<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20211110084855
Title:Mechanism for end-wall slots to improve hump in an axial flow pump
Title of translation:&#31471;&#22721;&#24320;&#32541;&#25913;&#21892;&#36724;&#27969;&#27893;&#39548;&#23792;&#30340;&#26426;&#29702;
Authors:Wang, Wei (1, 2); Wang, Weichao (1, 2); Zhang, Lefu (1, 2); Zhao, Le (1, 2); Lu, Jinling (1, 2); Feng, Jianjun (1, 2); Luo, Xingqi (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China
Corresponding author:Lu, Jinling(jinling_lu@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:12-20
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Axial-flow pump is widely used in farmland irrigation, chemical industry, and water transfer engineering, due to its a high specific speed with a large flow rate and a low water head. A hump area normally appears on the flow-head curve in the presence of the backflow and vortex, when the axial-flow pump works at lower mass flow rates. The hump area can cause increased vibration and noise in the axial flow pump, which endangers the safe and stable operation of a pump unit. This study aims to find a feasible way that can effectively depress the hump in an axial-flow pump using systematic numerical simulations for the axial-flow pump with axial slots. An AYSYS Turbo Grid was used to build high-precision hexahedral structured O grids for the impeller and guide vane. H grids were selected for the inlet and outlet pipes using AYSYS ICEM CFD module. An ANSYS CFX software was used to solve the three-dimensional flow fields inside the axial-flow pump. An SST k-&omega; turbulence model was adopted to predict flow separation caused by reverse pressure gradients. The maximum error was less than 2.6% compared with the pump head in experimental and numerical data, verifying the reliability of numerical simulation. A parametric analysis was conducted to explore the effects of slot numbers, slot length, and slot angle on the pump performance. A mechanism was proposed to improve hump area for the optimal axial slots using unsteady simulations. The results show that the hump area of the axial-flow pump can be effectively suppressed by the axial slots. The pump head and efficiency increased by 83.5% and 8.13% in the hump area, respectively, while the pump efficiency reduced by 4.3% at the design condition. The ability of the axial slots in depressing hump enhanced, when increasing the slot numbers and the slot length. However, the efficiency at the design condition decreased significantly when the slots were too long. Moreover, the increase in the radial skewed angle of the slots was beneficial to the improvement of the hump area. In the pump without slots, there was no obvious vortex trajectory of tip leakage at lower mass flow rates, whereas, the blade tip area was covered by a large area of reversed flow regions where the tip leakage flow rolls up with the main flow, resulting in a tip leakage vortex. The tip leakage vortex moved towards upstream direction at lower mass flow rates, and thereby blocked the blade tip passage, leading to the increased flow losses and decreased of pump head near the blade tip. The flow recirculation of injection and suction was found to be established in the slots. Under the effect of flow recirculation, the relative flow angle above 0.9 times relative blade height was significantly reduced under the stall condition. The tip leakage vortex was controlled successfully by the slots, and the average leakage intensity was reduced by 41.4%. The mixing of the injection and the main flow caused the increased flow losses at the tip of the impeller at the design condition, resulting in the decrease of the pump efficiency. Further research can be needed to improve the pump efficiency at the design condition. At the stall condition, the tip flow losses were reduced because of the effect of the flow recirculation on the tip leakage vortex, and the pump efficiency increased. In addition, the pressure fluctuations induced by the tip leakage vortex near the blade tip was remarkably weakened by the slots. Consequently, the axial slots have a great potential to improve the hump area and the efficiency under the stall condition for the axial-flow pump.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Axial flow - Chemical industry - Efficiency - Flow rate - Flow separation - Impellers - Mass transfer - Numerical models - Pumps - Turbulence models  - Vortex flow
Uncontrolled terms:Flow recirculation - High specific speed - K-Omega turbulence model - Parametric -analysis - Pressure fluctuation - Three dimensional flow field - Unsteady simulations - Upstream direction
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 618.2  Pumps - 631  Fluid Flow - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 641.3  Mass Transfer - 723.5  Computer Applications - 805  Chemical Engineering, General - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921  Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.60e+00%, Percentage 4.14e+01%, Percentage 4.30e+00%, Percentage 8.13e+00%, Percentage 8.35e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20211110084644
Title:Inversion of winter wheat chlorophyll contents based on improved algorithms for red edge position
Title of translation:&#32418;&#36793;&#20301;&#32622;&#25913;&#36827;&#31639;&#27861;&#30340;&#20908;&#23567;&#40614;&#21494;&#32511;&#32032;&#21547;&#37327;&#21453;&#28436;
Authors:Qian, Binxiang (1, 2, 3); Huang, Wenjiang (2, 3); Ye, Huichun (2, 3); Kong, Weiping (4); Ren, Yu (1, 3); Xing, Naichen (1, 3); Jiao, Quanjun (2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Sanya; 572029, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100094, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100094, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Wenjiang(huangwj@radi.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:162-170
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Red Edge Position (REP) of vegetation spectral reflectance is highly sensitive to chlorophyll content. The inversion model of crop chlorophyll content based on REP enables timely growth monitoring of the crops on a large scale. The displacement of REP and bimodal phenomenon are ubiquitous in 6 traditional algorithms of REP. To reduce the adverse effects effectively, the Newton interpolation method was applied to calculate REP in this study. And two improved REP solving algorithms, Newton-Chebyshev-Node Interpolation (REP_NCNI) and Newton Eight-Point Interpolation (REP_NEPI) were proposed. The strengths and weaknesses of the old and improved algorithms were analyzed, according to the distribution characteristics of REP from different algorithms, and the comprehensive attribute information of the different algorithms was compared. It was found that: 1) Maximum First Derivative (REP_MFD) method and Lagrange Three-Point Interpolation (REP_LAGR) method had the largest variation of REP (41 nm), which was sensitive to chlorophyll content, however, there was an obvious bimodal phenomenon. 2) The REP calculated by an Inverted Gaussian (REP_IG) model method ranged from 695 nm to 729 nm with the lowest mean value (719.5 nm). The whole model moved towards the short-wave direction (blue shift) with the highest Relative Error (RE) (0.882%). 3) The REP calculated by the Linear Four-Point Interpolation method (REP_LFPI) were between 717 and 731 nm, with an average value of 725.4 nm. The whole result was clustered in the direction of a long wave, and the REP had the smallest variation (14 nm), which was not sensitive to the change of chlorophyll content. 4) The variation of the Linear Extrapolation (REP_LE) method was better (39 nm), but the average value was lower (721.9 nm). The whole value moved towards the short-wave direction (blue shift), and the RE was larger (0.551%). 5) The results of polynomial fitting of the ninth order (REP_POLY) were generally good, but the bimodal phenomenon was the most serious. 6) The REP_NCNI and REP_NEPI overcame the bimodal phenomenon and displacement of REP effectively with ideal mean value, amplitude, and RE. And the least square regression was adopted to establish the inversion model of chlorophyll content of winter wheat based on REP. The study revealed that compared with traditional algorithms, the improved algorithms exhibited the most accurate and robust performance, where the coefficient of determination of the chlorophyll content inversion model established by improved algorithms was higher than that of traditional algorithms with the coefficient of determination of 0.728 and 0.751, respectively. Moreover, in the improved algorithms, the coefficient of determination between the predicted value and the measured value was greater than 0.619, which was 10.480% higher than that of the REP_MFD method, and the standard root mean square error was less than 0.151, indicating that the goodness of the model was better. At the same time, the coefficient of determination of the inverse equation (0.455-0.758) was higher than that of the fitting equation (0.396-0.656). And the inversion model was ranked chlorophyll-a model, chlorophyll-ab model, and chlorophyll-b model, according to the coefficient of determination from large to small. Besides, the research showed that in the two improved algorithms, the REP_NEPI demonstrated the best and satisfactory performance than REP_NCNI. Considering that only 8 bands were needed to calculate REP by REP_NEPI, it provided a theoretical basis for making a simple sensor to determine the chlorophyll content of crops. The results showed that REP_NEPI was the optimal selection for the calculation of REP and the inversion of chlorophyll content of winter wheat. And this study should provide theoretical and technical support for the inversion of biophysical and biochemical parameters of vegetation and the application in agricultural production.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Chlorophyll
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Blue shift - Crops - Interpolation - Learning to rank - Mean square error - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Attribute information - Biochemical parameters - Coefficient of determination - Distribution characteristics - Least square regression - Root mean square errors - Spectral reflectances
Classification code:804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.05e+01%, Percentage 5.51e-01%, Percentage 8.82e-01%, Size 1.40e-08m, Size 3.90e-08m, Size 4.10e-08m, Size 6.95e-07m to 7.29e-07m, Size 7.17e-07m to 7.31e-07m, Size 7.20e-07m, Size 7.22e-07m, Size 7.25e-07m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20211110080509
Title:Microstructure characteristics of expansive soil with coal gangue based on Menger sponge model
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;Menger&#28023;&#32501;&#27169;&#22411;&#30340;&#29028;&#30712;&#30707;&#31881;&#25913;&#33391;&#33192;&#32960;&#22303;&#24494;&#32467;&#26500;&#29305;&#24449;
Authors:Wang, Minglei (1); Zhang, Yan (1); Yin, Xiaoxiao (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Energy and Transportation Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China; (2) Chengfa Investment Group, Qingdao; 266555, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Yan(zhangyanli@imau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:124-130
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Expansive soil is a type of highly plastic clay, where the volumetric expansion upon water absorption (hygroscopic expansion), while the shrinkage upon water loss. This property can be detrimental to the soil structure, resulting in a series of civil engineering problems, such as soil surface cracking, subgrade settlement, and road surface uplift. Alternatively, coal gangue is a kind of rock waste discharged from coal mining, washing, and processing during coal production. Serious influences have occurred in the social, environmental, and economic respects. An eco-friendly way to save energy is to effectively reuse the coal gangue as a substitute resource. This study aims to improve the properties of expansive soil using the coal gangue, in order to alleviate the damage of expansive soil in engineering, thereby to explore the porosity characters of improved expansive soil with coal gangue. A Menger sponge model was selected to characterize the fractal dimension of pores, in order to guide the development of curing agent, and thereby control the pore structure of expansive soil via the fractal characteristics. A mercury injection test was performed on the samples of expansive soil with the content of coal gangue of 0, 3%, 6% and 9%, respectively. Prior to the mercury injection test, compaction specimens were fabricated from the state of extraction saturation to vacuum saturation state. The gas pressure of pores was approximate to zero in the sample of improved expansive soil for the dilatometer in mercury injection apparatus. A low-pressure mercury injection was first used to analyze the soil samples. The dilatometer was then taken out to weigh the mass on a high precision balance. A mercury pressure analysis was carried out on the soil samples until the pressure gradually decreased to atmospheric pressure. The results show that the mercury injection can be divided into the process of mercury injection and removal. When the pressure was small, there was the large equivalent diameter of pores corresponding to the pressure, where mercury can only enter the large pores in the soil sample, resulting the small cumulative amount of mercury injection. The pore diameter gradually decreased as the pressure increased, where mercury can enter the smaller pores in the soil, and thereby the accumulated amount of mercury gradually increased. With the increase in the content of coal gangue powder, the accumulative content of mercury in the improved soil significantly decreased, where the most obvious content were 6% and 9%. Large micropores decreased by 61.5% in the expansion content of macropores. There was a trend of decrease in the total volume of pores, the critical aperture porosity, average pore diameter, and pore porosity index. Pore types were transformed from the pores between the aggregates to the pores between particles, indicating an obviously enhanced effect in the addition of coal gangue to the expansive soil. In order to study the relationship between the pore fractal dimension and pore characteristics, a Menger sponge model was used to characterize the fractal dimension of pores in the improved soil, where the values varied from 2.59-2.87. A dependent law was obtained between the fractal dimension of pores and the characteristic parameters of pores in multiple linear regressions. In "F" and "t" test of regression model, it was found that the porosity and critical pore size had a significant influence on the fractal dimension of pores. The fractal dimension of pores increased in the improved expansive soil with the increase in powder content of coal gangue. The large fractal dimension indicated that there was an orderly arrangement of pores and shape characteristics in the improved soil. The fractal dimension of pores can be used to visually represent the measurement data of pore structure, further to verify the pore characteristic parameters, and pore development degree, serving as an indirect indicator of the heterogeneity and complexity of soil.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Soil testing
Controlled terms:Atmospheric pressure - Coal - Coal deposits - Coal industry - Coal tailings - Data visualization - Dilatometers - Expansion - Fractal dimension - Mercury (metal)  - Particle size analysis - Pore size - Pore structure - Regression analysis - Soil surveys - Soils - Water absorption
Uncontrolled terms:Engineering problems - Fractal characteristics - Improved expansive soil - Microstructure characteristics - Multiple linear regressions - Pore characteristics - Shape characteristics - Volumetric expansion
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 503  Mines and Mining, Coal - 524  Solid Fuels - 549.3  Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 921  Mathematics - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 943.1  Mechanical Instruments - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 6.00e+00%, Percentage 6.15e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20211110080706
Title:Effects of different machine-harvested cotton planting patterns and planting densities on soil hydrothermal conditions and cotton yield
Title of translation:&#19981;&#21516;&#26426;&#37319;&#26825;&#31181;&#26893;&#27169;&#24335;&#21644;&#31181;&#26893;&#23494;&#24230;&#23545;&#26825;&#30000;&#22303;&#22756;&#27700;&#28909;&#25928;&#24212;&#21450; &#20135;&#37327;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Zhang, Hengheng (1); Wang, Xiangru (1); Hu, Liting (2); Pang, Nianchang (1); Gui, Huiping (1); Dong, Qiang (1); Ruan, Kang (1); Song, Meizhen (1); Zhang, Xiling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, 455000, China; (2) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Xiling(hainan1571@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:39-47
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A perfect matching between current machine-harvested cotton pattern and agricultural machinery can greatly contribute to fiber quality and the picking rate in mechanical harvesting. An effective way can be to optimize the row space, thereby to achieve the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy for machine-harvested cotton. In this study, two machine-harvested cotton patterns were selected, including the "aimizao" planting pattern (six lines per film with wide-narrow row spacing, 66+10 cm), and the "kuanzaoyou" planting pattern (three lines per film with equal row spacing, 76 cm) in 2018-2019, as well as 3 planting densities of 135 000, 180 000 and 225 000 plants/hm². The dynamic changes of soil temperature and soil moisture were monitored during the whole cotton growth period, and the water use efficiency was analyzed combined with the cotton yield, in order to compressively evaluate the applicability of different machine-harvested cotton pattern. The results showed that different machine-harvested cotton patterns and planting densities can affect the soil temperature, but there was no interaction effect. The variation characteristics of soil temperature were consistent under different treatments. With the increase of atmospheric temperature, soil temperature increased, but decreased rapidly and fluctuated after the cotton ridges were closed. There was no significant difference in soil temperature of plough layer under different planting patterns and planting densities in the early growth stage (May to June). However, the soil temperature in flowering and boll setting stage increased by the "kuanzaoyou" planting pattern, where 1.7 &#8451; on average higher than that of "aimizao" planting pattern. The accumulated soil temperature of plough layer in the whole growth period under the "kuanzaoyou" pattern significantly increased by 8.3%-9.9% (P<0.05), compared with that of the "aimizao" pattern. In the water consumption during the whole growth period, the water consumption in the "kuanzaoyou" pattern was lower than that of the "aimizao" pattern, but the difference was not significant. Increasing planting density can reduce the accumulated temperature of plough layer, but increase the water consumption of the cotton field. Compared with the "aimizao" planting pattern in 2019, the "kuanzaoyou" planting pattern significantly increased the yield and water use efficiency by 17.5% and 18.8% (P<0.05), respectively. It infers that the "kuanzaoyou" pattern can be used to improve the soil hydrothermal conditions of cotton growth, and thereby to achieve a significant increase in yield and water use efficiency. A more suitable mechanically picked planting pattern can be widely used to promote the cotton mechanical harvesting in Xinjiang, China.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Atmospheric temperature
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural robots - Cotton - Efficiency - Harvesting - Moisture control - Soil moisture - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulated temperatures - Different treatments - Hydrothermal conditions - Interaction effect - Narrow row spacing - Variation characteristics - Water consumption - Water use efficiency
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.75e+01%, Size 7.60e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20211110084802
Title:Classification model for citrus canopy spraying deposition based on multi-scale feature fusion
Title of translation:&#22810;&#23610;&#24230;&#29305;&#24449;&#34701;&#21512;&#30340;&#26577;&#27224;&#20896;&#23618;&#26045;&#33647;&#27785;&#31215;&#37327;&#20998;&#31867;&#27169;&#22411;
Authors:Lu, Jianqiang (1, 2, 3); Lin, Jiahan (1); Deng, Xiaoling (1, 2, 3); Lan, Yubin (1, 2, 3); Qiu, Hongbin (1); Yang, Ruifan (1); Chen, Pingfu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electronic Engineering, College of Artificial Intelligence, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) National Precision Agriculture International Joint Research Center of Aerial Application Technology, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou; 510642, China
Corresponding author:Lan, Yubin(ylan@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:70-76
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There are relatively few studies on the spray quality of citrus tree canopy in China. In most cases, the method is that farmers observe the spray quality of citrus tree canopy up close in the orchard, which wastes manpower and material resources. Moreover, the observation effect is not ideal and may cause harm to human safety. Domestic conditions allow some orchards to judge the spray effect by observing the water-sensitive paper. This method does save a lot of manpower, and efficiency is significantly improved compared with the previous ones. However, this method is affected by the external environment, and the naked eyes cannot correctly determine the spray quality, which will cause certain errors. Therefore, this study explored new ways to solve these problems. In recent years, thermal imaging technology had shown great research promise in some emerging research areas, especially in agricultural production. In the field of precision agriculture, for example, high-resolution thermal imaging cameras, with the aid of advanced aerial photography technology, can quickly capture thermal images of the canopy before and after spray, which provides new ideas for precision agriculture spray detection technology. This study combined thermal imaging technology and computer vision technology to identify and classify the spray conditions of the plant canopy and accurately detected the spray quality of the leaves, which avoided the waste of pesticides and reduced the manual re-examination steps. Thereby reducing agricultural production costs and improving the economic benefits of agricultural products. In this study, the canopy of a citrus tree was used as a thermal image acquisition area. Inevitably, there are problems such as high noise, low contrast, and blurred feature information in the thermal image acquisition process. In response to the above problems, this study preprocessed the acquired thermal images and eliminated unreasonable data, and set the original data set to two labels (sprayed and unsprayed), and divided them into the training set and the test set. An improved SPP-Net-Inception-v4 model based on the Inception-v4 model and the SPP-Net target detection algorithm was proposed to achieve multi-feature fusion to enhance the feature extraction effect. The model took the construction of a sparse network structure to generate dense data as the core design idea. By introducing the Inception and Reduction modules, the feature description bottleneck problem was reduced; further, SPP-Net (Spatial Pyramid Pooling Network) was innovatively connected between the convolutional layer and the fully connected layer pooling network), which aimed to extract fixed-length feature vectors through the pyramid space pooling method to achieve the fusion of multi-scale features and extraction enhancement effect. Compared with the two models of Inception-v4 and ResNet-152, the experimental results showed that the accuracy of the improved SPP-Net-Inception-v4 model test set was 95.07%, which was 1.58% higher than the accuracy of the original Inception-v4 model and 3.26% higher than that of ResNet-152. Compared with Inception-v4 and ResNet-152, the SPP-Net-Inception-v4 model reduced the model size by 13% and 24%, respectively. The SPP-Net-Inception-v4 model could be used to detect the spray quality of chemicals in citrus fruit trees quickly as well as could improve the economic benefits of agricultural production, and would provide a reference for the further improvement of pesticide detection technology in precision agriculture.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Feature extraction
Controlled terms:Aerial photography - Agricultural products - Agricultural robots - Antennas - Chemical detection - Citrus fruits - Costs - Economic and social effects - Extraction - Forestry  - Image acquisition - Infrared imaging - Network layers - Orchards - Pesticides - Plants (botany) - Precision agriculture - Statistical tests - Vector spaces
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Classification models - Computer vision technology - External environments - Target detection algorithm - Thermal imaging cameras - Thermal imaging technology - Water sensitive paper
Classification code:723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 742.1  Photography - 746  Imaging Techniques - 801  Chemistry - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 911  Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921  Mathematics - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.30e+01%, Percentage 1.58e+00%, Percentage 2.40e+01%, Percentage 3.26e+00%, Percentage 9.51e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20211110084919
Title:Calibration and experiments for discrete element simulation parameters of peanut seed particles
Title of translation:&#33457;&#29983;&#31181;&#23376;&#39063;&#31890;&#31163;&#25955;&#20803;&#20223;&#30495;&#21442;&#25968;&#26631;&#23450;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Wu, Mengchen (1); Cong, Jinling (1, 3); Yan, Qin (2); Zhu, Tong (1); Peng, Xinyi (1); Wang, Yisu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China; (2) College of Water and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Northwest Agricultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shihezi; 832003, China
Corresponding author:Cong, Jinling(jlcong@shzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:30-38
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to obtain the parameters required for the discrete element simulation between the peanut seed and the seed-metering device, the basic physical parameters of peanut seeds, such as the grain density, the dimension feature, Poisson's ratio, elastic modulus, static friction coefficient and recovery coefficient, were determined by experimental method. The average density was 1.04&times;10³ kg/m³, the average moisture content was 12.95%, and the bulk density was 0.69&times;10³ kg/m³ of peanut seed were used. 200 peanut seeds were randomly selected from the peanut seeds with good quality, and the characteristic size of the peanut was measured by a digital vernier caliper. The results showed that the long average of peanut seeds was 13.44 mm, the width was 8.37 mm, and the thickness was 8.02 mm. Since the shape of peanut seeds was similar to an ellipsoid, the volume of the peanut seed was calculated by the ellipsoid volume formula. The volume distribution of peanut seeds was basically normal distribution. With the pressure deformation experiment of peanut seeds was carried out by universal materials testing machine, and Poisson's ratio of peanut seeds was calculated by measuring the deformation of length and width before and after loading seeds, and the result was 0.362. The elastic modulus of peanut seeds measured by Hertz contact stress method was 5.06&times;10⁷ Pa. Using the self-made measuring apparatus of peanut seed static friction coefficient, the static friction coefficients between peanut seed and other material including photosensitive resin and PMMA were measured, and these were respectively 0.441 and 0.293. By the combination of seed-free fall and high-speed camera image acquisition and processing, the collision recovery coefficient between peanut seed and material including peanut seed, photosensitive resin and PMMA was determined, and the collision recovery coefficient was 0.505, 0.519 and 0.515, respectively. Since the current rolling friction coefficient measurement method is not yet mature, the rolling friction coefficient between peanut seeds and the above two materials was measured by the inclined surface method and high-speed photography method. The results showed that the rolling friction coefficients between the peanut seeds and the two materials determined by the inclined surface method were 0.126 and 0.099, respectively. Due to the difference between peanut seeds and simulation particles in shape, the particle models established by the discrete element method are rougher than peanut seeds, which leads to the distortion of simulation test results. Therefore, a discrete element simulation model of peanut seeds was established by the slicing method, the coefficient of static friction and the coefficient of rolling friction between peanut seeds were used as variables, and the angle of repose of peanut is used as the response value to establish a regression model. Predicted values are 0.213 and 0.035 respectively, when peanut angle of repose is 22.97&deg;. Finally, angle of repose simulation experiments were carried out using the calibrated parameters, and compared with the physical test value, the relative error between the two test values of the angle of repose was 0.22%. Through the simulation and bench comparison test of the designed pneumatic-mechanical combined precision metering device for peanut. The results showed that the relative errors of the miss seeding index and replay seeding index of the discrete element simulation test and bench test of the seed-metering device were 8.24% and 5.12%, respectively, which satisfies the standard JB/T 10293-2001 Specifications of single seed drill (precision drill). The above verification test showed that the calibrated parameters were accurate and reliable, and the obtained optimized parameter combination can provide a reference for the discrete element simulation of the peanut metering device.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Oilseeds
Controlled terms:Deformation - Drilling machines (machine tools) - Drills - Elastic moduli - High speed cameras - High speed photography - Light sensitive materials - Materials testing - Normal distribution - Photosensitivity  - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Poisson ratio - Recovery - Regression analysis - Resins - Stiction
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of rolling frictions - Discrete element simulation - High-speed camera image - Photosensitive resins - Pressure deformation - Recovery coefficients - Seed metering devices - Static friction coefficient
Classification code:603.1  Machine Tools, General - 603.2  Machine Tool Accessories - 632.4  Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 741.1  Light/Optics - 742.1  Photography - 742.2  Photographic Equipment - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.1  Probability Theory - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.29e+01%, Percentage 2.20e-01%, Percentage 5.12e+00%, Percentage 8.24e+00%, Size 1.34e-02m, Size 8.02e-03m, Size 8.37e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20211110084464
Title:Modeling and analysis of the effects of agricultural machinery purchase subsidies on farmers' agricultural machinery investment
Title of translation:&#20892;&#26426;&#36141;&#32622;&#34917;&#36148;&#23545;&#20892;&#25143;&#36141;&#26426;&#25237;&#20837;&#27169;&#22411;&#19982;&#24433;&#21709;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Leng, Bofeng (1, 2); Feng, Zhongchao (1, 2); Zhou, Xiaoshi (3); Li, Gucheng (1, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Economics & Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Hubei Rural Development Research Center, Wuhan; 430070, China; (3) School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing; 210094, China; (4) Research Institute for Advanced Agricultural Economy, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Zhongchao(fengzhch@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:324-334
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agricultural machinery purchase subsidy is an important agrarian policy, its policy effect has been widely concerned by scholars. However, very few studies have discussed the spatiotemporal difference, agricultural machinery types difference and endogeneity of subsidy's policy effect. The purpose of the present study is to make policy effect evaluation more accurately, and analyze the spatiotemporal difference and agricultural machinery types difference of policy effect. Different from existing studies, the present study uses a large sample collected from 15 089 observations in 3 287 households at 18 provinces from 2008 to 2018 by China agriculture research system (rapeseed) farmer fixed observation point and employs unbalance panel fixed effect model, panel high-dimensional fixed effects model, Box-Cox model, quantile regression model to calculate the differential policy effects between different year, topographic regions and types of agricultural machinery purchase subsidy on farmer's agricultural machinery self-investment. In addition, instrumental variables fixed-effects panel-data models, Tobit fixed-effects panel-data models and Heckman sample selection models were used for the robust test. The result showed that 1) On the whole, agricultural machinery purchase subsidy had an obvious incentive effect, effectively promote farmer's agricultural machinery self-investment, the marginal effect of agricultural machinery purchase subsidy on farmer's agricultural machinery self-investment was 2.530 8. 2) The effect of subsidies varies significantly between plain and non-plain areas. Subsidy's marginal effect in plain county was 1.408 5, subsidy's marginal effect in hill and mountain county was 3.108 2. Subsidy policy was more effective in hill and mountain areas. 3) Generally, subsidy's incentive effect fluctuated significantly between the years, crowding-out effect was showed in some years. The number of years in which the policy effect declined from the previous year was equal to the number of years in which it rosed from the previous year. 4) On the whole, the subsidy effect was enhanced with the increase of the value of agricultural machinery, and the policy effect was higher for large and medium-sized agricultural machinery. Accordingly, this paper suggested that: 1) In the future, agricultural machinery purchase subsidy should continue to implement. 2) Agricultural machinery purchase subsidy should tilt appropriately to non-plain areas and large and medium-sized agricultural machinery continually. Appropriate R&D subsidies can be given to agricultural machinery production enterprises to research and develop large and advanced machines and suit machines which used in hilly and mountainous areas. Encourage local governments to include large and advanced machines and machines which was suitable used in hilly and mountainous areas into the new agricultural machinery subsidy pilot catalogue timely. Accelerate the transformation and application for new machine products. 3) Adjust or improve the subsidy mode according to the implementation situation and agricultural mechanization development situation.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural robots - Investments - Regression analysis - Sales
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural mechanization - Development situations - Fixed effect models - Hilly and mountainous areas - Instrumental variables - Model and analysis - Quantile regression - Sample selection models
Classification code:821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20211110084836
Title:Gully development characteristics of the slopes for different land-use types under extreme rainstorms
Title of translation:&#29305;&#22823;&#26292;&#38632;&#19979;&#19981;&#21516;&#22303;&#22320;&#21033;&#29992;&#31867;&#22411;&#22369;&#38754;&#20999;&#27807;&#21457;&#32946;&#29305;&#24449;
Authors:Chen, Zhuoxin (1); Wang, Wenlong (1, 2); Kang, Hongliang (1); Yang, Bo (3); Zhao, Man (4); Wang, Wenxin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou; 450003, China; (4) Power China Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou; 310000, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Wenlong(wlwang@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:77-84
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Gully erosion has been considered as one of the main forms of soil erosion on the Loess Plateau of China. To control soil and water loss and improve the eco-environmental quality of the Loess Plateau, the Chinese government implemented the "Grain for Green" project in 1999 to restore vegetation on steep slope farmlands. Although the project has been implemented for two decades, soil erosion on the loess hilly region caused by extreme rainstorms is still serious. Therefore, the controlled effects of vegetation restoration on gully formation and soil erosion on loess hillslopes under extreme rainstorms need to be evaluated. Moreover, the effect of land use change on the morphology of gullies and gully volume estimation under extreme rainstorms is poorly understood. Given these issues, the Chabagou watershed (a typical watershed in the Loess Plateau of China) suffered by an rainstorm (called "7&bull;26" rainstorm) was selected as the study area of gully erosion. Four small basins in the Chabagou watershed were selected from the upper, middle, and lower reaches, respectively, to explore the morphological characteristics and derive volume estimation models of three land uses (farmland, fallow land, and abandoned land) under extreme rainstorm. A total of 140 gullies were investigated, including 45 gullies on farmland, 66 gullies on fallow land and 29 gullies on abandoned land. The gully length was measured by the laser rangefinder and the gully was divided into three sections (upper, middle and lower) by a 50-m tape. In each section, the top width, bottom width and the depth of the gully were measured using a steel tape. The measuring times was adjusted according to the gully length to ensure the measuring accuracy. The measured cross-sectional parameters (i.e. width and depth) of the three sections were averaged as the eventual width and depth of each section, and the gully volumes of the three sections were summarized to be the amount of gully erosion. The results showed that: 1) the gullies less than 20 m on farmland, fallow land and abandoned land accounted for 55.6%, 34.8% and 44.8%, respectively. The averaged gully depth on farmland was 110 cm, which was 18.3%, and 19.2% higher than those on fallow land and abandoned land, respectively. The width-depth ratios of gully on farmland and fallow land were 0.87 and 0.84, respectively, and their cross sections were characterized by the wide and shallow shape, but the crossed section of the gully on abandoned land was closed to squared shape (width-depth ratio was 1.01). 2) The lowest gully erosion volume was found on abandoned land, which was 47.8% and 28.3% lower than that of farmland and fallow land, respectively, indicating that vegetation restoration can effectively contain gully erosion under extreme rain. 3) Gully erosion volume of farmland on upslope was largest, followed by downslope and mid-lope, while fallow land and abandoned land showed an increasing trend along the slope. For the three types of land use, the widening rate of gully on the upslope was greater than that on the downslope, but the opposite was found on the mid-slope. 4) The significant (P<0.001) power functions could express the relationships between gully erosion volume and gully length and/or gully cross-sectional area on farmland, fallow land, and abandoned land, and the cross-sectional area was a more effective parameter for estimating gully volume. This study results can provide important information for predicting the gully erosion of different land use types and controlling gully erosion in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Landforms
Controlled terms:Erosion - Farms - Land use - Quality control - Range finders - Restoration - Sediments - Soils - Thunderstorms - Vegetation  - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Cross sectional area - Cross sectional parameter - Development characteristics - Different land use types - Eco-environmental quality - Loess plateau of chinas - Morphological characteristic - Vegetation restoration
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 444.1  Surface Water - 481.1  Geology - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 943.1  Mechanical Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.83e+01%, Percentage 1.92e+01%, Percentage 2.83e+01%, Percentage 3.48e+01%, Percentage 4.48e+01%, Percentage 4.78e+01%, Percentage 5.56e+01%, Size 1.10e+00m, Size 2.00e+01m, Size 5.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20211110081388
Title:Connotation and research progress of crop initiate water drawing technology
Title of translation:&#20316;&#29289;&#20027;&#21160;&#27762;&#27700;&#25216;&#26415;&#20869;&#28085;&#19982;&#30740;&#31350;&#36827;&#23637;
Authors:Long, Huaiyu (1); Wu, Xueping (1); Zhang, Shuxiang (1); Wang, Jiajia (1, 2); Drohan, Patrick J (3); Zhang, Renlian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agriculture Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) China State Science Dingshi Environmental Engineering Co.Ltd, Beijing; 100102, China; (3) Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Penn State University, University Park, PA; 16802, United States
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:139-152
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Continuous technological innovation of farmland irrigation is a critical component of the strategy for dealing with the shortage of water resources and arable land resources around the world, and is a key to ensuring food security for a growing population especially in developing countries such as China. In this study, a Concept of Crop Initiate Drawing Water (CIDW) was proposed, and four basic preconditions for its included: 1) soil is always water unsaturated, and planted crops must be upland crops; 2) external water potential outside the soil-root system is maintained less than atmospheric pressure; 3) the distance between external water and crop roots is kept as short as possible; and 4) a high efficiency water permeable interface capable of enduring the matric potential difference and another form opposite potential difference. For CIDW, there is invariably matric potential difference between the external water and soil-root system, and another mainly opposite potential difference which determinates the operation mechanism and its category. According to the literature, three type of CIDW were identified, namely Pressure Potential Difference (P-CIDW), Osmotic Potential Difference (O-CIDW) and Gravitational Potential Difference (G-CIDW). The characteristics and operating conditions of the these three types of potential differences were analyzed and described. At present, the overwhelming majority of published studies of CIDW have focused on P-CIDW, only few studies have explored O-CIDW and G-CIDW. The significant advances in hardware included: 1) the form of negative pressure in the P-CIDW system has gradually changed from water pressure to air pressure; 2) the devices used to maintain negative pressure are now small, light, require no energy and are high precise(volume and weight are only one to ten percent of that of traditional devices); and 3) a new organic negative pressure water seepage material, namely Polyvinyl Formal (PVFM), has been invented and verified to be significantly superior to traditional materials like ceramics. At the same time, a large body of literature investigating the most efficient and suitable way to apply P-CIDW fully showed: 1) compared with traditional irrigation technologies such as flood irrigation, furrow irrigation and drip irrigation, P-CIDW with suitable parameters could significantly improve crop yield or water use efficiency, nutrient uptake, fertilizer utilization efficiency, enzyme activity, microbial diversity in the soil rhizosphere, and a coupling effect of water and fertilizer; 2) P-CIDW could significantly affect crop physiological and biochemical indexes and soil nutrient availability and spatial distribution, and whether those effects were beneficial or not depended on different research conditions; 3) soil texture and its profile configuration significantly affected soil water and salt transport and distribution under P-CIDW; and 4) by integrating initial soil moisture content and matrix potential, hydraulic conductivity of emitter, head of water supply and time, the cumulative infiltration under P-CIDW could be semi-theoretically and semi-empirically estimated. Finally, the future of CIDW was speculated on, and it concluded: 1) there was an urgent need to develop a basic theory explaining the soil moisture to crop relationship, 2) development of high efficient potential difference interface materials for CIDW was key; 3) the technical standards for P-CIDW should be formulated as soon as possible; and 4) the revolutionary innovation for methods of maintaining pressure in P-CIDW system was needed.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:74
Main heading:Phase interfaces
Controlled terms:Atmospheric pressure - Crops - Developing countries - Enzyme activity - Fertilizers - Food supply - Irrigation - Nutrients - Osmosis - Physiological models  - Seepage - Soil moisture - Textures - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Cumulative infiltrations - Gravitational potential - Initial soil moisture - Potential difference - Technological innovation - Traditional irrigation - Traditional materials - Utilization efficiency
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 461.9  Biology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801.4  Physical Chemistry - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20211110080463
Title:Dynamic testing and imaging of living maize kernel moisture using Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LF-NMR)
Title of translation:&#21033;&#29992;&#20302;&#22330;&#26680;&#30913;&#20849;&#25391;&#36827;&#34892;&#27963;&#20307;&#29577;&#31859;&#31869;&#31890;&#27700;&#20998;&#21160;&#24577;&#27979;&#35797;&#19982;&#25104;&#20687;
Authors:Chen, Ming (1); Li, Jinlong (1); Li, Wei (1); Liu, Chenxu (1); Chen, Chen (1); Cheng, Dehe (1); Chen, Shaojiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Shaojiang(chen368@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:285-292
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Grain dehydration is a crucial aspect of the mechanized harvesting of maize. The high moisture of grains during harvest leads to a high percentage of damaged and mildew grains, and therefore, limiting the application of mechanized harvesting. Exploration of the moisture changes with the appropriate method is important for the development of inbred lines and hybrids with low grain moisture during harvesting. In this study, a popular planted hybrid Zhengdan958 (ZD958), and its parental inbred lines, Zheng58 (Z58) and Chang7-2 (C7-2), were used as models to test the live maize kernel moisture quantification and visualization using the Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LF-NMR). Self-pollination ears of ZD958, Z58, and C7-2 were harvested at 52 days after pollination, and then experienced three treatments, 1) naturally dehydration (D) under 26&#8451; environments for 5 days, samples were analyzed every 24 hours with LF-NMR; 2) hydration (H), grains from step1 were soaked in water at 26&#8451; for 9 hours, these samples were analyzed every 90 minutes with LF-NMR; 3) re-dehydration (T), repeat step 1 with grains from step 2, samples were analyzed every 24 hours with LF-NMR. For each analysis, 5 grains were used for moisture quantification with LF-NMR and 3 grains were used for grain moisture visualization with the MRI. Results showed that dehydration rate was negatively correlated with the grain moisture in both natural dehydration and re-dehydration among three materials. Under the same conditions, moisture reduction in T01-T02 was 25.13-27.69 percentage points, which was much higher than that of 20.93-21.94 percentage points, in D01-D02. Besides, significant differences were found in water loss among materials, water loss of C7-2 was significantly higher than that of Z58 and ZD958 in D01-D03 and T01-T03, while water loss of C7-2 was significantly lower than that of Z58 and ZD958 in D04-D06 and T04-T06. The visualization result showed a stronger moisture signal in the inner layer of endosperm than that in the outer layer of endosperm. In both D and T treatment, grain dehydration started from outside (endosperm) to inside (embryo). During H treatment, the moisture of the seed coat and navel increased rapidly, indicating that both seed coat and navel were important channels for water absorption. Because of the existence of grain oil which was mainly distributed in embryos and could be detected by MRI, embryos showed the strongest signals at all stages. Besides, the phase status of grain water was analyzed using transverse relaxation time (T2) of signal amplitude. Data showed that the T2 value of signal peaks decreased along with the water loss in either D treatment (D01-D06) or T treatment (T01-T06). By contrast, as water absorption went on in H treatment, the T2 value of signal peaks increased, demonstrating that phase status changes gradually along with both water absorption and dehydration treatment. Grains with low water content showed T2 value between 0.000 1-0.001 s, which meant tightly banding between water and other molecules, whole grains with high water content showed T2 value between 0.001-0.01 s (D01, T01), signifying loose banding or free from banding with other molecules. Overall, the results revealed that LF-NMR could be used to observe the continuous changes of maize grain moisture directly and accurately from three different perspectives, water content, visualization, and phase status. LF-NMR would have a high potential to be used as a powerful tool to evaluate water content and realize accurate single-kernel selection in maize breeding.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Nuclear magnetic resonance
Controlled terms:Dehydration - Dynamic analysis - Harvesting - Molecules - Petroleum prospecting - Visualization - Water absorption - Water content - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:High water content - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR) - Low water-content - Mechanized harvesting - Moisture reduction - Percentage points - Transverse relaxation time - Visualization results
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 512.1.2  Petroleum Deposits : Development Operations - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 931.3  Atomic and Molecular Physics
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.37e-02yr, Age 1.42e-01yr, Time 1.00e+00s to 1.00e-03s, Time 3.24e+04s, Time 5.40e+03s, Time 8.64e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20211110084883
Title:Progress and prospects on information acquisition methods of abandoned farmland
Title of translation:&#25730;&#33618;&#32789;&#22320;&#20449;&#24687;&#33719;&#21462;&#26041;&#27861;&#30740;&#31350;&#36827;&#23637;&#19982;&#23637;&#26395;
Authors:Chen, Hang (1); Tan, Yongzhong (1); Deng, Xinyu (1); Xiao, Wu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Land Management, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China
Corresponding author:Xiao, Wu(xiaowuwx@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:258-268
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A farmland served as the carrier of grain production is an important material basis to the food security. The abandonment of farmland has become one of the most important problems in China's farmland utilization over the past 20 years, particularly on a series of social, economic, and environmental issues. Therefore, it is necessary to quickly capture the spatial and temporal information, including the accurate location, duration, and the scale of abandoned farmland, in order to evaluate the marginal trend, and further to maintain the sustainable use of farmland. According to the current status of information acquisition methods for the abandoned farmland, this study was first to summarize the advanced methods of acquiring abandoned farmland information, and then to make a comprehensive prospect for the directions of future research. The results show that: 1) Three types can be divided in the methods of information acquisition: sampling survey, literature meta-analysis, and remote sensing. 2) In a sampling survey, the information acquisition method of abandoned farmland was widely used in small-scale case studies, indicating a nearly consistent research paradigm, but the spatial representation ability was relatively weak. To a certain extent, the national household survey data increased the spatial attribute of data, but the secondary screening of original data reduced the sample size and the credibility. Moreover, most panel data has made it difficult to trace the abandoned farmland information in different historical stages. 3) In literature meta-analysis, the information statistics method of abandoned farmland applied the idea of big data analysis, and further integrated the previous research data. It can be used to not only represent the abandonment rate and spatial-temporal changes of different regions, but also compare the main driving factors of abandoned farmland in different regions. However, the research findings of this method were confined to only a few published articles, while, a comprehensive understanding of hot keywords was highly demanding in related fields. At present, only a relatively few applications were found in the acquisition of abandoned farmland information. 4) Remote sensing can be expected to the mainstream for the information acquisition of abandoned farmland, as the development of satellites and computer technologies in the future. A variety of detection methods for the abandoned farmland have been developed, according to the object features and information changes of land use. There was still a large optimization space in the remote sensing, due to the high spatial resolution and large-scale extraction requirements. With the emergence of cloud computing and machine learning, the remote sensing has the promising potential to explore large-scale and high-resolution detection of abandoned farmland. Therefore, future research can be further explored in data selection and processing, feature fusion, and method fusion. The findings can provide an appropriate reference for the detection and management of farmland use.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:88
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Data handling - Feature extraction - Food supply - Land use - Remote sensing - Screening - Space optics - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental issues - High resolution detection - High spatial resolution - Information acquisitions - Information statistics - Spatial representations - Spatial-temporal changes - Temporal information
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 656.1  Space Flight - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.3  Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.00e+01yr
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20211110080682
Title:Effects of combined application of safeners and herbicides on soil enzyme and active oxygen metabolism in proso millet
Title of translation:&#38500;&#33609;&#21058;&#37197;&#26045;&#23433;&#20840;&#21058;&#23545;&#22303;&#22756;&#37238;&#27963;&#24615;&#19982;&#31964;&#23376;&#26681;&#31995;&#29983;&#29702;&#20195;&#35874;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Feng, Yu (1); Zhao, Yingnan (1); Lin, Ruichang (1); Wang, Na (1); Gao, Xiaoli (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Xiaoli(gao2123@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:117-123
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Proso millet is a small-seeded grass crop that produces large amounts of grain. Proso millet is also usually cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions of China, due mainly to its drought resistance, barren tolerance, and early maturity. In proso millet fields, chemical herbicides are mostly used to remove or prevent the growth of unwanted plants, such as weeds, invasive species, or agricultural pests. However, the herbicides can inevitably damage the proso millet, even to cause phytotoxicity of crops in the weeding. As such, safeners can be added to reduce the damage of herbicides to plants. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of research concerning the effects of safeners and herbicides on the soil environment and root active oxygen metabolism of proso millet. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effects of safeners on the mitigation of herbicide damage, the soil enzyme activity, the root antioxidant enzyme activity, as well as the growth and development of proso millet. Taking proso millet variety' Yumi-2' as the material in Yulin, Shaanxi Province in 2019, four patterns of herbicides compounding were designed, including one pre-emergence herbicide: Guyou (10% monosulfuron wettablepowder, 2.4 kg/hm&sup2;, H1), Guyou add brassins (300 mL/hm², H1S1), Guyou add gibberellin (300 mL/hm², H1S2), and Guyou add Naian (1.2 kg/hm², H1S3), meanwhile, the tap water (CK1) and artificial weeding (CK2) as controls. Moreover, the chemical and physical parameters were determined, including the control effect of weed fresh weight, phytotoxicity index, rhizosphere soil enzyme activity, root antioxidant enzyme activity, Maleicdialdehyde (MDA) content, agronomic traits and yield. The results showed that: 1) The phytotoxicity indexes of brassins, gibberellin, and Naian combined with Guyou significantly decreased by 20.27%, 21.63%, and 20.94%, respectively, but there was no significant change in the weed control effect. 2) The soil invertase and urease activities in the H1 treatment were dramatically inhibited, compared with that in the CK1 at 7-42 days after spraying, where the activity inhibition rate decreased with the time. Furthermore, the activities of soil invertase and urease significantly increased, whereas, the inhibition rate was significantly reduced after adding the safener (H1S1, H1S2, and H1S3 treatments). It infers that the mixed spraying of safener and Guyou can reduce soil alkaline phosphatase and catalase activities. 3) The root Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity in the H1 treatment was significantly lower than that in the CK1 at 14-28 d, while that was higher than that in the CK1 at 42-70 d. The activity of root SOD in the safener compound was higher than that in the H1 treatment at 14-28 d after spraying, while that was lower than that in the H1 treatment at 42-70 d. The root Catalase (CAT) activity in the H1 treatment was higher than that in the CK1 at 14-42 d, while was lower than that in the CK1 at 70-96 d. The CAT activity was reduced in safener compound after spraying. The root MDA content in the H1 treatment increased significantly, while it decreased significantly in the safener compound treatment after spraying. 4) Monosulfuron-methyl resulted in the reduction of plant height in proso millet, ear length, and main ear weight. The combined application of safeners reduced the adverse effects of herbicides. The yield of each treatment was higher than that of CK1. The combination of monosulfuron-methyl and gibberellin yields the highest yield, reaching 5 035 kg/hm², which is an increase of 1 114 kg/hm² compared with CK1 treament and 1 061 kg/hm² compared with H1 treament. The combination of safener and monosulfuron-methyl can delay the inhibition of monosulfuron-methyl on the rhizosphere soil enzyme activity of proso millet, while increase the activities of soil invertase and urease, as well as the root SOD activity. It infers that the combined addition can be used to reduce the membrane lipid peroxidation, the damage of cell membrane system, and the senescence process of root system, while to increase plant height, stem thickness, ear length, main ear weight, and yield of proso millet. The findings demonstrated that the combination of safener gibberellin and herbicide monosulfuron-methyl can have a better effect to alleviate the herbicide damage, while promote the yield of proso millet.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Enzyme inhibition
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Alkalinity - Antioxidants - Crops - Cytology - Enzyme activity - Herbicides - Ionization of gases - Lipids - Metabolism  - Oxygen - Phosphatases - Plants (botany) - Soils - Weed control
Uncontrolled terms:ALkaline phosphatase - Antioxidant enzyme activity - Arid and semi-arid regions - Chemical and physical parameters - Growth and development - Membrane lipid peroxidation - Soil enzyme activity - Superoxide dismutase activities
Classification code:461.9  Biology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.92e-02yr to 1.15e-01yr, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 2.03e+01%, Percentage 2.09e+01%, Percentage 2.16e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20211110084630
Title:Drainage function and straw decomposition rate of landfill reclamation erosion gully
Title of translation:&#22635;&#22475;&#22797;&#22438;&#20405;&#34432;&#27807;&#30340;&#23548;&#25490;&#27700;&#21151;&#33021;&#21644;&#31224;&#31174;&#33104;&#35299;&#36895;&#29575;
Authors:Qi, Zhi (1); Han, Xing (1); Ding, Chao (1); Hu, Wei (2); Zhang, Xingyi (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun; 130118, China; (2) Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin; 150081, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Xingyi(zhangxy@iga.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:85-91
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Gully erosion has become a key disturbance factor in the sloping farmland, particularly in the black soil area of the Northeast China. This is because the gully erosion can damage land resources site off the tractor travel, and thereby threaten the sustainability of crop production. As such, a new technology was introduced to the rehabilitation engineering of gully filling with straw. However, two scientific questions need to be answered in this technique: Firstly, whether the new gully that induced by the surface runoff can change the original site after the rehabilitation. Secondly, whether the collapse that induced by the decomposition of straw bundle can occur in the original site, where the decomposition has existed due to the organic matter of straw. These two problems can also determine the feasibility of the technique. Therefore, in this study, the drainage function and straw decomposition were investigated in a rehabilitated gully, to verify the drainage capacity of the technique, and further to explore the straw decomposition in different rehabilitation years. A rehabilitated gully (47&deg;21'22.52&Prime;N, 126&deg;49'56.71&Prime;E) was selected, located in Guangrong village, Hailun City, Heilongjiang Province. The capacity parameters were measured, including the soil infiltration, seepage infiltration, water holding of straw bundle, and the drainage. Taking Yinlonghe farm (48&deg;45'N, 126&deg;36'E) as the research area, located in Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province, China, the straw decomposition test was conducted to measure the thickness, bulk density, and components of straw bundle. The results showed that the water storage of straw bundle layer was 463 kg/m³ in the rehabilitated gully bed. The runoff in the rainy season can be completely stored by the straw layer. The sloping farmland after rehabilitation can resist the uniform rainfall intensity of 44 to 80 mm/h. 95% surface runoff was transformed into the underground runoff, indicating a great reduction in the soil erosion induced by surface runoff. From the surface runoff to underground runoff, there was no new gully reformed in the original site. In addition, the thickness of straw bundle layer decreased at an average annual rate of 1.4 cm. The settlement of straw layer can be filled by the spring plough and the sediment deposition in the rainy season. Therefore, there was no collapse occurred in the original site. Furthermore, the decomposition rate of straw component varied in different rehabilitation years. There was a rapid increase in the decomposition rate of hemicellulose and cellulose after 20 years, whereas, the lignin hardly decomposed, where the content ranged from 26.8% to 38.8%. Long term anaerobic environment, water saturation, and half a year freezing period can significantly suppress the decomposition of straw. The technology of rehabilitation from the gully erosion can be widely used for the rehabilitation of 200 000 gullies in the sloping farmland in the black soil area of the Northeast China. The finding can provide a scientific basis for the reclamation of erosion gully.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Cellulose - Cultivation - Drainage - Erosion - Farms - Landforms - Runoff - Soils - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic environment - Decomposition rate - Disturbance factors - Rainfall intensity - Rehabilitation engineering - Sediment deposition - Soil infiltration - Underground runoffs
Classification code:442.1  Flood Control - 481.1  Geology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 811.3  Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3  Agricultural Methods
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.00e+01yr, Mass_Density 4.63e+02kg/m3, Percentage 2.68e+01% to 3.88e+01%, Percentage 9.50e+01%, Size 1.40e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20211110084733
Title:Study on the standard system for rural toilet construction and excrement disposal in China
Title of translation:&#20013;&#22269;&#20892;&#26449;&#21397;&#25152;&#25913;&#36896;&#21450;&#31914;&#27745;&#22788;&#29702;&#26631;&#20934;&#20307;&#31995;&#30740;&#31350;
Authors:Zhang, Hui (1); Zhao, Lixin (1); Meng, Haibo (1); Shen, Yujun (1); Ding, Jingtao (1); Wang, Huihui (1); Zhou, Haibin (1); Fan, Shengyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100125, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:209-214
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Toilet revolution has become one important part of a rural revitalization strategy in China, aiming to effectively reduce the incidence rate of fecal oral diseases, while to ensure the health-care level and quality of human beings. Since 2018, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, together with relevant departments, has taken active actions to vigorously promote the rural toilet revolution and achieved positive effects. However, some situation, like "poor construction, not working well and improper use" of rural toilets, still occurs in some rural areas. The main reason is a lack of a standard system for the toilet modernization and utilization of excrement, further to improve the hygiene of toilets facilities in rural areas. Therefore, this study first summarized the 22 national and industry standards system that were directly related to rural toilet construction and excrement disposal in China. It was found that the number of existing standards was seriously insufficient, indicating the standard system has not been well-established for the rural toilet construction and excrement disposal in China. As such, this study aims to establish a three-dimensional structure diagram of rural toilet construction and excrement disposal, using the system engineering technology method, including levels (basic standards, general standards, special standards), sequence (product equipment standards, engineering construction standards, technical method standards, operation management standards, safety and health standards), category (rural household toilet standards, fecal sewage centralized treatment center standards, other standards). An optimal level of special standard was further determined, according to the basic established principles of a standard system for rural toilet construction and excrement disposal. The key content of a standard system construction was proposed to fill the research gaps in the basic national standards, and the general standards system, as well as in the special standards. Four recommendations were also proposed during this time: 1) To organize a special standardization working group or professional committee as soon as possible to systematically implement the policy of the toilet revolution; 2) To strengthen the fundamental research on the various advanced international standards systems; 3) To speed up the preparation of urgently needed standards systems; 4) To encourage the local governments to actively prepare the local standards system, in order to provide for the rural toilet revolution in China. The standard system of toilet modernization and utilization of excrement in rural areas can provide an important means to guide the renovation of toilet and the utilization of excrement as resources, further to standardize development of the modern industry.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Construction equipment - Sewage
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture and rural - Engineering constructions - Fundamental research - Industry standards - International standards - Operation management - Safety and healths - Three-dimensional structure
Classification code:405.1  Construction Equipment - 452.1  Sewage - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20211110084702
Title:Comprehensive effects of irrigation water and nitrogen levels for controlled release fertilizer with different release periods on winter wheat yield
Title of translation:&#19981;&#21516;&#37322;&#25918;&#26399;&#25511;&#37322;&#32933;&#21644;&#27700;&#27694;&#29992;&#37327;&#23545;&#20908;&#23567;&#40614;&#20135;&#37327;&#30340;&#32508;&#21512;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Li, Mengyue (1); Hu, Tiantian (1); Cui, Xiaolu (1); Luo, Lihua (1); Lu, Junsheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Tiantian(hutiant@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:153-161
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The application of traditional urea usually causes low efficiency of nutrient utilization, and environmental pollution, due to the excessive use of fertilizers, and mismatching between the nutrient release stage of fertilizers and the growth stage of crops. The controlled-release fertilizer, serving as a promising new fertilizer, can be used to improve nutrient use efficiency and crop yields via adjusting the stage of nutrient release. The objective of this study was therefore to explore the effects of controlled-release fertilizers in different release periods, and the nitrogen levels in irrigation water on winter wheat yield. A field experiment was conducted in the Modern Agriculture Demonstration Park, Wugong Town, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, China. The optimum combinations of water and fertilizer inputs were determined for both single-objective and multi-objective optimizations through the frequency and multiple regression analysis method. The main, sub, and sub-sub plots were designed in the field experiments. In the main zone plots, three irrigation levels were set as W<inf>1</inf> (30 mm), W<inf>2</inf> (60 mm), and W<inf>3</inf> (90 mm). The sub plots comprised of four nitrogen fertilization levels, including N<inf>0</inf> (0 kg/hm²), N<inf>1</inf> (75 kg/hm²), N<inf>2</inf> (150 kg/hm²), and N<inf>3</inf> (225 kg/hm²). The sub-sub plots included three different nitrogen fertilizer types, namely PCU<inf>60</inf> (a controlled-release fertilizer with a release periods of 60 days), PCU<inf>120</inf> (a controlled-release fertilizer with a release periods of 120 days), and U (traditional urea). A controlled release fertilizer was applied at one time during planting, where the application mode of traditional nitrogen fertilizer (U) as a control. The effect of water and nitrogen dosage on winter wheat yield was clarified under the condition of controlled-release fertilizer, thereby to propose the optimal range of water and fertilizer dosage in various fertilizers. The results showed that the amount of irrigation water, nitrogen application rates, and different types of controlled-release fertilizer had significant effects on the spike number, grain number per spike, 1000-kernal mass, amount of dry matte, and grain yield of winter wheat. The interaction between two factors also had a significant impact on the grain yield. In the same irrigation levels, the winter wheat yield increased first, and then decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer application levels, where the maximum was obtained when the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer was 150 kg/hm². In the same nitrogen fertilizer levels, the winter wheat yield increased first, and then decreased with increasing the irrigation levels, where the maximum was achieved, when the irrigation level was 60 mm. The interaction effect between the type of controlled release fertilizer and the amount of irrigation/nitrogen application showed that: compared with the U treatment, with the increase of irrigation levels, the average yield of PCU<inf>60</inf> increased by 308 kg/hm², and PCU<inf>120</inf> decreased by 270 kg/hm²; on the contrary, with the increase of nitrogen application rates, the average yield of PCU<inf>60</inf> decreased by 289 kg/hm², and PCU<inf>120</inf> increased by 118 kg/hm². According to the water and nitrogen production functions of three fertilizers, the yield-increasing effects of two controlled-release fertilizers were 14.31% (PCU<inf>120</inf>) and 12.08% (PCU<inf>60</inf>), respectively, under the water and nitrogen application when the U achieved the highest theoretical yield of 6 823 kg/hm². In a frequency analysis, the most appropriate ranges of water and nitrogen for different fertilizer types were: 67.20-70.22 mm and 145.42-187.91 kg/hm² under the PCU<inf>60</inf> fertilizer treatment; 47.72-52.28 mm and 159.23-199.47 kg/hm² under the PCU<inf>120</inf> fertilizer treatment; 77.51-79.99 mm and 167.55-207.45 kg/hm² under the U treatment. The yield-increasing ranges were 7 647-7 719 kg/hm² (PCU<inf>60</inf>), 7 744-7 906 kg/hm² (PCU<inf>120</inf>), and 6 733-6 823 kg/hm² (U) under the most appropriate ranges of water and nitrogen application for different fertilizer types, respectively. Therefore, it can be recommended that an optimal irrigation level (47.72-52.28 mm) and fertilizer application (PCU<inf>120</inf>, 159.23-199.47 kg/hm²) ranges can be considered as the best water and fertilizer management strategy for maximizing water-fertilizer productivity of winter wheat.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Urea fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Crops - Efficiency - Forestry - Grain (agricultural product) - Irrigation - Metabolism - Multiobjective optimization - Nutrients - Urea  - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Controlled-release fertilizers - Environmental pollutions - Fertilizer applications - Fertilizer management - Multiple regression analysis - Nitrogen application rates - Nitrogen fertilization level - Nutrient-use efficiencies
Classification code:804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.64e-01yr, Age 3.29e-01yr, Size 3.00e-02m, Size 4.77e-02m to 5.23e-02m, Size 6.00e-02m, Size 6.72e-02m to 7.02e-02m, Size 7.75e-02m to 8.00e-02m, Size 9.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20211110084681
Title:Experiment on atomization of pyrolyzed tar from carbon-gas co-production through straw pyrolysis
Title of translation:&#31224;&#31174;&#28909;&#35299;&#28845;&#27668;&#32852;&#20135;&#28909;&#35299;&#28966;&#27833;&#38654;&#21270;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Hao, Xiaowen (1, 2); Jia, Jixiu (1); Yao, Zonglu (1); Zhao, Lixin (1); Huo, Lili (1); Kang, Kang (3); Zhang, Xirui (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou; 570228, China; (3) Institute for Chemical and Fuel Conversion of Alternative Resources (ICFAR), University of Western Ontario, London; ON; N0M2A0, Canada
Corresponding author:Yao, Zonglu(yaozonglu@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:250-257
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:More than 800 million tons of residual straw produced in China each year, about half of which have not been reused effectively. Alternatively, a biochar-gas-tar polygeneration can transform agriculture residues, such as straw into pyrolysis gas, biochar, pyrolysis tar, and other products, indicating the full use of renewable resources to reduce environmental pollution. However, pyrolysis tar is a sort of inevitable by-product in the process of biochar-gas-tar polygeneration. The treatment of pyrolysis tar has become a prominent problem restricting the development of technology. The mass concentration of volatile phenol in pyrolysis tar is 156~312 mg/L, rich in aldehyde, benzene, phenol, hydrocarbon, ammonia, and heavy metals. At present, there are four main methods to treat the pyrolysis tar: high temperature cracking, catalyst cracking, plasma, and combustion. The former three methods can only reduce the emission of pyrolysis tar, but cannot eliminate or completely realize the use of tar. Moreover, there are still some problems, such as high requirements for equipment material, and high temperature bearing capacity, high cost, low efficiency, high energy consumption or catalyst deactivation. Since the energy density of pyrolysis tar is relatively high, the clean energy utilization of pyrolysis tar can be realized by burning pyrolysis tar as liquid fuel. However, the physical and chemical properties of pyrolysis tar are quite different from those of common fuel tar, such as high moisture content, high viscosity, and poor effect of atomization combustion. Therefore, it is necessary to study the atomization characteristics of pyrolysis tar under different conditions, and thereby to reveal the atomization law of pyrolysis tar, further to realize clean and efficient combustion of pyrolysis tar. In this study, an atomization test of pyrolysis tar was designed using two technologies of fluid atomization and scattering particle size analysis, in order to ensure the stable combustion and atomization of pyrolysis tar. The single factor and orthogonal experiments were carried out to compare the effects of tar temperature, gas temperature, and gas pressure on the particle size and its distribution in the steady state free spray of tar. The results showed that the optimal effect of tar atomization was achieved, when the temperature of tar exceeded 60&#8451;, the temperature of gas exceeded 80&#8451;, and the pressure exceeded 0.3 MPa. With the increase of tar temperature, air temperature and air pressure, the SMD of tar droplets decreased. The influence of each factor on atomization effect was ranked in a descend order: tar temperature, gas pressure, and gas temperature. The small particle rate of pyrolysis tar accounted for more than 85%, where the optimal atomization pyrolysis tar temperature was 100&#8451;, gas temperature was 120&#8451;, and the gas pressure was 0.5 MPa, indicating a good atomization effect on pyrolysis tar. The proposed system can provide a potential data support for clean combustion and comprehensive utilization of pyrolysis tar. Since this experiment mainly studied the pyrolytic tar atomization, the next step can be set to carry out the investigation on pyrolytic oil atomization combustion combined with atomization parameters.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Tar
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Ammonia - Atomization - Carbon - Catalyst deactivation - Catalytic cracking - Combustion - Energy utilization - Gas industry - Gases  - Heavy metals - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Phenols - Pressure effects
Uncontrolled terms:Atomization characteristics - Comprehensive utilizations - Environmental pollutions - High energy consumption - High moisture contents - High temperature crackings - Particle size and its distribution - Physical and chemical properties
Classification code:522  Gas Fuels - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 531  Metallurgy and Metallography - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 931.1  Mechanics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.56e-01kg/m3 to 3.12e-01kg/m3, Percentage 8.50e+01%, Pressure 3.00e+05Pa, Pressure 5.00e+05Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20211110084613
Title:Spatial extraction of winter wheat in Hebei in growing season using pixel-wise phenological curve
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#20687;&#20803;&#29289;&#20505;&#26354;&#32447;&#21305;&#37197;&#30340;&#29983;&#38271;&#23395;&#20869;&#27827;&#21271;&#30465;&#20908;&#23567;&#40614;&#31354;&#38388;&#20998;&#24067;&#35782;&#21035;
Authors:Zhang, Jinshui (1, 3, 4); Zhao, Guangzheng (2); Hong, Youtang (2); Sun, Zhihu (2); Duan, Yaming (1, 3, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing; 100875, China; (2) School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing; 100875, China; (4) Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing; 100875, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:193-200
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Timely and accurate information on geospatial distribution of crops in a growing season is critical for monitoring crop growth and forecasting the agricultural disaster and crop yield. Most remote sensing mapping methods were currently covered the crops images in the entire growing season. There was a time lag fail to meet the harsh requirement in the actual agricultural production. Moreover, the relatively generalization ability in time and space can make the crops mapping difficult to identify in most current approaches. The manual debugging in image acquisition has indicated the heavy workload and strong subjectivity, and thereby seriously prevents the automation of crop extraction in the threshold method. The changes of phenological characteristics in winter wheat gradually accumulate among years, and the time generalization ability of threshold can be mainly affected, with the continuous change of global climate. This study aims to propose a novel crops mapping method to rapidly acquire the specific knowledge in season, using the pixel-wise phenological curves. The reflectance imaging data in the growth period of 250 m winter wheat was used to construct the MODIS-NDVI time series data in 2017-2019. A Savizky-Glolay filter and moving average with dynamic step sizes filtering were used to reconstruct the time series datasets. The images of winter wheat during the stopping and jointing stage from Landsat-8 satellite were superimposed, and then the samples were selected to input the Support Vector Machine (SVM) for the extraction of wheat spatial distribution, serving as the prior knowledge and validation data. A Pixel-Matched Model (PMM) was designed to systematically extract the spatial distribution of winter wheat. The pixel similarity was calculated to compare between the prior winter wheat and current corresponding pixels, as well as the prior non-winter wheat pixels and standard curves. A standard deviation iteration method was used to optimize the threshold, in order to efficiently extract the spatial distribution of winter wheat in the growth period. The results showed that the PMM can fully utilize the change of crop phenological characteristics, and thereby to achieve high-precision extraction within the second month after sowing winter wheat. The obtained distribution from the SVM was set as the reference standard, where the overall accuracy of PMM extraction results was 95.49% and F1 score of 0.83. The high precision remained stable, with the deepening of winter wheat growth period, and the increasing of remote sensing data. The PMM can achieve the winter wheat distribution faster and well in large scale, compared with the Reference Curve Model (RCM), sharing the common phenological curve to extract crop distribution. The most advantage of PMM method was to significantly weaken the influence of phenological spatial difference of winter wheat planting, when extracting through the inter-annual comparison of the pixel own curve. The PMM can complete the identification of winter wheat across the years, indicating the strong time generalization ability to realize the automatic inference of winter wheat distribution using historical models. This approach can remarkably reduce the difficulty of extraction, while save the manpower investment in the extent extraction of winter wheat in growing season.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Climate change - Extraction - Iterative methods - Pixels - Remote sensing - Space optics - Spatial distribution - Support vector machines - Time series
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural disasters - Agricultural productions - Automatic inference - Generalization ability - Pixel similarities - Reflectance imaging - Remote sensing data - Spatial differences
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 656.1  Space Flight - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921  Mathematics - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.55e+01%, Size 2.50e+02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20211110080446
Title:Design and application of skid type biogas purification system for small- and medium- scale biogas projects
Title of translation:&#20013;&#23567;&#22411;&#27836;&#27668;&#24037;&#31243;&#25772;&#24335;&#27836;&#27668;&#25552;&#32431;&#31995;&#32479;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#24212;&#29992;
Authors:Zhang, Dalei (1, 2); Liu, Hucheng (1); Kou, Wei (2); Shao, Lijie (2); Wang, Xiaoming (2); Liu, Peihan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang; 110136, China; (2) Liaoning Energy Research Institute Co., Ltd, Yingkou; 115003, China
Corresponding author:Kou, Wei(kouwei6@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:215-221
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Small-and medium-scale biogas systems are widely distributed in China. Nevertheless, the overall strategic planning of biogas project is highly difficult, due mainly to the large difference in geographic regions. According to the different daily production of biogas (Q), biogas projects in China can be divided into four categories: extremely large (Q>5 000 Nm³/d), large (5 000 Nm³/d>Q>500 Nm³/d), medium (500 Nm³/d>Q>150 Nm³/d), and small (150 Nm³/d>Q>5 Nm³/d). At present, there are more than 100 000 biogas projects of various types in China, among which there are more than 66 000 large-scale biogas projects, more than 10 000 medium-sized biogas projects, and more than 80 000 small-scale biogas projects. Many previous studies focused on biogas purification on the large and super large biogas engineering, serving as the future development trend of industrialization. Purified biogas after purification can be used for vehicle fuel or incorporated into the natural gas pipeline network, thereby to achieve its high value usage. The fermentation of raw materials in small-and medium-sized biogas projects are usually from village wastes and manure from farms. There are still problems in the small-and medium-scale biogas system, such as regional dispersion, large quantity, difficulty in the overall planning, high purification cost, and low efficiency. The generated biogas is mostly used in low-value utilization ways, such as cooking, lighting, and power generation, far beyond the high-value utilization. Therefore, it is very urgent to extend the potential application of purification system in the small and medium-sized biogas projects. In this study, a set of skid-mounted integrated biogas purification system was designed, aiming to improve the efficiency, performance, and cost-saving systems in small- and medium-sized biogas projects. Technical methods were designed suitable for the manufacture system of desulfurization, decarburization, and control. Specifically, the dry desulfurization, membrane decarburization, and molecular sieve technology were integrated into the set of the system. An engineering application test was carried out, under the conditions of biogas intake capacity of 500 m³/d, and biogas pressure of 104 kPa. After 35 minutes of stable operation, the content of CH<inf>4</inf> in the purified biogas reached 97.88%, the content of CO<inf>2</inf> was lower than 2.5%, the content of H<inf>2</inf>S was as low as 11 mg/kg, and the recovery efficiency of CH<inf>4</inf> reached 86.5%. The operating cost of equipment was 0.09 yuan/Nm³ biogas, and the payback period was only 1.5 a. In comparison, the purification performance of the apparatus met the requirements of biological natural gas standard of China, indicating the advantages of flexible movement, high purification efficiency, and low cost. To meet the needs of different engineering requirements for biogas purification equipment, the device can be designed, according to different material gas in different biogas producing scale. The stability of adjusted equipment was still needed to improve in the further, particularly on the equipment adaptability, and stability characteristics for the different types of biogas engineering. The application of this apparatus can realize the valorization of biogas, and further widen the fields for the development of small and medium-sized biogas projects.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Biogas
Controlled terms:Air purification - Automobile manufacture - Costs - Decarburization - Desulfurization - Efficiency - Fertilizers - Gas fuel purification - Hydrogen sulfide - Investments  - Molecular sieves - Natural gas - Natural gas pipelines - Natural gas vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Biogas purifications - Design and application - Development trends - Dry desulfurization - Engineering applications - Purification efficiency - Purification systems - Recovery efficiency
Classification code:522  Gas Fuels - 537.1  Heat Treatment Processes - 643  Space Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning - 662.1  Automobiles - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 911  Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.50e+00%, Percentage 8.65e+01%, Percentage 9.79e+01%, Pressure 1.04e+05Pa, Time 2.10e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20211110084878
Title:Identification and verification of the parameters for canal control model based on measured water level and flow
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#23454;&#27979;&#27700;&#20301;&#21644;&#27969;&#37327;&#25968;&#25454;&#30340;&#28192;&#36947;&#25511;&#21046;&#27169;&#22411;&#21442;&#25968;&#36776;&#35782;&#19982;&#39564;&#35777;
Authors:Guan, Guanghua (1); Jia, Menghao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430072, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:92-98
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A canal control model can be considered as a mathematical expression to represent the dynamic relationship between the canal building-gate-flow. The accuracy of the model determines the design effect of the controller. In view of the traditional canal control model, it is difficult to solve the problems which are complicated and difficult to apply in the actual engineering. In this study, a small canal monitoring system was first developed to conduct model tests. A parameter identification method was used to identify the canal control model, and then to verify the accuracy of the identification model. The parameter identification method was extended to the prototype project of South-to-North Water Diversion Project to further verify the reliability of parameter identification. Two typical flow conditions were designed in the model test, including the forward step condition and the reverse step condition, in order to fully observe the response of water level in the canal pond to the flow change, and thereby obtain the input and output information of the model. During the test, water level gauges and flow meters were used to monitor the water level and flow information in the test canal in real time, and then the monitored information was transmitted to the central monitor for storage. In the prototype project, the observation data were provided by the Administration of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project. The Integrator Delay (ID) model and the Integrator Delay Zero (IDZ) model were used in the control model, while, the Recursive Least Square (RLS) method was used in the identification method to identify and analyze the measured data. The results showed that recursive least squares were feasible to identify the parameters of canal control models (ID, IDZ), according to the principle of system identification in a model test and prototype observation. In the model test, the identification error was basically distributed between (-1, 1) cm, and the mean square error was less than 1.492&times;10^-5 m². The identification results were highly consistent with the measured values, and the identification data of ID model and IDZ model were similar. This was mainly because the flow rate in the test canal was small, together with the single flow change and the low frequency flow without obviously high frequency. In the prototype project of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the identification error was basically distributed between (-2, 2) cm, and the mean square error was less than 7.675&times;10^-5 m². The identification data was still in high agreement with the measured value. However, when the water flow in the canal changed dramatically, the IDZ model can capture this change trend, while the ID model cannot reflect it. This was mainly because, when the water level changed drastically, the vibration frequency of water wave was faster, and the water flow was in high-frequency motion, so the response accuracy of the IDZ model was higher, which also proved its applicability to high-frequency water flow. Therefore, the IDZ model has better identification accuracy and stability than the ID model, particularly for large-scale canal projects with drastic changes in water flow. The findings can provide a certain reference for the modeling theory in the canal control and controller design, thereby to the modeling of the water transmission and distribution canal system in irrigation areas or water diversion projects.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Canals
Controlled terms:Controllers - Digital storage - Errors - Flood control - Flow of water - Flowmeters - Hydraulics - Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Parameter estimation  - Position control - Testing - Water levels - Water waves
Uncontrolled terms:Mathematical expressions - Middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project - Parameter identification methods - Recursive least square (RLS) - Recursive least square methods - Reliability of parameters - South-to-North water diversion project - Water diversion project
Classification code:407.2  Waterways - 442.1  Flood Control - 471.4  Seawater, Tides and Waves - 631.1.1  Liquid Dynamics - 632.1  Hydraulics - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 732.1  Control Equipment - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 943.1  Mechanical Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20211110084691
Title:Potential of biogas produced from anaerobic fermentation of rural household wastes
Title of translation:&#20892;&#26449;&#29983;&#27963;&#22403;&#22334;&#21388;&#27687;&#21457;&#37237;&#20135;&#27836;&#27668;&#28508;&#21147;&#30740;&#31350;
Authors:Xi, Yonglan (1, 2, 3); Liu, Yang (3); Gao, Di (1); Cao, Fenglei (4); Du, Jing (1, 2, 3); Kong, Xiangping (1, 2); Ye, Xiaomei (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Nanjing; 210014, China; (2) East China Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Development and Utilization of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing; 210014, China; (3) School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (4) Sanitation Office, Datun Street, Peixian County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221600, China, Datun Street, Peixian County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou; 221600, China
Corresponding author:Ye, Xiaomei(yexiaomei610@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:222-228
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, the improvement of the living standards of farmers has led to a sharp increase in the discharge of household waste in villages and towns. The focus on the work of ecological livability is the highlights of the treatment of household waste in villages and towns. Therefore, solving the problem of rural household waste has become the top priority of the rural revitalization strategy. The main components of rural organic household waste are leftover food and melon peel, which are rich in organic matter, high water content, and sufficient nutrients. Hence, rural organic household waste may be suitable for the raw material to use in anaerobic fermentation. The method of anaerobic fermentation can degrade organic household waste, produce biogas, and digested. The product of the fermentation can also be used as a slow-release fertilizer to improve the soil condition and fully realize the "reduction, recycling and harmlessness" of organic household waste in villages and towns. Peixian County in Xuzhou City is a national demonstration county for rural garbage classification and resource utilization, and Datun Subdistrict in Peixian County is a pilot town for rural household waste classification in Jiangsu Province. This paper aims to study the potential of biogas production by anaerobic fermentation of organic domestic waste in this rural areas. The site of collect samples was in Domestic Waste Classification and Disposal Center of Wangzhuang Village, Datun Street, Peixian county, Xuzhou city, Jiangsu Province. The frequency of collecting samples was once a month, and the cumulative one-year anniversary were 12 months. After classification, the moisture content of organic household garbage in Datun Street of Pei County is mostly between 75%-80%; organic matter accounts for about 40%; the nitrogen content is rich, between 20-25 g/kg; C/N is 15-35; Lignin content is about 8%. The results show that organic household waste in Datun Street of Peixian County is suitable as an anaerobic fermentation material. The experiment was carried out for batch anaerobic digestion with anaerobic sludge under 37&#8451; to evaluate the potential of biogas production. As the result, the accumulation of the experimental group in the biogas production rate was in the range of 447-1 398 mL, accumulated methane production rate was in the range of 215-865 mL. Using SPSS data analysis found that the moisture content of the rural living garbage, TP, TK, TN, organic matter, C/N, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin content had the positive effect on methane production potential. Especially, the cellulose content to produce biogas potential is a significant positive influence on relationship, and TP could have a significant negative influence on gas potential relationship. And the optimal equation of multivariate linear stepwise regression between the physical and chemical properties of each experimental group and its gas production potential was abtained. Finally, this study had established the multivariate linear stepwise regression, the optimal equation, according to the moisture content of organic solid waste in rural areas, predicting the anaerobic digestion of cellulose and lignin content methane production potential.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Biogas - Biogeochemistry - Cellulose - Fermentation - Gas industry - Lignin - Methane - Moisture - Moisture determination - Municipal solid waste  - Rural areas - Sludge digestion - Waste disposal
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Biogas production rates - Organic household wastes - Organic solid wastes - Physical and chemical properties - Resource utilizations - Rural household wastes - Slow release fertilizers
Classification code:452  Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 481.2  Geochemistry - 522  Gas Fuels - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 811.3  Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.00e+00yr, Percentage 8.00e+00%, Volume 2.15e-04m3 to 8.65e-04m3, Volume 4.47e-04m3 to 1.40e-03m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20211110084869
Title:Obstacle avoidance path planning algorithm for multi-rotor UAVs
Title of translation:&#22810;&#26059;&#32764;&#26080;&#20154;&#26426;&#36991;&#38556;&#33322;&#36857;&#35268;&#21010;&#31639;&#27861;
Authors:Zheng, Zi (1); Yang, Shenghui (1); Zheng, Yongjun (1); Liu, Xingxing (1); Chen, Jian (1); Su, Daobilige (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zheng, Yongjun(zyj@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:59-69
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been commonly used for the plant protection in modern agriculture. Autonomous operation is a heated issue of UAVs development, while obstacle avoidance is one of essential abilities. If obstacles are not effectively avoided during automatic operation, the security of UAVs will be inevitably at risk. This study proposed a novel method of collision-free trajectory planning for multi-rotor UAVs, which used modified dynamic optimisation, thereby to deal with autonomous obstacle detection and avoidance. A quad-rotor UAV, Carto F4, equipped with the workload of 5 kg, was selected as the flight platform. A LIDAR, Rplidar S1, and a PIXHAWK flight controller were used on the UAV. Meanwhile, a high-speed computing module, NVIDIA TX2, was used for complex computation. The specific method of trajectory planning consisted of three procedures during optimisation. First, a probability grid map was established to serve as the environment map, using the binary Bayesian probability. Then, an optimal bi-directional Rapidly-exploring Random Trees (RRT) was developed to search a complete and low-cost path for the UAV. Specifically, a systematic optimisation included the application of both centroid bias sampling and online-rolling optimization. The centroid bias sampling was used for the mutual guidance in node growing, while the online-rolling optimization was used for the avoidance of repeated growing of nodes. A more efficient path was established according to the two steps. Third, a dynamic optimisation of full trajectories was applied, where the dynamic optimization of minimizing the fourth derivative of displacement was utilised to make the path to be a trajectory that was more in line with dynamic performance, thereby to achieve stable avoidance of obstacles. A minimum snap was employed during optimisation, where three types of constraints were added, containing planning constraints, continuity constraints, and dynamic constraints. Meanwhile, a probability grid map with high and low expansions was developed to ensure that the full trajectory did not interfere with obstacle areas. In-depth simulation test results illustrated that the re-planning duration of obstacle avoidance could be reduced by up to 23.69%, compared with the non-improvements, indicating that the dynamic optimisation made the trajectory more feasible and smoother. Moreover, the duration of planning of effective trajectories for obstacle avoidance was less than 0.33s, and the average speed of trajectory tracking of obstacle avoidance was not lower than 1.16 m/s. In addition, the extension rate of trajectories for obstacle avoidance was up to 20.82%, indicating that the efficiency and effectiveness of trajectory planning were improved. The proposed method of obstacle-free trajectory planning for multi-rotor UAVs can provide a sound of theoretical scheme and technical reference for the autonomous operation and obstacle avoidance of multi-rotor UAVs.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Aircraft detection
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Antennas - Collision avoidance - Obstacle detectors - Probability - Trajectories - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Uncontrolled terms:Autonomous operations - Bayesian probabilities - Collision-free trajectory planning - Continuity constraints - Dynamic optimization - High speed computing - Path-planning algorithm - Rapidly-exploring random trees
Classification code:652.1  Aircraft, General - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention - 922.1  Probability Theory
Numerical data indexing:Mass 5.00e+00kg, Percentage 2.08e+01%, Percentage 2.37e+01%, Time 3.30e-01s, Velocity 1.16e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20211110080469
Title:Impacts of natural sodium bentonite mushroom residue composite on improving water and fertilizer retention effect in sandy soil
Title of translation:&#22825;&#28982;&#38048;&#22522;&#33192;&#28070;&#22303;&#33740;&#28195;&#22797;&#21512;&#26448;&#26009;&#23545;&#25552;&#39640;&#27801;&#22303;&#20445;&#27700;&#20445;&#32933;&#25928;&#24212;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Wang, Ying (1); Wang, Mei (1); Su, Jinjuan (1); Gao, Lin (1); Rong, Wenwen (1); Jiao, Yalin (1); Liu, Jinqi (1); Zhang, Junyi (1); Chu, Guangming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural College of Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China
Corresponding author:Chu, Guangming(chgmxj@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:99-108
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The edge of the desert of Northwest China faces problems such as drought, water shortage, soil desertification, serious water leakage and fertilizer leakage, which seriously affect the normal growth of plants and restrict the sustainable development of agriculture and forest and fruit industry. In this study, indoor experiments were carried out to explore the effects of natural sodium bentonite mushroom residue composites on soil water and fertilizer retention performance. Teabag and soil column simulation method were used. Pure bentonite (P) and three treatments of composite materials were designed including bentonite-mushroom residue-humic acid composite (JF), bentonite-mushroom residue-amino acid composite (JA) and bentonite-mushroom residue-cow dung composite (JN). Each treatment of composite materials included four levels of bentonite-mushroom residue ratio of 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3 and 1:3.5. For the treatment of P, four proportions of bentonite was designed including 3%, 5%, 7% and 9%. For the JF, the humic acid accounted for 1.5%. For the JA, the amino acid accounted for 1.5%. For the JN, the dried cow dung accounted for 1.5%. The effects of water leakage and fertilizer leakage in sandy soil of each treatment were analyzed. The results showed that the treatments of group JF, JA, and JN improved the water absorption ratio and water holding capacity of sandy soil than that of the treatments of group P to a greater extent. Under the condition of soil column leaching, with the increase of the amount of bentonite (P), the cumulative leakage of water and nutrients showed a decreasing trend. When the amount of pure bentonite accounted for 3% to 9% of the total sandy soil, the cumulative leakage of water decreased by 18.00% to 26.17%. Among the cumulative leakage of nutrients, the cumulative leakage of nitrogen decreased by 11.58% to 27.22%. In addition, the cumulative leakage of potassium decreased by 2.82% to 7.78%, and the cumulative leakage of phosphorus decreased little. In the composites of JF, JA and JN, when the ratio of bentonite to mushroom residue was 1: 2, the cumulative leakage of water and nutrients decreased greatly. Among them, the water cumulative leakage decreased by 25.53% to 30.31%. The cumulative leakage of nitrogen was decreased by 25.66% to 32.36%. Besides, the potassium cumulative leakage decreased by 6.35% to 10.73%, and the phosphorus cumulative leakage rate decreased slightly. According to the results of this study, the decrease of JF1 treatment was the largest, indicating that the water and fertilizer retention effect is the best when the amount of bentonite is half of the amount of mushroom residue and the auxiliary material is humic acid. It also indicated that the addition of mushroom residue and humic acid could obviously promote the performance of sandy soil in water and fertilizer retention. The experimental results showed that the addition of natural sodium bentonite mushroom residue composite to sandy soil could improve the performance of water and fertilizer retention of sandy soil, especially in reducing the loss of nitrogen leaching. The results of this study can provide valuable information for the rational utilization of plant fibrous agricultural wastes, such as natural sodium bentonite and mushroom residue to improve the utilization rate of water and fertilizer in the agricultural and forestry planting areas of Northwest China.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Water absorption
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agricultural wastes - Amino acids - Bentonite - Composite materials - Forestry - Leaching - Leakage (fluid) - Nitrogen fertilizers - Nutrients  - Phosphorus - Potassium - Sand - Sodium - Soil moisture - Waste utilization
Uncontrolled terms:Auxiliary materials - Indoor experiment - Nitrogen leaching - Soil column leaching - Soil desertifications - Utilization rates - Water absorption ratios - Water holding capacity
Classification code:482.2  Minerals - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 549.1  Alkali Metals - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.16e+01% to 2.72e+01%, Percentage 1.50e+00%, Percentage 1.80e+01% to 2.62e+01%, Percentage 2.55e+01% to 3.03e+01%, Percentage 2.57e+01% to 3.24e+01%, Percentage 2.82e+00% to 7.78e+00%, Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 3.00e+00% to 9.00e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 6.35e+00% to 1.07e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+00%, Percentage 9.00e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20211110084651
Title:Image recognition of peanut pod grades based on transfer learning with convolutional neural network
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#36801;&#31227;&#23398;&#20064;&#30340;&#21367;&#31215;&#31070;&#32463;&#32593;&#32476;&#33457;&#29983;&#33626;&#26524;&#31561;&#32423;&#22270;&#20687;&#35782;&#21035;
Authors:Zhang, Ruiqing (1); Li, Zhangwei (1); Hao, Jianjun (1); Sun, Lei (1); Li, Hao (1); Han, Peng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071001, China; (2) Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang; 050000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:171-180
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aiming at the problems of low efficiency of manual grading and inaccurate mechanical grading of peanut pods, a convolutional neural network peanut pod grades image recognition method based on transfer learning was proposed. By using the operations of the flip, rotation, translation, contrast transformation, and brightness transformation, the obtained five grades (first-grade pod, second-grade pod, third-grade pod, fourth-grade abnormal pod, and fifth-grade damaged pod) of peanut pod images were expanded and preprocessed, thus the peanut pod grades image data set was established. The 60% of data was randomly selected as the training set, 20% of data was randomly selected as the validation set, and the remaining 20% as the test set. The performance of peanut pod image classification based on the GoogLeNet, ResNet18, and AlexNet was compared and analyzed. The peanut pod grades recognition model was improved by transferring the AlexNet convolution layers. The local response normalization was replaced by batch normalization, and the activation function was placed in different positions before and after the batch normalization layer, so that four different recognition-training models were designed, including the PA-I model, PA-II model, PA-III model, and PA-IV model. The transfer learning contrast experiments and the hyperparameter optimization experiments of the learning rate carried out for the four improved AlexNet models proposed above. The effects of the unsaturated activation function (ReLU) and improved unsaturated activation function (LReLU) on the performance of the model were studied. The experimental results showed that the training time of the AlexNet model was the least on the basis of satisfying the test accuracy and the learning rate of transfer learning based on the improved AlexNet model was a very important hyperparameter that needed to be optimized. If the learning rate is chosen too high, the model training oscillates seriously and even can't train normally; if the learning rate too small, the model training slow. An appropriate learning rate can speed up the training and improve the recognition ability of the model. When the learning rate was updated automatically, the model with batch normalization had better performance than local response normalization, which could make the model get higher accuracy and lower loss value. When the coefficient of activation function LReLU was 0.000 1, the performance of the LReLU used in the model was equivalent to that of the ReLU used in the model, therefore LReLU had no substantial impact on the training results of the model. The addition of batch normalization and reduction of parameters in the model reduced 220 s training time and improved the model's performance. The classification accuracy of the proposed peanut pod grades recognition model for the first-grade pod, second-grade pod, third-grade pod, fourth-grade abnormal pod, and fifth-grade damaged pod was 93.57%, 97.14%, 99.29%, 87.14%, and 100% respectively and the average classification accuracy reached 95.43%, and F1-scores achieved 96.32%, 97.49%, 99.64%, 92.42%, and 94.50% respectively. The model proposed in this study had high classification accuracy for peanut pod grades and could provide a reference for the precise classification of other agricultural products.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Learning systems
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Chemical activation - Convolution - Convolutional neural networks - Grading - Image recognition - Metadata - Oilseeds - Transfer learning
Uncontrolled terms:Activation functions - Classification accuracy - Contrast experiment - Hyper-parameter optimizations - Mechanical grading - Recognition abilities - Recognition methods - Reduction of parameters
Classification code:716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+01%, Percentage 8.71e+01%, Percentage 9.24e+01%, Percentage 9.36e+01%, Percentage 9.45e+01%, Percentage 9.54e+01%, Percentage 9.63e+01%, Percentage 9.71e+01%, Percentage 9.75e+01%, Percentage 9.93e+01%, Percentage 9.96e+01%, Time 2.20e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20211110080459
Title:Rice planting area extraction based on multi-temporal MODIS images in Heilongjiang Province of China
Title of translation:&#22810;&#26102;&#30456;MODIS&#24433;&#20687;&#30340;&#40657;&#40857;&#27743;&#30465;&#27700;&#31291;&#31181;&#26893;&#38754;&#31215;&#25552;&#21462;
Authors:Chen, Yusi (1); Li, Dan (1); Li, Zhen (1); Chen, Mengting (1); Cui, Yuanlai (1); Luo, Yufeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430072, China
Corresponding author:Luo, Yufeng(yfluo@whu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:201-208
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Heilongjiang province is the main area for paddy cultivation in China, and the phenomenon of paddy field expansion has contributed to huge changes in the land types in agricultural areas. Remote sensing is employed to rapidly and dynamically monitor the spatial and temporal changes of paddy fields, thus providing scientific support and decision-making basis for rational cultivation of crops and exploitation of land resources. Based on the above, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance and vegetation index data sets were selected as the main data source and the Landsat data set was chosen as the auxiliary data source in the present study. As MODIS images have the characteristics of large width and high update frequency, it is an ideal tool for accurate identification of large area crops. The current study remotely decoded paddy fields, drylands, river beaches, swampy meadows, forests, water, and towns in Heilongjiang province from 2003 to 2018 based on the decision tree model. Besides, the data from 2003 to 2010 was the calibration group, and the data from 2011 to 2018 was the validation group. Since the phenological characteristics and exponential intervals of the land classes all showed the difference, the classification rules of the land classes were also different. Statistical analysis was performed based on the spectral characteristics and time-series curves of the indices, including the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI). Meanwhile, the classification rules for each land class were presented as follows: forests were extracted by the EVI and slope data threshold method on April 6. Water was extracted by the NDVI threshold method on October 16. Supervised classification was used to extract towns from the LSWI time-series and wetlands from the NDVI time-series. After carrying out repeated experiments, NDVI, LSWI, and Band 6 were used to identify the paddy field, and the threshold conditions included 0.45-0.77, 0-0.56, and 120-1 530 nm, respectively. The classification result images were verified by high-resolution Landsat images and statistical almanac data, respectively. The Kappa coefficient of the 2003-2018 paddy fields identification reached 0.899-0.961, the overall classification accuracy reached 85.5%-92.3%, and the paddy fields matched the statistical almanac data. To compare the advantages and disadvantages of decision tree model construction, the maximum likelihood method was selected for the comparison. In terms of the control group, the maximum likelihood classification method was used to identify paddy fields under the condition that other land classification rules were unchanged. From 2003 to 2010, the accuracy of the maximum likelihood method was 0.643-0.756, which was significantly lower than that of the decision tree method from 0.923-0.961, indicating that the classification of paddy fields using the threshold method was more effective compared with the maximum likelihood method. The classification results suggested that the area of paddy fields in Heilongjiang province expanded 3 times from 2003 to 2018, and the center of gravity of paddy fields in the sowing area extended approximately 160 km to the north. Paddy field expansion increased linearly, with an average expansion of 158 100 hm² per year. From 2003 to 2018, the cumulative conversion from dry land was 2 502 400 hm², and 154 900 hm² of wetlands had been reclaimed in total. Moreover, the decision tree model proposed in the present study had provided an effective method for extracting paddy cultivated areas in Heilongjiang province, which could also offer lessons for land class identification in similar areas.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Crops - Cultivation - Decision making - Decision trees - Forestry - Maximum likelihood - Radiometers - Remote sensing - Surface waters  - Time series - Time series analysis - Vegetation - Wetlands
Uncontrolled terms:Enhanced vegetation index - Land surface water index - Maximum likelihood classifications - Maximum likelihood methods - Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer - Normalized difference vegetation index - Spatial and temporal changes - Supervised classification
Classification code:444.1  Surface Water - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 912.2  Management - 922.1  Probability Theory - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 944.7  Radiation Measuring Instruments - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.55e+01% to 9.23e+01%, Size 1.20e-07m to 1.53e-06m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20211110084861
Title:Separate and combined detection of minced chicken meat adulterated with soy protein or starch using electronic nose and electronic tongue
Title of translation:&#30005;&#23376;&#40763;&#21644;&#30005;&#23376;&#33292;&#21333;&#29420;&#19982;&#32852;&#21512;&#26816;&#27979;&#25530;&#22823;&#35910;&#34507;&#30333;&#25110;&#28096;&#31881;&#30340;&#40481;&#32905;&#31964;
Authors:Li, Yan (1, 2); Li, Fangfang (1); Yu, Linhong (1); Sun, Jingxin (1, 2); Guo, Liping (1); Dai, Aiguo (5); Wang, Baowei (1); Huang, Ming (3, 4); Xu, Xinglian (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science & Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao; 266109, China; (2) Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao; 266109, China; (3) National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210095, China; (4) Nanjing Huangjiaoshou Food Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing; 211226, China; (5) Qingdao Bernia Food Co., Ltd., Qingdao; 266109, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Jingxin(jxsun20000@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:309-316
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The electronic nose and electronic tongue were used to detect adulterated chicken rapidly. In this research, electronic nose and electronic tongue were used to detect the content of soybean protein and starch in chicken meat. Soy protein (0, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10.0%) was mixed into minced chicken meat to prepare adulterated chicken samples, the total sample weight was 10 g. The 2 mL of distilled water and 0.006 g of neutral protease were added in sequence in a 50 &#8451; water bath. After 15 min, the above samples were raised to 90 &#8451; to inactivate the enzyme. And incorporated with 0.1 g of D-ribose, Maillard reaction was carried out for 20 min. Then the reaction was terminated at 20 &#8451;. The processed samples were put into the measuring bottle for electronic nose detection. The 50 mL of 0.1 mol/L potassium chloride extract was added to each group of prepared electronic nose samples. After 30 min, the filtrate was taken for electronic tongue detection. Twenty-four samples in each group were made in parallel, including 18 modeling sets and 6 detection sets. Starch (0, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10.0% and 15.0%) was mixed into minced chicken meat to prepare adulterated chicken samples, the total sample weight was 10 g. The 2 mL of distilled water and 0.006 g of &alpha;-amylase were added to each group of samples in a 45 &#8451; water bath. After 15 min, the above samples were raised to 90&#8451; to inactivate the enzyme. When incorporating with 0.1 g of glycine, the Maillard reaction was carried out for 20 min. Then the reaction was terminated at 20&#8451;. The processed samples were put into the measuring bottle for electronic nose detection. The 50 mL of 0.1 mol/L potassium chloride extract was added to each group of prepared electronic nose samples. After 30 min, the filtrate was taken for electronic tongue detection. Twenty-four samples in each group were made in parallel, including 18 modeling sets and 6 detection sets. The data was statistically analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR). By PCA, the results showed that the contribution rates of first principal component and second principal component combinedly detected by electronic nose and electronic tongue for minced chicken meat adulterated with soy protein were 99.2% and 0.6%, respectively, and the total contribution rate was 99.8%. By PLSR, the coefficient of determination detected by electronic nose or electronic tongue was 0.989 and 0.972, the root mean square error was 3.9% and 5.4%, respectively. The coefficient of determination and the root mean square error of combinedly detected by electronic nose and electronic tongue were 0.992 and 2.8%. By PCA, the results showed that the contribution rates of first principal component and second principal component combinedly detected by electronic nose and electronic tongue for minced chicken meat adulterated with starch were 97.0% and 2.1%, respectively, and the total contribution rate was 99.1%. By PLSR, the coefficient of determination detected by electronic nose or electronic tongue was 0.977 and 0.976, the root mean square error was 5.0% and 5.2%, respectively. The coefficient of determination and the root mean square error of combinedly detected by electronic nose and electronic tongue were 0.996 and 2.4%. The performance of combined detection by electronic nose and electronic tongue for soy protein was better than for starch. The combined detection using electronic nose and electronic tongue sensors has a potential ability to distinguish and predict soy protein-based or starch-based adulteration in minced chicken meat and has also been proved to be a useful authentication method for meat adulteration detection with high efficiency and accuracy.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Electronic nose
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Animals - Bottles - Chemical reactions - Chlorine compounds - Electronic tongues - Enzymes - Errors - Extraction - Glycosylation  - Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Meats - Potash - Potassium chloride - Starch
Uncontrolled terms:Authentication methods - Coefficient of determination - Combined detections - First principal components - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Potential ability - Principal Components - Root mean square errors
Classification code:694.2  Packaging Materials - 801  Chemistry - 801.2  Biochemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 822.3  Food Products - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.00e-02kg, Mass 1.00e-04kg, Mass 6.00e-06kg, Molar_Concentration 1.00e+02mol/m3, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 2.10e+00%, Percentage 2.40e+00%, Percentage 2.50e+00%, Percentage 2.80e+00%, Percentage 3.90e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 5.20e+00%, Percentage 5.40e+00%, Percentage 6.00e-01%, Percentage 7.50e+00%, Percentage 9.70e+01%, Percentage 9.91e+01%, Percentage 9.92e+01%, Percentage 9.92e-01%, Percentage 9.96e-01%, Percentage 9.98e+01%, Time 1.20e+03s, Time 1.80e+03s, Time 9.00e+02s, Volume 2.00e-06m3, Volume 5.00e-05m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20211110080523
Title:Design and experiments of segmented helical kneading and cutting device for licorice straw
Title of translation:&#20998;&#27573;&#34746;&#26059;&#24335;&#29976;&#33609;&#33550;&#31174;&#25545;&#20999;&#35013;&#32622;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Wen, Baoqin (1, 2); Wang, Kaifei (1); Kan, Za (1, 2); Li, Jingbin (1, 2); Li, Liqiao (1, 2); Liu, Shuangyin (1, 3, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China; (2) Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Machinery, Shihezi; 832000, China; (3) College of Information Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou; 510225, China; (4) Smart Agriculture Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Higher Education Institues, Guangzhou; 510225, China
Corresponding author:Kan, Za(kz-shz@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:1-11
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Kneading and cutting the licorice stalk for the whole total mixed ration can be used to effectively improve the quality of beef and mutton products. In this study, a segmented helical device was introduced to knead and cut the licorice stalk. The segmented helical auger was placed horizontally in the material box, and rotated in a clockwise to knead and chop the licorice stalk. Meanwhile, it can be transported in the axial direction to make the material accumulate in the middle and fall back, thereby to achieve efficient knead and cut of the licorice stalk repeatedly. The structure style, blade edge curve, and auger structure parameters were designed to reduce the axial conveying speed, while improve material cutting probability. A theoretical analysis and a developed test bench were carried out in the cutting and kneading process of a licorice stalk in the device. A four factors and three levels Box-Behnken test was performed, where the factors included the rotation speed of the segmented helical auger, processing time, fill-factor, clearance between blade and bottom case, while, the particle size, breaking rate, and the energy consumption of unit mass as indexes. The test data was analyzed by variance analysis and quadratic regression fitting. The significant influence of single factors on particle size was ranked in the order from high to low: the processing time, the rotation speed of segmented helical auger, fill-factor, clearance between blade and bottom case. The results showed that the influence factors on the breaking rate were in the order from high to low: processing time, fill-factor, rotation speed of segmented helical auger, clearance between blade and bottom case. The significant influence on the energy consumption of unit mass was in the following order from high to low: fill-factor, processing time, rotation speed of segmented helical auger, clearance between blade and bottom case. Meanwhile, the analysis of response surface showed that the grain size increased as the fill-factor increased. The particle size first decreased, and then increased with the rotation speed increased. The grain size decreased as the process time increased. When the processing time was at a low level, the grain size increased with the increase of the fill-factor. While the process time was at a high level, the grain size decreased with the increase of the fill-factor. The breaking rate increased with the increase of machining time and rotation speed, and decreased with the increase of clearance and fill-factor between the blade and the bottom case. The energy consumption of unit mass increased with the increase of the rotation speed and the processing time. However, when the rotation speed was at a low level, the energy consumption of unit mass decreased first and then increased as the fill-factor increased. When the rotation speed was at a high level, the energy consumption of unit mass decreased with the increase of the fill-factor. When the clearance between the blade and the bottom case increased gradually and the processing time was at a lower level, the energy consumption of unit mass increased, while decreased when the processing time was at a higher level. At the same time, these parameters were optimized and verified through response surface technologies. The experimental results showed that when the rotation speed, processing time, the fill-factor, and the clearance between blade and bottom case were 25 r/min, 12 min, 0.46, and 15 mm, respectively, the particle size and the breaking rate of the licorice stalk were 11.76 mm, 83.27%, respectively. Currently, the energy consumption of unit mass was 9 959.82 J/kg, the error between the experimental value and the theoretical value was not more than 7%, indicating in reasonable agreement with the requirements of crushing operation. This finding can provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of TMR mixer.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Particle size
Controlled terms:Augers - Energy utilization - Grain size and shape - Particle size analysis - Plants (botany) - Rotation - Speed - Surface properties
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental values - Kneading process - Quadratic regression - Research and development - Response surface - Structure parameter - Theoretical values - Variance analysis
Classification code:502.2  Mine and Quarry Equipment - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 931.1  Mechanics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 7.00e+00%, Percentage 8.33e+01%, Rotational_Speed 2.50e+01RPM, Size 1.18e-02m, Size 1.50e-02m, Specific_Energy 9.60e+02J/kg, Time 7.20e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20211110084777
Title:Establishment of a quality evaluation system for Antarctic krill meal using multivariate statistics
Title of translation:&#37319;&#29992;&#22810;&#20803;&#32479;&#35745;&#20998;&#26512;&#26041;&#27861;&#26500;&#24314;&#21335;&#26497;&#30967;&#34430;&#31881;&#21697;&#36136;&#35780;&#20215;&#20307;&#31995;
Authors:Lu, Bingyi (1, 2); Liu, Baolin (2); Liu, Zhidong (1); Zhang, Bianbian (1); Lin, Na (1)
Author affiliation:(1) East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai; 200090, China; (2) School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai; 200093, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Zhidong(zd-liu@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:301-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) meal has been widely recognized as the most important marine product of protein with highly nutritional values and huge resources. It is also mainly used in the field of aquacultural feed and oil extraction of an Antarctic krill. Therefore, the quality of Antarctic krill meal is crucial to its application. However, the quality evaluation on the Antarctic krill meal varies in different conditions, even conflicts in the related information expression. In this study, a feasible quality evaluation system was established to assess the Antarctic krill meal using the principal component analysis. 15 quality indicators of an Antarctic krill meal were classified, including the moisture, protein, lipid, ash, salt, phospholipid, astaxanthin, tocopherol, acid value, histamine, TVB-N, pyrrole, fluorine, lysine, and methionine. A SPSS 24.0 software was used to carry out the probability distribution, analytical hierarchy process, K-means cluster, and discriminant analysis. A factor analysis was performed to select the primary quality indicators from 15 quality indices of an Antarctic krill meal. The probability distribution and analytical hierarchy process were used to grade and determine the weights of the quality indicators. The K-means cluster and discriminant analysis were employed to establish the discriminant model of a quality evaluation for the Antarctic krill meal. The results demonstrated that the quality indicators of an Antarctic krill meal were dispersed with the coefficient of variation from 8.89% to 84.46%. Six quality indicators of an Antarctic krill meal (protein, lipid, salt, lysine, tocopherol, and TVB-N) were in the highly significant correlation with the quality of Antarctic krill meal, further to serve as the indicators of quality evaluation for the Antarctic krill meal. Five grades were divided in the six quality indicators, including the lower, low, medium, high, and higher level, indicating normal or near normal distributions. The principal component analysis showed that the cumulative variance contribution rate of six principal components were 92.263%. The importance of 6 principal components and the comprehensive evaluation model were selected to establish the quality grading standards and scoring system for the Antarctic krill meal. The results showed that a highly accurate quality evaluation was achieved in the various Antarctic krill meal, whether the modeling samples or experimental ones. Therefore, the scores from the prediction model can be utilized to fully distinguish the quality indicators, such as protein, lipid, salt, lysine, tocopherol, and TVB-N in the tested samples. Combining the grade and score of quality indicators, it was found that the quality of an Antarctic krill meal was a comprehensive effects of different components in the Antarctic krill meal. The prediction model can also be used to accurately distinguish and evaluate the difference in the quality of Antarctic krill meal. This finding can provide a basic information support to establish the evaluation system, further to realize the comprehensive detection in the quality of Antarctic krill meal. The facile evaluation can also be extended to the scientific quality evaluation of fish meal.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Aromatic compounds - Discriminant analysis - Grading - K-means clustering - Multivariant analysis - Normal distribution - Phospholipids - Predictive analytics - Proteins
Uncontrolled terms:Analytical Hierarchy Process - Coefficient of variation - Comprehensive effect - Comprehensive evaluation model - Information expression - Multivariate statistics - Principal Components - Quality evaluation system
Classification code:804.1  Organic Compounds - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 922  Statistical Methods - 922.1  Probability Theory
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.89e+00% to 8.45e+01%, Percentage 9.23e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20211110084407
Title:Electronic acceptor denitrifying polyphosphorous PAOs-GAOs competition and N<inf>2</inf>O emission characteristics in bioreactor
Title of translation:&#29983;&#29289;&#21453;&#24212;&#22120;&#30005;&#23376;&#21463;&#20307;&#21453;&#30813;&#21270;&#32858;&#30967;PAOs-GAOs&#31454;&#20105;&#21450; N<inf>2</inf>O&#37322;&#25918;&#29305;&#24615;
Authors:Gong, Youkui (1); Wang, Yibing (1); Sun, Hongwei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Architecture Engineering, Yantai Vocational College, Yantai; 264670, China; (2) School of Environmental and Materical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai; 264005, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:241-249
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Denitrifying Phosphorus Removal (DPR) was considered as one of the most promising biological treatment technologies, due to some superiorities of saving 50% carbon source, 30% energy requirement, and reducing 50% sludge production, regarding to N and P removal depend on nitrite and nitrate instead of oxygen. As a mixed cultivation process, limited carbon sources induced the competition of functional groups between Phosphorus Accumulation Organism (PAOS) and Glycogen Accumulation Organism (GAOs), as well as Ordinary Heterotrophic Organisms (OHOs). In this study, a lab scale Anaerobic/Anoxic/aerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor (An/A/O-SBR) was established to achieve a DPR process, with the sodium acetate (120 mg/L as COD) as electron donor, and NO<inf>3</inf>^-/NO<inf>2</inf>^- as electron acceptor (90 mmol/L). An investigation was made for the characteristics of nutrient removal, N<inf>2</inf>O release, as well as the contribution and competitive relationships between phosphorus and glycogen accumulating organisms (PAOs and GAOs) in the process after long term of acclimatization. During the anaerobic stage, the carbon source in raw wastewater was efficiently absorbed by PAOs (36%-62.3%) and GAOs (32.2%-55.7%), according to the sort of electron acceptor to enhance intracellular carbon storage. With NO<inf>3</inf>^- as electron acceptor, the NO<inf>3</inf>^- and PO<inf>4</inf>^3- removal efficiency was more than 95%, with 76.2% of nitrogen removal conducted by PAOs, and the rest by GAOs. In the anaerobic stage, the consumption of COD was stored in the form of PHA, while Gly was decomposed to provide energy for P release. The average P Release Amount (PRA) was 0.85 mmol/L with the PRA/&Delta;PHA of 0.29 mmol/mmol, close to the value of stoichiometry of typical DPAOs (0.24 mmol/mmol). During the anoxic stage, the average P Uptake Aamount (PUA) reached 28.9 mg/L. With NO<inf>2</inf>^- as electron acceptor only, the N and P removal efficiency decreased to 69.9% and 50.5%, respectively. GAOs had a great advantage over PAOs at the presence of 30 mg/L nitrite, and it contributed to 76.2% of carbon absorption in an anaerobic stage and 49% of nitrogen removal in an anoxic stage. The PRA in anaerobic stage and PUA in anoxic stage decreased to 0.42 and 0.52mmol/L, respectively, with the PRA/&Delta;PHA decreased to 0.17 mmol/mmol and &Delta;Gly/&Delta;PHA increased from 0.63 to 0.817 mmol/mmol. GAOs had a great tolerance to nitrite than PAOs, which alleviated the nitrite inhibition on PAOs at high nitrite concentration, thereby to ensure the nutrient removal in An/A/O-SBR.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Biological water treatment
Controlled terms:Anoxic water - Batch reactors - Denitrification - Electrons - Nitrogen removal - Nutrients - Phosphorus - Sodium compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Biological treatment - Denitrifying phosphorus removal - Emission characteristics - Energy requirements - Glycogen accumulating organisms - Intracellular carbon - Removal efficiencies - Sequencing batch reactors
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 802.1  Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.20e-01kg/m3, Mass_Density 2.89e-02kg/m3, Mass_Density 3.00e-02kg/m3, Molar_Concentration 4.20e-01mol/m3, Molar_Concentration 5.20e-01mol/m3, Molar_Concentration 8.50e-01mol/m3, Molar_Concentration 9.00e+01mol/m3, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 3.22e+01% to 5.57e+01%, Percentage 3.60e+01% to 6.23e+01%, Percentage 4.90e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 5.05e+01%, Percentage 6.99e+01%, Percentage 7.62e+01%, Percentage 9.50e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20211110084665
Title:Estimation of potato biomass based on UAV digital images
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#26080;&#20154;&#26426;&#25968;&#30721;&#24433;&#20687;&#30340;&#39532;&#38083;&#34223;&#29983;&#29289;&#37327;&#20272;&#31639;
Authors:Liu, Yang (1, 2, 3, 4); Feng, Haikuan (1, 3, 4); Huang, Jue (2); Sun, Qian (1, 3, 4); Yang, Fuqin (5)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) College of Surveying Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao; 266590, China; (3) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (4) Beijing Engineering Research Center for Agriculture Internet of Things, Beijing; 100097, China; (5) College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou; 451191, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Haikuan(fenghaikuan123@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:181-192
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Accurate estimation of crop biomass by plant height and Vegetation Coverage (VC) is of great significance in agricultural production and has a strong guiding significance for agricultural managers. It is necessary to use an effective method to estimate the biomass of field crops quickly and accurately. Taking the potato in Xiaotangshan National Precision Agricultural Research Demonstration Base as the research object and conducted a field experiment between March and July 2019. Digital images were taken by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and ground camera from the field at budding, tuber formation, tuber growth, starch accumulation, and maturity period and measured plant height, above-ground biomass, and three-dimensional coordinates of Ground Control Points (GCPs) were obtained by ground survey. Firstly, the Digital Surface Model (DSM) is generated based on GCPs to calculate the plant height and compared the results with field measurements. Secondly, Measured and estimated values of VC were calculated through ground and UAV digital images and compared between the results. Then, the correlation analyses between biomass and extraction values of plant height, VC, their product, and eleven Vegetation Indices (VIs). Six VIs and three agronomy parameters were selected for each growth stage, respectively. Finally, the selected VIs and three agronomy parameters were used as modeling factors, and the biomass was estimated by Linear Regression (LR), Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR), Random Forest (RF) algorithm, and Support Vector Machine (SVM), and the models constructed by the remote sensing data were compared to optimize the model. The results showed that the extraction values of plant heigh from DSM agreed well with the measurements, the coefficient of determination was 0.86 and the normalized root mean square error was 13.42% throughout the growth period. Measured and predicted values of VC stayed highly relevant, the coefficient of determination was 0.84 and the normalized root mean square error was 15.76% throughout the growth period. Through three agronomy parameters, analyzing the effect of the modeling and verification set, the accuracy of the Linear Regression (LR) model with extraction values of plant heigh multiply predicted values of VC as modeling factors was significantly better than that of extraction values of plant heigh or predicted values of VC, however, the accuracy of estimating biomass model with extraction values of plant height was the worst. In different growth periods, the performance of estimating biomass by LR had gradually increased from the budding stage to the tuber growth stage and reduced from the starch accumulation stage to the maturity stage. To compare capabilities of PLSR, RF, and SVM to estimate potato biomass, this study compared the accuracy of models for different growth periods using four variables, for example, VIs combined with extraction values of plant height, VIs combined with extraction values of VC and three variables as one. For PLSR, RF, and SVM models, the accuracy of modeling and verification showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing when using the same kind of variables as model factors. Comparison of the accuracy of models was contrasted by different methods with the same variable at five periods, it is found that VIs incorporating the plant height and VC into estimation model significantly improved the biomass estimation. Comparison with the measured biomass showed that the coefficient of determination, the normalized root mean square error of PLSR model was 0.628 5 at bud period, 0.658 4 at tuber formation period, 0.681 4 at tuber growth period, 0.653 2 at starch accumulation period, 0.548 8 at maturity period, respectively. The PLSR model is superior to the RF and SVM model which the coefficient of determination was 0.538 5, 0.603 3, 0.632 2, 0.615 9, 0.542 4 and 0.445 1, 0.521 1, 0.601 3, 0.574 3, 0.538 4, respectively. In summary, the biomass of potato was quickly estimated using UAV digital images data by the PLSR method combined with VIs, plant height, and VC as a whole in different growth periods and provided technical support for effectively monitoring crop growth and accurately predicting yield.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Ecology
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agronomy - Antennas - Biomass - Crops - Decision trees - Errors - Extraction - Forestry - Mean square error  - Parameter estimation - Remote sensing - Rock mechanics - Starch - Support vector machines - Support vector regression - Tubes (components) - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Coefficient of determination - Digital surface models - Guiding significances - Modeling and verifications - Partial least square regression - Root mean square errors - Three dimensional coordinate
Classification code:454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 619.1  Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 652.1  Aircraft, General - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.34e+01%, Percentage 1.58e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20211110080793
Title:Labor substitution relationship for mechanization of laying hens breeding based on scale and regional differences
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#35268;&#27169;&#19982;&#21306;&#22495;&#24046;&#24322;&#30340;&#34507;&#40481;&#20859;&#27542;&#26426;&#26800;&#21270;&#23545;&#21171;&#21160;&#21147;&#26367;&#20195;&#20851;&#31995;
Authors:Wu, Yuhuan (1); Zhu, Ning (1); Qin, Fu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China
Corresponding author:Qin, Fu(qinfu@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:21-29
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Frequent outbreak of epidemics is one of the major factors driving the poultry industry. Much stricter environmental regulations are on the way, particularly on tensions relations between individual farmers and global markets. Modern farms and agricultural operations have far differently than those a few decades ago, such as previous retail breeding mode. A large-scale breeding has become an alternatively effective way to improve the industrial competitiveness, as the advancements in new technology, and the rising cost of aquaculture. In large-scale breeding of livestock and poultry, the agricultural mechanization has been the key to improve the quality and efficiency of laying hen industry. It is necessary to explore the substitution relationship between breeding machine for laying hens and human labor in the development of large-scale agriculture and policy making. In this study, taking the provincial data in the small-scale (300-1 000 heads), medium-scale (>1 000-10 000 heads), and large-scale (more than 10 000 heads) from 2004 to 2018, the substitution elasticity of machine to labor was measured across the spatial scales and regions (east, middle, west and north-east part of China) using the function of transcending logarithm production. The specific data was collected from the National Agricultural Product Cost And Income Data Compilation (2005-2019). The results show that: 1)The industry of laying hens breeding in China behaved a trend of industrial machine substituting human labor, indicating great differences between various spatial scales and regions; 2) The substitution elasticity of machine to labor were 0.988 4, 0.303 3, 0.343 5 in the small, medium, and large scales, respectively. Specifically, the mean value for the substitution elasticity of machine to labor in the small-scale laying hens breeding increased from 0.277 3 to 1.379 1 from 2004 to 2018, but there was a large annual fluctuation. In the medium-scale laying hens breeding, the mean value for the substitution elasticity of machine to labor increased from 0.171 9 to 0.436 5 from 2004 to 2018, and there were relatively small rise and annual fluctuations. In the large-scale laying hens breeding, the mean value for the substitution elasticity of machine to labor increased from 0.293 1 to 0.306 9 from 2004 to 2018, but there was small annual fluctuations. 3) There were great differences in the substitution elasticity of machine to labor in different regions. The layout of laying hens industry was relatively stable during the measured period. The location advantages can be continued in the east region of laying hens breeding, in order to promote the "south westward" trend, and thereby to optimize the industrial layout area. In the future, an emphasis can be put on the coordinated development of large-scale mechanization in laying hens breeding. Three recommendations can be made during this time: 1) To encourage scientific and technological innovation in breeding equipment, further to upgrade specialized equipment for the substitution of mechanized breeding to human labor; 2) To make great efforts to enhance the mechanization of small-scale and medium-scale farms in laying hens breeding, while to actively guide large-scale farmers in mechanical innovation of breeding technology; 3) To strengthen the particular policy focus considering local environmental conditions. The findings can be used to strengthen the national policy, according to the replacing characteristics of industrial machine to human labor, and further to provide a sound reference for the sustainable development in laying hens industry.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Competition
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Agricultural robots - Elasticity - Environmental regulations - Environmental technology - International trade - Machinery - Mechanization - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural mechanization - Agricultural operations - Environmental conditions - Industrial competitiveness - Mechanical innovations - Regional differences - Scientific and technological innovations - Specialized equipment
Classification code:454  Environmental Engineering - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 601  Mechanical Design - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 911.2  Industrial Economics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20211110084714
Title:Design and experiment of batch seed cleaning device
Title of translation:&#25209;&#27425;&#24335;&#31181;&#23376;&#28165;&#36873;&#35013;&#32622;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Li, Yonglei (1, 3); Wan, Lipengcheng (1); Chen, Haijun (2, 3); Feng, Zhiqin (2, 3); Liu, Weishuai (1); Zhu, Ming (2, 3); Song, Jiannong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100125, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100125, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Haijun(chenhj118@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:48-58
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Plot breeding has become a key part for the selecting of seed and the preparation breeding program to date, providing for the evaluation data and breeder or original seeds. At present, preserving biodiversity and ecosystem functions have posed a great challenge on the seed mechanization of field experiment in rapidly increasing rural areas in China, particularly on the special agronomic and test requirement. Seed harvesting from the plot is still in manually processing with a simple assistant tool, or by commonly used machines to clean, such as screen separator and air-screen separator with the capacity about 50-100 kg/h. A special cleaning device is lacking for the plot seeds in the modern variety breeding. Technology and equipment of seed cleaning have been a focal issue to efficiently promote the production capacity or quality in a plot breeding. In the special need of seed processing, a novel cleaning treater was systematically designed in this study, thereby to improve the mechanization level of plot breeding. The seed cleaning device in batches consisted of the frame, feeding system, winnowing system, sorting unit, driving unit, and electronic control system. A combined screen with open frame and variant-frequency vibration was used in the device, further to enhance the working quality, such as batch cleaning efficiency and preventing seed mixing, as well as easy operation in screen cleaning. Other main components were also optimized in this study. Furthermore, A Box-Behnken test was conducted, where the seed purity, percentage of chosen seed, and working time were selected as test indexes, while the feeding rate, vibration frequency, amplitude, and screen inclination angle were selected as factors for design. The results showed that the amplitude, vibration frequency, and the interaction between them were significant factors, indicating a strong influence on the seed purity and percentage of chosen seed. The working time greatly depended on the feeding rate, vibration frequency, and amplitude. An optimum combination of selected factors was achieved, where the feeding rate of 0.072 kg/s, the vibration frequency of 6.25 Hz, the amplitude of 5 mm, and the screen inclination angle of 4.6&deg;, to reach an optimal design with the seed purity of 98.8%, the percentage of chosen seed of 99.7%, and the working time of 50 s. A performance test was also carried out, indicating that the experimental data was basically consistent with that in the model prediction on condition of 3 kg per batch. The data demonstrated that the processing capacity of the device can be 10 batches per hour (15 kg per batch), where all the indexes can meet the design requirements. This finding can provide a sound reference for the optimal design of batch cleaning device for the seed or other granular materials.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Batch data processing
Controlled terms:Biodiversity - Cleaning - Feeding - Machinery - Mechanization - Optimal systems - Separators
Uncontrolled terms:Biodiversity and ecosystem functions - Electronic control systems - Frequency vibration - Optimum combination - Processing capacities - Production capacity - Technology and equipments - Vibration frequency
Classification code:454  Environmental Engineering - 601  Mechanical Design - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 6.25e+00Hz, Mass 1.50e+01kg, Mass 3.00e+00kg, Mass_Flow_Rate 1.39e-02kg/s to 2.78e-02kg/s, Mass_Flow_Rate 7.20e-02kg/s, Percentage 9.88e+01%, Percentage 9.97e+01%, Size 5.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20211110084576
Title:Effect of phospholipids on the formation of volatile flavor compounds in chicken fat
Title of translation:&#40481;&#27833;&#32452;&#32455;&#20013;&#30340;&#30967;&#33026;&#23545;&#40481;&#27833;&#25381;&#21457;&#24615;&#39118;&#21619;&#21270;&#21512;&#29289;&#24418;&#25104;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Chen, Dewei (1); Yang, Xiaoying (1); Liu, Siyi (1); Ye, Tingting (1); Guo, Dong (1); Wang, Qinzhi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Light Industry and Food Engineering College, Guangxi University, Nanning; 530004, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:279-284
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Phospholipids are one of the most important flavor precursors of the meat. Chicken fat is normally derived from fatty and chicken soup aroma. The oxidation of fatty acids, especially the degradation of unsaturated fatty acids, is critical to the formation of chicken characteristics. Phospholipids in the deposit fat of chicken can play a significant role in the characteristic aroma of chicken fat. In this study, phospholipids in chicken fat tissue were extracted by ethanol, and then precipitation of phospholipids using acetone. A Phosphomolybdate Blue Spectrophotometry was selected to determine the contents of phospholipids in chicken fat tissue, de-phospholipids treated chicken fat tissue, and extracted phospholipids. The relative contents of volatile compounds were analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and aroma intensities of chicken fat samples were characterized by sensory evaluation of sequencing test. The results showed that the contents of phospholipids in chicken fat tissue, de-phospholipids treated chicken fat tissue, and extracted phospholipids were 56.69&plusmn;3.89, 28.10&plusmn;1.18 and 537.19&plusmn;20.95 mg/g, respectively. Ethanol can be expected to serve as an effective solution in the extracting of phospholipids, where most of the phospholipids were removed from chicken fat tissue. Volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis in de-phospholipids chicken fat, chicken fat, chicken fat with added phospholipids, and phospholipids sample, respectively. The removal of phospholipids showed a markedly different volatile profile, and the quantities of aliphatic aldehydes were considerably reduced, where only traces of unsaturated aldehyde of (E)-2-heptenal, (E)-2-pentenal were found. The chicken fat with added phospholipids sample had a significant increase in most of the lipid-derived compounds, compared with the de-phospholipids chicken fat sample, especially, (E, E)-2, 4-decadienal, (E)-2-nonenal, (E)-2-heptenal, 1-octen-3-ol and 1-octen-3-one, where the characteristic odorants of chicken meat increased 4.5, 7.8, 9.4, 5.0 and 10.4 times, respectively. When linoleate residues assembled in a phospholipid, the C9 position can be the most favored position for the formation of hydroperoxides during the radical initiation step of autoxidation. Since the C9 hydroperoxide was the precursor for (E, E)-2, 4-decadienal, the chicken fat with added phospholipids sample was more likely to form (E, E)-2, 4-decadienal, indicating a characteristic odor impact compound in chicken. Meanwhile, hexanal was usually used as the index of warmed-over flavor, and the relative contents of hexanal had no significant difference between the chicken fat with added phospholipids sample and chicken fat sample. Besides, methyl ketones and saturated alcohols, which had higher odor thresholds to be produced by oxidative and thermal degradation of saturated fatty acids, also tended to increase in chicken fat with added phospholipids sample. The main reason was that phospholipids were rich in unsaturated fatty acids, thereby to be more prone to oxidative degradation under heating conditions. Moreover, once the lipid oxidation process had been initiated by the more reactive and more unsaturated fatty acids, this reaction can promote the oxidation of the less reactive fatty acids. Sensory analysis of sequencing test showed that the addition of phospholipids can signi&#64257;cantly increase the aroma intensity of chicken fat, whereas, the de-phospholipids chicken fat sample had the weakest intensity. This finding can provide a sound evidence that the phospholipids extracted from chicken deposit fat tissue can be used to significantly increase the aroma intensity of chicken fat. It is highly expected for a potential use for the research and development of chicken fat with strong aroma.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Animals
Controlled terms:Acetone - Aldehydes - Deposits - Drug products - Ethanol - Flavor compounds - Linoleic acid - Mass spectrometry - Molybdenum compounds - Odors  - Oxidation - Phospholipids - Saturated fatty acids - Sensory analysis - Tissue - Unsaturated fatty acids - Volatile organic compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Aliphatic aldehydes - Chromatography-mass spectrometry - Head-space solid-phase microextraction - Oxidative degradation - Research and development - Saturated alcohols - Unsaturated aldehydes - Volatile flavor compounds
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 801  Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 822.3  Food Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20211110084529
Title:Design and implementation of mobile greenhouse environmental monitoring system based on UWB and Internet of Things
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;UWB&#19982;&#29289;&#32852;&#32593;&#30340;&#31227;&#21160;&#24335;&#28201;&#23460;&#29615;&#22659;&#30417;&#27979;&#31995;&#32479;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#23454;&#29616;
Authors:Hou, Jialin (1, 2); Pu, Wenyang (1); Li, Tianhua (1, 2); Ding, Xiaoming (3); Zhang, Guanshan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an; 271018, China; (2) Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment Intelligence, Tai'an; 271018, China; (3) Institute of Protected Agriculture, Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Beijing; 100125, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:229-240
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To grasp timely and conveniently environmental information such as temperature and humidity in the greenhouse, a mobile greenhouse environment monitoring system was designed, which realized the mobile monitoring of greenhouse environmental parameters. According to the improved double-side-two-way-ranging algorithm, the distance between each base station and the tag was calculated. The NLOS error was judged by the normalized residual distribution of distance, and the improved incremental Kalman filter algorithm was used to eliminate the NLOS error, and the Chan algorithm was used to calculate the accurate tag position. The mobile greenhouse environment monitoring system was composed of a remote monitoring platform, mobile workstation, and UWB positioning module. The remote monitoring platform was responsible for displaying the location information of the mobile workstation in real-time, controlling the movement of the mobile workstation remotely, displaying and storing the environmental information uploaded by the environmental information monitoring module. Mobile workstation mainly included mobile chassis, drive module, control module, environmental information measurement module, UWB positioning label, and communication module. As the specific executor of the command, the mobile workstation was responsible for receiving and executing the mobile command issued by the monitoring platform, collecting and sending the measured temperature and humidity and other environmental parameters to the monitoring platform in real-time. The remote monitoring platform and the mobile workstation communicate timely through the wireless network. The UWB positioning module included a positioning tag, positioning base station, and a computing unit. The positioning tag was installed on the mobile workstation to mark the position of the mobile workstation in the greenhouse. The positioning base station was responsible for calculating the distance between each base station and the tag and sending it to the computing unit by serial communication. The computing unit calculated the position of the tag in the greenhouse and displays it. The software of the environmental monitoring system consisted of a position information interaction layer, environment information monitoring layer, and motion control layer. The position information interaction layer was a real-time positioning program based on windows, which displayed the position of a mobile workstation in the greenhouse. The environmental information monitoring layer was an Android-based program to collect and display environmental information measured by sensors, drawing the hourly temperature and humidity change curve. The motion control layer was an Android-based remote control program, which sent motion instructions to the mobile workstation through the remote communication protocol to control the stable and safe movement of the mobile workstation in the greenhouse. The remote control and positioning accuracy-test showed that the maximum lateral deviation of the system static positioning was 7.92 cm, the maximum longitudinal deviation was 7.98 cm, and the average value of both horizontal and longitudinal deviation was less than 5 cm. When the mobile workstation was running at a speed of 0.4 m/s, the maximum lateral deviation of dynamic positioning was 8.7 cm and the average lateral deviation was 4.7 cm. Through the stability test of environmental information collection, the average data loss rate of the collected greenhouse environmental parameters uploaded to the remote monitoring platform was 2.78%, the environmental information collection was stable. The relative errors of temperature, humidity, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration were less than 0.63%, 0.34%, 0.70%, and 0.67%, respectively, the environmental monitoring accuracy was high. The system adopted modular hardware structure design and layered software structure design, taking into account the requirements of the system for data through flux and response speed. Combined with the remote monitoring platform, it realized remote control, precise positioning, and remote real-time monitoring of the greenhouse environment. The system could have certain reference significance for the development of remote environmental monitoring technology and greenhouse precise positioning technology.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Android (operating system) - Base stations - Carbon dioxide - Computer workstations - Digital storage - Environmental technology - Errors - Greenhouses - Information analysis - Internet of things  - Motion control - Remote control - Ultra-wideband (UWB)
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon dioxide concentrations - Design and implementations - Environmental information - Environmental Monitoring - Environmental monitoring system - Environmental monitoring technologies - Remote real-time monitoring - Temperature and humidities
Classification code:454  Environmental Engineering - 716.3  Radio Systems and Equipment - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1  Control Systems - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 903.1  Information Sources and Analysis
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.78e+00%, Percentage 3.40e-01%, Percentage 6.30e-01%, Percentage 6.70e-01%, Percentage 7.00e-01%, Size 4.70e-02m, Size 5.00e-02m, Size 7.92e-02m, Size 7.98e-02m, Size 8.70e-02m, Velocity 4.00e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20211110084531
Title:Effects of carrot microstructure on infrared drying efficiency and moisture transfer
Title of translation:&#32993;&#33821;&#21340;&#24494;&#35266;&#21306;&#23460;&#32467;&#26500;&#23545;&#32418;&#22806;&#24178;&#29157;&#25928;&#29575;&#21644;&#27700;&#20998;&#36801;&#31227;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Liu, Yuhui (1); Wang, Xiangyou (1); Wei, Zhongcai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo; 255049, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Xiangyou(wxy@sdut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:293-300
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This study aims to improve the drying efficiency and quality of a carrot during infrared drying. Two cutting methods (cross cutting and longitudinal cutting) were selected to treat the fresh produces, according to the anisotropic porous media of a carrot. The results showed under the surface temperature of 60&#8451;, the cross-cutting carrots with the diameter of 40 mm and the thickness of 5 mm behaved the higher drying efficiency, compared with the longitudinal samples with the length of 35 m, the width of 35 mm, and the thickness of 5 mm. The 10% of moisture content was achieved about 5 hours for the treatment of cross cutting ones, indicating 1.5 hours less than that of longitudinal carrots. It suggested that the water in carrots was mainly transferred along the axial direction, whereas, the transport of water along the cross section cannot be found obviously during the drying process. A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to observe the middle and edge positions of dried samples, to further verify the microcosmic mechanism. The SEM images showed that a honeycomb microstructure was formed after the process of water loss, which was connected in the axial direction, but divided in the horizontal direction. Compared with the marginal part, the central part presented the higher voidage, lower curvature, larger coefficient of voidage, wider chamber space, and larger micropore radius. A Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was also used to characterize the ultrastructure of the cells for the samples. TEM images showed that the dehydrated cells were mostly deposited around the cross section of the cell wall. These sediments were closely bound to the cell wall, and thereby to reduce the permeability of the cell wall in this part. Furthermore, sediments were not observed at the top or bottom of cell wall in the cross section, due mainly to the higher of porosity. These cells served as the skeletal materials for the wall of compartments. It infers that the water in the material flowed mainly through the voids, possibly due to the high resistance for water in the direction perpendicular to the cell wall. Moreover, Hyperspectral images revealed that the water content in the center was higher than that at the edge during the whole drying process, indicating that the loss rate of water in the two parts showed no significant differences at the same time. There was no obvious water migration in the lateral direction of materials, whereas, the central part of the zone with loose structure had a higher utilization rate of infrared energy. These data demonstrated that the different cutting methods (cross cutting and longitudinal cutting) can strongly affect the efficiency of drying. The findings can contribute to a microcosmic explanation for the infrared drying characteristics of carrot slices, and further provide a theoretical basis to improve the energy efficiency in infrared drying of carrots.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Infrared drying
Controlled terms:Cells - Cytology - Energy efficiency - High resolution transmission electron microscopy - Microstructure - Moisture control - Porous materials - Scanning electron microscopy - Spectroscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Anisotropic porous media - Drying characteristics - Drying efficiency - Lateral directions - Microcosmic mechanism - Skeletal materials - Surface temperatures - Utilization rates
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 741.3  Optical Devices and Systems - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Size 3.50e+01m, Size 3.50e-02m, Size 4.00e-02m, Size 5.00e-03m, Time 1.80e+04s, Time 5.40e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20211110084449
Title:Effects of particle size and mineral composition on fixed ammonium of aeolian sandy soil in the Mu Us Sandy Land
Title of translation:&#27611;&#20044;&#32032;&#27801;&#22320;&#39118;&#27801;&#22303;&#31890;&#24452;&#21644;&#30719;&#29289;&#32452;&#25104;&#23545;&#22266;&#23450;&#24577;&#38133;&#21547;&#37327;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Liu, Na (1); She, Weiwei (1, 2); Qin, Shugao (1, 2); Qiao, Yangui (1); Liu, Liang (1); Zhang, Yuqing (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Yanchi Research Station of the Mu Us Desert, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Yuqing(zhangyq@bjfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:131-138
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fixed ammonium is commonly defined as the ammonium ion not replaced by neutral salts, particularly between the layers of 2:1 clay mineral. It is also an important component of soil nitrogen pool, and plays a significant role in plant growth. However, the content of fixed ammonium in aeolian sandy soil and its influencing factors are largely unexplored, which limit understanding of the formation of soil fertility and nitrogen cycle in sandy lands. In this study, soil fixed ammonium was determined in three sampling plots (bare sandy land, Salix psammophila land, and Artemisia ordosica land) in the Mu Us Sandy Land, and further to examine the effects of soil particle size and mineral composition on fixed ammonium. In June 2019, ten 5 m &times; 5 m subplots were randomly selected in each sampling plot. In each subplot, ten soil cores at 0~20 cm depths were randomly collected, and mixed to create one composite sample. All soil samples were air-dried and divided into three fractions (> 0.25 mm, 0.1-0.25 mm, < 0.1 mm). The contents of fixed ammonium in all soil fractions were measured by the Silva-Bremner method. Soil total nitrogen was analyzed using a vario EL III elemental analyzer (Elementar, Germany). The soil mineral composition was determined by the X-ray diffraction (D8 Advance, Bruker Biospin, Germany). The results showed that the average content of soil fixed ammonium in the research site was 18.63 mg/kg, accounting for 8.77% of the soil nitrogen pool, where the soil fixed ammonium and total nitrogen content were most distributed in the Artemisia ordosica land (23.03 &plusmn; 1.88 mg/kg and 274.71 &plusmn; 8.38 mg/kg, respectively), followed by the Salix psammophila land (16.82 &plusmn; 1.25 mg/kg and 197.15 &plusmn; 6.74 mg/kg, respectively), and the least in the bare sandy land (16.63 &plusmn; 0.61 mg/kg and 145.99 &plusmn; 9.45 mg/kg, respectively). The composition of soil particle significantly differed among three different plots, with more fine-textured soils in Artemisia ordosica land than that in Salix psammophila land and bare sandy land. In addition, the content of fine-textured soils in Salix psammophila was higher than that in bare sandy land. Soil particle composition was significantly correlated to fixed ammonium, indicating the finer the soil particle size, the higher the fixed ammonium content. Seven dominant minerals were found in the three sampling plots soil, including quartz, calcite, plagioclase, orthoclase, albite, anorthitic, and calcium aluminum silicate. Three sampling plots were characterized by different soil mineral composition. Specifically, Artemisia ordosica land had the greatest content of calcite, and orthoclase; Salix psammophila land had the greatest quartz content; and the bare sandy land showed the highest plagioclase content. The relationship between soil mineral composition and fixed ammonium was not significant. It infers that that soil fixed ammonium in the Mu Us Sandy Land largely depended on the soil physical composition rather than the mineral composition. The vegetation primarily affected soil fixed ammonium by changing soil particle composition, suggesting that the increase of soil fine-grained matter via vegetation rehabilitation can contribute to the content of fixed ammonium. The findings can offer a significant theoretical support to land desertification control, and further to increase the biological productivity.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:51
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Calcite - Feldspar - Mullite - Nitrogen - Particle size - Quartz - Sand - Textures - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Biological productivity - Fine-textured soils - Land desertification - Mineral composition - Physical composition - Soil mineral compositions - Total nitrogen content - Vegetation rehabilitation
Classification code:482.2  Minerals - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804  Chemical Products Generally
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.77e+00%, Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e-01m, Size 1.00e-04m, Size 1.00e-04m to 2.50e-04m, Size 2.50e-04m, Size 5.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20211110080493
Title:Evaluation of N<inf>2</inf>O sources from Chinese cabbage fields affected by fertilizer types under drip irrigation based on dual isotopocule plot method
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#21452;&#21516;&#20301;&#32032;&#22270;&#35889;&#35780;&#20272;&#32933;&#26009;&#31867;&#22411;&#23545;&#28404;&#28748;&#30333;&#33756;&#22320;N<inf>2</inf>O&#26469;&#28304;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Lin, Wei (1, 2); Li, Yujia (1); Wang, Yu (1); Zheng, Qian (3); Zhuang, Shan (3); Ding, Junjun (3); Li, Yuzhong (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu; 610213, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation & Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China; (3) China Environmental Stable Isotope Lab., Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China
Corresponding author:Li, Yuzhong(liyuzhong@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:109-116
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nitrous oxide (N<inf>2</inf>O) is an important greenhouse gas. High input of water and fertilizer in vegetable production results in large N<inf>2</inf>O emission. Though drip irrigation is the most commonly used irrigation method in vegetable production, it is still unclear how water and fertilizer interaction under drip irrigation affects N<inf>2</inf>O emission. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the effects of different fertilizer treatments under drip irrigation on N<inf>2</inf>O emission and isotopic signatures, and thus provide a theoretical support for reducing N<inf>2</inf>O emission in vegetable production mainly driven by microbial activity that included Bacterial Nitrification (BN), Bacterial Denitrification (BD), Nitrifier Denitrification (ND), Fungal Denitrification (FD) and N<inf>2</inf>O reduction to N<inf>2</inf>. The study was conducted in at the environmental research station of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, situated in the Shunyi District, Beijing, China (40&deg;15'N, 116&deg;55'E). The soil of the experiment field was classified as calcareous fluvo-aquic. The Chinese cabbage was sown on 7 August 2015. Under drip irrigation, four fertilizer treatments were evaluated, including inorganic NPK compound fertilizer (NPK), organic fertilizer of sheep manure (M), water-soluble fertilizer of amino acid (WS), and no-fertilizer (NF). Gas and soil samples were collected throughout the study phase. The concentration and isotopic signature values (&delta;¹⁵N<inf>N2O</inf>^bulk and &delta;¹⁸O<inf>N2O</inf> of N<inf>2</inf>O), ammonium (NH<inf>4</inf>⁺) and nitrate (NO<inf>3</inf>^-) content of soil, soil C/N, and yield of Chinese cabbage were analyzed. Net isotope effect between N<inf>2</inf>O and H<inf>2</inf>O and ¹⁵N site preference in N<inf>2</inf>O molecule (SP) were also analyzed and used to distinguish BN/FD and BD/ND and to calculate the extent of N<inf>2</inf>O reduction to N<inf>2</inf>. The results showed that the SP had significant positive correlation with both &delta;¹⁵N<inf>N2O</inf>^bulk and &delta;¹⁸O<inf>N2O</inf> (P<0.01), and significant negative correlation with N<inf>2</inf>O emission fluxes (P<0.01) and Water Filled Pore Space (WFPS, P <0.05). It indicated that using SP vs. &delta;¹⁸O<inf>N2O</inf> to quantitatively analyze production and consumption pathways of N<inf>2</inf>O was feasible and water content significantly affected the activity of soil microorganisms. Under approximately 60% WFPS condition, for the NPK, M, WS and NF treatments, the N<inf>2</inf>O emission were 1 074, 146.5, 116.2 and 112.9 &mu;g/(m²&bull;h), respectively. The Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) of the NPK, M and WS were 45.1%, 22% and 45.2%, respectively. The yield of Chinese cabbage of the NPK, M, WS and NF were 147.9, 116.5, 127.5 and 86.4 t/hm², respectively, and the contribution of nitrification were 38%, 46%, 54% and 49%, respectively, and the extent of N<inf>2</inf>O reduction were 14%, 71% 46%, and 70%, respectively. The water-soluble fertilizer treatment showed the highest NUE and relatively low N<inf>2</inf>O emission, and both inorganic fertilizer treatments showed the low extent of N<inf>2</inf>O reduction, which was unfavorable for reducing N<inf>2</inf>O emission during denitrification. In contrast, organic fertilizer treatment had the highest the extent of N<inf>2</inf>O reduction, which was the main pathway to reduce N<inf>2</inf>O emission during denitrification. Therefore, this study suggests that organic fertilizer may be used as the base fertilizer with water and fertilizer integration technology as a management practice during the growing season for reducing N<inf>2</inf>O emission and enhancing NUE.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Bacteria - Denitrification - Greenhouse gases - Irrigation - Isotopes - Nitrification - Nitrogen oxides - Soils - Vegetables  - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental researches - Fungal denitrifications - Inorganic fertilizers - Integration technologies - Nitrogen-use efficiency - Production and consumption - Water-filled pore space - Water-soluble fertilizers
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.40e+01%, Percentage 2.20e+01%, Percentage 3.80e+01%, Percentage 4.51e+01%, Percentage 4.52e+01%, Percentage 4.60e+01%, Percentage 4.90e+01%, Percentage 5.40e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20211110084909
Title:Remote sensing inversion and application for soil fertility of cultivated land in the hilly areas of central-south Shandong of China
Title of translation:&#40065;&#20013;&#21335;&#23665;&#19992;&#21306;&#32789;&#22320;&#22320;&#21147;&#30340;&#36965;&#24863;&#21453;&#28436;&#27169;&#22411;&#19982;&#24212;&#29992;
Authors:Li, Yinshuai (1); Zhang, Ying (1); Zhao, Gengxing (1); Li, Tao (2); Li, Jianwei (2); Dou, Jiacong (3); Fan, Ruibin (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Tai'an; 271018, China; (2) Soil and Fertilizer Station of Shandong Province, Jinan; 250013, China; (3) Shandong General Station of Agricultural Technology Extension, Jinan; 250013, China; (4) Natural Resources and Planning Bureau of Zhaoyuan City, Zhaoyuan; 265400, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Gengxing(zhaogx@sdau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:269-278
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil fertility of a cultivated land is an important indicator of cultivated land productivity. It is necessary to obtain the rapid and accurate inversion of cultivated land fertility via remote sensing for the better utilization and management of land resource. In this study, a new inversion model was constructed and optimized using the classical statistical analysis (SLR, CR, and MLSR), and machine learning (BPNN and ELM). An effective way was also proposed for rapid quantitative remote sensing inversion of cultivated land fertility in hilly areas. Dongping County and Tengzhou City were selected as two representative counties and cities in the hilly area of center southern Shandong Province, China. In Dongping County, the TM image during the turning green and jointing stage was used to construct and screen spectral indexes of cultivated land fertility. Tengzhou City was selected to verify the spatial universality of inversion model for the soil fertility of a cultivated land. Furthermore, the remote sensing inversion model was used to quantitatively monitor the spatial-temporal dynamic status of cultivated land fertility in Tengzhou City in 2007, 2011, and 2016. The prediction accuracy of inversion models was compared in different periods. The results showed that there were significant correlations between the five kinds of spectral indexes in a remote sensing and the Integrated Fertility Index (IFI), among which the correlation coefficients of improved spectral index were greater than 0.684, indicating better reflecting the status of cultivated land fertility. The best inversion model was the IIG-MLSR model (R<inf>v</inf>²=0.684, RMSE=5.674) in the classical statistical analysis, while, the IIG-BPNN model (R<inf>v</inf>²=0.746, RMSE=5.089) in the machine learning. The obtained model demonstrated excellent universal applicability in hilly areas, where there were similar spatial distribution characteristics between the inversion and evaluation on the cultivated land fertility, and the similar proportion of cultivated land and high spatial compatibility. In the two best models, the difference in the area ratio of the high, middle, and low levels of cultivated land fertility inversion and cultivated land fertility evaluation was generally less than 5.55 percentage point, where the spatial fit was 84.50% and 88.76%, respectively. The dynamic inversion analysis showed that the cultivated land fertility of Tengzhou City increased continuously in recent 10 years (from 2007 to 2016). The area proportion of high-level land increased from 67.30% to 80.72%, whereas, that of middle-level and low-level land decreased. The multi-temporal remote sensing inversion of cultivated land fertility was feasible, compared with the remote sensing inversion models in different time periods. The optimal time phase to invert the cultivated land fertility was the turning green and jointing stage of winter wheat in April, followed by bare soil in October, and the worst in summer maize in August. The remote sensing inversion index and model can be used to effectively increase the evaluation efficiency of cultivated land fertility. At the same time, this finding can provide a positive reference for the related research of cultivated land quality.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Land use - Machine learning - Soils - Statistical methods
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Cultivated land qualities - Distribution characteristics - Management of land resources - Multi-temporal remote sensing - Prediction accuracy - Quantitative remote sensing - Shandong province
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.00e+01yr, Percentage 6.73e+01% to 8.07e+01%, Percentage 8.45e+01%, Percentage 8.88e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20211110084735
Title:Design and experiment of film packaging machine for Citrus reticulata
Title of translation:&#23485;&#30382;&#26577;&#27224;&#36142;&#34255;&#29992;&#34180;&#33180;&#21253;&#35013;&#26426;&#30340;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Chen, Hong (1, 2, 3); Ma, Luchang (1, 2, 3); Wan, Chen (1, 2, 3); Zheng, Jie (1, 2, 3); Shi, Yichuang (1, 2, 3); Zhou, Jian (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China; (3) National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Wuhan; 430070, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:23
Issue date:December 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:317-323
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Citrus need to be packaged in the film bags before the storage, particularly on the type of Citrus reticulata. The water permeability of thin film is normally used to monitor the water evaporation and gas composition inside the package, aiming to extend the long shelf life of Citrus reticulata. In this study, a novel automatic packaging machine was proposed for the storage of Citrus reticulata, using the upper and lower double-layer films, combined with the heat sealing and edge cutting mechanism, in order to replace the traditional bagging packaging mode in the manual operation. A four-side sealing bag making/packaging machine was also designed for easy operation in the daily life. Six kinds of devices mainly included a multi-row feeding device, a Citrus reticulata conveying device, a sealing and cutting lifting device, a combined sealing and cutting device, a film feeding device, and a residual film collecting device. The sealed front film was used to drive the back film in the feeding of film. The relationship between the tensile strength of films and the film width was obtained in the pre-experimental analysis. The optimal value of film width was selected to avoid the film tearing during the working process. The hemispherical loading structure can be used to realize the continuous bag packaging in multiple rows and columns for Citrus reticulata. The multi-row feeding device was integrated with the various sensors and motors, thereby to implement the flip of movable plates. Two rows of citrus were operated in one feeding stage. The chain transmission and support were adopted in the citrus conveying device to transport the citrus among each station. The combined sealing and cutting devices were equipped with two cross-cutting knives and five longitudinal cutting knives, where simultaneously sealing and cutting two rows and four columns of citrus. Its built-in spring knife holder can ensure the tightness of hot cutting knife and the film during the sealing and cutting process. A connection device was set to provide the positive pressure that required for sealing and cutting, while to compensate the error of processing and assembly. A crank slider mechanism was selected for the sealing and cutting lifting device. An ADMAS software was used to carry out the kinematics analysis of lifting device, where the crank slider mechanism served as the main body, whereas the compression and relaxation of the spring in the built-in spring tool holder as the device without stopping. The relationship between the motor speed and the heat sealing time was also established in the two configurations. The motor speed was finally determined to be 20 r/min. Taking the Wenzhou mandarin orange as the test object, the case study demonstrated that the packaging rate of the citrus film packaging machine was 98.6%, the quality rate was 93.3%, and the packaging speed was 97.6 pieces/min, indicating the automatically mechanized bagging of fruits for storage. The findings can provide a sound reference for the development and optimization of the film packaging machine for the storage of Citrus reticulata.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Gas permeable membranes
Controlled terms:Citrus fruits - Cutting - Feeding - Packaging machines - Sealing (closing) - Seals - Slideways - Tensile strength - Thin films
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic packaging - Crank slider mechanisms - Double-layer films - Experimental analysis - Kinematics analysis - Positive pressure - Water evaporation - Water permeability
Classification code:603.2  Machine Tool Accessories - 619.1.1  Pipe Accessories - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 694.3  Packaging Equipment - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.33e+01%, Percentage 9.86e+01%, Rotational_Speed 2.00e+01RPM
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.23.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.