<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20212010364226
Title:Deformation modelling of cotton leaf under assisted airflow using bidirectional fluid-structure coupling method
Title of translation:&#37319;&#29992;&#21452;&#21521;&#27969;&#22266;&#32806;&#21512;&#26041;&#27861;&#26500;&#24314;&#36741;&#21161;&#27668;&#27969;&#20316;&#29992;&#19979;&#26825;&#33457;&#21494;&#29255;&#21464;&#24418;&#27169;&#22411;
Authors:Liu, Xinghua (1, 2); Yuan, Jin (1, 3); Li, Yang (1, 3); Suo, Jinzheng (1); Liu, Xuemei (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an; 271018, China; (2) Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment Intelligence, Tai'an; 271018, China; (3) Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Machinery and Equipment, Tai'an; 271018, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Xuemei(lxmywj@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:68-76
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Assisted airflow can cause the deformation of canopy leaf for the wide transport channel of droplets in the air-assisted spray. The uniformity of droplet deposition can be enhanced in the crop canopy. In this study, a mathematical model of cotton leaf deformation was established under the action of assisted airflow using fluid-structure coupling and parameter identification. Firstly, the petiole and leaf surface samples of cotton were collected to obtain the size parameters. A three-point bending was selected to calculate the elastic modulus of petiole and leaf surface. The moisture content of the petiole and leaf surface was measured during drying at 105 &#8451;. The results showed that the median elastic modulus of leaf surface was 46.5 MPa, where 95% confidence interval was [28.5, 64.5] MPa, whereas the median elastic modulus of petiole was 244.6 MPa, where 95% confidence interval was [215.5, 273.69] MPa, while the average moisture content of petiole was 87.2%, where 95% confidence interval was [82.5%, 91.9%], and the average moisture content of leaf surface was 80.7%, where 95% confidence interval was [72.3%, 89.1%]. Then, a bidirectional fluid-structure coupling model was established to characterize the deformation process of cotton leaf. The deflection data were obtained in four monitoring points, including the middle and end of the petiole, as well as the center and tip of leaf surface. A high-speed camera was used to carry out the deformation test of cotton leaf with assisted airflow. The deflection test data of monitoring points were captured to verify the coupling model with the maximum simulation error of 9.85%. Furthermore, an orthogonal test was performed on experimental factors, including the assisted airflow speed, leaf inclination angle, elastic moduli of petiole and leaf. A significant order of experimental factors was obtained: wind speed, elastic modulus, leaf inclination angle. Finally, a mathematical model of cotton leaf deformation was constructed using the nonlinear least square. A trust-region iterative was used to obtain the identification parameters. A systematic evaluation was made on the performance of the mathematical model for cotton leaf deformation. The Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of petiole deflection was 5.13%, and the MAPE of main vein deflection was 10.43%. It was found that the bending deformation of cotton leaf mainly occurred at the junction of petiole and leaf surface in the assisted airflow, where the leaf surface basically kept flat with the relatively small curvature. A quantitative analysis was made to obtain the initial parameters of blade inclination and dynamic variation in the frontal area of cotton leaf at different airflow speeds. The frontal area of cotton leaf decreased monotonously with the increase of airflow speed, when the inclination angles of cotton leaf were 0&deg; and 10&deg;. At the inclination angles of 20&deg; and 30&deg;, the frontal area of cotton leaf increased first and then decreased as the airflow speed increased. It infers that the canopy density can increase under the inappropriate assisted airflow. This finding can provide a sound reference to understanding the dynamic changes of cotton canopy density, further optimizing spraying parameters in the air-assisted spray.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Air
Controlled terms:Bending dies - Cotton - Deflection (structures) - Deformation - Drop breakup - Elastic moduli - Fluid structure interaction - High speed cameras - Iterative methods - Moisture  - Moisture determination - Parameter estimation - Speed - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Deformation process - Experimental factors - Fluid structure couplings - Identification parameters - Mean absolute percentage error - Non-linear least squares - Systematic evaluation - Three point bending
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 603.1  Machine Tools, General - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 742.2  Photographic Equipment - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 944.2  Moisture Measurements - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.04e+01%, Percentage 5.13e+00%, Percentage 8.07e+01%, Percentage 8.72e+01%, Percentage 9.50e+01%, Percentage 9.85e+00%, Pressure 2.45e+08Pa, Pressure 4.65e+07Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20212010364110
Title:Effects of relative humidity on heat and mass transfer characteristics of carrot during hot air drying
Title of translation:&#30456;&#23545;&#28287;&#24230;&#23545;&#32993;&#33821;&#21340;&#28909;&#39118;&#24178;&#29157;&#36807;&#31243;&#20013;&#28909;&#36136;&#20256;&#36882;&#29305;&#24615;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Ju, Haoyu (1); Zhao, Haiyan (2); Zhang, Weipeng (3); Gao, Zhenjiang (4); Xiao, Hongwei (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Bioscience and Engineering, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang; 050061, China; (2) College of Business Administration, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang; 050061, China; (3) College of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing; 100048, China; (4) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Xiao, Hongwei(xhwcaugxy@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:295-302
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Humidity, as an important drying medium parameter, has significant influence on heat and mass transfer during drying process. It has the most significant influence on the heat and mass transfer during the drying process. Relative Humidity (RH) is often used to describe the humidity content of the drying medium under constant drying temperature and atmospheric pressure. The available research reported that the pressure difference of moisture vapor can be enlarged as RH decreased so that the drying force was enhanced for better drying efficiency. Additionally, step-down RH can accelerate the drying rate to prevent surface casehardening in the porous agriculture products whose surfaces were easily crusted during drying. Step-down RH drying means that a high RH is selected to pretreat the material until the temperature increases to a high level, and afterwards a decreased RH with a low value is obtained to increase surface moisture evaporation. Now, step-down RH has been successfully applied into the drying processing of yam slices, and American ginseng root. This study aims to reveal the mechanism for improved drying efficiency with step-down RH drying. Carrot slabs were selected to explore the convective heat transfer (h<inf>t</inf>), convective mass transfer (h<inf>m</inf>), and surface micro-pore structure under the drying condition of constant RH and step-down RH with constant drying temperature 60 &#8451; and constant air velocity 3.0 m/s. The results showed that the increase of RH significantly enhanced h<inf>t</inf>, so that the material temperature increased quickly to a high value. With 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% RH, h<inf>t</inf> was 42.9, 64.7, 135.1, and 178.9 W/(m&bull;&#8451;), respectively. The h<inf>t</inf> value of 50% RH was 3.17 times that of 20% RH. During 0-15 min with 50% RH, the drying rate was small and little moisture was evaporated. The carrot obtained the least amount of heat of 1 159.3 J, of which 33.0% was used for water evaporation. During 0-15 min with 20% RH, the drying rate was high and more moisture was evaporated. The carrot obtained the most amount of heat of 1 387.9 J, of which 64.5% was used for water evaporation. Both absorbed energy and percentage of moisture evaporating decreased as RH increased. The percentage of energy consumption at material temperature increased as RH increased. When the RH was 20%, h<inf>m</inf> was 1.01&times;10^-6-2.54&times;10^-6 m/s, whereas, when the RH was 50%, h<inf>m</inf> was 0.26&times;10^-6-1.12&times;10^-6 m/s, indicating that the decreasing RH significantly increased the h<inf>m</inf> coefficient. When 50% RH was kept 30 min and then decreased to 20%, the h<inf>m</inf> value was the maximum, compared with the other three holding time with high RH. With 50% RH drying condition, it was beneficial for keeping the material surface porous structure. However, when the RH was 20%, the moisture diffusion duct was easily shrunken and blocked, due to a high drying rate. Therefore, the mechanism of improved drying efficiency with step-down RH drying can be expressed as follows. Firstly, the h<inf>t</inf> value was improved with the high RH in an increasing stage of drying rate. Secondly, the surface of the porous structure was also well kept with the high RH in the increasing stage of drying rate. Thirdly, the h<inf>m</inf> increased with the low RH in constant and falling drying rate. Such investigation can be expected to serve as a theoretical foundation to calculate the h<inf>t</inf> and h<inf>m</inf> during the drying process. Meanwhile, the specific mechanism of improved drying efficiency can provide technical support for the wide use of step-down RH drying into agriculture products.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Air - Atmospheric humidity - Atmospheric pressure - Atmospheric temperature - Dryers (equipment) - Energy utilization - Evaporation - Heat convection  - Mass transfer - Moisture - Plants (botany) - Pore structure - Porosity
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture products - Convective heat transfer - Convective mass transfer - Heat and mass transfer - Material temperature - Micro-pore structures - Moisture evaporating - Theoretical foundations
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 641.3  Mass Transfer - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Energy 1.59e+02J, Energy 3.88e+02J, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 3.30e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 6.45e+01%, Time 0.00e+00s to 9.00e+02s, Time 1.80e+03s, Velocity 3.00e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20212010364210
Title:Effects of harvesting maturity on the quality changes during storage of late maturing W.Murcott
Title of translation:&#37319;&#25910;&#25104;&#29087;&#24230;&#23545;&#26202;&#29087;W.&#40664;&#31185;&#29305;&#26577;&#27224;&#36142;&#34255;&#26399;&#21697;&#36136;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Jing, Jiayi (1); Liu, Xiaojia (1); Deng, Lili (1, 2); Yao, Shixiang (1, 2); Zeng, Kaifang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China; (2) Food Storage & Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China
Corresponding author:Zeng, Kaifang(zengkaifang@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:303-309
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">W. Murcott (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a variety of late-maturing mandarin in Chongqing of China that has been imported from the United States. There are more medium ripe citrus varieties, but fewer early or late ripe ones in the market. Late ripe W. Murcott can be held until March of the next year for better sustainable development of the citrus industry. In this study, the parameters were measured, including the color, sugar and acid components, ascorbic acid content, relative water content, firmness, weight loss rate, and rot rate of the fruits in seven harvesting periods during cold storage (0 - 150 days), thereby determining the effect of ripening on fruit quality and storability. Every 45 fruits were selected as a group, and three groups were taken in parallel for the determination of relevant indexes every 15 days. Graphpad Prism 5.0 software was selected to plot all recorded data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on a SPSS17.0 software, and Duncan's multiple comparison was used to analyze the different significance. The results showed that the citrus fruits turned yellow completely in the VI harvest period at the time of harvest (day 0 of storage), where the ascorbic acid content, soluble solid content, and solid-acid ratio were the highest. The soluble solids content of fruits in the harvest period I was low, and the color changed slowly during the storage time. The fruits in the harvest period of V-VII were rotted during storage. In the harvest period of III and IV, the fruits did not deteriorate, where the weight loss rate was less than 5%, and the ascorbic acid content was higher than that in other harvest periods at the end of storage. There were 8 kinds of soluble sugar and 9 kinds of organic acid in the fruit during the storage. The contents of fructose, sucrose, mannose, pyranose, ribose, and xylose all increased first and then decreased with the extension of the harvest period. The content of citric acid and aconite acid decreased with the delay of the harvesting period. The content of aconite acid in fruit was basically unchanged in the period of I-IV, and then decreased significantly during storage. It reached the lowest in the VI harvest period. The contents of malic acid, oxalic acid, propionic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, &alpha;-ketoglutaric acid, and succinic acid in fruits all increased at first and then decreased with the delay of the harvesting period. In general, the harvest time needed to be adjusted to different commercial demands. The findings herein demonstrated that the fruit of harvest period VI (Feb. 7th) had complete color transformation while the soluble solid (11.60%) and ascorbic acid content (21.15 mg/100 g) were high, and the solid acid ratio (17.45) was optimal, suitable for fresh market. The decay rate of fruits in the harvest period III (Dec. 24th) was 0 after 150 days of storage. The highest content of ascorbic acid (15.27 mg/100 g) and titratable acid (0.37%) was achieved at the end of low-temperature storage, with the high content of soluble solids (9.6%), while the firmness remained better (376 g), suitable for post-storage sales.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Controlled terms:Ascorbic acid - Citrus fruits - Cold storage - Color - Commerce - Decay (organic) - Digital storage - Harvesting - Oxalic acid - Plants (botany)  - Propionic acid - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Citrus reticulata Blanco - Color transformation - Harvesting periods - Low-temperature storage - Multiple comparison - Relative water content - Soluble solid content - Soluble solids content
Classification code:641.1  Thermodynamics - 644.3  Refrigeration Equipment and Components - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 741.1  Light/Optics - 801.2  Biochemistry - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922  Statistical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Mass 3.76e-01kg, Percentage 1.16e+01%, Percentage 3.70e-01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 9.60e+00%, Age 0.00e+00yr to 4.11e-01yr, Age 4.11e-01yr, Age 4.11e-02yr
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20212010364204
Title:Analysis of ventilation and cooling effects of installing axial fans in wet curtain cooling dairy cattle barn
Title of translation:&#21152;&#35013;&#22823;&#39118;&#37327;&#39118;&#26426;&#23545;&#22799;&#23395;&#28287;&#24088;&#38477;&#28201;&#22902;&#29275;&#33293;&#30340;&#38450;&#26257;&#38477;&#28201;&#25928;&#26524;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Chen, Zhaohui (1); Ren, Fangjie (1); Yu, Tong (1); Tang, Man (1); Jiang, Ruixiang (1); Liu, Jijun (1); Li, Shujing (2); Su, Hao (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Shijiazhuang Tianquan Elite Dairy Co. Ltd., Shijiazhuang; 050227, China; (3) Beijing East Rock Farm Technologies Co. Ltd., Beijing; 100102, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Jijun(liujijun@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:198-208
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">High temperature and humidity often occur in summer, since one type of dairy cattle barn, the low profile cross ventilated (LPCV) was introduced into North China. This study aims to evaluate the effect of axial flow fan applied in various sizes of LPCV dairy cattle barns, thereby improving the living environment of cattle. A field pre-test was carried out to verify the experimental simulation of air flow field. Low-pressure axial flow fans with large flow were installed at the leeward side of deflectors in two LPCV dairy cattle barns with different sizes. One axial flow fan was equipped with 6 deflectors, the blade diameter of 1 830 mm, the rated power of 2 237.1 W, and the maximum air volume of 86 000 m³/h. The results showed that the working efficiency of axial flow fans depended mainly on the installation position and the span of the cowshed. In the cowshed with a small span, the nonuniformity coefficient of wind speed was less than 0.20. In the cowshed with a large span, the higher working efficiency was achieved in the fans that were installed near the end of the wet curtain, although the nonuniform coefficient was larger with relatively low uniformity of jet field. In cowshed 1, the wind speed of the fan jet decreased by 25.3%, from plane A (3.0 m away from the pole) to plane C (6.0 m away from the pole). In cowshed 2, the wind speed of the fan jet at row 2 to 3 and row 6 to 7 decreased by 31.5% and 24.8%, respectively. An evaluation was obtained on the environmental conditions and physiological indexes of dairy cows after the installation of axial flow fans. In cowshed 1, the wind speed through the wet curtain was (2.17&plusmn;0.20) m/s, increasing by 45.6%, while the wind speed at the stalls was (1.95&plusmn;0.85) m/s, increasing by 10.8%, where the intake rate of air increased by 418 339.09 m³/h. In the cowshed, the average temperature was (27.7&plusmn;1.9)&#8451;, and the average relative humidity was (75.9 &plusmn; 6.6)%, decreasing by 9.2%CO<inf>2</inf>. The average respiratory rate and skin temperature of cows decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05). In cowshed 2, the wind speed through the wet curtain was (1.96 &plusmn; 0.20) m/s, while the average wind speed at the horizontal fence was (1.62&plusmn;0.91) m/s, and the air intake rate was 1 008 568.80 m³/h, meeting the needs of ventilation and cooling in summer. In the cowshed, the average temperature was (27.7&plusmn;1.8)&#8451;, and the average relative humidity was (74.6&plusmn;5.8)%. There was no significant difference in the average temperature, the average relative humidity, the respiratory rate, and skin temperature of dairy cows in cowshed 1 with axial flow fan (P&gt;0.05). Furthermore, the daily average equivalent temperature index for cattle (ETIC) values for the group no axial flow fan 1 (NAFF1), axial flow fan 1 (AFF1), and axial flow fan 2 (AFF2) were 24.64&plusmn;2.09 &#8451;, 22.71&plusmn;1.55 &#8451; and 22.03&plusmn;1.39 &#8451;, respectively. The temperature-humidity index (THI) value in the barns showed a downward trend from the end of the wet curtain to the fan end, after the installation of axial flow fans. The THI value in the treatment group of AFF1 and AFF2 decreased by 0.03 and 0.02 per meter along the airflow direction, opposite to that before installing the fan. The installation of an axial flow fan can significantly improve the barn environment for the better living of dairy cows.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Axial flow
Controlled terms:Air intakes - Axial flow turbomachinery - Cooling - Efficiency - Farm buildings - Installation - Physiological models - Poles - Speed - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental conditions - Equivalent temperature - Experimental simulations - Installation position - Living environment - Physiological indices - Temperature humidity index - Working efficiency
Classification code:402.1  Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.08e+01%, Percentage 2.48e+01%, Percentage 2.53e+01%, Percentage 3.15e+01%, Percentage 4.56e+01%, Power 2.37e+02W, Size 1.83e+00m, Size 3.00e+00m, Size 6.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20212010364146
Title:Estimation of daily evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of maize under mulched drip irrigation by Stacking ensemble learning model
Title of translation:Stacking&#38598;&#25104;&#27169;&#22411;&#27169;&#25311;&#33180;&#19979;&#28404;&#28748;&#29577;&#31859;&#36880;&#26085;&#33976;&#25955;&#37327;&#21644;&#20316;&#29289;&#31995;&#25968;
Authors:Chen, Zhijun (1); Zhu, Zhenchuang (1); Sun, Shijun (1); Wang, Qiuyao (1); Su, Tongyu (1); Fu, Yujuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China
Corresponding author:Fu, Yujuan(fyj0249@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:95-104
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Accurate prediction of crop actual evapotranspiration (ET<inf>a</inf>) and crop coefficient has great significance for designing irrigation plans and improving the water resources use efficiency. To improve the accuracy for predicting actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of maize under mulched drip irrigation, in this study, a Stacking Ensemble Learning Model (LSM) was developed to estimate evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of maize under drip irrigation with plastic film mulch. The LSM model included four classical machine learning methods including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Back Propagation Neural Network (BP), and Adaboost (ADA). The maximal information coefficient (MIC) method was applied to calculate the MIC value between ten proposed features, including days after sowing, average temperature, plant height, leaf area index, solar radiation, extraterrestrial radiation, relative humidity, surface soil temperature, surface soil water content and wind speed at 2 m, and maize evapotranspiration. The MIC values were used to evaluate the importance of ten features. The results showed that in the test dataset the LSM model improved the coefficient of determination (R²) and decreased Normal Root Mean Square (NRMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MSE), and Mean Square Error (MSE), compared to SVM, RF, and ADA model. The BP model had the lowest R² and the highest NRMSE. It revealed that the LSM model obtained the highest precision for modeling maize evapotranspiration, followed by SVM, ADA, and RF model, and BP model had the poorest performance for modeling maize evapotranspiration. Similarly, compared to four classical machine learning models, the LSM model increased R² and decreased NRMSE, MSE, and MAE, indicating that LSM increased the precision for modelling maize crop coefficient under drip irrigation with film mulch. The MIC values of days after planting, average daily air temperature, leaf area index, plant height, and solar radiation were higher than those of the other features. It indicated that the five features above are important for maize evapotranspiration. Besides, compared to the LSM model with input of five top features, the LSM model with input of all the ten features didn't show any obvious improvement in model simulation since the R² was increased little and the NRMSE value was decreased by less than 0.05. The average crop coefficient values obtained by the LSM model with input of five top features were increased by 4%, 0, and -4.3% at developed stage, midseason stage, and late stage of maize, respectively, compared to the actual value. However, the crop coefficient values based on FAO-56 recommendation were 17.3%, 8.3%, and 13.8% lower or higher than actual crop coefficient in maize developed stage, mid stage, and late stage, respectively. This result indicated that the average crop coefficient values of LSM model with input of five top features were closer to actual crop coefficient value than that modified by FAO-56. Thus, the LSM model with input of days after planting, average daily air temperature, leaf area index, plant height, and solar radiation was recommended to estimate evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of maize under drip irrigation with plastic film mulch.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Learning systems
Controlled terms:Adaptive boosting - Atmospheric temperature - Backpropagation - Crops - Decision trees - Evapotranspiration - Irrigation - Mean square error - Microwave integrated circuits - Plastic films  - Random forests - Soil moisture - Solar radiation - Statistical tests - Support vector machines - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Actual evapotranspiration - Back propagation neural networks - Coefficient of determination - Daily evapotranspirations - Machine learning methods - Machine learning models - Mulched drip irrigations - Surface soil temperatures
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 714.2  Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4  Artificial Intelligence - 817.1  Polymer Products - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage -4.30e+00%, Percentage 1.38e+01%, Percentage 1.73e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+00%, Percentage 8.30e+00%, Size 2.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20212010364198
Title:Response of fish swimming ability to body length and its application in fishway design
Title of translation:&#40060;&#28216;&#27891;&#33021;&#21147;&#23545;&#20307;&#38271;&#30340;&#21709;&#24212;&#21450;&#20854;&#22312;&#40060;&#36947;&#35774;&#35745;&#20013;&#30340;&#24212;&#29992;
Authors:Cai, Lu (1, 2); Hou, Yiqun (1); Jin, Yao (1); Yang, Zhi (1); Hu, Wangbin (1); Chen, Xiaojuan (1); Chen, Jihua (2); Huang, Yingping (2); Han, Deju (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Ecological Impacts of Hydraulic-Projects and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystem of Ministry of Water Resources, Institute of Hydroecology, Ministry of Water Resources and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan; 430079, China; (2) Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang; 443002, China
Corresponding author:Han, Deju(handeju@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:209-215
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Water conservancy and hydropower projects have posed a great threat to the fish habitat environment and migration, even the gene exchange between fish populations, where the river connectivity is restructured via manmade canals. Fishways are an increasingly popular solution to facilitate the passage of fish migrating. However, the flow speed of fishway depends mainly on fish swimming ability. Consequently, the body length of fish is a key factor in fish swimming ability. In this study, a series of stepped velocity tests were carried out to evaluate the induced flow speed (U<inf>ind</inf>), critical swimming speed (U<inf>crit</inf>), and burst speed (U<inf>burst</inf>) of target species using the modified Brett-type swimming respirometer. A new fishway was also developed in Hainan Province of China to explore the effect of fish body length on swimming ability and flow speed. An Origin 9.0 software was used to transform three fish speeds and body lengths for linear regressions. Kaplan-Meier curves (Survival curves) were plotted using cumulative percentages and speeds in fish swimming ability tests. The suggestions were also given on flow speeds for fishway design. The results indicated that the relatively induced flow speed, critical swimming speed, and burst speed (bl/s) decreased with body length increasing. Linear relationships were achieved to describe the fish speeds and body lengths. The fitting efficiency of linear equation (R² and F) after natural logarithmic data transformation was better than that without transformation, and the R² values increased from 0.664-0.725 to 0.907-0.954. The effective speed for 90% of tested fish (EF90) was set as the flow speed in the vertical slot fishway. The EF90 value for U<inf>ind</inf> (90% induction rate, U<inf>ind-EF90</inf>) was 0.21 m/s, while the values for U<inf>crit</inf> and U<inf>burst</inf> (90% success rates, U<inf>crit-EF90</inf> and U<inf>burst-EF90</inf>) were 0.59 m/s and 0.74 m/s, respectively. According to the standard design of vertical slot fishway realized by the Guideline for fishway in water conservancy, and Design code for fish passage facilities in hydropower projects in China, the flows of a fishway were recommended as follows: 1) Entrance. The flush water should be provided if the flow speed of the entrance was lower than fish-induced flow speed. The recommended entrance speed was 0.35-0.47 m/s (0.6-0.8 U<inf>crit-EF90</inf>) if the U<inf>cirt-EF90</inf> was 0.59 m/s, where the critical swimming speed of 0.6-0.8 m/s was generally set for attracting fish to the entrance. (2) Pool. The recommended pool speed was 0.21-0.59 m/s (U<inf>ind-EF90</inf>-U<inf>crit-EF90</inf>). The reason was that the pool speed was lower than burst speed, where the fish cannot lose their orientation. Since the fish critical swimming speed was the maximum sustainable swimming speed, the fish can commonly swim several hundred meters of fishway (100-500 pools), where the fishway design considered fish swimming endurance. 3) Vertical slot. The recommended velocity of the vertical slot was 0.57-0.74 m/s (minimum U<inf>burst</inf>-U<inf>burst-EF90</inf>). The reason was that the flow speed of fishway should lower the maximum swimming speed of fish, where the fish commonly used burst swimming to pass vertical slots. 4) Exit. The recommended exit speed was 0.21-0.50 m/s (U<inf>ind-EF90</inf>-0.50 m/s). The exit flow should be smooth and guide fish upstream, exceeding the induced flow speed of &lt;0.50 m/s. These demonstrated that the fish speed decreased relatively, as the body lengths increased using natural logarithmic function in flow speed of fishway design.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:51
Main heading:Speed
Controlled terms:Fish - Fisheries - Fishways - Hydroelectric power - Hydroelectric power plants - Lakes - Linear transformations - Mathematical transformations - Metadata - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Data transformation - Fish populations - Hydropower projects - ITS applications - Linear relationships - Logarithmic functions - Vertical slot fishways - Water conservancy
Classification code:611.1  Hydroelectric Power Plants - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations
Numerical data indexing:Velocity 6.00e-01m/s to 8.00e-01m/s, Velocity 7.40e-01m/s, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Velocity 2.10e-01m/s, Velocity 2.10e-01m/s to 5.00e-01m/s, Velocity 2.10e-01m/s to 5.90e-01m/s, Velocity 5.70e-01m/s to 7.40e-01m/s, Velocity 5.90e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20212010364187
Title:Development of rotary straw burying and returning navigation system based on variable-gain single-neuron PID
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#21464;&#22686;&#30410;&#21333;&#31070;&#32463;&#20803;PID&#30340;&#31224;&#31174;&#26059;&#22475;&#36824;&#30000;&#23548;&#33322;&#31995;&#32479;&#30740;&#21046;
Authors:Zhou, Mingkuan (1, 2); Xia, Junfang (1, 2); Zheng, Kan (1, 2); Du, Jun (1, 2); Zhang, Jumin (1, 2); Luo, Chengming (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Luo, Chengming(chmluo@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:31-40
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Soft-soil surface in a paddy field is usually left with unevenly distributed rice stalks, uncut stubbles, and machine ruts after harvesting by combines. A common treatment of rice straws is rotary burying using tractor-hitched rotary cultivators in southern China. However, misses and overlaps inevitably occur, because human tractor drivers mainly perform the current operation under the complex conditions of field surface. It is greatly urgent to develop an automatic navigation system for better operational efficiency and accuracy. In this study, a Dongfanghong LX954 tractor with a hitched rotary straw returning cultivator was taken as the research object. An automatic navigation system was developed to replace the original tractor-rotary cultivator combined one, with a novel electronic proportional control and hydraulic steering. The main hardware of the navigation system included an onboard PC, an electronic-control proportional hydraulic valve, a steering angle sensor, and a dual-antenna RTK-GNSS. The navigation software was performed on the MATLAB platform in the Windows 7 operating system. The RTK-GNSS was used to measure the real-time lateral deviations and orientation errors of the tractor. The onboard PC was used to plan the operation paths, process the GNSS measurement data, calculate the steering angles using the designed control algorithms, and finally send control commands to the steering controller. Specifically, the steering controller was used to receive the control commands through a CAN bus, thereby controlling the opening and closing of the electronic-control proportional hydraulic valve, and finally realizing automatic navigation. An estimation model of slip angle was derived using the steering angle control of the tractor, and a variable gain single-neuron PID controller was designed, in order to reduce the great slippages from the complex conditions of field surface during rotary burying of straws. The slip angles of the front-wheel and rear-wheel were added into the model to accurately calculate the control angle more suitable for the actual operation. The variable gain single-neuron PID controller output the values of steering angle by learning the previous control effects from the neuron and the adjusted gain, according to the differences between the current heading and the target heading. As such, the navigation control rapidly adapted to the subsequent soil surface in the field. MATLAB simulations were carried out to compare the control effects of a conventional, a single-neuron, and the variable gain single-neuron PID controller. The results showed that the variable gain single-neuron PID controller behaved the fastest convergence, the smallest overshoot, and the best performance of signal tracking. A road test was performed to further verify the feasibility of the designed navigation system. When the operation speed was about 2 m/s, the variable gain single-neuron PID effectively improved the performance of path tracking, in terms of speed and accuracy for both straight path and curve tracking. Furthermore, the maximum lateral deviation was 0.026 m during straight path tracking. In the curve tracking for a half circle with a diameter of 12 m, the maximum lateral deviation was 0.382 m and the mean was 0.170 m. A field experiment was performed on the rotary straw returning under the designed navigation system. In straight path tracking, the maximum lateral deviation was 0.071 m, and the mean was 0.031 m when the operation speed was 1.15 m/s. Compared with the traditional and single-neuron PID controllers, the control accuracy of the maximum error and mean absolute error were improved by 53.08% and 51.72% respectively, and compared with single neuron PID controller, the control accuracy of the maximum error and mean absolute error were improved by 39.00% and 28.21% respectively, the developed navigation controller can significantly reduce the interference from the various soft-soil surface in a paddy field, thereby enhancing the adaptability and robustness of the navigation system, particularly with the higher accuracy of path tracking.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Controllers
Controlled terms:Agricultural implements - Antennas - Automobile steering equipment - Electric control equipment - Errors - Global positioning system - Hydraulic equipment - Industrial electronics - MATLAB - Neurons  - Proportional control systems - Servomechanisms - Soils - Three term control systems - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck) - Wheels - Windows operating system
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic navigation - Automatic navigation systems - Navigation controllers - Operational efficiencies - Proportional control - Single neuron PID controllers - Steering controllers - Steering-angle sensor
Classification code:461.9  Biology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.2  Machine Components - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 662.4  Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 663.1  Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1  Control Systems - 732.1  Control Equipment - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921  Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.82e+01%, Percentage 3.90e+01%, Percentage 5.17e+01%, Percentage 5.31e+01%, Size 1.20e+01m, Size 1.70e-01m, Size 2.60e-02m, Size 3.10e-02m, Size 3.82e-01m, Size 7.10e-02m, Velocity 1.15e+00m/s, Velocity 2.00e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20212010364099
Title:Monitoring the water level of coastal wetland in Beibu Gulf using Jason-3/Sentinel-3A altimetry satellites
Title of translation:&#21033;&#29992;Jason-3/Sentinel-3A&#38647;&#36798;&#39640;&#24230;&#35745;&#30417;&#27979;&#21271;&#37096; &#28286;&#28392;&#28023;&#28287;&#22320;&#27700;&#20301;&#21464;&#21270;
Authors:Fu, Bolin (1); Qin, Jiaoling (1); He, Hongchang (1); He, Xu (1); Yang, Wenlan (1); Fan, Donglin (1); Hua, Lei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Surveying and Mapping and Geographic Information, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin; 541006, China; (2) School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan; 430074, China
Corresponding author:He, Hongchang(hhe@glut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:184-190
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The water level of coastal wetlands is essential to the growth of mangroves in the development of the local economy. The current monitoring system still relies on hydrological stations to obtain the regular water level at fixed positions. However, the high costs of the conventional method cannot meet the harsh requirements in time. Satellite altimetry technology can be widely expected to serve as an effective supplement to ground monitoring. Taking the coastal wetland of Beibu Gulf in Guangxi as the research object, this study aims to propose a feasible monitoring technology for the water level using the daily Jason-3 and Sentinel-3A altimetry data from 2016 to 2020. The initial value of water level was calculated in coastal wetland through the radar altimetry toolbox, where the triple middle error was used to remove the outliers. The obtained initial points of the water level in the coastal wetland were first imported into the Omap, thereby removing the redundancy data of water level falling on the land and vegetation coverage. As such, high accuracy was achieved to prevent the waveforms near shore from the land. Four re-tracking were then used to correct the water level in the height measurement, including the shift of gravity center, threshold value, the improved shift of gravity center, and the improved threshold value. The determination coefficient, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) were selected to quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of two altimetry satellites. High-precision altimetry satellites were selected to explore the intra-year and inter-annual dynamic changes of water level in the coastal wetland at the intra-year, monthly, seasonal, and annual average water level. The results showed that the best re-setting effect was achieved in the improved threshold for the water level of coastal wetlands. By Jason-3A, the maximum determination coefficient was 0.78, the minimum RMSE was 0.35 m, and the minimum MAE was 0.28 m. By Sentinel-3A, the maximum determination coefficient was 0.87, the minimum RMSE was 0.24 m, and the minimum MAE was 0.18 m. It inferred that the high monitoring accuracy was obtained by Sentinel-3A. There was also obvious seasonality for the water level change of the coastal wetland in Beibu Gulf from 2016 to 2020. The average change of the water level was 3.37 m during the year. There was a drastic downward trend in the water level changes as a whole, with an average annual change rate of 0.005 m. The spaceborne radar altimeter provides a powerful method for monitoring the water level of coastal wetlands on a large scale, which is of great significance to the study of coastal wetland changes and ecological environment protection.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Wetlands
Controlled terms:Aneroid altimeters - Errors - Mean square error - Monitoring - Satellites - Space applications - Space-based radar - Water levels
Uncontrolled terms:Conventional methods - Current monitoring systems - Determination coefficients - Ecological environment protections - Monitoring technologies - Root mean square errors - Satellite altimetry - Vegetation coverage
Classification code:655.2  Satellites - 656  Space Flight - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 944.3  Pressure Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.80e-01m, Size 2.40e-01m, Size 2.80e-01m, Size 3.37e+00m, Size 3.50e-01m, Size 5.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20212010364181
Title:Extracting the spatial distribution information of crop sub-surface waterlogging using antecedent precipitation index and sentinel-1A SAR data
Title of translation:&#21069;&#26399;&#38477;&#27700;&#25351;&#25968;&#32467;&#21512;SAR&#25968;&#25454;&#25552;&#21462;&#20316;&#29289;&#28173;&#23475;&#31354;&#38388;&#20998;&#24067;&#20449;&#24687;
Authors:Xiong, Qinxue (1, 2, 3); Hu, Peimin (4); Ma, Yan (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Jingzhou; 434025, China; (2) Agricultural School of Yangtze University, Jingzhou; 434025, China; (3) Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Wetland Agriculture, Jingzhou; 434025, China; (4) Meteorology Agency of Jingzhou City, Jingzhou; 434020, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Peimin(hupm@21cn.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:175-183
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The sub-surface waterlogging is a major agricultural meteorological disaster that affects the yield of summer crops in the middle and lower basins of the Yangtze River, Waterlogging disaster has the characteristics of concealment and hysteresis. At present, there is a little research on the extraction of crop waterlogging spatial distribution information with high spatial and temporal resolution at home and abroad. This research aimed at Jianli City, Hubei Province, where the summer harvest crops are most heavily affected. based on the antecedent precipitation indexes derived from meteorological station and the Sentinel-1A SAR data of the same period, the Kalman filter interpolation method was used to extract the temporal and spatial distribution information of the waterlogged summer crops with a time step of a day from 2018 to 2020. The methods is following:first, the spatial distribution information of the relative volumetric water content of the soil surface Layer (RVWCSSL) in the study area was extracted based on a Water-Cloud model and Sentinel-1A SAR data with a time step of 12 days. Then take the daily API(Antecedent Precipitation Index)data as observational data which with certain imprecise, the spatial distribution information of RVWCSSL extracted from Sentinel-1A SAR data were regarded as the estimated parameters, and the Kalman filter interpolation method was used to extract the spatial distribution information of RVWCSSL with a time step of a day. Finally the daily sub-surface waterlogging spatial distribution information was extracted based on daily spatial distribution of RVWCSSL values and according to the summer harvest crops waterlogging discriminant standard(if the duration that sliding 5 d mean of RVWCSSL values is higher than 95% was longer than 5 days, it is considered that the summer harvest crops are under mild waterlogging damage. If the duration is longer than 12 d, moderate waterlogging is considered to be suffered; Severe waterlogging is considered to be suffered if the duration is over 20 days). This method was verified on experimental area with an area of 220 hm², using this method to calculate the RVWCSSL of experimental area, by compared with the actual observation value, the Nash-Stucliffe efficiency coefficient of the two is 0.909. At the same time, the temporal and spatial distribution of sub-surface waterlogging are also consistent with the field observation records, so it is feasible to use the Kalman filter interpolation method to extract the spatial distribution information of crop waterlogging. At the same time, through analyzing the extracted data, it was found that there is an obvious quadratic polynomial relationship between API index and the maximum value of the ratio of the crop sub-surface waterlogging area to the total area of summer crops in Jianli city; Since only precipitation changes with time, and the other factors are only related to location, the spatial distribution of waterlogging has little difference when the proportion of waterlogging is the same, which is conducive to accurate prediction of waterlogging. Since Sentinel-1A SAR data has the advantages of not being interfered by clouds and being available all day long. Meanwhile the precipitation index data can be calculated from the monitoring data of meteorological stations. This method of using satellite-ground integrated data to realize the high temporal and spatial resolution monitoring of crop sub-surface waterlogging can realize the operational operation of waterlogging disaster monitoring.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Spatial distribution
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Crops - Data mining - Disasters - Harvesting - Interpolation - Kalman filters - Meteorology - Stream flow
Uncontrolled terms:Efficiency coefficient - Meteorological disasters - Meteorological station - Precipitation indices - Spatial and temporal resolutions - Temporal and spatial - Temporal and spatial distribution - Volumetric water content
Classification code:407.2  Waterways - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921  Mathematics - 921.6  Numerical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.37e-02yr, Age 3.29e-02yr, Age 5.48e-02yr, Percentage 9.50e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20212010364115
Title:Effects of artificial dams on hydrodynamic characteristics of fish habitats in upper reaches of Yangtze River
Title of translation:&#20154;&#24037;&#22365;&#20307;&#23545;&#38271;&#27743;&#19978;&#28216;&#40060;&#31867;&#26646;&#24687;&#22320;&#27969;&#22495;&#27700;&#21160;&#21147;&#23398;&#29305;&#24615;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Zhang, Jun (1, 2); Che, Xuan (2); Jia, Guangchen (1); Tian, Changfeng (2); Chen, Xiaolong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; 201306, China; (2) Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai; 200092, China
Corresponding author:Che, Xuan(chexuan@fmiri.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:140-146
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Habitat of fish species has been an essential component of riverine ecosystems in natural rivers. However, a series of ecological problems have posed a practical challenge on fish habitats and blocks migration routes, particularly in the upstream reach of the Yangtze River, mostly due to the construction of hydroelectric dams rapidly increased in recent years in China. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the hydrodynamic characteristics of fish habitats for the ecological management and restoration, especially for the rare and unique fish, and thereby to evaluate the habitat conditions of aquatic organisms in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In this study, a three-dimensional model of flow field was established, corresponding to the artificial restoration of rare fish habitats in the river section of Yangtze River upstream, in Luzhou city, Sichuan province, China. The hydrodynamic characteristics of different flow velocities were investigated, based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation combined with an experimental survey. The evolution and development of the turbulence/vortex structure were analyzed, in order to obtain the influence mechanisms of several artificial dams on the abdominal flow law of the basin, compared with the experimental data, including the site topography, flow mapping of the habitats, and the survey of fish shoal. The results showed that the large vortex areas were formed in the test area of the habitat basin, where the shape of vortex was almost invariant with the change of the stream speed. The upwelling occurred obviously in the anticlockwise vortex region, of which the velocity was slightly higher than that in the clockwise vortex region. The flow velocity of the habitat basin in the test area is lower than the control area, but the uniformity of water flow is baddish. The Froude number does not increase linearly with the inflow velocity, and the variation trends of flow uniformity index on different water depth sections of the habitat basin are similar. By the field survey of fish shoal in the same mapping distance, the area outside the dam was 0.714 in 1 000 scanning times, while, the area inside the dam was 3.157 in 1 000 scanning times, revealing that the low-velocity turbulence/vortex structure in the test area of the habitat basin can gather fish better, and thereby the artificial restoration of fish habitat can provide suitable living conditions for aquatic organisms to roost, breed, and shelter. Specifically, the average flow velocity of two test routes in the abdomen of the basin was 0.53 and 0.79 m/s, when the flow velocity was 2 m/s. The difference between the numerical simulation results and the test data is about 10% on the same mapping path, which verify the reliability of the numerical calculation method. The findings can offer a sound theoretical reference for the hydrodynamics of large-water fishery ecological projects.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Rivers
Controlled terms:Computational fluid dynamics - Dams - Ecosystems - Fish - Flow velocity - Hydrodynamics - Hydroelectric power plants - Hydrogeology - Mapping - Numerical methods  - Numerical models - Restoration - Stream flow - Surveys - Testing - Topography - Turbulence - Velocity - Vortex flow
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological managements - Experimental survey - Flow uniformity index - Hydrodynamic characteristics - Numerical calculation methods - Riverine ecosystems - Three-dimensional model - Upper reaches of the yangtze rivers
Classification code:405.3  Surveying - 441.1  Dams - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1  Geology - 611.1  Hydroelectric Power Plants - 631  Fluid Flow - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 723.5  Computer Applications - 921  Mathematics - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Velocity 2.00e+00m/s, Velocity 5.30e-01m/s, Velocity 7.90e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20212010364112
Title:Analysis of terrain gradient effects of land use change in Daqing River Basin
Title of translation:&#22823;&#28165;&#27827;&#27969;&#22495;&#22303;&#22320;&#21033;&#29992;&#21464;&#21270;&#30340;&#22320;&#24418;&#26799;&#24230;&#25928;&#24212;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Li, Shuo (1, 2); Shen, Zhanfeng (1, 3); Liu, Kejian (4); Xu, Zeyu (1, 3); Wang, Haoyu (1, 3); Jiao, Shuhui (1, 3); Liu, Xiangchen (1, 3); Lei, Yating (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100101, China; (2) College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China; (3) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China; (4) Remote Sensing Center of Public Security, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing; 100038, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Kejian(liukejian@ppsuc.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:275-284
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Dynamic evolution of land use is manifested in the continuous change of land use types in time or space. Previous studies reported that the land use type changes with terrain slope and surface undulation, showing an obvious gradient. Taking the Daqing River Basin of China as the research area, this study aims to analyze the terrain gradient of land use change using Landsat images in 1974, 1988, 2001, and 2019. The map of land use type was obtained in different periods using the object-oriented and the decision tree classification combined with a small amount of manual interpretation. The changing pattern of land use types was investigated in the topographic gradient, including the topographic undulation, slope, and topographic level. The driving forces were determined for the changes in the land use structure from the views of natural conditions, social economy, and government decision-making. The results are as follows. 1) There was a significant topographic gradient distribution of land use types. Construction land, arable land, and water bodies exhibited obvious advantages in low terrain gradient areas. The dominant distribution of grassland was in the middle and high terrain gradient areas, while that of forest land was mostly concentrated in high terrain gradient areas. 2) Two types included for the changed land use: the keeping-constant type and the changing-later type. The keeping-constant type included mainly cultivated land with low terrain gradient, and the forest land with high terrain gradient, whereas, the changing-later type distributed widely in middle-high and middle-low terrain gradient areas. The condition for the construction land that occupied farmland was becoming much more serious, while the dominant distribution of cultivated land had been expanding to higher terrain gradient areas. There was a downward trend in the dominant distribution of forest land, whereas, the cultivated land evolved from one-way transfer to two-way transfer, due mainly to the strategy implementation of the Returning Farmland to Forests and Grassland. 3) Large areas of land reclamation occurred in the foothills of Taihang Mountains during the economic backwardness period, due to the dual effects of the continuous decrease in precipitation and population growth. The cultivated land was converting into construction land, forest land, and grassland with the coordinated development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The contradiction between cultivated land and construction land was becoming increasingly sharp with the implementation of cultivated land protection policy. 4) Rational measures were needed for local conditions in the next stage of development. The plain areas with low topographic levels were for the cultivated land and construction land. Therefore, the speed that construction land encroached on cultivated land should be slowed, while the scale and structure of urban/rural construction land should be optimized to promote land-intensive development. The primary areas of soil erosion were concentrated in the sloping fields at the middle and low terrain levels in the foothills of Taihang Mountains, where the implementation of the Three-North Forest Protection Project and the Returning Farmland to Forests and Grassland needed to be strengthened. The scale of cultivated land should be strictly restricted in those medium and high terrain level mountainous areas. Simultaneously, nature reserves should be established under adequate consideration of ecological benefits. The finding can provide a scientific basis for the adjustment and optimization of the regional land structure.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Land reclamation
Controlled terms:Decision making - Decision trees - Economics - Farms - Forestry - Land use - Landforms - Population statistics - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Beijing-tianjin-hebei regions - Decision tree classification - Ecological benefits - Government decisions - Land-use structures - Natural conditions - Strategy implementations - Topographic gradients
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 442.2  Land Reclamation - 444.1  Surface Water - 481.1  Geology - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912.2  Management - 961  Systems Science - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20212010364214
Title:Calculation of interception rate of mesh filter and analysis of its influencing factors
Title of translation:&#32593;&#24335;&#36807;&#28388;&#22120;&#25318;&#25130;&#29575;&#35745;&#31639;&#21450;&#20854;&#24433;&#21709;&#22240;&#32032;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Zhang, Kai (1); Yu, Liming (1); Liu, Kaishuo (1); Cao, Dongliang (1); Li, Na (1); Wu, Feng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650500, China
Corresponding author:Li, Na(kjclina@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:123-130
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">This study analyzed effects of inlet pressure, filter screen aperture and median particle size of sand on interception rates of filters in order to maintain the good permeability of filter screens and improve the interception rate of the filter screen in the engineering application of the screen filter. A full test and a three-factors-and-three-level orthogonal test were conducted. Five different inlet pressures were designed including 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10 MPa. Seven kinds of filter screen apertures were 125, 150, 180, 210, 250, 300 and 350 &mu;m. The median particle size was from 60 to 300 &mu;m. The results showed that the cake produced in the filtration process was the main reason of the interception phenomenon. The larger the inlet pressure of the filter tended to lead to more significant interception phenomenon and the higher interception rate. The inlet pressure had a very significant impact on the interception rate of the filter. The interception rate increased with the increase of the filter screen aperture when the ratio of the filter screen aperture to the median size of sand was less than a critical range from 1.80 to 1.88. However, the interception rate decreased with the increase of the filter screen aperture when the ratio was higher than the critical range. A model of intercept rate estimation was fitted with the determination of coefficient of 0.94, indicating that the model has a high accuracy. The larger inlet pressure of the filter could result in the more concentrated distribution of intercepted sand particles at the outlet. It indicated that filter performance could be improved by reducing the skeleton density of the filter element at the outlet and designing the filter outlet segment into a circular arc shape with a large front and a small rear to increase the water passing area at the outlet. When the inlet pressure increased from 0.02 MPa to 0.10 MPa, the interception rate of 250 &mu;m filter increased by 38.49%, while that of 125 &mu;m filter increased by 88.94%. At the 15 min of the experiment, the composition of the sand particle size in the outlet water from the 250 &mu;m filter under the inlet pressure of 0.01 MPa was similar to that in the initial outlet from 180 &mu;m filter under the inlet pressure of 0.02 MPa. The filtration accuracy of the filter after a period of operation was more than expected. Therefore, the inlet pressure rather than adjusting the whole equipment could be an option to obtain good performance of filtration during short-term irrigation processes. This study provides valuable information for improving the interception rates and filtration effects of filters in irrigation projects.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Median filters
Controlled terms:Irrigation - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Sand
Uncontrolled terms:Engineering applications - Filter performance - Filtration accuracies - Filtration process - Irrigation projects - Median particle size - Orthogonal test - Rate estimation
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 703.2  Electric Filters - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.85e+01%, Percentage 8.89e+01%, Pressure 1.00e+04Pa, Pressure 1.00e+05Pa, Pressure 2.00e+04Pa to 1.00e+05Pa, Pressure 2.00e+04Pa, Size 1.25e-04m, Size 1.80e-04m, Size 2.50e-04m, Size 3.00e-04m, Size 3.50e-04m, Size 6.00e-05m to 3.00e-04m, Time 9.00e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20212010364224
Title:Instance detection of group breeding pigs using a pyramid network with dual attention feature
Title of translation:&#37319;&#29992;&#21452;&#37325;&#27880;&#24847;&#21147;&#29305;&#24449;&#37329;&#23383;&#22612;&#32593;&#32476;&#26816;&#27979;&#32676;&#20859;&#29983;&#29482;
Authors:Hu, Zhiwei (1, 2); Yang, Hua (1); Lou, Tiantian (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China; (2) School of Computer and Information Technology (School of Big Data), Shanxi University, Taiyuan; 030006, China; (3) School of Agricultural Economics and Management, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Hua(yanghua@sxau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:166-174
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">High breeding density has brought a great risk to the prevention and control of swine fever in intensive pig production. Accurate and rapid detection of individual live pigs can contribute to taking timely countermeasures for the minimum incidence of diseases. However, some factors including pig adhesion and sundries barrier have made difficulties in the detection of individual pigs with multiple targets. In this study, a dual -attention feature pyramid network was proposed to rapidly detect the group breeding pigs. A total of 45 live pigs aged 20 to 105 days in 8 pens were selected as the research object. A head-up angle of view was used to collect a total of 3 834 labeled images, where 2 490 images were set as the training set, 480 as the validation set, and 864 as the test set. Two types of attention units were introduced into the Feature Pyramid Network (FPN), which encoded the semantic interdependencies in the channel (named Channel Attention Unit (CAU)), and spatial (named Position Attention Unit (PAU)) dimensions, respectively. The reason was that an attention-based method increased the weight of regional information for better instance detection, while suppressed the secondary information for the better model. The CAU had selectively enhanced the interdependencies among the channels by integrating the associated features. Meanwhile, the PAU had selectively aggregated the features at each position through a weighted sum of features at all positions. A Dual Attention Unit (DAU) was proposed to flexibly integrate CAU features with PAU information. An asymmetric convolution block was introduced to improve the robustness of the model to flipping and rotation. Two backbone networks were selected as ResNet50 and ResNet101, whereas, four major task networks were the Mask R-CNN, Cascade Mask R-CNN, MS R-CNN, and HTC cross-combination model, in order to detect the performance of group breeding pigs. The results showed that the embedding DAU contributed to the most significant performance in different task networks with distinct backbone networks, compared with the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM), Bottleneck Attention Module (BAM), and Spatial-Channel Squeeze & Excitation (SCSE). When the HTC-R101-DAU was under the Intersection over Union (IOU) thresholds of 0.5, 0.75, 0.5-0.95 (all targets), and 0.5-0.95 (large targets), four Average Precision (AP) indicators increased by 1.7%, 1.7%, 2.1%, and 1.8%, respectively. There was a certain impact of backbone networks on the pig detection in the same task network. The detection of R50 was better than that of R101 in the task network without any attention unit. The detection AP values of two backbone networks were relatively close after adding the attention unit. The CAU and PAU were separately added to explore the influence of channels and positions in attention units on the detection performance of task network. Experiments showed that the DAU was comparable to CAU and PAU for the better AP index, indicating that simultaneous fusion of two-dimensional attention complemented each other for a high accuracy of position detection. In addition, a specific number of PAU units generally achieved better AP index values, compared with CAU. A position-attention module was constructed with 1 to 4 PAU units that connected in series for high accuracy of pixel-level dense context. The predictive values appeared a trend of increasing initially and decreasing afterwards after different numbers of PAU were merged under the same experimental conditions. Therefore, the HTC-R101-DAU model can more accurately and effectively detect live pigs in different scenes. The finding can provide a sound reference for the follow-up production of intensive pigs.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Feature extraction
Controlled terms:Convolution - Convolutional neural networks - Mammals - Semantics
Uncontrolled terms:Associated feature - Combination models - Detection performance - Experimental conditions - Position detection - Predictive values - Prevention and controls - Regional information
Classification code:716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing
Numerical data indexing:Age 5.48e-02yr to 2.88e-01yr, Percentage 1.70e+00%, Percentage 1.80e+00%, Percentage 2.10e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20212010364131
Title:Estimation of sediment reduction benefit by soil and water conservation under extreme rainfall in a loess watershed
Title of translation:&#26497;&#31471;&#38477;&#38632;&#24773;&#24418;&#19979;&#40644;&#22303;&#21306;&#27700;&#22303;&#20445;&#25345;&#27835;&#29702;&#30340;&#20943;&#27801;&#25928;&#30410;&#20272;&#31639;
Authors:Zheng, Mingguo (1, 2); Liang, Chen (1, 2); Liao, Yishan (1, 2); Huang, Bin (1, 2); Yuan, Zaijian (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Managemen, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Non-Point Source Pollution Control, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou; 510650, China; (2) International Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Meizhou; 514000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:147-156
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Quantitative assessment on the effects of soil conservation measures under extreme rainstorms is crucial for the watershed management in the Middle Yellow River Basin of China. Most previous efforts have focused mainly on a long period evaluation. The developed methods were applicable to the multi-year time scale, but not to the storm-event scale as the fluvial processes at the short time scale are more complex and stochastic. As a result of the absence of an efficient method, there has long been considerable controversy surrounding the role of soil conservation measures under extreme events in the Middle Yellow River Basin. On 26 July, 2017, an extreme rainstorm occurred in Yulin City (the so-called "7&bull;26" storm event), Shaanxi Province, China, causing serious flood hazards and attracting extensive public attention. The purpose of this study is: 1) to develop a new approach to evaluate the effect of the soil conservation measures at the storm-event time scale; 2) used the method for the "7&bull;26" storm event in the Chabagou Watershed, a 205 km² loess watershed on the Loess Plateau. The results showed that: 1) after removing the non-high-intensity rainfall events (with a runoff coefficient lower than 0.2), there was a close relationship between rainfall and runoff for the high-intensity rainfall events (r²=0.87) during the non-management period (1959-1969); 2) since most flows approached the flush-limited maximum sediment concentration, the mean sediment concentration of a flood event was considerably stable, leading to a proportional relationship between event runoff and sediment yields. The resultant proportionality coefficient can be used as an estimation of the mean sediment concentration of a flood event. The two results allowed us to effectively evaluate the runoff yield, the event mean sediment concentration, and then the basin sediment yield when assuming that the "7&bull;26" event had occurred during the non-management period. In this way, we obtained the total sediment-reduction effect of the soil conservation measures. Previous studies have shown that the slope measures (including terracing, afforestation, pasture establishment) reduced basin sediment yields simply by reducing runoff, whereas the check-dam construction (channel measures) by reducing both runoff and sediment concentration in the runoff. Based on the difference, we can further partition the respective impacts of the two measures. Our calculations showed that during the "7&bull;26" event, the mean sediment concentration reduced by 83%, the runoff by 55.1%, and thus the basin sediment yield by 92.4%, as a result of the implementation of soil conservation in the Chabagou Watershed. Among the total sediment-reduction effect, 55.1% was attributed to the slope measures and 37.3% was attributed to the check dams. The calculations suggest an enormous sediment-reduction effect of soil conservation practices even under extreme storms on the Loess Plateau, and that both the slope measures and the check dams play important roles. The proposed method cannot only figure out the total amount of the reduced sediment yield by soil conservation measures in a basin, but also can figure out that by an individual measure. The method has good applicability and data requirement, and is suitable for the evaluation of the sediment-reduction effect by soil conservation measures at the storm event scale in the middle Yellow River Basin.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:45
Main heading:Soil conservation
Controlled terms:Flood control - Floods - Landforms - Rain - Reforestation - Rivers - Runoff - Sedimentation - Sediments - Soils  - Stochastic systems - Storms - Time measurement - Water conservation - Water management - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Conservation measures - Conservation practices - High intensity rainfall - Proportional relationships - Quantitative assessments - Runoff and sediment yields - Sediment concentration - Soil and water conservation
Classification code:442.1  Flood Control - 443.3  Precipitation - 444  Water Resources - 444.1  Surface Water - 481.1  Geology - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 943.3  Special Purpose Instruments - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Area 2.05e+08m2, Percentage 3.73e+01%, Percentage 5.51e+01%, Percentage 8.30e+01%, Percentage 9.24e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20212010364206
Title:Impact of land circulation on household farmland multiple cropping index
Title of translation:&#22303;&#22320;&#27969;&#36716;&#23545;&#20892;&#25143;&#32789;&#22320;&#22797;&#31181;&#25351;&#25968;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Peng, Jiquan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Economics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang; 330013, China
Corresponding author:Peng, Jiquan(jiquan_wuhan@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:285-294
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Major changes have taken place in agricultural production and operation with the continuous increase in the scale and intensification of rural land transfer. The original farming depends mainly on these impacts of land circulation. However, few studies focused on land transfer to explore the changes in farming systems. It is necessary to figure out the cropping behavior of farmland under the land transfer. The purpose of this research is to investigate the restrictive factors for the multiple cropping index of arable land. Taking the field survey data of farmers in Hubei in 2018, propensity score matching (PSM) and generalized propensity score matching (GPSM) were used to analyze the impact of land transfer on the multiple cropping index of farmers. The results showed that: 1) There were positive impacts of land transfer on the farmland multiple cropping index, according to PSM estimation. The land transfer, paddy field transfer, and dry land transfer significantly increased the farmland multiple crop index by 0.244, 0.299, and 0.204, respectively. 2) There was a significant positive impact of the arable land and the area transferred from dry land on the farmland multiple cropping index, according to the estimation from GPSM. There was an increasing return to scale effect in three simultaneous transfers. Specifically, the increase in the multiple crop index of arable land was greater than that of the circulation area and the paddy field. There was a more obvious effect of increasing returns to scale. Land transfer helped to increase the index of multiple cropping in cultivated land. The effect of paddy fields was more obvious, meaning that the highly intensive use of cultivated land for better food security. 3) In mechanism, the land transfer increased the degree of multiple cropping in farmland via the counter-effect path of average transfer cost per mu and the promotion path of factor intensive. The average transfer cost per mu played a regulating role, and the factor intensive rate played an intermediary role. The size of the effect was 8.9%. In proper scale operation of agriculture, priority was given to the concentration of paddy fields in agricultural enterprises, specialized farmer cooperatives, big business operators, and planting experts, in order to enhance the effect of increasing returns to scale of land transfer, further to promote multiple cropping and intensive management of cultivated land. A potential market of land transfer needed to be established for the allocation of land resources. Intermediary service organizations, information disclosure, and asset evaluation can contribute to the news release and policy consulting for the better resolution of land transfer disputes in the dispute mediation and arbitration system. The finding can provide a theoretical and empirical basis for the intensive use of land.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Crops - Food supply - Land use
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural enterprise - Agricultural productions - Information disclosure - Intensive use of lands - Intermediary services - Multiple cropping index - Propensity score matching - Simultaneous transfer
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.90e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20212010364218
Title:Influence of low-temperature anaerobic fermentation on sedimentation characteristics of dairy wastewater
Title of translation:&#20302;&#28201;&#21388;&#27687;&#21457;&#37237;&#23545;&#22902;&#29275;&#20859;&#27542;&#24223;&#27700;&#27785;&#38477;&#29305;&#24449;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Zhu, Ruiqing (1); Niu, Yongyan (1); Mao, Ting (1); Wang, Zhiye (1); Yang, Tao (1); Ji, Bin (1); Liu, Meiling (2); Mu, Yongsong (3); Bai, Huihui (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation and Application of Gansu Province, Institute of Biology, Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou; 730000, China; (2) Northwest Institute of Ecological Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou; 730000, China; (3) Gansu Huarui Agricultural Co., Ltd., Zhangye; 734500, China; (4) School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730000, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Zhiye(zhiye_wang@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:224-230
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Large volume of dairy wastewater has caused a great threat to the ecological environment, due to the difficulty to treat it. Traditional treatment requires more heating energy at the least temperature of 36&#8451;. Alternatively, non-hazardous fertilizers are widely expected to treat wastewater, particularly easy soluble in water to transfer through dripping or spraying irrigation. However, the chemical fertilizers derived from wastewater contain many organic matters and nutrients, resulting in the blockage of spray nozzles. In this study, a feasible bio-treatment of dairy wastewater was proposed using the low-temperature anaerobic fermentation, thereby lowering energy consumption, while increasing the fluid permeability through dripping or spraying irrigation. The treated dairy wastewater was observed in the anaerobic fermentation at low temperatures (10-25 &#8451;) through an array of time points by no inoculants, as well as at a normal temperature of 36 &#8451; by inoculants of granular anaerobic sludges. A full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to detect microbiological compositions. Response surface analysis was performed on fermentation parameters. The results showed that there was a significant influence of anaerobic fermentation under low temperature on the sediment characteristics of dairy wastewater. The sedimentation and layering performance of wastewater were significant under the condition of 9 days at 10 &#8451;, where the turbidity of supernatant was about 5. The most energy-efficient and economical condition was at 15 &#8451; in the 4 d for the low-temperature anaerobic treatment. There was an average energy saving of 2 865 kW&bull;h/d by l5 &#8451; anaerobic fermentation with ambient temperature around 7.8 &#8451;, compared with fermentation at 36 &#8451;. Low-temperature anaerobic fermentation changed the sedimentation characteristics of wastewater over a longer time but with equal quality, where supernatant COD<inf>Cr</inf> was reduced to (2 627.8&plusmn;548.1) mg/L, nitrogen to (565.2&plusmn;79.5) mg/L, fecal coliforms to around 360 g/L, the residue ratio of the dry filter by mesh diameter 75 &mu;m filters approximately to 0 %. The dry matter ratio of supernatant dropped from 18.9% to 2.3% after treatment, while a part of of wastewater was recycled as irrigation water, where the total nutrients (N+P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>+K<inf>2</inf>O) content of supernatants were 1.744 9 g/L. The number of fecal coliforms reduced down to 360 g/L, while, the mortality ratio of ascarid egg was above 95%. Both granular and low-temperature sludges showed the treating functions of wastewater (methanogenesis and wastewater turbidity change), but with different efficiency, where 199 otu were detected in the anaerobic sludges via the full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing, while 207 otu in the acclimatized granular anaerobic sludges, and 96 otu were common in both sludges. Candidatus Cloacimonas was a dominant species in the long-term (over 6 mon) low-temperature conditioned anaerobic sludges, while genus Sulfurovum dominated in inoculated granular anaerobic sludges. In the study site with the mean annual temperature of 4.1 &#8451;, low-temperature (15 &#8451;) anaerobic fermentation saved much more energy consumption than the thermal anaerobic fermentation (36 &#8451;). The supernatant could transmit through to the nuzzle irrigation, the environmental non-hazardous proxies met with the discharge requirements of the national standard. The finding can provide a potential application for future recycling in agriculture and sustainable development.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Wastewater treatment
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Fermentation - Fertilizers - Genes - Hazards - Irrigation - Nutrients - Particulate emissions  - RNA - Sedimentation - Spray nozzles - Surface analysis - Sustainable development - Temperature - Turbidity - Water recycling
Uncontrolled terms:16S rRNA gene sequencing - Anaerobic fermentation - Ecological environments - Mean annual temperatures - Microbiological composition - Response surface analysis - Sediment characteristic - Sedimentation characteristic
Classification code:451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 741.1  Light/Optics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.50e+01%, Size 7.50e-05m, Age 2.47e-02yr, Mass_Density 3.60e+02kg/m3, Percentage 0.00e+00%, Percentage 1.89e+01% to 2.30e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20212010364207
Title:Image segmentation method for Lingwu long jujubes based on improved FCN-8s
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#25913;&#36827;FCN-8s&#30340;&#28789;&#27494;&#38271;&#26531;&#22270;&#20687;&#20998;&#21106;&#26041;&#27861;
Authors:Xue, Junrui (1); Wang, Yutan (1); Qu, Aili (1); Zhang, Jiaxin (1); Xing, Zhenwei (1); Wei, Haiyan (1); Sun, Haowei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Yutan(wang_yt1108@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:191-197
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Lingwu long jujube is commonly referred to as Chinese date, one of the special advantage fruits in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Currently, image segmentation has widely been used to identify the ripeness of Lingwu long jujubes in modern agriculture. Traditional image segmentation can achieve better segmentation effects for the red part of Lingwu long jujubes, but not for the green part. Consequently, deep learning can contribute to multi-scale object segmentation for the jujubes with various ripeness. Besides, the improved network models can be expected to extract multi-scale features from the different sizes of objects in Lingwu long jujubes images. In the actual operation, a visual recognition system needs to meet the execution time of an actuator in a picking robot under a complex working environment. Correspondingly, the network model of image segmentation is required to be small, shallow, and high accuracy at a relatively low picking speed. In this study, an improved FCN-8s was selected as the basic network for the image segmentation of Lingwu long jujubes with different ripeness. Firstly, the image dataset of Lingwu long jujubes was established, including 196 training and 46 test images. Since the initial resolution of collected images was 4 000&times;3 000, the resolution of 1 280&times;960 was used for training, in order to improve the training efficiency. Then, a multi-scale feature extract module was proposed to extract features beyond 3&times;3 scale. Specifically, a 1&times;1 convolution and a 5&times;5 convolution were added into a single 3&times;3 standard convolution in FCN-8s. A depth-wise separable convolution was applied to the 5&times;5 convolution to reduce parameters, considering that numerous parameters were introduced after adding two auxiliary branches. As such, the 3&times;3 standard convolution in FCN-8s was replaced with the proposed module. Some improvements were made on FCN-8s to reduce the parameters of the network for high efficiency. The 14th and 15th convolution layers were removed from the original FCN-8s to maintain the segmentation accuracy, and then the up-sampling operation was directly performed after the 5th down sampling operation. In addition, the half channels were reduced in the output feature maps for each layer in the multi-scale feature extraction module with three branches, compared with the original one. Therefore, the improved FCN-8s was obtained to increase the width of the whole network. The experimental results on Lingwu long jujubes dataset showed that the intersection over union, mean intersection over union, precision accuracy, recall rate, and F1 score were 93.50%, 96.41%, 98.44%, 97.86%, and 98.15%, respectively, which were 11.31, 6.20, 1.51, 5.21, and 3.14 percentage points higher than the original FCN-8s. The network parameters of the improved FCN-8s were 5.37 million, and the segmentation speed was 16.20 frames/s. Compared with the SegNet, ENet, and PSPNet, the improved FCN-8s presented remarkable advantages for the high requirements of visual recognition in the picking robot for Lingwu long jujubes.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Convolution - Deep learning - Efficiency - Image enhancement - Robots - Signal sampling - Statistical tests
Uncontrolled terms:Modern agricultures - Multi-scale features - Object segmentation - Segmentation accuracy - Segmentation methods - Training efficiency - Visual recognition - Working environment
Classification code:716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 731.5  Robotics - 913.1  Production Engineering - 922  Statistical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.35e+01%, Percentage 9.64e+01%, Percentage 9.79e+01%, Percentage 9.82e+01%, Percentage 9.84e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20212010364173
Title:Wind-tunnel tests study of shelter effects of deciduous farmland shelterbelts in arid and semi-arid areas
Title of translation:&#24178;&#26097;&#21322;&#24178;&#26097;&#21306;&#33853;&#21494;&#26399;&#20892;&#30000;&#38450;&#25252;&#26519;&#38450;&#39118;&#25928;&#26524;&#30340;&#39118;&#27934;&#35797;&#39564;&#30740;&#31350;
Authors:Sai, Ke (1, 2); Zhao, Yuanyuan (1, 2); Bao, Yanfeng (3); Liu, Chenming (4); Ding, Guodong (1, 2); Gao, Guanglei (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Yanchi Ecology Research Station of the Mu Us Desert, 751500, China; (3) Institute of Desertification Study, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing; 100091, China; (4) Inner Mongolia Academy of Forestry Science, Hohhot; 010010, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Guodong(dch1999@263.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:157-165
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Shelterbelts can be expected to effectively reduce wind erosion of farmland soil in the wind season in arid and semi-arid lands. In this study, a systematic investigation was made to explore the aerodynamic characteristics, such as wind profile, shelter efficiency and effective protection ratios, of arbor and shrub farmland shelterbelts with deciduous features using wind-tunnel simulation. Based on the 2-row-1-belt pattern, 8 arbor/shrub shelterbelt models were manufactured at a scale of 1:100, according to different porosity (arbors of 45% and 58%, while shrubs of 35% and 54%), and row spacing (arbors of 4 and 6 cm, while shrubs of 2.5 and 4 cm). An attempt was made to analyze the influence of shelterbelt structure on the windproof capacity of farmland shelterbelts with deciduous aspect by measuring the mentioned aerodynamic characteristics, where the wind field of empty wind-tunnel (CK) was measured as well. The results showed that the arbor and shrub shelterbelts affected the vertical structure of the wind field in different ways. Specifically, the airflow was stratified by the arbor belts with the wind shadow located 5H behind the belts, while lifted by the shrub belts with the wind shadow adjacent to the belts. Porosity exerted more impact than row spacing on the windproof capacity of shelterbelts. The shelterbelts with low porosity provided greater shelter efficiency than those with high porosity, where the major shelter efficiency intervals of dense arbors, sparse arbors, dense shrubs, and sparse shrubs were 20%-25%, 15%-25%, 10%-20%, and 5%-15%, respectively. In the deciduous shelterbelts with similar porosity, the row spacing exerted little effect on the windproof capacity of arbor belts, but influenced that of the shrub belts. The difference in the cumulative effective protection ratio of arbor belts with different row spacing was generally within 5 percentage points at the major shelter efficiency. Nevertheless, the cumulative effective protection ratio of shrub belts with a row spacing of 4 cm was 18-25 percentage points higher than that of shrub belts with a row spacing of 2.5 cm. The shelterbelt porosity, which can be adjusted by plant spacing, played an important role in the windbreak. Furthermore, the shelter efficiency of shelterbelts with low porosity (arbors of 45% and shrubs of 35%) was greater than that with high porosity (arbors of 58% and shrubs of 54%). The proposed model of low porosity (arbors of 45% and shrubs of 35%) and wide row spacing (arbors of 6 cm and shrubs of 4 cm) was suitable for a kind of shelterbelt structure considering simultaneously the windproof capacity and the site conditions in arid and semi-arid lands. Therefore, a strong recommendation was made to scientifically match the structural characteristics of deciduous shelterbelts. Within a reasonable density range, the row spacing can be used to improve the windproof capacity of farmland shelterbelts.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Aerodynamics - Belts - Efficiency - Porosity - Wind tunnels
Uncontrolled terms:Aerodynamic characteristics - Arid and semi-arid areas - Efficiency intervals - Farmland shelterbelts - Structural characteristics - Vertical structures - Wind tunnel tests - Wind-tunnel simulation
Classification code:602.1  Mechanical Drives - 651.1  Aerodynamics, General - 651.2  Wind Tunnels - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1  Production Engineering - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Size 2.50e-02m, Size 4.00e-02m, Size 6.00e-02m, Percentage 2.00e+01% to 2.50e+01%, Percentage 3.50e+01%, Percentage 4.50e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00% to 1.50e+01%, Percentage 5.40e+01%, Percentage 5.80e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20212010364092
Title:Spatiotemporal pattern change of cultivated land in Weibei Dryland of Shaanxi Province
Title of translation:&#38485;&#35199;&#28205;&#21271;&#26097;&#22636;&#21306;&#32789;&#22320;&#26102;&#31354;&#26684;&#23616;&#21464;&#21270;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Xia, Liheng (1, 2); Liu, Jing (1, 2); Wei, Fang (1, 2); Xu, Zhongwei (1, 2); Long, Xiaocui (1, 2); Zhang, Yu (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Jing(jingliu@nwafu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:256-264
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Cultivated land is an irreplaceable natural resource for food security and social stability, even human survival. However, a drastic change in the spatial distribution of occupied cultivated land has caused tremendous pressure on agricultural production and the ecological environment. It is necessary to carry out long-term dynamic monitoring for the spatial distribution of cultivated land on a regional scale in the sustainable development of the natural resource. Taking the Weibei Dryland in Shaanxi Province of China as research area, this study aims to investigate the spatial distribution and change trends of farmland since 1995. Digital elevation model (DEM) data was selected at the township-level administrative divisions in six years (1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020). ArcGIS 10.6 platform was used for the net change rate of arable land and the dynamics degree, as well as the shift of gravity center and standard deviational ellipses of cultivated land. GeoDa 1.14 software was selected for the plot of local spatial autocorrelation and laser interferometer space antenna (LISA) in the areal proportion. The results showed that: 1) The total area of cultivated land in the Weibei arid highland decreased by 5.58% in 2020, compared with 1995. Specifically, the area of cultivated land decreased by 730.47 km², while the net loss area of cultivated land continued to expand over the past 25 years. The dynamic degree of cultivated land change maintained at a medium level, where the stability of cultivated land resources weakened in the whole region, particularly relatively low in the northern high plain. 2) The gravity center of cultivated land shifted generally in the northeast direction. Specifically, the moving distance was 17 160.84 m, while the migration rate increased from 165.34 m/a to 1 303.78 m/a. There was a "slow (1995-2000) and accelerating (2000-2020)" variation in the migration speed for the gravity center of cultivated land. The spatial pattern of the standard deviational ellipse shifted also to the northeast in the cultivated land, where the ellipse area increased by 1 904.93 km². Nevertheless, there was a decreasing trend of cultivated land area only from 2015 to 2020, while the spatial distribution of cultivated land tended to be scattered. The scattering rate of cultivated land was stable, due mainly to the implementation of the ditch reclamation project in Yan'an City. 3) There was a significant difference in the local spatial autocorrelation heterogeneity of area ratio in the cultivated land from 1995 to 2020, ranging from 0.273 to 0.529. Most regions showed an aggregation state of high-high value (HH) or low-low value (LL). The high-high-type areas were concentrated in the southeast of the study area. In the LISA frequency geo-spectrum, the proportion of stable and low-frequency regions were 89.58% in total, indicating a relatively stable pattern of cultivated land. The transition mode was mainly from "low-low" and "low-high" aggregation to stable in the regions with the medium and high frequency. The spatial pattern attenuated more obviously in some cultivated land. Therefore, a combination of the LISA frequency map, the barycenter model, standard deviation ellipse, and spatial autocorrelation can be expected to systematically explore the variation trend of regional spatial patterns in real time. The finding can provide a scientific basis for the optimization of spatial layout in farmland protection.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Land reclamation
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Antennas - Autocorrelation - Farms - Food supply - Geometry - Interferometers - Land use - Laser interferometry - Spatial distribution  - Spatial variables measurement - Surveying - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Digital elevation model - Ecological environments - Laser interferometer space antenna - Medium and high frequencies - Spatial autocorrelations - Spatiotemporal patterns - Standard Deviational Ellipse
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 405.3  Surveying - 442.2  Land Reclamation - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.3  Food Products - 921  Mathematics - 941.3  Optical Instruments - 941.4  Optical Variables Measurements - 943.2  Mechanical Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.50e+01yr, Area 7.30e+08m2, Area 9.05e+08m2, Percentage 5.58e+00%, Percentage 8.96e+01%, Size 1.61e+02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20212010364133
Title:Development of soil-fertilizer mixing layered backfiller for organic fertilizer deep applicator in orchard
Title of translation:&#26524;&#22253;&#26377;&#26426;&#32933;&#28145;&#26045;&#26426;&#22303;&#32933;&#28151;&#21512;&#20998;&#23618;&#22238;&#22635;&#35013;&#32622;&#30740;&#21046;
Authors:Yuan, Quanchun (1); Xu, Liming (1); Niu, Cong (1); Ma, Shuai (1); Yan, Chenggong (1); Zhao, Shijian (1); Liu, Fei (1); Wang, Kun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Liming(xlmoffice@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:11-19
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Deep application of organic fertilizer in orchards was often confined to the excessive concentration of fertilizer, and low utilization rate in traditional agriculture. In this study, a feasible layered backfill device was designed for the mixed soil and fertilizer. An auger was used to transport the backfill soil and fertilizer. Paddles were arranged to evenly mix the soil and fertilizer. Three groups of mixed backfill components were set to realize the layered backfill. A theoretical calculation was conducted to determine the parameters of the backfill auger, according to the amount of backfill needed to be transported. Specifically, the outer diameter of the auger was 0.280 m, the pitch was 0.200 m, and the rotational speed was more than 98 r/min. Taking the sideward angle of paddle, pitch angle of paddle and rotational speed as test factors, the relative standard deviation of organic fertilizer proportion and the average normal contact force of particle structure as evaluation indexes, a response surface simulation test was carried out to obtain the regression equation. An optimal combination of mixing paddle parameters was obtained, where the minimum evaluation index was taken as the objective. The best mixing effect was achieved, where the relative standard deviation was 40.35%, and the normal contact force was 0.33 N, when the sideward angle of paddle, pitch angle of paddle and rotational speed were 90&deg;, 60&deg;, and 200 r/min, respectively. An attempt was also made to explore the influence of the length for the paddle arrangement area on particle mixing in the simulation test. The results showed that the uniformity of particle mixing increased with the increase in the length of the paddle arrangement area, which tended to be stable at 400 mm. The mixing paddles were arranged in the whole length of the front and middle mixing backfill parts, and only within the length of 400 mm for the post-mixing backfill part. A deflector was also designed for a better stratification effect. The reason was that the soil and fertilizer cannot be evenly distributed in the whole width range, even piled up directly in one place, particularly for the wide fertilizing ditch. A bench test was performed on the movement of particles at the discharging port, thereby evaluating the mixing performance of the device. When the optimal inclination angles of deflectors at the front, middle and back discharging port were 70&deg;, 65&deg;, and 50&deg;, respectively, the soil and fertilizer in each layer was evenly distributed in the whole width of the fertilization ditch, indicating an improved stratification effect. A fertilizing ditch was opened with a width of 0.3 m, a depth of 0.4 m, and a length of 15 m. On the left side of the ditch, a ridge with a width of 0.2 m and a height of 0.2 m was set, on which the organic fertilizer was arranged. During the test, the feeding area was aligned with the ridge, and the discharging port was aligned with the ditch. After the test, three areas with a length of 0.5 m and width of 0.3 m were selected in the ditch, where 5-point sampling was used for sampling. The samples were laid flat in a box with a length of 280 mm and a width of 220 mm. Then the images were captured. An image processing was used to calculate the proportion of organic fertilizer. The relative standard deviation was 18.03%. In order to verify the accuracy of discrete element model and the reliability of the simulation optimization results, the sample size was set to be consistent with the bench test in the simulation test with the optimal paddle parameters, and the relative standard deviation of organic fertilizer proportion was calculated, which was 18.01%, the relative error was 0.11%. The results showed that the discrete element model was accurate, the simulation optimization result was reliable, and the mixing performance of the device was good, which can meet the requirements of soil fertilizer mixing operation.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Augers - Image processing - Mixing - Orchards - Soil testing - Soils - Statistics
Uncontrolled terms:Discrete element modeling - Normal contact force - Organic fertilizers - Regression equation - Relative standard deviations - Simulation optimization - Stratification effects - Theoretical calculations
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 502.2  Mine and Quarry Equipment - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Force 3.30e-01N, Percentage 1.10e-01%, Percentage 1.80e+01%, Percentage 4.04e+01%, Rotational_Speed 2.00e+02RPM, Rotational_Speed 9.80e+01RPM, Size 1.50e+01m, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 2.20e-01m, Size 2.80e-01m, Size 3.00e-01m, Size 4.00e-01m, Size 5.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20212010364159
Title:Distributed quantification of blue and green water resources and water footprint of crop production in an irrigation district at multiple temporal scales
Title of translation:&#28748;&#21306;&#34013;&#32511;&#27700;&#36164;&#28304;&#19982;&#20316;&#29289;&#29983;&#20135;&#27700;&#36275;&#36857;&#22810;&#26102;&#31354;&#20998;&#24067;&#37327;&#21270;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Gao, Jie (1, 2); Wu, Pute (2, 3, 4); Xie, Pengxuan (1, 2); Zhuo, La (2, 3, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (4) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Pute(gjzwpt@vip.sina.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:105-112
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Water resources management in irrigation districts is important to ensure food security. The current water resources management in China focuses on underground water and surface water (i.e. blue water), and precipitation (green water). However, most studies are on large scale such as global or basin scales and few are on irrigation district scale. The aim of this paper was to quantify and evaluate the consumption of different types of water resources in the irrigation district by the concept of water footprint (WF). The maize and wheat production in the Baojixia Irrigation District of Shaanxi in China from 2008 to 2017 were selected as the case study. One hydrological station and two weather stations were included in the study area. Data of runoff, precipitation irrigation and soil-related physical properties were collected. A regional distributed hydrological model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool, SWAT) based on the hydrological cycle was established. The model was constructed by coupling with the soil water balance model and considering the water delivery losses of the irrigation canals. The blue and green water resources and WFs of crop production were quantified. The variability of the annual WFs of crops during the study period was analyzed, and the WFs of crops on daily and monthly scales were also analyzed in three typical years (dry, normal, wet). The runoff data was used to validate the SWAT model, and the MOD16A2GF Version 6 Evapotranspiration product (MOD 16) at a 500 m pixel resolution was used to verify the evapotranspiration simulation results. Then, the change of WF was analyzed. The results showed that the model could simulate well the runoff with the values of R² of 0.74, Nash Efficiency Coefficient (NSE) of 0.69 during the calibration period. By validation, the model was still well and both the values of R² and NSE were 0.51. It indicates that the model established in this study could accurately simulate the hydrological process in irrigation districts. During the period from 2008 to 2017, the blue and green water resources in Baojixia Irrigation District increased on the whole. The multi-year average blue water resources in Yangling was the highest but the multi-year average green water resources in Jingyang was the lowest. The multi-year average total WF values of maize and wheat (including the blue WF of irrigation delivery losses) were 573 and 779 m³/t, respectively, showing an overall rising trend. The fluctuations of total WFs were mostly affected by the green WF. The green WF of crop production was higher at the jointing and filling stages and lower at the maturing stage. The WFs of crop production were fluctuated the most on the daily scale and the fluctuation decreased gradually from month scale to annual scale. The fluctuations of the green and blue WFs of wheat were the largest in the dry year. Although the irrigation water in the dry year was lower than the normal and wet years, the unit maize yield and the unit wheat yield were the highest and the total WF values of maize and wheat were the lowest. This study can provide valuable information for crop production and management in irrigation districts..<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Surface water resources
Controlled terms:Climate models - Crops - Cultivation - Evapotranspiration - Food supply - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Irrigation - Irrigation canals - Runoff  - Soil moisture - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Distributed hydrological model - Efficiency coefficient - Hydrological cycles - Hydrological process - Irrigation districts - Soil and Water assessment tools - Soil water balance model - Water resources management
Classification code:443  Meteorology - 444.1  Surface Water - 444.2  Groundwater - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products - 921  Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Size 5.00e+02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20212010364108
Title:Development of seeding rate detection system for precision and small amount sowing of wheat
Title of translation:&#23567;&#40614;&#31934;&#23569;&#37327;&#25773;&#31181;&#25773;&#37327;&#26816;&#27979;&#31995;&#32479;&#30740;&#21046;
Authors:Jiang, Meng (1, 2); Liu, Cailing (1, 2); Du, Xin (1, 2); Dai, Lei (1, 2); Huang, Rongbiao (1, 2); Yuan, Hao (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agriculture University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Soil-Machine-Plant System Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Cailing(cailingliu@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:50-58
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Seeding amount determines the distribution density of plants in the field, thereby posing a significant impact on the final yield of crops. Real-time detection of sowing amount is an inevitable trend in precise agriculture. However, the current technology is difficult to rapidly identify overlapping seeds for the total amount of wheat precision seeding. In this study, an accurate detection system with an interpolation sensor was developed to control the seeding amount in a wheat precision planter with a wide seedling strip. Infrared radiation LEDs were used as the sensitive elements, and the 24-bit ADS1256 as the high-precision sampling module. The sampling frequency of the system was determined to be 1&times;10³ Hz. The process of seed falling was analyzed, where the seeds were sampled at least three times when the sensor was scanning over the detection areas. The sampling voltage of one seed, two seeds, and three seeds were obtained when the sensor passed through. Two sampling threshold divisions were set using the peak and the mean value, according to the sampling voltage. In the peak, 489 was the threshold value for 1 and 2 seeds while 616 for 2 and 3 seeds. In the mean, 277 was the threshold value for 1 and 2 seeds while 330 for 2 and 3 seeds. A detection system of precision seeding was realized to integrate with the interaction interface of touch screen personal-computer and drive control of a stepper motor. A field experiment of planter under static state was carried out to verify the detection accuracy of the system, the adaptability for different varieties of wheat and seeding frequency, and further to evaluate the two-threshold division. Three types of wheat were selected as the research objects, including Heng-Guan 35, Ji-Mai 22, and Cun-Mai 11. It was found that the peak detection was optimal, due to the low detection error and good adaptability to different wheat varieties. The peak detection was further revised, where the correction coefficient was 7.08%. A field experiment was also carried out to further verify the performance of the detection system under dynamic conditions. It was found that the absolute detection error of the system ranged from 1.12%-5.63%, and the mean absolute error was 3.12%, indicating a high detection accuracy for the high requirements under various sowing rates and operation speeds, as well as a high resistance to sunlight and dust interference. The finding can provide potential technical support for the design of seed tube sensor, and the rapid detection of seeding amount in the process of precision wheat sowing.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Computer control systems - Error detection - Infrared radiation - Personal computers - Stepping motors - Touch screens
Uncontrolled terms:Correction coefficients - Detection accuracy - Distribution density - Interaction interface - Mean absolute error - Precise agriculture - Real-time detection - Sampling frequencies
Classification code:705.3  Electric Motors - 722.2  Computer Peripheral Equipment - 722.4  Digital Computers and Systems - 723.5  Computer Applications - 741.1  Light/Optics - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.12e+00% to 5.63e+00%, Percentage 3.12e+00%, Percentage 7.08e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20212010364180
Title:Research progress of global foods for elderly based on bibliometric analysis of Web of Science
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;Web of Science&#25991;&#29486;&#35745;&#37327;&#23398;&#20998;&#26512;&#30340;&#20840;&#29699;&#32769;&#24180;&#39135;&#21697;&#30740;&#31350;&#36827;&#23637;
Authors:Tian, Hua (1); Chen, Jie (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang; 464000, China; (2) School of Marxism, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang; 464000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:324-332
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Most of developed countries have entered the aging society in the world, and the global aging is increasingly serious. China entered in 1999, and now is in the accelerated development period. For successful aging, appropriate nutrition is a major determinant. Most age-related diseases can be prevented by taking appropriate nutritional interventions and eating foods rich in nutrients and antioxidants. In order to provide a reference for the current and future research and development in China, a comprehensive bibliometric visual analysis of the global elderly food research based on the Web of Science database from 1990 to 2020 was applied to reflect scientific influences and capabilities of relevant countries, understand the in-depth cooperation between countries, research institutions and authors, then to reveal the research hotspots and frontiers. The results showed that the total number of publications increases substantially in recent years, suggesting that more and more researchers have begun to pay attention to this field. A total of 64 countries or regions, 852 research institutions and 236 journals have carried out researches in this field. The United States is the major contributor to this research in the world. In addition, Japan, Netherlands, England, France, Brazil, Spain and other countries have also conducted in-depth research. Especially Spain, Norway, Netherlands and Sweden have surpassed the United States according to the number of citations per article. For China, high-quality research is still relatively rare. There is a huge gap between China and countries with better research. The University of Sao Paulo in Brazil is the most published research institution, and Duke University in the United States is the most cited institution in the world, both of which are all world-famous universities in history. It appears that most of the major research institutions are located in developed countries of Europe and America. At the same time, research institutions are very closely linked, and cross-regional cooperation and interdisciplinary integration are frequent. Two closest cooperation networks are very clear. The first is the network of Germany cooperation organization formed by more than ten institutions, such as University of Bonn, University of Leipzig and Technical University of Munich. The second the network of international cooperation organization formed by more than ten countries or regions, such as University of Athens in Greece, University of Lausanne in Switzerland and University of Innsbruck in Austria. The cooperation network in China is relatively weak, including the United States, France, England, Australia, Japan, Finland, Poland, etc. The main fields of global elderly food research are nutrition dietetics, food science and technology, geriatric gerontology, biochemistry and molecular biology, focusing on dietary supplement, health status and related risks. As the largest population country in the world, the research and development of the elderly foods are urgent and important in the period of accelerated aging development. The future research should be focused on the development of nutrient fortified food and functional food, strengthened the research on sensory modification based on the theory of geriatrics and nutrition, so as to meet the diversified nutritional needs of the elderly in respond to the global aging.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:70
Main heading:Nutrition
Controlled terms:Dietary supplements - Geriatrics - Health risks - International cooperation - Molecular biology
Uncontrolled terms:Bibliometric analysis - Cooperation networks - Food science and technology - High-quality research - Regional cooperation - Research and development - Research institutions - Technical universities
Classification code:461  Bioengineering and Biology - 822.3  Food Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20212010364153
Title:Detection and variation of steroidal estrogens in intensive dairy farm marsh irrigation areas
Title of translation:&#38598;&#32422;&#21270;&#22902;&#29275;&#22330;&#27836;&#28082;&#27836;&#28748;&#21306;&#31867;&#22266;&#37255;&#38604;&#28608;&#32032;&#23450;&#37327;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Yu, Weiwei (1); Sun, Weizhe (1); Du, Banghao (1); Yang, Wei (1); Jiang, Hui (1); Tang, Chuandong (2); Yang, Shuo (1); Xie, Mingyuan (1); Tang, Jingjing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing; 400074, China; (2) Western Branch of China Academy of Urban Planning and Design, Chongqing; 401121, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:241-247
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Steroidal estrogen production has become an emerging source of environmental pollution, due to the huge demand for meat products as the rapid development of intensive farms. Therefore, it is necessary to establish quantitative analysis for steroidal estrogens in complex fractions of digestate and soil, in order to explore the changes of steroidal estrogens in different seasons. In this study, a solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) was developed for the analysis of five steroidal estrogens (estrone, 17&alpha;-estradiol, 17&beta;-estradiol, estriol, and sodium estrone sulfate) in digestate and soil from the methane irrigation area of dairy farms. Sample pretreatments were made on the complex matrix characteristics of methane and soil. The treated samples were analyzed by multi-response monitoring in the negative ion mode with an electrospray ionization source. The results showed that there was good linearity of the assay, where the detection limits were 0.09-0.39 ng/L, the quantification limits were 0.24-1.18 ng/L, and the recoveries ranged from 74.56% to 91.84%. This technology was effectively used for the determination of trace estrogens in methane and soil. The frequency and concentration of estrone, 17&alpha;-estradiol, and 17&beta;-estradiol were higher in the methane irrigation area soil samples from dairy farms, while the frequency and concentration of estriol and sodium estrone sulfate were lower. The average concentrations of estrone and 17&alpha;-estradiol increased from summer to winter, indicating a weak degradation of estrogens, due to the lower temperature and lower activity of anaerobic bacteria. The concentration of 17&beta;-E2 showed a decreasing trend, indicating that 17&beta;-E2 was more easily converted under anaerobic conditions. In the anaerobic tank effluent, the concentration of each substance was ranked in order: estrone, 17&beta;-estradiol, 17&alpha;-estradiol, estrone sodium sulfate &gt; estriol in the anaerobic pond effluent, whereas, in the aerobic pond effluent: 17&beta;-estradiol, 17&alpha;-estradiol, estrone, estrone sodium sulfate, estriol. Soil adsorbed estrogens and the concentration of estrogens in soil was lower than that in the digestate, as a result of the synergistic effect of transport, transformation, and degradation of soil Steroid Estrogens (SEs). The surface soil and the subsoil showed the same magnitude of estrogen concentrations, where estrogens migrated with the soil and then accumulated. 17&beta;-E2 and E1 mainly presented in the surface soil, while 17&alpha;-E2 was detected less frequently at a lower mean concentration, indicating a stronger migration capacity in the soil, where the soil was less adsorbed to 17&alpha;-E2. The concentration of each estrogen was detected higher in summer and gradually decreased with the seasonal change. The reason was that the higher temperature and vigorous crop growth in summer contributed to the increase in the number of methane watering, while reduced, as the temperature decreased in winter. There was a large difference in estrogen concentration from summer to autumn, where the estrogen in the surface soil was easy to lose or migrate longitudinally under the runoff in summer. In the soil at different depths, the concentration of each substance was in order of: 17&beta;-estradiol, estrone, 17&alpha;-estradiol, sodium estrone sulfate, but no estriol was detected. There was a seasonal trend of decline in the concentration of estrogen in the soil. The experimental findings can provide an insightful theoretical basis and data support for the estrogen detection and distribution in complex substrates.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Bacteria - Biodegradation - Dairies - Effluents - Electrospray ionization - Farms - Irrigation - Lakes - Liquid chromatography - Mass spectrometry  - Methane - Negative ions - Phase separation - Sodium sulfate - Soils - Sulfur compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic bacterium - Anaerobic conditions - Average concentration - Environmental pollutions - Mean concentrations - Quantification limit - Solid-phase extraction - Steroidal estrogens
Classification code:452.3  Industrial Wastes - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 801  Chemistry - 801.2  Biochemistry - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 822.1  Food Products Plants and Equipment
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 2.40e-10kg/m3 to 1.18e-09kg/m3, Mass_Density 9.00e-11kg/m3 to 3.90e-10kg/m3, Percentage 7.46e+01% to 9.18e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20212010364137
Title:Effects of mechanical tillage and sowing methods on photosynthetic production and yield of wheat in rice stubble
Title of translation:&#26426;&#26800;&#32789;&#20316;&#21644;&#25773;&#31181;&#26041;&#24335;&#23545;&#31291;&#33580;&#23567;&#40614;&#20809;&#21512;&#29983;&#20135;&#21644;&#20135;&#37327;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Li, Fujian (1); Xu, Dongyi (1); Wu, Peng (1); Le, Tao (1); Zhu, Min (1, 2); Li, Chunyan (1, 2); Zhu, Xinkai (1, 2); Yang, Sijun (3); Ding, Jinfeng (1, 2); Guo, Wenshan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Wheat Research Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou; 225009, China; (2) Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou; 225009, China; (3) Institute of Agriculture Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Wenshan(wheat@yzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:41-49
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The heavy and sticky soil after rice planting and the increasing rice straws returned into field have restricted subsequent wheat growth in the region along the Huai River. An effective way is to combine the tillage and seeding operation. This study aims to propose the optimal combination of mechanical tillage and seeding for wheat following rice. A field experiment was conducted from 2017 to 2019 in Sihong County, Jiangsu Province, China, in order to investigate the effects of tillage and seeding mode on the formation of spike number and single spike weight, photosynthetic production, and yield of wheat. The tillage included the plow tillage followed by rotary tillage (PR) and the no-tillage (NT). The seeding included medium-size strip seeding, medium-size drill seeding, small-size strip seeding, and small-size drill seeding. The measurement indexes were the number of stem and tiller, leaf area and dry matter accumulation at the main stages, the net photosynthetic rate at the anthesis and milk-ripe stage, tiller fertility, and grain yield. The results showed that: 1) The number of stem and tiller, as well as leaf area index during the whole growth stages, and the leaf area of single stem and net photosynthetic rate of flag leaf at the anthesis and milk-ripe stages were higher under the NT treatment than those under the PR treatment. The weight of a single spike increased by 17.2% and 15.5% in the two seasons under the NT, compared with the PR. 2) The tillage significantly (P&lt;0.01) affected tiller fertility. Compared with the PR, the accumulation of dry matter during maturity and post-anthesis stages under the NT treatment were higher by 34.2%, and 42% in 2018, while 23.3%, and 75.3% in 2019, respectively. The grain yield under NT was higher than that under PR by 25.4% in 2018, and 15.2% in 2019. 3) In medium-sized mechanical seeding, the crop was facilitated to well use the nutrient and solar-thermal resources during the whole reproductive period, indicating a high photosynthetic capacity of flag leaf and strong material production. The application of medium-size seeders achieved a much higher grain yield in 2018 and 2019, compared with small-size seeders, without significant difference (P&gt;0.05) under the NT treatment in 2018. Compared with the drill seeding, strip seeding improved the individual growth space of wheat, the leaf area, as well as the capacity production and transformation of dry matter. Moreover, the increase of spike number and total biomass was attributed to the strong vigor seedlings before the overwintering stage, early emergence with the rapid growth of tillers, and tiller fertility. A large photosynthetic area of individual leaf and canopy leaves with slowly decreasing leaf area index and improved photosynthetic capacity after the anthesis promoted the rapid accumulation of post-anthesis dry matter, the single spike weight, and grain yield. In the NT condition, the medium-size strip seeding was expected as a sustainable and effective practice to improve the growth and grain yield of wheat following rice in the Huai River plain. The findings can provide a further theoretical basis for the optimal selection of combined tillage and seeding in wheat production following rice.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Cultivation - Dairies - Drills - Infill drilling - Plants (botany)
Uncontrolled terms:Dry matter accumulation - Effective practices - Field experiment - Net photosynthetic rate - Optimal combination - Optimal selection - Photosynthetic capacity - Photosynthetic production
Classification code:511.1  Oil Field Production Operations - 603.2  Machine Tool Accessories - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.1  Food Products Plants and Equipment
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.52e+01%, Percentage 1.55e+01%, Percentage 1.72e+01%, Percentage 2.33e+01%, Percentage 2.54e+01%, Percentage 3.42e+01%, Percentage 4.20e+01%, Percentage 7.53e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20212010364123
Title:Design and experiments of crawler-type hilly and mountaineous flax combine harvester
Title of translation:&#23653;&#24102;&#24335;&#19992;&#38517;&#23665;&#22320;&#32993;&#40635;&#32852;&#21512;&#25910;&#21106;&#26426;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Shi, Ruijie (1); Dai, Fei (1); Liu, Xiaolong (1); Zhao, Wuyun (1); Qu, Jiangfei (1); Zhang, Fengwei (1); Qin, Daguo (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou; 730070, China; (2) Chongqing SHINERAY Agricultural Machinery Co., Ltd., Chongqing; 401329, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Wuyun(zhaowy@gsau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:59-67
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Flax is an important oil crop that is widely cultivated in the dry farming areas of Loess Plateau in Northwest and North China. The seed of flax is rich in high nutrition with many beneficial effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and regulating blood lipid. A staged harvest is generally used to collect the flax seed in previous manual operations in remote mountainous areas. However, high labor intensity and low operating efficiency have seriously restricted mechanized harvesting in the sustainable development of the flax industry. Since Gansu Province is one of the main hilly planting areas of flax, large combine harvesters cannot run smoothly in the operation of transportation, field entry, and transfer, due mainly to the small blocks and narrow roads. In this study, a track combine harvester was designed for hilly mountain flax, combining with easy winding, high strength, and low mobility of flax stem. This machine included a crawler-type walking system, a low damage header to prevent winding, a transverse-flow beater with the grain rod and rod teeth with small taper, narrow-grid concave plates, and secondary cleaning. The whole feeding realized the joint harvest of flax in hilly areas, including dividing, cutting, conveying, threshing, separating, and cleaning. The crawler walking system adopted hydraulic steering and variable speed, showing the 360&deg; in-situ steering with a turning radius of only 700 mm. In the anti-winding low damage header, an anti-winding plate was set in the feed section of the agitator wheel, while the number of telescopic teeth was reduced. As such, the rotational speeds of the threshing and agitator wheel were adjusted to realize the anti-winding of the flax stem. The threshing roller included the transverse-flow beater with the grain rod and rod teeth with small taper, thereby realizing the complete threshing and separation of the flax capsule. The secondary cleaning was composed of a large air-duct fan, a centrifugal fan, and a cyclone separator to implement two cleaning for flax threshing materials. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of the combine harvester. The results showed that when the water content of flax seeds was 5.42%, an optimal combination of parameters was achieved, where the threshing rate was 98.76%, the impurity rate was 3.61%, the damage rate was 0.18%, the header loss rate was 1.07%, the entrainment loss rate was 0.25%, the cleaning loss rate was 0.81%, the splash loss rate was 0.26%, and the total loss rate was 2.36%. The whole machine ran smoothly during the operation. The operation indexes fully reached the mechanized harvest requirements of flax to serve as a hilly flax combine harvester.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Combines
Controlled terms:Air cleaners - Cleaning - Flax - Harvesters - Harvesting - Linen - Microgrids - Wheels - Winding
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-inflammatories - Beneficial effects - Combine harvesters - Manual operations - Mechanized harvesting - Operating efficiency - Optimal combination - Rotational speed
Classification code:451.2  Air Pollution Control - 601.2  Machine Components - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 819.1  Natural Fibers - 819.5  Textile Products and Processing - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.07e+00%, Percentage 1.80e-01%, Percentage 2.36e+00%, Percentage 2.50e-01%, Percentage 2.60e-01%, Percentage 3.61e+00%, Percentage 5.42e+00%, Percentage 8.10e-01%, Percentage 9.88e+01%, Size 7.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20212010364160
Title:Design and experiments of smoothly winding speed control system of grape cold-proof cloth
Title of translation:&#33889;&#33796;&#38450;&#23506;&#24067;&#24179;&#25972;&#21367;&#25910;&#36895;&#24230;&#25511;&#21046;&#31995;&#32479;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Niu, Cong (1); Xu, Liming (1); Yuan, Quanchun (1); Ma, Shuai (1); Yan, Chenggong (1); Zhao, Shijian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Liming(xlmoffice@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:77-86
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Cold-proof mode has widely been updated for some vineyards in Xinjiang Region of northern China. The cold-proof cloth is normally used to assist in soil buried operation for better insulation of heat and moisture in complete soil clearing. However, the machine is still lacking for the soil clearing of winter grape and cold-proof cloth recycling, particularly in the early stage of popularization and application for the cold-proof cloth assisted soil-buried mode. It is also difficult to realize the smooth winding of cold-proof cloth. In this study, a new speed control system was proposed for smooth winding of grape cold-proof cloth in spring in Xinjiang Region, China. The linear velocity of the cloth roll was set to be equal to the forward speed of the machine. This system automatically detected the winding state of the cold-proof cloth. In smooth winding of the cold-proof cloth, the theoretical rotation rate of the DC motor was calculated in real time, according to the real-time changes of forward speed in a machine and the radius of cloth roller. A PID controller was adopted to control the duty ratio of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal, then to adjust the rotation rate of the DC motor, further to drive the cloth roller for winding the cold-proof cloth. As such, the forward speed of the machine was used to realize the real-time adjustment of rotation rate for the cloth roller. At the time of cold-proof cloth deflected winding, the rotation rate of the cloth roller was adjusted to advance or lag the target rotation rate so that the cold-proof cloth was to restore the smooth winding state. Specifically, this study included the structure design of grape cold-proof cloth winding device, the hardware and software design of the control system. A control model was established in Simulink module using the motor transfer function model. In the simulation, the PID parameters were set, where the coefficients of proportion, integral, and differential were 0.3, 0.2, and 0.000 05, respectively. A physical prototype was also processed for the speed system. The static calibration test was carried out for the rotation rate of the DC motor, in order to obtain the relation between the motor rotation rate and duty ratio of the PWM signal. A performance test was conducted to verify the feasibility of automatic deflection adjustment for the cold-proof cloth. The optimized mounting distance of 20 mm was achieved for the laser switching sensor. PID parameters in the simulation test were taken as the intermediate levels in the performance experiment for the rotation rate of the DC motor, where each coefficient was tested at 4 levels in turn. The optimized proportion, integral, and differential gain coefficient were 0.3, 0.1, and 0.000 05, respectively, indicating basic consistency with the simulated values. The steady-state response time of the control system was about 0.4 s with a response delay of about 0.1 s, indicating a relatively small influence and good control effect. The performance test of slant winding cold-proof cloth was carried out, where the flatness was taken as the evaluation index. It was found that the flatness of the cold-proof cloth was more than 90% and the average was 92.78%, suitable for the operational requirements. The speed system with better control performance can provide a technical reference for the design and optimization of recycling machinery for the grape cold-proof cloth.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Textile industry
Controlled terms:Clothes - DC motors - Machine design - Proportional control systems - Pulse width modulation - Recycling - Rollers (machine components) - Rotation - Software design - Soils  - Speed - Speed control - Speed regulators - Three term control systems - Turing machines - Voltage control - Winding
Uncontrolled terms:Control performance - Design and optimization - Hardware and software designs - Operational requirements - Performance experiment - Recycling machineries - Static calibration - Steady-state response
Classification code:452.3  Industrial Wastes - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601  Mechanical Design - 601.2  Machine Components - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 705.3.2  DC Motors - 721.1  Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 723.1  Computer Programming - 731.1  Control Systems - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 732.1  Control Equipment - 819.6  Textile Mills, Machinery and Equipment - 931.1  Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.28e+01%, Size 2.00e-02m, Time 1.00e-01s, Time 4.00e-01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20212010364151
Title:Influence of setting angle for guide bar on velocity characteristics of spiral flow in cross-sections between piped carriages
Title of translation:&#23548;&#27969;&#26465;&#23433;&#25918;&#35282;&#24230;&#23545;&#31649;&#36947;&#36710;&#38388;&#26029;&#38754;&#34746;&#26059;&#27969;&#27969;&#36895;&#29305;&#24615;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Li, Yongye (1); Pang, Yaqi (1); Song, Xiaoteng (1); Jia, Xiaomeng (1); Lu, Yifan (1); Sun, Xihuan (1); Zhang, Xuelan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resource Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan; 030024, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:87-94
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">This study aims to explore the velocity characteristics of spiral flow between piped carriages under various setting angles of the guide bar. A combined theoretical and simulation test was adopted, where the main control variable was set as the setting angle of the guide bar. The results showed that there was basically the same trend in the distribution of axial velocity at the section of two carriages in pipeline car under the different setting angles of the guide bar, where both spread inward from the pipe wall and then outward from the pipe axis. There was an overall large value of the axial velocity at each section of car carriages, with a maximum of up to 3 m/s. In the rear car, there was a positive or negative velocity of axial flow at the cross section, indicating the backflow occurred. The velocity values of water flow were basically positive at the section of the pipeline in the middle and front of the car. There was a gradual distribution of 120&deg; rotation symmetry in both circumferential velocity and radial flow velocity at cross-sections between piped carriages with the increase in the installation angle of the guide bar. The value of circumferential velocity was larger, but that of radial velocity was smaller in the directions of 0&deg;, 120&deg;, and 240&deg; polar axes. The intensity of circumferential velocity was much stronger as the setting angle of the guide bar increased, where the maximum circumferential velocity reached 1.5 m/s, indicating a great influence of setting angle on the circumferential velocity. Furthermore, the circumferential flow velocity was positive or negative, indicating two directions, including counterclockwise and clockwise. In percentage columnar accumulation, there was a stepladder characteristic of circumferential flow velocity under different setting angles of the guide bar. A positive correlation was found between the circumferential flow velocity and the setting angle of the guide bar. The radial velocity basically fluctuated between -1-1 m/s, where there was a relatively large area with zero. The radial flow velocity was also much smaller, compared with the axial and circumferential flow velocity. Two directions were found in the positive or negative radial flow velocity: inward and outward the circle center along the diameter. The finding can provide theoretical support for the spiral flow of pipelines and the popularization of piped hydraulic transportation.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Velocity
Controlled terms:Bars (metal) - Flow of water - Flow velocity - Pipelines - Radial flow - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Circumferential velocity - Control variable - Hydraulic transportation - Installation angle - Negative velocities - Positive correlations - Rotation symmetry - Simulation tests
Classification code:535.1.2  Rolling Mill Practice - 619.1  Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 631  Fluid Flow
Numerical data indexing:Velocity 3.00e+00m/s, Velocity -1.00e+00m/s, Velocity 1.50e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20212010364150
Title:Preparation of a degradable fruit bagging material from corn bracts and its relative performance
Title of translation:&#29577;&#31859;&#33502;&#21494;&#21487;&#38477;&#35299;&#32946;&#26524;&#34955;&#26448;&#26009;&#21046;&#22791;&#21450;&#20854;&#24615;&#33021;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Chen, Meiyu (1, 2); Sun, Runjun (1, 2); Xia, Binbin (1); Wang, Shan (1); He, Caiting (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an; 710048, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product in Ministry of Education, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an; 710048, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:248-255
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">This study aims to improve the utilization rate of abandoned corn bracts, while decreasing the production cost of the bag of fruit cultivating in sustainable agriculture. Five representative bags of fruit cultivating were collected in the market as the controlled samples, including the plastic film bag A, special bag B for grape, one-, two- and three-layered bag C, D, and E. The basic structural characteristics of controlled samples were firstly analyzed. Then, alkali cooking was used to degum the corn bracts for the extraction of fibers. Subsequently, the corn bract fibers were cut into 5&plusmn;0.5 mm long, thereby mixing evenly with the waste paper scraps in a ratio of 1.5:1. The wet mesh forming was adopted to prepare the fruit-cultivating bag material F. The mechanical properties of material F were tested after fabrication. The experimental results showed that the prepared material F behaved a strong tensile resistance, where the tensile loads for the dry and wet material F were up to 20.02 and 13.79 N, respectively. Furthermore, an excellent extension performance was achieved for the high requirements of mechanical properties in the fruit bagging. A scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) was adopted to observe the microstructure of the prepared materials F and the controlled samples in the market, further to analyze the distribution of holes in the matrix. The bagging properties were also measured, including air permeability, heat-insulating property, shading property, and water management ability. The experimental data demonstrated that the fruit-cultivating bag material F presented an excellent air permeability. Specifically, the air-flow rate and permeability of material were 73.5 mm/s and 173.7 L/m²&bull;s, respectively. In contrast to the controlled samples, the maximum air-flow rate and permeability were only 2.5 mm/s and 0.3 L/m²&bull;s, respectively. In addition, the heat loss of boiling water was about 265 kJ, when the prepared material was used to keep the boiling water for 60 min. The transmittance of the material F was about 0.4 % in the visible light range, and 0.09% in the ultraviolet light range. The shielding properties showed that the prepared material ensured the photosynthesis of fruits during the growth process. Meanwhile, material F was expected to protect the fruit from ultraviolet light burning. Excellent ability of water conductivity was also achieved, where the core suction height reached 31 mm within 30 min. As such, the water in the fruit-cultivating bag during rainy days discharged quickly to enhance the quality of fruit products. Low wet evaporation indicated that the water retention performance was obviously better than that of the special bag B for the grape in the market. Most significantly, the thermal insulation performance of the new fabricated material was better than that of the controlled samples in the market.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Air - Air permeability - Commerce - Thermal insulation - Ultraviolet radiation - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Insulating properties - Insulation performance - Mechanical properties of materials - Relative performance - Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) - Shielding properties - Structural characteristics - Sustainable agriculture
Classification code:413.2  Heat Insulating Materials - 741.1  Light/Optics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Energy 2.65e+05J, Force 1.38e+01N, Force 2.00e+01N, Percentage 4.00e-01%, Percentage 9.00e-02%, Size 3.10e-02m, Time 1.80e+03s, Time 3.60e+03s, Velocity 2.50e-03m/s, Velocity 7.35e-02m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20212010364199
Title:Design and experiments of layered and quantitative fertilization device for rapeseed seeder
Title of translation:&#27833;&#33756;&#30452;&#25773;&#26426;&#20998;&#23618;&#23450;&#37327;&#26045;&#32933;&#35013;&#32622;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Liu, Xiaodong (1, 2); Wang, Xuping (1, 2); Chen, Liyuan (1, 2); Zhang, Chaoyu (1, 2); Liu, Wenbo (1, 2); Ding, Youchun (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Youchun(kingbug163@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:1-10
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Overuse of chemical fertilizers is one of the important factors that cause the agricultural nonpoint source pollution to aggravate in precise agriculture. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the main producing areas of oilseed rape in China. In sowing, the mixed and extensive application of chemical fertilizers with low utilization has become a severe restriction on the sustainable production of rape in green agriculture. Layered and quantitative fertilization is an alternative way to reduce the excessive amount, while increasing the efficiency of chemical fertilizers. In layered fertilizing, the proportion of fertilizers in the upper and lower layer can be accurately controlled with a high utilization rate for the later advantageous growth of crops in different areas. However, the traditional extensive mode of operation has posed a great challenge on the direct seeding of rapeseed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In this study, a layered and proportional fertilizing device was proposed for the uniform distribution of fertilizer flow in a rape seeder, according to the planting and growth pattern of the root system. A proportional control system was applied to adjust the amount of fertilizer in the upper and lower layers, while separately fertilizing at the left and right of the upper layer. A quadratic regression orthogonal test was conducted to take the diameter of blocking rod, the number of the blocking rod groups, and the distance between blocking rods as the experimental factors. The optimal structural parameters of the device were determined: the rod diameter was 3 mm, the number of rod groups was 5, and the distance between the rods was 8.9 mm. A performance test of fertilizer discharge was carried out under the optimal combination of parameters. The evaluation indexes were set as the error between the target fertilizing ratio and the actual fertilizing ratio, the variation coefficient of stable discharge volume for the upper and lower pipes, and the variation coefficient of stable discharge volume for the left and right sides of the upper pipe. The test results showed that the maximum error between the actual and target fertilizing ratio was 4.1 percentage points for the upper and lower layers, indicating very little influence on the later growth of rape. The variation coefficient of stable fertilizer discharge in the upper and lower layers was lower than 3.9%, indicating a stable distribution of fertilizer ratio for the standard requirements in the layered fertilization of rape. The error between the actual and target fertilizing ratio was less than 4.1 percentage points in the upper pipe, meaning an excellent fertilization effect for the standard requirements in the upper layer. The variation coefficient of stable discharge volume was lower than 4.8% in the upper pipe. There was no obvious relationship with the rotational speed of the discharge device, indicating excellent stability of discharge volume for the left and right sides. The field test showed that the fertilizing device was stable for the high requirements in the layered fertilization of rape. This finding can provide potential technical support for the proportional layering of fertilizer during large-scale production of oilseed rape.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Errors - Oilseeds - River pollution - Structural optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Chemical fertilizers - Large scale productions - Middle and lower reaches of the yangtze rivers - Standard requirements - Sustainable production - Uniform distribution - Variation coefficient
Classification code:453  Water Pollution - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.90e+00%, Percentage 4.80e+00%, Size 3.00e-03m, Size 8.90e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20212010364208
Title:Optimization and experiments of non-uniform objects quantitative combination algorithm based on chain transmission
Title of translation:&#38750;&#22343;&#36136;&#29289;&#26009;&#38142;&#24335;&#32452;&#21512;&#31216;&#37325;&#23450;&#37327;&#31639;&#27861;&#20248;&#21270;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Gong, Zhongliang (1); Zhang, Zhen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha; 410004, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:310-316
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Effective mass of non-uniform objects varies differently and indivisibly, thereby making the combined object uncertain during the combined weighing and quantification process. Thus, there is a great contradiction between the quantitative accuracy of combined weighing and combined speed. In this study, a chain-drive combination weighing and quantitative system was proposed, where the precision-efficiency was treated as the combined operation target. A combined error of influence parameters was analyzed to evaluate the accuracy of combined weighing quantification. Besides, the number of combined samples and sampling were optimized to reduce the combined calculation time with a high combined quantitative speed. The results indicated that the number of combined samples increased the probability of combination success. However, the amount of combined calculation increased exponentially with the increase of the number of combined samples. Thus, the number of combined samples needed to be optimized for the tradeoff between the combined error and calculation time. A normal distribution was followed after 10 000 rounds of combined calculation on the quality data, where the mean value was equal to 100, and the variance was 10². It was found that the number of combined samples was 14 with the shorter calculation time when the target mass of combined quantification was 500 g and the allowable combined error was &plusmn;0.1 g. Moreover, the sampling numbers needed to be screened for the high requirements of combined error, due to the characteristics of non-uniform objects. In addition, a simulation experiment was designed to explore the influence of the total sampling number on the combined error and calculation time. The test results showed that the improved and previous combination maintained the success probability of quantitative combination at about 95% when the standard deviation of weight distribution was less than 30 g and the combined quantitative error was less than 0.1-1.0 g. The calculation time of the optimized combination was reduced by 40%, compared with the conventional one. The findings can provide a sound reference for the potential development of a chain combined weighing and quantitative system for non-uniform objects.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Errors
Controlled terms:Chains - Digital storage - Normal distribution - Transmissions - Weighing
Uncontrolled terms:Combination weighing - Combined operations - Influence parameter - Optimized combinations - Quantitative accuracy - Quantitative systems - Standard deviation - Weight distributions
Classification code:602.1  Mechanical Drives - 602.2  Mechanical Transmissions - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 922.1  Probability Theory - 943.3  Special Purpose Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.00e-04kg to 1.00e-03kg, Mass 3.00e-02kg, Mass 5.00e-01kg, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 9.50e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20212010364185
Title:Design and experiments of mechanically-driven automatic taking and throwing system for chili plug seedlings
Title of translation:&#26426;&#26800;&#39537;&#21160;&#24335;&#36771;&#26898;&#31348;&#30424;&#33495;&#33258;&#21160;&#21462;&#25237;&#33495;&#31995;&#32479;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Zhang, Jing (1); Long, Xinhua (1); Han, Changjie (1); Yuan, Panpan (1); Gao, Jie (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi; 830052, China; (2) Xinjiang Zhongshou Agriculture &Animal Husbandry Machinery Co., Ltd., Urumqi; 830052, China
Corresponding author:Han, Changjie(hcj_627@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:20-30
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Manual handling of plug seedling has significantly confined the mechanized planting in previous semi-automatic transplanting machines. It is necessary to update the current complex control system with high labor intensity and low work efficiency. In this study, a mechanically- driven system with automatic picking and throwing for plug seedling was developed, combining the latest transplanting mode of plug seedling and agronomic requirements in Xinjiang Region, China. Two devices were designed, including the tray feeding device as well as the mechanical seedlings taking and throwing device. The new system was mainly composed of power transmission subsystem, tray feeding, mechanical seedlings taking/throwing, and conveying device. The horizontal and vertical seedling driving mechanism was used for the tray feeding device to drive the plug for the automatic feeding and taking of 128-hole plug seedlings. The driven power was from the ground wheel. Moreover, the mechanical transmission was realized through the deflection/picking cam driving mechanism and the manipulator. The trajectory and posture of the manipulator were set in the "Z"-shaped plug feeding plan for taking and throwing seedlings. The dimensional relationship of the deflection/taking driving mechanism was determined for the mechanical seedlings taking and throwing device. A kinematics model was constructed for the driving device in the mechanical seedling taking and feeding mechanism. The main parameters were analyzed, including the end displacement, velocity, acceleration of manipulator, and motion equations of deflection and extraction drive device. SolidWorks software was used to simulate the trajectory and motion of the seedling, in order to verify the performance of the system. The transplanting objects were selected as the pepper plug seedlings with a 60-day seedling age and a substrate moisture content of 24.61% to 31.57%. A displacement reliability test of hole-plate feeding and an experiment indoor were carried out to determine the main technical parameters, and thereby to evaluate the indicators of performance. The standard of "dry land planting machinery" was used to describe the planting performance of clamp- and hanging-cup type transplanter. Test results showed that the motion track of the manipulator reached the design requirements, where the deviation was less than 1 mm for the simulated distance between the longitudinal and transverse displacements of hole-plate feeding, compared with the theoretical value. The seedlings taking and throwing system realized various actions, according to the design requirements. There was a significant impact of seedlings taking rate on the success rate in the range of 64-88 plants/min. Specifically, the success rate of seedlings taking and throwing increased first and then decreased, with the increase of seedlings taking rate. The total success rate of seedlings taking and throwing first increase and then decrease, and the overall success rate of seedling transplantation fluctuated slightly. The best performance was achieved at the taking rate of 80 plants/min, where the average values of the total success rate of seedlings taking and throwing, the success rate seedlings takign, the success rate of seedlings throwing, and the success rate of seedling transplantation were 92.54%, 92.93%, 99.57%, and 100.00%, respectively. The dispersion degree of each success rate index was small, and there was no damage to the seedlings during the process. In addition, the indicators were in agreement with the specified values of planting performance in the mechanical industry standard. The planting frequency and qualification rate were 80 plants/min and higher than 90%, respectively. The missed taking rate and seedling damage rate were lower than 5%. These results further demonstrated that the developed system met the demands of automatic feeding of plug seedlings, taking and throwing seedlings, as well as seedling delivery before planting pepper plug seedlings with a hole height of 45 mm, together with the feasibility and reliability of the access system. The findings can provide a potential reference to design the follow-up mechanical automatic plug transplanter.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Equations of motion - Feeding - Manipulators - Transmissions
Uncontrolled terms:Complex control systems - Kinematics modeling - Main technical parameters - Mechanical transmission - Solidworks software - Substrate moisture contents - Transplanting machine - Transverse displacements
Classification code:602.2  Mechanical Transmissions - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.2  Calculus
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.64e-01yr, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 2.46e+01% to 3.16e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.25e+01%, Percentage 9.29e+01%, Percentage 9.96e+01%, Size 1.00e-03m, Size 4.50e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20212010364154
Title:Effects of rumen fluid addition on the ensiling quality of whole-plant sweet sorghum
Title of translation:&#30244;&#32963;&#28082;&#23545;&#20840;&#26666;&#29980;&#39640;&#31921;&#38738;&#36142;&#36136;&#37327;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Ren, Haiwei (1, 2, 3); Lu, Nana (1); Lu, Lirong (1); Sun, Wenli (1); Wang, Zhiye (2); Li, Jinping (1, 3, 4); Li, Zhizhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Life Science and Engineering/Western Energy and Environment Research Center, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (2) Institute of Biology, Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou; 730000, China; (3) Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomass and Solar Energy Complementary Energy Supply System, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (4) Northwest Low-Carbon Town Support Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Lanzhou; 730050, China
Corresponding author:Li, Zhizhong(zzli@lut.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:216-223
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Sweet sorghum is a variety of promising energy crops with high sugar content, rapid growth rate, and strong resistance to saline-alkaline soils. Appropriate storage is highly required to utilize this feedstock for continuous bioenergy production, particularly harvested in a seasonal manner in China. In this study, the addition of rumen fluid was introduced to sweet sorghum for better ensiling quality during long-term (30 to 60 days) storage. A systematic investigation was made on the ensiling profile, including the organic components, fermentation quality, and enzymatic hydrolysis of sweet sorghum silage. Furthermore, an experimental analysis was performed on the dynamic process of microbial community during ensiling. The sweet sorghum was ensiled at 5 different dosages of rumen fluid: CK, silage without the addition of additive; R1, silage with rumen fluid at 1 mL/100 g, R3 at 3 mL/100 g, R5, 5 mL/100 g, R7 at 7 mL/100 g substrate. The results showed that the contents of dry matter (DM), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), crude protein (CP), and ammonia nitrogen (AN) decreased significantly, as both ensiling time and dosage increased in four treatments with the addition of rumen fluid, compared with the CK silages without rumen fluid. The increased rumen fluid and prolonged ensiling contributed to reducing the content of acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), cellulose, and hemicellulose, while elevating the abundance of beneficial Lactobacillus in silages. Lignin in silages at ensiled for 60 days was effectively removed when the maximum dosage of rumen fluid was up to 7 g/100 g. There was a significant decrease in the contents of lactic acid and acetic acid, as well as the pH values in five treatments (CK, R1, R3, R5, R7), with the extension of the ensiling period (P&lt;0.05). The contents of lactic acid and acetic acid in R7 and R5 were higher than those of treatments after 60 days, which were 9.42 g/kg (R7) and 29.08 g/kg (R5), respectively. The dominant phylum in CK silages was still Proteobacteria after ensiling, where the relative abundance was up to 96.1% and 81.2% after 30 and 60 days, respectively. However, the bacterial communities changed significantly, due to the fact the bioaugmentation of rumen fluid resulted in the coexistence of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes in bioaugmented silages. After bioaugmented ensiling for 30 days, Lactobacillus and Acetobacter became enriched in the range of 18.2-46.2% and 3.61-18.0%, respectively, as the dosage of rumen fluid increased. After 60 days of ensiling, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus increased from 45.2 (R1) to 81.1% (R7) with the increase of rumen fluid dosage. The addition of rumen fluid also enhanced the reducing sugar yield during enzymatic saccharification for 72 h. Specifically, the yields of reducing sugars in all treatments at 30 days significantly increased by 26% (CK), 30% (R1), 34% (R3), 40% (R5), and 44% (R7), respectively, compared with the raw sweet sorghum. The bioaugmented ensiling improved substantially the yield of reducing sugars, compared with the CK silages, indicating a positive correlation to the dosage of rumen fluid. It was also found that the 72 h reducing sugars yields of all silages at 60 days were significantly higher than those at 30 days. The R7 silage achieved the highest reducing sugars yield of 795.4 mg/g after 60 days of silage, indicating a linear correlation to the high biodegradation potential. The addition of rumen fluid can effectively improve the ensiling quality and biodegradability of ensiled sweet sorghum, thereby serving as biological pretreatment via bioaugmentation. This finding can provide the promising ethanol utilization of sweet sorghum.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Enzymatic hydrolysis
Controlled terms:Acetic acid - Alkalinity - Ammonia - Biodegradability - Biodegradation - Cellulose - Crops - Growth rate - Lactic acid - pH  - Saccharification - Soils - Sugars
Uncontrolled terms:Biodegradation potentials - Biological pre-treatment - Enzymatic saccharification - Experimental analysis - Fermentation qualities - Neutral detergent fiber - Saline -Alkaline soils - Water-soluble carbohydrates
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 801.2  Biochemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 811.3  Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.64e-01yr, Age 8.22e-02yr to 1.64e-01yr, Age 8.22e-02yr, Percentage 1.82e+01% to 4.62e+01%, Percentage 3.61e+00% to 1.80e+01%, Percentage 8.12e+01%, Percentage 9.61e+01%, Time 2.59e+05s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20212010364203
Title:Production of bio-aromatic by catalytic biomass pyrolysis over metal modified biomass-derived biochar-based catalyst
Title of translation:&#37329;&#23646;&#25913;&#24615;&#29983;&#29289;&#28845;&#22522;&#20652;&#21270;&#21058;&#20652;&#21270;&#29983;&#29289;&#36136;&#28909;&#35299;&#21046;&#22791;&#29983;&#29289;&#22522;&#33459;&#28867;
Authors:Zheng, Yunwu (1); Li, Donghua (1); Wang, Jida (1); Lyu, Bohan (1); Long, Baida (1); Ding, Zhangshuai (1); Zheng, Zhifeng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization Technology of Forest Biomass Resources, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming; 650224, China; (2) Xiamen Key Laboratory for High-Valued Conversion Technology of Agricultural Biomass (Xiamen University), Fujian Provincial Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High-Valued Technologies for Biomass, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen; 361102, China
Corresponding author:Zheng, Zhifeng(zhengzhifeng666@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:231-240
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Aromatic hydrocarbons are important bulk chemicals in the petrochemical industry. The renewable biomass-derived bio-oil is widely expected to produce aromatics. Catalytic pyrolysis is one of the most promising thermochemical conversions to prepare high quality bio-oil, thereby realizing energy enrichment against energy crisis. However, many undesired properties have confined the application of bio-oil, such as high oxygen content, low target product, and selectivity. In this study, four Activated Carbons (ACs) were prepared for catalytic fast pyrolysis of Yunnan pine to produce the upgrading bio-oil and improve the yield of aromatics. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography&times;gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC&times;GC/MS) were carried out to reveal the influences of metal type (Al, Cu, Zn, Ni) and loading amount (1%, 5%, 10%) on the product yield and aromatic selectivity. The porous structures, catalytic activities, crystal structure, micro morphology, functional group structure, and element composition of metal modified AC were characterized by XRD, BET, NH<inf>3</inf>-TPD, SEM, FTIR, and element analyzer. The experimental results illustrated that the specific surface area and mesoporous pore volume of catalysts were significantly improved by metal modification, from 148.69 m²/g and 0.047 mL/g to 308.55-419.62 m²/g and 0.158 mL/g, respectively. The average diameter of the pore decreased from 7.76 to 4.44-6.17 nm. The metal addition significantly improved the active sites and acidity of catalysts, and further promoted depolymerization of biomass to generate hydrocarbons, due to the electron-transfer or charge-transfer interactions, while catalyzing the demethoxylation, deoxygenation, and aromatization reactions of primary oxygen-containing compounds for the aromatic hydrocarbon. The order of the largest hydrocarbons produced by different metals was ranked: 10% Ni (73.78%) &gt; 5% Zn (55.14%) &gt; 10% Cu (42.53%) &gt; 5% Al (40.75%), while the largest aromatic hydrocarbon produced by metal modified AC catalysts was in order of 10% Ni (67.54%) &gt; 5% Zn (46.87%) &gt; 10% Cu (33.16%) &gt; 10% Al (19.30%) under the optimal conditions (pyrolysis temperature of 450 &#8451;, catalytic temperature of 500 &#8451;, pyrolysis time of 30min, biomass to catalyst ratio of 1:2, N<inf>2</inf> flow ratio of 150mL/min). The main role of HZSM-5 zeolite was the acid-catalyzed deoxygenation, aromatization of olefins, alkylation of aromatics, and isomerization of xylenes. The metal activity was ranked in order of Ni, Zn, Cu, Al for the gas phase upgrading in catalytic pyrolysis. Al with high Lewis acid content promoted the formation of olefins and phenols, while low acid Cu promoted the increase of coke content. Zn and Ni with high Bronsted acid content promoted the formation of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, thereby enhancing the selectivity of benzene and the derivatives, phenol, and alkylphenols, indicating a remarkable effect of deoxygenation and demethoxylation reaction. When the loading of Ni reached 10%, the highest hydrocarbon content was 73.78%, while the selectivity of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds and benzene reached 67.54% and 52.15%, respectively, significantly higher than those of non-catalytic pyrolysis at the same pyrolytic temperature, together with the lowest methoxy phenols and alkylated phenols content (0% and 0.74%, respectively), indicating an effective improvement of bio-oil quality.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Catalyst activity
Controlled terms:Alkylation - Aluminum - Ammonia - Aromatization - Benzene - Biomass - Charge transfer - Copper - Crystal structure - Electron transport properties  - Energy policy - Gas chromatography - Mineral oils - Morphology - Nickel - Olefins - Phenols - Pyrolysis - Zeolites - Zinc
Uncontrolled terms:Aromatization reactions - Charge transfer interaction - Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry - Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - Oxygen-containing compounds - Petrochemical industry - Pyrolysis gas chromatography - Thermochemical Conversion
Classification code:513.3  Petroleum Products - 525.6  Energy Policy - 541.1  Aluminum - 544.1  Copper - 546.3  Zinc and Alloys - 548.1  Nickel - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 933.1.1  Crystal Lattice - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 0.00e+00%, Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.93e+01%, Percentage 3.32e+01%, Percentage 4.08e+01%, Percentage 4.25e+01%, Percentage 4.69e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 5.21e+01%, Percentage 5.51e+01%, Percentage 6.75e+01%, Percentage 7.38e+01%, Percentage 7.40e-01%, Size 4.44e-09m to 6.17e-09m, Specific_Surface_Area 1.49e+05m2/kg, Specific_Surface_Area 3.09e+05m2/kg to 4.20e+05m2/kg, Specific_Volume 1.58e-04m3/kg, Time 1.80e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20212010364145
Title:Experimental study on crack evolution and strength attenuation of expansive soil under wetting-drying cycles
Title of translation:&#24178;&#28287;&#20132;&#26367;&#19979;&#33192;&#32960;&#22303;&#35010;&#38553;&#28436;&#21270;&#19982;&#24378;&#24230;&#34928;&#20943;&#35268;&#24459;&#35797;&#39564;&#30740;&#31350;
Authors:Wang, Shiji (1, 2); Yang, Zhenbei (1); Li, Xian (1); Luo, Zhaogang (1); Xu, Chong (1); Li, Da (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China; (2) Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Structure Full-Life-Cycle Health Detection and Disaster Prevention, Chongqing; 408100, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:113-122
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Expansive soil is characterized by high dilatability and low permeability, particularly sensitive to the change of external environment, due mainly to the fact that this kind of high plastic clay is rich in hydrophilic clay minerals. Crack initiation and expansion often occur, as a result of repeatedly uneven dilatancy and shrinkage of soil after rainfall and evaporation under the exposure of rain and sunshine. The crisscrossing network of cracks has harmed the integrity of soil structure. Infiltration of surface water via crack channels has caused a great threat to the anti-seepage barrier facilities, such as earth or rock dams, river reservoirs, and channels. Especially in the frequent occurrence of the rainy season, the rainwater can easily infiltrate through cracks, resulting in the softening of internal soil and the sharp decline in shear strength. As such, it is very easy to induce instability and collapse of a shallow layer of expansive soil slope, leading to the destruction of irrigation and water conservancy facilities, even aggravation of floods and droughts to the whole ecological environment. Therefore, the soil strength degradation in the cycling load of dry and wet has become an important factor endangering the long-term stability of expansive soil engineering in an extremely seasonal climate. This study aims to reveal the evolution characteristics of expansion and shrinkage cracks in the expansive soil under the wetting-drying cycle, and thereby determine the perturbation of soil structure strength. The wetting-drying cycle tests were carried out on the weak expansive soil sampled from Hefei, Anhui Province, China. The crack parameters were extracted from the crack images of soil samples by image processing technology. The shear strength test was carried out under low stress. The experiment results show that: 1) There were three stages: the gestation, the rapid development, and the stable development of cracks. The growth of the crack index focused mainly on the rapid development of cracks. 2) Under the action of wetting-drying cycles, the variation in the internal friction angle of the expansive soil was less than 2.2&deg;, indicating little influence from the number of wetting-drying cycles. The decrease of soil strength was due mainly to the decrease of cohesive force. The cohesion of expansive soil decreased rapidly at first and then slowly, where the attenuation rate of cohesion during the first four wetting-drying cycles was 50.97%-66.92%. The attenuation rate was also related to the amplitude of wetting-drying cycles. 3) In grey correlation analysis, there were obvious correlations between the attenuation of cohesive force and the crack area ratio, the total length, and the average width of the crack trend. Specifically, the maximum correlation between the crack area ratio and the attenuation of cohesive force was 0.785-0.832 with the weights of 0.461-0.472, indicating a good linear relationship. The minimum correlation between the attenuation of cohesive force and the average width of crack was 0.392-0.414, where the weight was only 0.228-0.240. The findings can provide an insightful theoretical basis to further reveal the catastrophic mechanism of expansive soil slope induced by a drastic change in temperature and humidity.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:45
Main heading:Shear strength
Controlled terms:Drying - Embankment dams - Expansion - Image processing - Rain - Reservoirs (water) - Seepage - Shrinkage - Soils - Surface waters  - Water management - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological environments - Evolution characteristics - Expansion and shrinkage - Grey correlation analysis - Image processing technology - Internal friction angle - Irrigation and water conservancies - Temperature and humidities
Classification code:441.1  Dams - 441.2  Reservoirs - 443.3  Precipitation - 444.1  Surface Water - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.10e+01% to 6.69e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20212010364170
Title:Land use pattern and multifunctional evolution in the border areas in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region based on "production-living-ecosystem" space
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;"&#19977;&#29983;"&#31354;&#38388;&#30340;&#24191;&#35199;&#36793;&#22659;&#22320;&#21306;&#22303;&#22320;&#21033;&#29992;&#26684;&#23616;&#21450;&#22810;&#21151;&#33021;&#28436;&#21464;
Authors:Lin, Shugao (1); Lu, Rucheng (1, 2); Liu, Shaokun (1); Ye, Zongda (3); Wei, Qiantao (1); Luo, Jinling (4)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Natural Resources and Surveying and Mapping, Nanning Normal University, Nanning; 530001, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning; 530001, China; (3) Natural Resources Ecological Restoration Center of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning; 530022, China; (4) School of Geography Science and Planning, Nanning Normal University, Nanning; 530001, China
Corresponding author:Lu, Rucheng(710912213@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:265-274
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Changes in land use have posed a great challenge to the development and protection of national land space in the border areas. Taking the China-Vietnam border areas in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region as the research object, an evaluation index system was constructed in this study to deduce the multifunctional system of land utilization using "elements-structure-space-function" of the production-living-ecosystem space (PLE). The dynamic index and transition matrix model were applied to analyze the PLE evolution of the spatial pattern from 2000 to 2018. TOPSIS method and the obstacle model were adopted to measure the multifunctional level, further to diagnose the main obstacle factors. The results showed that: 1) The evolution speed of PLE spatial pattern changed from mild to accelerated fluctuation, indicating an obvious periodic characteristic. Specifically, a slow evolution period was from 2000 to 2010, while an accelerated period was from 2010 to 2018. The spatial comprehensive dynamic index of PLE increased from 0.07 to 0.20, where the mutual transfer area between spaces of the PLE was totaled 85 218.32 hm². The production space and living space increased by 1 145.92 hm², and 3 166.77 hm², respectively. The area of ecosystem space decreased by 4 312.69 hm². There was a much more violent evolution of land use pattern at all county-level, including Pingxiang City, Dongxing City and Fangcheng District, indicating relatively high urbanization and frequent border trade in the middle-southeast area. 2) Functional level for the land use of the PLE improved relatively fast. Specifically, the functional level of life was the highest with the comprehensive appraisal index of 0.86, increasing by 0.71 compared with 2000. The functional level of the production was listed as the second, with the comprehensive appraisal index increased by 0.26. The functional level of the ecosystem was the lowest, with the comprehensive appraisal index increased by 0.13. There was obvious fluctuation for the functional level of the production and ecosystem. The multifunctional level of land utilization increased from 0.32 to 0.68. The multifunction of the land utilization in counties and cities changed from the low level and large gap to relatively balanced, representing "two cores and two subs" pattern. There were the same characteristics in the pattern evolution of the land utilization and multifunctional change. 3) The main obstacle factors included resource elements layout, economic development level, ecological environment quality, and border trade. In the function of life, the main obstacle factors were the low richness of tourism resources and low average tourism income in different areas. In the function of production, the main obstacle factors were the low investment in urban fixed assets and low average foreign trade in different areas. In the function of ecosystem, the main obstacle factors were the decreased forest coverage and insufficient capacity for sewage treatment. A recommendation was made to optimize the tourism resources layout, regional economic integration, and the construction of ecological civilization for a better multifunctional effect on the land utilization of the PLE in the China-Vietnam border areas.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Ecosystems - International trade - Regional planning - Sewage treatment - Tourism
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological environments - Elements structures - Evaluation index system - Functional levels - Multifunctional systems - Pattern evolution - Regional economic - Transition matrices
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.2  Regional Planning and Development - 452.2  Sewage Treatment - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20212010364230
Title:Responses of tree stem sap flow and its main influencing factors to bud pruning
Title of translation:&#26641;&#24178;&#28082;&#27969;&#21450;&#20854;&#20027;&#35201;&#24433;&#21709;&#22240;&#23376;&#23545;&#25688;&#33469;&#24378;&#24230;&#30340;&#21709;&#24212;
Authors:Li, Guangde (1); Zhang, Yaxiong (2, 3); Deng, Tan (4); Li, Doudou (3); Liu, Jinqiang (3); Jia, Liming (3); Xi, Benye (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Medicine, The Open University of China, Beijing; 100039, China; (2) Gansu Forestry Polytechnic, Tianshui; 741020, China; (3) The Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (4) Henan Institute of Forest Inventory and Planning, Zhengzhou; 450045, China
Corresponding author:Xi, Benye(benyexi@bjfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:131-139
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Stem sap flow rising through the xylem is an important physiological index to measure water use and transport of plants, and it can better reflect the plants transpiration and water metabolism process. Pruning buds after planting is a kind of economic and effective tending measure widely used in crops, economic forest, and timber trees. It can avoid a large number of lateral buds germination, promote plant growth, and improve the yield and quality of target products. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of bud pruning intensity on sap flow velocity characteristics and its main environmental factors of Populus tomentosa. Four treatments of bud pruning were designed. After afforestation in 2016, the buds below 1/3 (1.0 m, BP<inf>1.0</inf>, mild), 1/2 (1.5 m, BP<inf>1.5</inf>, moderate) and 2/3 (2.0 m, BP<inf>2.0</inf>, severe) of tree height were removed respectively. A control treatment (CK) without removing any buds was also designed. The sap flow velocity of P.tomentosa and environmental factors with different bud pruning intensities were continuously determined from August 2017 to June 2018 by using thermal diffusion flow detection technology and automatic weather station. The results showed that: 1) The diurnal dynamics of sap flow velocity showed a single peak curve in sunny days, which increased rapidly from 5:30 to 9:40, reached the peak at 11:00 to 14:40 and then decreased gradually, and began to run at low value at night from 16:30 to 22:00. The shape of diurnal dynamic curve of sap flow was not affected by the bud pruning intensities. 2) The effect of bud pruning intensity on peak value, daily average value and other characteristic values of sap flow velocity changed with time. No significant difference was found in the characteristic values of each treatment in the early stage of the experiment (August and September 2017). As time went on, the maximum values of daily and monthly average of sap flow velocity shifted from CK to BP<inf>1.0</inf>. The mean value of sap flow velocity was always the smallest under severe bud pruning (BP<inf>2.0</inf>). 3) The effect of bud pruning on average sap flow velocity was significant (P&lt;0.01). The average sap flow velocity values of CK, BP<inf>1.0</inf>, BP<inf>1.5</inf>, BP<inf>2.0</inf> were 1.405&times;10^-3, 1.503&times;10^-3, 1.462&times;10^-3, 1.033&times;10^-3 cm/s, respectively from August 2017 to June 2018. And the sap flow velocity of BP<inf>2.0</inf> was significantly lower than that of the other treatments, but there was no significant difference among CK, BP<inf>1.0</inf> and BP<inf>1.5</inf> (P&gt;0.05). 4) The main environmental factors affecting sap flow velocity in different periods and treatments were different. Air temperature and radiation were the main factors affecting the instantaneous value during daytime, while vapor pressure deficit, radiation and air humidity were the main factors affecting the instantaneous value at night. However, for the mean sap flow velocity, radiation and maximum air temperature were the main drivers of daytime mean values, and minimum air temperature and air humidity were the main drivers of nighttime mean values. 5) The nighttime sap flow velocity of young P.tomentosa accounted for 5%-70% of the whole day sap flow velocity under different bud pruning intensities. The nighttime sap flow velocity of different treatments showed significant differences from the third growing season after afforestation. To sum up, bud pruning did not affect the diurnal process of sap flow, but affected the pattern of sap flow and the main environmental factors. With the increase of bud pruning intensity, the smaller average daily sap flow velocity would result in the greater proportion of sap flow velocity at night. From the point of view of promoting plant water physiological activities, the light and moderate bud pruning methods are more suitable.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Flow velocity
Controlled terms:Air - Atmospheric temperature - Environmental technology - Physiology - Plants (botany) - Reforestation - Velocity - Weather information services
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic weather stations - Characteristic value - Different treatments - Environmental factors - Physiological activity - Physiological indices - Pruning intensities - Vapor pressure deficit
Classification code:443  Meteorology - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 454  Environmental Engineering - 461.9  Biology - 631  Fluid Flow - 804  Chemical Products Generally
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e+00% to 7.00e+01%, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 1.50e+00m, Size 2.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20212010364211
Title:Optimization of the technology for deep eutectic solvents extraction and antibacterial activity of walnut green husk polyphenols
Title of translation:&#20302;&#20849;&#29076;&#28342;&#21058;&#25552;&#21462;&#26680;&#26691;&#38738;&#30382;&#22810;&#37210;&#24037;&#33402;&#20248;&#21270;&#21450;&#20854;&#25233;&#33740;&#27963;&#24615;
Authors:Wang, Tao (1, 2); Liang, Liang (1, 2); Li, Xurui (1, 2); Hu, Xuefang (1, 2); Sun, Junshe (1, 2); Pei, Haisheng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering, Beijing; 100121, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agro-products Postharvest Handling, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100121, China
Corresponding author:Pei, Haisheng(peihaisheng2001@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:317-323
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">In order to make full use of walnut by-products and reduce environmental pollution, walnut green husk was used as the research object. Polyphenols were extracted by different pH values (3,7,10) aqueous solution, 50% ethanol solution and Deep Eutectic Solvents (urea/choline chloride: DES-UC, oxalic acid/choline chloride: DES-OC). Firstly, under the conditions of temperature 80 &#8451;, liquid-solid ratio 25 mL/g, and molar ratio of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) complexing agent 1.0, the extraction effect of DES-OC was better under 60 min. Subsequently, on the basis of single factor experiment, the response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal process parameters for the extraction of polyphenols from walnut green husk by DES-OC : the molar ratio of oxalic acid to choline chloride was 1.0, the temperature was 85 &#8451;, the time was 62 min, and the liquid-solid ratio was 50 mL/g. Under these conditions, the extraction amount of polyphenols was 50.87 mg/g. In addition, through the study on the antibacterial activity of the mixed solvent extracted from walnut green husk polyphenols, it was found that the antibacterial effect of DES-OC mixed with walnut green husk polyphenols on E.coli was better, followed by S.aureus and P.chrysogenum. The results can provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of natural antibacterial agents and preservatives, broaden the processing and utilization of walnut green husk, and also provide new ideas for the extraction of bioactive components from by-products of agricultural products.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Solvent extraction
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Agricultural robots - Chlorine compounds - Eutectics - Molar ratio - Organic solvents - Oxalic acid - Urea
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-bacterial activity - Antibacterial effects - Bioactive components - Deep eutectic solvents - Environmental pollutions - Research and development - Response surface methodology - Single-factor experiments
Classification code:531.2  Metallography - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e+01%, Specific_Volume 2.50e-02m3/kg, Specific_Volume 5.00e-02m3/kg, Time 3.60e+03s, Time 3.72e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.05.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.