<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20211910339424
Title:Horizontal reciprocating vibration method for head-to-tail directional transportation of fresh water fish
Title of translation:&#28129;&#27700;&#40060;&#27700;&#24179;&#24448;&#22797;&#25391;&#21160;&#22836;&#23614;&#23450;&#21521;&#36755;&#36865;&#26041;&#27861;
Authors:Wan, Peng (1, 2); Guo, Sanqin (1); Yang, Jun (1); Zhao, Junwei (1); Tan, Hequn (1, 2); Zhu, Ming (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:40-48
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Head-to-tail directional transportation of freshwater fish is essential to the automatic pre-processing of fish bodies. However, the current orientation of freshwater fish from the head to tail depends mainly on the manual operation with the high labor intensity and low mechanization. In this study, the typical bulk freshwater fish was taken as the research object. A novel reciprocating vibration was utilized to explore the directional transportation of freshwater fish parallel to the head-to-tail axis. The experimental procedure was: 1)The friction characteristics of fish bodies were determined on the conveyor belts with different surface structures, thereby analyzing the orientation feasibility of fish bodies from head to tail in the horizontal direction. 2) A reciprocating vibration system was proposed to realize the head-to-tail directional transportation of fish bodies with constant orientation with respect to the head-to-tail axis. A test device was designed to verify if the trial-produced response followed the predefined characteristics. 3) An orthogonal experiment was conducted to clarify the effect of main factors on directional transportation of freshwater fish from the head to tail. The main factors included the type of conveyor belt, fish scale, vibration frequency, and amplitude. Four types of freshwater fish were used in the test. The duration for the directional transportation of fish body was selected as the indicator. The test results show that the directional transport effect of fish body was the best, when the surface structure of conveyor belt was an inverted triangle structure. The head-to-tail orientation of fish body was achieved when the surface of fish body was scaled or removed. Specifically, the average time was 2.42 s for the directional transportation of fish bodies with scale, whereas, the average time was 3.39 s for those without scale. In Crucian carp with scales, when the vibration frequency was 5 Hz and the amplitude was 120 mm, the head-to-tail directional transportation of fish was achieved, where the duration of directional transportation was 2.65 s. In 4 types of freshwater fish, when the vibration frequency was 5 Hz and the amplitude was 120 mm, the average time was 2.45 s for directional transportation of fish with scale, and the average time was 3.43 s for that without scale. The research finding can provide the theoretical basis and technical reference for the development of freshwater fish bodies in potential orientation equipment.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Fish
Controlled terms:Belt conveyors - Machinery - Surface structure - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental procedure - Freshwater fishes - Friction characteristics - Manual operations - Orthogonal experiment - Transport effects - Vibration frequency - Vibration systems
Classification code:692.1  Conveyors - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 5.00e+00Hz, Size 1.20e-01m, Time 2.42e+00s, Time 2.45e+00s, Time 2.65e+00s, Time 3.39e+00s, Time 3.43e+00s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20211910339576
Title:Evaluation of forage-livestock balance for pastoral areas in arid sandy grasslands using improved key pasture approach
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#25913;&#36827;&#20851;&#38190;&#22330;&#30340;&#24178;&#26097;&#39118;&#27801;&#33609;&#21407;&#29287;&#21306;&#33609;&#30044;&#24179;&#34913;&#35780;&#20215;
Authors:Liu, Hui (1); Song, Xiaoyu (1); Qin, Lin (1); Wen, Wang (1); Liu, Xiaodi (1); Hu, Zhiqiang (1); Liu, Yu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China
Corresponding author:Song, Xiaoyu(songxy@xaut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:294-300
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Determination of theoretical carrying capacity is one of the most essential requirements for the evaluation of forage-livestock balance in pastoral areas of Northwest China. Degradation, desertification, and salinization of arid sandy grasslands are becoming increasingly prominent for the reason of unreasonable grazing in recent years. Intermittent grazing has been implemented for the protection of fragile grassland ecosystem, leading to an imbalance between the grassland supply and livestock demand. It is highly urgent to accurately evaluate the forage-livestock balance for pastoral areas in arid sandy grassland. Taking the pastoral areas in Otog Banner as the typical study area, this study deeply analyzed the natural matching between grassland supply and livestock demand and proposed two dynamic factors reflecting the annual fluctuation of stocking capacity and the changes in grassland productivity in a wet, normal, and dry year. On the bases of those the improved key pasture approach was built. Traditional, key pasture, and improved key pasture approaches were used to calculate the theoretical carrying capacities of pastoral areas under various rainfall conditions in different water resource regions of Otog Banner. Then the forage-livestock balance in pastoral areas was evaluated using the Improved Key Pasture approach combing with the Balance of Grassland and Livestock Index (BGLI). The results show that the natural processes of grassland supply and livestock demand were significantly imbalanced in time for pastoral areas of arid sandy grasslands. A dynamic cycle included 5 sub-processes using the natural matching in annual animal husbandry. Meanwhile, the Improved Key Pasture approach was more suitable for the calculation of theoretical carrying capacity in the pastoral areas in arid sandy grasslands, compared with the Traditional and Key Pasture approaches. The theoretical carrying capacities were achieved for warm season pastures, cold season pastures, and artificial grassland. There was a downward trend of theoretical carrying capacities with the decrease of rainfall. The proportion of cold season pastures was too high to be fully utilized in all three divisions. The theoretical carrying capacities of the whole year in the three divisions of Zhuozishan Mountain, Dusitu River Watershed and Inland River Watershed were 86.0, 534.9, and 276.6 thousand sheep units in the status quo year, respectively. In the evaluation of forage-livestock balance, there was the most serious overload for Inland River Watershed division in the status quo year. The BGLIs of each grassland and the whole year were about 105% in Inland River Watershed division, then followed by that in Zhuozishan Mountain division of about 45%. In Dusitu River Watershed division, the forage-livestock balance was relatively good, but still in marginal overload states. The finding can contribute to the protection and restoration of the grassland ecosystem for better development of the regional economy and society.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Ecosystems - Rain - Regional planning - Rivers - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Animal husbandry - Artificial grassland - Grassland ecosystems - Grassland productivity - Protection and restoration - Rainfall condition - River watersheds - Sandy grasslands
Classification code:403.2  Regional Planning and Development - 443.3  Precipitation - 444.1  Surface Water - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.05e+02%, Percentage 4.50e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20211910339532
Title:Pilot-scale test on gasification and slagging characteristics of biomass in fluidized bed
Title of translation:&#29983;&#29289;&#36136;&#27969;&#21270;&#24202;&#27668;&#21270;&#19982;&#32467;&#28195;&#29305;&#24615;&#20013;&#35797;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Liao, Xinjie (1); Zhang, Shihong (1); Li, Jianghao (1); Luo, Junwei (2); Yang, Wenhai (2); Zhang, Xiong (1); Chen, Hanping (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan; 430074, China; (2) Wuhan Boiler Energy Engineering Co., LTD, Wuhan; 430070, China; (3) Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan; 430074, China
Corresponding author:Luo, Junwei(ljwhust@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:235-241
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Biomass gasification is an efficient utilization way to produce high calorific value syngas via the chemical conversion of biomass in renewable energy. Most previous studies focused mainly on biomass gasification in small-scale fixed beds and fluidized beds. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the slagging characteristics in the large and medium-sized gasification equipment in recent years. In this study, a pilot-scale fluidized bed was selected to investigate biomass gasification using an infrared gasboard-3100p syngas analyzer. Taking the molded bark and corn stover as raw materials, the amount of feed and air supply was used to determine the effects of air equivalent ratio, gasification temperature, and air supply temperature on the gasification characteristics. The results are as follows. 1) A better effect was obtained in the fluidized-bed gasification of formed bark, compared with the corn stover. In formed bark syngas, the calorific value and gasification efficiency reached 5.66 MJ/m³ and 59.62%, respectively, when the feedstock was 40 kg and the air equivalent ratio was 0.24. The hydrogen content of 11.2% was high in the syngas, due mainly to the high moisture content of formed bark (11.6%). In formed corn stover, the caloric value and gasification efficiency were 3.92 MJ/m³ and 33.92%, respectively, due possibly to low volatiles, the low fuel calorific value, and high ash content. The air equivalent ratio had an important influence on the gasification characteristics. The gasification effect of molded bark increased first and then decreased, with the increase of air equivalent ratio. Specifically, the low air equivalent ratio inhibited the gasification reaction, and the high air equivalent ratio promoted the oxidation reaction, where part of combustible gas was burned by oxygen. The optimum air equivalent ratio was around 0.24. 2) The high gasification temperature was a benefit to the gasification effect. In formed bark syngas, the heat value and gasification efficiency increased by 20.07% and 28.76%, respectively, at the gasification temperature from 700&#8451; to 800&#8451;. The gasification effect was not significantly improved when the primary air temperature increased from 100&#8451; to 300&#8451;. But the bottom temperature of the furnace increased by about 200&#8451;, which affected the safety of the equipment. 3) Both kinds of biomass had obvious slagging phenomenon. Quartz sand particles were bonded together, and then the slag surface formed a molten glass state. The slagging compositions were mainly complex compounds, such as KAl(SiO<inf>3</inf>), K<inf>2</inf>MgSi<inf>5</inf>O<inf>12</inf>, and SiO<inf>2</inf>. The reason for the formation of slagging was that alkali metal elements, such as K and Mg, in biomass were enriched in quartz sand particles during the gasification process, and the molten salt with a low melting point was formed at high temperature to bond quartz sand particles into slag blocks. The ash rate of tree bark was three times higher than that of corn stover, although the content of K in corn stover ash was lower than that of tree bark. If the content of K was higher in the same amount of feed, it was easier to form compounds with lower melting points. Bark ash contained more Ca. CaSO<inf>4</inf> with a high melting point was produced by Ca and S during gasification, which was not easy to melt to bond quartz sand particles, thus inhibiting slagging. These two reasons can lead to the more serious slagging of corn stover than that of tree bark during biomass gasification in a pilot-scale fluidized bed.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Fluidized beds
Controlled terms:Biomass - Calorific value - Conversion efficiency - Fluidization - Forestry - Gasification - Melting point - Quartz - Sand - Silicon  - Slags - Sulfate minerals - Synthesis gas
Uncontrolled terms:Alkali metal elements - Fluidized bed gasification - Gasification characteristics - Gasification efficiency - Gasification reaction - Gasification temperatures - High moisture contents - Slagging characteristics
Classification code:482.2  Minerals - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.5  Energy Conversion Issues - 549.3  Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Mass 4.00e+01kg, Percentage 1.12e+01%, Percentage 1.16e+01%, Percentage 2.01e+01%, Percentage 2.88e+01%, Percentage 3.39e+01%, Percentage 5.96e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20211910339571
Title:Analysis of eggshell mechanical model and parameter optimization for chicken embryo vaccine injection
Title of translation:&#40481;&#32986;&#30123;&#33495;&#27880;&#23556;&#26102;&#34507;&#22771;&#21147;&#23398;&#27169;&#22411;&#20998;&#26512;&#21450;&#21442;&#25968;&#20248;&#21270;
Authors:Wang, Hongbin (1); Zhao, Mingyan (1); Hu, Jianhong (1); Wang, Zonglian (1); Song, Tianyue (1); Liu, Hongye (1); Li, Yunliang (1); Tao, Weipeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou; 310018, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Mingyan(zhaomingyan168@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:106-113
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Aiming at to solve the problem of inoculation failure caused by the cracks and the needle impact during the injection of chicken embryo vaccine, a mechanical model of impact during eggshell injection was established and analysied. First, the relationship between the resultant force per unit length of the injection hole and the initial injection velocity, the mass of the injection system and the cone angle of the needle was derived from the impulse theorem and the law of conservation of momentum. In order to verify the correctness of the mechanical model, and to further explore the relationship between eggshell deformation, stress and strain with taper angle, initial injection speed and mass of the injection system during the injection of chicken embryos, ANSYS software was used to simulate the impact of the needle on the eggshell. The simulation results verified the accuracy of the mechanical model, and it was preliminarily determined that the range of the initial injection velocity was 0.5-0.8 m/s, and the range of the injection system mass was 0.5-1.2 kg. The needle cone angles are 10&deg;and 15&deg;. Second, in order to complete the chicken embryo injection test, a chicken embryo injection and micro-crack detection device was established. The device consists of the high-speed camera, injection system, buffer mechanism and crack detection device of the injection hole of chicken embryo. The high-speed camera can measure the initial speed of injection, and the injection system can realize the injection of chicken embryo, even can change the mass of the injection system arbitrarily, and select different specifications the needle can change the cone angle, and the buffer mechanism can effectively avoid the crack of chicken embryo due to vibration. The crack detection device is mainly composed of CCD industrial camera, egg support and cold light source, which can ensure the accurate identification of chicken embryo crack and the smooth progress of injection parameter optimization test. Furthermore, an orthogonal experiment was designed to extract the characteristics of the injection hole cracks with image processing technology, and calculate the injection hole crack effective area index and the crack effective contour index, judgment whether the injection of cracked egg embryos and intact egg embryos. Eggshell was a micro porous structure, and the permeability of the eggshell was inconsistent. The eggshell need to be irradiated with a cold light source during the image processing, and the collected source image has bright spots. Eggshell bright spots cannot be effectively removed, and effective crack features cannot be retained using traditional threshold segmentation algorithm. Therefore, an eggshell bright spot elimination algorithm was used to retain the crack features of the chicken embryo injection hole and remove the bright spots to the maximum extent. Finally, a three-factor two-level interaction analysis of variance method was used to determine the optimal injection parameter combination: the initial injection velocity was 0.6 m/s, the needle cone angle was 10&deg;, and the injection system mass was 1.0 kg. 7-14 day-old chicken embryos were used to test under the optimized parameters, the injection success rate was 98.75%.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Crack detection
Controlled terms:Animals - High speed cameras - Image segmentation - Light sources - Needles - Stress-strain curves - Vaccines
Uncontrolled terms:Conservation of momentum - Image processing technology - Injection parameters - Interaction analysis - Micro-porous structure - Orthogonal experiment - Parameter optimization - Threshold segmentation
Classification code:461.6  Medicine and Pharmacology - 742.2  Photographic Equipment
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.00e+00kg, Mass 5.00e-01kg to 1.20e+00kg, Percentage 9.88e+01%, Velocity 5.00e-01m/s to 8.00e-01m/s, Velocity 6.00e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20211910339405
Title:Optimized design and experimental study on rice negative pressure mixed flow drying chamber
Title of translation:&#27700;&#31291;&#36127;&#21387;&#28151;&#27969;&#24178;&#29157;&#23460;&#32467;&#26500;&#20248;&#21270;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Che, Gang (1, 2); Gao, Ruili (2); Wan, Lin (1, 2); Lai, Dongbo (1); Wang, Hongchao (1); Chen, Zhengfa (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163319, China; (2) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Machinery Equipment, Daqing; 163319, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:87-96
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Rice is a major food crop grown widely in south and northeast China, particularly on a total annual production of nearly 210 million tonnes with a high level of consumption. The rice must be dried in time to minimize the loss as a result of sprouting, molding, and bursting waists after harvest. A positive-pressure high-temperature dryer is mostly adopted for hot-air drying in the actual production at present, but it was easy to cause uneven drying and low quality of rice. A negative-pressure dryer can be expected to improve the uniformity of rice drying and further reduce the saturation temperature of materials with a high drying speed in low-temperature drying, while shortening the drying time for energy saving. The mechanism and arrangement of angle tubes determine the airflow in the chamber for the rice drying. In this study, an analytical model was established for the negative-pressure drying of rice in a vertical chamber using irreversible thermodynamics, in order to gain even air distribution for better drying efficiency and quality of the dried product. Combined with the mixed flow drying, a perforated air duct with variable diameter was designed to improve the air distribution in the air duct of the vertical chamber. FLUENT software was used to conduct the numerical simulation and experimental verification for the flow field in the drying chamber under the conditions of no- and full-load. The research results showed that the perforated air duct with variable diameter well improved the wind speed and flow in the pipe of the vertical chamber for the uniform drying of rice. A self-developed 5HSN-1 dryer with a negative-pressure circulation system was used to optimize the drying parameters. In a quadratic orthogonal rotation test with four factors and five levels, the regression model was established with the temperature of hot air, the wind speed, the speed of discharging roller, and the initial moisture content as the experimental factors, while the drying rate, and increment rate of waist burst as the test indices. The optimal combination of working parameters was as follows: the wind speed of 0.75 m/s, the hot air temperature of 40&#8451;, the rotation speed of discharging roller of 3.2 r/min, the initial moisture content of 16.9%, the drying rate of 1.407%/h, the increment rate of burst waist of 0.574%. The relative error between the experimental and optimized values was 6.2%-7.4%. The model with excellent fitting can offer practical application for better comprehensive quality of rice drying.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Low temperature production
Controlled terms:Computer software - Dryers (equipment) - Ducts - Energy conservation - Hot working - Low temperature drying - Moisture - Moisture determination - Regression analysis - Rollers (machine components)  - Speed - Temperature - Verification - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive qualities - Experimental factors - Initial Moisture Content - Irreversible thermodynamics - Optimal combination - Quadratic orthogonal rotation - Saturation temperature - Simulation and experimental verifications
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 535.2  Metal Forming - 601.2  Machine Components - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 721.1  Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.69e+01%, Percentage 5.74e-01%, Percentage 6.20e+00% to 7.40e+00%, Rotational_Speed 3.20e+00RPM, Velocity 7.50e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20211910339531
Title:Pathogenicity variation of Fusarium graminearum suffered nitrogen deficiency after nitrogen recovery
Title of translation:&#32570;&#27694;&#22788;&#29702;&#31166;&#35895;&#38256;&#20992;&#33740;&#22312;&#27694;&#32032;&#24674;&#22797;&#21518;&#30340;&#33268;&#30149;&#21147;&#21464;&#21270;
Authors:Chai, Xicun (1); Zhou, Tianyu (1); Ma, Haixia (1); Wang, Shipeng (1); Liu, Yutao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Yutao(lytnjau@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:175-180
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">To clarify the effects of nitrogen recovery on the pathogenicity variation of Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum) suffered nitrogen starvation, an off-line simulation method was used to test the growth, spore germination, toxicity and infectivity of F. graminearum. The MM-N media containing 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% nitrogen were set as five treatments, among which 100% nitrogen level treatment contained 1.0 g/L ammonium chloride. Hyphae growing in Potato Dextrose Agar liquid media (PDA) for 72 h were then shifted to MM-N media for the nitrogen starvation. After cultured in different nitrogen levels media for 168 h, hyphae were shifted to MM total nitrogen media for the nitrogen recovery. Cultures were sampled at 0, 2, 24, 48 and 72 h for further analysis. Five millilitres of culture were sampled and centrifuged at 10 000 rpm for 10 min to separate the mycelium from the media; then the weights were recorded for charactering the growth of F. graminearum. The spores of F. graminearum were calculated and then transferred to MM total nitrogen media; after cultured for 48 h, the germination of spores in 40 &mu;L cultures was observed under a microscope and the germination rate was calculated. Toxin Deoxynivalenol (DON) was extracted using specific immunoaffinity columns; the samples were evaporated under a low nitrogen stream at 50&deg;C and resuspended in the mobile phase (methanol: water=18: 82, v/v). The determination of DON was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with Shimadzu SPD-M20A Infinity II Diode Array Detector (DAD); A 150 mm&times;4.6 mm C18 column with a particle size of 0.45 &mu;m from Phenomenex was used; The mobile phase comprised methanol and water (18: 82, v/v) and was set at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min; The column temperature was 35&deg;C, the injection volume was 20 &mu;L, and the total run time was 15 min for mycotoxin analyses. The infection lengths of wheat seedlings were used to test the infectivity of F. graminearum, and the lesion length was measured with a digital calliper. Significant differences were not found for the growth rate of F. graminearum treated by different nitrogen levels deficiency after nitrogen recovery for 24 h (P&lt; 0.05). The biomass of total nitrogen deficiency treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments (P&lt; 0.05), reaching 0.354 g/mL liquid media. The biomass of each treatment was not significantly different after 48 h culture. However, after 72 h of nitrogen recovery, the biomass of nitrogen treatment (25%) was significantly higher than that of the other treatments (P&lt; 0.05). The treatment of total nitrogen deficiency only produced 8.2&times;10⁵ spores/mL, but it had the highest spore germination rate, reaching 46.00%. The DON production of F. graminearum of total nitrogen deficiency treatment was always low after the nitrogen recovery. The nitrogen treatment (25%) for 24 h and the nitrogen proportion 50%, 75% and 100% treatments for 72 h had the higher toxin production compared to the other treatments at the same time (P&lt; 0.05), the toxin content were 1.361, 0.515, 1.409 and 0.540 &mu;g/g. After the nitrogen recovery, the pathogenicity of F. graminearum showed a trend of decreasing firstly and then increasing. At the initial stage of nitrogen recovery, the infection length of nitrogen proportion 100% treatment reached 13.28 mm. Then, the infection length was decreased significantly from 2 h to 48 h, and increased to 11.96 mm at 72 h. The infection lengths of the three treatments (nitrogen proportion 25%, 50% and 75%), reached the lowest at 24 h, and then increased to the maximum at 72 h after nitrogen recovery. Cultured for 72 h, the infection length of the treatment with total nitrogen starvation was 7.73 mm, significantly lower than the treatments of nitrogen proportion of 25%, 50% and 100% (P&lt; 0.05). The results would provide valuable information for establishing rational strategy of fertilizer application after straw incorporation into soils.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Nitrogen
Controlled terms:Antigen-antibody reactions - Biomass - Chlorine compounds - Column chromatography - Cultivation - Ecology - Fungi - Grain (agricultural product) - Growth rate - High performance liquid chromatography  - Liquids - Methanol - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Recovery - Toxic materials
Uncontrolled terms:Diode array detectors - Fertilizer applications - Fusarium graminearum - Immunoaffinity columns - Nitrogen starvation - Off-line simulations - Potato dextrose agars - Straw incorporations
Classification code:454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.9.1  Immunology - 801  Chemistry - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.00e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 3.54e+02kg/m3, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 4.60e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 7.50e+01%, Rotational_Speed 1.00e+04RPM, Size 1.20e-02m, Size 1.33e-02m, Size 4.50e-07m, Size 7.73e-03m, Temperature 3.08e+02K, Temperature 3.23e+02K, Time 1.73e+05s, Time 2.59e+05s, Time 6.05e+05s, Time 7.20e+03s to 1.73e+05s, Time 8.64e+04s, Time 9.00e+02s, Volume 2.00e-08m3, Volume 4.00e-08m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20211910339422
Title:Development of comb type leaves clearing and top cutting machine for beets
Title of translation:&#26803;&#40831;&#24335;&#29980;&#33756;&#28165;&#32552;&#20999;&#39030;&#26426;&#30740;&#21046;
Authors:Wang, Fangyan (1); Zhang, Qin (1); Zhang, Zhenyu (1); Huang, Xinping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao; 266109, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:69-79
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">A current clearing-top cutter machine for the beet leaf has presented a low cutting efficiency but high damage rate in the Chinese sugar-beet industry. In this study, a new comb-tooth cutter machine was developed for the top of beet leaf with a high pass rate of cutting top and a low breakage rate. Key parameters were determined to analyze the motion characteristics and working mechanism of the leaf and top cutter. Two kinds of special blades were used to improve the working efficiency of this machine. A parallel four-bar profiling mechanism with the comb teeth was adopted to flatly cut the top leaves of beet. As such, the profiling system enhanced the pass ability of beets and reduced the damage rate to sugar beets. The structural and performance parameters of the machine were optimized via a series of theoretical analyses according to the planting and growth characteristics of sugar beets. There was the trochoid for the motion tracking after the synthesis of any point on the tip of the knife, where the minimum speed of the knife roller was optimized to 490.3 r/min. The optimal structural parameters of the machine were also achieved, such as the clear leaf strips and leaves knife. Specifically, the leaves knife was made of a 65Mn steel plate, where the working length was 172 mm, the width was 48 mm, and the thickness was 4 mm. The oblique cutting edge of tangential cutting edge contributed to the cutting of stem seedlings, where the blade angle was 25 &deg;. The structural parameters of clear leaf strips were obtained, where the thickness was 5 mm, the lower width was 55 mm, the upper width was 42 mm, and the length was 212 mm. A trial test was utilized to determine the parameters of the cutter top knife, &Delta;&alpha;<inf>0</inf>=6.5&deg;, &Delta;&alpha;<inf>1</inf>=13&deg;, &Delta;&alpha;<inf>2</inf>=6.5&deg;. The length of the profiling rod was 320 mm, and the total profiling amount was 120 mm, indicating a standard guarantee on the specific requirements of the profiling device. The inclination angle was set to be 16.5&deg;-19.0&deg;. The spacing of the tooth plate was set at 40 mm, and the working width was 160 mm, according to the diameter range of the green beet head. The experimental design of the central composite was carried out to select three working parameters influencing the pass rate of cut top and damage rate of beets. A three-factor three-level orthogonal regression test was also conducted. The experimental field was set, where the moisture content of inter-loam soil was 24.2%, the hardness was 1 175 kPa, the bulk density of soil was 1.03 g/cm³, and the row spacing of sugar beet planting was 650 mm. A regression analysis was performed on the Design-expert software to determine the cutting and damage rate of beets, as well as the significance level of each factor. Consequently, a regression equation was obtained according to the contribution rate of factors. In Design-expert, the orthogonal rotation was designed to analyze the experimental data, then evaluate the significant relationship between each factor and evaluation index, and finally establish a mathematical regression model for the most optimal weight distribution according to the optimization index Y<inf>1</inf>: Y<inf>2</inf> = 1: 1. An excellent combination of parameters for the top cutter machine was a forward speed of 1.30 m/s, where the speed of the active sprocket was 732 r/min, and the torque of the torsion spring was 9.45 N&bull;m. The best working parameters were the cutting qualification rate of 94.89 %, and the beet damage rate of 2.54 %. The proposed comb-tooth flat cutting and topping machine can provide a sound reference for the theoretical design and experimental verification in the potential topping machine of sugar beet leaves in mechanized agriculture.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Sugar beets
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Cutting - Cutting tools - Efficiency - Motion tracking - Plates (structural components) - Regression analysis - Soils - Sprockets - Structural optimization  - Sugar industry
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental verification - Growth characteristic - Motion characteristics - Orthogonal regression - Orthogonal rotations - Performance parameters - Significance levels - Structural parameter
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.2  Machine Components - 603.2  Machine Tool Accessories - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822  Food Technology - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.03e+03kg/m3, Percentage 2.42e+01%, Percentage 2.54e+00%, Percentage 9.49e+01%, Pressure 1.18e+06Pa, Rotational_Speed 4.90e+02RPM, Rotational_Speed 7.32e+02RPM, Size 1.20e-01m, Size 1.60e-01m, Size 1.72e-01m, Size 2.12e-01m, Size 3.20e-01m, Size 4.00e-02m, Size 4.00e-03m, Size 4.20e-02m, Size 4.80e-02m, Size 5.00e-03m, Size 5.50e-02m, Size 6.50e-01m, Torque 9.45e+00N*m, Velocity 1.30e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20211910339556
Title:Variation of water use efficiency in a paddy field in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River using eddy covariance method
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#28065;&#24230;&#30456;&#20851;&#27861;&#30340;&#38271;&#27743;&#20013;&#19979;&#28216;&#31291;&#30000;&#27700;&#20998;&#21033;&#29992;&#25928;&#29575;&#21464;&#21270;&#35268;&#24459;
Authors:Shi, Yuanzhi (1, 2); Shi, Hong (3); Cui, Yuanlai (2); Hong, Dalin (1); Zhu, Han (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing; 210029, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430072, China; (3) Jiangxi Central Station of Irrigation Experiment, Nanchang; 330201, China
Corresponding author:Cui, Yuanlai(YLCui@whu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:130-139
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Changing rules of water use efficiency (WUE) in rice ecosystem can significantly contribute to the water-carbon cycle in paddy fields, thereby to optimize water-carbon management in agricultural production. Taking double-cropping rice of Poyang Lake Plain (belongs to middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River) as the research object, a field experiment was carried out from 2011-2013 and 2018, where the CO<inf>2</inf> and H<inf>2</inf>O flux for 3 years was measured using eddy covariance (EC) method. A series of quality control processing was performed on the raw data of flux using the EddyPro software and the Tovi software, such as the double coordinate rotation, WPL correction, u* threshold detection, energy balance residual correction, and footprint analysis. A marginal distribution sampling (MDS) was used to make the gap filling of missing data, further to obtain a complete dataset. An investigation was made to explore the seasonal variation of ecosystem-scale WUE, as well as the relationship between WUE and its constituent elements net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and evapotranspiration (ET). An attempt was also made to compare different WUE in the rice fields at different latitudes, including early rice, late rice and other farmland ecosystems. The results showed that in the seasonal scale variation curve of rice WUE, there was a tendency of increasing first and decreasing later, following with the variation characteristics of NEP. There was a significant positive correlation between rice WUE and NEP, but not with ET in most rice seasons, whereas, the effect of late rice NEP on WUE was higher than that of early rice. This indicated that the seasonal variation of WUE was dominated by NEP, which depended mainly on the growing development of rice on the scale of growth period. The seasonal peak of rice WUE appeared in the jointing-booting stage, and the WUE of middle stage of growth (from jointing-booting stage to heading-flowering stage) was maintained at a high level, with a mean WUE of 5.8 g/kg for early rice and 5.5 g/kg for late rice. In early rice, the WUE of late stage of growth (from grain-filling stage to yellow-ripening stage) was higher than that of early stage of growth (from the stage of seedling establishment to tillering), while that of late rice was the opposite. Both stage of seedling establishment of early rice and yellow-ripening stage of late rice showed an obvious negative WUE, where the paddy field was carbon source at the moment. The mean WUE of the whole growth period of early rice was (3.3&plusmn;0.3) g/kg, slightly lower than (3.4&plusmn;0.4) g/kg for late rice. The reason was that the NEP of late rice was stronger, while, the WUE of early growth period for early rice was lower. The synchronism between all-day WUE and daytime WUE was high, where the mean daytime WUE of early and late rice were 5.5 and 6.1 g/kg, respectively, indicating that the effect of nocturnal respiration consumption in rice ecosystem reduced the WUE by more than 40% as a whole. The rice WUE in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River was higher than that in the tropical areas, such as the Philippines and Brazil, and lower than that in the Northeast China. With the increase of geographical latitude, the WUE of paddy field increases significantly. The rice WUE was also significantly lower, compared with other farmland ecosystem, such as wheat and corn. There were interannual differences in WUE of growth periods for early rice and late rice, where the relative variation was 9.2%-12.4%, due to the interannual variation of NEP and ET caused by the change of environmental variables, such as temperature, and radiation. The interannual variation in WUE of heading-flowering stage was the maximum, with the amplitude of 1.9-2.3 g/kg. The findings can provide a sound basis to evaluate agricultural water use efficiency, and thereby optimize water-carbon management models in paddy fields in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Ecosystems
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Carbon - Farms - Forestry - Quality control - Rivers - Tropics - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Eddy covariance method - Environmental variables - Middle and lower reaches of the yangtze rivers - Middle and lower reaches of yangtze rivers - Net ecosystem productivities - Seedling establishment - Variation characteristics
Classification code:443  Meteorology - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control
Numerical data indexing:Age 3.00e+00yr, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 9.20e+00% to 1.24e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20211910339549
Title:Remote sensing estimation of forest aboveground biomass in Potatso National Park using GF-1 images
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;GF-1&#24433;&#20687;&#30340;&#26222;&#36798;&#25514;&#22269;&#23478;&#20844;&#22253;&#26862;&#26519;&#22320;&#19978;&#29983;&#29289;&#37327;&#36965;&#24863;&#20272;&#31639;
Authors:Zhou, Junhong (1, 2, 3); Wang, Zizhi (1, 3); Liao, Shengxi (1, 3); Wu, Wenjun (1, 3); Li, Li (1, 3); Liu, Wendou (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming; 650224, China; (2) Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing; 210037, China; (3) Shangri-la Grassland Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China, Diqing; 674499, China
Corresponding author:Liao, Shengxi(cafliao@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:216-223
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Potatso National Park is an important ecological functional area in the northwest Yunnan Plateau. The study of forest aboveground biomass in the Potatso National Park is conducive to the understanding of forest resources and biomass distribution characteristics in the subalpine regions, which is of great significance to the monitoring of regional forest resources. In this study, four empirical models including the multiple Linear Step Regression (MLSR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), and Random Forests (RF) were established to estimate the aboveground biomass of forest land in the Potatso National Park. Biomass samples were obtained by empirical conversion formulas from a forest resources survey. 105 factors of forest biomass were obtained from domestic GF-1 satellite images and classified into four categories (band information, vegetation indices, texture information, and topography factors). Then, the significant importance variables were introduced into four empirical models as independent variables, and the estimation models of aboveground biomass of forest in the region were established. In addition, models were compared and the optimal model was selected to estimate the Aboveground Biomass (AGB), and the aboveground biomass distribution of the region forests was analyzed and compared. The results showed that 1) GF-1 images achieved a high precision in the estimation of aboveground biomass of forests in the Potatso National Park, and the non-parametric models were superior to the linear model, and the random forest model (the coefficient of determination was 0.77, and the root mean square error was 27.53 t/hm²) with the best comprehensive performance and reliable estimation results. 2) The total biomass of the main forest in the Potatso National Park was estimated by the random forest model to be 7 085 614 t, with an average of 136.01 t/hm². And the sum areas of slightly high and medium biomass accounted for 67.1% of the forest area in the study area, indicating that the alpine and subalpine cord-temperate needle-leaved forest in the park was well developed, and there was the most primitive spruce forest. 3) The elevation range of the park was 2 308-4 550 m, and the forest biomass at an altitude of &gt; 3 500-4 000 m was the highest, with an average of 126.56 t/hm², accounting for 62% of the total area, which was consistent with the elevation distribution range of the protection target "natural cord-temperate needle-leaved forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest". 4) the Potatso National Park was dominated by spruce forest and fir forest, and the forest community remained in the original state. There were differences in forest biomass on different slopes. The aboveground biomass on shady and half shady slopes was 20.48% higher than that on other slopes, and the site conditions were relatively better. These results confirmed that the biomass empirical model based on GF-1 optimization could quickly and accurately estimate the aboveground biomass of natural forests, and could be used as a reference for estimation of forest biomass by high-resolution satellite remote sensing in subalpine areas.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Biomass
Controlled terms:Backpropagation - Decision trees - Dielectric properties - Forestry - Mean square error - Natural resources - Needles - Random forests - Remote sensing - Support vector machines  - Support vector regression - Textures - Topography
Uncontrolled terms:Back-propagation neural networks - Coefficient of determination - Comprehensive performance - Evergreen broad-leaved forests - High resolution satellites - Random forest modeling - Remote sensing estimations - Root mean square errors
Classification code:723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4  Artificial Intelligence - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.05e+01%, Percentage 6.20e+01%, Percentage 6.71e+01%, Size 2.31e+03m to 4.55e+03m, Size 3.50e+03m to 4.00e+03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20211910339585
Title:Identifying heavy metal (Cd) stress in rice using time-series signals and crop growth model
Title of translation:&#21033;&#29992;&#20316;&#29289;&#29983;&#38271;&#27169;&#22411;&#21644;&#26102;&#24207;&#20449;&#21495;&#29956;&#21035;&#27700;&#31291;&#38217;&#32961;&#36843;
Authors:Kong, Li (1); Liu, Meiling (1); Liu, Xiangnan (1); Zou, Xinyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Meiling(liuml@cugb.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:249-256
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Rice is one of the most important food crops around the world. In recent years, the accumulation of heavy metals in rice crops has posed a great threat to rice growth and quality, even to human bodies through food chains. Traditional field surveys cannot map the extent of heavy metal contamination for large regions, although they can detect heavy metal stress in rice. Remote sensing can real-time monitor the heavy metal stress in crops with wider coverage. However, most previous studies focused mainly on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of rice, or spectral response similar to other remote sensing monitoring of environmental stress, such as diseases and pests, or water and nutrition stress. Moreover, the growth of rice depends usually on various types of environmental stresses with complex conditions in a large-scale eco-environment system, such as heavy metal stresses, disease, drought, or flood. Specifically, there are different stress types in various spaces, where multiple stresses covered one or several growth stages in the same space. It is also difficult to distinguish heavy metal stress from others in the farmland, due to the similarity of canopy spectral variation induced by multiple stresses. Particularly, heavy metal stress in rice is characterized by the stability in space and time, leading to a difference from other transient stress. Sentinel-2 satellite can be used to monitor crops under multiple stresses. Sentinel-2 data includes three bands in the "red edge", providing more important information on the vegetation state. Taking Zhuzhou, Hunan Province of China as a study area, Sentinel-2 satellite images were collected for the field data from 2017 to 2019. First, the leaf area index (LAI) time series of the year was simulated using the World Food Studies (WOFOST) model. Second, an ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) was used to disassemble a series of LAI in rice growth stages, and thereby to obtain different intrinsic mode functions (IMF). The time series that may contain heavy metal stress can be achieved through analysis and composition. Third, the time series of healthy rice was considered to be a reference sequence after EEMD. Dynamic time warping (DTW) was used to compare with two time series, further to determine the level of heavy metal stress in rice. Finally, two neighboring time series were compared to measure the stability of heavy metal stress. Results demonstrated that: 1) The combined EEMD and DTW can be used to distinguish the specific levels of heavy metal stress. A high value of normalized stress index referred to that the rice was subjected to a high level of heavy metal stress. There was a relatively high proportion of planting areas with a low level of heavy metal stress in the study area. 2) Heavy metal stress in rice was characterized by spatio-temporal stability. There was a 0.17 percentage point difference in the region proportion with severe stress in 2017 and 2018 and a difference of 0.91 percentage point in 2018 and 2019. Rice under high heavy metal stress was distributed in the western, northeast, and southeast study areas. 3) There was generally a small value in the normalized inter-annual variation index on the rice between adjacent years, indicating an excellent indicator for the stability of rice in space and time.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Plants (botany)
Controlled terms:Chemical contamination - Crops - Heavy metals - Physiological models - Remote sensing - Signal processing - Space optics - Stability - Time series - Time series analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Dynamic time warping - Ensemble empirical mode decompositions (EEMD) - Environmental stress - Heavy metal contamination - Interannual variation - Intrinsic Mode functions - Physiological and biochemical characteristics - Remote sensing monitoring
Classification code:531  Metallurgy and Metallography - 656.1  Space Flight - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20211910339383
Title:Effect of electric field distribution on energy use efficiency for berry puree under microwave drying
Title of translation:&#24494;&#27874;&#24178;&#29157;&#27974;&#26524;&#36807;&#31243;&#20013;&#26009;&#23618;&#30005;&#22330;&#20998;&#24067;&#24433;&#21709;&#33021;&#37327;&#21033;&#29992;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Wang, Lei (1); Shen, Liuyang (1); Liu, Chenghai (1); Liu, Chai (1); Zheng, Xianzhe (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin; 150030, China
Corresponding author:Zheng, Xianzhe(zhengxz@neau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:1-10
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Berry fruit rich in bioactive compounds (anthocyanins and vitamins) has fairly high health and nutritional benefits in terms of anti-aging, antioxidant ability, and anti-carcinogenic activity. However, fresh berry fruit is difficult to be stored, due to its high moisture content and temperature in the harvesting season. Consequently, microwave drying has been widely applied in the dehydration process for berry fruit, with the advantages of high efficiency, great processing capacity, and easy control of dryer. In microwave heating, the energy absorption depends on the intensity of electric fields and dielectric properties inside the processed material. Maxwell's equation was followed by the transmission of an electric field in the microwave cavity, where a time-varying electric field was accompanied by a corresponding time-varying magnetic field. The behavior of electromagnetic fields can be completely defined inside a microwave applicator and coupled with the appropriate boundary conditions. The electric field is primarily determined by magnetron arrangement, the shape, and size of the cavity. However, the complex and variable distribution of electric field inside the material has posed severe effects on the utilization of microwave energy and drying uniformity of the final product. Taking the raspberry puree as a representative processed material, an adjustable regulation of active magnetrons was introduced to mount on the ceiling of the microwave cavity in a continuous dryer, in order to elucidate the effect of electric field distribution in the material layer on the energy utilization, particularly with the rising temperature and declining moisture. The input powers of the microwave were set as 12, 15, 18, and 21 kW. Four modes of active magnetrons in amount and positions were used to reveal the change of electric field. A coupling model with the electromagnetic, heat, and mass transfer was established to characterize the distribution of electric field and energy absorption inside the puree layer. The microwave propagation inside berry puree layers and utilization efficiency of energy were clarified in the microwave dryer, considering the coupling model and drying properties of berry puree at different moisture and temperature. Results show that the Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) of simulated and measured temperatures were 5.8, 4.1, 6.7, and 6.9&#8451; at the microwave powers of 12, 15, 18, and 21 kW, respectively, indicating that the simulation model was reliable for the distribution of electric field in the pulp material layer. The amount and positions of active magnetrons determined the Transverse Electric (TE) or Transverse Magnetic (TM) plane wave in the microwave cavity, where the incident angle of the plane wave dominated the conversion capacity of microwave energy to thermal energy. There were higher impacts on the dimensional size of the inner wall in the microwave cavity, and the relative position between the raspberry puree and guidance ports, compared with the mounts of active magnetrons. There was a greater uniform distribution of electric field along the longitudinal direction than along the crossing direction. The active mode of magnetrons was parallel arrangement, and the distance between the central points of magnetrons was odd times of quarter microwave wavelength in the direction of the long side of the magnetron. As such, the uniformity of the electric field improved in the whole material layer, due to the cross distribution with high and low spots in the electric field. High uniformity of electric field strength can be used to enhance the absorption and conversion efficiency of microwave energy, thereby achieving a more uniform distribution of temperature in the final dried material. The research findings can gain significant insight to promote energy efficiency and drying uniformity in the large-scale continuous microwave dryer.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Electric power distribution
Controlled terms:Conversion efficiency - Dehydration - Dielectric properties - Dryers (equipment) - Drying - Elastic waves - Electric fields - Electromagnetic fields - Energy absorption - Energy efficiency  - Energy utilization - Fruits - Magnetrons - Mass transfer - Maxwell equations - Mean square error - Microwave heating - Microwaves - Moisture - Wave energy conversion  - Wave propagation
Uncontrolled terms:Distribution of electric fields - Electric field distributions - Electric field strength - High moisture contents - Longitudinal direction - Root mean square errors - Time-varying magnetic fields - Utilization efficiency
Classification code:525  Energy Management and Conversion - 615.6  Wave Energy - 641.3  Mass Transfer - 701  Electricity and Magnetism - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 706.1.2  Electric Power Distribution - 711  Electromagnetic Waves - 711.1  Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media - 714.1  Electron Tubes - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.1  Mechanics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Power 2.10e+04W
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20211910339708
Title:Isolation and identification of oleaginous microalgae isolated from the salt-discharging channel and cultivation for lipid production
Title of translation:&#25490;&#30897;&#28192;&#27700;&#20013;&#20135;&#27833;&#24494;&#34299;&#20998;&#31163;&#37492;&#23450;&#21450;&#22521;&#20859;&#20135;&#27833;
Authors:Li, Yanbin (1); Tong, Xu (1); Jiang, Hui (2); Zhang, Qin (1); Wang, Huiling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu; 241000, China; (2) College of Life Science, Tarim University, Alar; 843300, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:242-248
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Soil salinization is currently improved via flood irrigation and salt-washing drainage for the main crop cultivation in a typical arid desert region of Xinjiang, China. As such, most produced saline-alkali water is discharged directly through the salt-discharging channel. Loss of water resources has posed a serious threat to the local soil and ecological environment. Oleaginous microalgae offer an attractive alternative to generate biofuel in the saline-alkali land unsuitable for farming, such as desert and mudflat in recent years. However, little attention has been paid to the cultivation of oleaginous microalgae in the salt-discharging channel water with high salinity and nutrient deficiency. In this study, one species of oleaginous microalga (WY205), identified as Chlorella sp, was isolated from the salt-discharging channel water. A systematic examination was made to explore the effects of supplementation with organic carbon sources on microalgae growth and lipid accumulation. An attempt was also made to investigate the salt-tolerance, the growing and lipid producing stability of oleaginous microalga. The results showed that the addition of organic carbon sources improved significantly the growth rate and lipid yield of microalgae. Since the accumulation of microalgae lipid followed the type of growth coupling, the logistic equation and Gaden growth model were selected to describe the algal growth and kinetics of lipid generation in the salt-discharging channel water. The maximum biomass (3.03 g/L) and the highest lipid yield (1.26 g/L) were predicted at the supplementation of 2.5 g/L glucose, which were 1.35 and 2.21 times more than those treated without sugar, respectively. When the Na⁺ was added up to 5 g/L (equivalent to NaCl 12.72 g/L), the content of microalgae lipid reached 44.90%, while the lipid yield achieved the maximum, 21.69% higher than that of the original water from the salt-discharging channel (Na⁺ concentration was 2.64 g/L). Even when the Na⁺ concentration enhanced to 10 g/L (equivalent to NaCl 25.43 g/L), the content of microalgae lipid reached 59.71%, whereas, the lipid yield began to decline, 10.84% higher than that of the original water from the salt-discharging channel, due to the large reduction of biomass. This indicated the high salt-tolerance of oleaginous microalgae. There was no significant change in the biomass and lipid yield of alga strain after 60 days of semi-continuous culture using undiluted salt-discharging channel water for 3 cycles plus 2 times concentrated water sample for another 3 cycles (10 days for each cycle). The content of microalgae lipid maintained higher than 30% in all cycles, exhibiting good adaptability and stability. In further optimization, the culture conditions of microalgae can be extended to the growth monitoring on a large-scale in subsequent studies. The finding can provide a promising technical reference to cultivate oleaginous microalgae for resource utilization of salt-discharging channel water.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Ecology
Controlled terms:Algae - Biomass - Cultivation - Growth kinetics - Growth rate - Microorganisms - Organic carbon - Saline water - Sodium chloride - Soils  - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Culture conditions - Ecological environments - Isolation and identification - Lipid accumulations - Logistic equations - Nutrient deficiency - Resource utilizations - Soil salinization
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.9  Biology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.3  Agricultural Methods
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.64e-01yr, Age 2.74e-02yr, Mass_Density 1.00e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.26e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.27e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 2.50e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 2.54e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 2.64e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 3.03e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 5.00e+00kg/m3, Percentage 1.08e+01%, Percentage 2.17e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 4.49e+01%, Percentage 5.97e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20211910339564
Title:Characteristics of soil organic carbon and nitrogen fractions after 24 years of reclamation in a large open pit coal mine in the Loess Plateau
Title of translation:&#40644;&#22303;&#21306;&#22823;&#22411;&#38706;&#22825;&#29028;&#30719;&#22797;&#22438;24a&#22303;&#22756;&#30899;&#27694;&#32452;&#20998;&#29305;&#24449;
Authors:Yuan, Ye (1, 2); Gao, Guoqing (1); Gao, Yuan (1); Zhao, Yifang (1); Zhao, Zhongqiu (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Public Administration, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan; 030006, China; (2) Center of Land Reclamation in Mining Area, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan; 030006, China; (3) School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing; 100083, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:167-174
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Soil labile carbon and nitrogen play a key role in the sequestration and pedogenic process, thereby shaping biogeochemical nutrient cycling in a large-scale open cast coal mine. Taking the forest of Robiniapseudoacacia - Pinustabulaeformis mixed forest (RP), Robiniapseudoacacia monoculture forest (RM), PiceameyeriRehd - Piceawilsanii- Hippophaerhamnoides mixed forest (PPH), and Hippophaerhamnoides monoculture forest (HM) as research objects, this study aims to investigate the soil carbon and nitrogen fractions in the Pingshuo opencast coal mine, China. Four forests were the typical 24-year reclamation patterns in the Loess Plateau. Soil samples were collected from the soil surface of 0-20 cm in the reclaimed forests. The control samples were from the unreclaimed site and undisturbed forest. The results showed that: 1) Physical and chemical properties of reclaimed soils were significantly improved after 24 years of succession, compared with the unreclaimed soil. Several physicochemical indices of Robiniapseudoacacia- Pinustabulaeformis mixed forest exceeded those of the undisturbed forest. Nevertheless, there were significant differences in the physical and chemical properties of the 6 reclaimed plots.2) Reclamation accelerated the recovery rates of soil organic carbon fractions in reclaimed soils. Compared to the UR, soil organic carbon from RP, RM and PPH were 594.03%, 158.66% and 99.25% higher, respectively; microbial biomass carbon from RP and PPH increased 174.68%, 209.34%, respectively; dissolved organic carbon from RP and HM were 110.13%, 82.99% higher, respectively; Easily oxidizable carbon from RP and HM were 35.55 and 7 folds, respectively. 3) Reclamation promoted the contents of soil nitrogen fractions. Compared to the UR, soil nitrogen from RP, RM, PPH and HM were 413.24%, 250.00%, 100%, 82.35% higher, respectively; water-soluble nitrogen from RP, PPH and HM increased 206.33%, 153.02%, 99.95%, respectively; microbial biomass nitrogen from PPH was 368.07% higher. 4) There was a positive correlation between carbon and nitrogen fractions (P&lt; 0.05), but a significant negative correlation (P&lt; 0.05) was found among total potassium (TK) and carbon and nitrogen fractions. Overall, the results showed that reclamation facilitated the sequestration of soil organic carbon and nitrogen fractions, and R. pseudoacacia-P. tabulaeformis mixed forest performed the best. However, a limitation of potassium may hinder the succession of reclaimed soil after 24 years of reclamation in Pingshuo opencast coal mine.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Reclamation
Controlled terms:Chemical properties - Coal - Coal industry - Coal mines - Coal reclamation - Forestry - Landforms - Nitrogen - Open pit mining - Organic carbon  - Potassium - Sediments - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Dissolved organic carbon - Microbial biomass carbon - Physical and chemical properties - Physicochemical indices - Positive correlations - Soil nitrogen fractions - Soil organic carbon and nitrogen - Water soluble nitrogens
Classification code:481.1  Geology - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 502.1  Mine and Quarry Operations - 503.1  Coal Mines - 524  Solid Fuels - 549.1  Alkali Metals - 801  Chemistry - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.40e+01yr, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 1.10e+02%, Percentage 1.53e+02%, Percentage 1.59e+02%, Percentage 1.75e+02%, Percentage 2.06e+02%, Percentage 2.09e+02%, Percentage 2.50e+02%, Percentage 3.68e+02%, Percentage 4.13e+02%, Percentage 5.94e+02%, Percentage 8.23e+01%, Percentage 8.30e+01%, Percentage 9.92e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20211910339562
Title:Effects of elevated atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf> on physiological characteristics and yield of quinoa to salinity stress
Title of translation:CO<inf>2</inf>&#27987;&#24230;&#20493;&#22686;&#21644;&#22303;&#22756;&#30416;&#32961;&#36843;&#23545;&#34268;&#40614;&#29983;&#29702;&#29305;&#24449;&#21450;&#20135;&#37327;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Yang, Aizheng (1); Li, Zhilei (1); Fu, Qiang (1); Li, Quanfeng (2); He, Xinyao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) School of Public Administration and Law, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China
Corresponding author:Fu, Qiang(fuqiang@neau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:181-187
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Since the beginning of industrial revolution, atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf> concentration has increased from 310 &mu;mol/mol to approximately 400 &mu;mol/mol, and is expected to double at the end of the 21^st century. Soil salinity is a prime abiotic stress that limits agriculture productivity worldwide. A pot experiment was conducted in climate chambers to investigate the response of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) to salt stress under ambient (400 &mu;mol/mol) and elevated (800 &mu;mol/mol) atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf> concentration. In this study, seeds of quinoa were surface sterilized and sown in peat-filled plastic trays in a greenhouse at ambient temperature. Four weeks after sowing, one seedling was transplanted to each plastic pot (the height of 25 cm and the diameter of 20 cm) containing 5 kg mixture of peat and sand and then placed in climate chambers with different CO<inf>2</inf> concentrations. Plants at the five-leaf stage were irrigated with 0 mmol/L NaCl (non-saline) and 400 mmol/L NaCl (saline) solutions, respectively. During the experiment, leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, intrinsic water use efficiency, ions concentrations, water potential, osmotic potential and pressure potential were determined. In addition, the plant height, shoot biomass, root biomass, 100-grain weight and grain yield were measured. The results showed that leaf photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance were significantly reduced while intrinsic water use efficiency was significantly increased under salinity stress compared with control treatment without NaCl addition. The elevated atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf> concentration enhanced stomatal conductance but decreased photosynthesis rate<inf>.</inf> In addition, the elevated atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf> concentration significantly mitigated the negative effects of salt stress on quinoa and increased photosynthesis rate by 39.4% accompanied by decreasing stomatal conductance by 11.5% resulting in enhancing plant height, shoot biomass, root biomass, 100-grain weight and grain yield of quinoa by 8%, 20%, 82%, 19% and 34%, respectively. However, the fluctuation of quinoa photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance gradually decreased with quinoa growth, resulting in photosynthetic acclimation. The rapid development of the root system under elevated atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf> concentrations greatly increased the root-to-shoot ratio. Thus, it could improve the plant water absorption capacity and mitigate the dehydration of leaf cells induced by salt stress. Moreover, elevated atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf> concentrations could regulate the hormone levels in plants and thus affect Na⁺ uptake and adjust water balance in cells. The significant difference wasn't found in leaf potential and osmotic potential under both ambient and elevated atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf> concentration with non-saline irrigation at the same sampling time. However, elevated atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf> concentrations significantly decreased leaf potential and osmotic potential than ambient atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf> concentration with saline irrigation. This phenomenon effectively maintained pressure potential and alleviated water shortage in plant cells. Additionally, compared with ambient atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf> concentrations, elevated atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf> concentrations significantly improved plant water relations, decreased Na⁺ by 42% and improved K⁺ retention by 26% under salinity stress. Improved growth, physiology and yield performance were linked with better plant water (osmotic and water potential) and gas relations (leaf photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance), low Na⁺ and high K⁺ contents in leaves. The results are helpful for understanding the physiological mechanism of salt tolerance in quinoa under elevated atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf> concentrations. In addition, these findings also provide information for dealing with soil salinization, maintaining ecosystem stability and ensuring food security under the background of elevated atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf>.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Carbon dioxide
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Biomass - Chlorine containing polymers - Ecosystems - Efficiency - Food supply - Forestry - Grain (agricultural product) - Irrigation - Osmosis  - Peat - Photosynthesis - Physiology - Plants (botany) - Sodium chloride - Water absorption - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Industrial revolutions - Intrinsic water-use efficiencies - Photosynthetic acclimation - Physiological characteristics - Physiological mechanisms - Plant water relations - Root to shoot ratio - Stomatal conductance
Classification code:446.1  Water Supply Systems - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.9  Biology - 524  Solid Fuels - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 815.1  Polymeric Materials - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 2.60e+01%, Percentage 3.40e+01%, Percentage 3.94e+01%, Percentage 4.20e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+00%, Percentage 8.20e+01%, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 2.50e-01m, Mass 5.00e+00kg, Molar_Concentration 0.00e+00mol/m3, Molar_Concentration 4.00e+02mol/m3, Percentage 1.15e+01%, Percentage 1.90e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20211910339489
Title:Non-destructive detection of mutton freshness using anthocyanin nanofiber smart label
Title of translation:&#33457;&#38738;&#32032;&#32435;&#31859;&#32420;&#32500;&#26234;&#33021;&#26631;&#31614;&#23545;&#32650;&#32905;&#26032;&#40092;&#24230;&#30340;&#26080;&#25439;&#26816;&#27979;
Authors:Sun, Wuliang (1); Li, Wenbo (1); Jin, Zhimin (2); Jin, Ye (1); Sun, Wenxiu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China; (2) Market Supervision, Evaluation and Inspection Center, Hohhot; 010070, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Wenxiu(swx122@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:24-30
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">A high demand has been growing for non-destructive, cost-saving, and online visual detection on the mutton freshness. In this study, a prepared smart label was used to detect the freshness of mutton stored at a commercially available temperature (10&plusmn;2)&#8451;, and then a reliable prediction model was established. This smart label was made of a nanofiber membrane fabricated by electrospinning, which was loaded with pH-sensitive anthocyanin and biodegradable polylactic acid. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) and UV-2450 spectroscopy were used to observe and detect the microstructure and amine sensitivity of the fiber membrane. Some parameters were measured during the storage of mutton, including the sensory quality, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), pH value, the total number of colonies, acidity/oxidation capacity coefficient of meat, and fiber membrane color difference. The freshness of mutton was accurately graded, thereby preliminarily evaluating the accuracy of the fiber membrane for the detection. The results showed that the fiber membrane was amine sensitive in the light pink with uniform fiber filaments of about 250 nm. The freshness indicators of mutton demonstrated that it had been putrefied and deteriorated after 72 h storage, where the fiber membrane changed from pink to white. Correlation analysis showed that the color difference of the fiber membrane had a significant correlation with each freshness index. A prediction model was successfully established for the TVB-N with an accuracy rate of 88.2% was successfully established(R²=0.967). Therefore, anthocyanin nanofiber smart label can be preliminarily applied to the detection of mutton freshness, where the freshness could be roughly graded according to the color of the label. The reason was that the amines were produced during meat spoilage, some of which evaporated into the packaging environment, thereby changing the pH value of the environment, whereas, the anthocyanins were color responsive to pH, which caused the label color to change in turn. The price of the label was relatively low and the overall price was only 0.0027 Yuan, indicating a great advantage in market applications. The anthocyanin smart label can be used to realize the non-destructive, visual, and real-time detection of mutton freshness, providing a new idea to solve meat safety.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Meats
Controlled terms:Amines - Anthocyanins - Color - Colorimetry - Fibers - Labels - Membranes - Nanofibers - pH - Predictive analytics  - Scanning electron microscopy - Targeted drug delivery
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation analysis - Freshness indicators - Market applications - Nanofiber membrane - Nondestructive detection - Real-time detection - Sensory qualities - Visual detection
Classification code:694.2  Packaging Materials - 741.1  Light/Optics - 761  Nanotechnology - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 822.3  Food Products - 933  Solid State Physics - 941.4  Optical Variables Measurements - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.82e+01%, Size 2.50e-07m, Time 2.59e+05s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20211910339473
Title:Optimization of 3D printing technology of nutraceuticals capsule scaffold using neural network
Title of translation:&#31070;&#32463;&#32593;&#32476;&#20248;&#21270;&#33203;&#39135;&#33829;&#20859;&#34917;&#20805;&#21058;&#33014;&#22218;&#25903;&#26550;3D&#25171;&#21360;&#24037;&#33402;
Authors:Chen, Hongzhu (1, 2); Zhang, Liang (2); Yao, Jia (3); Hu, Xiaojia (2); Liu, Qiannan (2); Liu, Wei (2); Sun, Qinxiu (1); Hu, Honghai (2); Liu, Shucheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang; 524088, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100193, China; (3) School of Biomedicine, Beijing City University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Shucheng(Lsc771017@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:18-23
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Nutraceuticals are herbal and food products with high nutritional values, which are commonly used to treat or prevent diseases. In personalized nutrition, there is an inter-individual response to nutraceuticals intervention, due to the fact that a sub population can benefit more than others. The traditional production of dietary supplements or functional food has very limited flexibility of fabrication to achieve personalized customization with nutrients or functional factors. The oral dosage forms can inevitably lead to insufficient or excessive intake. A type of 3D printing technology, fused deposition modeling (FDM) has been selected to create complex and accurate shapes using food-derived thermoplastic materials. Particularly, polylactic acid (PLA) has been successfully used to produce the scaffold of oral capsule. In this study, a 9-channel PLA capsule scaffold structure and Box-Behnken design were used to explore the effects of printing temperature, nozzle diameter, and printing speed on the FDM 3D printing accuracy. Meanwhile, the printing channel area error (MSE) was used as the response index during the optimization. A 3 &times; 4 &times; 1 three-layer neural network (NN) model was established. The coefficients of determination (R²) were above 0.998, indicating an excellent fitness between the actual and predicted MSE in the NN model. The nozzle diameter was the most influential factor. The MSE remained almost unchanged with the increase of printing temperature and speed at the nozzle diameter of 0.3 mm, where the MSE of the capsule channel area was less than 10%. In terms of energy consumption and efficiency, a low level of MSE was obtained with a lower temperature and faster speed. No significant difference was observed between the prediction values of the NN model and the experimental ones. The results indicated that the NN model can be used to predict the process of FDM 3D printing. An optimal combination of parameters was achieved, where the nozzle diameter was 0.3 mm, and the printing speed ranged from 25 mm/s to 30 mm/s, while the printing temperature ranged from 173&#8451; to 180&#8451; and the MSE ranged between 1%-2%. In this case, the printing accuracy of the capsule scaffold structure was better with the lower energy consumption and higher printing efficiency. A scanning electron microscope was used to characterize the internal microstructure and monitor the wiredrawing phenomena of the capsule scaffold. There was an uniform microstructure of the internal channel. The bonding between printing layers was compact when the printing temperature was fixed at 176&#8451; with the nozzle diameter of 0.3 mm and printing speed of 25 mm/s. An obvious wiredrawing was observed in the capsule scaffold during the high printing temperature or large nozzle diameter. The contraction of PLA was greater as the increase in the slice layers at the small diameter of the nozzle, leading to the loose internal structure and the poor adhesion between the printed layers. The optimized parameters were obtained in the NN model to print the delicate internal microstructure of the capsule scaffold. These findings can provide a theoretical basis for the personalized production of nutraceuticals, thereby realizing the customization and controlled release of minerals, vitamins, or functional factors.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Multilayer neural networks
Controlled terms:Dietary supplements - Energy utilization - Food products - Fused Deposition Modeling - Microstructure - Mineral industry - Network layers - Nozzle design - Nozzles - Nutrition  - Scanning electron microscopy - Speed - Vitamins - Wire
Uncontrolled terms:Fused deposition modeling (FDM) - Influential factors - Internal microstructure - Optimal combination - Optimized parameter - Thermoplastic materials - Three-layer neural networks - Uniform microstructure
Classification code:408  Structural Design - 461.7  Health Care - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 535.2  Metal Forming - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 822.3  Food Products - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+00% to 2.00e+00%, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Size 3.00e-04m, Velocity 2.50e-02m/s, Velocity 2.50e-02m/s to 3.00e-02m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20211910339377
Title:Design and test of dust suppression system for rice-wheat combine harvesters
Title of translation:&#31291;&#40614;&#32852;&#21512;&#25910;&#21106;&#26426;&#38477;&#23576;&#31995;&#32479;&#30340;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Zhang, Yongchuan (1, 2); Wu, Chongyou (1); Jiang, Zhan (1); Jiang, Lan (1); Guan, Zhuohuai (1); Wang, Gang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing; 210014, China; (2) College of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei; 230036, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Chongyou(542681935@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:97-105
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">As a main grain production equipment, the combine wheat harvester plays an important role in grain production, and its technological development level is an important indicator of the degree of agricultural modernization. However, during the harvesting process, the working parts of the harvester interact with the crop to be harvested, so that the dust originally attached to the surface of the crop is disturbed and separated from the surface of the organism, forming floating and flying dust, some of which are scattered around the harvester, seriously affecting The driver's body is healthy; some infected plants carry diseased dust, which is more harmful to the human body; more dust is dispersed in the air with the wind, causing a wider range of air pollution and increasing the amount of inhalable particles in the air. This has become one of the sources of air pollution during the crop harvest season. In order to understand the dust generation status and the characteristics of the dust composition, this paper first conducts the dust concentration and distribution test on the operation site of the combine wheat harvester.The result is as the header and tail of harvester are the main areas where dust is generated, Excessive dust mass concentration will harm the health of workers.The characteristics of the dust sample was tested results as follows: the proportions of dust with a particle size of 10 and 100 &mu;m or less are 45% and 92%, the dust is mostly composed of minerals, grease and carbohydrates. The dust measurement test revealed for the first time the dust generation and dust composition characteristics of combine wheat harvester operations in the rice-wheat (oil) rotation area in southern my country. On this basis, a dust suppression system installed on the combine wheat harvester was designed. The system adopts the working principle of negative pressure dust suction and filter cartridge dust collection. The system utilizes the power of the existing combine wheat harvester and can change the working parameters of the fan at any time to meet a variety of field working conditions. Conduct field tests on the dust suppression system. Through theoretical analysis to determine the main factors that affect the efficiency of the dust suppression system. Taking the harvester header dust suppression efficiency and harvester tail dust suppression efficiency as the test indicators, and the harvester speed, fan speed and environment humidity as the test factors. Using Box-Behnken central combination test method, the three-factor and three-level test are carried out. A mathematical regression model of various factors and test indicators was established. Through variance analysis and response surface analysis, the influence of harvester speed, fan speed and environment humidity on the test indicators is obtained. Use Design-Export8.0.6.1 data analysis software to fitting and optimization analysis of the test results, the optimal parameter combination is obtained as follows: harvester speed 3.73 km/h, fan speed 3 507 r/min, and ambient humidity 56%. On this condition, the efficiency of the header dust suppression is 76.8%, the efficiency of the tail dust suppression is 79.6%. The optimal working parameters are tested and verified to verify the feasibility of optimizing the optimal parameter combination, the minimum fan speed of the dust suppression system to meet the dust suppression requirements under difficult working conditions is 3 332 r/min. This research can provide a basis for the design of the harvester dust suppression system.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Air pollution
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Combines - Crops - Dust - Efficiency - Filtration - Grain (agricultural product) - Harvesters - Harvesting - Particle size  - Particle size analysis - Regression analysis - Software testing - Speed - Surface analysis - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural modernizations - Data analysis softwares - Inhalable particles - Optimal parameter combinations - Optimization analysis - Response surface analysis - Technological development - Wheat combine harvesters
Classification code:451  Air Pollution - 451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 723.5  Computer Applications - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1  Production Engineering - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.50e+01%, Percentage 5.60e+01%, Percentage 7.68e+01%, Percentage 7.96e+01%, Percentage 9.20e+01%, Rotational_Speed 3.33e+03RPM, Rotational_Speed 3.51e+03RPM, Size 1.00e-04m, Size 1.00e-05m, Velocity 1.04e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20211910339481
Title:Experimental research on the influence of threshing roller structures on the quality of mechanically-harvested soybeans
Title of translation:&#33073;&#31890;&#28378;&#31570;&#32467;&#26500;&#24418;&#24335;&#23545;&#22823;&#35910;&#26426;&#25910;&#36136;&#37327;&#24433;&#21709;&#30340;&#35797;&#39564;&#30740;&#31350;
Authors:Jin, Chengqian (1, 2); Kang, Yan (1); Guo, Hongxing (1); Wang, Ting'en (1); Yin, Xiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo; 255000, China; (2) Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Nanjing; 210014, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:49-58
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Grain threshing and separation are the main stages that cause grain breakage in the process of mechanized soybean harvesting. The harvest quality of soybean depends mainly on the configuration of threshing parts, particularly on the structural and performance parameters. In this study, a feasible threshing roller with replaceable components was proposed to investigate the influence of various factors in the mechanical process on the harvest quality of soybean. Lindou 11 was selected as the test material with a moisture content ranging from 10.2% -20.0% in the Linyi area. The impact of soybean machine harvest quality provided in-kind support. The arch tooth, rasp rod, and rod tooth were selected as the typical threshing components. The threshing roller with replaceable components was characterized by a unique roller spindle assembled by the replacing threshing bar unit and the adding fixed plate, as well as the roller shell in turn. Three types were obtained, including the rod-tooth, combined rasp bar-rod tooth, and closed arch tooth threshing roller. Experimental factors were selected as the forward speed, rotate speed of roller, threshing gap, and angle of deflector. The evaluation indices of soybean were set as the seed crushing rate and unthreshing rate, according to the characteristics of soybean plants. A single factor test was designed to obtain the optimal working parameters of each influencing factor. Four factors were gained for the best roller structure and the optimal combination of operating parameters. A three-level orthogonal test was conducted to determine the significance of the influence of each influencing factor on the evaluation index. An evaluation test was designed to verify the accuracy of obtained data from the field test. The test results show that the forward speed and rotate speed of roller had a greater influence on the crushing rate, whereas, the rotate speed of roller and threshing gasp had a greater influence on the unthreshing rate. There was generally high threshing quality in the combined rasp bar-rod tooth threshing roller when the moisture content of soybean was 10.2% and 15.2%.The influencing factors on the grain crushing rate were ranked in a descending order: the rotate speed of roller, forward speed, threshing gasp, and angle of deflector. The primary and secondary orders on the unthreshing rate were the rotate speed of roller, threshing gasp, angle of deflector, and forward speed. The threshing quality in the closed arch tooth threshing roller was relatively high 20.0% moisture content. The influencing factors on the grain crushing rate were as follows, the rotate speed of roller, forward speed, angle of deflector, and threshing gasp, where those on the unthreshing rate were in the order of threshing gasp, rotate speed of roller, angle of deflector, and forward speed. When the moisture content of soybean was 13.1%, the combined rasp bar-rod tooth threshing roller was at a forward speed of 4 km/h, a rotate speed of roller of 600 r/min, a threshing gasp of 30 mm, and the angle of deflector of 70&deg;, where the crushing rate and unthreshing rate were the lowest, 0.90% and 0.18%, respectively. When the moisture content was 19.3%, the closed arch tooth threshing roller had a forward speed of 3 km/h, the rotate speed of roller of 600 r/min, the threshing gasp of 25 mm, and the angle of deflector of 75&deg;, where the crushing rate and unthreshing rate were the lowest, 1.20% and 0.23% respectively, indicating an excellent harvest quality. The findings can provide a potential reference to design the promising threshing roller in a grain harvester.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Rollers (machine components)
Controlled terms:Arches - Crushing - Harvesting - Moisture - Moisture determination - Seed - Speed - Structural optimization - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental factors - Experimental research - Mechanical process - Operating parameters - Optimal combination - Performance parameters - Roller structure - Working parameters
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 601.2  Machine Components - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.02e+01%, Percentage 1.02e+01% to 2.00e+01%, Percentage 1.20e+00%, Percentage 1.31e+01%, Percentage 1.52e+01%, Percentage 1.80e-01%, Percentage 1.93e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 2.30e-01%, Percentage 9.00e-01%, Rotational_Speed 6.00e+02RPM, Size 2.50e-02m, Size 3.00e-02m, Velocity 1.11e+00m/s, Velocity 8.33e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20211910339679
Title:Method for estimating trunk and branch canal leakage in irrigation districts and its application in optimal allocation of water resources
Title of translation:&#28748;&#21306;&#24178;&#25903;&#28192;&#28183;&#28431;&#20272;&#31639;&#26041;&#27861;&#21450;&#20854;&#22312;&#27700;&#36164;&#28304;&#20248;&#21270;&#37197;&#32622;&#20013;&#30340;&#24212;&#29992;
Authors:Zhang, Fan (1); Cai, Yanpeng (2, 3); Guo, Ping (4); Tan, Qian (2, 3); Wang, Xuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing; 100875, China; (2) Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou; 510006, China; (3) Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou; 511458, China; (4) Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Cai, Yanpeng(yanpeng.cai@gdut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:140-147
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The water shortage crisis caused by population increase and climate change threatens China's food security and ecological health. How to improve the utilization efficiency of water resources in agricultural production and promote regional sustainable development are main problems faced by agricultural water managers. In agricultural water distribution process, canal leakage is one of the important water consumption sources. Traditional methods usually use a fixed canal leakage coefficient in planning water resources, which affected the estimation accuracy of canal leakage. Therefore, it is of great significance to accurately estimate the leakage of main and branch canals for guiding the construction of canal engineering and formulating effective optimal allocation scheme of agricultural water resources. In order to improve canal leakage estimation accuracy for large-scale agricultural water resources planning, this study proposed a method for estimating the canal leakage based on analyzing the previous researches and the key elements affecting canal leakage. According to the method proposed in this study, the canal leakage coefficient had the dynamic relationships with water amount of canal diversion. The method proposed by this study was compared with the traditional fixed canal leakage factor method to further verify the impact of different canal leakage estimation methods on the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. Both methods were applied to the middle reaches of the Heihe River. In the study area, the water managers had to optimally allocate limited water resources among 17 large and medium-sized irrigation districts. A multi-objective stochastic programming model with three objectives (including maximum economic benefit, irrigation water use efficiency, and irrigation water productivity) was established for optimizing limited water resources allocation. Available water resources, crop water demand, and food security were considered as constraints of the optimization model. After collecting the necessary data and solving the optimization model by minimum deviation method, optimization results were obtained. The results showed that the optimization results obtained by the traditional method with fixed leakage factor may underestimate the canal leakage loss in the middle reaches of the Heihe River, leading to more than 10% deviation in estimating the leakage. The underestimation may further affect the field water availability, the expected output, and the estimation of the expected profit, making the optimization goal impossible to achieve. When the available surface water changed, the canal leakage estimation method proposed in this study better reflected the dynamics of canal leakage rates, providing more accurate water quantity information for agricultural water resources planning as well as increasing the effectiveness and feasibility of water resources planning schemes. The method proposed in this study can provide an effective tool for the fine management of agricultural water resources and help the development of agricultural water saving.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Surface water resources
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Canals - Climate change - Constrained optimization - Efficiency - Food supply - Hydraulic structures - Irrigation - Managers - Stochastic models  - Stochastic programming - Stochastic systems - Surface waters - Water conservation - Water management - Water resources exploration - Water supply - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Irrigation water use efficiency - Minimum deviation methods - Optimal allocation of water resources - Regional sustainable development - Stochastic programming model - Water resources allocations - Water resources planning
Classification code:407.2  Waterways - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 444  Water Resources - 444.1  Surface Water - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 822.3  Food Products - 912.4  Personnel - 913.1  Production Engineering - 922.1  Probability Theory - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20211910339697
Title:Spatiotemporal evolution of agricultural non-point source pollution and its influencing factors in the Yellow River Basin
Title of translation:&#40644;&#27827;&#27969;&#22495;&#20892;&#19994;&#38754;&#28304;&#27745;&#26579;&#26102;&#31354;&#21464;&#21270;&#21450;&#22240;&#32032;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Tao, Yuan (1, 2); Xu, Jing (1); Ren, Hejing (1, 2); Guan, Xiaoyan (1, 2); You, Lijun (1); Wang, Shaoli (1)
Author affiliation:(1) China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100048, China; (2) National Center of Efficient Irrigation Engineering and Technology Research-Beijing, Beijing; 100048, China
Corresponding author:Guan, Xiaoyan(guanxy@iwhr.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:257-264
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">This study aims to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of the agricultural nonpoint source of pollutant emission in the Yellow River Basin of China. The supplementary calculation was used to analyze the census data of the first and second pollution sources. Influencing factors were explored, including fertilizer usages, quantity of straw resources, pollutant loads from livestock and poultry breeding, and efficiency of pollutant treatment. The targeted prevention and control measures were proposed on the agricultural nonpoint source pollution in the Yellow River Basin. The results showed that: 1) The total amount of pollutant emission in the Yellow River Basin decreased obviously in 2017, compared with 2006. The estimated total amount of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus pollutant were 1 705, 53, 185, and 17 thousand tons, respectively, while the amount produced by agricultural production was 962, 12, 79, and 11 thousand tons. There was a significant increase in the proportion of agricultural nonpoint source pollution in the total amount. Inner Mongolia contributed the largest amount of agricultural nonpoint source pollution, but Henan and Shandong provinces presented the largest pollution intensity. Livestock and poultry breeding contributed the largest amount of chemical oxygen demand in 2017, whereas fertilizer was the main pollution source for the ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, and phosphorus pollutant. 2) There was a significant linear relationship between different pollutant indices and control factors. The total amount of fertilizer usage increased 83% in Inner Mongolia in 2017, compared with 2016. The reason was that the fertilizer usage increased 41% per unit of the cultivated land, as the cultivated land increased 30%. Additionally, there were too many higher fertilizer usages per unit of the cultivated land in Henan, Shaanxi, and Shandong provinces, because of the large-scale planting of vegetables and fruits with substantial production, especially in Henan Province. 3) Compared with 2006, the straw resources in the Yellow River in 2017 increased 46% with an amount of 0.113 billion tons, where most straw was produced in Inner Mongolia, due mainly to the largest cultivated land in the Basin and the large planting area of sugar and oil crops. In the number of straw resources per unit of the cultivated land, the top three were Henan, Shandong, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Specifically, the straw resources were attributed the most to the corn and wheat in Henan and Shandong provinces, while the corn was in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. 4) The emission amounts from the livestock and poultry breeding decreased by 27% in 2017 than that in 2006, mainly because of the national policy on animal husbandry, such as no breeding areas. 5) More efforts can be made to improve the efficiency of pollutant treatment for all pollution sources in Henan Province, and the fertilizer utilization rate in Shanxi Province. The overall control policy and the targeted strategies can be combined with the measures of agricultural nonpoint source pollution in the Yellow River Basin. The most effective measures can be adopted to control the fertilizer usages of vegetables and fruits in Henan, Shaanxi, and Shandong provinces, together with the comprehensive utilization of straw resources, such as corns in all provinces, and oil crops in Qinghai and Henan provinces and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The treatment can be used to improve the utilization of livestock and poultry breeding, especially for cows and sheep in western provinces and pigs in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. A better ecological cycle can be strengthened to combine planting with livestock and poultry breeding.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:45
Main heading:River pollution
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Ammonia - Chemical oxygen demand - Crops - Efficiency - Fruits - Land use - Mammals - Nitrogen fertilizers - Phosphorus  - Pollution control - Population statistics - Rivers - Vegetables - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Agricultural nonpoint sources - Agricultural productions - Comprehensive utilizations - Inner Mongolia autonomous regions - Lower reaches of the yellow rivers - Spatiotemporal evolution - Temporal and spatial distribution
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444.1  Surface Water - 453  Water Pollution - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.70e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 4.10e+01%, Percentage 4.60e+01%, Percentage 8.30e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20211910339443
Title:Simulation and experimental study of radio frequency heating of low-moisture maize kernels
Title of translation:&#20302;&#28287;&#29577;&#31859;&#31869;&#31890;&#30340;&#23556;&#39057;&#21152;&#28909;&#27169;&#25311;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Wei, Shuo (1); Xie, Weijun (1); Zheng, Zhaohui (1); Fan, Ben (1); Yang, Deyong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Deyong(ydy@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:11-17
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Radio frequency (RF) heating has been expected as an alternative to traditional thermal treatments for postharvest pasteurization and disinfestation, due to its rapid heating, high thermal efficiency, volumetric heating, and selective heating. Corn is one of the most primary food crops in terms of both large yield and wide use in the world. Since a large amount of postharvest loss was caused by the invasion of mold and insects every year, especially in developing countries, it is highly urgent to develop RF heating for corn kernels. However, it needs to accurately predict the temperature when formulating parameters for the process of RF heating, where the corn temperature is the primary determinant of product quality. In this study, a three-dimensional geometric model of corn kernels was constructed using the simplified structure of germ and endosperm, and an RF heating mathematical model for corn kernels was developed using the heterogeneity of thermos-physical and dielectric properties in the COMSOL multi-physics software. A validated model was used to simulate the distribution of temperature and electric field, thereby exploring the changes of RF selective heating in corn kernels with different postures and moisture content. The results showed that the simulated and experimental temperatures were highly consistent, with a maximum relative error of 3.47%, indicating that the model could well predict the behavior of RF selective heating in corn kernels. The cold spots appeared in the center of the rectangular container, while the hot spots occurred in its corners and edges during RF heating, showing non-uniform heating. Specifically, the temperature difference between the corn kernels at the corner and center gradually increased as time proceeded. In surface temperature, the temperature of the germ was higher than that of endosperm, indicating the preferential heating of the germ. The geometric effect of the upright corn kernel was the largest, followed by the oblique and side-standing ones, where the preferential heating of germ was the greatest, as the enhanced intensity of electric field and power density of germ, whereas, that of the flat corn kernel was the smallest. Moreover, the temperature difference between germ and endosperm in corn kernels with the moisture content of 13.0% increased gradually during RF heating, while that in corn kernels with the moisture content of 16.5% and 20.0% increased rapidly first and then decreased. When the corn kernels were heated to 55&#8451;, the preferential heating of germ in corn kernels with the moisture content of 16.5% was the largest, followed by those with the moisture content of 13.0%, and those with 20.0% moisture content was the smallest. Therefore, the posture and moisture content of corn kernels can be used to adjust RF heating and reduce the damage of RF selective heating on the germ quality. The current work can contribute to understanding the RF heating behavior in corn kernels, thereby serving as a useful guidance for the application of RF heating in low-moisture corn kernels.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Heating
Controlled terms:Developing countries - Dielectric properties - Electric fields - Moisture - Moisture determination - Radio waves
Uncontrolled terms:Distribution of temperature - Maximum relative errors - Nonuniform heating - Preferential Heating - Radio frequency heating - Rectangular containers - Surface temperatures - Temperature differences
Classification code:701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 711  Electromagnetic Waves - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.30e+01%, Percentage 1.65e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 3.47e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20211910339673
Title:Distribution and variation of water and salt in soil profile under controlling subsurface drainage
Title of translation:&#25511;&#21046;&#26263;&#31649;&#25490;&#27700;&#19979;&#22303;&#22756;&#21078;&#38754;&#27700;&#30416;&#20998;&#24067;&#19982;&#21464;&#21270;&#29305;&#24449;
Authors:Chi, Bixuan (1); Shi, Haibin (1); Xu, Di (2); Jiao, Pingjin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China; (2) Department of Water Resources, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100048, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Haibin(shi_haibin@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:148-158
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Soil salinization and drought are important factors restricting the sustainable development of agriculture in irrigation areas. Unreasonable irrigation and salinity leaching can enhance groundwater level and soil salinity accumulation. The free subsurface drainage can drain excess soil moisture from the field and speed up the leaching rate of soil salinity, subsequently leading to the lowering of the groundwater level and soil salt accumulation. However, the free subsurface drainage may cause excessive drainage and the drought stress of crops during the irrigation intermission. By raising the height of drainage outlet of subsurface pipe, controlled drainage methods can reduce field drainage volume and improve water use efficiency. Therefore, controlled drainage would change the movement of soil water and salt, which will affect soil salinity and regulate the soil water condition. To assess the distribution and variation of soil water and salt affected by controlled drainage and drain spacing, three drainage treatments were designed in this study including the free drainage (FD), controlled drainage (CD) and reducing subsurface pipe spacing of the CD (CD<inf>1/2</inf>). For the FD treatment, the spacing of subsurface pipe was 50 m and the depth of subsurface pipe was 1.6 m. The CD treatment raised drainage outlet height of FD by 0.4 m. On the basis of CD treatment, the treatment of CD<inf>1/2</inf> decreased the spacing of subsurface drain to 25 m. The static and dynamic spatial distribution of soil water content and salinity were analyzed and the variation characteristics of soil water and salinity before and after the irrigation during the typical irrigation period were evaluated. The experiment was conducted during the growth period of maize at the Yichang test station in the Hetao Irrigation District of China. The results showed that compared with the free drainage, the controlled drainage increased the soil relative water content by 8.27%, enhanced the soil water increase rate during the irrigation stage, and reduced the soil water decrease rate during the intermittent stage. The controlled drainage also improved the distribution uniformity of salt in soil profile, and it decreased the horizontal and vertical variation coefficient by 45.88% and 32.55%. At the same time, the controlled drainage reduced the soil salinity by 36.73% in soil profile, enhanced the desalination area by 29.17% during the irrigation stage and reduced the salt accumulation area by 14.29% during the intermittent stage. After reducing the drain spacing of control drainage, the soil water increase rate was reduced during the irrigation stage, and the soil water decrease rate was increased during the intermittent stage, meanwhile the horizontal distribution uniformity of soil salinity before irrigation was improved while the horizontal distribution uniformity of soil salinity after irrigation was decreased. The controlled drainage enhanced desalination rate, salinity distribution uniformity, and soil water retention. Thus, it has the potential to alleviate soil secondary salinization and improve agricultural water use efficiency.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Soil moisture
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Desalination - Drainage - Drought - Efficiency - Finite difference method - Grain (agricultural product) - Groundwater - Groundwater flow - Irrigation  - Leaching
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural water use - Distribution uniformity - Hetao irrigation districts - Horizontal distribution - Relative water content - Salinity distributions - Soil secondary salinizations - Variation characteristics
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 444.2  Groundwater - 445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921.6  Numerical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.43e+01%, Percentage 2.92e+01%, Percentage 3.25e+01%, Percentage 3.67e+01%, Percentage 4.59e+01%, Percentage 8.27e+00%, Size 1.60e+00m, Size 2.50e+01m, Size 4.00e-01m, Size 5.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20211910339599
Title:Spatiotemporal evolution of land use and habitat quality assessment in the suburbs of metropolitan
Title of translation:&#22823;&#37117;&#24066;&#37066;&#21306;&#22303;&#22320;&#21033;&#29992;&#26102;&#31354;&#28436;&#21464;&#29305;&#24449;&#19982;&#29983;&#22659;&#36136;&#37327;&#35780;&#20215;
Authors:Shi, Xiaowei (1, 3); Feng, Guangjing (2, 3); Su, Peitian (4); He, Gaili (5, 6); Zou, Yijiang (7); Wang, Xiaofeng (8)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Economics and Management, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) School of Public Administration and Law, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (3) Research Center of Land Economy and Natural Resource Management, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (4) School of Economics and Management, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou; 311300, China; (5) School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing; 210023, China; (6) Key Laboratory of the Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection of Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing; 210023, China; (7) Department of Geography and Spatial Information Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo; 315211, China; (8) Henan Geological Museum, Zhengzhou; 450046, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Guangjing(fenggj@139.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:275-284
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Land normally serves as the carrier of urban and suburban districts in the spatial planning and development strategies. There is a great impact of land use structure on the habitat quality of urban suburbs in recent years. Taking the suburb of Wuqing District, Tianjin, China, as the research area, this study aims to evaluate the sustainable development of land use and habitat quality at the metropolis suburb. The data of land use was collected from 1980-2018. An InVEST model was used to determine the measure level of the habitat quality module. A numerical analysis was made in the habitat quality module to explore the change of land use transfer and land use dynamic degree in the key timeline. An attempt was made to clarify the integrated habitat degradation degree with land use and the evolution of habitat quality structure at the Beijing-Tianjin metropolitan suburb. A relationship model was established for the habitat quality and the spatiotemporal evolution of land use. The results showed that: (1) The type of land use in Wuqing District was dominated by the cultivated land during 1980-2018. Specifically, the area of farmland and unused land decreased significantly, whereas, the area of urban land and rural settlements increased rapidly. There was a relatively small proportion of woodland and grassland. (2) In land-use type transfer, there was the largest transfer area of cultivated land, followed by that of urban and rural residential land. The woodland and grassland shifted to the urban and rural residential land, whereas, the water area to the cultivated land. The unused land changed most. (3) In comprehensive land use dynamic degree (CLUDD), there was an increase in the change rate of land use for the urban land, rural residential land, and water areas, as well as a decrease in that of cultivated land. (4) There was a trend of "urban expansion and farmland contraction", and "human advancing and grass retreating", but in some years there was also a transition of "grass and water advancing". The habitat quality in Wuqing District was in the middle grade, but the area of the middle grade tended to decrease. There was an increase in the area of the low-grade habitat quality, whereas, a downward trend in that of lower grade, while that of the higher and the highest grade tended to expand. The finding can contribute to the precise implementation of the protection strategy of habitat quality and of "ecological civilization", especially for land planning in trans-regional metropolitan areas, further promoting new urbanization in China.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Ecosystems - Farms - Housing - Planning - Quality control - Rural areas - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive land use - Habitat degradation - Land use dynamic degrees - Land-use structures - Metropolitan area - Protection strategy - Relationship model - Spatiotemporal evolution
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1  Urban Planning and Development - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912.2  Management - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20211910339538
Title:Landscape pattern identification and ecological risk assessment using land-use change in the Yellow River Basin
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#22303;&#22320;&#21033;&#29992;&#21464;&#21270;&#30340;&#40644;&#27827;&#27969;&#22495;&#26223;&#35266;&#26684;&#23616;&#21450;&#29983;&#24577;&#39118;&#38505;&#35780;&#20272;
Authors:Liu, Xizhao (1, 2, 3); Li, Xiaoshun (1, 2, 3); Jiang, Dongmei (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center for Transition Development and Rural Revitalization of Resource-based Cities in China, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou; 221116, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing; 210095, China; (3) Research Base of Jiangsu Land Resource Think Tank in China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou; 221116, China
Corresponding author:Li, Xiaoshun(lxsh@cumt.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:265-274
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Ecological risk assessment is essential to the diagnosis of the adverse environmental factors as a result of human activities for the decision-making in risk management. Since the Yellow River Basin of China has a fragile ecological environment and serious soil erosion, this study aims to analyze its landscape pattern and ecological risk factors for a better control of impact sites, and the sustainable development of agricultural production. First, the index of landscape pattern was calculated using the land-use change data on the Yellow River Basin in 2000, 2010 and 2018. Then, an assessment model of ecological risk index (ERI) was constructed using the index of landscape pattern, thereby exploring the spatial and temporal characteristics of ecological risks. The transfer laws of ecological risks were set at the grid scale (1 078 grid units divided by ARCGIS) and county scale (391 county-level units divided by administrative regions). Finally, the Moran's I and a local indicator of spatial association (LISA) were selected to clarify the spatial correlation of ecological risks. The research results show that: 1) The grass land and cultivated land were the main types of land-use area, accounting for more than 70% of the total area in the Yellow River Basin. From 2000 to 2018, the area of cultivated land had decreased by 14 243 km², and the area of unused land had decreased by 9 410.3 km², while the area of construction land had increased by 12 179.8 km². It infers that the Yellow River Basin was still in a period of rapid urbanization during this stage, where the rigid demand was strong for construction land. 2) Most indicators increased, including the number of patches, patch density, largest patch index, landscape shape index, and Shannon diversity index, whereas, the splitting index had decreased in the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2018. The overall landscape pattern tended to be complex, fragmented, and decentralized. Specifically, the forest land and cultivated land showed the highest fragmentation, and the grass land and cultivated land had the most complex landscape shapes and structures. 3) There was an upward trend of the maximum ecological risk, increasing from 0.62 to 0.74 from 2000 to 2018. The higher-risk and high-risk areas continued to increase, and the low-risk and lower-risk areas were greatly reduced. Ecological risk levels mostly shifted from low to high levels. The most shifted areas on the grid scale were from low-risk areas to medium-risk areas (119 437 km²), and the most shifted areas on the county scale were from medium-risk to higher-risk areas (123 095 km²). 4) The Moran's I of ecological risk was greater than 0 from 2000 to 2018, showing a positive spatial correlation. But there was a downward trend of Moran's I, indicating that the spatial aggregation and spatial differentiation of ecological risks were weakened. The Moran's I on the grid scale was larger than that on the county scale, indicating that the grid-scale ecological risk had a stronger spatial positive correlation. There was a decreasing trend in the number of "high-high" and "low-low" agglomeration units, indicating that the local spatial aggregation of ecological risks decreased. Some recommendations were made on the differentiated management, where the key, strict, and general control areas were divided without crossing municipal administrative regions. The finding can provide a potential insightful reference for the prevention and control of ecological risks, and thereby promote the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Risk assessment
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Decision making - Ecology - Forestry - Land use - Quality control - Risk management - Rivers - Soil conservation - Sustainable development  - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Ecological environments - Ecological risk assessment - Ecological risk index - Environmental factors - Prevention and controls - Spatial differentiation - Temporal characteristics
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444.1  Surface Water - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 912.2  Management - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention
Numerical data indexing:Area 1.19e+11m2, Area 1.23e+11m2, Area 1.42e+10m2, Area 1.80e+08m2, Area 4.10e+08m2, Percentage 7.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20211910339695
Title:Experimental study on moisture recovery of dried soil under natural precipitation condition
Title of translation:&#33258;&#28982;&#38477;&#38632;&#26465;&#20214;&#19979;&#24178;&#21270;&#22303;&#22756;&#27700;&#20998;&#24674;&#22797;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Zhang, Jingxiao (1, 2); Wang, Xing (3); Xu, Di (1); Cai, Jiabing (1); Lyu, Wang (4); Tang, Yan (3); Na, Wenjuan (3)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100038, China; (2) Hebei University of Water Resources and Electric Engineering, Cangzhou; 061000, China; (3) School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China; (4) Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Zhengzhou; 450003, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Xing(WangXingSTR@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:159-166
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Drought and water shortage have posed a great threat to the ecological and agricultural development in the semi-arid loess hilly region. Local vegetation normally determines the dynamic balance between natural precipitation and crop water demand. Since a long-term negative cycle of soil moisture can lead to serious soil desiccation, water supplies have a great impact on the ecological environment and sustainable agriculture. This study aims to explore the moisture recovery of dried soil under natural moisture conditions. An underground soil column was built up to 10 m in the Mizhi test station located in the north of Shaanxi Province, China. The soil moisture and the meteorological parameters had been observed by the CS650-CR1000 soil moisture automatic monitoring system and BLJW-4 meteorological observatory from 2014 to 2019. The results show that the distribution of natural moisture in the loess area was obviously uneven at various stages in different years. The moisture was divided into three stages in one year: the deficit moisture (from last November to March this year), the increasing moisture (from April to June), and the abundant moisture (from July to October). On a multi-year scale, high-, flat- and dry-water year alternately occurred. The distribution of moisture directly dominated the infiltration in the deeply dried soil. During the 6-year observation period, there were 56 times effective moisture events with a precipitation of 1 455.20 mm, which could infiltrate to 50cm or below. Specifically, the effective rates were 16.23% and 64.68%, respectively. On the monthly and yearly scale, the moisture had an independent influence on the infiltration in one month or year. The infiltration depths fluctuated with the precipitation in terms of the quadratic function. The maximum monthly precipitation (209.60 mm) occurred in July 2016, with the maximum depth of monthly infiltration (400 cm), and the maximum yearly moisture (590.80 mm) occurred in 2016, with the maximum infiltration depth of 400cm. Nevertheless, the cumulative infiltration depths continued to increase with time, due possibly to the interaction of each other under multi-month and multi-year moisture conditions. Particularly, the cumulative depths of moisture infiltration reached 1 000 cm by December of 2018. The entire profile of 1000cm dried soil was obtained at the different levels of water recovery. The complete recovery depths of dried soil under the natural moisture conditions from 2014 to 2019 were 140, 180, 300, 600, 700, and 700 cm, respectively. Compared with the soil moisture of farmland, the complete recovery degree could be 14%, 18%, 30%, 60%, 70%, and 70%, respectively. The findings are greatly significant to explore the water recovery of deeply dried soil under natural moisture conditions, thereby formulating some reasonable measures for the hydrological cycle in semi-arid loess areas.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Ecology - Moisture control - Recovery - Sediments - Soil moisture - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Automatic monitoring-system - Cumulative infiltrations - Ecological environments - Loess hilly regions - Meteorological observatories - Meteorological parameters - Sustainable agriculture
Classification code:446.1  Water Supply Systems - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Age 6.00e+00yr, Percentage 1.40e+01%, Percentage 1.62e+01%, Percentage 1.80e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+01%, Percentage 6.47e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Size 1.00e+01m, Size 2.10e-01m, Size 4.00e+00m, Size 4.55e-01m, Size 5.00e-01m, Size 5.91e-01m, Size 7.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20211910339537
Title:Spatial pattern evolution characteristics and driving mechanism of rural settlements in high mountain areas with poverty
Title of translation:&#39640;&#23665;&#36139;&#22256;&#22320;&#21306;&#20892;&#26449;&#23621;&#27665;&#28857;&#31354;&#38388;&#26684;&#23616;&#28436;&#21464;&#29305;&#24449;&#21450;&#39537;&#21160;&#26426;&#21046;
Authors:Yang, Bin (1); Wang, Zhanqi (1); Zhang, Hongwei (1); Tan, Li (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan; 430074, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Zhanqi(zhqwang@cug.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:285-293
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Rural settlements include the mainly populated areas for farm production and living. The shape of settlement boundaries is ever changing with the rapid development of the socio-economy in rural areas of China. The purpose of this study is to explore the spatial pattern evolution and driving factors of rural settlements in poverty mountain areas. Taking the Fang County of Hubei Province as a typical case, the geographic information systems (GIS), topographic gradient, and fractals were utilized to analyze the spatial variation in the boundaries of rural settlements from 2001 to 2018, with emphasis on the scale, form and spatial distribution. The regional topographic gradient included the elevation, slope, and topographic index. The fractal analysis was related to the aggregation and morphological dimension. Meanwhile, a geographical detector model was also established to investigate the driving mechanism. Some suggestions were made for the policy of linking the increase and decrease of urban and rural construction land (Link Policy), and targeted poverty alleviation relocation (TPAR), together with physical geography, socio-economy, and location conditions. The results showed that: (1) There was a significant change in the scale, density, and spatial distribution of rural settlements in Fang County from 2001 to 2018. The spatial expansion dominated the rural settlements, where the plaque density decreased, while the average plaque size increased. The distribution index of rural settlements gradually decreased with the increase of topographic gradient grades. The largest change occurred between 2013 and 2018, indicating that rural settlements tended to be concentrated in the low-gradient areas with superior topographic conditions. (2) There was a quite strong fractal feature in both spatial structure and morphology of rural settlements, showing a decrease in the spatial dimension and an enhanced characteristic of the aggregation. The morphological dimension decreased, indicating that the shape of aggregation plaque was more regular, and thereby the spatial form was tending to be simple. In addition, the stability index increased, indicating an orderly developing trend of rural settlements. (3) The fundamental factor was natural geography, and the important factors were the socio-economy and location conditions for the pattern change of rural settlements in mountainous areas. The Link Policy and TPAR further promoted the rural settlements from the small-scale decentralized regions to the concentrated valley and plain with better terrain and location. There was a significant impact of Link Policy and TPAR (quantified as policy factors) on the spatial pattern evolution of rural settlements after 2013. The finding can provide practical support for the optimization of rural settlements and revitalization in mountainous areas.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Fractal dimension - Landforms - Relocation - Spatial distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Detector modeling - Distribution index - Driving mechanism - Poverty alleviation - Spatial expansion - Spatial variations - Topographic conditions - Topographic gradients
Classification code:481.1  Geology - 921  Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20211910339566
Title:Optimization of fully variable valve system in a diesel rotary engine
Title of translation:&#26612;&#27833;&#36716;&#23376;&#21457;&#21160;&#26426;&#30340;&#20840;&#21487;&#21464;&#37197;&#27668;&#31995;&#32479;&#20248;&#21270;
Authors:Deng, Xiwen (1, 2); Lin, Xianyan (1); Jia, Dewen (1); Lei, Jilin (1, 2); Bi, Yuhua (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Yunnan Key Laboratory of Internal Combustion Engines, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650500, China; (2) Yunnan Key Laboratory of Internal Combustion Engines Plateau Emissions, Kunming Yunnei Power Co., Ltd, Kunming; 650200, China
Corresponding author:Jia, Dewen(27546658@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:114-121
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">A rotary engine has broad application prospects in the plant protection of agricultural spraying, range extenders of an electric vehicle, and generator sets, due mainly to its light weight, small size, stable operation, low noise, and excellent high-speed performance. The current capability of gas distribution has a great challenge on the power, economy, and emissions in the rotary engine. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically design and optimize the valve system of a rotary engine for better performance of gas distribution. Many previous efforts have been made on the experiments and simulation of the intake model. However, the physical experiment is time-consuming and high cost, not suitable for the systematic optimization of an engine. The traditional optimization can consider only one or two variables at the same time. Alternatively, the recent parametric modeling has achieved the functional trade-off between the model complexity and computational efficiency. In this study, a parameter design of a fully variable gas distribution port system in a rotary engine was proposed to reduce the complexity of the valve model for the accurate description of the working process of the valves. The shape curve of the valve port was selected to obtain the opening area curves of gas distribution in the rotary engine. The working process of gas distribution was constructed using parameterized arrays in a one-dimensional simulation model, thereby efficiently realizing the continuous adjustment of parameters in the gas distribution system. The parameters of valve port (advance angle deviation of intake, speed of opening area at the intake port, duration coefficient of the intake port) were used as the response surface factor, and the monitoring indicators of performance (power and fuel consumption rate) were used as the response surface response. A single factor scanning value method was used to determine the optimal range of parameters. The response surface method was selected to regress the performance of the rotary engine. Finally, multi-objective optimization was utilized to optimize the valve parameters of the rotary engine. The results showed that the maximum error for the cylinder pressure and volume change curve of simulation and experiment was within 5%, indicating a high accuracy on the fully variable gas distribution parameter model of the rotary engine. There were a high accuracy and excellent predictive ability on all the quadratic response surface regression models. The determination coefficient of models, the adjusted and prediction determination coefficients were all above 0.95. and the maximum error between the test and the predicted value was less than 2.1%, so the model has good accuracy and predictive power. After optimization, the intake port is shifted forward by 19.21&deg;CA, increasing the duration of the intake port by 78.40% and expanding the port width by 58.89%; the exhaust port is shifted backward by 19.92&deg;CA, with no change in duration and an increase in port width of 46.60%.The optimized overlap angle of the valve was 39.3&deg;CA higher than that in the original machine. The engine power increased by 1.07 kW, 25.36% higher than before. The fuel consumption of the engine was reduced by 104.46 g/(kW&bull;h), 20.01% lower than that of the conventional engines. The maximum error between the optimization and the simulation was within 1%, indicating a high accuracy of the optimization model. The research findings can provide insightful suggestions to optimize the performance of diesel rotary engines.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Intake valves
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Computational efficiency - Diesel engines - Economic and social effects - Electric equipment protection - Errors - Gas emissions - Light electric vehicles - Multiobjective optimization - One dimensional  - Petroleum prospecting - Regression analysis - Rotary engines - Surface properties
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - Fuel consumption rates - High-speed performance - Monitoring indicators - One-dimensional simulations - Optimization modeling - Response surface method - Systematic optimization
Classification code:512.1.2  Petroleum Deposits : Development Operations - 612.1  Internal Combustion Engines, General - 612.2  Diesel Engines - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 704.2  Electric Equipment - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 951  Materials Science - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 2.10e+00%, Percentage 2.54e+01%, Percentage 4.66e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 7.84e+01%, Power 1.07e+03W
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20211910339557
Title:Crop disease classification with transfer learning and residual networks
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#36801;&#31227;&#23398;&#20064;&#21644;&#27531;&#24046;&#32593;&#32476;&#30340;&#20892;&#20316;&#29289;&#30149;&#23475;&#20998;&#31867;
Authors:Wang, Dongfang (1); Wang, Jun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Computer and Information, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu; 241000, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Jun(wangjun@ahpu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:199-207
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Crop diseases have posed a major threat to food production and the agricultural ecosystem worldwide. Automatic detection and classification of crop diseases are highly urgent to facilitate targeted and timely disease control in modern agriculture. The complex crop disease is ever-deepening the difficulty of feature extraction in traditional machine learning, where the human selection of features requires lots of experiments and experience. Alternatively, the convolutional neural network (CNN) can automatically extract relevant features from the input images, thereby imitating the human visual process. The learned features are also the key to the success of deep learning. However, the CNN identification model is difficult to deal with the complex planting structure in the actual production, if only a single species is identified. In this study, a feasible classification of crop disease was proposed using the improved deep residual network (SE-ResNeXt-101) and transfer learning (TL-SE-ResNeXt-101) for the detection task without specifying crop species. The dataset of crop disease was used from the AI Challenger 2018 competition, containing 27 types of diseases on 10 plant species: apple, cherry, corn, grape, citrus, peach, pepper, potato, strawberry, and tomato. In the reconstructed dataset, the "crop-disease" approach was utilized to extract 33 categories of crop diseases with a total of 35 332 leaves images of different sizes. The training set, validation set, and test set were divided at the ratio of 8: 1: 1. In the test, the dataset was first preprocessed to uniformly transform the images of different sizes into 224&times;224&times;3, and then the image pixels were de-averaged and normalized to reduce the computational effort, in order to prevent the gradient explosion in the training of deep learning models for the convergence. Data enhancement techniques were used to increase the diversity of samples, including color enhancement, random angle, random crop, and horizontal random flip. The color enhancement was utilized to adjust the brightness, contrast, saturation, and chromaticity. The random angle was to rotate the image randomly between -15&deg;and 15&deg;. The random crop was to obtain a portion of the image arbitrarily between the scales of 0.1 to 1, and then convert it to 224&times;224 image size. The horizontal random flip was to randomly flip the image into a mirror image. The randomization probability of all data enhancement was 50%. The proposed model was compared with the VGG-16, GoogLeNet, ResNet-50, and DenseNet-121 models under the same experimental conditions. The experimental results show that the transfer learning significantly improved the convergence speed and classification performance of the model, thereby training a better model in a shorter period. Data enhancement techniques reduced the dependence of the model on certain attributes without overfitting for better performance and generalization. The average accuracy rate and weighted F1 value reached 98% and 97.99% respectively in the TL-SE-ResNeXt-101 model, better than other models. The TL-SE-ResNeXt-101 model also had an excellent classification effect on the image samples in real agricultural production. The average accuracy rate of the TL-SE-ResNext-101 model reached 47.37% on the PlantDoc test set, indicating strong robustness to serve as a promising technology for crop disease identification.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Learning systems
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Complex networks - Convolutional neural networks - Crops - Deep learning - Disease control - Ecosystems - Feature extraction - Fruits - Image processing  - Plants (botany) - Statistical tests - Transfer learning
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural ecosystems - Agricultural productions - Automatic Detection - Classification performance - Computational effort - Experimental conditions - Identification model - Modern agricultures
Classification code:454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.74e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 9.80e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20211910339427
Title:Test of the mechanical ventilation maize storage warehouses in Huang-Huai Region
Title of translation:&#26426;&#26800;&#36890;&#39118;&#29577;&#31859;&#31319;&#20648;&#31918;&#20179;&#22312;&#40644;&#28142;&#28023;&#22320;&#21306;&#30340;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Cui, Xiangquan (1); Zhang, Zongchao (1); Han, Menglong (1); Zhao, Feng (1); Li, Hansong (1); Yu, Xianlong (1); Gong, Kuijie (2); Ci, Wenliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Shandong Academy of Agricultural Machinery Sciences, Jinan; 250100, China; (2) Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan; 250100, China
Corresponding author:Li, Hansong(lhs@sjlaser.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:80-86
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Heavy moisture content in the Huang-Huai Plain of China has posed great difficulty in the storage of maize ear, particularly easy to mildew. Scientific storage of fresh maize free from drying has become a high demand to reduce postharvest loss in the actual production of maize in the current cooperative society (co-op). In this study, a feasible storage warehouse with mechanical ventilation was developed for the storage of maize ear. A field test was also conducted. Precipitation with a strong wind at ambient temperature was utilized to specially design the air channel of Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV), Negative Pressure Ventilation (NPV), and natural ventilation (NV) in a storage warehouse. A blowing machine and an Induced Draft (ID) fan ran alternately to achieve the air exchange in a storage warehouse. Some sensors were utilized to monitor the temperature and humidity of the storage warehouse in real time. A PLC control system was selected to match the alternate work of air exchange and regain consciousness, further to keep dry and quality on a large quantity of fresh corncob. In the niblet (kernel of corn), the moisture, fatty acid, and volume weight were measured to explore the change of mildew and quality, together with the moisture of corncob, and then to evaluate the storage character and loss, finally to establish predicted models during the storage. The test results showed that this storage warehouse with mechanical ventilation and temperature control can implement for 80-day dry storage of maize niblet. The parameters presented suitable for storage, where the moisture content was lower than the standard safe value, with maize fatty acid of 39.9 mg/100g, volume weight of 740 g/L, mildew rate of 0.6%, broken rate of 0.4%, impurity rate of 0.07%, normal color and taste. The storage warehouses demonstrated the stable performance of waterproof, mildew resistant, and pest-proof, thereby reducing the postharvest loss and saving energy for the better quality of stored maize. The price was 0.20-0.25 Yuan/500g higher than that in the harvest season. As such, the farmers can keep maize in storage for a better price to sell.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Ventilation
Controlled terms:Air - Fatty acids - Fungi - Moisture - Moisture determination - Pressure control - Quality control - Warehouses
Uncontrolled terms:Huang-Huai Plains - Mechanical ventilation - Natural ventilation - Negative pressures - PLC control systems - Positive pressure ventilation - Stable performance - Temperature and humidities
Classification code:643.5  Ventilation - 694.4  Storage - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.19e-01yr, Mass_Density 7.40e+02kg/m3, Percentage 4.00e-01%, Percentage 6.00e-01%, Percentage 7.00e-02%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20211910339678
Title:Remote sensing monitoring of vegetation phenological characteristics and vegetation health status in mine restoration areas
Title of translation:&#30719;&#23665;&#24674;&#22797;&#27835;&#29702;&#21306;&#26893;&#34987;&#29289;&#20505;&#19982;&#20581;&#24247;&#29366;&#20917;&#36965;&#24863;&#30417;&#27979;
Authors:Shuai, Shuang (1, 3); Zhang, Zhi (2); Lyu, Xinbiao (1); Chen, Si (3); Ma, Zicheng (3); Xie, Cuirong (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Geologic Survey, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan; 430074, China; (2) Institute of Geophysics & Geomatics, China University of Geoscience (Wuhan), Wuhan; 430074, China; (3) Hubei Institute of Land Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan; 430010, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Zhi(3slab@cug.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:224-234
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Plant's health status is one of the most important indicators to evaluate restoration projects and environmental evolution of degraded land, particularly in mine restoration areas. Most studies on vegetation cover changes did not consider the phenological characteristics and health status in remote sensing monitoring, although optical remote sensing technology has been available since the 1980s. Taking a basalt stone pit in Qitaihe City, Heilongjiang Province, China as the research area, this study aims to detect the health status of corn crops using remote sensing. Thirteen images were captured from the Sentinel-2 satellite from April to October 2020, and then reconstructed by the time-series of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Different fittings were selected, including the Savitzky-Golay (S-G) filtering, double logistic (D-L) fitting, and asymmetric Gaussian (A-G) filtering. Dynamic thresholds and curvatures were used, where the phenological indicators of corn crops covered the periods of emergence, jointing, tasseling, and maturity, as well as the interval length between phenological periods. An analysis was made on the difference of corn phenological characteristics between the mine restored and normal cultivated areas. Some remote sensing spectral indices were extracted, including the Red-Edge Inflection Point (REIP), NDVI, green NDVI (GNDVI), Meris Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI), pigment specific simple ratio (PSSRA), Inverted Red-Edge Chlorophyll Index (IRECI), Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index (MCARI) and vegetation coverage (FVC). A systematic evaluation was made on the feasibility and sensitivity of indices to distinguish between healthy crops and sub-health crops in the restoration area. The results showed that the key phenological periods of corn was delayed in the restoration treatment area, where the emergence period was delayed by 5-12 days, while the jointing period was delayed by 9-12 days, and the maturity period was delayed by 21-22 days, compared with those in the normal cultivated areas. The phenological difference of crops gradually emerged as the crop grew. Remote sensing indicators, including the REIP, NDVI, GNDVI, PSSRA, IRECI, and FVC, can effectively distinguish the crops spectral features and the health status difference between the mine restoration and normal cultivation areas. The GNDVI received the lowest standard deviation for the restoration area (0.093 5 for area A, and 0.056 2 for area B), indicating the most stable indicator of the overall health status of crops. In PSSRA amplitude interval of pixels, the lower limit in the C area was 12.61% and 44.72% higher than the upper limit in the A and B areas, respectively, indicating the most sensitive among the indicators. The spectral features were related to the comprehensive influence of physiological difference between restoration and normal cultivation areas, including the leaf green content, leaf area index, and leaf water content of corn crops. This finding can provide an insightful understanding to rapidly evaluate the mine restoration using remote sensing technologies.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Chlorophyll - Crops - Health - Restoration - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental evolution - Meris terrestrial chlorophyll indices (MTCI) - Normalized difference vegetation index - Physiological differences - Red edge inflection points - Remote sensing monitoring - Remote sensing technology - Restoration treatments
Classification code:461.6  Medicine and Pharmacology - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.37e-02yr to 3.29e-02yr, Age 2.47e-02yr to 3.29e-02yr, Age 5.75e-02yr to 6.03e-02yr, Percentage 1.26e+01%, Percentage 4.47e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20211910339470
Title:Analysis and test of the laying quality of inclined transportation rape windrower
Title of translation:&#20542;&#26012;&#36755;&#36865;&#24335;&#27833;&#33756;&#21106;&#26194;&#26426;&#38138;&#25918;&#36136;&#37327;&#20998;&#26512;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Guan, Zhuohuai (1); Jiang, Tao (1); Li, Haitong (1); Wu, Chongyou (1); Zhang, Min (1); Wang, Gang (1); Mu, Senlin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding author:Mu, Senlin(398764546@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:59-68
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">A combined windrower has widely been used for oilseed rape harvest in recent years. However, there is a limit laying space in the small windrower with a narrow swath. The side transmission is also difficult as a result of the tangled and lodged rape, particularly in the branch involvement overhead during cutting and conveying. In this study, a feasible mechanism of inclined transportation was proposed for the large-branch involvement in the oilseed rape, thereby a novel device of inclined transportation was designed for a rape windrower. An inclined windrower table was used for the large laying space of the rape stalk, thereby improving the transport capacity along the transverse direction. A systematic analysis was made on the process of cutting, transporting, and laying stalk in the inclined transportation of a rape windrower, according to the geometrical and kinematic conditions of the stem in the smooth migration. As such, the structural and performance parameters were determined, including the reel speed, conveyor belt speed, and conveyor angle. A field test was conducted to evaluate the laying quality of inclined transportation in a rape windrower. An optimization was made on the structural parameters of working parts to establish the constraint equations of operating parameters for the inclined transportation windrower. A quadratic regression orthogonal experiment was carried out to explore the interaction factors on the laying quality. The evaluation indices included the laying angle, the laying angle difference between the upper and lower floor, as well as the variation coefficient of laying width and height. The ranges of experimental factors were obtained, where the rotate speed of the reel was 26-38 r/min, the linear velocity of the conveyor was 1.4-1.8 m/s, and the conveyor angle was 10&deg;-30&deg;. Quadratic multivariate fitting regression and variance analysis were applied to clarify the influence of interaction factors on the performance of inclined transportation windrower. Results showed that the conveyor angle had the most significant influence on the laying quality. A multi-objective optimization model was established after the quadratic regression orthogonal experiment, according to the standard requirements of the rape windrower. An optimum combination of parameters was achieved, including the reel speed of 35 r/min, conveyor belt speed of 1.5 m/s, and conveyor angle of 27&deg;. In the field test, the results showed that the average spread angle was 28.3&deg;, and the relative error with the predicted value was 5.6%, under the optimal combination of parameters. The laying angle difference between the upper and lower laying floor was 5.4&deg;, where the relative error with the predicted value was 12.5%. The variation coefficient of laying width was 9.6% with a relative error of 15.6%, while, the variation coefficient of laying height was 8.6% with a relative error of 11.7%. The accuracy of laying quality in the prediction model was verified by the field test. The swathing loss rate and operating efficiency were 0.73% and 1.11 hm²/h, respectively. The water contents of rape stem and grain were 47.9% and 9.7% after 4-day drying, which decreased by 35.1% and 74.4%, respectively, compared with those before, indicating a great benefit for the following picking and threshing. Compatibility tests of inclined transportation windrower were carried out in the winter rape areas, including the upper middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, as well as the spring rape area of North China. The results demonstrated that the inclined transportation windrower can realize smooth transportation, neat laying, high quality, and low loss swathing, suitable for the multi-cropping rape in two-stage harvesting. This finding can provide a sound reference to design and optimize the rape windrower. A further dynamic characteristic of rape stalk during transport and laying is necessary for the better performance of inclined transportation in the future.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Belt conveyors - Errors - Floors - Multiobjective optimization - Oilseeds - Petroleum reservoir evaluation - Predictive analytics - Reels - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Dynamic characteristics - Middle and lower reaches of the yangtze rivers - Multi-objective optimization models - Operating efficiency - Performance parameters - Quadratic regression orthogonal experiments - Standard requirements - Variation coefficient
Classification code:402  Buildings and Towers - 512.1.2  Petroleum Deposits : Development Operations - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 692.1  Conveyors - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.10e-02yr, Percentage 1.17e+01%, Percentage 1.25e+01%, Percentage 1.56e+01%, Percentage 3.51e+01%, Percentage 4.79e+01%, Percentage 5.60e+00%, Percentage 7.30e-01%, Percentage 7.44e+01%, Percentage 8.60e+00%, Percentage 9.60e+00%, Percentage 9.70e+00%, Rotational_Speed 2.60e+01RPM to 3.80e+01RPM, Rotational_Speed 3.50e+01RPM, Velocity 1.40e+00m/s to 1.80e+00m/s, Velocity 1.50e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20211910339512
Title:Real-time semantic segmentation model for crop disease leaves using group attention module
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#20998;&#32452;&#27880;&#24847;&#21147;&#27169;&#22359;&#30340;&#23454;&#26102;&#20892;&#20316;&#29289;&#30149;&#23475;&#21494;&#29255;&#35821;&#20041;&#20998;&#21106;&#27169;&#22411;
Authors:Zhong, Changyuan (1, 2); Hu, Zelin (1); Li, Miao (1); Li, Hualong (1); Yang, Xuanjiang (1); Liu, Fei (3, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei; 230031, China; (2) Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei; 230026, China; (3) Huanan Industrial Technology Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Guangzhou; 510700, China; (4) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Zelin(zlhu@iim.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:208-215
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The identification and prevention of crop diseases played a major role in promoting agricultural development. The key point for the identification of crop diseases task based on deep learning was to focus on subtle discriminative details that made similar classes different from each other. The traditional attention mechanisms implicitly addressed this requirement and improved recognition accuracy by reweighting the features. The attention mechanisms neglected irrelevant information and focused on more discriminant regions of the image by emphasizing relevant feature associations. However, the softmax activation function, which was used to normalize the attention coef&#64257;cients yielded sparser activations at the output, leading to a poor reinforcement effect. Inspired by the AlexNet, a group attention module based on a grouping strategy was proposed to strengthen activations at the output, which divided the features of the same concept into the same group and strengthened different groups by itself, reducing the inhibitory effect between different groups of semantic concepts. The grouping strategy greatly suppressed the negative impact of the softmax activation function. Moreover, traditional attention mechanisms could not effectively reinforce low-level features, because low-level features lacked effective semantic information. To reinforce low-level features, the attention coef&#64257;cients were calculated for low-level features from high-level features within the group attention module. The experimental results showed that the strengthening effect of the group attention module was better than the traditional attention mechanisms. Based on the group attention module, this study proposed a real-time and efficient semantic segmentation model of crop disease leaves that combined the advantages of the encoder-decoder semantic segmentation frameworks and the multi-branch semantic segmentation frameworks. The encoder-decoder frameworks boosted the performance by using the deconvolution layer, however leading to an expensive computation. Furthermore, the multi-branch frameworks enlarged the receptive field by fusing different level features, which met the balance of speed and accuracy. To achieve real-time performance, this study relied on a light-weight general-purpose architecture as the feature extractor network firstly. The light-weight ResNet18, which was pre-trained on the PlantVillage dataset, was adopted as the backbone due to the balance of its efficiency and accuracy. Then, the deconvolution layer was replaced by the light-weight bilinear upsampling layer to recover the spatial resolution of the input. To improve accuracy, the low-level features were enhanced by the high-level features within the group attention module. Finally, the receptive &#64257;eld was enlarged by fusing different level features in a novel fashion. Combining different level features significantly boosted the performance because the high-level features provided the global context information, and the low-level features provided detailed information. The model of this study with ResNet18 backbone outperformed previous real-time semantic segmentation models, achieving the pixel accuracy of 93.9% and the mean intersection over the union of 78.6%. Furthermore, the model of this study reached the speed of 130.1 frames per second with 900&times;600 pixels resolution on one NVIDIA GTX1080Ti graphics card, which met the needs of real-time operation. To sum up, this model had a good balance of efficiency and accuracy for the crop disease leaves semantic segmentation and could provide a reference for modern agricultural disease identification, automatic fertilization, and precision irrigation applications.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Semantics
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Chemical activation - Crops - Decoding - Deep learning - Efficiency - Pixels - Signal encoding
Uncontrolled terms:Activation functions - Agricultural development - General purpose architectures - Precision irrigation - Real time performance - Recognition accuracy - Reinforcement effects - Semantic segmentation
Classification code:716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 7.86e+01%, Percentage 9.39e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20211910339511
Title:Segmentation and phenotypic trait extraction of maize point cloud stem-leaf based on skeleton and optimal transportation distances
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#39592;&#26550;&#21644;&#26368;&#20248;&#20256;&#36755;&#36317;&#31163;&#30340;&#29577;&#31859;&#28857;&#20113;&#33550;&#21494;&#20998;&#21106;&#21644;&#34920;&#22411;&#25552;&#21462;
Authors:Zhu, Chao (1, 2); Miao, Teng (1, 2); Xu, Tongyu (1, 2); Li, Na (1, 2); Deng, Hanbing (1, 2); Zhou, Yuncheng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China; (2) Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Shenyang; 110866, China
Corresponding author:Miao, Teng(miaoteng@syau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:188-198
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Accurate and high-throughput maize plant phenotyping is vital for crop breeding and cultivation research. However, fully automatic and fine stem-leaf segmentation of maize shoots from three-dimensional point clouds is still challenging, especially for the newly emerging leaves that are close to each other during the seedling stage. To address this issue, this study proposed an automatic segmentation method consisting of six main steps, including skeleton extraction, skeleton decomposition, point cloud coordinate system transformation, coarse segmentation, fine segmentation, and phenotypic parameter extraction. The Laplacian-based skeleton extraction algorithm was used to extract the maize plant skeleton in the skeleton extraction step. In the process of skeleton decomposition, the plant skeleton was decomposed into a stem sub-skeleton and some leaf sub-skeletons based on the morphological characteristics of leaves. A plant spatial coordinate system was constructed. The Z-axis of this coordinate system coincided with the stem axis, which could be better to represent the morphology of maize plants. The plant point cloud and skeleton vertices were transformed from the original coordinate system to the plant spatial coordinate system, and the subsequent point cloud segmentation steps were carried out in the plant spatial coordinate system. In the coarse segmentation step, using the decomposed organ sub-skeletons, the plant point cloud was roughly segmented into stem and leaf instances. However, the stem instance contained some wrongly segmented points, and these points should belong to the leaf instances. In the fine segmentation step, firstly, the wrong points were identified and removed from the stem instance, and then the stem-leaf classification algorithm based on the optimal transportation distance was used to segment these points into the correct organ instance. The classification algorithm used top-down order to classify points based on optimal transportation distances, which was equivalent to adopting a segmentation strategy from the leaf tip to the stem. The top-down order was critical as it facilitated the complete utilization of the segmented point cloud information in the new leaf while classifying the points. At the same time, it also ensured that the points belonging to the new leaves were determined first. Compared with the Euclidean distance, the optimal transportation distances described the local geometric characteristics of the point cloud more accurately, which helped to deal with the case of new leaves wrapping each other. Based on the segmented organ instances, six phenotypic parameters were accurately and automatically measured, including plant height, crown diameter, stem height and diameter, leaf width, and length. The segmentation method was tested on 30 maize plants and compared with manually obtained ground truth. Average precision, average recall rates, average micro F1-scores, and average overall accuracy of the stem-leaf segmentation algorithm were 0.967, 0.961, 0.964, and 0.967, respectively. To compare the phenotypic parameters obtained by the proposed method in this study and those obtained by manual measurement, the regression analysis was done with the root mean square error. Results showed that the determination coefficients of plant height, crown diameter, stem height, stem diameter, leaf width and leaf length were 0.99, 0.99, 0.96, 0.97, 0.93, and 0.96, respectively; the root mean square errors were 1.71, 3.44, 7.07, 0.41, 0.85, and 5.28 cm, respectively. The results indicated that the proposed algorithm could automatically and precisely segment not only the fully expanded leaves but also the new leaves wrapped together and closed together. The proposed approach might play an important role in further maize research and applications, such as genotype-to-phenotype study and geometric reconstruction.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Plants (botany)
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Extraction - Mean square error - Musculoskeletal system
Uncontrolled terms:Classification algorithm - Coordinate system transformation - Determination coefficients - Geometric characteristics - Morphological characteristic - Point cloud segmentation - Research and application - Three-dimensional point clouds
Classification code:461.3  Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Size 5.28e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20211910339376
Title:Effect of plasma on solubility and emulsifying properties of chickpea protein isolates
Title of translation:&#31561;&#31163;&#23376;&#20307;&#23545;&#40560;&#22068;&#35910;&#20998;&#31163;&#34507;&#30333;&#28342;&#35299;&#24615;&#21644;&#20083;&#21270;&#29305;&#24615;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Li, Ke (1, 2); Tian, Jinfeng (1, 2); Zheng, Siyu (1, 2); He, Yayue (1, 2); Xiang, Qisen (1, 2); Bai, Yanhong (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou; 450001, China; (2) Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou; 450001, China
Corresponding author:Bai, Yanhong(baiyanhong212@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:31-39
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Chickpea protein isolates (CPI) with high nutritional value have promise as a potential source of novel food ingredients, but the functional properties cannot meet the needs of the modern food industry. It is of great interest to know how dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatments affect the properties of CPI. This work aimed to clarify the impact of DBD plasma treatments as a function of treatment times (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 min) on the conformation, physicochemical, solubility, and emulsifying properties of CPI. Moreover, an evaluation was made on the relation of structural properties of DBD-treated CPI to functional properties. The parameters of CPI were measured, including the pH value, conductivity, particle size, the content of free sulfhydryl, surface hydrophobicity, secondary structures, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), solubility, emulsification activity, and stability. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the surface micromorphology of CPI treated by DBD plasma. The results showed that the pH decreased from 6.98 to 6.58, while the conductivity increased, with the increase of the treatment time from 0 to 4 min. The best solubility and emulsifying properties were achieved in the DBD plasma for 4 min, indicating DBD plasma was suitable for the increase in the solubility, emulsifying activity, and emulsion stability of CPI. Dynamic light scattering indicated a decrease in the mean particle diameter of CPI from 477 to 418 nm. The SDS-PAGE showed that the plasma treatment cannot change the composition and types of CPI, but the band intensity of 7S and 11S increased. The content of &alpha;-helix increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05), while the content of the random coil decreased (P &lt; 0.05), indicating that the higher structure of the protein changed after plasma treatment. In addition, a combined analysis of reactive sulfhydryl content and surface hydrophobicity indicated that the CPI may undergo a conformation unfolding, thereby becoming looser and more flexible, and finally promoting the interactions of protein-water and protein-oil. SEM images showed that the sample size was reduced, while the surface structure became looser with the extension of treatment time. Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis showed that a strong correlation between the change of protein structure and the improvement of functional properties was obtained after DBD plasma treatments. It infers that the DBD plasma changed the conformational characteristics of CPI, enhancing solubility and emulsifying properties. The better solubility and emulsification properties of CPI can be achieved after plasma treatment for 4 min. The finding can provide technical support for the utilization of new chickpea protein products in the actual production.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Emulsification
Controlled terms:Correlation methods - Dielectric devices - Dielectric materials - Electric discharges - Electrophoresis - Hydrophobicity - Light scattering - Oils and fats - Particle size - Particle size analysis  - Physicochemical properties - Plasma applications - Plasma stability - Proteins - Scanning electron microscopy - Sodium dodecyl sulfate - Solubility - Structural properties - Sulfur compounds - Surface structure  - Technology transfer
Uncontrolled terms:Dielectric barrier discharge plasmas - Emulsification properties - Emulsifying activity - Functional properties - Mean particle diameter - Secondary structures - Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - Surface hydrophobicity
Classification code:701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 708.1  Dielectric Materials - 741.1  Light/Optics - 801.4  Physical Chemistry - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 932.3  Plasma Physics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Size 4.77e-07m to 4.18e-07m, Time 0.00e+00s to 2.40e+02s, Time 2.40e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20211910339570
Title:Analysis of inner flow field and its hydraulic performance of liquid-ring pump with splitter blades
Title of translation:&#28082;&#29615;&#27893;&#22797;&#21512;&#21494;&#36718;&#20869;&#27969;&#22330;&#21450;&#22806;&#29305;&#24615;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Zhang, Renhui (1, 2); Li, Ruiqing (1); Zhang, Jingxian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Gansu Fluid Machinery and Systems, Lanzhou; 730050, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:122-129
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Splitter blades were introduced to the structural design of a liquid ring pump, as they could suppress the impeller outlet wake and pressure pulsation. Taking a prototype of a 2BEA203 liquid ring pump as a research object, this study aims to analyze the influence of the splitter blades on the inner flow and the hydraulic performance of a liquid ring pump. In the design of splitter blades, the inlet diameter of the short blade was set as 0.65 times that of the long blade, considering the expelling coefficient of blades. The specific blades included 14 long blades and 14 short ones. The profile and width of the short blade were designed exactly the same as those of the long blade, because of the asymmetry of flow in the suction and exhaust regions. A numerical simulation combined with an experimental test was conducted to compare the inner flow and hydraulic performance of the prototype pump with those of the liquid ring pump with splitter blades. The results show that the gas-liquid interface in the liquid ring pump with splitter blade was smoother than that in the prototype pump. The pressure was lower at the casing of the exhaust region and the compression region in the liquid-ring pump than that in the prototype pump. The intensity of the secondary flow vortex reduced in the impeller channel, and the velocity decreased in the high-speed area near the exhaust region of the liquid ring pump. The efficiency increased by 2.7, 3.8, and 4.3 percent points in the liquid ring pump with splitter blades at the conditions of 0.02, 0.035, and 0.05 kg/s, respectively, compared with the prototype impeller liquid ring pump. The vacuum of the pump inlet also slightly increased. There were obvious partition features of pressure pulsation along the circumference, where existed an inhomogeneous distribution of the volume fraction in the flow passage of impeller, due mainly to the geometric asymmetry of the impeller and pump casing along the circumference. Four parts were divided for the monitoring positions on the pump casing, according to the spectrum features of pressure fluctuation. The intensity of wake near the impeller outlet was strong from the transition to the beginning regions of the suction, because the width of the liquid ring in the impeller was larger, where the main frequency of pressure pulsation was Blade Passing Frequency (BPF) in this region. Near the end region of suction, the short blades posed little effect on the main frequency of pressure pulsation because the liquid ring was thinner and the outlet wake was weak. In this case, the main frequencies of pressure pulsation were the long blade BPF and shaft frequency for the liquid ring pump with splitter blades and the liquid ring pump with prototype impeller, respectively. In the compression region, the main frequency of pressure pulsation was shaft frequency in the liquid ring pump, because the outlet wake was the weakest. In the exhaust and transition region, the main frequencies of pressure pulsation were the long blade BPF and BPF in the liquid ring pump with splitter blades and the liquid ring pump with prototype impeller, respectively. The reason was that the thickness of the liquid ring in the impeller was increasing gradually again. The amplitude of pressure pulsation decreased first in the liquid ring pump casing from the suction region, and then reached the minimum in the compression region, and finally increased again in the exhaust region. Furthermore, the amplitude of pressure pulsation was basically lower in the casing of the liquid ring pump with a splitter blade than that in the prototype impeller.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Phase interfaces
Controlled terms:Flow measurement - Impellers - Liquids - Spectrum analysis - Structural design - Wakes - Well pumps
Uncontrolled terms:Blade passing frequency - Compression regions - Gas-liquid interface - Geometric asymmetries - Hydraulic performance - Inhomogeneous distribution - Pressure fluctuation - Transition regions
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 601.2  Machine Components - 618.2  Pumps - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 801.4  Physical Chemistry
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Flow_Rate 5.00e-02kg/s, Percentage 4.30e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.04.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.