - Inverse proportions - Measured parameters - Regression equation - Reliable performance - Response surface method - Single-factor experiments
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 602.1 Mechanical Drives - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals
Numerical data indexing:Force 1.18e+01N, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 3.44e+00%, Percentage 4.90e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Size 7.00e-01m, Time 9.00e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20212610571244
Title:Effects of forestland spatial pattern and micro-topography on surface runoff in a mountainous area of southwestern China
Title of translation:西南山区林地空间格局和微地形对坡面地表产流的影响
Authors:Wu, Bingchen (1); Qi, Shi (1); Guo, Zhengxi (1); Liu, Zheng (1); Chen, Tao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Qi, Shi(qishi@bjfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:108-116
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Near-surface vegetation and micro-topography have a great impact on the surface runoff process in the mountainous areas of southwestern China. It is, therefore, necessary to clarify the combined influence on the soil and water loss of steep slopes. In this study, 10 natural runoff plots were set to reveal the effects of cypress spatial pattern and micro-topography on the surface runoff. Pearson correlation coefficient method was applied to determine the correlation between cypress spatial pattern, micro-topography, and characteristic parameters of surface runoff. A Response Surface Method (RSM) was also utilized to analyze the measured cypress spatial pattern and micro-topography in the process of precipitation and surface runoff. The results showed that: 1) The peak flow coefficient in all runoff plots behaved short-duration rainstorm (the rainfall lasted no more than 3 h, and the maximum 1 h rainfall intensity exceeded 30 mm/h) > long-duration rainstorm (the rainfall lasted more than 3 h, and the average rainfall intensity exceeded 2.5 mm/h) > long-duration heavy rainfall (the rainfall lasted more than 3 h, and the average rainfall intensity was between 1.5-2.5 mm/h), indicating that the blocking effect of different underlays on surface runoff decreased, with the increase of rainfall intensity and concentration of precipitation. 2) Five factors were significantly correlated with the peak flow (P< 0.05) in the long-duration heavy rainfall or rainstorm, including topographic relief, surface roughness, runoff path density, contagion index of cypress, and stand density of cypress. Nevertheless, there was no significant correlation with the peak flow under the condition of short-duration rainstorm. 3) In long-duration heavy rainfall or rainstorm, the response of peak flow to the composite index were that: a) There was no significant change in the peak flow, when the composite index for cypress spatial pattern (V) was below 20.5, while the composite index of micro-topography (U) was below 10.5 (Low surface roughness, high runoff path density, and low stand density of cypress). b) The peak flow was relatively promoted, as the composite index for cypress spatial pattern increased within a certain range, when U > 9.0 (High surface roughness, low runoff path density, low stand density of cypress, and uniform structure among cypress). c) The peak flow was reduced significantly with the increase of V value, when U < 7.5 and V > 18 (Low runoff path density, while high stand density of cypress). As such, when the V value was adjusted to 41 under the condition of long-duration heavy rainfall (rainstorm), an optimal combination was achieved, where the peak flow was reduced from 39.6 L/10 min (14.2 L/10 min) to 6.3 L/10 min (4.2 L/10 min), while the reduction rate reached 84% (70%). d) Once the V value exceeded the critical one (the specific critical value increased with the increase of U value), the dominant influencing factor of peak flow shifted gradually from cypress spatial pattern to micro-topography. This finding can provide promising theoretical support to accurately adjust the vegetation patterns for the prevention and control of soil erosion in the mountainous areas of southwest China.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Composite structures - Correlation methods - Rain - Soil conservation - Storms - Surface roughness - Topography - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Low surface roughness - Natural runoff plots - Optimal combination - Pearson correlation coefficients - Prevention and controls - Response surface method - Soil and water loss - Vegetation pattern
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 442.1 Flood Control - 443.3 Precipitation - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 7.00e+01%, Time 1.08e+04s, Time 3.60e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20212610571242
Title:Durian shell composite biochar prepared by hydrothermal carbonization and its electrochemical properties
Title of translation:水热碳化制备榴莲壳复合焦及其电化学性能
Authors:Dong, Xiangyuan (1); Zhang, Hengrui (1); Chen, Xiang (1); Li, Shuo (1); Guo, Shuqing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing; 211167, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Shuqing(shuqing.guo@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:316-322
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) can widely be used to convert the dry/wet biomass (green and renewable materials) directly into the hydrochar with a rich oxygenated functional group (a high value-added carbonaceous material). There is a promising potential application of hydrochar in energy storage in recent years. Nevertheless, a relatively low capacitance of hydrochar has limited to serve as electrode materials. Recently, Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) has also been considered as one of the most promising electrode materials, due to the high energy density, dispersed active sites, and cheap raw materials. However, the LDH extension has been confined to a relatively weak electrical conductivity and mechanical stability. Therefore, combing the LDH and hydrochar may be a promising trade-off to develop high-efficient electrode materials. Herein, the hydrochar (HC) was prepared through HTC using durian shell (DP) at 250℃ and 10h. Then magnesium aluminum Layer Double Hydroxides (MgAl-LDH) were decorated on the surface of HC, in order to obtain the MgAl-LDH@HC composite. MgAl-LDH was also decorated on the surface of DP raw materials to explore the effect of HTC process on the performance of the composite. The microstructure of MgAl-LDH@DP and MgAl-LDH@HC were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An electrochemical test was also carried out for the properties of the composite. The results show that the cellulose crystal structure of the durian shell was destroyed after HTC treatment, where the carbon content of HC was 70.29%. The XRD pattern of MgAl-LDH@HC presented the sharp peaks at 11.23°, 22.64°, 33.98°, and 60.11° of 2θ, being assigned to the (003), (006), (012), and (110) planes, respectively, indicating a typical hydrotalcite-like structure. The XRD spectra also illustrated that the MgAl-LDH was successfully decorated on the surface of HC. In MgAl-LDH@DP, there were strong peaks of cellulose crystallinity structure at 22.37° and 34.39°, in spite of the characteristic peaks of LDH in the XRD spectra. There were much stronger active oxygenated functional groups, while much higher dispersion for the LDH nanosheets in the MgAl-LDH@HC, compared with the MgAl-LDH@DP. In MgAl-LDH@HC, a strong polymer characteristic peak at 1622 cm<sup>-1</sup> contributed to the activity and hydrophilicity of the composite as electrode materials. The XPS spectra of MgAl-LDH@HC presented the strong C 1s, O 1s peaks at 284.80 and 532.14 eV, while the weak Mg 2p, Al 2p peaks at 50.31 and 74.71 eV, respectively. In the C 1s spectra, three peaks centered at 284.53, 285.73, and 288.18 eV corresponding to the C=C, C=O chemical bonding. In the O 1s spectra, three peaks centered at 531.08, 531.93, and 532.78 eV identifying as Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>, -OH and -O-, C=O, respectively. These functional groups significantly increased the hydrophilicity, wettability and activity of composite in the electrode solution. SEM images showed that the MgAl-LDH@DP contained a lot of needle-like structures, whereas, the MgAl-LDH@HC presented irregular lamellar structures with porous surfaces. In MgAl-LDH@HC electrochemical test, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area was 62.96m<sup>2</sup>/g, the average pore diameter was 14.81 nm, and the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) cumulative pore volume was 0.24 cm<sup>3</sup>/g, indicating higher properties than those of MgAl-LDH@DP. It inferred that the structure of MgAl-LDH@HC was more conducive to charge storage and electron transmission. Three electrode systems were constructed, with the composite as working electrode and the KOH solution as electrolyte. They were close to rectangle and triangle in the cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge curve. Higher capacitive property and rate performance were achieved in the MgAl-LDH@HC, compared with the MgAl-LDH@DP. The slope of impedance curve was much larger for the MgAl-LDH@HC at the low frequency, indicating a relatively smaller ion diffusion resistance. Therefore, the MgAl-LDH@HC can be expected to serve as potential electrode materials for supercapacitors.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Magnesium compounds
Controlled terms:Alumina - Aluminum oxide - Carbonization - Cellulose - Chemical bonds - Crystal structure - Crystallinity - Cyclic voltammetry - Economic and social effects - Electric discharges - Electrodes - Electrolytes - Energy storage - Hydrophilicity - Lamellar structures - Mechanical stability - Nanosheets - Potassium hydroxide - Scanning electron microscopy - Structural properties - Thermochemistry - X ray diffraction - X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Brunauer-emmett-teller surface areas - Cellulose crystallinity - Electrical conductivity - Galvanostatic charge discharges - Hydrotalcite-like structures - Hydrothermal carbonization - Layered double hydroxides - Polymer characteristics
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 525.7 Energy Storage - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 702 Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 761 Nanotechnology - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 801.4.1 Electrochemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 933 Solid State Physics - 933.1.1 Crystal Lattice - 951 Materials Science - 971 Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Electron_Volt 2.85e+02eV, Electron_Volt 2.88e+02eV, Electron_Volt 5.03e+01eV, Electron_Volt 5.32e+02eV, Electron_Volt 5.33e+02eV, Electron_Volt 7.47e+01eV, Percentage 7.03e+01%, Size 1.48e-08m, Specific_Surface_Area 6.30e+04m2/kg, Specific_Volume 2.40e-04m3/kg, Time 1.00e+00s, Time 3.60e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20212610571155
Title:Phenotyping index acquisition method based on maize root images
Title of translation:基于玉米根系图像的表型指标获取方法
Authors:Wang, Chuanyu (1, 2, 3); Guo, Xinyu (1, 2, 3); Wen, Weiliang (1, 2, 3); Wu, Sheng (1, 2, 3); Gu, Shenghao (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing; 100097, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Xinyu(guoxy@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:169-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Due to roots are hidden underground and require considerable effort to characterize, research on plant roots lags behind that of the aboveground organs. This study presented an image-based high-throughput root phenotyping system, which integrated a reliable and simple image acquisition unit and an automatic image analysis software. The hardware platform utilized a blue background cloth to simplify root image content, the tripod was placed in front of the background cloth with a disk marker pasted on its top, root sample bundles with the wishbone of the tripod using a fishing line. A camera (Canon EOS 5D Mark III) with a 28 mm focal length lens faced the background cloth and was focused on the root crown, with aperture-priority model and other settings remain default. Coupled with the optimized image acquisition using the hardware platform, segmentation of the root images from the background required only the Support Vector Machine (SVM) based on the pixel classifying method with a 15-dimensional eigenvector. The contour of a disk marker was roughly spherical, a circularity scoring evaluation function was used to distinguish other compositions according to thresholding of 0.85. Along the stem of the root image, when the width increased up to 1.5 times, the assumed root original point was found. Contaminated data was generated during the sampling process due to root vulnerability nature; a redundant root pruning method was introduced by circular covering beyond 90% of the root area. The root angle of branching was defined as the sum of left and right angles which was calculated by circular covering beyond 90% root area with a 10 cm radius. The convex hull of the root was a polygon, binarization of the root image was the connected domain, the exclusive-or produced gaps within the root region defined as "inner gap" or between the convex and connected domain defined as "gap". Root uniformity assessment was achieved by evaluating the distance between the center of gravity and the center of the min-enclosure circle of root image pixels. To explain the color difference of roots, introduced 6 channels of Hue Saturation Value (HSV) and Lab color spaces, and a Dark Green Color Index (DGCI) accounted for green degree difference between root images. The software platform was designed to quickly analyze the images acquired using the hardware platform and was to create a simple-to-use and robust program that batch processed a list containing root crown images and output a data file with the measures for each sample in a form convenient for data analysis. A total of 29 phenotyping indices were extracted from each input image, which was stored in a Comma-Separated Values (CSV) text file. Segmented images as well as processed images on which visual depictions of the extracted features were drawn on the intermediate image. Multithread image processing and final phenotyping indices results were visualizations in the computational processing display area. Finally, 29 phenotyping indices of 135 maize inbred lines were available, the preliminary statistical was conducted to describe extreme value distribution. Phenotyping indices measuring accuracy were improved by root angle of branching correlative analysis method between manual measurement and automatic method in this platform, the coefficient of determination between two methods hit 0.85. An unsupervised clustering (K-means) method classified 135 maize inbred lines into 3 classifications, by the aid of a profile chart and root classed results could conclude that phenotyping indices in morphological characters, color features, and spatial arrangement played an important role in the identification of different types. The platform demonstrated in this study that made the high-throughput maize root phenotyping come to be true, with the help of further researches such as selecting a high nitrogen-use efficiency plant according to root phenotyping indices could be done.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Image acquisition
Controlled terms:Clothes - Color - Colorimetry - Image analysis - Image segmentation - K-means clustering - Pixels - Plants (botany) - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic image analysis - Coefficient of determination - Computational processing - Correlative analysis - Extreme value distributions - Hue saturation values - Morphological characters - Unsupervised clustering
Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.1 Light/Optics - 941.4 Optical Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.00e+01%, Size 1.00e-01m, Size 2.80e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20212610571219
Title:Effects of urea pretreatment on the main components and structure of maize stover with high-solid loading
Title of translation:高固体负荷下尿素预处理对玉米秸秆主要成分和结构的影响
Authors:Wang, Lili (1); Li, Yibo (1); Xu, Lei (1); Wang, Zhongjiang (1, 2); Wang, Yihao (1); Sui, Yuhang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Technology and Equipment for the Utilization of Cold Area Agricultural Renewable Resources, Harbin; 150030, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:204-211
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Urea is a common type of low-cost nitrogen fertilizer with a nitrogen content of 46%. Furthermore, urea is easily dissolved in water and then converted into gaseous ammonia or ammonium and bicarbonate ions upon catalysis by urease. To date, urea has served as an additive to pretreat the softwood spruce, hardwood birch, bamboo, and rice straw, because it can be transported, stored, and used without special equipment or conditions. However, the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass using only urea has not been extensively studied, especially for the pretreatment at high solids loading (TS). Furthermore, TS is a key factor in aqueous or gaseous ammonia production from urea. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effect of urea as a single reagent on the maize stover pretreated with TS. Meanwhile, the urease in soybean flour was used to promote the conversion of urea to ammonia, in order to realize the spontaneous pretreatment of maize stover with gaseous NH<inf>3</inf> at relatively low temperature. A variable-controlling and full factorial experiment was carried out at a relatively high TS. A systematic investigation was made to explore the effects of TS (30%-70%), soybean flour to maize stover ratio (1: 40-1: 10), urea to maize stover ratio (1: 10-1: 1), pretreatment temperature (60-80℃), and pretreatment time (2-14 d) on the compositional characteristics, the surface morphology, and group structure of maize stover. The results indicated that the lignin content of pretreated maize stover increased, whereas, the content of glucan, xylan and araban increased firstly and then decreased, as the TS increased. The carbohydrates in the maize stover were well protected after the urea pretreatment with 50% TS. The urease in soybean flour increased the glucan and araban content of urea-pretreated maize stover, but no influence on the lignin and xylan content. It was found that the 1: 20 ratio of soybean flour to maize stover was favorable for the urea pretreatment of maize stover. The lignin and xylan content of pretreated maize stover decreased slightly, with the increase of urea to maize stover ratio and pretreatment time, but differed insignificantly as pretreatment temperature. Nevertheless, the glucan content of pretreated maize stover increased significantly, with the increase of urea to maize stover ratio, pretreatment temperature, and time. The araban content of pretreated maize stover decreased slightly with the increase of pretreatment time, but remained unchanged with the increase in the urea to maize stover ratio and pretreatment temperature. The solid recoveries of maize stover were 63.69%, 69.73%, and 73.01% at three temperatures (80, 70, 60℃) for 10, 12, and 14 d, after pretreatment with fixed 50% TS, 1: 20 ratio of soybean flour to maize stover, and 1: 1 ratio of urea to maize stover. Under the same conditions, the recoveries were 97.24%, 93.75% and 92.34% for glucan, 61.63%, 66.70% and 68.09% for xylan, and 64.55%, 66.92% and 64.24% for araban. The contents reached 14.20%, 15.91% and 17.34% for lignin, 51.75%, 45.57% and 42.87% for glucan, 20.67%, 20.40% and 19.92% for xylan, and 4.23%, 4.67% and 4.28% for araban. The C-O group (1 032 cm<sup>-1</sup>) related with cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin of maize stover fluctuated significantly, and the lignin and hydroxycinnamate linkages cleaved obviously during urea pretreatment. Consequently, it is feasible for the maize stover pretreatment with spontaneous gaseous NH<inf>3</inf> from urea at higher TS. The finding can provide a potential research basis for urea pretreatment.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Metabolism
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Ammonium bicarbonate - Hardwoods - Lignin - Lignocellulosic biomass - Morphology - Nitrogen fertilizers - Surface morphology - Temperature - Urea
Uncontrolled terms:Bicarbonate ions - Compositional characteristics - Full factorial experiment - High solid loading - High solids loadings - Potential researches - Pretreatment temperature - Three temperature
Classification code:641.1 Thermodynamics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.42e+01%, Percentage 1.59e+01%, Percentage 1.73e+01%, Percentage 1.99e+01%, Percentage 2.04e+01%, Percentage 2.07e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01% to 7.00e+01%, Percentage 4.23e+00%, Percentage 4.28e+00%, Percentage 4.29e+01%, Percentage 6.45e+01%, Percentage 4.56e+01%, Percentage 4.60e+01%, Percentage 4.67e+00%, Percentage 6.67e+01%, Percentage 5.18e+01%, Percentage 6.16e+01%, Percentage 6.37e+01%, Percentage 6.42e+01%, Percentage 6.69e+01%, Percentage 6.81e+01%, Percentage 6.97e+01%, Percentage 7.30e+01%, Percentage 9.23e+01%, Percentage 9.38e+01%, Percentage 9.72e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20212610571189
Title:Estimating the location and diameter of tree roots using ground penetrating radar
Title of translation:探地雷达树木根系定位与直径估算
Authors:Wang, Zepeng (1); Zhang, Xiaowei (1); Xue, Fangxiu (1); Wen, Jian (1); Han, Hongyan (2); Huang, Ying (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) The Summer Palace Management Office, Beijing; 100091, China
Corresponding author:Wen, Jian(wenjian@bjfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:160-168
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Non-destructive testing of tree roots can contribute to explore the interaction between plant roots and soil. Currently, ground penetrating radar (GPR) can make it possible to non-destructively measure tree roots. However, the complex images from GPR are difficult to parse, due to the low automation level and accuracy. In this study, an automatic estimation of root and diameter was proposed using YOLOv3 to realize the intelligent recognition and extraction of root reflection hyperbola region of interest (ROI). Image processing such as histogram equalization was applied to improve the difference between the hyperbola and background, thereby to optimize the dataset of edge detection. Random Hough transform (RHT) with strong anti-clutter interference was used to realize the precise positioning of the apex of the hyperbola. A Savizky-Golay filter was introduced to smooth the discrete sequence of GPR one-dimensional data (A-scan), thereby to improve the prediction accuracy of root diameter. A diameter estimation was addressed for the distribution of two positions of hyperbola vertex in A-scan data. A root embedding field test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of models, further to determine the influence of root diameter, buried depth, and orientation in three dimensions on the parameter prediction of root system. The total average relative error of root position and diameter was within 10.57% in all experiments. All embedded roots were accurately identified in the test of root diameter, where the average relative errors of diameter, X- and Y-position were 16.04%, 2.22%, and 4.81%, respectively. The embedded roots at different depths were also accurately identified in the test of root buried depth. The apex of the hyperbola was still accurately located in the test, although there was a little interference from clutter. The vertical positioning was corrected through multiple sets of GPR two-dimensional data (B-scan), when the root was tilted along the vertical direction in the root orientation test. The recognition precision and recall rate reached 96.62% and 86.94%, respectively. The average detection time was 40ms for a single image. A better performance was achieved to identify the thick roots in the field test, compared with the threshold segmentation. In addition, two influencing factors were determined to improve the data accuracy, including the soil and root moisture content. Three influencing factors were determined for the predicted accuracy, including the training degree of network model, the image processing, and the RHT threshold. Finally, the improvement strategy was given in the future research. The experimental and analytical results demonstrated that the proposed method can automatically extract the ROI of root reflection hyperbola, further to locate accurately the hyperbola vertex, and finally to replace manual calibration and interpretation. The finding can make a great contribution to the practical exploration for the root location and diameter prediction in the non-destructive testing of tree roots.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Ground penetrating radar systems
Controlled terms:Clustering algorithms - Clutter (information theory) - Edge detection - Forecasting - Forestry - Geological surveys - Geophysical prospecting - Hough transforms - Image enhancement - Image segmentation - Nondestructive examination - Radar imaging - Soil testing
Uncontrolled terms:Average relative error - Ground Penetrating Radar - Ground penetrating radar (GPR) - Histogram equalizations - Improvement strategies - Intelligent recognition - Non destructive testing - Threshold segmentation
Classification code:481.1 Geology - 481.4 Geophysical Prospecting - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.06e+01%, Percentage 1.60e+01%, Percentage 2.22e+00%, Percentage 4.81e+00%, Percentage 8.69e+01%, Percentage 9.66e+01%, Time 4.00e-02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20212610571235
Title:Effects of excess air coefficient on non-regulated emissions of diesel/methanol RCCI engines
Title of translation:过量空气系数对柴油/甲醇RCCI发动机非常规排放特性的影响
Authors:Huang, Fenlian (1); Tian, Maosheng (1); Wan, Mingding (1); Shen, Lizhong (1); Lei, Jilin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Yunnan Key Laboratory of Internal Combustion Engines, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650500, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:52-61
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition(RCCI) is widely expected as a promising dual fuel low-temperature combustion (LTC) strategy in recent engines. The potential strategy can control the in-cylinder fuel reactivity for the low NO and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions with high thermal efficiency. This study aims to investigate the effects of methanol fraction and excess air coefficient on the non-regulated emissions of diesel engines in RCCI mode under different operating conditions. A bench test was performed on a modified 4-cylinder high-pressure common-rail diesel engine under RCCI combustion. The results showed that the total hydrocarbon emissions increased sharply with the rise of methanol substitution rate, while decreased with the increase of load at 2000 r/min. The unburned methanol accounted for about 90% of total hydrocarbons (THC) emissions under the methanol/diesel dual fuel. The emissions of methanol, formaldehyde (HCHO), aromatic hydrocarbons (AHC), and sulfur dioxide (SO<inf>2</inf>) increased, whereas, the emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>) decreased, as the methanol substitution rate increased. The CO<inf>2</inf> emission reduced by 4.5% as the methanol substitution rate increased from 0% to 15% at 25% load, while dropped by 6.8% in the methanol proportion from 0% to 30% at 100% load. The emissions of unburned methanol, formaldehyde, NMHC and SO<inf>2</inf> decreased, while the CO<inf>2</inf> emission increased at different load rates with the decrease of excess air coefficient. Under 25% load, the emission of unburned methanol decreased by 16.9%, 12.7%, and 14.5%, while the emissions of formaldehyde reduced by 8.8%, 10.8%, and 10.5%, and the NMHC emissions reduced by 66.7% and 83.3% with 5%, 10% and 15% methanol substitution rate, as the excess air coefficient was reduced from 3.48 to 3.05.Under 100% load condition, the methanol emissions reduced by 45.6%, 45.9%, and 43.9%, and the formaldehyde emissions decreased by 36.5% and 33.3%, while the NMHC emissions dropped by 18.2%, 27.3%, and 60% with 10%, 20%, and 30% methanol, as the excess air coefficient decreased from 1.6 to 1.38. The emission of aromatic hydrocarbons rose with the decrease of excess air coefficient at high load, but the change was not obvious at low load conditions. Therefore, the relatively low excess air coefficient was beneficial to reducing the non-regulated emissions, where the valve opening was used to properly control the in-cylinder fuel reactivity during RCCI mode. The findings can provide a potential theoretical basis to balance the methanol/diesel dual-fuel RCCI combustion and pollutant emissions.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Aromatic hydrocarbons
Controlled terms:Carbon dioxide - Diesel engines - Dual fuel engines - Formaldehyde - Fuels - Ignition - Methanol - Mineral oils - Sulfur dioxide - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Compression ignition - Different operating conditions - Excess air coefficient - Formaldehyde emission - High pressure common rail diesel engine - Low temperature combustion - Non-methane hydrocarbons - Particulate matter emissions
Classification code:513.3 Petroleum Products - 521.1 Fuel Combustion - 612.1 Internal Combustion Engines, General - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 0.00e+00% to 1.50e+01%, Percentage 0.00e+00% to 3.00e+01%, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 1.05e+01%, Percentage 1.08e+01%, Percentage 1.27e+01%, Percentage 1.45e+01%, Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 1.69e+01%, Percentage 1.82e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 2.73e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 3.33e+01%, Percentage 3.65e+01%, Percentage 4.39e+01%, Percentage 4.50e+00%, Percentage 4.56e+01%, Percentage 4.59e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 6.00e+01%, Percentage 6.67e+01%, Percentage 6.80e+00%, Percentage 8.33e+01%, Percentage 8.80e+00%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Rotational_Speed 2.00e+03RPM
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20212610571230
Title:Design of double-rotation seedlings separating device for transplanters
Title of translation:穴苗移栽机双旋转式分苗装置设计
Authors:Ren, Ling (1, 2); Zhao, Bindong (1, 2); Cao, Weibin (1, 2); Wang, Jikui (1, 2); Wang, Ning (1, 2); Song, Wenbin (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Northwest Agricultural Equipment of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi; 832003, China
Corresponding author:Cao, Weibin(Wbc828@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:10-18
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Transplanting has become a common practice in tomato cultivation, where seedlings grown in doors are replanting into a final planting location for the growing season. Most tomato planting is distributed in Xinjiang of northwest China, due mainly to high difference in temperature, long sunshine, and less rainfall. Weather factors such as hail and cold in early spring seriously determined the survival of tomato seedlings. However, a combination of semi-automatic machine and manual transplanting was generally adopted in current tomato planting, indicating low transplanting efficiency and high labor intensity. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a high-speed automatic transplanter suitable for large-scale tomato planting. Since the picking speed can reach 120 plants per minute in previous automatic transplanters, the planting speed is not so high, the maximum of only 60 plants per minute. Furthermore, the planting speed also determined the transplanting speed of the automatic transplanting machine. In this study, a double-row seedling cast device was designed with high efficiency, continuity, and damage resistance in transplanting seedlings. The specific procedure was as follows: 1)Two workstations were alternately utilized to implement the continuous casting of seedlings. The assembled cylinder in front of the base was used to push the rotation of the cast around the bearing center that connected to the base. 2)A coordinate system was established from the side view of cast movement, considering the influence of air resistance on the motion. 3)Motion equations were set in two dimensions (the horizontal and vertical) to determine the main factors of seedling injection, including the inclination angle of seedling, the height, and speed of the cast. A three-level single factor orthogonal test was carried out to evaluate the influence of each single factor. The experimental procedure was that: 1)Five height levels were taken as test variables, showing that the damage rate was low, whereas, the success rate was high, at the height between 125 mm to 160 mm. 2)Five cast speeds were chosen between 40 to 120 plants per minute, showing that the damage rate was going up as the cast speed increased. The best success rate was achieved, when the cast speed reached 60 plants per minute. 3)The success rate was found higher, as the inclination angle of seedlings was higher. The results showed that the influence of each factor on the success rate was ranked: the inclination angle, cast speed, and height. The order of damage rate was like this: cast height, cast speed, and inclination angle. Then, a Box-Benhken response surface method (RSM) was used to determine the interaction of three factors, indicating that the main factor of success rate was the inclination angle, whereas the damage rate was the cast height. Besides, an optimal combination of three factors was obtained after the working parameters were optimized in the Minitab platform. Finally, a field test was conducted to verify the operating parameters, where the success rate of seedling planting was 96.41%, while the matrix damage rate was 1.65%, meeting the requirements of the seedling throwing operation. The findings can provide a promising reference to develop high-speed automatic transplanters in tomato cultivation.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Cultivation - Efficiency - Equations of motion - Fruits - Precipitation (meteorology) - Speed - Turing machines
Uncontrolled terms:Co-ordinate system - Experimental procedure - Operating parameters - Optimal combination - Response surface method - Semi-automatic machines - Transplanting machine - Working parameters
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.2 Calculus
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.65e+00%, Percentage 9.64e+01%, Size 1.25e-01m to 1.60e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20212610571185
Title:Simulation and validation of photosynthesis of greenhouse tomato based on temporal variation of sucrose yield
Title of translation:基于蔗糖产量时域变化的温室番茄光合作用的模拟与验证
Authors:Ni, Jiheng (1); Wang, Yuanyuan (1); Liu, Yong (1); Mao, Hanping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:223-228
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Functional-structural model has been a new versatile tool in crop science in recent years, integrating by based on process model(BPM) and structural model (SM). However, the output of PBM and SM have not been well connected with each other, particularly when referred to dry matter and sucrose. Therefore, this work was dedicated to developing a novel functional-structural plant model for the photosynthesis of greenhouse tomato using sucrose. The experiments (marked as E1 and E2) were carried out at a venlo-type greenhouse in Jiangsu University of China from February 2017 to January 2018. The data from E1 was used to establish a photosynthesis model, and the data from E2 was applied to validate the model. In the experimental procedure, the tomato seedling with four leaves during the period of growth was transplanted into a cultivation barrel filled with perlites. Tomato seedling was watered by Hogland nutrient solution, 350ml twice a day. The temperature and humidity were controlled in the whole growth period at 15-32℃ and 60%-85%, respectively. The tomato plant was destructive sampling at 8: 00, 10: 00, 12: 00, 14: 00, and 16: 00 at a sunny day under seedling, flowering, and harvest stage. After that, a high-performance liquid chromatography was utilized to determine the sucrose content of every leaf petiole after the fresh weight was measured. Interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was recorded using the 1: 1 relative to greenness and normalized difference, where single leaf area was equal to the product of leaf length and width. Three submodels were included for the photosynthesis of single leaf, prediction of active leaf area (ALA), and total photosynthesis. Firstly, a mathematical submodel of sucrose production per unit leaf area was established using E1 data and PAR. Secondly, the concept of ALA was introduced to overcome the influence of leaving leaf on tomato leaf area, where the leaf area for photosynthetic effective radiation of tomato leaf interception was equivalent to that of top leaf interception. The single ALA was calculated by the single leaf area and intercepted PAR, and then the total ALA was the accumulation of single ALA. The ALA and Growth Degree days (GDD) were used to establish the prediction model of ALA. Thirdly, the photosynthesis submodel of single leaf and prediction model of ALA were fully integrated into a sucrose-based photosynthesis model of greenhouse tomato. The independent E2 data was used to verify the model. The results showed that the determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) and the root mean squared (RMSE) between simulated and measured sucrose yield per unit leaf area were 0.98 and 0.95g/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively, indicating a high accuracy for the sucrose production per leaf, ALA, and total sucrose production. Specifically, the R<sup>2</sup> and RMSE between simulated and measured ALA were 0.96 and 0.02 m<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Furthermore, the R<sup>2</sup> and RMSE between the predicted and measured sucrose production per plant were 0.97 and 48.58mg/plant, respectively. It demonstrates that the photosynthesis model can preliminarily realize effectively integration of the process-based and structural model in crop science.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Predictive analytics
Controlled terms:Crops - Forecasting - Fruits - Greenhouses - High performance liquid chromatography - Humidity control - Photosynthesis - Plants (botany) - Sugar (sucrose)
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - Experimental procedure - Functional structural plant models - Functional-structural models - Normalized differences - Photosynthetically active radiation - Simulation and validation - Temperature and humidities
Classification code:741.1 Light/Optics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 822.3 Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Area 2.00e-02m2, Area 9.60e-01m2, Percentage 6.00e+01% to 8.50e+01%, Surface_Density 9.50e-04kg/m2, Surface_Density 9.80e-04kg/m2, Volume 3.50e-01l
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20212610571170
Title:In-situ monitoring of preferential soil water flow with electrical resistivity tomography technology
Title of translation:基于电阻率层析成像技术的农田土壤优先流原位动态监测
Authors:Sheng, Feng (1, 2, 3); Wen, Ding (1, 2); Xiong, Yiwei (1, 3); Wang, Kang (4)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science& Technology, Changsha; 410114, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, Changsha; 410114, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha; 410114, China; (4) School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430072, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:117-124
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Preferential flow, which contributes to the rapid water flow and solute transport in unsaturated soils, is common in the natural unsaturated soils. Preferential flow allows irrigated water and applied agriculture chemicals to move through unsaturated zone to groundwater table quickly with limited degradation and filtration, increasing the losses of applied resources and energy, and making the groundwater under high contamination risks. The non-equilibrium water movement, via preferential flow channel, to deep soil or even groundwater is one of the important factors inducing engineering and geological disasters such as land subsidence and collapse, landslide, debris flow and mountain collapse. However, the capturing of its dynamic process, especially the identification and judgment on the type, position and evolution of preferential flow without destroying soil structure, is still the hot topic and hard nut to crack in both science and technology all over the world. In this research, Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) was applied to monitor the filed infiltration process of NaCl solution in situ. The distribution and change of apparent electrical resistivity of the monitored soil profile was measured at different time during infiltration. And the distribution of Cl<sup>-</sup> concentration of the monitored soil profile was analyzed in laboratory by soil sampling after infiltration. Based on these measured data, the heterogeneous distribution characteristics of soil structure, and the position, type and evolution of preferential flow in the monitored soil profile were analyzed and identified. Besides, the relationship between apparent electrical resistivity and Cl<sup>-</sup> concentration of the monitored soil profile was analyzed to evaluate the precision of applying ERT to identify preferential infiltration. The results showed that soil structure and properties affected the movement and distribution of applied NaCl solution, on the contrary, the movement and distribution of applied NaCl solution also affected the soil electrical conductivity and resistivity. Thus, the distribution characteristics of soil structure and properties were able to be detected by comparing the ERT monitored distribution of soil electrical resistivity before and after infiltration. The structure of the soil profile monitored by ERT was not uniform, with the soil within the horizontal direction of 5.0-10.0 m being much denser than that within the horizontal direction of 0-5.0 m. The preferential flow channel that constrained the applied NaCl solution with a greater concentration obviously changed the distributions of soil electrical conductivity and resistivity. And the distributions of soil electrical conductivity and resistivity changed as the preferential flow developed. Thus, the kind, generation position and evolution process of preferential flow were able to be detected by comparing the ERT monitored distribution of soil electrical resistivity at different time during the preferential flow process. During the infiltration process, a heterogeneous fingering flow was developed in the loose soil area within the horizontal direction of 4.0-5.0 m. The fingering channel was completely formed during 9-14 minutes after the application of NaCl solution to the monitored soil surface, and the preferential flow completely degraded to matrix flow no late than 60 minutes after the application of NaCl solution to the monitored soil surface. Power function was capable of establishing relationship equation between apparent electrical resistivity monitored by ERT and the measured Cl<sup>-</sup> concentration of the monitored soil profile (the coefficient of determination of 0.690). As the preferential flow repeated along the same path once the preferential flow was formed, the ERT monitoring the infiltration process of NaCl solution was of good efficiency in identifying the position and evolution of preferential flow in engineering and geology survey. This results provide valuable information for the prevention and control of losses of applied resources and energy, groundwater contamination and engineering and geological disasters caused by preferential soil water flow.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Channel flow - Disaster prevention - Disasters - Electric conductivity - Geology - Groundwater - Groundwater flow - Groundwater pollution - Groundwater resources - Hydraulics - Infiltration - Sodium chloride - Soil moisture - Solute transport - Water filtration
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Distribution characteristics - Electrical resistivity tomography - Groundwater contamination - Heterogeneous distributions - Preferential soil water flows - Soil electrical conductivity - Soil electrical resistivities
Classification code:444.2 Groundwater - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 632.1 Hydraulics - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
Numerical data indexing:Size 4.00e+00m to 5.00e+00m, Size 5.00e+00m to 1.00e+01m, Time 3.60e+03s, Time 5.40e+02s to 8.40e+02s, Size 0.00e+00m to 5.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20212610571192
Title:Research progress in the deterioration and improvement of frozen dough quality
Title of translation:冷冻面团品质劣变及改良研究进展
Authors:Yuan, Tingting (1); Zhang, Xu (1); Xiang, Xiaoqing (1); Chang, Yidan (1); Niu, Meng (1); Zhang, Binjia (1); Jia, Caihua (1); Xu, Yan (1); Zhao, Siming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Niu, Meng(nmjay@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:296-306
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Frozen dough technology has widely been used beyond family bread production at present. The procedures of dough making and baking have therefore been separated to effectively extend the shelf life of bread, while free of starch aging to ensure the freshness for the convenience of transport and consumption of dough products. Therefore, the technology has been rapidly developed to promote the chain operation of the baking industry in the world. Meanwhile, it is necessary to explore the efficient improvement in response to the frozen dough being easy to deteriorate, due to the formation of ice crystals under freezing storage. This study aims to systematically review the degradation mechanism of frozen dough from the following aspects: the yeast activity and gas production, the changes of key components (such as gluten protein, water distribution, and damaged starch), the microstructure of gluten protein, as well as the rheological properties of frozen dough. The improvement of frozen dough was covered ranging from the freezing technology, the screening of antifreeze yeast, together with the addition of enzyme preparation, antifreeze agents, and emulsifiers. In freezing, the yeast activity and gas production decreased, resulting from the changes in the cell membrane of yeast. The screening of antifreeze yeast effectively strengthened the activity of yeast for a higher quality of frozen dough. Nevertheless, the structure of gluten protein was deteriorated, due to the formation of ice crystals. Specifically, the content of glutenin macromolecular polymer was significantly reduced, and the content of soluble protein increased. The elasticity and hardness of dough relied mainly on the depolymerization of glutenin macromolecular polymer, further on the break of the disulfide bond. Non-covalent bond was also involved in the polymerization of gluten protein. The surface hydrophobicity of gluten protein increased during the frozen storage, where the aggregation state of gluten protein molecular was destroyed to rearrange the gluten protein structure with the exposure of hydrophobic sites. In frozen storage, the secondary structure in gluten protein also changed significantly to damage the whole structure, where there were some changes in the content of α-helix and β-sheet orderly structure, while an increase in the anti-parallel β-sheet, and β-turns disorderly structure. As such, the enzyme preparations were used to enhance the structure of gluten protein. The water in the frozen dough was redistributed due to the recrystallization of ice crystals, where the spatial conformation rearrangement of gluten protein was caused by the change of disulfide and non-covalent bond. Thus, the interaction between tightly bound water and gluten protein was weakened, and the water holding capacity of gluten protein decreased. Correspondingly, food gums and antifreeze agents were added to prevent the formation of large ice crystals caused by water migration. Damaged starch transferred the water in gluten protein, and further weakened the interaction between starch granules and gluten protein, indicating an adverse influence on the gluten structure and processing characteristics of dough. The modified starch was generally added to enhance the water holding of dough for the better quality of frozen dough. These approaches contributed to preventing the deterioration of gluten structure, while enhancing the viscoelastic properties of frozen dough. The emulsifier was used to reduce water migration resistance to starch aging. The improvement of freezing technology was a benefit to the antifreeze effect of dough and the less sensitivity of yeast. This review can provide a promising theoretical basis and practical reference to inhibit the quality deterioration of frozen dough. The efficient improvement technology was also evaluated from three key factors, including the fermentation characteristics, the structure of gluten, and the state of water.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:103
Main heading:Crystal structure
Controlled terms:Bakeries - Covalent bonds - Crystals - Cytology - Degradation - Deterioration - Emulsification - Enzymes - Food products - Freezing - Gas industry - Hydrophobicity - Ice - Macromolecules - Starch - Sulfur compounds - Viscoelasticity - Water supply systems - Yeast
Uncontrolled terms:Degradation mechanism - Macromolecular polymers - Quality deteriorations - Rheological property - Spatial conformation - Surface hydrophobicity - Viscoelastic properties - Water holding capacity
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 522 Gas Fuels - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.1 Food Products Plants and Equipment - 822.3 Food Products - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 933.1 Crystalline Solids - 933.1.1 Crystal Lattice - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20212610571215
Title:Effect of pig manure with bentonite on chromium passivation in anaerobic fermentation
Title of translation:膨润土对猪粪厌氧发酵重金属铬钝化的影响
Authors:Li, Yi (1); Gong, Xinglong (1); Cui, Tiehao (1); Rong, Fangzhou (1); Zhang, Xuanxuan (1); Zhang, Zhen (1); Gu, Shiyan (1); Yi, Weiming (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China; (2) College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo; 255049, China
Corresponding author:Yi, Weiming(yiweiming@sdut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:195-203
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Heavy metals such as chromium (Cr) have widely been used as feed additives in large-scale pig farms with the development of the feed industry in recent years. Most heavy metals have posed increasingly serious pollution and subsequent resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure, due to the low digestion and absorption of heavy metals. Anaerobic fermentation is an effective way to treat livestock and poultry manure. However, heavy metals still remain in the biogas fertilizer after treatment, where heavy metal contamination depends mainly on their forms. Taking heavy metal Cr as the research object, this study aims to investigate Cr passivation mechanism in the pig manure with bentonite after anaerobic fermentation. Pig manure was selected as the raw material, where the natural/microwave bentonite with 5% dry matter content was added (microwave heating 2, 4 and 8 min). The duration of anaerobic fermentation was 40 days at the temperature of 35℃, inoculum quantity of 30% raw material, 10% total solid, and pH value of 7. Five treatments were included: CK group was fermented with pig manure alone; TP group, the natural bentonite was added to pig manure; 2WP group was the pig manure with 2 min microwave bentonite; 4WP group was the pig manure with 4 min microwave bentonite; 8WP group was the pig manure with 8 min microwave bentonite. Each treatment was repeated 4 times for high accuracy. As such, the objective of the experiment was to explore the biogas production characteristics of natural/microwave bentonite added to pig manure, morphological changes of heavy metal Cr, and passivation effect in anaerobic fermentation. Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectrum (SEM-EDS) were utilized to characterize microstructure and morphology of compounds in the biogas residues after anaerobic fermentation. The results show that the total gas production, the average volume fraction of methane, the proportion of Cr residual state, and the effective passivation effect of pig manure with bentonite in anaerobic fermentation were significantly higher than those of pig manure alone. Specifically, these indexes in the treatment of short-time microwave modification (2 and 4 min) were significantly higher than those of natural bentonite treatment(P< 0.05).When the microwave heating time of bentonite took longer (8 min), the above indexes were lower than those of the treatments with a short time, where the best microwave heating time of bentonite was 4 min. FTIR data showed that the contents of carbohydrates, carboxylates and aliphatic compounds were reduced in the biogas residue after anaerobic fermentation, whereas the content of aromatic compounds increased significantly. In addition, the treatment of pig manure with the bentonite promoted the conversion of organic matter into humus, thereby intensifying the humification of biogas residues. SEM-EDS images showed that the pig manure was initially composed of large irregular organic matter, and then transformed into small particles of humus after anaerobic fermentation. The addition of microwave bentonite efficiently promoted the humification process of biogas residue. The reason was that the surface of bentonite changed from smooth and dense to rough and porous after microwave heating, where more adsorption sites were provided for heavy metal Cr, thereby improving passivation ability of humus and bentonite on heavy metals. The finding can provide a scientific reference for the passivation of heavy metals using the anaerobic fermentation of livestock manure, further reducing the pollution of heavy metals in biogas fertilizer for the safe utilization of wastes.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:47
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Additives - Agriculture - Anaerobic digestion - Bentonite - Biodegradation - Biogas - Biogeochemistry - Carboxylation - Chemical contamination - Chromium - Fermentation - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Gas industry - Heavy metals - Mammals - Manures - Microwave heating - Microwaves - Morphology - Passivation - Pollution - Scanning electron microscopy - Waste utilization
Uncontrolled terms:Absorption of heavy metals - Anaerobic fermentation - Fourier transform infrared spectrometer - Heavy metal contamination - Microwave modification - Morphological changes - Pollution of heavy metals - Scientific references
Classification code:482.2 Minerals - 522 Gas Fuels - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 539.2.1 Protection Methods - 543.1 Chromium and Alloys - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 711.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 822.3 Food Products - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.10e-01yr, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Time 1.20e+02s, Time 2.40e+02s, Time 4.80e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20212610571222
Title:Hourly model for predicting year-round temperature and relative humidity of the environment in laying hen houses
Title of translation:蛋鸡舍热湿环境参数全年逐时动态预测模型
Authors:Liang, Chao (1, 2, 3); Yin, Huanhuan (1); Li, Baoming (1, 2, 3); Wang, Chaoyuan (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Beijing Engineering Research Center on Animal Healthy Environment, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Chaoyuan(gotowchy@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:229-235
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Laying hen house is an important part of livestock industries, particularly with an intensification scale of over 70% in China. Appropriate indoor temperature and relative humidity are also critical to the health of birds, production performance, and egg quality, further fully exploiting the excellent genetic features of modern laying hens. An automatic control system is, therefore, necessary to precisely predict the dynamic changes of indoor temperature and relative humidity for laying hen houses. An evaporative cooling pad system is the most popular used to increase the accuracy of the prediction model in laying hen houses in summer. However, most currently-used prediction models usually fail to consider the cooling variation of the evaporative cooling pad system. Particularly, it is also lacking to consider the humidified impact on the indoor temperature and relative humidity in laying hen houses. In this study, a novel hourly model was created to predict the annual indoor temperature and relative humidity, as well as its variation in laying hen houses. A mathematical model of cooling efficiency was also adopted to consider the quantitative influence of the evaporative cooling pad system on the indoor thermal and humid environment. A field experiment was then conducted to verify the model in Handan, Hebei Province of China in July 2019. Twenty-six points of indoor temperature and relative humidity were set for the field measurement. A hot-wire anemometer was utilized to monitor the airflow rate of exhaust fans. Meanwhile, an outdoor meteorological station was installed on the roof to continuously record the climatic parameters. Moreover, two cases were carried out in Wuhan City and Harbin City of China to evaluate the performance of the prediction model, thereby analyzing the influence of different climate conditions on the indoor environment of laying hen houses. Finally, the prediction model was used to clarify the difference of heat transfer in the steady and dynamic state for the building envelope on the indoor thermal and humid environment of laying hen houses. The accuracy of the prediction model was obtained between the constant and variable evaporative cooling efficiencies. The results demonstrated that the predicted values of indoor temperature and relative humidity were consistent with the field measured ones. Specifically, the overall average error of indoor temperature was 0.67℃, and the average error of indoor relative humidity was 3.1%. It was found that there was no temperature delay in summer and only one hour delay in winter. Temperature attenuation presented 0.36℃ in summer and 1.02℃ in winter, indicating a negligible effect due to the thermal inertia of the enclosure. The variation of dynamic cooling efficiency was contributed to the higher accuracy of the prediction model in the evaporative cooling pad system. For example, the predicted error of temperature reduced from 1.4℃ to 0.67℃, and the error of relative humidity from 5.4% to 3.1%, when the cooling efficiency was fixed at 80%. Consequently, this finding can provide potential theoretical guidance for building design and thermal environment control of laying hens houses, and further improve the production performance of laying hens.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:41
Main heading:Predictive analytics
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Anemometers - Architectural design - Automation - Climate models - Efficiency - Errors - Evaporation - Evaporative cooling systems - Forecasting - Houses - Humidity control - Solar buildings - Space heating
Uncontrolled terms:Climatic parameters - Evaporative cooling - Hot wire anemometers - Meteorological station - Production performance - Quantitative influence - Temperature and relative humidity - Thermal environment
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 402.3 Residences - 443 Meteorology - 643.1 Space Heating - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 944.3 Pressure Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.10e+00%, Percentage 5.40e+00% to 3.10e+00%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20212610571166
Title:Lotus seed drying by intermittent phased varying power microwave under vacuum
Title of translation:莲子间歇式微波分段变功率真空干燥方法
Authors:Ye, Dapeng (1, 2); Cui, Yunhan (1, 2); Weng, Haiyong (1, 2); Guo, Maocheng (1); Lin, Yingxuan (1); He, Jincheng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou; 350002, China; (2) Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Center of Modern Agricultural Equipment, Fuzhou; 350002, China
Corresponding author:He, Jincheng(bighjc@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:288-295
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Lotus seeds are widely serving as functional food and Chinese herbal medicine, due mainly to their high nutritional value rich in protein, starch, and dietary fiber. Nevertheless, drying has been an important but weak link in the processing of lotus seeds. Microwave drying has generally been used in the drying of fruits and vegetables, showing high efficiency, energy saving, high product quality, and automatic control. Currently, the constant power microwave easy to operate and control is therefore commonly used to dry most of food, but the treated food is easy to be over-dried or burned. Correspondingly, the original nutrients can be reduced, due to the high speed of heat and mass transfer generated in the late drying stage of constant power microwave. Great efforts have also been made on microwave vacuum microwave drying to greatly maintain quality appearance of food. However, the commonly-used hot air drying consumes high energy to dry fresh lotus seeds with low efficiency, often failing to gain high quality. In this study, two intermittent microwave vacuum dryings were designed to improve the quality of dried lotus seeds, including constant and stage-varying power microwave drying. A systematic investigation was implemented to optimize the drying parameters of vacuum degree and microwave intermission mode, as well as the impact on drying characteristics. Additionally, traditional hot air drying was also introduced as a reference. The results demonstrated that the stage-varying power microwave drying performed much better than the traditional hot air drying and constant power microwave drying. The optimal drying parameters were achieved for the stage-varying power microwave drying with a vacuum degree of 0.1 MPa, and a microwave intermission mode of 1.5 min-on /1.5 min-off. Two stages were contained to obtain a safe water content of lotus seeds, where the first stage worked for 3 min under the microwave power of 1 600 W, and the second stage worked for 3 min under the microwave power of 1 200 W. Specifically, the concentrations of starch were 43.43 g/100g and 42.73 g/100g within lotus seeds for the hot air drying and stages-varying power microwave drying, respectively, indicating an insignificant difference between them. But there was a significant difference in the concentration of protein and crude fibers within lotus seeds under two drying. The concentration of protein in lotus seeds using stage-varying power microwave (19.37 g/100g) was higher than that of hot air drying (18.57 g/100g). More importantly, the crude fibers within lotus seeds using stage-varying power microwave drying (14.60 g/100g) remained much higher than those using hot air drying (6.94 g/100g), increasing as high as 2.1 times. The external quality of lotus seeds was also better under the stage-varying power microwave drying. Additionally, the drying time was greatly shortened with an energy consumption of 7 848 kJ/kg, compared with hot air drying (465 012 kJ/kg). It inferred that the stage-varying power microwave drying gained a better quality of dried lotus seeds with less energy consumption. The presented findings can provide a potential guideline for drying and processing of lotus seeds.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Automation - Energy conservation - Energy utilization - Mass transfer - Medicine - Microwave generation - Microwave heating - Nutrition - Plants (botany) - Proteins - Quality control - Solar dryers - Starch
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese herbal medicines - Drying characteristics - Drying parameters - External quality - Fruits and vegetables - Heat and mass transfer - Microwave-vacuum - Nutritional value
Classification code:461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 461.7 Health Care - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 642.1 Process Heating - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 713.2 Oscillators - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
Numerical data indexing:Power 1.20e+03W, Power 1.60e+03W, Pressure 1.00e+05Pa, Specific_Energy 4.65e+08J/kg, Specific_Energy 7.85e+06J/kg, Time 1.80e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20212610571203
Title:Permeability and anti-clogging performance of geotextile envelope material around subsurface drainage pipe in Yinbei Irrigation District in Ningxia
Title of translation:宁夏银北灌区排水暗管土工布外包料透水与防淤堵性能
Authors:Rong, Zhen (1, 2); Wang, Shaoli (2); Hao, Ruixia (1); Tao, Yuan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resource Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan; 030024, China; (2) Department of Irrigation and Drainage, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100048, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Shaoli(shaoliw@iwhr.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:68-75
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Geotextiles are widely used as envelope materials in the construction of subsurface drainage systems around the world, due to the multiple product series, light weight, and convenient transportation. The complex and diverse soil quality has gradually brought out a wide variety of techniques of geotextiles for subsurface drainage pipe in the agricultural mechanization of China. However, the unreasonable choice of geotextile has resulted in severely clogged pipes of subsurface drainage in many irrigation areas, even prematurely lost the drainage function. It is highly urgent to effectively prevent the drainage pipe from being clogged, and further maintain the stable water permeability in the application of subsurface drainage. Two techniques of geotextile envelope are commonly used at present, including the ordinary spun-bond Polypropylene (PP) nonwoven and hot-melt spun-bonded nonwoven geotextiles. In this study, seven types of geotextiles were selected using two techniques, one of which was soaked with a hydrophilic agent. Taking the soil of Yinbei Irrigation Zone in Ningxia of China as an example, an indoor hydraulic permeability test was carried out to measure the flow attenuation under different geotextile protection. An evaluation was made on the soil-retaining capacity and anti-clogging performance of geotextile. The filtration property of geotextile was also compared before and after hydrophilic treatment. The research results indicated that the permeability coefficients of both soil and geotextiles decreased significantly in the early stage of drainage, resulting in a continuous decrease in the flow rate. There was a much greater decrease in the permeability coefficient, but a much lower impact on the flow rate in the geotextile, compared with the soil. The soil permeability coefficient made a great contribution to the flow change, more than 75% of flow attenuation. In general, the pore size and thickness of geotextile directly determined the soil conservation effect and anti-clogging ability. Correspondingly, large apertures and high thickness of geotextiles led to high soil loss and blockage, thereby deteriorating water permeability in the irrigation areas. Furthermore, there was a decrease in the percentage of soil particle size where 90% of the soil particles were smaller than this value, due mainly to a large number of fine particles intercepted at the junction of geotextile and soil layer in the ordinary spun-bond PP nonwoven geotextiles with relatively small pore size. The formation of dense filter cake was easily induced to result in the reduction of overall outflow in this experiment. As such, the hot-melt spun-bonded nonwoven geotextiles were produced to meet the high requirements given by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Better water permeability with a high percentage of soil particle size where 90% of the soil particles was achieved, as the active particles increased in the sand content of upper soil, where the larger pore size was easy for the fine particles of soil to flow in. The overall drainage flow increased by about 15% in the ordinary spun-bonded PP nonwoven geotextiles after hydrophilic treatment. Nevertheless, there were better soil retention capacity and anti-clogging performance in the hot-melt spun-bond nonwoven geotextiles before and after treatment, compared with the ordinary spun-bonded PP nonwoven geotextiles. Consequently, the experiment screened out the geotextile envelopes suitable for the soil characteristics of the target area. The finding can provide a sound theoretical basis and technical support for the selection and treatment of buried pipe materials in similar soil irrigation areas.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Geotextiles
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Drainage - Groundwater flow - Hydraulic conductivity - Hydrophilicity - Irrigation - Machinery - Materials handling - Melt spinning - Nonwoven fabrics - Particle size - Polypropylenes - Pore size - Soil conservation - Soil testing - Soils - Spinning (fibers)
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural mechanization - Food and agriculture organizations - Hydraulic permeability - Hydrophilic treatment - Irrigation districts - Soil characteristics - Subsurface drainage pipe - Subsurface drainage system
Classification code:444.2 Groundwater - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 819.3 Fiber Chemistry and Processing - 819.5 Textile Products and Processing - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 7.50e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20212610571167
Title:Design and experiment of single-row double cuttage and film covering multi-functional machine for low tunnels
Title of translation:拱棚双插架覆膜一体机的设计与试验
Authors:Liu, Ping (1); Wang, Chunying (1); Qin, Hongzheng (1); Hou, Jialin (1); Li, Tianhua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Machinery and Equipment, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment Intelligence, Tai'an; 271018, China
Corresponding author:Li, Tianhua(lth5460@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:1-9
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Low tunnels are ever increasingly used in vegetable cultivation and seedling production in modern agriculture. The construction area of low tunnels was up to 1.3 million hectares in China. A typical low tunnel is 2 to 3 feet high and covers the width of a growing bed. However, most low tunnels were built manually, indicating high labor intensity with low efficiency. In this study, a novel machine was designed to combine the double-cottage and film covering for vegetable and fruit planting in low tunnels. The machine is mainly composed of automatic shed-pole feeding, double-cottage, and cover film device. As such, the shed poles were automatically inserted, according to the set distance between the shed poles. Specifically, the pole was made of glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), where the length and diameter were 2 000 mm and 7.5 mm, respectively. The automatic shed-pole feeding device included a motor, a frame of shed pole, dial wheel, limit ring, and tilt board. The double-cottage device consisted of a hydraulic transmission, arm bending, crank slide, shed-pole cottage, and variable distance adjustment board. The motor of the automatic shed-pole feeding device was used to push the shed poles to the arm bending in the variable distance double-cottage device. The reasonable design of the dial wheel and rod frame was the key issue to ensure the feed of a single rod at a time. The success rate and the time of feeding shed poles were chosen as the indicators to evaluate the performance of the automatic shed-pole feeding device. Theoretical calculation and simulation were conducted, where the main variables were the radius of the dial wheel, the height of the pole groove, and the length of the tilt board. An optimized combination was achieved, where the radius of the dial wheel was 75 mm, the height of the pole groove was 6 mm, and the length of the title plate was 150 mm. Finally, afield test was carried out to verify at an operating speed of 1.2 km/h. Optimal performance of the machine was achieved, where the success rate of shed-pole feeding was 94.1%, while the rate of shed-pole insertion was 98.6%, and the overall success rate of building shed-pole scaffolding was 89.3%, the film coverage rate of low tunnels was 100%, and the breakage rate of film was 1.1%. In insertion, the average width and depth were 1 050 mm and 200 mm, respectively, while the average separating distance was 1 190 mm, and the average deviation of depth on both sides was 30 mm, and the average thickness of soil covering was 80 mm. Therefore, the double-cottage machine with variable distance was expected to automatically implement the intelligent operation of low tunnel construction. High efficiency and stability were also obtained to reduce manual operation and cost investment. The finding can provide a sound reference for automated smart construction of arched sheds, further promoting the facility of horticulture.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Boring machines (machine tools)
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Cultivation - Efficiency - Feeding - Fiber reinforced plastics - Poles - Scaffolds - Tunnels - Vegetables - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Intelligent operations - Modern agricultures - Optimal performance - Optimized combinations - Seedling production - Theoretical calculations - Variable distances - Vegetable cultivation
Classification code:401.2 Tunnels and Tunneling - 405.1 Construction Equipment - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 601.2 Machine Components - 603.1 Machine Tools, General - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 1.10e+00%, Percentage 8.93e+01%, Percentage 9.41e+01%, Percentage 9.86e+01%, Size 1.05e+00m, Size 1.19e+00m, Size 1.50e-01m, Size 2.00e+00m, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 3.00e-02m, Size 6.00e-03m, Size 6.10e-01m to 9.14e-01m, Size 7.50e-02m, Size 7.50e-03m, Size 8.00e-02m, Velocity 3.33e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20212610571188
Title:Simulation and evaluation of soil water and salt transport in desert oases of Hetao Irrigation District using HYDRUS-1D model
Title of translation:基于HYDRUS-1D模型的荒漠绿洲水盐运移模拟与评估
Authors:Wang, Guoshuai (1, 2); Shi, Haibin (1, 2); Li, Xianyue (1, 2); Yan, Jianwen (1, 2); Miao, Qingfeng (1, 2); Chen, Ning (1, 2); Wang, Weigang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China; (2) High Efficiency Water-saving Technology and Equipment and Soil Water Environment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot; 010018, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Haibin(shi_haibin@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:87-98
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Great changes have occurred in the agricultural ecology, due mainly to the ever-decreasing water diversion from the Yellow River, particularly for the desert oases in the Hetao Irrigation District of China. Taking a sand dune-wasteland-lake system as the research object, this study aims to simulate and evaluate the soil water and salt transport during the growth period in the desert oases after autumn irrigation using HYDRUS 1D model. Two-year experimental data was selected to simulate the water and salt dynamics of the sand dune, wasteland, and the junction of sand dune-wasteland. As such, the characteristics of water and salt transport were revealed to evaluate the agro-ecological situation in desert oases. The results showed that a highly accurate assessment was achieved in the soil water content, where the mean relative error (MRE) was -1.30%-1.52% in calibration and validation, the root mean square error (RMSE) was 0.01-0.03 cm<sup>3</sup>/cm<sup>3</sup>, the coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) was 0.82-0.93, and the regression coefficient (b) was 0.98-1.01. A simulated accuracy was also acceptable in the soil salt content, where the MRE was -0.43%-5.71%, the RMSE was 0.06-0.23 dS/m, the coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) was 0.76-0.82, and the regression coefficient (b) was 0.98-1.03. Specifically, the water content at the soil layer of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 cm in the sand dune decreased by 25%, 32%, 34%, 37%, and 35%, respectively. The storage of soil water also decreased by 102-114mm. The soil water loss of sand dune still remained 67-103mm, where there was less recharged flow from groundwater. It inferred that the sand dune was in a state of water deficiency during the whole year. The water content at the soil layers of 60-100cm in the sand dune-wasteland junction decreased by 18%-22%, whereas, the soil water storage increased by 61mm after autumn irrigation. The water content at the soil layers of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100cm in the wasteland decreased by 16%, 17%, 27%, 42%, and 34%, respectively, while the soil water storage decreased by 160-228 mm, but the soil water storage increased by 2-55 mm after autumn irrigation. The soil water balance remained on the wasteland and sand dune-wasteland junctions during the whole year. The evapotranspiration of wasteland was twice that of the sand dune, whereas, that of sand dune-wasteland junction was between them. Furthermore, the groundwater recharge of wasteland was 3-5 times as much as that of the sand dune. Additionally, the salt accumulation rates at the soil layers of 0-100cm in the sand dune, sand dune-wasteland junction, and wasteland were 34%-51%, 14%-17%, and 25%, respectively in the growth period. After autumn irrigation, the salt accumulation rates of the sand dune and sand dune-wasteland junction were 47%-59% and 3%-6% respectively, whereas, the desalination rate of wasteland was 0.7%~5.0%. The sand dune and sand dune-wasteland junction were in the salt accumulation state all year round, whereas, the wasteland was in the desalination state after autumn irrigation. Consequently, the rainfall presented little effect on the agro-ecological balance of desert oasis, while the autumn irrigation played a key role in improving the agricultural ecology of the desert oasis. The findings can provide a theoretical reference for the agricultural ecology management of desert oases in Hetao Irrigation District of China.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Landforms
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Desalination - Digital storage - Ecology - Evapotranspiration - Flood control - Irrigation - Mean square error - Recharging (underground waters) - River diversion - Sand - Soil moisture - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Calibration and validations - Coefficient of determination - Ecological situation - Ground water recharge - Hetao irrigation districts - Regression coefficient - Root mean square errors - Water and salt transports
Classification code:441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development - 442.1 Flood Control - 444.2 Groundwater - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage -1.30e+00% to 1.52e+00%, Percentage -4.30e-01% to 5.71e+00%, Percentage 1.60e+01%, Percentage 1.70e+01%, Percentage 1.80e+01% to 2.20e+01%, Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 2.70e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+00% to 6.00e+00%, Percentage 3.20e+01%, Percentage 3.40e+01%, Percentage 3.40e+01% to 5.10e+01%, Percentage 3.50e+01%, Percentage 3.70e+01%, Percentage 4.20e+01%, Percentage 4.70e+01% to 5.90e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.00e+00m, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 1.02e-01m to 1.14e-01m, Size 1.60e-01m to 2.28e-01m, Size 2.00e-03m to 5.50e-02m, Size 6.00e-01m to 1.00e+00m, Size 6.10e-02m, Size 6.70e-02m to 1.03e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20212610571181
Title:Development and verification of tomato crop-environment interaction model in second timescale greenhouse
Title of translation:秒尺度温室番茄作物-环境互作模型构建与验证
Authors:Xu, Lihong (1); Meng, Fanzheng (1); Wei, Ruihua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai; 201800, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:212-222
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Greenhouse cultivation has a strong impact of crops on the complex process, because various time scales existed in the controlled environment. The greenhouse model can be divided into two types, including the crop growth and microclimate model. The crop growth model was usually used to simulate daily change of crop, where the variables of crop is updated at each time step within a day. The microclimate model has a shorter calculating step, because the climate in a greenhouse changed quickly, due mainly to rapid fluctuation of weather outside. In general, the climate physics is considered as a fast process, while the crop physics is considered as a slow one. The difference of time scales has brought a great challenge at the level of crop state, such as the rapid fluctuations of greenhouse climate or the elusive ambient inputs in the monitoring system of a greenhouse. In this study, taking tomato as a research object, a crop-climate interactive model at small timescale was established to balance the time scales of crop and climate in greenhouse. Firstly, the growth model was divided into three sub-modules, including the SUPPLY, PARTITION, and GROWTH. The replacement, structural transformation were implemented in the model, when three modules were transformed from a long timescale (day level) to a small timescale (second level). Two types of uncertain parameters were divided in the model under a global sensitivity analysis (Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test, EFAST), such as sensitive and insensitive parameters. Insensitive parameters were fixed in the model, whereas, the sensitive parameters needed to be identified, according to real production data in specific greenhouses. Secondly, the general interactive model was obtained to combine small time-scale crop growth model and greenhouse microclimate model. Microclimate in the interactive model was different from other microclimate model, because it fully considered the reaction between the microclimate and crop, where the microclimate model was be considered as an input for the crop model. The proposed interactive model was also calibrated and validated in the field test. The real data was collected from A8 Venlo type greenhouse at Chongming Island, Shanghai of China. The 4-year (2015-2018) observed data of tomato yield was used in the model. It was found that the root mean square error (RMSE) between the simulated and real yield value was 7.3-18.85, and the average relative error was between 5.8% and 18%, both less than TOMGRO and Integrated model. The data demonstrated that the interactive model presented a better performance on the yield prediction of tomato. The microclimate simulation result also proved that the interactive model behaved a higher accuracy at different crop growth stages than that without considering the influence of crop growth. The average relative error was less than 10% for the prediction of microclimate environment at three stages of crop growth (growing, blooming and setting fruiting), indicating high efficiency to simulate the real dynamics of greenhouse microclimate. Nevertheless, there were relatively larger deviations in the small part of simulation from actual data, such as simulated yield in 2018 and temperature trajectory when LAI=2. Bayesian optimization was also used to identify the uncertain parameters in both crop growth and microclimate model. Model structure and parameters were totally determined after sensitivity analysis and parameter identification. Consequently, the interactive model can provide a theoretical basis for cultivation and environmental control in a greenhouse.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Climate models
Controlled terms:Crops - Cultivation - Environmental management - Errors - Fruits - Greenhouses - Mean square error - Sensitivity analysis - Time measurement - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Average relative error - Controlled environment - Fourier amplitude sensitivity tests - Global sensitivity analysis - Greenhouse microclimate - Root mean square errors - Structural transformation - Temperature trajectory
Classification code:454.1 Environmental Engineering, General - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 5.80e+00% to 1.80e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20212610571161
Title:Sap flow characteristics of pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and its response to environmental factors
Title of translation:火龙果周年液流特征及其对环境因子的响应
Authors:Li, Lijie (1, 2); Zhao, Zeying (2); Yue, Yanbin (2); Nie, Keyan (2); Wang, Hu (2); Yuan, Ling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400716, China; (2) Institute of Science and Technology Information, Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guiyang; 550006, China
Corresponding author:Yuan, Ling(lingyuanh@aliyun.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:242-250
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The planting area of pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is expanding continuously in China in recent years, due mainly to the high economic and ecological value of this tropical fruit. However, drought has become one of the key factors restricting the growth and yield of H. polyrhizus in arid regions. This study aims to explore the characteristics of water consumption subjected to transpiration, and the influencing factors of H. polyrhizus. A Dynamax sap flow measuring system was employed to measure and monitor the sap flow velocity in seven consecutive days per month from September 2019 to August 2020. The planting field was located in the digital agricultural experimental base of Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences in western China. Meanwhile, the related environmental data was simultaneously measured. The correlation of sap flow features with various factors was analyzed to quantify the water demand threshold of H. polyrhizusand water-saving irrigation. The results showed that the single-day sap flow of H. polyrhizus was dominated by a single peak curve. There was an increasing trend of sap flow after sunset, whereas, the sap flow rate varied gently from 00: 00 to sunrise. Diurnal sap flow accounted for 49.60%-71.51% of the whole day, whereas, the night sap flow was relatively low. The total sap flow of H. polyrhizus sequenced as spring> winter > autumn > summer. The new shoots emerged sharply in spring, where the peak value of sap flow and average daily flow rate reached the maximum, 2.68 and 3.08 times those in the slow-growing period, while 1.65 and 1.52 times those in the flowering and fruiting period, indicating a leading role of the growth period. However, the proportion of nocturnal sap flow in spring (the average sap flow ratio was 31.05%) was significantly lower than that in other seasons (41.01%-43.65%). The proportion of sap flow velocity at night was ranked in order: summer> winter> autumn > spring. There was a significant correlation between the total night and day sap flow, where the correlation coefficient was 0.917 2. The peaks and valleys of sap flow were scattered with time. Specifically, the peaks appeared more frequently during 10: 00-13: 00, whereas, the valleys were more concentrated in 17: 00-20: 00. The sap flow rate had a very significant positive correlation with the total solar radiation (TSR), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), whereas, extremely negatively correlated with the soil temperature (Ts), soil moisture (Ms), relative humidity (RH), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Additionally, the sap flow rate was negatively correlated with the TSR and PAR under a high light intensity (TSR> 550 W/m<sup>2</sup>). Furthermore, the responses of sap flow velocity to each environmental factor were ranked in order: TSR > PAR > Ms> RH > Ts> VPD > Ta. There was a significant positive correlation between the total sap flow during the day and night, but the sap flow rate responded differently to temperature and relative air humidity. During the day, Ta had a weaker effect on the sap flow, while at night a significant negative effect. The RH had a negative effect on the liquid flow during the day, whereas, a positive effect at night. Consequently, there were some effects of seasonal factors on the sap flow of H. polyrhizus at night. Adequate irrigation was therefore very important in the spring for the water and fertilizer management of H. polyrhizus planted in the greenhouses. The finding can provide a technical guideline for further research on the water-fertilizer integrated irrigation system of H. polyrhizus.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Flow velocity
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Fertilizers - Flow rate - Irrigation - Soil moisture - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Environmental factors - Fertilizer management - Photosynthetically active radiation - Positive correlations - Relative air humidities - Vapor pressure deficit - Water-saving irrigation
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631 Fluid Flow - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.11e+01%, Percentage 4.10e+01% to 4.36e+01%, Percentage 4.96e+01% to 7.15e+01%, Surface_Power_Density 5.50e+02W/m2
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20212610571231
Title:Experiments and simulation of soil moisture, temperature and salinity dynamics and oil sunflower growth in saline border irrigated farmland
Title of translation:咸水畦灌农田土壤水热盐动态及油葵生长的试验与模拟
Authors:Wang, Yali (1, 2); Mao, Xiaomin (1); Chen, Shuai (1, 2); Bo, Liyuan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Wuwei Experimental Station for Efficient Water Use in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuwei; 733000, China
Corresponding author:Mao, Xiaomin(maoxiaomin@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:76-86
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Shiyang River Basin is located in northwest China, with a total area of 41 600 km<sup>2</sup>. Due to the lack of precipitation and large evaporation, the contradiction of water use in this basin is prominent, and the ecological environment problem is serious. Local industrial, domestic and agricultural water use is highly dependent on groundwater resources. The shallow subsurface salt water resources are abundant, and the rational use of salt water for irrigation can greatly alleviate the current water shortage in this basin. In order to explore the dynamics of water, heat and salt transport in farmland soil and its influence on the growth of oil sunflower under saline border irrigation, a field experiment was conducted in the Shiyanghe Experimental Station in northwest China in 2020. The experimental settings include two irrigation levels (100% and 50% of the water demand for border irrigation of oil sunflower, respectively) and three salinity of irrigation water (0.7, 4.0, and 8.0 g/L, respectively). The soil moisture content, soil salt content, temperature in the depth of 100 cm (20 cm as a layer), leaf area, and yield of oil sunflower were measured regularly during the whole crop growth period. With a combination of experiment and model simulation, the distribution characteristics of soil moisture and salt, the law of temperature changes during the growth and development of oil sunflowers, and their effects on the growth and yield of oil sunflowers under different experimental treatments were studied. The results showed that the variation range of water, salt and heat distribution in the root zone (0-40 cm) was larger than that in the deep layer (40-100 cm). The more irrigation water, the greater the variation range of water and salt. With the increase of irrigation times, the soil profile showed desalination at 0.7 g/L salinity, and salt accumulation at 4.0 g/L and 8.0 g/L salinity. The higher the irrigation amount, the higher the corresponding salt removal and accumulation rate. The variation range of ground temperature in each layer in the early stage of the experiment was larger than that in the later stage, and the variation range of temperature decreased with the increase of soil depth. The Leaf Area Index (LAI) and yield of oil sunflower were the highest at 0.7 g/L and 100% water requirement of crop and the lowest at 8 g/L and 50% water requirement. The LAI of two treatments were 8.41 and 3.80 cm<sup>2</sup>/cm<sup>2</sup>, and the yield was 5.49 and 3.08 t/hm<sup>2</sup>, respectively, with significant difference (P< 0.05). The simulation results showed that WASH-C model can well simulate the distribution characteristics of water content in root zone and deep layer of soil in different periods, the change rule of average salt content in soil within 0-100 cm, the change trend of temperature, the LAI and yield of crops, and the R<sup>2</sup> of all simulation results is higher than 0.53. In addition, in the set scenario simulation, salt water with salinity of 3 g/L or less will not produce obvious salt accumulation in the root zone of crops. A reasonable border irrigation system of salt water is beneficial to make full use of salt water resources and improve water use efficiency and yield of oil sunflower.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Saline water
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Crops - Desalination - Farms - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Irrigation - Petroleum transportation - Soil moisture - Sunflower oil - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural water use - Distribution characteristics - Ecological environment problems - Experimental stations - Growth and development - Scenario simulations - Shiyang river basins - Water use efficiency
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Area 4.16e+10m2, Mass_Density 3.00e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 4.00e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 7.00e-01kg/m3, Mass_Density 8.00e+00kg/m3, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.00e+00m, Size 0.00e+00m to 4.00e-01m, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 4.00e-01m to 1.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20212610571220
Title:Development of transpiration feedback intelligent irrigation system for tomato under coconut coir slabs cultivation condition
Title of translation:椰糠条栽培番茄的蒸腾反馈智能灌溉系统研制
Authors:Wang, Liu (1, 2); Ding, Xiaoming (1, 2); Li, Kai (1, 2); Zhang, Lingfeng (1, 2); Pei, Qingyu (1, 2); Yin, Yilei (1, 2); Wang, Chunhui (1, 2); Hou, Yong (1, 2); Pan, Shoujiang (1, 2); Tian, Jing (1, 2); Lu, Shaowei (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Protected Agriculture, Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100125, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Farm Building in Structure and Construction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100125, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Xiaoming(dingxiaoming@aape.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:133-142
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">To meet the requirements of automatic precision irrigation for tomato cultivation on the coco coir slabs, a transpiration feedback intelligent irrigation system was developed in this study. The system included the substrate water content detection component, the communication component, the decision component, and the irrigation component. The transpiration detection component detected tomato transpiration based on the load cell, the decision component established the precision irrigation control model based on the water holding capacity of coco coir and tomato transpiration, which accurately controlled the pump start-up and turn off, so that the irrigation amount changed with the transpiration rate. The precision irrigation control model had two modes which were normal irrigation mode and flushing mode. When transpiration amount and Electrical Conductivity (EC) value were high, the flushing mode was called, otherwise, the normal irrigation mode was called. The day was divided into four periods. The first period was from sunrise to midday, when the transpiration rate gradually increased, the water content of the substrate should be gradually irrigated to the water holding capacity; the second period was from midday to the end of flushing, when the instantaneous water content of the substrate should be maintained above the water holding capacity to flush the excess salt in the substrate; the third period was from the end of flushing to a moment before sunset, at which time the water content of the substrate should be maintained around the water holding capacity to meet the needs of high transpiration rate in the afternoon, to ensure that there was sufficient water and nutrients to meet the needs of tomato photosynthesis; the fourth period was from the moment before sunset to the second day before the start of irrigation, at which time the water content of the substrate should gradually fall back to the lower limit of the appropriate water content, so that air entered the substrate to ensure the root respiration and normal growth. The second period was the flushing stage, and there was no flushing stage under normal irrigation mode. The water contents in the coco coir slabs were kept at the appropriate range, and a certain irrigation-to-drainage ratio maintained, to benefit the root growth of tomato and absorption of nutrients, and solved the drought stress caused by insufficient irrigation and nutrient waste caused by too much irrigation. The effect of the transpiration feedback intelligent irrigation system was tested, and an irrigation system controlled by light radiation accumulation which was designed by the RIDDER company in the Netherlands was selected as control. The results showed that the irrigation amount of the transpiration feedback irrigation system increased by 9.4% compared with the control, the drainage decreased by 18%, and the drainage EC value was stable. Compared with timed irrigation, the amount of irrigation was reduced by 32% and the amount of drainage was reduced by 57% by using the transpiration feedback irrigation system, and more nutrients were absorbed and utilized by tomatoes. There were no significant differences between the fruit yield, plant height, and node number of the tomato by using the transpiration feedback irrigation system and those by using the irrigation system designed by the RIDDER company. Under the condition of 10 years of the design life of irrigation system in 5 000 m<sup>2</sup> greenhouse, compared with the application of the irrigation system designed by the RIDDER company, the annualized cost of the intelligent irrigation system designed by this study was 20.8% lower than that by using the irrigation system designed by the RIDDER company. The transpiration feedback intelligent irrigation system could meet the requirements of automatic precision irrigation, and if the irrigation control model might adjust according to the substrate characteristic, the system could also be used for automatic precision irrigation of the Rockwool cultivation, the mixed substrate potted cultivation, and other soilless culture.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Feedback - Fruits - Nutrients - Systems analysis - Transpiration - Water absorption
Uncontrolled terms:Communication components - Cultivation conditions - Electrical conductivity - Intelligent irrigation systems - Irrigation controls - Precision irrigation - Substrate characteristics - Water holding capacity
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 731.1 Control Systems - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 961 Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.00e+01yr, Area 5.00e+03m2, Percentage 1.80e+01%, Percentage 2.08e+01%, Percentage 3.20e+01%, Percentage 5.70e+01%, Percentage 9.40e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20212610571225
Title:Research progress of biogas slurry resourceful treatment by membrane distillation
Title of translation:基于膜蒸馏的沼液资源化处理研究进展
Authors:He, Qingyao (1, 2); Shi, Mingfei (1, 2); Feng, Liang (1, 2); Ai, Ping (1, 2); Yuan, Qiaoxia (1, 2); Yan, Shuiping (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Yan, Shuiping(yanshp@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:259-268
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Biogas slurry can account for more than 80% of the total mass of anaerobic digestates in biogas production. A large amount of biogas slurry has posed a great challenge on the carrying capacity of farmland and transportation cost. Particularly, returning to the farmland cannot completely consume such a great amount of incurred biogas slurry in a large-scale plant. The resourceful treatment is widely expected to reduce the volume of biogas slurry, and the potential threat to the agro-ecological environment for high value-added resource recovery in the sustainable development of the agricultural circular economy. For instance, membrane distillation serves as an important branch of membrane separation available for the resourceful treatment of biogas slurry in recent years. Excellent performance of membrane distillation has been achieved, including strong adaptability, rapid ammonia removal, as well as less membrane fouling and foaming. However, the high heat consumption and low flux have confined to the more efficient application of membrane distillation, compared with other technologies of membrane separation. In this study, a special process of membrane distillation was firstly introduced to systematically review the ammonia nitrogen and water recovery from biogas slurry. Water can normally be recovered from the acidified biogas slurry, while the nutrients were retained, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the concentration phase. The water recovery can also be promoted, because the acidified biogas slurry can be utilized to suppress the ammonia volatilization, while relieving the membrane fouling. Typical reverse and forward osmosis concentrated the biogas slurry up to about 5 times than before, meaning that about 20% concentrated biogas slurry was left. The thermal-driven membrane distillation can even be used for the resourceful treatment of concentrated biogas slurry after reverse osmosis, where little biogas slurry was left. Nevertheless, membrane distillation presented a relatively low water flux for water recovery, compared with the typical reverse osmosis. Conversely, ammonia can be recovered from the biogas slurry, and then serve as ammonium fertilizer or aqueous ammonia solution for CO<inf>2</inf> absorption. Consequently, the resulting biogas slurry was more suitable for agricultural utilization after ammonia removal. To date, membrane distillation behaved the highest ammonia recovery ratio of about 99%, compared with the reverse and forward osmosis. Meanwhile, the membrane used for ammonia recovery was a benefit to control the greenhouse gas emission. In addition, the multi-stage and multi-effect membrane distillation was introduced to reduce heat consumption. The reason is that the huge heat consumption can inevitably result in the high operation cost for the treatment of biogas slurry in a single membrane distillation. The heat consumption for water recovery was reduced from 2 000-3 500 kW•h/m<sup>3</sup> to 100-200 kW•h/m<sup>3</sup>. Finally, the feasibility of membrane distillation was briefly evaluated for the biogas slurry treatment in a large-scale plant. The treatment cost of biogas slurry can even be much lower than that of a typical pressure-derived membrane process, where the heat and power were used from the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) in a biogas plant. Membrane distillation can efficiently realize resource recovery of biogas slurry in a facile, cost-saving, and environment-friendly way. Specifically, the cost of membrane distillation for biogas slurry was basically consistent with that of reverse osmosis. Consequently, membrane distillation was suitable for the treatment of high organic load or high residual concentration of biogas slurry after reverse osmosis, without any supplement of external heat source in a biogas plant.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:88
Main heading:Biogas
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Ammonia - Cogeneration plants - Distillation - Distilleries - Farms - Greenhouse gases - Membrane fouling - Membrane technology - Nitrogen - Plant extracts - Recovery - Reverse osmosis - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Ammonia volatilization - Aqueous ammonia solution - Combined heat and power - Ecological environments - Environment friendly - Membrane distillation - Membrane separation - Residual concentrations
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 461.9 Biology - 522 Gas Fuels - 614 Steam Power Plants - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.1 Food Products Plants and Equipment - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+01%, Percentage 9.90e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20212610571162
Title:Model of rural low-carbon communities in karst rocky desertification region of southwestern China and approaches to benefit improvement
Title of translation:中国南方石漠化地区农村低碳社区模式与效益提升途径
Authors:Guo, Yingjun (1); Xiong, Kangning (1); Sun, Ruochen (1); Yan, Jiawang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertfication Control, Guiyang; 550001, China
Corresponding author:Xiong, Kangning(xiongkn@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:323-331
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Green or sustainable design has gained good momentum as compact, resource-efficient, and affordable way in most communities. A low-carbon mode can also contribute to the comprehensive control of rocky desertification, rural revitalization, and targeted poverty alleviation in rural karst areas of southern China. In this study, four counties were taken as the study areas with different grades of karst rocky desertification in Guizhou Province. 8 key approaches were then proposed to improve the benefits in the construction of typical low-carbon communities. It was found that: 1) 8 kinds of typical patterns were found in the rural low-carbon mode, namely, a combination of courtyard solar lighting + coal heating cooking, solar water heater + coal heating cooker, solar water heater + household biogas cooking, solar water heater + small photovoltaic panel + electric heater heating + coal-type prickly ash roaster, solar water heater + rooftop photovoltaic + electric cooking, solar water heater + electric cooker + electric heater heating, solar water heater + household biogas + firewood saving stove, and solar water heater + fire pond + coal flue-cured tobacco. 2) A mathematical model of benefit was designed for the low-carbon community to monetize the economic and environmental benefits. A field test was carried out to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the low-carbon community model. The study areas were characterized by high environmental and low economic benefits on the whole. There were still some challenges on a unified standard for the specific construction of low-carbon community in study areas. It was also necessary to learn from the representative models in other regions, considering industrial structure, population characteristics, rural revitalization, and targeted poverty alleviation. The existing model of low-carbon community was basically in line with the local social and economic conditions, fully meeting the construction goal of the low-carbon community, although there was still large room to improve in each mechanism. 3) 8 specific approaches to benefit improvement were as follows. Modle 1 was for the non-resource utilization of livestock manure and corn stalks, where to pilot the biological or natural gas, while moderately control the scale of live pigs and commercial cattle. Mode 2 was to improve the utilization rate of solar water heaters, where to pilot the fusion technology of solar and electric water heaters, and then introduce part of hot water into cooking energy. Mode 3 was aimed at a large number of farmers with large-scale pig breeding, where to pilot the integrated project of pig breeding - biogas - prickly ash, and further to develop the storage and purification of household biogas. Mode 4 was for a high demand of prickly ash coal resources, where to pilot electric prickly ash dryer. Model 5 was for the participation of the household, where to empower the household with management rights and economic rewards. Mode 6 was aimed at the non-resource utilization of discarded Zanthoxylum bungeanum branches, where to pilot the centralized collection and treatment. Mode 7 was aimed at indoor environmental quality, biogas leakage in the household, and non-resource utilization of rice straw, where to maintain the biogas digester, while pilot-test the curing treatment of straw and firewood. Mode 8 was for the utilization of coal and electricity in the flue-cured tobacco processing, where to pilot the heat conversion in a flue-cured tobacco room with a return air furnace and energy-saving facilities.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Biogas - Carbon - Climatology - Coal - Coal deposits - Coal industry - Curing - Economic and social effects - Electric heat treatment - Electric heating - Energy conservation - Fertilizers - Flues - Landforms - Mammals - Natural gas deposits - Natural gasoline plants - Photovoltaic cells - Solar water heaters - Sustainable development - Tobacco - Water heaters
Uncontrolled terms:Centralized collection - Comprehensive controls - Economic and environmental benefits - Electric water heaters - Indoor environmental quality - Low-carbon communities - Population characteristics - Resource utilizations
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 481.1 Geology - 503 Mines and Mining, Coal - 512.2 Natural Gas Deposits - 513.2 Petroleum Refineries - 522 Gas Fuels - 524 Solid Fuels - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 642.1 Process Heating - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20212610571193
Title:Optimized design and experiment of the picking mechanism for brush-roller castor harvesters
Title of translation:辊刷式蓖麻收获机采摘机构优化设计与试验
Authors:Liu, Lei (1); Wu, Teng (1); Kong, Fanting (1); Sun, Yongfei (1); Chen, Changlin (1); Xie, Qing (1); Shi, Lei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Lei(shileijsnj@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:19-29
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Castor is one of the top ten oil crops in the world, which has a extremely high economic value. For a long time, the harvesting of castor bean has relied on manual operations, so the development of the castor industry have been greatly restricted by the high labor intensity and low efficiency. At present, there are few studies on harvesting machinery of castor, and the mechanization of castor harvesting is still in the initial stage. The existing castor harvesting equipments are not suitable for the growth features of castor, which has the problems of high loss rate and high damage rate. In order to solve these problems, a brush-roller harvesting method was proposed in this paper. The harvesting principle of brush-roller castor harvester is that the castor capsules are separated from the plant by the brushing force caused from the brush wire. According to the physical characteristics and planting mode of castor, the picking mechanism of brush-roller castor harvester was designed. Firstly, the structure of the picking mechanism was introduced, the picking mechanism is mainly composed of crop divider, brush roller, screw conveyor, transfer case, et. Then, the kinematic and mechanical analysis of the working process of the mechanism was carried out, so as to determine the structural parameters and working parameters of each part of the picking mechanism. In order to improve the harvesting quality of castor, we conducted a field experiment in October 2020 in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. In the field experiment, Box-benhnken response surface design theory was used on the basis of single fator experiment to optimize the working parameters of the picking mechanism. The picking rate, the breakage rate and the impurity rate were used as the evaluation indexes of working quality. And the moving speed, the brush roller speed and the length of brush wire were taken as three factors influencing the working quality. The quadratic polynomial response surface regression model was established, and the influence of various factors on the response value was analyzed. From the regression model and variance analysis of regression equation, it could be seen that: lower moving speed, moderate brush roller speed, and shorter brush wire led to higher picking rate; Lower moving speed, lower brush roller speed, and longer brush wire led to lower breakage rate; Higher moving speed, lower brush roller speed, and longer brush wire led to lower impurity rate. The experiment results also showed that the significant effects of moving speed, length of brush wire and brush roller speed on increasing the picking rate were in a decreasing order. The significant effects of brush roller speed, length of brush wire and moving speed on reducing the breakage rate and the impurity rate were in a decreasing order. At the same time, the factors were multi-objective optimized comprehensively, and the optimization results were verified by experiments. The results showed that the optimum parameters were: 0.72 m/s for the moving speed, 372 r/min for the brush roller speed and 57 mm for the length of brush wire. Under these conditions, the picking rate was 91.36%, the breakage rate was 0.18%, and the impurity rate was 11.67%. The measured values of each index were in good agreement with the theoretical optimization values, which meant that the model established was reliable and could be used for optimization. The results can provide a reference for further improving the structure design and working parameters optimization of the brush-roller castor harvester.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Rollers (machine components)
Controlled terms:Crops - Harvesters - Harvesting - Mechanisms - Multiobjective optimization - Quality control - Regression analysis - Speed - Structural design - Surface properties - Transfer cases (vehicles) - Wire
Uncontrolled terms:Mechanical analysis - Optimization value - Physical characteristics - Quadratic polynomial - Regression equation - Response surface designs - Structural parameter - Working parameters
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, General - 535.2 Metal Forming - 601.2 Machine Components - 601.3 Mechanisms - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.17e+01%, Percentage 1.80e-01%, Percentage 9.14e+01%, Rotational_Speed 3.72e+02RPM, Size 5.70e-02m, Velocity 7.20e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20212610571195
Title:Impacts of different emitter layouts on the accumulation of Pharmaceuticals And Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in soil and tomato under reclaimed water irrigation
Title of translation:再生水灌溉不同滴头布置方式下PPCPs在土壤和番茄中的累积
Authors:Li, Songjing (1, 2); Fan, Xiangyang (1, 3, 4); Cui, Erping (1, 3, 4); Hu, Chao (1, 3, 4); Cui, Bingjian (1, 3, 4); Liu, Yuan (1, 3, 4); Li, Zhongyang (1, 3, 4); Jing, Ruoyao (2); Li, Shengshu (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang; 453002, China; (2) Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China; (3) Key Laboratory of High-efficient and Safe Utilization of Agriculture Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang; 453002, China; (4) Agricultural Water Soil Environmental Field Research Station of Xinxiang, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang; 453002, China
Corresponding author:Fan, Xiangyang(fxy0504@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:187-194
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) have emerged in recent years as prevalent environmental pollutants subjected to the ever-growing global population and occurrence of new diseases. PPCPs can easily enter the soil-plant system via reclaimed wastewater irrigation and sludge application in modern agriculture. A multitude of biotic and abiotic processes directly determine the PPCPs metabolism in soil. However, the effects of soil moisture on PPCPs accumulation still remain unclear. In this study, a new irrigation arrangement was proposed to facilitate the PPCPs degradation while retard the root uptake during translocation in plants. Three typical PPCPs were taken as research materials, including carbamazepine (CBZ), gemfibrozil (GEM), and triclosan (TCS), under different dripper arrangements (at the root of tomato and between two tomatoes), with conventional border irrigation (CK) as the control. Subsequently, the soil at different depths was selected to measure the PPCPs contents of plant tissues, physicochemical properties, and microflora. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the cumulative amounts of CBZ and TCS in the 0-5, > 5-10, and > 10-15 cm soil layers under each treatment. The cumulative amount of GEM under CK and the treatment of emitters placed at root (DR) were lower than the treatment of emitters placed between two plants (DM) (P< 0.05). The cumulative amount of CBZ in leaves under DM reduced by 38.90% and 32.23% compared with CK and DR respectively (P< 0.05). In terms of the cumulative amount of GEM in tomato roots, DM decreased by 49.07% and 55.61% compared with CK and DR treatment separately, the cumulative amount of GEM in leaves under DM treatment was reduced by 53.40% compared with DR (P< 0.05). The cumulative amount of TCS in roots under DM was 32.17% lower than that under CK (P< 0.05). The correlation analysis indicated that the distribution of CBZ in the soil was positively correlated with Proteobacteria, Nitrospirae, and Elusimicrobia (P< 0.05), whereas negatively correlated with Actinobacteria (P< 0.05). GEM was positively correlated with the soil pH and Patescibacteria (P< 0.05). TCS was also positively correlated with Proteobacteria, Nitrospirae, Nitrospirae, Elusimicrobia, and Verrucomicrobia (P< 0.05). DM treatment in reclaimed water irrigation made a great contribution to the accumulation of GEM in the 0-5 cm soil layer, significantly higher than other treatments (P< 0.05), and where there was a significant reduction in accumulative amount of CBZ in tomato leaves and the accumulation of GEM in roots (P< 0.05). The small border irrigation significantly reduced the accumulation of CBZ in fruits, as well as GEM in tomato stems, leaves and fruits. The main reason was that CBZ and TCS were decomposed by Proteobacteria and Nitrospirae whereas Actinobacteria was used to degrade CBZ. Substitution reactions under acidic conditions dominated the degradation of GEM with relation to the soil pH. The finding can contribute to better understanding the common processes of PPCPs transport and distribution in soil-vegetable systems using reclaimed water irrigation in agriculture.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Water treatment
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Amides - Fruits - Irrigation - Physicochemical properties - Plants (botany) - Soil moisture - Substitution reactions - Wastewater reclamation - Wastewater treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Acidic conditions - Correlation analysis - Environmental pollutants - Global population - Modern agricultures - Pharmaceuticals and personal care products - Reclaimed wastewater - Soil plant systems
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.22e+01%, Percentage 3.89e+01%, Percentage 4.91e+01%, Percentage 5.34e+01%, Percentage 5.56e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 5.00e-02m, Size 1.00e-01m to 1.50e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20212610571212
Title:Characteristics and spatial differentiation of slope spectrum in different areas of Pisha Sandstone Areas
Title of translation:砒砂岩不同类型区坡谱特征与空间分异
Authors:Wu, Shiqi (1, 2); Rao, Liangyi (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Rao, Liangyi(raoliangyi@bjfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:125-132
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Pisha Sandstone Area generally includes the exposed, soil- and sand-covered regions, which suffer from the most intensified water loss and soil erosion in China. It is therefore highly demanded for the slope spectrum and spatial differentiation for different geomorphological types of Pisha Sandstone. In this study, an advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer global digital elevation model (ASTER GDEM) of Pisha Sandstone with 30m resolution was used to acquire the slope spectrum. The regional topography was then described using the slope spectrum to combine slope characteristics. The slope spectrum was extracted with a 3° equal difference level for better expression of geomorphological features in the study areas. A quantitative analysis was performed on the curved slope and slope-landscape spectrum. The spatial differentiation was then used to effectively express the surface coverage of Pisha Sandstone. Skewness (S) and entropy of slope spectrum (H) were selected to represent the slope spectrum. In addition, some parameters of the spatial structure were used for the slope-landscape spectrum, including the patch density (PD), mean area (AREA_MN), mean perimeter-area ratio (PARA), patch cohesion index (COHESION), aggregation index (AI), and interspersion and juxtaposition index (IJI). The results showed that the slope spectrum curve of the soil-covered area was nearly normal distribution. The quantitative analysis found that the maximum entropy of slope spectrum was 1.57-1.99 nat in the soil-covered areas with a low level of landscape aggregation, indicating the large slope changed in soil-covered areas. There were obvious transitional characteristics in the sand-covered areas. The information entropy of the slope spectrum varied greatly from 0.76 to 1.71 nat, indicating that the slope of the sand-covered area was increasingly concentrated from east to west. The slope was concentrated particularly in some watersheds of sand-covered areas, where the slope spectrum was in "L" shape. There was a high frequency within 3°-6° in the slope spectrum for exposed areas. The minimum patch density was 18-35/100 hm<sup>2</sup> in the exposed area of intensive erosion. The slope landscape index referred to the concentration of patches with different graded slopes. The curve of slope spectrum with larger information was gentle in the west of severe erosion areas. There was also a low-level aggregation of different slope graded patches in the slope landscape spectrum. The indexes indicated a great change of large slope, where the surface was relatively broken. Additionally, the slope spectrum also effectively described the spatial coupling of slope spectrum and geomorphic features, as well as the surface slope changes of different types. Consequently, different measures needed to be taken for special slopes, because the soil-, sand-covered and exposed areas varied greatly in the Pisha Sandstone Area with serious soil erosion. The finding can provide a sound reference to explore soil erosion in different types of Pisha Sandstone Area. Significantly, it still remains open in the influence of the digital elevation model (DEM) with different resolutions and slope classifications on slope spectrum in the Pisha Sandstone Areas.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Spectrum analysis
Controlled terms:Digital instruments - Erosion - Geomorphology - Maximum entropy methods - Normal distribution - Sand - Sandstone - Soils - Surveying - Topography
Uncontrolled terms:Advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer - Aggregation index - Different resolutions - Digital elevation model - Information entropy - Spatial couplings - Spatial differentiation - Surface coverages
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 481.1.1 Geomorphology - 482.2 Minerals - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 922.1 Probability Theory - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Size 3.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20212610571208
Title:Development of double photoelectric solar tracking controller for photovoltaic-thermal integration device
Title of translation:光伏光热一体机的双光电跟踪太阳控制器研制
Authors:Huang, Zhongming (1); Xu, Zhilong (1); Li, Huang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen; 361021, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:236-241
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">A concentrating Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) integration device is normally confined to the mutual restriction of sun tracking accuracy and tracking range. In this study, a novel high-efficient solar tracking controller with dual-sensor joint control was designed to optimize the electrical and thermal performance of the PV/T system. The rough surface plane of glass was introduced to the PV/T integration device, where the sunlight was reflected to the concentrating cell components for multiple times concentrating, thereby increasing the power generation of solar cell per unit area. Part of concentrated light and heat was still collected, although the flowing water was cooling through the cells in the PV/T panel. A plurality of light-gathering units were fixed on the long axis of azimuth drive, while connected through the height angle linkage frame, for the tracking of sun azimuth via the azimuth push rod. A height angle push rod was used to push the parallelogram connecting rod for the height angle of the sun. The specific procedure was: 1) A power conditioning circuit was used to amplify small piece signals of the solar cell, and then to convert into a standard signal for a photoelectric sensor. Two sensors were used on the east and west frame to capture the azimuth angle of the sun whereas another two sensors were on the north and south for the altitude angle of the sun. Four photoelectric sensors were installed at the top of the light-concentrating frame on the side of a rectangular parallelepiped to form a rough tracking photoelectric sensor, where the condensed light spot was collected from the reflection of the plane mirror. Another four sensors were installed at the four corners of light-concentrating cell assembly for a fine tracking photoelectric sensor. 2) A single chip of Atmega 32 was selected as the core control circuit. The rough tracking photoelectric sensor was used to capture the position of the sun in a large range whereas the fine tracking photoelectric sensor was utilized to precisely locate the condensing spot on the entire photovoltaic panel. 3) A coordinated and stable performance of dual photoelectric sensors was achieved after the optimization of the tracking control strategy. Specifically, two parameters were optimized, including the tracking accuracy of the spotlight, and the driving frequency of the push rod. The angle sensors were installed on the azimuth and altitude drive shafts, where the azimuth and altitude tracking of the sun were collected per minute. A comparison was made on the theoretical and astronomical data. Furthermore, a dual photoelectric tracking sun controller for PV/T integration device was also tested in Xiamen City of South China (118.09°E, 24.56°N) on July 11, 2018. An optimal combination was obtained, where the sunlight was captured from 0°-180° with a tracking error of less than 0.5°. The movement of the angle push rod was slow-fast-slow, and the running time interval of the height angle push rod was always maintained at 4-5 min/time. The PV/T integration device generated 3.94 kW•h on the same day, and the working temperature of concentrating cell module was between 53-60℃. Light and heat of 18.25 MJ (5.07 kW•h) were collected, 1.29 times of photovoltaic effect.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Solar cells
Controlled terms:Controllers - Digital storage - Integration - Photovoltaic cells - Photovoltaic effects - Solar power generation - Solar power plants
Uncontrolled terms:Concentrating photovoltaic - Driving frequencies - Optimal combination - Photoelectric sensors - Photovoltaic thermals - Rectangular parallelepipeds - Thermal Performance - Working temperatures
Classification code:615.2 Solar Power - 702.3 Solar Cells - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 732.1 Control Equipment - 921.2 Calculus
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20212610571234
Title:Experimental study on large particle solid-liquid two-phase flow in a centrifugal pump
Title of translation:泵内大颗粒固液两相流流动试验
Authors:Tan, Minggao (1); Zhang, Keke (1); Wu, Xianfang (2); Liu, Houlin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:62-67
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">As important equipment for solid material transportation, solid-liquid two-phase flow pump has been widely used in many fields and the medium was complex and diverse. Therefore, the internal flow characteristics, particle motion and collision of the solid-liquid two-phase flow in the pump have always been the focus of research. At present, the pump with small-scale solid phase has been studied well, but research on the mechanism of coarse particle solid-liquid two-phase flow in the pump is still insufficient. A single-stage single-suction cantilever centrifugal pump was selected as the research object and the high-speed photographic test method was used in the paper to study the movement rules on large diameter spherical particles in the solid-liquid two-phase flow pump, the ability to pass the pump and the collision law between the particles and the tongue. Through the processing of the test results by Motion Studio and MATLAB software, the movement laws of particles with different diameters and volume fractions in the solid-liquid two-phase pump was obtained. The experiment results indicated that the relative motion trajectories of spherical particles with different diameters all have a tendency to move toward the back of the blade at the impeller inlet. During the movement, it gradually deviates from the back of the blade and approaches the pressure side of the next blade. When the particle diameter is 6 mm, the relative motion trajectory is the longest, and when the particle diameter is 8 mm, the relative motion trajectory is the shortest. The passing pump time of spherical particles with different diameters mainly concentrated between 0.25-0.55 s. The average passing pump time of particles with diameters of 8 mm and 10 mm decreases by 15.15% and 11.03% respectively compared with that of particles with diameters of 6 mm. The relative motion trajectories of the three volume fractions of particles in the impeller basically coincide with each other, and they also tend to close to the back of the blade at the inlet of the impeller. With the passage of time, the particles gradually approach from the back of the blade to the pressure side of the next blade. But at the impeller outlet area, the particle outlet position is closest to the blade pressure surface when the volume concentration is 3%, the position where the particle flows out the impeller is farthest from the blade pressure surface when the volume concentration is 1%. The passing pump time of spherical particles with different volume fractions is mainly concentrated between 0.35-0.55 s. The average passing pump time of particles with the volume fraction is 3% and 5% increased by 4.38% and 3.21% respectively compared with that when the volume fraction of particles is 1%. When the volume fraction of particles is 1%, 3% and 5%, the collision probability between particles and tongue is 0.5%, 0.69% and 0.9% respectively. When the particle diameter was 6 mm, 8 mm and 10 mm, the probability of particle collision in the tongue region is 0.69%, 0.63% and 0.55% respectively. The research results can provide a reference for the structural design and anti-wear research of large particle two-phase flow pump.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Two phase flow
Controlled terms:Centrifugal pumps - Impellers - Liquids - Materials handling - MATLAB - Particle size - Software testing - Spheres - Structural design - Trajectories - Volume fraction
Uncontrolled terms:Collision probability - Focus of researches - Internal flow characteristics - Particle collision - Particle diameters - Solid-liquid two phase flows - Spherical particle - Volume concentration
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, General - 601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 723.5 Computer Applications
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 1.10e+01%, Percentage 1.52e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 3.21e+00%, Percentage 4.38e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 5.00e-01%, Percentage 5.50e-01%, Percentage 6.30e-01%, Percentage 6.90e-01%, Percentage 9.00e-01%, Size 1.00e-02m, Size 6.00e-03m, Size 8.00e-03m, Time 2.50e-01s to 5.50e-01s, Time 3.50e-01s to 5.50e-01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20212610571173
Title:Estimating the symbiosis risk probability of water-energy-food using Copula function
Title of translation:基于Copula函数的水-能源-粮食共生安全风险概率
Authors:Li, Hongfang (1); Wang, Huixiao (1); Zhao, Ruxin (1); Yang, Yaxue (1); Guo, Jiahao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing; 100875, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Huixiao(huixiaowang@bnu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:332-340
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Water, energy, and food are essential natural resources for human survival and development. A concept of water-energy-food nexus (WEF nexus, WEFN) can be used to describe the interaction of constraints or promotion between WEF, as well as the complex internal mechanism in the context of global resource shortage. Previously, water, energy, and food securities have been evaluated separately. Much attention has been gained on the rational use and distribution of WEF nexus, shifting from single to multiple resources in recent years. Therefore, the WEF nexus is widely expected to assess resource management and sustainable development in an integrated manner. It is necessary to simulate the integrated WEF system and accurately evaluate the WEF safety from the perspective of nexus, to ensure the stability and coordination of regional resources, as well as social and economic development. In this study, the synergistic safety of the WEF system was evaluated using the indexes of stability, coordination, and sustainability in Liaoning Province of Northeast China during 2000-2018. A Copula function was applied to calculate the joint risk probability and further analyze the risks of different combinations using symbiosis theory. The results show that there was a relatively low risk probability of the WEF system, while the synergistic safety was gradually improved. Specifically, the joint risk probability of the WEF system was 0.16, and the extremely unsafe probability was 0.06, while the synergistic safety indexes ranged between 0.33 and 0.65 shifting from an unsafe to a safer state. The weightings of stability, coordination, and sustainability indexes of the WEF systems were 0.32, 0.36, and 0.32, respectively, indicating that equal attention needed to be paid to improving the comprehensive security of WEF relationships. A strong correlation was found in the relationship of stability index between the utilization rate of groundwater resources, food production per capita, the rates of development and utilization of water resources, the utilization rate of surface water resources, the rates of renewable energy, as well as the rate of utilization of cultivated land and water consumption per 10, 000 RMB of GDP. A strong correlation was also found in the relationship of coordinated changes between the proportion of energy consumption in the primary industry, the proportion of irrigation water consumption of farmland, and the amount of water use per unit food production. The great correlation to sustainable change was included with the Engel coefficient of urban residents, the Engel coefficient of rural residents, and GDP per capita. In addition, the joint risk probability of S-C, S-E, and C-E were 0.26, 0.17, and 0.18, respectively. The risk of coordination index in the WEF system reached 60%-70%, indicating that the coordination needed to be strengthened. Especially, the implementation was required to make on the agricultural water use efficiency and the transformation of energy consumption patterns, as the stability or sustainability index increased in the WEF system. In future work, a hierarchical early warning can be established to cover the WEF nexus and mutual feeding paths under the ever-evolving environment. Comprehensive response plans can be developed for various types of risks, particularly, the positive impact and reverse feedback of external environmental changes on the synergistic security of WEF nexus, such as climate change and economic situation.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Groundwater resources
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Climate change - Energy utilization - Feedback - Groundwater - Irrigation - Risk perception - Safety engineering - Surface water resources - Surface waters - Sustainable development - System stability - Water conservation - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural water use - Development and utilizations - Environmental change - Proportion of energy - Resource management - Social and economic development - Strong correlation - Sustainability index
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 731.1 Control Systems - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 914 Safety Engineering - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 961 Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 6.00e+01% to 7.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20212610571196
Title:Estimation of soil salt content in drip irrigation cotton field using GPR multi-frequency antenna amplitude envelope average method
Title of translation:利用GPR多频天线振幅包络平均值法估算滴灌棉田土壤盐分含量
Authors:Zhang, Jinzhu (1, 2); Zou, Jie (1, 2); Wang, Zhenhua (1, 2); Zong, Rui (1, 2); Tan, Mingdong (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Modern Water-saving Irrigation of Xinjiang Corps of Production and Construction, Shihezi; 832000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:99-107
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The prevention and control of saline soil is of great significance to the sustainable development of agriculture in Xinjiang, and comprehensive knowledge of the Salt content of saline soil is a prerequisite for the prevention and control of salinization, so it is necessary to find an accurate and rapid method to estimate salt content information of saline soil. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is widely used in geophysical and environmental assessment as a non-destructive detection technology. In recent years, this technology focuses on the detection of water content. However, the detection of soil salt is relatively weak due to the large dielectric loss in saline-alkali soil, the easily-absorbed electromagnetic wave energy the complex way to process radar signal, and even the different frequency combinations are needed to test, all of which above bring great troubles to the detection of salt. However, the rapid development of dielectric models in salinized soil makes it possible to use this technique to retrieve salt content. In order to better understand the soil salt content in drip irrigation cotton field, a typical drip irrigation cotton field was selected as the research object to be detected with a Canada's Ekko PRO series GPR multi-frequency antenna (250 MHz and 1 000 MHz). Then, the soil dielectric constant was obtained through radar amplitude envelope Average method (AEA). Soil salt content was estimated by adopting the Dobson saline soil dielectric model (Dobson dielectric model of saline soil, Dobson) as the theoretical tools. Meanwhile, the dielectric constant, soil bulk density, water content, and soil clay content were applied as the input variables of the model; Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method was used to establish soil salinity inversion model; BP neural network (BP) was employed for simulation and prediction. Finally, the accuracy of salt content inversion by MLR model, BP model and Dobson model was evaluated based on the measured salt content. The results showed that: (l) The effective depth of GPR 250 MHz and 1 000 MHz frequency antenna AEA method was 0-30 cm. (2) The dielectric constant obtained by 1 000 MHz frequency antenna AEA had a good polynomial relationship with the measured water content, and the fitting effect and accuracy of the measured water content and the inverse water content were good (R<sup>2</sup>, RMSE, MER were 0.96, 1.61%, and 7.25%, respectively). (3) Among the three salt inversion models, the inversion accuracy of Dobson salinized soil dielectric model was significantly higher than that of the other two methods, with R<sup>2</sup> and RMSE of 0.91 and 0.313 g/kg respectively. Therefore, it is suitable and reliable to use GPR multi-frequency antenna AEA method to estimate soil salt content in cotton fields under drip irrigation. This method provides a new way to retrieve soil salt content and enriches the methods and means of detecting soil salt content.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Backpropagation - Cotton - Dielectric losses - Electromagnetic waves - Environmental technology - Frequency estimation - Geological surveys - Geophysical prospecting - Ground penetrating radar systems - Inverse problems - Irrigation - Linear regression - Object detection - Radar antennas - Sustainable development - Wave energy conversion
Uncontrolled terms:Dielectric modeling - Environmental assessment - Ground penetrating radar (GPR) - Multi-frequency antenna - Multiple linear regression method - Nondestructive detection - Prevention and controls - Soil dielectric constant
Classification code:454 Environmental Engineering - 481.1 Geology - 481.4 Geophysical Prospecting - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 615.6 Wave Energy - 708.1 Dielectric Materials - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 1.00e+09Hz, Frequency 2.50e+08Hz, Percentage 1.61e+00%, Percentage 7.25e+00%, Size 0.00e+00m to 3.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20212610571217
Title:Optimal sampling strategy for authenticity test in heterogeneous vegetated areas
Title of translation:植被异质性样区真实性检验的优化采样策略
Authors:Li, Ruoxi (1, 2, 3); Zhou, Xiang (1); Lyu, Tingting (1); Tao, Zui (1); Wang, Jin (1); Xie, Futai (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100101, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China; (3) School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Xiang(zhouxiang@radi.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:177-186
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">With the rapid development of remote sensing technology, large-scale and high timeliness satellite products provide digital, quantitative, and mechanistic support for agricultural production. To evaluate the accuracy and uncertainty of vegetation products retrieved by remote sensing better, the sampling design is very important in the process of ground measurement experiment for validation in heterogeneous vegetated areas. In this study, the remote sensing image was regarded as the prior knowledge, the initial sampling points were selected by the K-means algorithm, and the optimal sampling scheme was planned by Spatial Simulated Annealing (SSA) algorithm. Then, the research scheme was verified by the field data of the same period. Based on the prior knowledge and geostatistics theory, it provided a strong theory for the sampling scheme. The essence of spatial simulated annealing algorithm is to search randomly, transfer state, accept (or discard) new solutions before the cooling cut-off, to find the optimal combination. By constantly jittering the new sampling combination, it jumped out of the local optimal solution, avoided the randomness of sampling, and could find more satisfaction. It meant that the initial positions of sampling points determined by stratified sampling were constantly combined and changed. Finally, the optimal combination that minimizes Kriging variance was obtained. Compared with other sampling schemes, it could be concluded that the SSA had stable advantages on different sampling numbers, the sampling accuracy was less affected by the number of samples, and the sampling combination with lower prediction error could also be found when the sample numbers were small. Under the condition of ensuring the sampling accuracy, the sampling quantity was obviously less than the traditional sampling scheme, which effectively reduced the sampling cost. The representativeness and accuracy of sampling points were evaluated by the relationship between sampling points and population, the scale of the trend surface and the real surface sample site. From the aspect of geostatistics, the sampling points obtained by SSA had better simulation ability to the sample population; From the aspect of Kriging interpolation, the Kriging variance of the sampling points optimized by SSA was 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than that of the traditional sampling points. The root mean square error between the interpolation surface and the image surface of the two sample areas based on the SSA algorithm was 3.102 6 and 2.962 7, respectively, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.45 and 0.73, respectively. Compared with the other three sampling methods, the result of SSA was the smallest root mean square error and the highest Pearson correlation coefficient. Compared with random sampling, systematic sampling, and threshold segmentation sampling, the correlation between interpolation surface and image surface based on SSA improved by 29%, 30%, and 6%, respectively; the Pearson correlation coefficients of the interpolation points based on SSA and the measured points were 0.601 and 0.757, respectively, which were higher than those of the other three sampling methods. Compared with random sampling, systematic sampling, and threshold segmentation sampling, the correlation coefficients of interpolation points and measured points based on SSA increased by 0.23, 0.14, and 0.07 on average. It was proved that SSA could provide a reliable and optimized sampling strategy for the ground experiment of validation.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Importance sampling
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Correlation methods - Errors - Image enhancement - Image segmentation - Interpolation - K-means clustering - Mean square error - Product design - Remote sensing - Simulated annealing - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Correlation coefficient - Interpolation surfaces - Local optimal solution - Pearson correlation coefficients - Remote sensing technology - Root mean square errors - Simulated annealing algorithms
Classification code:537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922 Statistical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.90e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20212610571172
Title:Drying characteristics and quality optimization of green prickly ashes during vacuum pulsed drying
Title of translation:青花椒真空脉动干燥特性及干燥品质工艺优化
Authors:Dai, Jianwu (1); Fu, Qiqi (1); Huang, Huan (1); Li, Ming (1); Li, Lianjie (1); Xu, Lijia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an; 625014, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:279-287
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Green prickly ash is one of the main flavoring spices in Chinese food, with a strong numb taste and medicinal effects, such as antipruritic, vasodilation, and lowering blood pressure. The initial moisture content of green prickly ash is up to 66%-70% (w.b.), easy to cause browning reaction and mildew during storage and transportation. Drying has also been a necessary step before deep processing of green prickly ash, in order to ensure the quality of products while prolonging the shelf life. A pulsed vacuum drying can keep the material in a circulating state of alternating vacuum and atmospheric pressure, where the microscopic pores inside the material are continuously squeezed or expanded to form micro-channels, which significantly improves the moisture migration rate for high drying efficiency. The vacuum environment is also beneficial to reducing the browning reaction and the loss of flavor components during drying. In this study, an investigation was made to clarify the effects of drying temperature (55, 60, 65 and 70℃), holding time of vacuum (5, 10, 15, and 20 min), and holding time of atmospheric pressure (1, 3, 5, 7 min) on the drying characteristics and quality attributes of green prickly ash under a pulsed vacuum drying. The hot air drying was treated as the controlled group. A Weibull model was used to simulate the drying curves of green prickly ash. A single factor experiment was performed on the Box-Behnken platform. A response surface optimization was conducted, where five indicators were included of the average drying rate, color, aperture opening ratio, volatile oil and amide content of green pepper. The results showed that the Weibull model accurately simulated the vacuum pulsating drying. The pulsed vacuum drying of green prickly ash behaved a brief rise in the early stage, and then a slow-down drying stage. Both drying temperature and holding time of atmospheric pressure posed a significant effect on the drying rate of green prickly ash (P< 0.05). Specifically, the drying rate was higher, as the holding time was shorter at atmospheric pressure. The drying rate, color and aperture opening ratio were improved, while the browning reaction and the loss of volatile oil content were reduced, as the drying temperature increased. Meanwhile, the amide content decreased with the rise of drying temperature. Once the temperature exceeded 70°C, a significant downward trend occurred in the quality indicators of green prickly ash. The influencing factors in green pepper drying were ranked as follows: drying temperature, vacuum holding time, atmospheric pressure holding time. The optimized processing parameters of pulsed vacuum drying were fixed at the drying temperature of 61.4℃, the vacuum holding time of 5 min, and the atmospheric pressure holding time of 5 min. The comprehensive score was up to the maximum of 8.06 in the response surface model under this condition. Three verification tests were carried out to take the average value. The relative deviation between the test and predicted value was only 2.6% in the response surface model, indicating that the optimization data was reliable. A verification test was determined as the average drying rate of 0.81 g/(g•min), ΔE value of 6.31, aperture opening ratio of 92.3%, volatile oil content of 0.72 mL/10 g, and amide content of 27.65 mg/g. The optimal processing parameters of green prickly ash can provide a sound reference for the practical application of similar materials under pulsed vacuum drying.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Amides - Atmospheric pressure - Atmospheric temperature - Blood pressure - Digital storage - Glycosylation - Moisture - Oils and fats - Surface properties - Vacuum applications - Volatile organic compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Average drying rates - Drying characteristics - Initial Moisture Content - Processing parameters - Response surface modeling - Response surface optimization - Single-factor experiments - Storage and transportations
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 461.9 Biology - 633.1 Vacuum Applications - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.60e+00%, Percentage 9.23e+01%, Temperature 3.43e+02K, Time 1.20e+03s, Time 3.00e+02s, Time 4.20e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20212610571240
Title:Research progress of seeding detection technology for medium and small- size seeds
Title of translation:中小粒径种子播种检测技术研究进展
Authors:Ding, Youchun (1, 2); Wang, Kaiyang (1, 2); Liu, Xiaodong (1, 2); Liu, Weipeng (1, 2); Chen, Liyuan (1, 2); Liu, Wenbo (1, 2); Du, Chaoqun (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:30-41
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Small to medium-sized seeds are characterized by non-food crops with an average diameter of less than 7 mm, mainly including rape, wheat, alfalfa, panax ginseng, and cereals. Since crop cultivation is gradually changing from the original grain to the diversified economic type under the adjustment of agricultural industry in China, the small to medium-sized seed crop is generally expected to serve as a sunrise industry with more promising markets. However, it is difficult to monitor the sowing status because the seeder seeds thought tube is enclosed status, when small and medium-sized seeds are sown in the field. In addition, in the detection of small to medium-sized seed crops, the seeds sow frequency is higher compared with large seed crops (rape row frequency is about 20-40 Hz, wheat row frequency is about 100-300 Hz), and it is difficult to accurately distinguish single seeds because of the high row frequency and poor seed sequencing, and there are also difficulties in detecting small to medium-sized seeds because of the small seed size and the weak seed signal generated when the seeds cross the sensing area. The above reasons make it difficult to accurately detect small and medium sized seeds. Correspondingly, the quality of seeding depends seriously on the seed rower, where missing seeds can inevitably result in sparse seedlings and broken strips in the complex field environment. Once a missed sowing cannot be found in time, a large area to be missed can inevitably occur, especially for the wide high-speed seeder with a high operation speed and sowing width. Manual replenishment of seedlings at a later stage is also time-consuming and labor-intensive. Therefore, it is necessary to real-time monitor the sowing process of small and medium-sized seeds for the high quality of crop sowing. Alternatively, the state-of-art technology of seeding detection is widely expected to realize variable seeding in intelligent agriculture. In this study, a systematic review was performed on the progress of detection technology and corresponding equipment for small and medium-sized seeds in the international market. Five sensing methods were selected to clarify the benefits and limitations, including mechanical electromechanical alarm, machine vision, photoelectric, capacitive, and piezoelectric sensing detection. Meanwhile, seven evaluation indicators were selected to determine the sowing detection, including sower failure monitoring, sowing volume, sowing frequency, rowing spacing, planting spacing, missing sowing, reseeding. The specific indexes of sowing detection were proposed for different sowing modes in combination with precision agricultural requirements. Furthermore, a full overview was made on the leakage compensation and information transmission of sowing detection to avoid the sowing leakage. In addition, a systematic summary was given on the sowing detection related technologies, and the possible development requirements for small and medium-sized seed sowing detection in the context of precision agriculture. Future detecting trend was foreseen when sowing small and medium-sized seeds. Consequently, three aspects were elaborated, including the current detection, detection indexes, and sowing detection for small and medium-sized seeds. Technical difficulties were given using detection devices for small and medium-sized seed flow during this stage. The finding can provide a key technical support to sowing detection of small and medium-sized seeds.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:92
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Crops - Cultivation - Forestry - International trade
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural industries - Detection technology - Evaluation indicators - Information transmission - International markets - Leakage compensation - State-of-art technology - Technical difficulties
Classification code:821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 1.00e+02Hz to 3.00e+02Hz, Frequency 2.00e+01Hz to 4.00e+01Hz, Size 7.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20212610571176
Title:Optimization of the culture conditions and lipid production characteristics of Mucor circinelloides recombinant strain Mc-MT-2
Title of translation:卷枝毛霉重组菌株Mc-MT-2培养条件优化及产油特性
Authors:Wang, Lu (1); Zhang, Yao (1); Yang, Junhuan (1); Wang, Yanxia (1); Song, Yuanda (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo; 255000, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Yao(zhangyao@sdut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:251-258
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Mucor circinelloides recombinant strain Mc-MT-2 is generally responsible for the trans-membrane transport of malate and citric acid in lipid synthesis. A preliminary research has been carried out to successfully construct the M. circinelloides recombinant strain Mc-MT-2 overexpressing the malate transporter gene. It was found that the strain can be expected to behave potential applications in lipid production, indicating that the lipid content of the strain was 70% higher than that of the control strain. In addition, the lipid accumulation level of microorganisms depends mainly on the strain characteristics, growth environment, and fermentation. In this study, a regulation strategy of the Mc-MT-2 strain was presented to produce the lipid, ranging from the selection of medium composition to microbial growth control and fermentation mode. An investigation was made to clarify the effects of nitrogen/carbon sources and pH values on the growth and sporulation of recombinant strain Mc-MT-2. An optimal condition was achieved for the growth and sporulation culture of the Mc-MT-2 strain, where the compound carbon source of glucose and malate with the compound ratio of 9: 1, tryptone as the nitrogen source, other components as same as Kendirck medium, and pH 5. The yield of spores significantly increased under optimized conditions, about 4 times the initial one. A systematic optimization was also performed on the plate culture conditions, such as nitrogen/carbon source, and pH value. A batch cultivation was further carried out in a 1.5 L fermenter to determine the optimal fermentation of recombinant strain Mc-MT-2 in lipid production. The fermentation conditions were set as follows: a temperature of 30°C, pH value of 5.0, aeration of 0.5 L/(L•min), a rotation speed of 500 rpm, and a fermentation time of 96 h. The biomass, lipid content, and yield after batch cultivation reached 11.2 g/L, 24%, and 2.6 g/L, respectively. A fed-batch fermentation culture of the Mc-MT-2 strain was carried out in a 3 L fermenter to further increase the lipid production. The fermentation conditions were set as follows: a temperature of 30°C, pH of 5.0, aeration of 0.5 L/(L•min), a rotation speed of 500 rpm, and a fermentation time of 120 h. The feed solution was added every 24 hours, and the glucose concentration was maintained at about 10-15 g/L, after the glucose was exhausted (the dissolved oxygen rose sharply). The maximum biomass, lipid content, and yield of the Mc-MT-2 strain in the fed-batch culture were 15.4 g/L, 28.6%, and 4.4 g/L, which were improved by 1.38-, 1.19-, and 1.69-fold, respectively, compared with the batch culture. There was an obvious difference in the composition of fatty acid for the Mc-MT-2 strain during fermentation, with a high content of oleic acid (C18: 1), while low contents of linoleic acid and linolenic acid (C18: 2, C18: 3), as well as no or less tetradecanoic acid (C14: 0), and palmitic acid (C16: 1). This finding can offer a potential theoretical foundation for the M. circinelloides recombinant strain Mc-MT-2 to be further applied in the lipid production suitable for industrial requirements.<br/></div> © 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Fermentation
Controlled terms:Batch cell culture - Dissolved oxygen - Ecology - Fermenters - Glucose - Linoleic acid - Monounsaturated fatty acids - Nitrogen - Palmitic acid - pH - Saturated fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Compound carbon sources - Fed-batch fermentation - Fermentation conditions - Glucose concentration - Industrial requirements - Strain characteristics - Systematic optimization - Theoretical foundations
Classification code:454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.00e+01kg/m3 to 1.50e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.12e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.54e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 2.60e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 4.40e+00kg/m3, Percentage 2.40e+01%, Percentage 2.86e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Rotational_Speed 5.00e+02RPM, Temperature 3.03e+02K, Time 3.46e+05s, Time 4.32e+05s, Time 8.64e+04s, Volume 1.50e-03m3, Volume 3.00e-03m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.08.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
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- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
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