<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20211610224714
Title:Mechanical effects of vegetation protection on slope under loading conditions in loess areas of Xining Basin
Title of translation:&#35199;&#23425;&#30406;&#22320;&#40644;&#22303;&#21306;&#33655;&#36733;&#26465;&#20214;&#19979;&#26893;&#34987;&#25252;&#22369;&#21147;&#23398;&#25928;&#24212;
Authors:Xu, Tong (1); Liu, Changyi (1); Hu, Xiasong (1); Xu, Zhiwen (1); Shen, Ziyan (1); Yu, Dongmei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Geological Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining; 810016, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources of CAS, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, CAS, Xining; 810008, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Xiasong(huxiasong@tsinghua.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:142-151
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">In order to investigate the influence of plant roots on slope stability under load conditions in the loess area of the Xining Basin, the Changlinggou watershed in the Xishan Mountains of Xining Basin was used as the experimental area in this study, the herb Elymus nutans and shrub Caragana korshinskii that suitable for the growth of the local climate environment were selected as the test species. Three planting schemes on the slope surface, i.e. single herb(Elymus nutans), shrub(Caragana korshinskii) and the combination of both were adopted. By applying a load on the top of the slopes, and disposing displacement meters and earth pressure boxes at different positions of slopes, the characteristics of soil displacement and earth pressure were analyzed. On this basis, the shear tests were carried out on the root-soil composite system of slope vegetation, and the shear strength and variation characteristics of the root-soil composite system at different positions of the slope under loading conditions were analyzed. The results showed that the cohesion of the root-soil composite system at the same position of slopes was greater than that before loading, and the cohesion of the root-soil composite system of the three kinds of plant slopes was greater than that of the slopes of soil without roots under the same conditions. Before loading, the density, moisture content, and internal friction angle of the four types of slopes at the same depth below the surface did not show significant differences (P&lt;0.05), and the density and moisture content decreased with the increase of sampling depth. The density of Elymus nutans slope, Caragana korshinskii slope, the slope of soil without roots and combination planting slope at 0-10 cm below the surface was higher than that at&gt; 20-30 cm, and the water content decreased by 21.31%, 16.13%, 19.47%, and 23.04% respectively. Compared with the slope of soil without roots, the root-soil composite system cohesion of the composite vegetation slope increased by 111.57%-136.50%, the herb slope increased by 69.62%-88.73%, and the shrub slope increased by 67.40%-84.27%; the root-soil composite system cohesion of the composite vegetation slope was significantly higher than that of the slope of soil without roots(P&lt;0.05). Under the loading conditions, the density, moisture content and cohesion of soil increase compared with those before loading, and the increased ranges of slope of the soil without roots were 1.45%-2.80%, 1.09%-3.59%, and 7.75%-9.25% respectively. The density, moisture content and cohesion of herbaceous, shrub and composite vegetation slopes increased by 0.71%-2.05%, 0.66%-9.79%, and 0.65%-0.68%, 3.33%-7.55%, 4.19%-4.59% and 4.45%-8.13%, 3.79%-7.25%, 3.25%-6.95% and 2.63%-3.97%, respectively. Under the maximum loading condition, compared with the slope of soil without roots, the vertical displacement of the slope with combined vegetation, the slope with herb vegetation and the slope with shrub vegetation decreased by 58.81%, 44.80% and 28.41%, and the horizontal displacement decreased by 62.20%, 48.66% and 31.71%, respectively. The combined vegetation with herb and shrub had a greater inhibitory effect on the shallow displacement of the slope. The research results have certain theoretical research value and practical significance for the scientific and effective prevention and control of soil erosion, shallow landslide and other geological disasters in alpine, and semi-arid areas.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:45
Main heading:Slope stability
Controlled terms:Disaster prevention - Moisture - Moisture determination - Pressure distribution - Retaining walls - Sediments - Shear strength - Slope protection - Soil conservation - Soils  - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Caragana Korshinskii - Horizontal displacements - Internal friction angle - Prevention and controls - Theoretical research - Variation characteristics - Vegetation protection - Vertical displacements
Classification code:406.2  Roads and Streets - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention - 931.1  Mechanics - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.12e+02% to 1.36e+02%, Percentage 1.45e+00% to 2.80e+00%, Percentage 1.61e+01%, Percentage 1.95e+01%, Percentage 2.13e+01%, Percentage 2.30e+01%, Percentage 2.63e+00% to 3.97e+00%, Percentage 2.84e+01%, Percentage 3.17e+01%, Percentage 4.45e+00% to 8.13e+00%, Percentage 4.48e+01%, Percentage 4.87e+01%, Percentage 5.88e+01%, Percentage 6.22e+01%, Percentage 6.50e-01% to 6.80e-01%, Percentage 6.96e+01% to 8.87e+01%, Percentage 7.10e-01% to 2.05e+00%, Percentage 7.75e+00% to 9.25e+00%, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.00e-01m, Size 2.00e-01m to 3.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20211610225262
Title:Effects and experiment on settlement and aggregation behavior of plastic film and cotton stalk under the action of disturbing water by the impeller
Title of translation:&#21494;&#36718;&#25200;&#21160;&#27700;&#20171;&#36136;&#23545;&#22320;&#33180;&#19982;&#26825;&#31174;&#27785;&#38477;&#32858;&#38598;&#34892;&#20026;&#24433;&#21709;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:He, Haomeng (1); Hu, Bin (1, 2); Pan, Feng (1); Luo, Xin (1, 2); Guo, Mengyu (1, 2); Xie, Yanyu (1); Chen, Xuegeng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Northwest Agricultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi; 832003, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Bin(hb_mac@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:86-95
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Mechanized recycling of used plastic film has become an important and effective method to control the pollution of 'white pollution' in Xinjiang cotton fields. The working feature of the plastic film recovery machine is to recycle the used plastic film together with impurities such as cotton stalks, cotton bolls, cotton husks, and soil. The mixtures are not easy to separate due to the entanglement between the used plastic film and the cotton stalk and the lack of effective separation methods and equipment. This research proposed a solution to separate solid-phase plastic film and solid-phase impurities by using liquid water as the medium. Basing on studying material characteristics and theoretical analysis of water washing separation, taking the relaxation time difference and the maximum vertical displacement difference between the plastic film and cotton stalks as the response index, the single factor experiment of flow field characteristics and material properties was carried out by using the controlled variable method on a self-designed testbed of suspension separation. The significant factors affecting the separation between the plastic film and cotton stalks were determined as the speed of the impeller, area of plastic film, and aspect ratio of cotton stalks. Furthermore, a three-factor five-level quadratic rotation orthogonal combination experiment was carried out, and a multiple mathematical regression between the influencing factors and the response index was established by data optimization software Design-Expert V10.0.4. The best parameter combination including the speed of the impeller 202 r/min, area of plastic film 1 271.4 mm², the aspect ratio of cotton stalks 13, was obtained by using the software optimization function, corresponding relaxation time difference and maximum vertical displacement difference between the plastic film and cotton stalks optimization values were 4.20 s and 22.1 cm. It was verified by experiments that the average values of the relaxation time difference and the maximum vertical displacement difference were 4.34 s and 21.2 cm respectively, and the relative errors from the predicted value were 3.23% and 4.25%, which proved that the established model and the optimal parameters after optimization were feasible. Through the post-processing of the video frame by frame, the sinking process and upward gathering behavior of the cotton stalk and plastic film were studied. The behavior of settlement and aggregation of plastic film and cotton stalk was a process of mutual conversion between the horizontal stable orientation and the vertical movement orientation. And their trajectories were a set of concentric circles centered on the axis of the impeller. Compared with cotton stalks, the plastic film had a longer response period to the force of the water medium, and it had an obvious flipping phenomenon in the three-dimensional space. This research was an attempt and exploration of new schemes for the treatment of residual film pollution in Xinjiang cotton fields. By referring to the relevant theories in the field of solid-liquid multiphase flow, it was carried out the repeatable experimental research of the flow field and materials quantitatively. Then it was carried out a qualitative analysis of the movement process of the cotton stalk and plastic film. Subsequent research could combine residual film recovery machine agricultural machinery with cotton field irrigation agronomy, such as by installing mechanical devices in the surface diversion channel of agricultural irrigation water to complete the cleaning, separation, and recycling of the mechanically harvested film in one operation. Results of this study could provide a theoretical and scientific basis for the further research of cotton stalks trash separation technology and could also provide a reference for the optimization of straw crushing technology and film shredding technology parameters.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Cotton
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Aspect ratio - Flow fields - Impellers - Irrigation - Plastic films - Plastic recycling - Pollution control - Relaxation time - Software design  - Suspensions (fluids) - Water recycling
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural irrigation water - Flow field characteristics - Material characteristics - Separation technologies - Single-factor experiments - Technology parameters - Three dimensional space - Vertical displacements
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 723.1  Computer Programming - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 817.1  Polymer Products - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
Numerical data indexing:Size 2.21e-01m, Time 4.20e+00s, Time 4.34e+00s, Area 2.71e-04m2, Percentage 3.23e+00%, Percentage 4.25e+00%, Rotational_Speed 2.02e+02RPM, Size 2.12e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20211610224702
Title:Design and experiments of pneumatic roller type precision seed-metering device for rapeseed plug seedlings
Title of translation:&#27668;&#21560;&#28378;&#31570;&#24335;&#27833;&#33756;&#31348;&#30424;&#32946;&#33495;&#31934;&#23494;&#25490;&#31181;&#22120;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Cao, Xiulong (1, 3); Ma, Xu (1, 3); Li, Hongwei (1, 3); Wen, Zhicheng (1, 3); Li, Zehua (2); Wang, Xicheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) College of Mathematics and Information, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) Engineering Research Center of Guangdong for Rice Transplanting Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou; 510642, China
Corresponding author:Li, Zehua(lzhljl@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:51-60
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Mechanized transplanting can contribute to increasing the crop yield with high efficiency in the Yangtze River Basin of Southeast China. In this study, a novel pneumatic seed-metering device was designed to precisely control the plug seedlings and mechanized transplanting with potted trays in rapeseed production. The specific structure of the seed-metering device with a pneumatic roller planter was optimized to obtain the suitable operating parameters for better rapeseed growth and yield. The performance of the seed-metering device was investigated under laboratory and field conditions for rapeseed planting. A new integrated optimization technique on the Fluent software was used to simulate the internal flow field under three types of distance between the holes of the air inlet, where the inner wall of the roller and the seed suction hole contacted with the positive pressure chamber. A systematic investigation was made on the key components in experiments to determine the optimal ranges of the principal factors affecting the seeding performance. A field test was conducted to evaluate the adaptability and precision of the seed-metering device for rapeseed plug seedlings. An orthogonal combination test was carried out to analyze the relationship between three main influencing factors(negative pressure, positive pressure and diameter of seed suction hole) and seed performance (single seed qualified index, miss seeding index, and multiple seed index). A response surface method was selected to obtain that the primary and secondary factors affecting the single qualification index were a positive pressure, the diameter of seed suction hole, and the negative pressure. The influence of the other two parameters on the single seed qualified index presented a trend of first rising and then falling when one of the parameters was fixed. The results showed that there was no backflow in the positive pressure chamber, where the spacing of the air inlet was 144 mm, and the airflow velocity was relatively uniform at each hole of the seed suction hole. The optimization of multiple objective variables was selected to obtain the optimal parameters in the Design-Expert software. Three primary influence factors were achieved, including the negative pressure(3.73 kPa), positive pressure(0.23 MPa), and diameter of the suction hole(1.28 mm). In this case, the single seed qualified index reached 95.13%, the seed missing index was 2.80%, and the multiple seeding index was 2.07%. Taking three varieties of rapeseed and an alien vegetable seed(eggplant) as the examples, the adaptability and metering performance of pneumatic seed-metering device were evaluated, when the productivities were 600, 700, or 800 trays/h, respectively, where the negative pressure, positive pressure and diameter of seed suction hole were set as 3.60 kPa, 0.23 MPa, and 1.20 mm, respectively. In rapeseeds, the single seed qualified index was higher than 93%, while the seed missing index, and multiple seeding index were less than 5%. In vegetable seeds, the single seed qualified index was higher than 90%, and the seed missing index and multiple seeding index were both less than 5%. It infers that the seed metering performance of the pneumatic seed-metering device was accurate, efficient and adaptable for rapeseeds and other vegetable potted tray raising seedlings. The findings can serve as a promising reference for the development of rapeseed tray raising seedling, and mechanized transplanting in most vegetables.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Oilseeds
Controlled terms:Air - Air intakes - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Pneumatics - Rollers (machine components) - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Integrated optimization - Internal flow field - Operating parameters - Precision seed-metering devices - Response surface method - Seed metering devices - Seeding performance - Yangtze River basin
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 632.3  Pneumatics - 632.4  Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.07e+00%, Percentage 2.80e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.30e+01%, Percentage 9.51e+01%, Pressure 2.30e+05Pa, Pressure 3.60e+03Pa, Pressure 3.73e+03Pa, Size 1.20e-03m, Size 1.28e-03m, Size 1.44e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20211610224690
Title:Pruning decision system for apple tree based on local point cloud and BP neural network
Title of translation:&#37319;&#29992;&#23616;&#37096;&#28857;&#20113;&#21644;BP&#31070;&#32463;&#32593;&#32476;&#30340;&#33529;&#26524;&#26641;&#21098;&#26525;&#20915;&#31574;&#31995;&#32479;&#26500;&#24314;
Authors:Li, Xinxing (1, 2); Liang, Buwen (1); Liu, Shiyang (1); Li, Hui (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Informatization Standardization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Li, Hui(caulihui@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:170-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Apples are the most widely consumed fruits in dominant agricultural products with the largest planting area in China. However, mechanized pruning of apple trees is still lacking, particularly on the automation and intelligence, due to high intensity of manual labor in current China. Artificial intelligence techniques for pruning can be expected to greatly improve the photosynthetic efficiency of fruits, thereby optimizing the transport and distribution of nutrients in fruit trees for better yield and quality. In this study, an intelligent decision support system for pruning apple trees was established using the local point cloud and BP neural network, according to tree shape and artificial intelligent decision making framework. The first fruiting fusiform apple trees were selected as experimental subjects, in order to obtain the actual conditions of tree branches in an apple. The data collection site was selected as the Bakou Fruit Tree Experimental Garden in Beijing, China, and the collection time was autumn 2019. A MESA SR4000 Time of Flight (ToF) depth camera was selected as the data acquisition device. 15 fruit trees with regular shapes were set for data collection, 8 different angles for each tree from which to capture the branch part, and finally, a total of 120 datasets were collected. 5 feature values were used to represent the spatial morphology of apple tree branches, where the local point cloud segmentation technique was selected for the 3D skeleton extraction of branches. Specifically, a Harris corner-point detection was conducted to generate the initial candidate points, then to filter the neighboring candidate points by cohesive hierarchy, and thereby extract the 3D skeletal key points by depth hierarchy analysis further to establish the spatial vectors of branches using the line coverage, as well as obtain the 3D spatial morphological feature data of apple tree branches. Thus, a 3D skeletal map of branches was achieved to realize the digital simulation of the real tree branches. A BP neural network using pruning decision was then established to discriminate the competing branches and disturbing branch types (dorsal, centripetal and competing branches) with 3D skeletal maps, while determining whether the branch was cut or not. The learning rate of the system reached 0.85 after training and testing, when the implicit layer node was 10. The pruning decision scheme has a good degree of discrimination for dorsal and centripetal branches, with an accuracy rate of more than 90%. The overall detection rate of interference branches was 85.71%, indicating a high standard level. Taking Python as the programming language, and Django and TensorFlow as the deep learning framework, a new system was developed with the functions of 3D bone extraction of tree branches, pruning apple tree, and information query of apple tree pruning. The system can realize the digital processing and intelligent pruning of apple trees, providing scientific and reliable tools for mechanized pruning of fruit trees.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Trees (mathematics)
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Artificial photosynthesis - Data acquisition - Decision making - Decision support systems - Deep learning - Edge detection - Extraction - Fruits - Learning systems  - Neural networks - Orchards - Search engines
Uncontrolled terms:3D Skeleton extractions - Artificial intelligence techniques - Artificial intelligent - Data-acquisition devices - Intelligent decision support systems - Morphological features - Photosynthetic efficiency - Point cloud segmentation
Classification code:723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 912.2  Management - 921.4  Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.57e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20211610224695
Title:Potential assessment on wind-powered water pumping for irrigated agriculture in Southern Xinjiang
Title of translation:&#39118;&#21147;&#25552;&#27700;&#22312;&#21335;&#30086;&#28748;&#28297;&#20892;&#19994;&#21457;&#23637;&#20013;&#30340;&#28508;&#21147;&#35780;&#20272;
Authors:Song, Shu (1); Niu, Jun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Niu, Jun(niuj@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:123-129
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Renewable energy has become a major supply way to support sustainable regional development in low-carbon energy economies. One kind of renewable energy, wind energy has widely been utilized with many approaches, including wind-powered water pumping. Southern Xinjiang is featured with abundant wind energy, complex terrain, low rainfall, and a fragile ecological environment in the arid area of northwest China. Therefore, irrigation agriculture is essential to crop production, as in-season rainfall is inadequate to water requirement. A wind-powered water pumping can effectively alleviate the shortage of water resources, while reducing the dependence on fossil energy in Southern Xinjiang. In this study, a systematic potential assessment was made on the wind-powered water pumping for irrigated agriculture in Southern Xinjiang, northwest China. a) Two-parameter Weibull distribution was employed to evaluate the wind sources in Southern Xinjiang from 2000 through 2014, where the specific parameters were estimated by the least square. Then the data was effectively resampled using an ordinary Kriging interpolation on the platform of ArcGIS, thereby obtaining the distribution of wind power density in Southern Xinjiang. b) The evapotranspiration of regional crops and effective rainfall were utilized to calculate the actual requirement of irrigation water in Southern Xinjiang, further to examine the temporal and spatial distribution of required water resources. c) The total amount of wind-powered water was analyzed in the five regions of Southern Xinjiang, thereby calculating the proportion to the requirement of irrigation water in the non-artesian irrigation area. As such, a potential assessment on wind energy was achieved for the application of wind-powered water-pumping in different regions. The results were as follows: 1) The maximum wind power occurred in April in Southern Xinjiang, with an average density of 25.14 W/m². It was found that Kizilsu Kirghiz and Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture presented relatively richer wind resources, compared with other regions. 2) The largest requirement of irrigation water appeared in August, indicating that seasonal changes were closely related to the local cropping system. The high requirements of irrigation water per unit were located mainly in Aksu Prefecture and parts of northern Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, as well as in the northeast and southwest research regions. Considering the size of irrigation areas, the amount of irrigation water was large in Aksu and Kashgar Prefecture. 3) The effective time and the distribution of wind were used to compute the water requirement for agricultural irrigation, and the suitable area for the construction of wind pumping projects in the five prefectures in Southern Xinjiang. The satisfaction rate of wind pumping was obtained to reveal the potential of wind energy for irrigated agriculture in Southern Xinjiang. The Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture was an optimal option to construct the wind-powered water pumping with high natural benefits. In addition, the economic benefits need to be further considered. The obtained knowledge on the potential of wind-powered water pumping can provide scientific support to make water-saving irrigation strategies and policies for regional agricultural development in Southern Xinjiang of China.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Crops - Cultivation - Economics - Interpolation - Irrigation - Pumps - Rain - Regional planning - Water conservation  - Water supply - Weibull distribution - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Agricultural irrigation - Ecological environments - Irrigated agriculture - Irrigation agriculture - Sustainable regional development - Temporal and spatial distribution - Water-saving irrigation
Classification code:403.2  Regional Planning and Development - 443.3  Precipitation - 444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 615.8  Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 618.2  Pumps - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Surface_Power_Density 2.51e+01W/m2
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20211610224689
Title:Tile edge effect and elimination scheme of image classification using CNN-ISS remote sensing
Title of translation:CNN-ISS&#36965;&#24863;&#24433;&#20687;&#20998;&#31867;&#30340;&#29926;&#29255;&#36793;&#32536;&#25928;&#24212;&#21450;&#28040;&#38500;&#26041;&#26696;
Authors:Duan, Zengqiang (1); Liu, Jiedong (1); Lu, Ming (1); Kong, Xiangbin (1); Yang, Na (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality and Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing; 100193, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:209-217
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Semantic segmentation of an image has become a key interdisciplinary application in image processing, computer vision, pattern recognition, and artificial intelligence. In deep learning architectures, the Convolutional Neural Network for Interferometric Semantic Segmentation (CNN-ISS) is widely used in digital image processing and machine vision. The CNN-ISS can be utilized to effectively extract further features, such as texture and geometric features, indicating stronger transfer learning and generalization, compared with traditional image classifications of remote sensing. As such, the CNN-ISS is suitable for the interpretation of high-resolution remote sensing images, identification of complicated features, and crop mapping. In classification, large remote sensing images need to be segmented into specific tiled images, thereby serving as the object of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) processing. However, artificial image tiling can generate fragments on the edge of a tile, leading to the low classification accuracy of pixels near the edge of the tile. Here, the phenomenon was defined as the edge effect of tiled images, where the classification accuracy of pixels near the edge of the tile was lower than that of the central area. In this work, two indicators were designed, including the error rate with a distance to tile edges (ERD), and the error rate of the whole image (ERW), to quantify the edge effect of CNN-ISS processed tiled images. Meanwhile, the offset positions (i, k) were set for the starting point of the shift window to ensure that any pixel on the whole image must be in the central area of the tile generated under a certain offset setting. Then, five technical solutions were obtained to test the minimized edge effect of tiled images using the scores in multiple groups of categories. Taking the Tangshan as the segmented typical rural surface, a DeepLab V3 was selected as the core model of CNN-ISS to analyze the edge effect of the classification. The results showed that the pixel classification accuracy was positively correlated with the distance from the pixel to the edge of a tiled image. The highest error rate was 6.93% occurred along the edge of the tiled image, and the lowest error rate was 3.52% in the center of the tile, indicating the accuracy of the central area was higher than that of the edge. It showed an obvious edge effect of tiled images. In edge effect elimination scheme for the tiled images, the total classification accuracy improved significantly, where the Kappa coefficient and Mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of the entire image increased 0.012 2 and 1.97 percent point, respectively. Taking the Kappa coefficient, one of the classic accuracy indices for the remote sensing image interpretation, as an example, the order of accuracy including the control group was: solution 2 (0.881 0)&gt; solution 5 (0.878 9) &gt; solution 3 (0.878 8) &gt; solution 4 (0.877 7) &gt; solution 1 (0.875 9) &gt; the control group (0.868 8). Besides, the solutions of edge effects depended mainly on the types of features in the tiled images. The general law was that the tile edge effects of linear features and complex isomers (pit ponds, rural residential areas) were more obviously improved the accuracy, as the solutions were more significantly accurate, compared with that of the base land, or another agricultural land. Compared with the control group, the improvement order of IoU in the solution 2 was: roads (4.13 percent point) &gt; pit ponds (2.97 percent point) &gt; rivers and ditches (1.61 percent point) &gt; rural residential areas (0.65 percent point) &gt; another agricultural land (0.46 percent point). Without changing the core model of CNN semantic segmentation, the elimination scheme for the edge effect of a tile can be used to effectively improve the accuracy of remote sensing image classification, especially for the linear features and complex isomers.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Image classification
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Complex networks - Computer vision - Convolution - Convolutional neural networks - Deep learning - Errors - Housing - Image enhancement  - Image segmentation - Isomers - Lakes - Pixels - Remote sensing - Rural areas - Semantics - Textures - Transfer learning
Uncontrolled terms:Classification accuracy - High resolution remote sensing images - Learning architectures - Remote sensing image classification - Remote sensing image interpretations - Remote sensing images - Rural residential areas - Semantic segmentation
Classification code:403.1  Urban Planning and Development - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 723.5  Computer Applications - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.61e+00%, Percentage 1.97e+00%, Percentage 2.00e+00%, Percentage 2.97e+00%, Percentage 3.52e+00%, Percentage 4.13e+00%, Percentage 4.60e-01%, Percentage 6.50e-01%, Percentage 6.93e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20211610224723
Title:Task planning of multi-arm harvesting robots for high-density dwarf orchards
Title of translation:&#30702;&#21270;&#23494;&#26893;&#26524;&#22253;&#22810;&#33218;&#37319;&#25688;&#26426;&#22120;&#20154;&#20219;&#21153;&#35268;&#21010;
Authors:Li, Tao (1); Qiu, Quan (1); Zhao, Chunjiang (2); Xie, Feng (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) College of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212000, China
Corresponding author:Qiu, Quan(qiuq@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:1-10
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">High-density dwarf culture has the characters of high yield and easy mechanization, thereby to be expected as a new development direction of the fresh fruit industry. In harvesting, the mechanism of multi-arm cooperation can remarkably improve the operation efficiency of agricultural robots in the orchards of high-density dwarf culture. Generally, multiple picking zone is are established for the collaboration of multi-arm harvesting robots, in order to assign proper picking objects to every manipulator. However, these different zones can be partially overlapped, leading to potential conflicts of manipulators in a robot. Path planning can be utilized to generate a trajectory leading the tip of the manipulator to the goal without collisions. In this study, a global optimization using a Genetic Algorithm(GA) was proposed to solve the planning problem of harvesting tasks with overlapped picking domains in the multi-arm robots toward high-density dwarf orchards. 1) A multi-arm structure without a dead zone in the fruit harvest was specially formulated as a sort of asynchronously multiple traveling salesman problem with overlapped zones. The following mild assumptions were made: a) The visual sensing system can precisely locate the fruits to be harvested; b) The fruits covered by leaves were not considered; c) The exceptional cases during the switching phases from one fruit to another were not considered in the planning stage, meaning that the traveling time linearly depended on the Euclidean distance. Five rules were established for the manipulators to work with better cooperative behaviors in a safe region of the workspace, where no collision occurred. 2)A modified GA was applied to optimize the collision-free trajectory planning of a flexible manipulator, further to ensure operational safety without conflicts in the shortest traveling time. Gene codes were used to formulate various domain-manipulator pairs, thereby determining picking sequences in a manipulator. The total traveling time of travelers was the objective to be optimized, where the population of gene codes was optimized iteratively in the proposed GA. In this case, the critical phases were coding and decoding. The double chromosomes were selected to formulate various picking sequences. After that, three operators were introduced, including selection, crossover, and mutation. The rule of synchronization was designed to avoid different travelers visiting the same cities simultaneously, to cope with the asynchronism in a queuing situation.3) For the three fruit distribution scheme, Once the optimized solution was obtained, the planner can easily achieve the proper sequences for each manipulator to pick fruits via decoding the double chromosomes. As such, each manipulator performed the corresponding task, and the overall picking time was therefore reduced. The test results showedthat:1) The proposed planning converged at 500 and 2 000 iterations, when solving 43 fruits and 90 fruits planning problems with 4 manipulators.2) Compared with the sequential traverse, the modified GA increased the efficiency by 40.9% and 54.98%, when harvesting 43 fruits and 90 fruits, whereas, increased the efficiency by 4.25 times, compared with a single manipulator robot when harvesting 90 fruits.3) compared with the sequential traverse and random traverse, the modified GA increased the efficiency by 110.69% and 27.18%, 20.45% and 23.33%, 12.94%, and 21.69% under three different distributions, respectively. The contributions can be: a) A new planning strategy was proposed for the multi-arm harvester to avoid collisions, where each manipulator behaved cooperatively. b) A novel genetic algorithm was presented, where coding and decoding were first proposed in this field. c) The rule of synchronization was first proposed to deal with the simultaneous visits in the queuing phenomenon during planning. d)A four-arm cooperative harvester was used to verify the effectiveness of the system, where the ergodic picking of each arm can be achieved without conflicts within a minimum duration. The framework can be generalized to many configurations of harvesters, suitable for robots with different numbers of arms, different varieties of fruit, and different ranges of overlapped domains.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Manipulators
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Behavioral research - Decoding - Efficiency - Fruits - Genes - Genetic algorithms - Global optimization - Harvesters - Harvesting  - Industrial manipulators - Iterative methods - Orchards - Robot programming - Robots - Traveling salesman problem
Uncontrolled terms:Co-operative behaviors - Collision-free trajectory planning - Development directions - Different distributions - Multiple traveling salesman problems - Novel genetic algorithm - Operation efficiencies - Visual sensing systems
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.5  Robotics - 731.6  Robot Applications - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.11e+02%, Percentage 1.29e+01%, Percentage 2.04e+01%, Percentage 2.17e+01%, Percentage 2.33e+01%, Percentage 2.72e+01%, Percentage 4.09e+01%, Percentage 5.50e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20211610224825
Title:Integration of three industries in rural China and its provincial comparative analysis
Title of translation:&#20013;&#22269;&#20892;&#26449;&#19968;&#20108;&#19977;&#20135;&#19994;&#34701;&#21512;&#24230;&#19982;&#30465;&#38469;&#27604;&#36739;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Chen, Chibo (1); Li, Shuo (1); Tian, Yun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Business Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan; 430073, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:326-334
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Modern agriculture can closely combine with the primary, secondary and tertiary industries in rural areas in China. The agriculture and industry can further be organically integrated as a whole, with the aid of industrial chain extension, function expansion, factor agglomeration, technology penetration, and organizational system innovation. The integration process has a great significance for rural revitalization, industrial prosperity, and farmers' income. In this study, an evaluation index system of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industry integration was constructed to measure the integration level of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries in 31 provinces and cities of China. Five dimensions were selected, including the industrial extension, function expansion, format enrichment, interest linkage, and urban-rural integration. The results showed that there were obvious characteristics of geographical gradient in the integration level of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries. It was featured by "east higher and west lower", where the integration level in the eastern part was higher than that in the central part, whereas, the central part was higher than that in the western part. There were great differences in the superiority dimension and potential dimension of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industry integration in different regions. Nevertheless, there was no absolute advantage dimension among the five dimensions. Different integration paths can be expected to effectively promote the integration level. In contribution rates, the dimensions of the eastern and western regions were widely dispersed, whereas, those of the central regions were relatively convergent. Furthermore, the regions with low integration were more sensitive to dimensional discretization, while the regions with high integration were more sensitive to dimensional convergence. The following policy implications were drawn: 1) the fusion index was rising nationwide to continuously promote the integration of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries in rural areas. The index can then be further used to track the convergence process of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries in various regions of China, thereby promoting the integration level in the practice of rural revitalization. 2) It is urgent to improve the data collection and disclosure system of farmers, farming and countryside, while establishing the docking mechanism of department data on agricultural statistics. Data collection has become the most difficult task in measuring the integration of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries. 3) Location should be considered to prevent mechanical learning, when setting the goal of integration development. 4) All regions can be given full comparative advantages in promoting the integration of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries, because there was the natural heterogeneity of agricultural and rural areas in terms of spatial layout and resources. 5) Since the regions with a low level of integration are more sensitive to the dimension dispersion, the advantage dimension can be used to develop local characteristics in the initial stage of integration. The evaluation system can provide a solution to the cross-temporal comparison at inter city, county, and village levels. At the county level, it remains to be studied the effect of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industry integration on farmers' income and urban-rural economic structure. In addition, this study found the geographical gradient characteristics for the level of industrial integration at the provincial level. An in-depth analysis is necessary to clarify how the geographical factors are transmitted to the level of industrial integration. The geographical clustering effect can be expected in the future for the integration of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Data acquisition - Economics - Expansion - Function evaluation - Public policy
Uncontrolled terms:Comparative advantage - Evaluation index system - Geographical clustering - Geographical gradients - Industrial integration - Local characteristics - Organizational system - Urban-rural integrations
Classification code:723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 951  Materials Science - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20211610224733
Title:Real-time detection methodology for obstacles in orchards using improved YOLOv4
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#25913;&#36827;&#22411;YOLOv4&#30340;&#26524;&#22253;&#38556;&#30861;&#29289;&#23454;&#26102;&#26816;&#27979;&#26041;&#27861;
Authors:Cai, Shuping (1); Sun, Zhongming (1); Liu, Hui (1); Wu, Hongxuan (1); Zhuang, Zhenzhen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Hui(amity@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:36-43
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">China is one of the countries with the largest cultivation area of the orchards in the world. The traditional orchard planting is quite time-consuming and laborious. An orchard robot can be expected as an important artificial intelligence (AI) tool to replace the manual labor in orchard management. However, the robot can encounter various obstacles in the actual operation, due to the complex and changeable environment of an orchard. It is necessary for the agricultural robots to real-time detect obstacles during operation. In recent years, various target detection systems have been widely used for agricultural robot avoidance, such as YOLOv4, YOLOv3, and Faster-RCNN, particularly with the rise of intelligent deep learning. Generally, there were some problems, including the unsatisfactory detection accuracy, a large number of parameters required in the models, low real-time performance, and difficulty in detecting densely overlapping target areas. In this study, an improved YOLOv4-based model of target detection was proposed with the help of the latest vision sensor technology to realize that the agricultural robots can quickly and accurately identify and classify the obstacles in the orchard. A deep separable convolution was utilized to reduce the number of parameters, and further improve the detection speed. An Inverted Residual Unit was selected to replace the Residual Unit in the core network CSP-Darknet in the previous model. In addition, a Soft DIoU-Non-Maximum Suppression (Soft-DIoU-NMS) algorithm was employed to detect the dense areas. Three common obstacles, including pedestrians, fruit trees, and telegraph poles, in the orchards were selected as the detection objects to generate an image dataset. The improved model was trained on the Tensorflow deep learning framework, and then the test images were input into the trained model to detect target obstacles at different distances. Under the same evaluation index, an evaluation was made on the improved YOLOv4, the original YOLOv4, YOLOv3, and Faster-RCNN. The results showed that the improved YOLOv4-based detection model for orchard obstacles achieved an average accuracy rate of 96.92%, 0.61 percent point higher than that of the original YOLOv4 model, 4.18 percent point higher than that of the YOLOv3 model, and 0.04 percent point higher than that of Faster-RCNN model. The recall rate of the proposed model reached 96.31%, 0.68 percent point higher than that of the original YOLOv4, 6.37 percent point higher than that of YOLOv3, and 0.18 percent point higher than that of Faster-RCNN. The detection speed in the improved YOLOv4-based video stream was 58.5 frames/s, 29.4% faster than that in the original YOLOv4, 22.1% faster than that in YOLOv3, and 346% faster than that in Faster-RCNN. The number of parameters in the improved YOLOv4-based model was reduced by 75%, compared with the original YOLOv4 model, 68.7% less than that of the YOLOv3 model, and 81% less than that of the Fasters-RCNN model. In general, the proposed model can greatly reduce its size without losing accuracy, and thereby enhance the real-time performance and robustness in the actual orchard environment. The improved YOLOv4-based model achieved ideal effects in different distance tests, indicating better performance for the obstacle detection in the orchard environment. The findings can provide a strong guarantee for the obstacle avoidance of intelligent robots in orchards.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Learning systems
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Cultivation - Deep learning - End effectors - Image enhancement - Intelligent robots - Object detection - Obstacle detectors - Orchards - Signal detection
Uncontrolled terms:Detection accuracy - Detection system - Evaluation index - Learning frameworks - Non-maximum suppression - Obstacle detection - Real time performance - Real-time detection
Classification code:716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.5  Robotics - 731.6  Robot Applications - 821.3  Agricultural Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.80e-01%, Percentage 2.21e+01%, Percentage 2.94e+01%, Percentage 3.46e+02%, Percentage 4.00e-02%, Percentage 4.18e+00%, Percentage 6.10e-01%, Percentage 6.37e+00%, Percentage 6.80e-01%, Percentage 6.87e+01%, Percentage 7.50e+01%, Percentage 8.10e+01%, Percentage 9.63e+01%, Percentage 9.69e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20211610224687
Title:Analysis of spatio-temporal characteristics of flash drought and slowly-evolving drought using soil moisture percentile
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#22303;&#22756;&#21547;&#27700;&#29575;&#30340;&#39588;&#21457;&#24178;&#26097;&#21644;&#32531;&#24930;&#24178;&#26097;&#26102;&#31354;&#29305;&#24449;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Zhu, Ye (1, 2); Liu, Yi (3); Wang, Wen (3); Yuan, Fei (3); Ma, Mingwei (4); Wu, Guangdong (5); Yin, Yixing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing; 210044, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing; 210029, China; (3) College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China; (4) School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou; 450046, China; (5) Water Resources Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan; 430010, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Yi(liuyihhdx@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:114-122
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Flash drought is one kind of extreme hydro-meteorological events that frequently occur worldwide in recent years. Different from traditional slowly-evolving droughts, flash droughts unusually have rapid onset, threatening food and agricultural security, and the health of the eco-environment. To compare the spatio-temporal characteristics of flash drought and slowly evolving drought, the soil moisture data were extracted from the ERA-Interim reanalysis product (at a depth of 0-100 cm) with a spatial resolution of 0.25&deg;and a temporal coverage from 1979 to 2018. Records of the soil moisture data were converted into weekly values. Seven candidate probability distribution functions (including Gamma, Beta, logarithmic, logical logarithmic, Weibull, extreme value, and generalized extreme value distributions) were employed to fit the weekly data series. The optimal probability distribution function for calculating soil moisture percentile was selected according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (KS test) and two evaluation coefficients, i.e., the root mean square error and bias. For drought event identification, the 40% and 20% of soil moisture percentile were used as the upper limit and the lower limit, respectively, to ensure the identified drought events really falling into drought associated with vegetation stress. The onset duration was determined as the period when soil moisture percentile declines persistently and maintains a rather low value. The differences between flash droughts and slowly-evolving droughts in terms of drought frequency and drought area were analyzed. The relationships between flash droughts and slowly-evolving droughts were investigated based on the spatio-temporal patterns of two typical drought events. The results showed that droughts with long duration (more than 26 weeks) were more frequent in the north of the Yangtze River. In contrast, the south of the Yangtze River suffered few droughts and short-term drought. Different from drought events with short duration, the time series of affected area percentage for drought events with long duration (26 weeks or longer) presented significant increments from 2005 to 2015, especially in 2010 when more than 40% of the area suffered drought, suggesting a general trend of droughts with long duration and enlarged area extent. During the drought onset stage, the duration of drought in the south region was shorter than that of the north region. Typical flash drought events occurred in the middle and eastern part of Inner Mongolia, southwest China, the upper reaches of the Pearl River, and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, while slowly-evolving droughts happened mainly in the northwest China, and some areas in Xinjiang. The area percentage of the flash drought was comparable to that of the slowly-evolving drought before 2000, after that, the affected area of slowly-evolving drought expanded significantly up to twice that of flash drought. The spatio-temporal migration paths of the 2010 autumn drought and the 2017 summer drought showed that the flash drought and slowly-evolving drought may develop independently, and may also present a co-existing relationship. Finally, the in-situ soil moisture measurements from the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) were employed for validation of the results. The spatial pattern of moisture was similar to that of the ERA-Interim reanalysis product. For example, soil moisture in humid and semi-humid zones decreased much quickly than in arid and semi-arid zones during a drought episode. This may be related to the climate condition, soils, and vegetation characteristics of the underlying surface. The soil moisture data of the ERA-Interim reanalysis product is capable of capturing the moisture dynamics during the onset stage of drought, and could be an alternative for flash drought monitoring and assessments. The results can provide some important information for understanding the mechanisms of drought and the development of drought monitoring techniques.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Drought
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Arid regions - Computational complexity - Distribution functions - Mean square error - Rivers - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Vegetation - Weibull distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural security - Eastern part of inner mongolia - Generalized extreme value distribution - Kolmogorov-Smirnov test - Root mean square errors - Soil moisture networks - Spatiotemporal characteristics - Spatiotemporal patterns
Classification code:443  Meteorology - 444  Water Resources - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 721.1  Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 922.1  Probability Theory - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Age 4.99e-01yr, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.02.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20211610224704
Title:Numerical simulation and experimental validation of the thermo-mechanical characteristics of phase change concrete energy pile
Title of translation:&#30456;&#21464;&#28151;&#20957;&#22303;&#33021;&#37327;&#26729;&#28909;-&#21147;&#23398;&#29305;&#24615;&#30340;&#25968;&#20540;&#27169;&#25311;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;&#39564;&#35777;
Authors:Yang, Weibo (1, 2); Yang, Binbin (1); Wang, Feng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electrical, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou; 225127, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an; 710049, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:268-277
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Energy shortage and environmental pollution have led to the wide use of clean and renewable energy. A ground source heat pump (GSHP) is extensively utilized in the new building of various renewable energy, because of its energy-saving, high efficiency and environmental friendliness. However, the current GSHP development is limited to a certain extent, due mainly to its high cost, and large land areas resulting from drilling boreholes. Alternatively, the concept of an energy pile was proposed to combine the GSHP exchanger of ground heat with the pile foundation of a building. However, the temperature change of the pile body can result in the thermal expansion and contraction of an energy pile, thereby inducing the pile deformation in the actual operation of energy piles. This variation of temperature has endangered the structural safety of energy piles, particularly on the thermal performance and bearing capacity. Therefore, a feasible energy pile with phase change concrete has been selected, where a type of phase change material (PCM) can serve as a part of filling material in a traditional energy pile. The thermal performance of the energy pile with phase change concrete was greatly enhanced, indicating the weak temperature variation and deformation during the heat exchange, due largely to the invariable temperature and the latent heat released during the phase change of PCM. In this study, a 3D numerical model of energy piles with phase change concrete was established to evaluate the thermo-mechanical characteristics of a whole energy pile under thermal-mechanical coupling loads. A systematic analysis was made to compare the thermo-mechanical characteristics of the traditional energy pile and the new one with phase change concrete. An experiment was conducted to explore the effects of the distance between two legs of U-tube, and the ratio of length to diameter of pile body on the thermo-mechanical behavior of an energy pile with phase change concrete. The results showed that the solid-liquid phase change of PCM increased the heat exchange rate at the per unit depth of pile by 10.3%, while reduced the changes in the temperature of the pile body. There was a reduced change in the displacement, axial force, and side friction resistance of the pile body caused by the temperature change. With the increase of distance between two legs of the U-tube, the heat transfer rate and heat influence range of soil increased in the energy pile, while the axial force of the pile decreased, as well as the pile displacement first increased and then decreased. An increase in the ratio of length to diameter improved the total heat exchange rate of energy piles, but reduced the heat exchange rate at the per unit depth of pile, while increased the pile top displacement, which was not conducive to the stability of the energy pile. The experimental validation showed that the predicted relative errors of middle temperature in the pile wall and displacement at the pile top were within 5.1% and 12%, respectively, and the average relative errors were 4.2% and 9.9%, respectively. Therefore, the developed numerical model of an energy pile can be used to simulate the thermo-mechanical characteristics of an energy pile with phase change concrete.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Piles
Controlled terms:3D modeling - Axial flow - Concretes - Deformation - Energy efficiency - Finance - Geothermal heat pumps - Heat transfer - Mechanical properties - Numerical models  - Phase change materials - Thermal expansion
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental friendliness - Expansion and contraction - Groundsource heat pump (GSHP) - Ratio of length to diameters - Solid liquid phase change - Thermal-mechanical coupling - Thermo-mechanical behaviors - Thermo-mechanical characteristics
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 412  Concrete - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 921  Mathematics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.03e+01%, Percentage 1.20e+01%, Percentage 4.20e+00%, Percentage 5.10e+00%, Percentage 9.90e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20211610224710
Title:Parameter optimization of the small-scale compost technology with localization maize stover and livestock manure
Title of translation:&#31224;&#31174;-&#31914;&#20415;&#23646;&#22320;&#21270;&#24494;&#36142;&#21046;&#32933;&#24037;&#33402;&#21442;&#25968;&#20248;&#21270;
Authors:Wang, Tiejun (1); Wang, Ruili (2); Sun, Junde (3); Gong, Yuanjuan (2); Wang, Tieliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China; (2) College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China; (3) College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Tieliang(tieliangwang@syau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:251-257
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">This study aims to propose a feasible production technology for organic fertilizer or soil amendments using small-scale compost decomposing with local straws and livestock manure. The technical procedure included the straw flilamentization, material mixing, compression molding, and small-scale compost decomposing. The compost production was transformed from transporting materials to moving equipment, from decomposing and then forming to bagging and then decomposing. The fertilizer production technology can contribute to enhance the local utilization rate of agricultural wastes from small and medium-sized scattered farmers, as well as the mechanization during composting and decomposing effects. The appropriate fertilizer source material ratio and compression ratio were selected under the different material moisture content to prevent water pollution of livestock manure. The special microbial compound agents were added to control the maturity time, and thereby regulate the release of odorous gases. The corn stalks and cow dung were used as fertilizer sources. The seed germination index (GI) was selected as the detection index for the maturity effect of composting. The experimental factors were set for the small-scale compost production, where the key process parameters included the ratio of fertilizer source materials, material moisture content, the compression ratio, application number of microbial agents, and the maturity time. A single factor experiment was conducted to determine the appropriate range of experimental factors. A better maturity effect of small-scale compost fertilizer was achieved, where the critical value of applied microbial agent was 0.5&permil;, the fertilizer source material ratio was 15% to 35%, the material moisture content was 45% to 60%, the compression ratio was 25% to 50%, and the maturity time reached 24 days. A combination experiment of ternary quadratic regression and orthogonal rotation was performed to optimize the influence of key process parameters on the maturity effect of compost fertilizer. A regression model was established between the seed germination index and various factors. The analysis showed that the primary and secondary order for the influence of various factors on the seed germination index was: material moisture content &gt; compression ratio &gt; fertilizer source material ratio. There were significant effects on seed germination index (P&lt;0.05) in the correlation of fertilizer source material ratio and compression ratio, and the correlation of material moisture content and compression ratio. The optimized process parameters were verified by the field experiments. An optimal combination of process parameters was determined to be the application of 1.5&permil; microbial bacteria dosage, maturity for 32 days, the material moisture content of 60%, the compression ratio of 39.50%, and the material ratio of 23%. In this case, the seed germination index of small-scale compost fertilizer reached 96.52%, where the detection of indicators can meet the national standards for organic fertilizer and the requirements of agricultural production, while, the local straw and livestock manure can be nearby used conveniently. The findings can provide a theoretical basis for the local compost of organic fertilizer on a small scale, further to design the supporting equipment in low-carbon agriculture.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Composting - Compression molding - Cultivation - Machinery - Manures - Moisture - Moisture determination - Regression analysis - Seed  - Soils - Waste treatment - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Fertilizer production - Low carbon agricultures - Parameter optimization - Production technology - Quadratic regression - Single-factor experiments - Transporting materials
Classification code:452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 453  Water Pollution - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Age 6.58e-02yr, Age 8.77e-02yr, Percentage 1.50e+01% to 3.50e+01%, Percentage 2.30e+01%, Percentage 2.50e+01% to 5.00e+01%, Percentage 3.95e+01%, Percentage 4.50e+01% to 6.00e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+01%, Percentage 9.65e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20211610224923
Title:Phosphorus adsorption characteristics and mechanism of biochar loaded Mg/Al-LDHs composites
Title of translation:&#29983;&#29289;&#28845;Mg/Al-LDHs&#22797;&#21512;&#26448;&#26009;&#23545;&#30967;&#30340;&#21560;&#38468;&#29305;&#24615;&#21450;&#26426;&#29702;
Authors:Cheng, Fulong (1); Nie, Fangui (1); Zhao, Changxin (1); Wu, Xiaoqun (1); Lu, Juan (1); Jiang, Demin (1); Pan, Jie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing; 404100, China
Corresponding author:Pan, Jie(18116901@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:226-234
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">In order to effectively control the eutrophication of water bodies, and further realize the resource utilization of agricultural wastes. Taking the biochar as the carrier of hydrotalcite-like (LDHs), the biochar loaded magnesium-aluminum hydrotalcite composites (Mg/Al-LDHs@BC) were prepared using a co-precipitation approach. An attempt was also made to explore the adsorption characteristics of Mg/Al-LDHs@BC to phosphate in water. The crystal structure, morphology, and the zero charge point of Mg/Al-LDHs@BC were characterized by XRD, SEM, and Zeta potentiometer, respectively. FT-IR and XPS were selected to analyze the surface functional groups and the surface element properties of Mg/Al-LDHs@BC before and after the adsorption of phosphate. An investigation was also made to clarify the adsorption mechanism of phosphate on Mg/Al-LDHs@BC. The intraparticle diffusion model, quasi-first-order kinetic model, and quasi-second-order kinetic model were used to fit the kinetic experimental data. The Freundlich model, the Langmuir model, and Temkin model were selected to analyze the adsorption isotherm process. The results showed that the petal-like Mg/Al-LDHs was successfully loaded on the surface of biochar. The XRD results showed that the layered structure of LDHs on Mg/Al-LDHs@BC composite material was not destroyed after the adsorption of phosphate. The FT-IR results showed that the characteristic peak of phosphate at 1 060 cm^-1 appeared after the adsorption of phosphate, indicating that the phosphate has been successfully adsorbed on Mg/Al-LDHs@BC. Furthermore, the phosphate adsorption kinetics of BC followed the quasi-first-order kinetic model, whereas, the phosphate adsorption kinetics of Mg/Al-LDHs and Mg/Al-LDHs@BC were accorded with the quasi-second-order kinetic model. The isotherm adsorption processes of BC, Mg/Al-LDHs, and Mg/Al-LDHs@BC were all suitable to be described by the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from the Langmuir equation reached 71.37 mg/g, which was nearly 10 times higher than that of biochar, and was also higher than Mg/Al-LDHs as well. The zero point charge (pH<inf>pzc</inf>) of Mg/Al-LDHs@BC was 5.39, indicating the positive charge on the surface of the material was beneficial to the adsorption of phosphate, as the pH of phosphate solution was lower than the value of pH<inf>pzc</inf>. When the pH of phosphate solution was higher than the value of pH<inf>pzc</inf>, the negative charge on the surface of the material inhibited the adsorption of phosphate. The adsorption capacity of Mg/Al-LDHs@BC for phosphate decreased gradually with the increase of pH. It infers that the phosphate adsorption performance of Mg/Al-LDHs@BC under acidic conditions was better than that under alkaline conditions. Cl^- and NO<inf>3</inf>^- had little influence on the adsorption of phosphate on Mg/Al-LDHs@BC, where the adsorption amount only decreased by 3.66 mg/g and 5.93 mg/g, respectively, while, CO<inf>3</inf>^2- and SO<inf>4</inf>^2- showed distinct interference on this adsorption process, where the adsorption capacity significantly decreased by 19.64 mg/g and 15.93 mg/g, respectively. The XPS results showed that after the phosphate adsorption of Mg/Al-LDHs@BC, the percentage (the percentage of the area of a single peak to that of all peaks) of CO<inf>3</inf>^2- peak in O1s spectra decreased from 40.85% to 39.04%, indicating that CO<inf>3</inf>^2- located in the LDH layers exchanged with phosphate. In addition, the percentages of Mg-OH peak in Mg 1s spectra and Al-OH peak in Al 2p spectra both declined, indicating that the phosphate coordinated with the surface metal atoms by the form of inner-sphere complexes. Combining results of FTIR, XPS, Zeta potential, and pH experiment, it infers that the adsorption mechanism of phosphate on Mg/Al-LDHs@BC involved in the anion exchange, electrostatic attraction, and ligand exchange. The findings can provide a promising theoretical contribution to the utilization of agricultural wastes and the scientific management of water eutrophication<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Magnesium compounds
Controlled terms:Adsorption - Adsorption isotherms - Agricultural robots - Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Alkalinity - Composite structures - Coordination reactions - Crystal structure - Eutrophication  - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Kinetic parameters - Kinetic theory - Magnesium metallography - Morphology - Phosphorus - Voltage dividers - Waste utilization - Water management - X ray diffraction  - X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Adsorption capacities - Adsorption characteristic - Electrostatic attractions - First-order kinetic models - Inner sphere complexes - Intraparticle diffusion models - Phosphorus adsorption characteristics - Surface functional groups
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 531.2  Metallography - 704.2  Electric Equipment - 801  Chemistry - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 933.1.1  Crystal Lattice - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.09e+01% to 3.90e+01%, Time 1.00e+00s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20211610224706
Title:Genetic algorithm-based optimization of nutrient solution formula for substrate-cultivated cucumber
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#36951;&#20256;&#31639;&#27861;&#30340;&#22522;&#36136;&#22521;&#40644;&#29916;&#33829;&#20859;&#28082;&#37197;&#26041;&#20248;&#21270;
Authors:Qu, Feng (1); Zhang, Jiao (1); Wang, Junzheng (1); Ma, Xueqiang (1); Gao, Zixing (1); Liu, Dongnian (1); Hu, Xiaohui (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Xiaohui(hxh1977@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:96-104
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The goal of this study was to obtain an optimal nutrient solution formula of cucumber for substrate cultivation based on the comprehensive evaluation of cucumber yield, quality and fertilizer use efficiency. The concentrations of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were designed by a five-level (1/2) quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design method to obtain a total of 23 treatments. The experiment was carried out in Yangling, Shaanxi of China (34&deg;28'N, 108&deg;07'E) from March 22 to July 10, 2018. The cucumber 'Bonai 526' was planted in substrate bags. The substrate had an organic matter content of 185.42 g/kg, a pH value of 7.28, and an electrical conductivity of 2.05 mS/cm. During the experiments, the cucumber yield was determined. The quality indexes including soluble protein, vitamin C and total soluble sugar content, organic acid and nitrate content were measured. The comprehensive evaluation score of cucumber yield and quality was calculated by a linear weighted model and then its relationship with concentrations of four elements was fitted by a quadratic regression model. The effect of two and three factors on the comprehensive score of cucumber yield and quality were analyzed. Subsequently, a multi-objective optimization model and a genetic algorithm were used to obtain the optimal nutrient solution formula. The results showed that the optimal treatments were different based on different yield and quality indexes, indicating that the comprehensive evaluation is necessary. Comprehensive evaluation scores of the 23 treatments were obtained and used for ranking. Different treatments of solution formula had significant effects on the comprehensive evaluation scores of cucumber yield and quality. A model was established to describe the relationship between comprehensive evaluation scores of cucumber yield and quality and the coding levels of N, K, Ca and Mg (R²=0.99, P&lt;0.001). From the model, the coupling effects of four elements on comprehensive evaluation scores were explored and the results showed that the coupling effects of N and K, and N and Ca on the comprehensive evaluation scores of cucumber yield and quality was significant (P&lt;0.05).The interaction between N and Ca coupling had a positive effect, whilst the interaction between N and K coupling had a negative effect. Similarly, the element use efficiency models of the four elements were also established with the R² values between 0.710 and 0.944. The multi-objective optimization model and genetic algorithm evaluation method suggested that the optimal combination of N, K, Ca and Mg concentrations in nutrient solution was 14.83, 6.89, 3.55 and 4.17 mmol/L, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the comprehensive scores of optimal cucumber yield and quality were 38.52&times;10^-3 while the comprehensive scores of element use efficiency of N, K and Ca were 55.09%, 63.77% and 30.55%, respectively. The optimal nutrient solution formula was better than the commonly used Japanese Yamazaki cucumber special formula. The cucumber yield per plant, soluble protein, vitamin C and total soluble sugar content of the former were 21.07%, 40.91%, 53.33% and 11.48% higher than those obtained by the latter, while the organic acid and nitrate content of the former were significantly lower than those of the latter. The findings provide insightful guidance for high yield and quality of substrate-cultivated cucumber production, and further for the scientific management of nutrient solution in cucumber farming.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Ascorbic acid - Calcium - Efficiency - Genetic algorithms - Magnesium - Multiobjective optimization - Nitrates - Nutrients - Ontology - Proteins  - Regression analysis - Substrates
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation - Electrical conductivity - Multi-objective optimization models - Organic matter content - Quadratic orthogonal rotation combination designs - Quadratic regression - Scientific management - Soluble sugar contents
Classification code:549.2  Alkaline Earth Metals - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 913.1  Production Engineering - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Electrical_Conductivity 2.05e-01S/m, Molar_Concentration 3.55e+00mol/m3, Molar_Concentration 4.17e+00mol/m3, Percentage 1.15e+01%, Percentage 2.11e+01%, Percentage 3.06e+01%, Percentage 4.09e+01%, Percentage 5.33e+01%, Percentage 5.51e+01%, Percentage 6.38e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.012
Funding details:  Number: CARS-23-C07, Acronym: -, Sponsor: Agriculture Research System of China;Number: 2018TSCXL-NY-05-01,2019TSLNY01-05, Acronym: -, Sponsor: Shanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Project;
Funding text:Received date: 2020-07-06 Revised date: 2020-11-10 Foundation items: China Agriculture Research System (CARS-23-C07); the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province, China, Projects (2018TSCXL-NY-05-01 and 2019TSLNY01-05). Biography: Qu Feng, Ph.D. candidate, majored in protected agriculture theory and production technology. Email&#65306;fengqu085578@163.com. &#8251;Corresponding author: Hu Xiaohui, Ph.D., doctoral supervisor, majored in protected agriculture theory and production technology. Email&#65306;hxh1977@163.com.

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20211610224738
Title:Design of mobile phone remote monitoring device for the initiation and termination time of rainfall based on Kalman filter
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#21345;&#23572;&#26364;&#28388;&#27874;&#30340;&#38477;&#38632;&#36215;&#27490;&#26102;&#38388;&#25163;&#26426;&#36828;&#31243;&#30417;&#27979;&#35013;&#32622;&#30740;&#21046;
Authors:Zhou, Ping (1, 2); Yang, Qiliang (1); Li, Jianian (1); Yang, Jurui (1); Han, Huanhao (1); Liu, Xiaogang (1); Xiong, Kai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650500, China; (2) Sichuan Sanhe College of Professionals, Luzhou; 646200, China
Corresponding author:Li, Jianian(ljn825@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:196-208
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The initiation and termination time of rainfall occurrences were essential to the rainfall process. In this study, a novel remote monitoring device was designed to accurately detect the termination time of a rainfall in the facility agriculture. This device was mainly composed of the rain sensing module, rain detection circuit, Arduino UNO microcontroller, GPRS DTU module, a serial communication circuit, antenna, and mobile phone application. A total of 16 flumes were evenly spaced parallel on the upper surfaces of two substrates in the rain sensing module. Two HDPE wires were embedded in the flumes to ensure that the wires were separated from each other without connecting. The rain contacted the two wires when the rainfall initialized, where the resistance value between the wires decreased rapidly. When the rainfall terminated, the water on the substrates surface drained from the flumes, where the resistance value between the wires increased gradually. The rain detection circuit converted the changes in resistance values between the wires into the changes in voltage values, then output the rain detection signals. The rainfall process was detected simultaneously through 3 rain sensing modules with the same specification. 3 Kalman filters were selected to simultaneously optimize the process, after reading the rain detection signals by Arduino UNO. A discriminant model was used to determine the initiation and termination signals of rainfall. The detected signals of rainfall were transmitted to the GPRS DUT module through the serial communication circuit, then to the cloud server for storage. A reference time of rainfall was set according to the storage time of signals in the server and the device system. The mobile phone was applied to receive and view the initiation and termination time of rainfall in the period. The test factors were selected, including the rainfall intensity, the distance between the ends of wires, the angle between substrates, and the discrimination period of the discriminant model, in order to determine the optimal parameters for the discriminant model and rain sensor module. The performance of the device was evaluated using the evaluation indexes, such as the misstatement rate of signal discriminant, the success rate of mobile phone reception, and time detection accuracy. The experimental results showed that: 1) The discriminant model with a discrimination period of 10 s had the best discriminant effect; 2) The signal misstatement rate was 1.2%, while the success rate of mobile phone reception was 100%, indicating the device operated reliably; 3) When the distance between ends of wires was 2 mm and the angle between substrates was 120&deg;, the stability and accuracy of the device operation were better, indicating an optimal combination of parameters to detect the light rain. The verification experimental results showed that the detection error range for the initiation and termination time of rainfall were 7-34 and 9-29 s, respectively, and the signal misstatement rate was 5.9%, which met the detection requirements of natural rainfall, showing the device ran well. Therefore, the device can be expected to serve as the remote monitoring of the initiation and termination time of rainfall.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Rain
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Antennas - Cellular telephones - Design for testability - Detector circuits - Kalman filters - Remote control - Signal detection - Telephone circuits - Wire
Uncontrolled terms:Device operations - Discriminant models - Facility agricultures - Mobile phone applications - Optimal combination - Rainfall intensity - Remote monitoring - Serial communications
Classification code:443.3  Precipitation - 535.2  Metal Forming - 713.3  Modulators, Demodulators, Limiters, Discriminators, Mixers - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 718.1  Telephone Systems and Equipment - 731.1  Control Systems
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 1.20e+00%, Percentage 5.90e+00%, Size 2.00e-03m, Time 9.00e+00s to 2.90e+01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20211610224707
Title:Characteristics analysis of micro-environment of sediment-water interface in drainage ditches in reclamation areas
Title of translation:&#30416;&#30897;&#21270;&#25913;&#33391;&#21306;&#20892;&#30000;&#25490;&#27700;&#27807;&#27700;&#20307;&#19982;&#24213;&#27877;&#30028;&#38754;&#24494;&#29615;&#22659;&#29305;&#24449;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Pan, Yanxin (1, 2); Feng, Shaoyuan (1); Jing, Siyuan (2); Luo, Wan (1); Jia, Zhonghua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou; 225009, China; (2) National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Safety and Efficent Utilization of Water Resources in Poyang Lake Basin, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang; 330099, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Shaoyuan(syfeng@yzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:258-267
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Substance exchange and transfer depend mainly on the micro-environment of the interface between the water body and the underlying sediment in drainage ditches in Reclamation areas. In this study, the sediments were taken separately from two ditches that drain reclaimed and non-reclaimed fields in a salt impacted agricultural area in Shaanxi, China. A laboratory experiment was conducted to monitor physical and chemical properties at the sediment and water body interface using the Unisense micro-electrode system. The system consisted of microelectrode, four-channel host, motor controller, microelectrode thruster, the sensor trace PRO software, and lab support LS18. The tip diameter of Unisense DO microelectrode was 25 &mu;m, and the polarization voltage of DO microelectrode was -0.8 V, where the pre-polarization signal value was stable. Five parallel samples were set to separately measure DO values, and the average value was calculated. Each group in experiments was repeated three times. The measurement interval was 100&mu;m, each DO concentration profile was measured for 30 min, and 120 DO profiles were observed. The Uniense H<inf>2</inf>S microelectrode was a miniaturized picoamperometric microelectrode with a tip diameter of 25 &mu;m and a pre-polarization voltage of +0.08 V, including three electrodes for the measurement, protection, and reference. The pre-polarized signal was corrected after stabilizing. The temperature of the calibration solution was consistent with the test sample, and the calibration test was conducted in the same environment as the measurement. The measurement depth of H<inf>2</inf>S profile was limited by the electrode length, where the maximum measurement depth was about 40 mm at 50 &mu;m measurement step. The measurement time was about 60 min for each setup of H<inf>2</inf>S concentration profiles, and a total of 24 H<inf>2</inf>S profiles were observed. The monitoring results showed that the maximum depth of oxygen penetration was 10.2 and 2.6 mm for sediment samples taken from the reclaimed and the non-reclaimed fields, whereas, the diffusion boundary-layer thicknesses were 0.4-0.8 mm and 0.2-0.4 mm, respectively. The observation results showed that the water content in the sediment decreased with the depth of sampling, due mainly to the compaction at the ditch bottom. Specifically, the measured water content ranged from 54% to 78% in the ditches of reclaimed field, and from 73% to 87% in ditch sediment of non-reclaimed field. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) was between 3.64 and 4.12 mS/cm in the ditch of the reclaimed field, while it ranged from 10.74 to 13.22 mS/cm in the ditch sediment of non-reclaimed field. There was a large difference (of 4 times) in EC between the two different sampling sites, indicating the salt accumulation in the drainage ditch from the non-reclaimed fields. The measured DO value remained stable at 8 mg/L for sediments from the ditch of the reclaimed field, while it varied from 3.21 mg/L to 5.44 mg/L in the ditch sediment of the non-reclaimed field. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the ditch sediment of reclaimed field less than 10 &micro;mol/L, while it was as high as 178 &micro;mol/L in the ditch sediment of non-reclaimed field. The findings can provide a sound reference for the design and application of ditches, and thereby to improving the ecological environment of farmland in similar areas.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Reclamation
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Boundary layer flow - Boundary layers - Calibration - Hydrogen sulfide - Microelectrodes - Polarization - Sediments - Sulfur compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristics analysis - Design and application - Diffusion boundary-layers - Ecological environments - Electrical conductivity - Laboratory experiments - Physical and chemical properties - Sediment water interface
Classification code:483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds
Numerical data indexing:Electrical_Conductivity 1.07e+00S/m to 1.32e+00S/m, Electrical_Conductivity 3.64e-01S/m to 4.12e-01S/m, Mass_Density 3.21e-03kg/m3 to 5.44e-03kg/m3, Mass_Density 8.00e-03kg/m3, Percentage 5.40e+01% to 7.80e+01%, Percentage 7.30e+01% to 8.70e+01%, Size 1.00e-04m, Size 1.02e-02m, Size 2.00e-04m to 4.00e-04m, Size 2.50e-05m, Size 2.60e-03m, Size 4.00e-02m, Size 4.00e-04m to 8.00e-04m, Size 5.00e-05m, Time 1.80e+03s, Time 3.60e+03s, Voltage -8.00e-01V
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20211610224694
Title:Soil salinity changes in cotton field under mulched drip irrigation with subsurface pipes drainage using HYDRUS-2D model
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;HYDRUS-2D&#27169;&#22411;&#30340;&#33180;&#19979;&#28404;&#28748;&#26263;&#31649;&#25490;&#27700;&#26825;&#30000;&#22303;&#22756;&#30416;&#20998;&#21464;&#21270;
Authors:Liu, Hongguang (1, 2); Bai, Zhentao (1, 2); Li, Kaiming (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water & Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Modern Water-Saving Irrigation of Xinjiang Production & Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:130-141
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">With the long-term use of under mulched drip irrigation, the problem of salt accumulation in farmland soil has attracted increasing attention. In order to explore the changes of soil salt content in a cotton field under mulched drip irrigation with subsurface pipes drainage, a subsurface pipes drainage experiment was conducted in the saline-alkali soil of Xinjiang 122 group in 2013 and 2014. The buried depth of the subsurface pipes is 2.2 m, and the spacing is 48 m. The changes of soil salt content in the 0-200 cm soil layer were monitored through under mulched drip irrigation. Sampling points were set at 8, 16, and 24 m perpendicular to the subsurface pipes and the sampling time was set to the cotton seedling, flowering, and boll opening periods of 2013 and 2014, respectively. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) was detected by an electrolytic conductivity meter at a soil-to-water ratio of 1:5. Based on the HYDRUS-2D model, a mathematical model of soil salt content changes in cotton fields under mulched drip irrigation with subsurface pipes drainage was established, and the HYDRUS-2D simulation results and experimental data were compared. The range of the statistical analysis index salt content RMSE and NSE are 0.39-1.26 g/kg and 0.66-0.97, respectively. They were within the acceptable range, which verified the reliability of the numerical simulation method. On this basis, the model simulated and analyzed the changes of salt content with time in 0-80 cm soil layer, the desalination rate of root layer, and the desalination rate of 0-200 cm soil layer in the salt content of 2013 and 2014 during cotton growth and the autumn salt return stage. The simulation results showed that under mulched drip irrigation during the growth period of cotton, the soil salt content continued to decrease, and the soil surface began to return after the harvest. The soil salt content in the cotton boll opening period in 2013 and 2014 was compared with the initial salt content, the average desalination rate of the 0-80cm soil layer reached 41.11% and 55.56%, respectively. And the total salt content of the 0-80cm soil layer under and between the mulching films decreased by 14.05% and 17.88%, respectively. After the cotton was harvested, salt returned to the upper layer of soil. However, it still showed a decrease compared with the initial salt content. The average salt content of 0-80 cm soil decreased by 5.55% and 10.15%, and the average salt content of 0-200 cm decreased by 2.58% and 4.96%. These results showed that the total salt content in soil showed a decreasing trend by using under mulched drip irrigation with subsurface pipes drainage mode. The average soil desalination rate of 0-8 m (2.97% and 5.71%) from the subsurface pipes was significantly higher than that of 8-16 m (2.44% and 4.64%) and 16-24 m (2.32% and 4.52%), but the difference between the latter two was small. The area close to the subsurface pipes had a low soil salt content, while the area far away from the subsurface pipes had a higher soil salt content. According to the law of solute transport and the principle of salt balance, the salt in the soil would change from the area with more salt to less salt over time. As a result, the overall soil salt content decreased, and the root layer salinity decreased more obviously. The results revealed the changing law of soil salt content in the cotton fields under mulched drip irrigation with subsurface pipes drainage, aiming to provide theoretical support and scientific guidance for the popularization and application of subsurface pipes drainage technology and under mulched drip irrigation in the inland arid area of Northwest China.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:47
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Cotton - Desalination - Irrigation - Numerical methods - Solute transport
Uncontrolled terms:Drainage experiments - Electrolytic conductivity - Mulched drip irrigations - Numerical simulation method - Saline-alkali soils - Salt accumulations - Soil electrical conductivity - Soil salt content
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.02e+01%, Percentage 1.41e+01%, Percentage 1.79e+01%, Percentage 2.32e+00%, Percentage 2.44e+00%, Percentage 2.58e+00%, Percentage 2.97e+00%, Percentage 4.11e+01%, Percentage 4.52e+00%, Percentage 4.64e+00%, Percentage 4.96e+00%, Percentage 5.55e+00%, Percentage 5.56e+01%, Percentage 5.71e+00%, Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e+00m, Size 0.00e+00m to 8.00e-01m, Size 2.20e+00m, Size 2.40e+01m, Size 4.80e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20211610224729
Title:Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic analysis of maize stovers mixed with municipal sludge
Title of translation:&#29577;&#31859;&#31224;&#31174;&#19982;&#24066;&#25919;&#27745;&#27877;&#28151;&#21512;&#28909;&#35299;&#29305;&#24615;&#21450;&#21160;&#21147;&#23398;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Dai, Minyi (1); Guo, Zhanbin (3); Zhao, Lixin (2); Meng, Haibo (1); Yao, Zonglu (2); Sheng, Chenxu (1); Li, Lijie (1); Wu, Yunong (1); Zhang, Ying (1); Cong, Hongbin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100125, China; (2) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, CAAS, Beijing; 100081, China; (3) College of Engineering, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163319, China
Corresponding author:Cong, Hongbin(dabinc123@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:242-250
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Pyrolysis technology is one of the main ways to treat biomass wastes. A typical agricultural and forestry waste, corn straw contains alkali metals and other catalytic components, showing the excellent pyrolysis behavior with high volatile matter while low ash content. Another typical municipal solid waste, the sludge contains a large amount of thermally degradable organic matter, pathogenic microorganisms, toxic and harmful organic matter. There are relatively high moisture and ash content in the sludge, compared with the corn straw. The co-pyrolysis of the sludge and the corn straw can be an effective way to improve energy efficiency, thereby enhancing the performance of the products. As such, it can fully realize the complementary advantages of two wastes. In this study, a ThermoGravimetric Analysis (TGA) test was performed on the mixed samples with the corn stalk and municipal sludge in the mass ratio of 9:1, 3:7, 5:5, 7:3, and 1:9 at different heating rates (10, 20, and 30&#8451;/min), to explore the pyrolysis characteristics and the Degree of Synergy (DS) in the single and mixed samples. A Coats Redfern method was used to clarify the kinetic of weight loss curves. The results indicated that there were great differences in pyrolysis characteristics between corn stalks and municipal sludge, where the residual rate differed by 18.57 percentage points, the comprehensive pyrolysis index differed by 35.73&times;10^-5, and the activation energy differed by 35.31 -46.88 kJ/mol. Specifically, the activation energy of sludge pyrolysis was lower than that of corn straw. Furthermore, the activation energy increased with the increase of heating rate, with a maximum of 30&#8451;/min. The initial temperature of pyrolysis decreased from 360.3&#8451; to 440.3&#8451;, with the content of municipal sludge varied from 10% to 90%, while the main pyrolysis interval of mixed samples became longer from 277.7-360.3&#8451;, shifting to the high-temperature zone. The residual rate increased from 33.69% to 45.83%, whereas, the maximum weight loss rate decreased from 7.88 to 3.11%/min. There was a similar behavior in the comprehensive pyrolysis index, indicating a decrease from 8.5&times;10^-5 to 1.7&times;10^-5. The starting temperature of pyrolysis in the mixed samples was significantly improved by the municipal sludge, but some negative effects also occurred, including the longer interval time of pyrolysis, the higher residual rate, the slower weight loss rate, and the lower comprehensive pyrolysis index. The comprehensive pyrolysis index of mixed samples was lower than that of theoretical value, indicating an inhibitory effect in the co-pyrolysis of mixed samples. The activation energy required for the individual pyrolysis of corn stalks was greater than that of municipal sludge. The increase of activation energy varied at low and high temperatures in the mixed samples of corn stalks and municipal sludge, as the heating rate increased. The activation energy of pyrolysis in the mixed samples decreased from 66.01-46.16 kJ/mol to 44.47-17.04 kJ/mol, as the content of municipal sludge increased from 10% to 90%. The findings can provide insightful data support to the co-pyrolysis of corn straw and municipal sludge, and the further application of products in low-carbon agriculture.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Municipal solid waste
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Alkali metals - Biogeochemistry - Energy efficiency - Heating rate - Microorganisms - Organic compounds - Pyrolysis  - Thermogravimetric analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Catalytic components - Coats-Redfern method - Degree of synergies - High temperature zones - Initial temperatures - Low carbon agricultures - Pathogenic microorganisms - Pyrolysis characteristics
Classification code:452  Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 461.9  Biology - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 549.1  Alkali Metals - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 801  Chemistry - 801.2  Biochemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01% to 9.00e+01%, Percentage 3.37e+01% to 4.58e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20211610224724
Title:Hyperspectral prediction on soil organic matter of different types using CARS algorithm
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;CARS&#31639;&#27861;&#30340;&#19981;&#21516;&#31867;&#22411;&#22303;&#22756;&#26377;&#26426;&#36136;&#39640;&#20809;&#35889;&#39044;&#27979;
Authors:Tang, Haitao (1); Meng, Xiangtian (1); Su, Xunxin (2); Ma, Tao (3); Liu, Huanjun (1, 4); Bao, Yilin (1); Zhang, Meiwei (1); Zhang, Xinle (1); Huo, Haizhi (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Public Administration and Law, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) Heilongjiang Provincial Geological Archive, Harbin; 150030, China; (3) Heilongjiang Fifth Geological Survey Institute, Harbin; 150030, China; (4) Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun; 130012, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Xinle(zhangxinle@gmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:105-113
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Soil organic matter (SOM) can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil through a variety of functions. An important role of SOM is performed on the soil function and quality, further to prevent the emission of greenhouse gas in global carbon circulation. Spectral characteristics of SOM depend mainly on types of soils, as well as different physical and chemical properties. Previous models constructed by the hyperspectral reflectance or spectral absorption characteristics often lead to the low accuracy in SOM prediction, due mainly to the input type structure was single. In order to improve the accuracy and speed of the prediction model, specific characteristic variables can be selected to reduce the high collinearity between spectral bands, where there is a large amount of hyperspectral data in the presence of redundancy and overlap. The spectral index is set to minimize the influence of independent wavelengths on iterative calculation. Furthermore, the topography significantly determines the surface microclimate, the movement of water on the surface and in the soil, as well as the process of material redistribution. In this study, taking the Hailun City, Heilongjiang Province as the research area, a SOM prediction random forest (RF) model was established for the different types of soil, in order to improve the accuracy of the SOM hyperspectral model. The characteristic bands were selected by a Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS), while, the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data and spectral index were data sources. The results showed that: 1) In CARS screening, the characteristic bands of each soil type were compressed to less than 16% of the total wavelength number, which greatly reduced the dimension of soil hyperspectral variables and computational complexity, thereby improving the prediction ability of the calibration model. The CARS was suitable for the extraction of characteristic key wavelength variables, further optimizing model structure. 2) Three types of input variables that extracted by the grouping experiment were then utilized for the prediction of different types of SOM. After grouping, the SOM prediction accuracy depended mainly on the type of soil. Specifically, the maximum prediction accuracy achieved in the Boggy soil of 0.768, where the Ratio of Performance to Interquartile distance (RPIQ) was 3.568. Black soil was the second most accurate. The prediction accuracy of meadow soil was the lowest, only 0.674, and RPIQ was 1.848. The RPIQ for the three types of soil was above 1.8, indicating the good prediction ability of the model. 3) Local regression was conducted to improve the prediction accuracy of SOM. The local regression prediction accuracy was the best. The adjusted coefficient of determination, RMSE and RPIQ of the validation set were 0.777, 0.581%, and 2.689, respectively, indicating the model was highly stable. The proposed prediction factors can be used to realize the rapid prediction of RF-SOM, where the traditional complex program can be simplified. The findings can provide a promising basis for the selection of input variables, thereby predicting the types of SOM in different regions.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Predictive analytics
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Coherent scattering - Decision trees - Forecasting - Forestry - Greenhouse gases - Iterative methods - Organic compounds - Soils - Surveying  - Topography
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical and biologicals - Coefficient of determination - Digital elevation model - Extraction of characteristics - Hyperspectral reflectance - Physical and chemical properties - Selection of input variables - Spectral characteristics
Classification code:405.3  Surveying - 451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 481.2  Geochemistry - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 711  Electromagnetic Waves - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 951  Materials Science - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.60e+01%, Percentage 5.81e-01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20211610224692
Title:Design and experiments of online automatic identification device for screen breakage of hammer mill
Title of translation:&#31881;&#30862;&#26426;&#31579;&#32593;&#30772;&#25439;&#22312;&#32447;&#33258;&#21160;&#35782;&#21035;&#35013;&#32622;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Zhang, Weijian (1, 2); Niu, Zhiyou (1, 2); Liu, Jing (1, 2); Liu, Meiying (1, 2); Tang, Zhen (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Niu, Zhiyou(nzhy@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:61-70
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Identification of screen breakage in a hammer millis relying mainly on the manual feed sampling currently in the Chinese feed industry. There are four disadvantages in the manual selection for the feed via artificial senses: a)Human errors and failings easily occurred in the mechanical detection of an online system; b)Low efficiency is difficult to meet the requirements of automatic production in modern agriculture; c)High misdetection rate can result in the unqualified granularity of product; d)The procedure is costly, time-consuming and labor-intensive, sometimes involving hazardous chemicals. In this study, an online automatic identification system mounted on a novel sampling mechanism was established for the rapid and accurate detection of screen breakage in a hammer mill using imaging technology and machine vision. Three key parts were designed in the device, including sampling mechanism, screening mechanism, and image acquisition mechanism. Specifically, the sampling mechanism mainly consisted of a chute feeder and automatic sampling components. The screening mechanism was composed of a vibrating feeding device, screen components, and feeder base. The platform of image acquisition included camera abscura, cloud platforms, and complex optical assembly, such as camera, lens, as well as an annular LED light source. The sampling mechanism was selected to automatically select feed samples in real time. The screening mechanism was applied to screen and separate the obtained samples, thereby transfer the samples to the next mechanism. The platform of image acquisition was then applied to collect the image of particles in the samples. A Siemens S7-200 PLC programmable controller was applied to realize automatic control in the whole system, including sampling, sample screening, vibrating, and image collecting. Python language was used for the image processing and programming, graying, denoising, and binarization that contained in image preprocessing, where the contour of large particles and the minimum circumscribed rectangle were determined during the program. The equivalent diameter of the projected circle and the minimum area of circumscribed rectangular for the screened large particles were taken as the characteristic parameters and the threshold, K-nearest neighbor and radial basis function support vector machine were utilized to establish the identification model of screen breakage. The accuracy rates of the threshold model were 98% and 93% for the diameters of 1.0 and 2.0 mm in the screen identification. The recognition model established by the threshold was not stable to deal with the experimental data, due to the different distribution of dataset. The accuracy rates of the KNN(K-Nearest Neighbor, KNN) model were 94% and 96% for the diameters of 1.0 and 2.0 mm in the screen identification, when k was 3, and the input parameters of the nearest neighbor KNN model were set as the average diameter of the projected circle and the average minimum of the circumscribed rectangular area. When the input parameters of the radial basis kernel function support vector machine (RBFSVM) model were set as the average diameter of the projected circle and the average minimum of the circumscribed rectangular area, and the optimal penalty coefficient and gamma parameters (C, g) were (2^-5, 2^-7) and (2, 2^-1), respectively, the recognition accuracies of RBFSVM model were 89% and 91% for the diameters of 1.0 and 2.0 mm in the screen identification. As such, the KNN recognition model was determined as the recognition of the system, in case there was no significant difference between the running speed of KNN and RBFSVM models. The newly developed device can provide promising technical support to the online automatic identification of screen breakage in a hammer mill.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Grinding mills
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Automatic identification - Cameras - Chemical contamination - Chemical detection - Computer software - Feeding - Hammers - Image acquisition - Imaging techniques  - Lenses - Light sources - Motion compensation - Nearest neighbor search - Optical data processing - Parameter estimation - Process control - Screening - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic identification system - Automatic production - Different distributions - Identification model - K-nearest neighbors - Mechanical detection - Radial basis functions - Recognition accuracy
Classification code:605.2  Small Tools, Unpowered - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.3  Optical Devices and Systems - 742.2  Photographic Equipment - 746  Imaging Techniques - 801  Chemistry - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 822.3  Food Products - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.90e+01%, Percentage 9.10e+01%, Percentage 9.30e+01%, Percentage 9.40e+01%, Percentage 9.60e+01%, Percentage 9.80e+01%, Size 1.00e-03m, Size 2.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20211610224701
Title:Design and experiment of screw drive granary robot running on the loose grain surface
Title of translation:&#34746;&#26059;&#39537;&#21160;&#24335;&#31918;&#20179;&#26426;&#22120;&#20154;&#34892;&#36208;&#26426;&#26500;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Jin, Hangjia (1); Wu, Wenfu (1, 2); Wu, Zidan (1); Han, Feng (1); Dong, Ping (1); Xu, Yan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun; 130022, China; (2) School of Grain Science and Technology, Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun; 130022, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Yan(xuyan@jlu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:20-26
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Most postharvest operations on bulk grain surface in the granary management are mainly done manually in current China, such as flatting the grain surface, spraying, turning over grain. In grain-processing industries, it is inevitable to bring high cost, time-consuming, labor-intensive, and dust working environment in the postharvest management. At present, the highly mechanized production requires a new computer-assisted support system for high quality preservation of stored grain. However, the current machinery working on the grain surface easily slips, or overturn, even losing some traction, due mainly to the surface of bulk grain is loose ground, particularly on the discrete corn. It is highly urgent to develop new automatic machinery with a strong driving ability on the loose grain surface, thereby providing a mobile platform for the work on the bulk grain surface. In this study, a novel Screw-Drive Granary Robot (SDGR) was designed to flexibly travel on the bulk grain surface in a granary, where the walking mechanism consisted of two screw-drive wheels with opposite rotation directions. The driving mechanism and control system was presented, according to the interaction relationship between the spiral and the grain surface. The walking robot with the control system can move forward, backward, rotate, and steer differentially on the surface of discrete corn. A running test was conducted under different driving directions and speeds using the prototype on the surface of bulk corn. The results showed that this kind of screw-drive robot has an excellent driving performance on the loose grain surface, where the process of driving in the straight line was very smooth in the field experiment. When the rotational speeds of helical driving wheels were 0.33, 1.06, 1.72, and 1.92 r/s, the straight-line speeds of the robot were 0.07, 0.22, 0.34, and 0.37 m/s, respectively, while, the rotational driving speeds of the robot were 0.10, 0.24, 0.39, and 0.53 r/s, respectively. Furthermore, the straight-line speed and rotational driving speed were directly proportional to the driving rotation speed of screw-drive wheels in the robot. The scale coefficients of linear fitting were approximately 0.197 and 0.251 for the straight-line speed and rotational driving speed, while, the coefficients were 0.999 5 and 0.993 3, respectively, indicating a highly significant linear correlation with the driving rotation speed of screw-drive wheels. The fitting curve showed that the slip rate increased gradually, whereas, the sinking depth gradually decreased, as the driving rotation speed increased, when the screw-drive robot running in a straight line within the test range of rotational speed. Specifically, the sinkage increased significantly, as the driving speed of the robot decreased in a straight line. In addition, the maximum sinkage was 70 mm, about 63.64% of the diameter of the drum in the robot, while the slip rates were very small, indicating the better mobility of the robot on the loose grain surface. This finding can provide a sound reference for the structural design and control system of the screw-drive granary robot traveling on loose grain surface in mechanized production.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Automation - Automobile drivers - Control systems - Curve fitting - Grain elevators - Machine design - Robots - Rotation - Screws - Speed  - Structural design - Turing machines - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Design and control - Driving abilities - Driving mechanism - Driving performance - Interaction relationship - Linear correlation - Rotation directions - Working environment
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 432  Highway Transportation - 601  Mechanical Design - 601.2  Machine Components - 605  Small Tools and Hardware - 721.1  Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 931.1  Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 6.36e+01%, Size 7.00e-02m, Velocity 3.70e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20211610224832
Title:Evaluation of drought monitoring in China using IMERG satellite precipitation products
Title of translation:IMERG&#21355;&#26143;&#38477;&#27700;&#20135;&#21697;&#22312;&#20013;&#22269;&#30340;&#24178;&#26097;&#30417;&#27979;&#25928;&#29992;&#35780;&#20272;
Authors:Wei, Linyong (1, 2); Jiang, Shanhu (1, 2); Ren, Liliang (1, 2); Zhang, Linqi (2); Wang, Menghao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China; (2) College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China
Corresponding author:Jiang, Shanhu(hik0216@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:161-169
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">In the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) era, the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) with high spatiotemporal resolution (spatial resolution of 0.1&deg; and the maximum temporal resolution of 0.5 h) has become one of the most mainstream satellite precipitation products.This study aims to primarily evaluate the ability of the latest retrospective IMERG Final Run precipitation product for drought monitoring in China. The China gauge-based monthly precipitation analysis product (CPAP) gridded data was selected as the reference. Two dimensionless and commonly used meteorological drought indices, including the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), and a comprehensive drought index, the Composite Index of meteorological drought (CI), were calculated using IMERG and CPAP data at conventional scale, respectively. The performance of IMERG product was verified for drought monitoring, where three drought indices were compared over China from June 2000 to December 2017. The results showed that: 1) The IMERG product can well capture the spatial pattern of mean monthly precipitation in China (spatial correlation coefficient of 0.96 and relative bias of 0.02), indicating high consistency with the CPAP data, especially in humid and semi humid areas. The regions with a correlation coefficient over 0.9 were occupied 73.7% of the continental area. However, there was relatively high spatial heterogeneity in the Xinjiang and Qinghai Tibet Plateau regions. 2) The SPI and SPEI were calculated using IMERG product, where the regional mean correlation coefficient was higher than 0.8 in most sub-regions, indicating high reliability and good consistency with the CPAP data at multiple temporal scales (1, 3, 6, and 12 months). Specifically, the IMERG-based SPEI and SPI presented the best performance on the 12-month scale. Moreover, the CI was calculated using IMERG product, showing good usability with the regional mean correlation coefficient 0.756. Generally, the IMERG-based SPEI had better applicability than the SPI and the CI in most regions. 3) In southwestern China, the IMERG can accurately reflect the spatial and temporal variations of drought (drought intensity and drought area), particularly for the IMERG-based SPEI. Temporally, the correlation coefficient between the IMERG-based and CPAP-based SPEI was 0.968 in this region. Spatially, the IMERG-based SPEI precisely captured the spatial characteristics of typical drought disasters on the specific month (March 2010) as well. In short, the retrospective IMERG precipitation product performed a great potential for drought monitoring over China, where the accuracy was influenced by the selection of different drought indices. If the precipitation factor was considered only, the IMERG-based SPI could be applied to identify and evaluate meteorological drought at large scale. However, under the background of global warming, a suggestion could be that the IMERG-based SPEI had a higher potential than the SPI and the CI (considering precipitation and temperature factors) to be utilized in drought monitoring, particularly in semi-arid and arid areas. The IMERG-based CI was suitable for coastal areas, such as Northern China, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and Southeastern China.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Drought
Controlled terms:Global warming - Satellites
Uncontrolled terms:Global precipitation measurements - Middle and lower reaches of the yangtze rivers - Satellite precipitation - Satellite precipitation products - Spatial and temporal variation - Spatial correlation coefficients - Spatio-temporal resolution - Standardized precipitation index
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 444  Water Resources - 655.2  Satellites
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.00e+00yr, Percentage 7.37e+01%, Time 1.80e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20211610224730
Title:Process optimization of green roof substrate reinforcement layer based on biomass ash
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#29983;&#29289;&#36136;&#28784;&#30340;&#23627;&#39030;&#32511;&#21270;&#22522;&#36136;&#21152;&#24378;&#23618;&#24037;&#33402;&#20248;&#21270;
Authors:Xu, Chao (1, 2); Zhao, Shuai (1, 2); Yuan, Qiaoxia (1, 2); Zhang, Xin (1, 2); Gao, Yong (3); Song, Na (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan; 430070, China; (3) Wuhan Optics Valley Bluefire New Energy Co., Ltd, Wuhan; 430072, China; (4) Hubei Haitu Horticultural Landscape Engineering Co., Ltd, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Yuan, Qiaoxia(qxyuan@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:218-225
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">A substrate of a green roof is the most important element in the roof landscaping system. In addition to providing basic functions, such as hydration, nutrition, and physical support for plants, the substrate also requires an excellent water retention capability to enhance rainwater interception, while reducing water evaporation. A fully functional system of a green roof generally includes a planting layer, filtering layer, water storage and drainage layer, moisture-retaining layer, root insulation layer, and an impermeable layer. Complex multi-layer structures are expensive and difficult to construct, while significantly increase the thickness and weight of the tectonic layer, resulting in a substantial building load. This design aims to use biomass ash as the main raw material supplemented by wheat straw and sludge, thereby compressing them into the bottom reinforcement layer to reduce the complexity and cost of the substrate in a green roof. Systematic optimization of binder, formulation ratio, and compression process parameters was utilized to improve the strength of matrix reinforcement layer. Attempts to optimize the matrix strength revealed that the Xanthan gum added at a proportion of 4% improved the structural integrity of biomass ash blocks, where the flexural and shear strength increased by 360.9 N (27.98 times) and 355.8 N (32.94 times), respectively, compared with the control group. The lignin addition group showed only minor improvements in the structural integrity of the reinforced layer, where the addition of 6% lignin only increased the maximum shear force by 29.5 N and the bending force by 41.6 N. The maximum flexural strength of the matrix reinforcement layer was 93.1 N, and the shear strength was 38.4 N when the ratio of biomass ash, wheat straw, and sludge was 4:1:1 by volume (the ratio of dry matter mass was 12.42:1:2.14). In the Scheffe ternary quadratic polynomial simulation, the main component influencing the relaxation density was the straw (coefficient 4.2). Specifically, the flexural strength was mainly affected by the biomass ash and straw (coefficient 451), and the shear strength was mainly affected by the straw and sludge (coefficient 197.2). The optimized ratio of biomass ash, wheat straw, and sludge resulting from this simulation was 3:1:1 by volume (the ratio of dry matter mass was 9.31:1:2.14). This ratio was used to optimize process parameters in the subsequent compression test. The orthogonal experiment showed that the optimal parameters for the compression process of the matrix reinforcement layer were a moisture content of 25% in the mixed raw materials, a molding temperature of 80&#8451;, a molding pressure of 120 kN, holding the pressure for 5 min, when heating and drying under 105&#8451;. In this case, an optimal performance was achieved, indicating a flexural strength of 184.6 N and a shear strength of 162.7 N. A field test was conducted to verify the mix ratio of raw materials and compression process parameters of the matrix reinforcement layer. A comprehensive investigation was made to evaluate the influence of binder type, mix ratio, and compression process parameters on the strength of the matrix reinforcement layer. The findings can provide new insightful ideas and an experimental basis to solve the transportation problem of roof-greening substrate, further to promote the resource utilization of agricultural waste, such as biomass ash, and thereby the optimize the compression process parameters of the substrate reinforcement layer. Subsequent research can be conducted on the combination process of the reinforcement layer and the planting layer in roof landscaping engineering.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Reinforcement
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Bending strength - Biomass - Compression molding - Compression testing - Compressive strength - Land use - Lignin - Moisture - Optimization  - Roofs - Straw - Structural integrity - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Green roof substrates - Moisture retaining layers - Multilayer structures - Orthogonal experiment - Resource utilizations - Systematic optimization - Transportation problem - Water retention capability
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 408  Structural Design - 811.3  Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 822.2  Food Processing Operations - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Force 1.20e+05N, Force 1.63e+02N, Force 1.85e+02N, Force 2.95e+01N, Force 3.84e+01N, Force 4.16e+01N, Force 9.31e+01N, Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+00%, Percentage 6.00e+00%, Time 3.00e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20211610224693
Title:Influence of Vegetable Basket Project on greenhouse expansion of Nanjing City, China
Title of translation:"&#33756;&#31726;&#23376;"&#24037;&#31243;&#23545;&#21335;&#20140;&#24066;&#22823;&#26842;&#25193;&#24352;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Ma, Li (1); Liu, Sihan (1); Shi, Lifeng (1); Sun, Yida (1); Zhong, Taiyang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing; 210023, China
Corresponding author:Zhong, Taiyang(taiyangzhong@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:288-296
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Agriculture has great significance for the national food, resource, and ecological security, closely relating to the life stability and health of every resident. The cultivated land is constantly occupied by urban construction as urbanization rapidly increases. The transfer of a large number of the rural labor force and the change of food consumption structure have caused great challenges on the production and supply of vegetable food in China. The former Ministry of Agriculture has launched the Vegetable Basket Project in 1988, to solve the tight supply of agricultural and sideline products. A Vegetable Basket Project planning aims to transform and expand the vegetable greenhouse base, with emphasis on strong resistance to natural disasters, stable and high yield, further to realize the balance of seasonal production and perennial consumption of vegetables. In remote sensing interpretation of Nanjing City from 1995 to 2017, the cultivated farmlands were retreating from the urban areas, and the vegetable producing areas were shifting from the center to the outer suburbs, while the greenhouse areas were ever-increasing, as the main source of urban construction and expansion. It is necessary to evaluate the Vegetable Basket Policy on the specific change of greenhouse areas in rapid urbanization. In this study, a field survey of farmers and policy analysis was carried out in six main greenhouse planting areas (Pukou, Lishui, Gaochun, Jiangning, Qixia and Liuhe District) in Nanjing, China. A Tobit model was used to quantify the impact of the Vegetable Basket Project on greenhouse expansion. The variables included policy factors (whether it was a vegetable production base and the distance from vegetable production base), location factors (the distance from the vegetable market and the distance from the nearest road) and terrain factor (the slope). The results showed that: 1) The Vegetable Basket Project was an important driving force of greenhouse expansion in Nanjing in recent 20 years, thereby effectively promoting the process of suburban agricultural facilities; 2) In the Vegetable Basket Policy, the most significant impact factor was the planning and construction of vegetable production base on the change of greenhouse areas; 3) The location factors, such as market and traffic, were important impacts on the area of suburban greenhouses. The change proportion of greenhouse areas decreased with the increase of the distance from the vegetable market and roads; 4) There was a regional difference in the change of greenhouse areas. Both market accessibility and traffic convenience played a positive role in the expansion of greenhouses in each district. The policy factors were dominated by the different changes in greenhouse areas. 5) In qualitative analysis, it was found that the Vegetable Basket Policy, together with agricultural, farmers' and farmland policy, promoted the transformation of farmland greenhouses in the suburbs of big cities.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Vegetables
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Commerce - Disasters - Expansion - Farms - Food supply - Greenhouses - Remote sensing - Urban planning
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological security - Qualitative analysis - Rapid urbanizations - Regional differences - Remote sensing interpretation - Urban construction - Vegetable greenhouse - Vegetable productions
Classification code:403.1  Urban Planning and Development - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.3  Food Products - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.00e+01yr
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20211610224696
Title:Balance between land use and water resources for cultivated land and its appropriate scale in Naoli River Basin
Title of translation:&#25376;&#21147;&#27827;&#27969;&#22495;&#27700;&#22303;&#36164;&#28304;&#24179;&#34913;&#21450;&#32789;&#22320;&#21512;&#29702;&#21033;&#29992;&#35268;&#27169;&#29305;&#24449;
Authors:Zhou, Hao (1); Xia, Weisheng (1); Lei, Guoping (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha; 410081, China; (2) Land Management Institute, Northeastern University, Shenyang; 110169, China
Corresponding author:Xia, Weisheng(575661398@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:278-287
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The utilization of water resources in the Sanjiang Plain depends largely on the agricultural structure, where most dry land crops have changed into rice since 2000. It is necessary to explore the balance of soil and water resources, thereby obtaining an optimal utilization scale of cultivated land for sustainable development in China. In this study, the Naoli River Basin was taken as the research area, which was an important commodity grain production base in China. Most datasets were related to water and soil resources, including the remote sensing information, meteorological station, and spatial distribution of cultivated lands. A balance model of soil and water in farmland was established according to the fundamental principle. An evaluation was made to clarify the allocation status of water and soil resources in Naoli River Basin. A quantitative investigation was carried out to obtain an optimal scale on cultivated land suitable for development and utilization, combined with crop irrigation data. The results showed that: 1) The current reclamation rate of Naoli River Basin was 62.61%, and its proportion of paddy field to cultivated land was 37.33%, which was in the middle stage of paddy fields. Evapotranspiration under water stress was the same for dry land and paddy field. The river basin also showed that the water deficit for paddy field was significantly higher than that for dry land; 2) The supply of irrigation water in Naoli River Basin was from 21.23 to 211.91 mm, where the demand for irrigation water in paddy field was higher than that in dry land. Water resources in Fujin City, Youyi and Jixian County were in the overload state, where there were more land resources and fewer water resources for the paddy fields. The current water resources supply conditions cannot meet the demand of cultivated land water; 3) Besides, water resources in Qitaihe City, Shuangyashan City, Raohe and Baoqing County were in the overload state, showing the obvious characteristics of fewer land resources and more water resources. A suggestion can be that the expandable paddy field area of Naoli River Basin cannot exceed 1 101.80 km² in the future, where the proportion of paddy field to cultivated land was controlled below 44.76%. The scale of the paddy fields can be appropriately reduced in Fujin City, Youyi and Jixian County. In Baoqing County, the key dry land can be converted into paddy fields. The findings can be used as a sound references for the cultivated land management in the Naoli River Basin and the Sanjiang Plain.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Landforms
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Crops - Irrigation - Land reclamation - Land use - Plants (botany) - Remote sensing - Rivers - Soils - Water supply  - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Development and utilizations - Fundamental principles - Irrigation waters - Meteorological station - Optimal utilization - Quantitative investigation - Reclamation rates - Remote sensing information
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 442.2  Land Reclamation - 444.1  Surface Water - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 481.1  Geology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Area 1.02e+08m2, Percentage 3.73e+01%, Percentage 4.48e+01%, Percentage 6.26e+01%, Size 2.12e-02m to 2.12e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20211610224731
Title:Classification and segmentation of defect carrots using deep multi-branch models fusion network
Title of translation:&#28145;&#24230;&#22810;&#20998;&#25903;&#27169;&#22411;&#34701;&#21512;&#32593;&#32476;&#30340;&#32993;&#33821;&#21340;&#32570;&#38519;&#35782;&#21035;&#19982;&#20998;&#21106;
Authors:Xie, Weijun (1); Wei, Shuo (1); Zheng, Zhaohui (1); Yang, Guangzhao (1); Ding, Xin (1); Yang, Deyong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Deyong(ydy@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:177-186
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Detection of carrot defects plays an important role in the sale of carrots. The segmentation and extraction of carrot crack regions have become necessary to automatically evaluate the crack degree of carrots, and further trim the area of the crack. In the traditional detection of carrot external quality, different image processing was designed using the features of different defects, showing high complexity while low robustness. In this study, a deep multi-branch models fusion network (CS-net) was proposed to integrate the recognition of carrot defects and segmentation of crack regions. The network contained two parts: the classification of carrot defects (C-Net), and segmentation extraction of carrot crack regions (S-Net). In C-Net, the ResNet-50 pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset was taken as an image feature extractor of carrot. The output features in the 1st, 10th, 22nd, 40th and 49th layers of ResNet-50 were processed by different pooling methods, including Average Pooling (AVP), Global Average Pooling (GAP), and Spatial Pyramid Pooling (SPP), as well as dimension reduction (principal component analysis, ReliefF). The extracted features were then used as input of Support Vector Machines (SVM) to obtain five classification models. Besides, the five classification models were ensemble with different fusion strategies (hard voting, soft voting and stacking) to obtain the final classification model. In S-Net, the pre-trained ResNet-50 was served as the encoder of segmentation network, and then the network decoder was designed to build the segmentation network of carrot crack regions. The results showed that the output features in the 49th layer of the ResNet-50 with SVM model performed best with the test accuracy of 94.71% among the single model. The fusion model with the stacking ensemble performed best with the accuracy of 98.40%, indicating a better performance in the fusion model than the single model. Different pooling methods had different effects on the performance of the model. In the low-level feature maps, the order of performance for different pooling methods was SPP &gt; AVP &gt; GAP. However, the pooling methods had little impact on the model performance with the high-level semantic features. It was found that dimensionality reduction reduced the number of features and then improved the performance of the model. In the segmentation part, the constructed segmentation network with the U-net construction ideas (Res-U-net) performed best with the Pixel Accuracy (PA), Mean Pixel Accuracy (MPA) and mean intersection over union (MIoU) of 98.31%, 96.05% and 92.81%, respectively. The performance of Res-U-net was not affected by the cracking area and different positions of crack. Comparing with Deeplabv3⁺, the PA and the MIoU in the Res-U-net were similar to those of Deeplabv3⁺, while the MPA was better than that of Deeplabv3⁺, and the model size was only half of that of Deeplabv3⁺. In addition, the segmentation speed of single image was faster than that of Deeplabv3⁺. The Res-U-net reached an advanced level in the segmentation task of carrot crack defects. The defect recognition and segmentation network have a positive significance on the quantitative evaluation of carrot external quality and the automatic trim of carrot crack.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Cracks
Controlled terms:Dimensionality reduction - Extraction - Image segmentation - Pixels - Quality control - Semantics - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Classification models - Defect recognition - Different effects - Dimension reduction - Fusion strategies - High-level semantic features - Low-level features - Quantitative evaluation
Classification code:723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.28e+01%, Percentage 9.47e+01%, Percentage 9.60e+01%, Percentage 9.83e+01%, Percentage 9.84e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20211610224728
Title:Multi-time scale property of environmental responses to photosystem II of Artemisia ordosica in Mu Us desert
Title of translation:&#27611;&#20044;&#32032;&#27801;&#22320;&#27833;&#33983;&#20809;&#31995;&#32479;II&#22810;&#26102;&#38388;&#23610;&#24230;&#30340;&#29615;&#22659;&#21709;&#24212;&#29305;&#24449;
Authors:Jin, Chuan (1, 2); Jiang, Yan (1, 2); Li, Xinhao (1, 2); Xu, Mingze (1, 2); Gao, Shengjie (1, 2); Wei, Ningning (1, 2); Jia, Xin (1, 2); Tian, Yun (1, 2); Zha, Tianshan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation of State Forestry Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zha, Tianshan(tianshanzha@bjfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:152-160
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Extreme weather events occur frequently in the desert region of northwest China, such as drought, high temperature, and strong radiation. Desert vegetation is often exposed to multiple environmental stresses. Plants in deserts are at risk of rapid degradation, particularly that those are sensitive to climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the response of vegetation to environmental fluctuations in this region, aiming to clarify the regulatory mechanisms of desert plants to the environments, and thereby predict the succession and development of desert ecosystem communities under future climate change. Chlorophyll fluorescence technology can rapidly collect detailed information of photosystem II (PSII) energy distribution without damage, which is widely used for in situ monitoring environmental stress in plants. However, there are some lags of covariance between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and related environmental factors by just visually examining their time series, particularly on timescales. Wavelet analysis can be selected to analyze transient dynamics between two-time series, providing valuable insights into the temporal dynamics of ecological time series and their environmental controls. Unfortunately, few studies were applied wavelet techniques to chlorophyll fluorescence measurements in desert ecosystems. In this study, an in-situ field measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence was conducted for Artemisia ordosica in the Mu Us desert, and then the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and Wavelet Coherence (WTC) analysis were selected to investigate how the Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), air temperature, Vapor Pressure difference (VPD), and Soil Water Content (SWC) modulated the variability of PSII energy partitioning in the time-frequency domain. The results showed that: The CWT revealed that there were clear daily periodicities on the PSII energy partitioning parameters, such as the photochemical efficiency, regulated heat dissipation, and non-regulated heat dissipation, indicating a strong oscillation at intermediate scales (days to weeks). On the diurnal scale, the continuous areas of significant WTC were observed between PSII energy partitioning parameters and environmental factors during growing seasons, 43 min, 3.3, 4.6 and 10.72 h lagged behind PAR, air temperature, VPD and SWC, respectively (P&lt;0.05). This can imply that the heat dissipation in the lutein cycle and the change of stomatal conductance can be the underlying mechanisms regulating the energy partitioning of PSII on a short timescale. On the seasonal scale, non-continuous areas of significant WTC were observed between PSII energy partitioning parameters and environmental factors, 7.2, 8.8, 14.7, and 21.6 days lagged behind air temperature, VPD, PAR, and SWC, respectively (P&lt;0.05). It infers that the repairing capacity of PSII, the amount of specific protein, and chlorophyll concentration can be the underlying mechanisms regulating the energy partitioning of PSII on a long timescale. The fluctuations of the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry and PSII energy partitioning parameters of Artemisia ordosica were basically consistent with the vegetation phenological period. In July and August, maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry and &Phi;<inf>PSII</inf> decreased, whereas, regulated heat dissipation and non-regulated heat dissipation increased. In May and September, non-regulated heat dissipation increased, while maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry decreased. This demonstrated that the mechanisms of Artemisia ordosica regulating PSII energy partitioning depended mainly on different time scales. It was also found that Artemisia ordosica can repair the damaged PSII by itself in the harsh environment, especially in a desert, returning to normal physiological level in which the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry remained around 0.78, indicating that a strong tolerance to drought and high radiation. This study can provide a scientific reference to real-time monitor the crop growth, and thereby protect the agricultural ecology system in the desert.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Time series analysis
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Arid regions - Atmospheric temperature - Chlorophyll - Climate change - Drought - Ecosystems - Environmental technology - Fluorescence - Frequency domain analysis  - Landforms - Office buildings - Quantum yield - Soil moisture - Time series - Vegetation - Wavelet transforms
Uncontrolled terms:Chlorophyll concentration - Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements - Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters - Continuous wavelet transforms - Environmental fluctuations - Photochemical efficiency - Photosynthetically active radiation - Vapor pressure differences
Classification code:402.2  Public Buildings - 443  Meteorology - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 444  Water Resources - 454  Environmental Engineering - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1  Geology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 741.1  Light/Optics - 801.4  Physical Chemistry - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Age 5.92e-02yr, Time 1.66e+04s, Time 2.58e+03s, Time 3.86e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20211610224830
Title:Identification of multiple leaf diseases using improved SqueezeNet model
Title of translation:&#37319;&#29992;&#25913;&#36827;&#30340;SqueezeNet&#27169;&#22411;&#35782;&#21035;&#22810;&#31867;&#21494;&#29255;&#30149;&#23475;
Authors:Liu, Yang (1, 2); Gao, Guoqin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) College of Electronical Information Engineering, Nantong Vocational University, Nantong; 226007, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Guoqin(gqgao@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:187-195
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">A significant increase in agricultural production is highly demanding, due to the ever-increasing human population over the last decades. However, the crop yield is greatly affected by various plant diseases. Timely and accurate identification of leaf disease is very necessary for plant disease control. In this study, 38 types of leaf images (from 14 different crops) were used for the identification. These images were collected from the PlantVillage project (an open-source leaf disease database). Since the convolutional neural network (CNN) can automatically learn appropriate features from training data, CNN has become one of the most popular ways for image identification, better than traditional machine learning using manual feature extraction. However, the number of parameters in a CNN model was very huge, leading to a very heavy computation load. Thus, the traditional CNN was difficult to apply in real time measurement. Three methods were proposed to reduce the size of a CNN model and the computation load. The first method was to replace some of the 3&times;3 convolution filters with 1&times;1 convolution filters. A 3&times;3 convolution filter included 9 parameters, requiring 9 floating-point multiplications to obtain one solution. If this 3&times;3 convolution filter was replaced by a 1&times;1 convolution filter, the number of parameters and the number of required multiplications could reduce to 1. Thus, this method could help to reduce the size of a model and its computation load. The second method was to move the convolution calculation from large- to small-size feature maps. The idea was to reduce the computation load at the cost of a slightly performance drop. This can be done by adjusting the position of convolution module in the CNN. If a 3&times;3 filter was convolute with an 2N&times;2N feature map, the total number of floating-point multiplication was 36N². If the same 3&times;3 filter was convolute with a N&times;N feature map, the total number of floating-point multiplication was 9N², only a quarter of previous computation load. Therefore, if the convolution was performed with a smaller size feature map, the amount of calculation greatly reduced. The premise of this modification was that the performance drop was very small. The third method was to reduce the depth of a CNN model. It was obvious that a very deep neural network was not needed for a relatively simple task. Therefore, the idea behind the third method was to use a suitable network instead of a very complicated neural network for a relatively simple task. The experiment showed that the performance drop in the SqueezeNet was only around 0.5% for a classification task in the 38 types of images, if the last 3 fire modules were removed. 5 improved CNN models were proposed for leaf disease identification. The experiments showed that the size of the optimal model was around 0.62MB, and the computation load of this model was only 111 MFLOPs. Specifically, the average accuracy rate was 98.13%, and the average recall rate was 98.09%, while the average precision rate was 97.62%, showing higher cost efficiency than before. The proposed model can greatly reduce the size of the model, while reducing the computation load, and only a slight decrease in performance. There was an excellent balance on the performance, model size, and computation load. The improved model can be suitable for deployment on mobile terminals and other embedded resource-constrained devices, thereby contribute to real-time and accurate identification of crop diseases.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Convolutional neural networks
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Convolution - Crops - Deep neural networks - Digital arithmetic - Disease control - Drops - Image processing
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Classification tasks - Computation loads - Convolution filters - Floating point multiplication - Image identification - Real time measurements - Resourceconstrained devices
Classification code:716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 721.1  Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e-01%, Percentage 9.76e+01%, Percentage 9.81e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20211610224703
Title:Friction and wear behaviors of driving rope wheel system in the traction type mountain orchard transporter
Title of translation:&#29301;&#24341;&#24335;&#23665;&#22320;&#26524;&#22253;&#36816;&#36755;&#26426;&#39537;&#21160;&#32499;&#36718;&#25705;&#25830;&#30952;&#25439;
Authors:Li, Shanjun (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); Hou, Jianfeng (1, 2); Wan, Qiang (1, 2, 3, 5); Qiao, Anguo (6); Li, Weimin (7); Xin, Zhiqiang (1, 2); Liu, Xing (1, 2); Zhang, Zihao (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) China Agriculture (Citrus) Research System, Wuhan; 430070, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China; (4) National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Wuhan; 430070, China; (5) Citrus Mechanization Research Base, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China; (6) Wuhan Ligeng Orchard Machinery Corporation Limited, Wuhan; 430070, China; (7) Wuhan Teinso Technology Corporation Limited, Wuhan; 430000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:71-78
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">A system of driving rope wheel is the main driving part of a traction-type transporter for mountainous orchards. Specifically, a steel wire rope is winded alternately on two fixed multi-groove wheels in turn, and then the rope is tensioned after connecting into a closed loop in the system of driving rope wheel for the traction-type transporter. One multi groove wheel is connected with the power source, and another is fixed independently to the bodies which define the frame of a transporter. As such, the system of the driving rope wheel can provide the driving force for the orchard transporter, with a large working load, long working time, and serious wear. In this study, a systematic investigation was made to analyze the influence of variable factors on the tribological behavior at the dual contact region between a wire rope and pulley, in order to explore the friction and wear mechanism of a driving rope wheel system. A dynamic contact model of a rope and friction pulley was established using an ADAMS platform, where a series of comparative models were obtained by tailoring the parameters of each factor. A bench test was also carried out to verify the effectiveness of the mathematical model and numerical simulation of a driving rope wheel system. A tension sensor, electronic balance, and three-dimensional microscope system were used to quantify the force of steel wire rope, the wear amount, and wear morphology of multi-groove wheels. The simulation results showed that the complete winding can bear most of the friction force during contact. Starting from the load end of the connection, the friction force on the grooves at each complete winding circle decreased along the steel wire rope direction. The wear morphology of multi-groove wheels showed that the friction force of each groove also decreased along the direction of steel wire rope, where the failure mode of the groove was plastic deformation and wear mode. The number of winding circle increased from 2/3 to 4/5, compared with the calculation of the model. The friction force at the maximum stress decreased by 48.66%, and the mean square deviation of forces on each groove was reduced from 102.97 N to 46.53 N, indicating the force was more balanced in the system of the driving rope wheel. The smaller the center distance or the larger the diameter of the two grooved wheels was, the more balanced the stress on the grooves of each complete winding circle was. There was a very small influence of slot distance and dip angle of slot wall on friction behavior. The wear rate analysis of multi-groove wheels showed that the larger center distance, smaller preload and more complete circles can effectively alleviate the wear of the wire rope and friction pulley. The findings can provide a promising reference for the subsequent optimization of the driving rope wheel system in a traction-type transporter for mountainous orchards.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Wheels
Controlled terms:Electronic scales - Friction - Mooring - Morphology - Orchards - Pulleys - Tribology - Wear of materials - Winding - Wire rope
Uncontrolled terms:Dynamic contact models - Electronic balances - Friction and wear - Friction and wear behaviors - Friction behavior - Mean square deviation - Microscope systems - Tribological behaviors
Classification code:535.2  Metal Forming - 601.2  Machine Components - 691.1  Materials Handling Equipment - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Force 1.03e+02N to 4.65e+01N, Percentage 4.87e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20211610224708
Title:Prediction model for moisture content in cantaloupe slices using LF-NMR and different drying methods
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;LF-NMR&#21450;&#19981;&#21516;&#24178;&#29157;&#26041;&#27861;&#30340;&#21704;&#23494;&#29916;&#29255;&#21547;&#27700;&#29575;&#39044;&#27979;&#27169;&#22411;
Authors:Li, Linlin (1, 2); Chen, Junliang (1, 2); Duan, Xu (1, 2); Ren, Guangyue (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang; 471023, China; (2) Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for Drying Technology and Equipment of Agricultural Products, Luoyang; 471023, China
Corresponding author:Duan, Xu(duanxu_dx@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:304-312
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Intelligent drying is one of the most promising directions to preserve a wide variety of food and agricultural products in modern drying technology. It is necessary to real-time monitor the physicochemical properties of materials in the drying process, thereby regulating the drying parameters. Furthermore, the water state and the moisture content of materials are the key information to control the drying process. In this study, the hot air drying (HA) and infrared drying (IR) were used at the same level of temperature (50, 60, and 70&#8451;) to dehydrate the cantaloupe slices. A low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) was utilized to analyze the moisture migration and its variation in the products during two drying processes. A robust prediction model of moisture content was established using chemometric methods, where the NMR parameters of samples were obtained by LF-NMR during HA and IR. The results showed that the drying temperature significantly affected the drying characteristics of cantaloupe slices, either HA or IR. The high temperature was beneficial to shorten the drying time, due mainly to the high efficiency of mass transfer during drying. A higher drying efficiency was achieved in the IR, compared with HA. The reason was that the infrared radiation in the IR can penetrate the material to realize internal heating. The IR shortened the drying time up to 20.0%-37.5%, at the same temperature level. In LF-NMR analysis, the bound water, immobile water and free water were detected in fresh cantaloupe. The curves of transverse relaxation time (T<inf>2</inf>) moved to the left of the coordinate during HA and IR process, indicating the degree of freedom of moisture was reduced in the sample. There were also some changes in the NMR parameters obtained from the T<inf>2</inf> curves. Specifically, the peak of transverse relaxation time for the free water T<inf>23p</inf> decreased steadily, whereas, that for the immobile water T<inf>22p</inf> showed various change trends, due to the differences in drying method and drying temperature. Unlike the gradual decrease in T<inf>21p</inf> (the peak of transverse relaxation time for the bound water) during the HA process, T<inf>21p</inf> raised briefly at the initial stage of IR and then decreased. This phenomenon can be due to the vibration and rotation of organic molecules in the material, when absorbed the infrared energy, which caused the state change of water that was combined with the organic molecules. The peak area of free water A<inf>23</inf> gradually decreased, while that of immobile water A<inf>22</inf> and bound water A<inf>21</inf> fluctuated in the HA and IR. The A<inf>22</inf> and A<inf>21</inf> showed an upward trend before the disappearance, indicating that it was related to the conversion among water with different states. There was only a peak of bound water in the sample at the end of drying. The collected moisture content and NMR parameters during drying were used to establish the univariate model, multiple linear regression model (MLR), partial least squares regression model (PLSR), and multiple nonlinear regression model (Support vector machine, SVM) for the prediction of moisture content in the cantaloupes. The best performance with a determination coefficient of 0.986 (calibration set) was achieved in the PLSR model suitable for collinearity problems, compared with the MLR and SVM models. Furthermore, the determination coefficient for predicting (R<inf>P</inf>²) of the PLSR model independent of HA or IR dataset was higher than 0.99, indicating that the PLSR combined with LF-NMR can realize the rapid determination of moisture content for cantaloupe slices, while it was not affected by the variances in water status caused by different drying. This finding can provide an insightful basis for the prediction model of moisture content in the fruits and vegetables using LF-NMR and multi-processing.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Infrared drying
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Agricultural robots - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Driers (materials) - Forecasting - High temperature operations - Infrared radiation - Least squares approximations - Linear regression - Mass transfer  - Moisture - Moisture determination - Molecules - Nuclear magnetic resonance - Physicochemical properties - Predictive analytics - Relaxation time - Support vector machines - Support vector regression
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - Drying characteristics - Fruits and vegetables - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR) - Multiple linear regression models - Multiple nonlinear regression - Partial least squares regression models - Transverse relaxation time
Classification code:641.3  Mass Transfer - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.1  Light/Optics - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.00e+01% to 3.75e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20211610224949
Title:Optimization and experiment of working parameters of cultivator-ridging-device with curved wing
Title of translation:&#26354;&#32764;&#20013;&#32789;&#22521;&#22303;&#35013;&#32622;&#20316;&#19994;&#21442;&#25968;&#20248;&#21270;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Qi, Jiangtao (1, 2); Sun, Huibin (1, 2); Jia, Honglei (1, 2); Liu, Hang (1, 2); Zhang, Shengwei (1, 2); Chen, Tianyou (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun; 130022, China; (2) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun; 130022, China
Corresponding author:Jia, Honglei(jiahl@vip.163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:79-85
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Operation quality of ridging has become more important in Northeastern China, as the soil is seriously hardening. The soil moisture content, protection against drought, and promoting maize growth have been significantly affected by the operation quality of the cultivation and ridge in the environment of corn growth. The reasonable agricultural structure and operation parameters can effectively improve the soil environment for the better growth of corn. However, there were some problems in the traditional covering device, such as the low ridging performance and breakage rate of soil particles. In this study, a new kind of cultivator ridging device with a curved wing was designed, including a soil heaping board and a novel improved system of resistance monitor during soil ridging operation. The addition of a curved wing was an effective way to raise the breakage rate of soil particles and ridging performance, since the construction can increase the soil disturbance. A soil bin test was conducted to verify the reliability of the improved systems in four contrast groups. The error analysis of the device was concurrently made using a resistance monitor of three-point form. In addition, a systematic theoretical analysis of parts and structure was performed on the cultivator ridging device with a curved wing, thereby designing the soil heaping board with curved wings. A Box-Behnken experiment was carried out to evaluate the working parameters, including the factors of operating speed, the angle of shovel wing, and digging depth. The breakage rate of soil particles and ridging performance were taken as the key target in the experimental conditions. A Design-Expert 8.0.6 software was selected to conduct the variance analysis and surface response analysis of the data, where the indicators were the pass rate of ridge height and the breakage rate of soil particles. Mathematic models were established between the indicators and factors, and the reliability of a model was verified in the field test. A multi-index optimization on all the factors was defined as the optimal combination of parameters and experimental verification. The results of performance test showed that the optimal parameters about each factor were the operating speed of 7.57 km/h, the angle of shovel wing of 61&deg;, and the digging depth of 152 mm. In this optimal condition, the ridge height for the pass rate was 62.13 mm, and the breakage rate of soil particles was 86.78%. All the targets met the standard requirements for agricultural machinery. The experiment results were compared with the predicted values of the mathematic models, showing that the model was reliable. The field test showed that the ridging device with a curved wing had a high value in the pass rate of ridge height and the breakage rate of soil particles, indicating a better performance of ridging, and a better reliability of resistance monitor. The findings can offer new supporting technology and theoretical reference for the optimization design of a ridging device and operation quality of ridging.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Cultivation
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural robots - Reliability - Shovels - Soil moisture
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental conditions - Experimental verification - Operation parameters - Optimal combination - Optimization design - Standard requirements - Supporting technology - Surface response analysis
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.68e+01%, Size 1.52e-01m, Size 6.21e-02m, Velocity 2.10e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20211610224705
Title:Damage mechanism of Hanseniaspora opuntiae by high hydrostatic pressure
Title of translation:&#36229;&#39640;&#21387;&#23545;&#20185;&#20154;&#25484;&#26377;&#23394;&#27721;&#36874;&#37237;&#27597;&#30340;&#25439;&#20260;&#26426;&#29702;
Authors:Lei, Yuqing (1, 2); Hao, Jingyi (1, 2); Wu, Ao (1, 2); Gan, Zhilin (1, 2); Sun, Aidong (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Aidong(adsun@bjfu.edn.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:297-303
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae often appears on the surface of berries in the early natural fermentation of fruit wine, particularly on the most common varieties of Kloeckera apiculata and Hanseniaspora uvarum. However, the growth, reproduction, and metabolism of the non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae can easily produce ethanol and other undesired components, thereby causing the quality changes in most fruit and vegetable products, generally regarded the phenomenon as a spoilage strain. Thermal treatment is a common way to kill spoilage strains in fruit and vegetable juice, fresh fruit and non-alcoholic beverages. This approach can effectively inhibit the growth of spoilage strains. However, the loss of heat-sensitive active substances is accompanied during the treatment, leading inevitably to the decline in sensory quality of food. Alternatively, non-thermal sterilization technology, represented by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), has widely been applied in food processing, which can effectively overcome the disadvantages of thermal treatment. Most previous studies were relatively comprehensive focuses on the bacteria in the sterilization mechanism of HHP on food microorganisms, but it is still lacking on the non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Furthermore, the growth and reproduction of non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae are the main factors resulting in the microbial spoilage of berry products. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively inhibit the physiological activity of non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae, thereby improving the product quality, while reducing the loss of flavor value. One kind of non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Hanseniaspora opuntiae can be separated from natural berries. Therefore, it is feasible to investigate the damage mechanism of Hanseniaspora opuntiae with different sterilization treatments. In this study, Hanseniaspora opuntiae was isolated from naturally putrefied Patriot blueberry (Semen trigonellae) juice, and then treated with HHP to explore the damage mechanism, where the pressure of 300 MPa and the duration of 300 s were selected as the experimental condition. A flow cytometry, circular dichroism, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were adopted to determine the effects of HHP on the cell membrane, cell morphology and intracellular substances. The experimental results showed that the death count of HHP was 4.36 lg (CFU/mL), indicating an excellent inactivation effect. After treatment with HHP, the cell membrane was destroyed, and 70.50% of Hanseniaspora opuntiae was stained by PI. Nucleic acid, protein and ions were leaked out, where the OD<inf>260nm</inf> and OD<inf>280nm</inf> reached 1.132 and 0.374, respectively, and the electrical conductivity rose to 26 &mu;S/cm, indicating that the membrane permeability of most cells increased. Meanwhile, the activities of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-ATPase, and total ATPase decreased, where the inhibition rates reached 31.13%, 16.01%, and 20.06%, respectively. The results of AO staining and circular dichroism spectrum demonstrated that the structure of nucleic acid and protein were changed, proving that the HHP can affect intracellular substances. In the images of SEM and TEM, there were perforations on the cell membrane and outflow of cytoplasm in large quantities. The results indicated that the HHP damage to Hanseniaspora opuntiae was due mainly to the destruction of the cell membrane, which caused the intracellular substances to lose their activities in an HHP treatment.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:47
Main heading:Spoilage
Controlled terms:Alcoholic beverages - Cell proliferation - Cells - Cytology - Dichroism - Fruits - Heat treatment - High resolution transmission electron microscopy - Hydraulics - Hydrostatic pressure  - Membranes - Morphology - Nucleic acids - Proteins - Scanning electron microscopy - Sterilization (cleaning) - Thermal processing (foods) - Vegetables - Yeast
Uncontrolled terms:Circular dichroism spectra - Electrical conductivity - Experimental conditions - High hydrostatic pressure - Intracellular substances - Membrane permeability - Non-alcoholic beverages - Physiological activity
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9  Biology - 537.1  Heat Treatment Processes - 631.1.1  Liquid Dynamics - 632.1  Hydraulics - 741.1  Light/Optics - 741.3  Optical Devices and Systems - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.2  Food Processing Operations - 822.3  Food Products - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Electrical_Conductivity 2.60e-03S/m, Percentage 1.60e+01%, Percentage 2.01e+01%, Percentage 3.11e+01%, Percentage 7.05e+01%, Pressure 3.00e+08Pa, Time 3.00e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20211610224697
Title:Design and experiment of tomato picking end-effector based on non-destructive pneumatic clamping control
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#27668;&#21160;&#26080;&#25439;&#22841;&#25345;&#25511;&#21046;&#30340;&#30058;&#33540;&#37319;&#25688;&#26411;&#31471;&#25191;&#34892;&#22120;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Chen, Ziwen (1); Yang, Mingjin (1); Li, Yunwu (1); Yang, Ling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:27-35
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Harvesting of fresh fruit remains heavily reliant on manual labor. It is the most time-consuming and laborious part of the whole fruit production process, which accounts for about 40% of the total workload. Therefore, automatic fruit harvesting technology and agricultural picking robots become a focus of research, and one of the key questions is how to design an end-effector of harvester suitable for specific fruits without damaging fruit during the picking process. A pneumatic sucking-gripping integrated non-destructive end-effector for tomato was developed and a non-destructive control method was proposed in this study. Firstly, an innovative multi-link 3-finger mechanism with spatial envelope was designed, which was arranged symmetrically on a 3-finger type slide guide air gripper and driven by it. The vacuum cup was fixed in the center of three claws and was hinged to claws through multi-linkage. Based on this structure, the degrees of freedom (DOF) of vacuum cup were limited to the axial direction of the air gripper, when three claws opened or closed. Thus, the two motions of pulling and gripping the fruit which was sucked by a vacuum cup were driven by a single active component in order. Secondly, the structural parameters of end effector with a maximum envelope range of 156 mm and the maximum moving distance of sucker 38.7 mm are determined by establishing of kinematic model. Meanwhile, the relative relation between the motion velocity and acceleration of each component was obtained based on ADAMS kinematics and dynamics simulation analysis, as well as the relative relation between the holding force and pneumatic system pressure and fruit size. Thirdly, an electro-pneumatic system of end-effector with pressure feedback and pressure continuous regulation function was built. The Arduino Due programmable controller was used as the controller to control the proportional pressure regulating valve, so that the clamping force can be adjusted continuously in real time. In addition, FSR-402 pressure sensors were placed inside the three gripper fingers to detect the clamping force of each finger in the picking process. By analyzing the time domain signal of the digital quantity of the pressure sensors on the gripper fingers under the two slip conditions of the linear movement and rotation of the fruit relative to the gripper fingers, the dual-threshold slip judgment algorithm based on dynamic standard deviation rising fluctuation node and non-destructive picking control strategy based on slippage criterion and threshold of damage limit pressure were presented. Finally, the actuator performance test was carried out in the vegetable planting base of Bishan District, Chongqing, China. 204 ripe tomatoes of Hongyun 712 cultivar with an outer diameter from 50 to 100 mm were selected for field trials. The indexes of picking success rate were defined to evaluate the performance of the end-effector. The direct damage rate and a 72 h browning rate were used to measure the performance of non-destructive clamping control method. The experimental results showed that the picking success rate was 96.03% of this actuator, direct damage rate was 1.58%, 72 h browning rate was 1.76%, and time consuming of one picking process was 5 s, which demonstrated the picking end-effector could sufficiently meet the usage demand of fruit picking robot.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:End effectors
Controlled terms:Actuators - Agricultural robots - Clamping devices - Controllers - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Fruits - Grippers - Kinematics - Machine design - Pneumatic control  - Pneumatic equipment - Pressure control - Pressure sensors - Time domain analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Actuator performance - Focus of researches - Kinematics and dynamics - Non-destructive control - Regulation functions - Standard deviation - Structural parameter - Time-domain signal
Classification code:601  Mechanical Design - 632.3  Pneumatics - 632.4  Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1  Control Equipment - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921  Mathematics - 931.1  Mechanics - 944.3  Pressure Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.58e+00%, Percentage 1.76e+00%, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 9.60e+01%, Size 1.56e-01m, Size 3.87e-02m, Size 5.00e-02m to 1.00e-01m, Time 2.59e+05s, Time 5.00e+00s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20211610224688
Title:Cooperative working strategy for agricultural robot groups based on farmland environment
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#20892;&#30000;&#29615;&#22659;&#30340;&#20892;&#19994;&#26426;&#22120;&#20154;&#32676;&#21327;&#21516;&#20316;&#19994;&#31574;&#30053;
Authors:Gong, Jinliang (1); Wang, Wei (1); Zhang, Yanfei (2); Lan, Yubin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo; 255049, China; (2) School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo; 255049, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Yanfei(84374294@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:11-19
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">This study aims to propose a collaborative control strategy with the task assignment and whole area coverage for heterogeneous groups of agricultural robots under the complex environment of farmland. The new system was also utilized to reasonably allocate the workload and work area of each robot in the collaborative operation of agricultural robot groups, and thereby improving the overall work efficiency in precision agriculture. Various performance parameters were considered, including the energy consumption, failure rate, historical workload, and service quality of agricultural robots. Taking the overall efficiency of a robot team as the optimization goal, the agricultural robots were selected to effectively perform the specific task, where the workload of each participating robot was determined in the collaboration control framework. The complex working environment of agricultural robots was set, according to the actual characteristics in the digital ecological circular farm of the Shandong University of Technology and Zibo Hefeng Seed Company, China. A field experiment was carried out on the whole area coverage strategy of robot groups. The farmland separated by the intertwining road was taken as a primary partitioning, according to the actual farm working environment. The primary partitions were rasterized for environmental modeling operations, and thereby the common working range of robot groups was set to the unit length of cells in the grid. Specifically, the irregular obstacle was treated by the expansion operation in binary morphology of image processing, when the edge line of the obstacle cannot align to the edge line of the raster in the simulation. In the modeling of rasterized environment and the treatment of obstacle expansion, the raster partitioning at the second level was established inside the first level partitioning. The merging operation between the raster partitions was also conducted to reduce the number of partitionings in the raster diagram. The operations expansion and reduction were carried out for the enlarged obstacles after the partition merging. The Genetic Algorithm(GA) and Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO) were combined to improve the traditional GA crossover operation in computer-assisted support systems. The genetic diversity and chromosome population structure were utilized to enhance the convergence speed, where the chromosome was crossed with the chromosome of real-time optimal fitness value in an iterative process. The GA concept of chromosome population diversity was established to consider the differences of fitness value for the chromosome in GA, and the species diversity in the different phases, thereby setting the adaptive crossover probability and mutation probability. The improved GA was then used to solve the problem of traversal sequence in a depth-first search algorithm when traversing over the partitions of the first and the second level. The path search rules were set in the second level partition, where the starting point and the end point of a traversal were determined in the depth-first search algorithm. The work area of a robot was allotted according to the workload of the robot using the depth-first search algorithm when traversing in the raster chart. The traversal rules of the robot in the working area were set by A* algorithm and eight-neighborhood search algorithm, further to realize the complete coverage of robot groups on the whole region. The simulation results showed that the path length of traversing each partition, iteration times, and the converge time to the optimal solution in the improved GA were 2.8%, 69.5%, and 64.2% less than those of the traditional GA, while, 9.3%, 19.0%, and 9.9% less than those of the simulated annealing algorithm. When the total area of obstacles remained unchanged, the total area repetition rate of the robot population covering the whole area increased, as the number of obstacles increased. The total area repetition rate of the obstacles with the highest dispersion in the map was 23.4% in the simulation experiment. Four types of special farmland were set, where there were different shapes but the same total amount of workload. 7 obstacles with the same positions, shapes, sizes and quantities were set in each specially-shaped farmland. The total area repetition rates of robot were 16.7%, 13.1%, 11.9%, and 6.7% when traversing the four farmlands. The experimental results showed that the task assignment and regional coverage scheme can achieve the robot group at work full coverage of work area within the prescribed time. The work strategy of the robot groups can provide theoretical support for the collaborative operation of agricultural robot groups on the complex environment in modern agriculture.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Agricultural robots
Controlled terms:Biodiversity - Chromosomes - Energy utilization - Expansion - Failure analysis - Farms - Genetic algorithms - Image processing - Iterative methods - Learning algorithms  - Merging - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Rasterization - Robots - Seed - Simulated annealing
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive crossover probability - Collaborative control - Collaborative operations - Depth first search algorithms - Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization - Performance parameters - Population structures - Simulated annealing algorithms
Classification code:454  Environmental Engineering - 461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 537.1  Heat Treatment Processes - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.5  Robotics - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.19e+01%, Percentage 1.31e+01%, Percentage 1.67e+01%, Percentage 1.90e+01%, Percentage 2.34e+01%, Percentage 2.80e+00%, Percentage 6.42e+01%, Percentage 6.70e+00%, Percentage 6.95e+01%, Percentage 9.30e+00%, Percentage 9.90e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20211610224698
Title:Effects of acid-washing on the pyrolysis characteristics of duckweed
Title of translation:&#37240;&#27927;&#33073;&#30719;&#23545;&#28014;&#33805;&#28909;&#35299;&#20135;&#29289;&#29305;&#24615;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Zhu, Youjian (1); Chen, Yiming (1); Liu, Yun (1); Chen, Wei (2); Yang, Wei (1); Yang, Haiping (2); Huang, Zhen (3); Zhao, Hai (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Power and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou; 450000, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan; 430074, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou; 510000, China; (4) Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu; 610000, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Haiping(yhping2002@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:235-241
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">The utilization of duckweed in wastewater treatment has gained ever-increasing attention in recent years. Meanwhile, the harvested duckweed can offer the potential to use for energy production. As a promising thermochemical conversion technology, the pyrolysis can convert the solid fuel to bio-char, bio-oil and combustible gas products with high efficiency. However, the duckweed generally has a high ash content, such as alkali, alkali earth metals, and minerals, due to the special cultivation environment and harvesting. This has posed a great challenge for the thermochemical conversion and the quality of pyrolysis products. Therefore pretreatment, such as acid washing, is necessary to reduce the content of these minerals in the conversion process. In this work, a pyrolysis experiment was performed on the duckweed, which was normally used to mitigate the water pollutions in Erhai Lake, Yunnan Province, China. Acid-washing was firstly conducted for the duckweed to remove the inorganic species in the fuel. Then, the pyrolysis experiments of the raw and acid-washed duckweed were carried out in a fixed bed reactor at 400-900&#8451;, with an interval of 100&#8451;, to investigate the effect of acid-washing on the yield and composition of solid, liquid and gaseous products. The results showed that the acid treatment can effectively remove most of the alkali, alkaline earth metals, and the majority of phosphorus in the biomass. Meanwhile, the fixed carbon and C content were greatly improved. The heating value increased substantially to 19.4 kJ/kg, which was close comparatively to the woody biomasses with a heating value of 17.6-20.8 kJ/kg. The results of pyrolysis experiments showed that the solid products decreased but the gas products increased with the increase of temperature in both raw and acid-washed fuel. Conversely, the liquid products increased firstly to the maximum at 500&#8451; and decreased with the increase of temperature. After treatment, the solid and gas products decreased by 1.43%-8.02%, and 2.81%-19.89%, respectively, with the increase of liquid products by 1.63%-16.72%. In acid-washed duckweed, the solid, liquid and gas products changed slightly, when the pyrolysis temperature was higher than 600 &#8451;. In addition, there were more significant differences of liquid and solid products between the raw and acid-washed duckweed at 700-900&#8451;. In the gas products, the acid treatment relatively reduced the release of CO, CO<inf>2</inf>, CH<inf>4</inf>, and H<inf>2</inf>. However, the reduction of CO<inf>2</inf> was much higher than that of the other gases, and thereby the heating value of gas products increased by 5%-155%, compared with that from the raw duckweed. In the solid products, both the fixed carbon and C content of the char samples from the acid-washed duckweed increased significantly with the decrease of ash and O content, compared with that from the raw duckweed. The composition of bio-oil changed slightly after acid treatment. Specifically, there was a slight change trend of N-containing species, aliphatic hydrocarbon, and aromatic hydrocarbon after acid treatment. However, the content of phenols, furans and carbonyl compounds in bio-oil decreased with the significant increase of alcohols and ether at 400-600&#8451;. The acid treatment can greatly improve the quality of gas and solid products, where the content of combustible compounds increased for the high heating value. In the liquid products, both the raw and acid-washed duckweed showed potential utilization in producing N-containing species and aromatic hydrocarbon at low and high temperatures.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Petroleum industry
Controlled terms:Aliphatic hydrocarbons - Aromatic hydrocarbons - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Carbonyl compounds - Chemical reactors - Fuels - Gases - Heating - Liquids  - Mineral oils - Pyrolysis - Washing - Wastewater treatment - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Alkali earth metal - Conversion process - High heating values - Pyrolysis characteristics - Pyrolysis experiments - Pyrolysis products - Pyrolysis temperature - Thermochemical Conversion
Classification code:452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 453  Water Pollution - 513.3  Petroleum Products - 802.1  Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.43e+00% to 8.02e+00%, Percentage 1.63e+00% to 1.67e+01%, Percentage 2.81e+00% to 1.99e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00% to 1.55e+02%, Specific_Energy 1.76e+04J/kg to 2.08e+04J/kg, Specific_Energy 1.94e+04J/kg
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20211610224715
Title:Tapping error analysis and precision control of fixed tapping robot
Title of translation:&#22266;&#23450;&#24335;&#21106;&#33014;&#26426;&#22120;&#20154;&#21106;&#33014;&#35823;&#24046;&#20998;&#26512;&#19982;&#31934;&#24230;&#25511;&#21046;
Authors:Gao, Keke (1); Sun, Jianghong (1); Gao, Feng (1); Jiao, Jian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Electrical and Mechanical School, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing; 100192, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Jianghong(278796059@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:44-50
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Tapping is the key technical procedure for the extraction of the latex from rubber trees in the processing of natural rubber. However, there are some problems with current fixed rubber-tapping equipment, such as high production cost, high weight of the whole machine, and low tapping precision. In this study, a new fixed tapping robot was designed using advanced polymer materials. The tapping robot was mainly composed of the clamping mechanism, tapping table, combined roller screw pair, and the module of measuring limits. The weight of the main body in a robot was reduced, thereby making it easier to assemble than before. It is conducive to mass processing and production of tapping robots made of polymer materials, due mainly to the processing cost was also reduced. Specifically, the clamping component was utilized to hold on the tree trunk, when the tapping robot was attached to the rubber tree within the rubber cutting cycle. A tapping control system was selected to scan the tree rounds before tapping. In processing, the eccentric load can cause the bending behavior of the rubber trunk between the tapping robot and the tree trunk. A circumferential motor and an axial motor were set to control the trajectory of the cutter. The running speed of the two motors was controlled to move at a certain ratio during the cutting process, where the spiral secant in space was formed from the bottom right to the top left around the rubber tree. An ultrasonic sensor was used to scan the tree rounds, thereby determining the distance between the ultrasonic sensor and rubber trunk. A mathematical model of error predictive control was established to obtain the distance between the tip of the cutter and the bark. A PID control was also selected to control the cutter feed, thereby reducing the cutting error in rubber tapping. The range of cutting depth was determined, according to the structure of rubber bark, and the relevant technical regulations for tapping. The fixed cutting depth of 5.5 mm was expanded to the range of 5.2 to 5.8 mm, to reduce the counting of the cutter moving forward and backward, while reducing the power loss of the motors. Taking the rubber tree with the trunk diameter of 180 mm as a research material, a rubber cutting test was conducted to verify the simulation data, where the cutting helix angle was set as 25&deg;-30&deg; in tapping. The results showed that the cutter tip of a tapping robot was guaranteed to reach the target position through the control system. The tapping work was completed by one pass, where the effective cutting time was only 22 s. The tapping efficiency of a fixed tapping robot increased by 63%, compared with traditional manual tapping, where usually multiple passes were required and the effective cutting time was 1 min. The fixed tapping robot achieved a fast and accurate tapping. The bark consumption of cutting rubber was 1.1 mm, indicating suitable for the requirement of bark consumption in the technical specification of tapping. The counting of the cutter moving forward and backward was 36%, lower than that of the original scheme during tapping within the range of 5.2-5.8 mm cutting depth, and the maximum variation range of cutter current was reduced by 4.11%. The rubber tree was not damaged using the fixed tapping robot and tapping control. The fixed tapping robot can be expected to completely replace the manual tapping, and further widely popularize due to its reduced motor power, and improved tapping efficiency.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Rubber industry
Controlled terms:Cutting - Cutting tools - Efficiency - Errors - Forestry - Model predictive control - Robots - Rubber - Three term control systems - Trees (mathematics)  - Ultrasonic sensors
Uncontrolled terms:Clamping mechanism - Forward-and-backward - Maximum variations - Polymer materials - Precision control - Predictive control - Technical regulation - Technical specifications
Classification code:603.2  Machine Tool Accessories - 731.1  Control Systems - 731.5  Robotics - 753.2  Ultrasonic Devices - 818.1  Natural Rubber - 818.4  Rubber Factories and Machinery - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921.4  Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory
Numerical data indexing:Time 6.00e+01s, Percentage 3.60e+01%, Percentage 4.11e+00%, Percentage 6.30e+01%, Size 1.10e-03m, Size 1.80e-01m, Size 5.20e-03m to 5.80e-03m, Size 5.50e-03m, Time 2.20e+01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20211610224709
Title:Preparation and structural characterization of biomass graphene by maize flour
Title of translation:&#29577;&#31859;&#31881;&#21046;&#22791;&#29983;&#29289;&#36136;&#30707;&#22696;&#28911;&#19982;&#32467;&#26500;&#34920;&#24449;
Authors:Wu, Weili (1); Yu, Bowen (1); Hou, Yushuang (1); Li, Yufeng (1); Xu, Shuangping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar; 161006, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:321-325
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Graphene has attracted much attention in the past several years, due mainly to its two-dimensional structure, excellent chemical, physical, mechanical and thermal properties. The fabrication of graphene, as a new carbon nanomaterial, is normally to utilize the traditional Hummers-hydrazine hydrate, mechanical stripping, and Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) with the expensive graphite or gases. However, the high price of fabrication has confined the graphene to widely popularize on a large scale. In this study, feasible biomass graphene was made from corn flour using the high-temperature carbonization and oxidation-reduction method. Two steps were selected to fabricate the biomass graphene: The first step was high-temperature carbonization of corn meal, and the second step was redox of graphitized corn meal to biomass graphene. The specific preparation procedure was: Firstly, 20 g corn flour was placed into a beaker containing 100 mL potassium hydroxide solution of 0.1 mol/L, while stirred for 12 h further to dry, and then 10 g dried sample was placed into the quartz tube, where the temperature was elevated by a heating rate of 5&#8451;/min to 800&#8451;in the atmosphere of N<inf>2</inf> with the flow rate of 25 mL/min, and kept 1 hour to carbonize corn flour. Secondly, the carbonized corn flour was filtered by the dialysis bag for 24 hours, and then 1 g nickel powder was added into the sample in the quartz tube to carbonize again, in which the temperature was raised to 800&#8451; with a nitrogen atmosphere and kept for 2 hours. After that, the sample was taken out and cooled down, while 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution was put into the previous sample to be neutral to prepare biomass graphite. Finally, the 2 g biomass graphite and 1g sodium nitrate were filled into a 500 mL three-necked bottle and slowly added 30 mL concentrated sulfuric acid with stirring for 20 min, while added 6 g potassium permanganate 3 times with stirring for 1.5 h, as well as added the deionized water until neutralizing and drying to obtain biomass graphene. The structural characterization of the sample was analyzed using an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) for the composition, an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) for the crystalline structure, a Raman spectrometer for the crystal defects, atomic force microscopy (AFM) on a Multimode 8 SPM platform for the surface topography, and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) for the inner atomic morphology. The carbon content of biomass graphene prepared from corn flour was 95.1%, an increase of 39.5 percentage points from the original 55.6 %, while the oxygen content was 4.9%, showing that the preparation of graphene from corn flour was feasible. In the XRD pattern, the (002) crystal surface of biomass graphene was close to the diffraction peak of commercial graphene at 24.1&deg;. In Raman analysis, the positions of the D and G peak of biomass graphene were consistent with those of commercial graphene. The surface of the biomass graphene sample showed a thin strip and regular shape with a thickness of about three layers of graphene flakes at 1.53 nm, while the commercial graphene sample showed a dendritic and disorderly state with a thickness of about 2.25 nm. It infers that the thickness of the biomass graphene sample was thinner than that of commercial graphene. It can be proved that the structure of prepared biomass graphene is better than that of the commercial graphene. This approach is expected to provide a promising reference for the production of biomass graphene.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Graphene
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Atomic force microscopy - Biomass - Bottles - Carbonization - Chemical vapor deposition - Crystal atomic structure - Crystal defects - Deionized water - Graphite  - Hydrochloric acid - Nitrogen compounds - Potassium hydroxide - Quartz - Sodium nitrate - Spectrometers - Topography - Transmission electron microscopy - X ray diffraction - X rays
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical vapor depositions (CVD) - Concentrated sulfuric acids - Hydrochloric acid solution - Mechanical and thermal properties - Potassium hydroxide solution - Structural characterization - Two-dimensional structures - X ray photoelectron spectrometers
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 482.2  Minerals - 694.2  Packaging Materials - 741.3  Optical Devices and Systems - 761  Nanotechnology - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 932.1  High Energy Physics - 933.1.1  Crystal Lattice - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.00e-02kg, Mass 1.00e-03kg, Mass 2.00e-02kg, Mass 2.00e-03kg, Mass 6.00e-03kg, Molar_Concentration 1.00e+02mol/m3, Molar_Concentration 1.00e+03mol/m3, Percentage 4.90e+00%, Percentage 5.56e+01%, Percentage 9.51e+01%, Size 1.53e-09m, Size 2.25e-09m, Time 1.20e+03s, Time 4.32e+04s, Time 5.40e+03s, Time 7.20e+03s, Time 8.64e+04s, Volume 1.00e-04m3, Volume 3.00e-05m3, Volume 5.00e-04m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20211610224727
Title:Effects of enzymatic hydrolysis combined with high-shear wall breaking technology on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of bee pollen
Title of translation:&#37238;&#35299;&#32467;&#21512;&#39640;&#21098;&#20999;&#30772;&#22721;&#25216;&#26415;&#23545;&#34562;&#33457;&#31881;&#37210;&#31867;&#29289;&#36136;&#21450;&#25239;&#27687;&#21270;&#27963;&#24615;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Wang, Yue (1); Xu, Yuanyuan (2); Yang, Erlin (2); Cheng, Ni (2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an; 710069, China; (2) College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an; 710069, China; (3) Bee Product Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an; 710065, China
Corresponding author:Cheng, Ni(chengni@nwu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:37
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2021
Publication year:2021
Pages:313-320
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:<div data-language="eng" data-ev-field="abstract">Bee pollen is collected by honeybees from the pollen of flowers, with the addition of the nectar and their own secretions to form grains. Approximately 70% of the substances in bee pollen have biological activities, such as antioxidant, liver protection, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-cancer. However, the outer wall of pollen spores has the characteristics of acid resistance, alkali resistance, and anti-microbial decomposition. Without breaking the wall of spores, phenolic compounds can only be released from the germination pores, and thus the digestibility of bee pollen is only 52%-59% in vivo, meaning that most of them cannot be digested by human. Therefore, the wall breaking of spores has become necessary to improve the bioavailability of bee pollen. In this study, taking six kinds of bee pollen as research objects, including lotus, jujube, camellia, rape, rose, and schisandra, a wall-breaking method of enzymatic hydrolysis combined with high-shear technology was used to reveal the effect of wall breaking on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of bee pollen. An attempt was made to explore the protective effect of bee pollen, with or without wall breaking, on the OH-mediated oxidative damage of plasmid DNA for bee-pollen functional foods. An investigation was also made to find the effects of cellulase enzymatic hydrolysis on the wall-breaking rates of different kinds of bee pollen. Different kinds of bee pollen exhibited different degrees of tolerance to the cellulase. The wall-breaking rate of bee pollen increased with the increase of cellulase concentration. After six kinds of bee pollen enzymatically hydrolyzed, the wall-breaking rate was significantly improved with high shear at 10 000-15 000 r/min for 30 s. More than 90% of the wall-breaking rate was achieved with less cellulase in the combined methods. The release of phenolic compounds from rape bee pollen was the most significant after the wall was broken (P&lt;0.05). The total flavonoid content increased by 6.4 times, and the total phenol content increased from 8.6 mg/g to 21.6 mg/g, as well as the total phenol content of camellia bee pollen was 15.7 mg/g, an increase of 11.3% after the wall was broken. The phenolic compounds in six kinds of bee pollen were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography method with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The results showed that the types and content of phenolic compounds in bee pollen increased after the wall was broken. The concentration of jujube bee pollen to scavenge 50% DPPH free radicals is reduced by about 95%, and rape bee pollen is reduced by about 92%, the Fe²⁺ complex ability of jujube bee pollen increased from 0.36 mg/g to 1.16 mg/g, increased by about 2.2 times. The Fe³⁺ reducing power in the six types of bee pollen increased after the walls were broken. The Fe³⁺ reducing power of rape bee pollen increased from 6.2 mg/g to 55.8 mg/g, increased 8 times. After walls breaking, the protective abilities against DNA oxidative damage increased by 60.5%, 12.4%, 287.7%, 82.5%, 442.7% and 4.8% in the six kinds of bee pollen( lotus, jujube, camellia, rape, rose and schisandra), respectively, indicating that the wall breaking made phenolic compounds of bee pollen fully be released, which can effectively improve the protective ability of OH-induced pBR322 plasmid DNA oxidative damage. These findings can provide a theoretical basis and strategy for the development of bee-pollen functional foods.<br/></div> &copy; 2021, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Enzymatic hydrolysis
Controlled terms:Acid resistance - Antioxidants - Biochemistry - Biomolecules - Cellulose derivatives - DNA - Free radicals - Functional food - High performance liquid chromatography - Iron compounds  - Phenols - Shear flow
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-inflammatories - Anti-oxidant activities - Diode array detection - DPPH free radicals - Phenolic compounds - Protective effects - Total flavonoid contents - Total phenol contents
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 801.2  Biochemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 811.3  Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 822.3  Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.13e+01%, Percentage 1.24e+01%, Percentage 2.88e+02%, Percentage 4.43e+02%, Percentage 4.80e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 5.20e+01% to 5.90e+01%, Percentage 6.05e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Percentage 8.25e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.20e+01%, Percentage 9.50e+01%, Rotational_Speed 1.00e+04RPM to 1.50e+04RPM
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.2.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.