<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20204009259220
Title:Design and experiment of composting reactor for rural household toilet sewage
Title of translation:&#20892;&#26449;&#25143;&#29992;&#21397;&#27745;&#22534;&#32933;&#21453;&#24212;&#22120;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Hou, Shance (1, 2); Shen, Yujun (1, 2); Wang, Huihui (1, 2); Zhou, Haibin (1, 2); Cheng, Hongsheng (1, 2); Zhang, Hongtu (1, 2, 3); Fan, Shengyuan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Energy and Environmental Protection, Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering, Beijing; 100121, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Technologies and Models for Cyclic Utilization from Agricultural Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100121, China; (3) College of Engineering, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163319, China
Corresponding author:Cheng, Hongsheng(steerfeng@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:237-242
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Toilet waste composting is one of the main ways of rural toilet sewage resource utilization, which plays an important role in promoting the rural toilet revolution. In order to solve the problems of difficult disposal of rural toilet manure and poor environmental sanitation in rural toilets, a 110 L rural household composting reactor with negative pressure suction, spiral feeding- spiral coil aeration-membrane auxiliary heating was designed in this paper. The reactor structure included manure collection unit, aerobic fermentation unit, heat preservation unit and aeration unit. According to the principle of biological and thermodynamic, the negative pressure fan suction was used to collect manure automatically. In order to reduce the pressure loss of aeration fan, the aeration pipe was arranged Archimedean spiral structure, and the timer and aeration fan were used to realize controllable ventilation in composting process and improve composting quality. Insulation cotton membrane heating structure was adopted to achieve the heating and insulation of the reactor. The power of the reactor was 1.29 kW, the composting cycle was 15 d, the aeration frequency was 4 min per 26 min interval, the aeration rate was 1.75 L/min. The performance tests of composting reactor were conducted in September 2019. The manure and corn stalks with 1-2 cm particle size were placed in the reactor layer by layer according to the mass ratio of 4: 1, and the samples were taken at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 d after composting, respectively. The physical and chemical properties, such as temperature, water content, volatile solids, reliable content, seed germination index, the number of worm eggs and fecal coliforms of the samples during the aerobic fermentation process were tested, respectively. The results showed that the stalks and manure were layered with a strong odor during the first 2 d of aerobic fermentation. With the progress of aerobic fermentation, the manure gradually integrated into the gap between stalks and mixed with stalk. The color of the manure turned progressively dark brown and the odor faded. After 10 d of aerobic fermentation, the pile was dark brown, odorless, fluffier and moister with white filaments distributed on the surface. The high-temperature period lasted for 5 d. After 15 d of continuous fermentation, the fecal coliform bacteria was 46 MPN/g (&le;100 MPN/g), the mortality rate of worm egg was 100%, and the seed germination index was 88.4%, which met the sanitary standard of harmless manure. The annual maintenance cost was saving 16% compared to the three-slot septic tank and 44% compared to biological purification tank household toilets.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Waste treatment
Controlled terms:Coliform bacteria - Cultivation - Fermentation - Fertilizers - Heating - Manures - Particle size - Piles - Pressure control - Rural areas  - Sewage - Tanks (containers)
Uncontrolled terms:Aerobic fermentation - Biological purification - Composting reactors - Continuous fermentation - Environmental sanitation - Fecal coliform bacteria - Physical and chemical properties - Resource utilizations
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 452.1  Sewage - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 619.2  Tanks - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 1.60e+01%, Percentage 4.40e+01%, Percentage 8.84e+01%, Power 1.29e+03W, Size 1.00e-02m to 2.00e-02m, Time 1.56e+03s, Time 2.40e+02s, Volume 1.10e-01m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20204009259127
Title:Experimental study on temperature characteristics of DPF substrate for active regeneration in plateau environment
Title of translation:&#39640;&#21407;&#29615;&#22659;&#19979;DPF&#20027;&#21160;&#20877;&#29983;&#30340;&#36733;&#20307;&#28201;&#24230;&#29305;&#24615;&#35797;&#39564;&#30740;&#31350;
Authors:Wan, Mingding (1); Xiao, Ben (1); Bi, Yuhua (1); Tang, Chengzhang (1); Shen, Lizhong (1); Lei, Jilin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Yunnan Key Laboratory of Internal Combustion Engine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650500, China
Corresponding author:Bi, Yuhua(yuhuabi@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:121-128
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) has been widely used in diesel emission control. The accumulation of particulate matter(PM) results in higher engine back pressure and lower engine fuel economy. Therefore, DPF regeneration must be carried out to reduce PM and ensure effective operation of the engine. In order to compare the difference of characteristics of DPF regeneration temperature between plateau and plain environment, and provides a reference for the safe and reliable regeneration of DPF in plateau environment, the changes of the temperature characteristics and temperature gradients of DPF at 550, 575 and 600&#8451; for 0, 1 000 and 1 960 m elevations were compared and analyzed by bench test in this paper. The results showed that the temperature change of DPF substrate was consistent under both sea level and high altitudes environment. The temperature decreased from DPF center to edge in the radial direction, and increased from DPF inlet to outlet in the axial direction. The temperature at the center of DPF outlet was the highest. The temperature of DPF substrate increased with the increase of regeneration temperature and altitude. the maximum peak temperature for regeneration temperature of 575&#8451; at 0, 1 000 and 1 960 m altitudes were 3.8%, 9.5% and 17.8% higher than that of 550&#8451; respectively, and the maximum peak temperature for regeneration temperature of 600&#8451; were 10.1%, 16.4% and 19.4% higher than that of 575&#8451; respectively. Compared with that at 0 m altitude, the maximum peak temperature for regeneration temperature of 550, 575 and 600&#8451; at 1 000 m altitude increased by 4.6%, 10.3% and 16.6% respectively. The maximum peak temperature at 1 960 m altitude were 6.3%, 14.3% and 17.2% higher than that at 1 000 m. With the increases of altitude, the radial and axial temperature gradients of DPF carrier increased. Compared with that at 0 m altitude, the maximum radial temperature gradients for regeneration temperature of 550, 575 and 600&#8451; at 1 000 m altitude increased by 48.7%, 118.9% and 145.5% respectively, the maximum axial temperature gradients increased by 84.3%, 81.6% and 198.2% respectively, the maximum radial temperature gradient at 1 960 m altitude were 65.5%, 91.1% and 166.9% hgher than that at 1 000 m altitude respectively, and the maximum axial temperature gradients were 20.2%, 83.2% and 43.2% higher than that at 1 000 m. It was found that the temperature of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) inlet in plateau environment was higher than that of plain, resulting in higher inlet temperature rising rate, peak temperature of carrier and temperature gradient of DPF in plateau environment. Therefore, the risk of DPF damage was more likely to occur at high altitude environments. In order to ensure the safe and reliable regeneration of DPF in plateau environment, the regeneration temperature at 1 000 m altitude should be below 600&#8451;, and that at 1 960 m altitude should be below 575&#8451; to reduce the temperature gradient and prevent excessive local thermal stress.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Thermal gradients
Controlled terms:Diesel engines - Emission control - Fuel economy - Indium plating - Particles (particulate matter) - Sea level
Uncontrolled terms:Active regenerations - Axial temperature gradients - Diesel emission control - Diesel oxidation catalyst - Diesel particulate filters - Radial temperature gradients - Regeneration temperature - Temperature characteristic
Classification code:451.2  Air Pollution Control - 471.1  Oceanography, General - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 539.3  Metal Plating - 612.2  Diesel Engines - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.01e+01%, Percentage 1.03e+01%, Percentage 1.19e+02%, Percentage 1.43e+01%, Percentage 1.46e+02%, Percentage 1.64e+01%, Percentage 1.66e+01%, Percentage 1.67e+02%, Percentage 1.72e+01%, Percentage 1.78e+01%, Percentage 1.94e+01%, Percentage 1.98e+02%, Percentage 2.02e+01%, Percentage 3.80e+00%, Percentage 4.32e+01%, Percentage 4.60e+00%, Percentage 4.87e+01%, Percentage 6.30e+00%, Percentage 6.55e+01%, Percentage 8.16e+01%, Percentage 8.32e+01%, Percentage 8.43e+01%, Percentage 9.11e+01%, Percentage 9.50e+00%, Size 0.00e+00m, Size 1.00e+03m, Size 1.96e+03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20204009259075
Title:Cooperative land use classification of hyperspectral and multispectral imagery based on dual branch convolutional neural network
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#21452;&#20998;&#25903;&#21367;&#31215;&#32593;&#32476;&#30340;&#39640;&#20809;&#35889;&#19982;&#22810;&#20809;&#35889;&#22270;&#20687;&#21327;&#21516;&#22303;&#22320;&#21033;&#29992;&#20998;&#31867;
Authors:Liu, Shuai (1, 2); Zhang, Xuhan (1); Li, Xiaoying (1); Tian, Ye (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao; 066004, China; (2) Hebei Key Laboratory of Information Transmission and Signal Processing, Qinhuangdao; 066004, China
Corresponding author:Tian, Ye(tianye@ysu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:252-262
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Landscape monitoring using high-resolution aerial images has become highly significant to achieve a sustainable development of land use in modern agriculture. However, only hyperspectral or multispectral images individually cannot meet the harsh requirements of high-precision classification for land use, due to the technical limitations of remote sensing sensor imaging, and the complex features of landscape images. The combined hyperspectral and multispectral remote sensing images can be expected to overcome the technical problems, when classifying land use using one single type of images. In this paper, a dual-branch convolutional neural network (DBCNN) was designed to integrate with hyperspectral and multispectral remote sensing images for land use classification. In hyperspectral images, 3D-1D convolutional neural network branch were used to automatically extract spatial-spectral features, whereas, 3D convolutional neural network branch was used in multispectral images. A fusion layer was designed to fuse the extracted features from hyperspectral and multispectral images. The land use category was finally output via the fully connected layer in the network. A dropout layer was added to the fully connected layer in the network, in order to avoid overfitting of imaging data. Image data sets were taken from two research areas in this study. One research area was in the rural and urban border area at Chikusei, Ibaraki, Japan, indicating mainly farm land in the whole regions. The hyperspectral and multispectral images were generated from the data set of Chikusei. The multispectral data was constituted three wavelength bands, corresponding to the center wavelength, (the 60th, 40th, and 20th bands of Chikusei data set), where the spatial resolution of multispectral image was 2.5m. Another research area was selected in Pavia University, USA, where the 53th, 31st, and 7th wavelength bands were set, while the spatial resolution was 1.3 min in multispectral data. A Gaussian down sampling method was used to obtain hyperspectral data. In the experiment, the obtained data set was divided randomly, where the ratio of training samples, validation samples and test samples were 25.5%, 4.5% and 70%, respectively. Five comparative experiments were conducted, including decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), 1D CNN, 2D CNN and 3D CNN. A confusion matrix of each classification method was obtained, together with the overall accuracy, average accuracy, and kappa coefficient, by calculating the difference between the classification of comparative experiments and the land composition from actual field. In Chikusei data set, the overall accuracy of 3D-1D CNN was improved by 7.06, 5.72, and 2.90 percentage points, respectively, compared with DT, SVM and 1D CNN, indicating the highest accuracy of 3D-1D CNN in hyperspectral image classification. Compared with DT, SVM, and 2D-CNN, the overall accuracy of 3D CNN was improved by 6.16 percentage points, 0.38%, and 7.40% respectively, indicating the highest in the classification of multispectral remote sensing images. The experimental results show that the overall accuracy of fusion classification was constantly enhanced from shallow to deep learning algorithms. Compared with DT, SVM, 1D CNN, 2D CNN and 3D CNN, the overall accuracy of DBCNN has increased by 7.80, 5.05, 3.43, 2.60 and 0.90 percentage points, respectively. The classification of CNN in deep learning performed better than that of SVM and DT in shallow classification algorithms, especially on the identification of road traffic land, grassland, and water bodies. An optimum effect can be achieved, combined with the classification algorithm of land use and the dual-branch network-based hyper-multispectral imagery. The spatial and spectral features of hyperspectral and multispectral images can be used to enhance the model's convergence and generalization ability, and thereby to improve the accuracy of classification. The classification of water body, grassland, and habitation performed very well, while the misclassification of transportation land also significantly decreased, indicating the overall accuracy was 99.39%, and the Kappa coefficient was 0.992 0. In Pavia University data set, the classification effect of 1D CNN, 2D CNN and 3D CNN performed better than that of the shallow classification method, such as DT and SVM. In the DBCNN classification method, there was a clear distinction between the unused land and transportation land, while the misclassification of housing and construction land significantly decreased. Compared with other classification methods, DBCNN has the best classification effect. The accuracy of all classifications was above 90% in the data of Pavia University. Compared with DT, SVM, 1D CNN, 2D CNN and 3D CNN, the overall accuracy of DBCNN increased by 14.84, 6.75, 4.55, 5.34, 3.06 percentage points.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Image classification
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Antennas - Classification (of information) - Convolution - Convolutional neural networks - Decision trees - Deep learning - Hyperspectral imaging - Image enhancement - Image resolution  - Land use - Learning algorithms - Network layers - Remote sensing - Spectroscopy - Statistical tests - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy of classifications - Classification algorithm - Comparative experiments - Generalization ability - High-resolution aerial images - Landuse classifications - Multi-spectral imagery - Multispectral remote sensing image
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.55e+01%, Percentage 3.80e-01%, Percentage 4.50e+00%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Percentage 7.40e+00%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.94e+01%, Size 2.50e+00m, Time 7.80e+01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20204009259088
Title:Effect of the thickness of clay layer in the layered vadose zone on nitrate nitrogen migration
Title of translation:&#23618;&#29366;&#21253;&#27668;&#24102;&#40655;&#22303;&#23618;&#21402;&#24230;&#23545;&#30813;&#24577;&#27694;&#36801;&#31227;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Tian, Luyao (1, 2); Wang, Shiqin (1, 2); Wei, Shoucai (3); Liu, Bingxia (1); Liu, Binbin (1); Hu, Chunsheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resource, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hebei Key Laboratory of Water-saving Agriculture, Shijiazhuang; 050022, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China; (3) Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for the Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, Binzhou; 256600, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Shiqin(sqwang@sjziam.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:55-62
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The clay layer in the vadose zone with layered structure in soils has an important effect on blocking the pollutants which will enter into the groundwater. At present, there is insufficient knowledge about the effects of the thickness of the clay layer on the migration process of nitrate nitrogen (NO<inf>3</inf>^--N). Nitrate nitrogen is more prone to leaching through the 'up thick and down thin' ( the up layer of soil with larger particles and the down layer of soil with smaller particles) vadose zone with layered structure, which can cause a higher risk of nitrate nitrogen pollution to groundwater. In this study, we set up four groups soil columns with 40 cm height, the types of four groups soil columns included "up sand and down clay" and full filling with clay. The ratio of thickness (between sand and clay layer) was 3: 1, 1: 1, and 1: 3, and the last type soil column had 40 cm clay. The content of the study in the leaching experiment under the condition of stable water head and stable concentration of nitrate nitrogen with infiltration, which included infiltration process of nitrate nitrogen solution, the characteristics of accumulation and denitrification of nitrate nitrogen in soil columns. In order to clarify the effects of the clay layer thickness on the migration process of nitrate nitrogen in the layered vadose zone, the soil columns with different thickness of clay layer. The results showed that the infiltration process of solution could be divided into two stages, namely, the relationship between the cumulative infiltration capacity with the wetting front transport depth and the infiltration time gradually changed from nonlinear to linear when the wetting front crossing the sand-clay layer interface. Meanwhile, the cumulative infiltration capacity decreased significantly with the increasing in the thickness of clay layer in the soil columns (P&lt;0.05). When the thickness of the clay layer in the soil column reached 40 cm, the effect of blocking on the nitrate leaching of nitrogen was significantly stronger than other soil column which was with the clay layer of 10-30 cm. During the leaching experiment, a water retention layer was formed at the interface of the sand-clay layer, which made the cumulative values of nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the clay layer at the interface were both large, while the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen and nitrous nitrogen decreased with the increasing of depth in clay layer in the same soil column. When the difference of thickness in clay layer was not less than 20 cm during different soil columns, the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in the soil column was significantly different (P&lt;0.05). The soil column which thickness of clay layer was 40 cm had the largest amount of nitrate nitrogen used in denitrification [(0.15&plusmn;0.05) g] was significantly higher than the soil column with 10-30 cm in the thickness of clay layer (P&lt;0.05), which indicated that when the thickness of clay layer reached a certain degree (such as 40 cm), it not only blocked nitrate nitrogen, but also affected the amount of denitrification. Occurrence had a significant impact which could play an important role in preventing the leaching of nitrate nitrogen into groundwater. This study can provide a reference for the management of farmland fertilization and groundwater protection under soil with layered vadose zone conditions.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Denitrification - Groundwater - Groundwater pollution - Infiltration - Leaching - Nitrates - Sand - Soils - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Cumulative infiltrations - Different thickness - Ground water protection - Infiltration process - Infiltration time - Layered Structures - Leaching experiments - Migration process
Classification code:444.2  Groundwater - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.00e-01m to 3.00e-01m, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 4.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20204009259174
Title:Spatial-temporal change, trade-off and synergy relationships of cropland multifunctional value in Zhejiang Province, China
Title of translation:&#27993;&#27743;&#30465;&#32789;&#22320;&#22810;&#21151;&#33021;&#20215;&#20540;&#26102;&#31354;&#21464;&#21270;&#19982;&#26435;&#34913;-&#21327;&#21516;&#20851;&#31995;
Authors:Zhu, Congmou (1); Li, Wuyan (2); Du, Yingying (3); Xu, Hongwei (1); Wang, Ke (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environmental &amp; Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China; (2) Institute of Land and Urban-rural Development, Zhejiang University of Finance &amp; Economics, Hangzhou; 310018, China; (3) School of Public Administration, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou; 310018, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Ke(kwang@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:263-272
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Multifunctional Agriculture (MFA) management has been increasingly important for sustainable cropland utilization in recent years. The farmland loss and changing agricultural activities have posed serious impacts on the structure and functions of cropland in the rapid urbanization. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics, the trade-off and synergy relationships of multifunctional cropland. In this study, taking Zhejiang Province, a representative region with rapid social-economic development in China as an example, a series of widely used quantitative methods were employed to systematically evaluate cropland multifunctional value on the county scale. According to four dimensions of cropland production, ecological, social, and cultural functions, eight main functions of cropland were identified, including food production, atmosphere regulation, environmental purification, water conservation, biodiversity, agricultural pollution, social security, and cultural leisure. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient method, bivariate local spatial autocorrelation model and Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model were used to investigate the trade-off and synergy relationships among cropland multifunctions, and the social-economic driving factors. The data was collected from Zhejiang Statistical Yearbook (2001-2016); digital land use/cover maps for 2000, 2010 and 2015 were obtained from the Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection; the precipitation data came from the National Meteorological Information Center; and the soil type data of Zhejiang Province was from the second soil survey database of China. The results showed that: 1)the total value of cropland multifunctionality displayed a declined trend during 2000 and 2015, while the value of cropland multifunctionality per hectare decreased first and then gradually increased. The value of atmospheric regulation, water conservation and social security decreased significantly. Meanwhile, the value of food production remained constant, whereas, the value of cultural leisure increased rapidly. The total value of cropland multifunctionality showed different spatial characteristics, indicating high values in the north, but low in the south of Zhejiang Province. In the counties, Hangzhou City showed the highest value, while the lowest value was in Shengsi County. The cropland multifunctional value decreased in many counties to some degree, but the value increased dramatically in the southwest mountainous areas. 2) Synergy relationships were dominant among cropland multifunction, showing spatial heterogeneity. The high-high synergy areas were distributed in Hangzhou and Shaoxing cities, while the low-low synergy areas were clustered in Lishui and Quzhou cities in southwestern Zhejiang Province, where the low-high and high-low trade-off areas were distributed around the synergy areas. During 2000 and 2015, synergy relationships among cropland multifunctions totally weakened, as the decrease in the number of high-high synergy areas. 3) Social-economic system was proved to be related closely with cropland multifunctional value. Specifically, the disposable income of urban residents and the total power of agricultural machinery have negative impacts on the multifunctional value of cropland per hectare. The increase in the disposable income of rural residents can be conducive to promote the multifunctional value of cropland per hectare. It infers that the food production of cropland can be balanced with other functions, including ecological, social, and cultural functions, in order to develop multifunctional agriculture, and further to maximize the human welfare that provided by cropland production system. The findings can provide an important decision-making support to delimit cropland use and protection zone, and further to promote the overall coordinated utilization of multifunctional cropland.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Economic and social effects
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Biodiversity - Decision making - Economics - Environmental regulations - Land use - Leisure - Soil surveys - Stochastic models  - Stochastic systems - Water conservation - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Decision making support - Environmental purifications - Meteorological information - Multifunctional agricultures - Spatial autocorrelations - Spatial-temporal changes - Spatial-temporal evolution - Spearman's rank correlation coefficients
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444  Water Resources - 453  Water Pollution - 454  Environmental Engineering - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912.2  Management - 922.1  Probability Theory - 961  Systems Science - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20204009259251
Title:Mechanical fault diagnosis based on variational mode decomposition combined with deep transfer learning
Title of translation:&#21464;&#20998;&#27169;&#24577;&#20998;&#35299;&#32467;&#21512;&#28145;&#24230;&#36801;&#31227;&#23398;&#20064;&#35786;&#26029;&#26426;&#26800;&#25925;&#38556;
Authors:Shi, Jie (1, 2); Wu, Xing (1); Liu, Xiaoqin (1); Liu, Tao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650500, China; (2) Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming; 650201, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Xing(xwu@kust.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:129-137
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In practice, mechanical equipments usually working with the variable speed and load, and the vibration signal of the equipments is nonlinear and nonstationary. The traditional fault diagnosis methods are prone to misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis. In order to solve the problem of feature extraction and intelligent diagnosis of mechanical fault vibration signal under variable working conditions, a fault diagnosis method combining optimized Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) and Deep Transfer Learning(DTL) was proposed in this paper. First, Multiple Population Differential Evolution (MPDE) algorithm and envelope entropy fitness function were used to optimize VMD to solve the problem that the decomposition number k and penalty factor &alpha; were difficult to be determined adaptively. Second, the intrinsic mode functions of VMD decomposition were reconstructed according to the average kurtosis criterion. Continuous wavelet transform was used to process the reconstructed signal, and the time-frequency characteristics of the reconstructed signal were obtained. Third, combining the Residual Network (ResNet) with Transfer Learning (TL) model, the edge distribution adaptive method was used to reduce the difference between the source domain data set and the target domain data set of mechanical fault signal, and a deep transfer learning model for mechanical fault diagnosis under variable working conditions was constructed. Finally, the MPDE-VMD+DTL method was compared with the traditional BP neural network, ResNet convolution neural network and transfer component analysis (TCA) in different rolling bearing experimental datasets which contained CWRU, XJTU-SY, IMS and MCVN dataset. The results showed that the accuracy of fault diagnosis of MPDE-VMD+DTL method was 84.36%, and that of the BP neural network, ResNet and TCA were 23.60%, 71.63% and 19.68% respectively. MPDE-VMD+DTL method realized the end-to-end mechanical fault intelligent diagnosis under different working conditions, and had good generalization ability and robustness.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Vibrations (mechanical)
Controlled terms:Backpropagation - Deep learning - Evolutionary algorithms - Failure analysis - Fault detection - Learning systems - Neural networks - Optimization - Roller bearings - Signal reconstruction  - Transfer learning - Wavelet transforms
Uncontrolled terms:Continuous Wavelet Transform - Convolution neural network - Differential Evolution - Fault diagnosis method - Generalization ability - Intrinsic Mode functions - Mechanical fault diagnosis - Time frequency characteristics
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.4  Artificial Intelligence - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 931.1  Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.97e+01%, Percentage 2.36e+01%, Percentage 7.16e+01%, Percentage 8.44e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20204009259117
Title:Preparation of P(AA-AM)/SiO<inf>2</inf> composite water-retaining material and its application in water-retaining slow-release fertilizer
Title of translation:P(AA-AM)/SiO<inf>2</inf>&#22797;&#21512;&#20445;&#27700;&#26448;&#26009;&#30340;&#21046;&#22791;&#21450;&#20854;&#22312;&#20445;&#27700;&#32531;&#37322;&#32933;&#20013;&#24212;&#29992;
Authors:Cao, Bing (1, 2); Wang, Meng (3); Yang, Kaijin (3); Ni, Xiaohui (1, 2); Wang, Xuexia (1, 2); Zou, Guoyuan (1, 2); Chen, Yanhua (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resource, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center for Slow/Controlled-Release Fertilizer, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanhua University, Hengyang; 421001, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Yanhua(yhchen55@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:167-173
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water and fertilizer are indispensable inputs to crop production in modern agriculture. Drought, water shortage and low efficient utilization of water have posed a great challenge on agricultural production and food security in China. New fertilizers with dual functions of water retention and slow release become significant to enhance the utilization efficiency of water, and thereby to ensure the sustainable development of agriculture. Therefore, previous studies on the new fertilizers have drawn much attention in water and fertilizer technology in recent years. This paper explores the preparation method of a novel water-retaining material that incorporated with nano-SiO<inf>2</inf> for the slow-release fertilizer with water retention properties. A P(AA-AM)/SiO<inf>2</inf> water-retaining composite was fabricated by in-situ polymerization in aqueous solution using acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM) as raw materials. A water-retaining slow-release fertilizer was then produced by the double-layer coating process. The mass ratio of acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM) was set as 3.5: 1 to synthesize water-retaining materials. The initiator (potassium persulfate and sodium sulfite), crosslinking agent (N, N-methylenebisacrylamide), plasticizer (glycerol), and nano-SiO<inf>2</inf> were added by 1%, 0.04%, 15%, and 2% in monomer mass, respectively. A drum coating process was selected to prepare the water-retaining slow-releasing fertilizer, where the inner coating layer was made of polyurethane, with the mass ratio of coating materials to the inner core of 3%, whereas the outer coating layer was P(AA-AM)/SiO<inf>2</inf> water-retaining composite material, with a mass ratio to the core of 27%. Fourier Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetry (TG) were used to characterize the microstructure, morphology and thermal stability of water-retaining materials. A filtration was selected to determine the water absorption of water-retaining material. Soil culture experiment was used to investigate the capacity of water-retaining and water-holding in the fabricated fertilizer. A water immersion method was utilized to explore nitrogen release properties of fertilizer at the temperature of 25&#8451;. The results showed that the water absorption rates of composite materials with nano-SiO<inf>2</inf> in deionized water and 0.9% NaCl aqueous solution were 152% and 87% higher than those of only P(AA-AM) materials, while the thermal stability was also significantly improved. SEM images and FTIR analysis indicated that nanoparticles of SiO<inf>2</inf> were evenly dispersed into the P(AA-AM) composites, while the silicon hydroxyl groups on the surface of SiO<inf>2</inf> increased the cross-linking density of water-retaining materials. Compared with the slow-release fertilizer without water-retaining layer, the water absorption rate and retention rate of slow-release fertilizer with water-retaining layer (after 25 days of incubation) increased by 25.5% and 47.2%, respectively, indicating the releasing duration of fertilizer was extended from 60 days to 72 days. The preparation method of water-retaining composite material that incorporated with nano-SiO<inf>2</inf> and water-retaining slow-release fertilizers can provide excellent properties of water absorption and retaining, as well a high performance of slow release in soil. A mechanism of water-retaining was proposed to clarify the slow release of nutrients in the water-retaining material and water-retaining slow-release fertilizers. The findings can offer new insights into high efficiency fertilizers to enhance the utilization efficiency of water and fertilizers.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Water absorption
Controlled terms:Acrylic monomers - Agricultural robots - Amides - Ascorbic acid - Carboxylic acids - Coatings - Composite materials - Cultivation - Deionized water - Efficiency  - Food supply - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Morphology - Nitrogen fertilizers - Potassium compounds - Scanning electron microscopy - Silica - Silicon - Silicon oxides - SiO2 nanoparticles  - Sodium chloride - Sodium sulfite - Thermodynamic stability - Thermogravimetric analysis - Water filtration
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - In-situ polymerization - N-methylenebisacrylamide - Slow release fertilizers - Utilization efficiency - Water absorption rates - Water immersion method - Water retention properties
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 549.3  Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 801  Chemistry - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 813.2  Coating Materials - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 822.3  Food Products - 913.1  Production Engineering - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.64e-01yr to 1.97e-01yr, Age 6.85e-02yr, Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 1.52e+02%, Percentage 2.00e+00%, Percentage 2.55e+01%, Percentage 2.70e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 4.00e-02%, Percentage 4.72e+01%, Percentage 8.70e+01%, Percentage 9.00e-01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20204009259196
Title:Effect of initial soil water content on wetting body characteristics of film hole irrigation
Title of translation:&#22303;&#22756;&#21021;&#22987;&#21547;&#27700;&#29575;&#23545;&#33180;&#23380;&#28748;&#28287;&#28070;&#20307;&#29305;&#24449;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Jie, Feilong (1); Fei, Liangjun (1); Zhong, Yun (1); Liu, Lihua (1); Kang, Shouxuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China
Corresponding author:Fei, Liangjun(feiliangjun2008@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:174-181
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The objective of this study was to explore the effect of different initial soil water contents on the characteristics of the wetting body and to establish the quantitative model of &#64257;lm hole irrigation between cumulative in&#64257;ltration and the shape of the wetting body. Laboratory experiments and HYDRUS numerical simulation were carried out. The reliability of the simulation results using HYDRUS software in film hole irrigation was verified by laboratory experiment, and the results showed that the R² of HYDRUS simulation and laboratory experiment results (wetting front migration distance and cumulative infiltration amount) were both close to 1, and the absolute value of percentage of bias was less than 10%, indicating a good fitness. Based on this, the dynamic characteristics of Xi'an silt loam in film hole irrigation under different initial soil water content were simulated. The experimental results showed that the shape of the wetting body formed by film hole irrigation was approximately half of a rotating ellipsoid, and the shape of wetting front curve could be expressed using an elliptic curve equation. The horizontal and vertical migration distances of the wetting front were semi-major and semi-minor axis of the ellipse, respectively. When the initial soil water content was as low as around 0.1 cm³/cm³, the soil water content on the wetting body radius from the center of the film hole to the surface of the wetting front decreased gradually and the change rate of soil water content increased gradually, reaching the maximum near the wetting front. Moreover, the distribution of soil water content on the wetting body radius could be accurately expressed by using an elliptic curve equation. As the initial soil water content of the wetting body increased gradually, the water content gradient in the wetting body decreased, the water distribution became more uniform and the water content distribution curve of the wetting body radius gradually changed from an elliptic curve to a gentle curve close to a straight line. According to the distribution law of soil water content in the wetting body, the model of cumulative infiltration considering initial soil water content was established. The model showed that the cumulative in&#64257;ltration of &#64257;lm hole irrigation was proportional to the third power of the equivalent radius of the wetting body, and the wetting body radius was equal to the geometric mean of the horizontal and vertical migration distances of the wetting body. In order to verify the accuracy and applicable scope of this model, the HYDRUS simulation results of three typical soils (silt, silt loam and loam) and five different film hole radius (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 cm) were used to verify the model. For the silt, silt loam and the loam soils, when the initial water content was not higher than 0.25 cm³/cm³, the R² of calculated cumulative infiltration and simulated value using HYDRUS were both close to 1, and the absolute value of percentage of bias was less than 10%, which showed that the model had good applicability in silt, silt loam and the loam when the initial water content was not higher than 0.25 cm³/cm³. In addition, for the different film hole radii, the R² of calculated cumulative infiltration and simulated value using HYDRUS model were close to 1, and the absolute value of percentage of bias was less than 10%, which suggested that the model had good applicability to the conditions of different film hole radii. Since this model reflected the relationship between the cumulative infiltration and the shape of the wetting body, for crops, this model was superior to the traditional empirical models such as the Kostiacov model in calculating the irrigation demand of crops to a certain extent. This study revealed the characteristics of the wetting body of film hole irrigation under different initial water contents and established a model for calculating cumulative infiltration, which provided valuable information for the precise irrigation of film hole irrigation.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Crops - Geometry - Irrigation - Silt - Software reliability - Soil moisture - Water supply systems - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Content distribution - Cumulative infiltrations - Dynamic characteristics - Film hole irrigation - Initial water contents - Laboratory experiments - Quantitative modeling - Water content gradient
Classification code:446.1  Water Supply Systems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921  Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Size 4.00e-02m, Size 5.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20204009259114
Title:Leaching characteristics of dissolved organic matter in chicken manure and its effect on antibiotic migration in orchard
Title of translation:&#26524;&#22253;&#29983;&#24577;&#20859;&#40481;&#40481;&#31914;DOM&#30340;&#28107;&#28342;&#29305;&#24449;&#21450;&#20854;&#23545;&#25239;&#29983;&#32032;&#36801;&#31227;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Li, Shuhan (1, 2); Liu, Chen (2); Tang, Xiangyu (2); Yang, Hongwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu; 610031, China; (2) Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu; 610041, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Hongwei(790057478@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:37-46
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Raising chickens in orchard has been widely developed in China, serving as a popular ecological breeding mode, due to the direct usage of chicken manure as a fertilizer to achieve comprehensive utilization of land resources and agricultural wastes, and thereby to reduce the addition of herbicides and insecticides. However, the organic matter and antibiotics leaching from the chicken manure have posed a potential pollution risk on the orchard soil and the surrounding water environment. Research on the co-transport behavior of manure-derived dissolved organic matter and antibiotics is lacking, particularly on the relevant mechanism. This study aims to investigate the migration characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in chicken manure, and theirs effects on the adsorption and leaching features of sulfadiazine (SD), florfenicol (FFC) and tylosin (TYL) in an orchard in the typical calcareous purple soil area of central Sichuan, China. Batch equilibrium and packed soil column experiments were carried out using the combined techniques of spectroscopic characterization. The results indicated that tryptophan was the main component of the tested chicken manure DOM, to increase the adsorption sites for antibiotics on the soil surface, indicating a stronger adsorption in soil, compared with that of humic acid. The isotherm adsorption of three antibiotics fitted well by both the linear and Freundlich equations, indicating a physical adsorption process dominated. There were weak adsorption capacities of SD and FFC in the studied orchard soil. Their adsorption almost remain constant, when spiked simultaneously with chicken manure DOM (200 mg/L). In the case, the adsorption of SD and FFC increased significantly (P&lt;0.05), when the chicken manure DOM was introduced to the soil in advance. The corresponding K<inf>f</inf> values for SD and FFC increased by 77.28% and 114.36%, respectively, due to the binding of antibiotics to the previously adsorbed chicken manure DOM on the soil surface via a mechanism of noncovalent interactions. There was a strong absorption capacity of TYL in the tested soil. TYL was not sensitive to the presence of chicken manure DOM in its migration process for most soil adsorption sites. Under a simulated rainfall of 20 mm/h, SD and FFC were highly mobile, leaching out almost simultaneously with the water flow tracer Br^- from the soil column. Being consistent with the results from the batch experiment, the chicken manure DOM in the treatment of injection prior to antibiotics delayed the breakthrough of SD and FFC by 0.49 and 0.25 PV, and their total leaching amount decreased by 12.04% and 15.35%, respectively. The decrease leaching of SD and FFC also occurred in the treatment of simultaneous injection of chicken manure DOM and antibiotics. Most residues of TYL retained in the topsoil without penetrating, indicating that the chicken manure DOM had no impact on the leaching of TYL. Therefore, for the highly mobile antibiotics, the chicken manure DOM can be expected to increase the retention of antibiotics in the soil through a co-adsorption mechanism. The finding demonstrated that the adsorption of tryptophan from chicken manure DOM can pose a significant blocking effect on the leaching of weakly adsorbed antibiotics in the co-transport process of manure DOM and antibiotics in soil due to chicken raising.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Adsorption - Adsorption isotherms - Agricultural robots - Amino acids - Animals - Antibiotics - Biogeochemistry - Dissolution - Flow of water - Ions  - Leaching - Manures - Orchards - Organic compounds - Soils - Waste utilization - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive utilizations - Dissolved organic matters - Leaching characteristics - Non-covalent interaction - Potential pollutions - Simultaneous injections - Soil-column experiment - Spectroscopic characterization
Classification code:453  Water Pollution - 461.6  Medicine and Pharmacology - 481.2  Geochemistry - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631.1.1  Liquid Dynamics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 2.00e-01kg/m3, Percentage 1.14e+02%, Percentage 1.20e+01%, Percentage 1.53e+01%, Percentage 7.73e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20204009259137
Title:Rapid design of the mold and optimization of processing parameters for labyrinth channel emitter
Title of translation:&#36855;&#23467;&#22411;&#28748;&#27700;&#22120;&#24555;&#36895;&#27169;&#20855;&#35774;&#35745;&#21450;&#21152;&#24037;&#21442;&#25968;&#20248;&#21270;
Authors:Chen, Zhuo (1); Wei, Zhengying (1); Chen, Xueli (1); Ma, Jinpeng (1); Wei, Caixiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an; 710049, China
Corresponding author:Wei, Zhengying(zywei@mail.xjtu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:106-113
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Traditional mold development process is long and costly, to solve the problems of long processing cycles and high processing cost of traditional injection irrigation molds of the labyrinth channel emitter, a rapid manufacturing technology and injection molding process of the emitter mold was developed in this study. Digital ABS was used as the rapid mold material and PolyJet technology was chosen to form the mold to ensure accuracy and strength. The mechanical properties and thermodynamic properties of rapid molds were different from that of ordinary molds. The thermal conductivity of digital ABS as a mold material was about one thousandth of traditional mold steel, which indicated that the processing parameters affected product quality were also quite different from ordinary molds. In order to determine the influence of different processing parameters on the forming quality, the warpage amount and shrink mark were used as the evaluation index. The initial molding process parameters were mold surface temperature 52&#8451;, melt temperature 230&#8451;, filling control was automatic, speed / pressure was switched to automatic, holding pressure was 2MPa, holding time was 3 s, and cooling time was 30 s. The single-factor experiments, and the four-factor five-level orthogonal experiments were conducted through Moldflow software. The regression models between warpage deformation amount and shrink mark with different parameters were obtained. The experimental results showed that the cooling time had no effect on the amount of warpage and shrinkage, and the melt temperature, holding pressure and holding time had a decisive effect on warpage and shrinkage. Before parameter optimization, the shrink mark under the initial processing parameters was estimated to be 0.19 mm, and the maximum warpage deformation was 0.54 mm. The best process parameters obtained by Moldflow were melt temperature 230&#8451;, holding pressure 3 MPa, holding time 4 s. After optimizing the molding process parameters, the warpage deformation and the shrink mark were reduced by 20.68% and 8.72% respectively. The weld marks were reduced, the quality of plastic parts was improved, and the design requirements were met. In the injection molding machine, a rapid mold was used to verify the injection molding experiment, which proved the correctness of the structure and process. The size of the produced irrigator was 41.28 mm &times; 9.322 mm &times; 2.820 mm, and the product design size was 42.0 mm &times; 9.5 mm &times; 3.0 mm. The deviations from the design values were 1.71%, 1.87% and 6% respectively, and the accuracy was remarkably high. Regarding the size of the flow channel, the relative error between the processing size and the design size of the flow channel of the labyrinth channel emitter was 9.3%, and the dimensional accuracy met the requirements. Compared with the traditional mold processing, the rapid mold realized the rapid development of the irrigation device. Under the condition of ensuring the quality of the irrigation device, the processing time was greatly shortened and the processing cost was reduced. Rapid mold technology shortened the original mold processing time of about 20 days to 2 days. It provided a certain theoretical basis for the design and development of new irrigation devices.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Molds
Controlled terms:Channel flow - Deformation - Injection molding - Irrigation - Parameter estimation - Plastic parts - Product design - Quality control - Regression analysis - Shrinkage  - Temperature - Thermal conductivity
Uncontrolled terms:Design and Development - Injection irrigations - Injection molding process - Optimization of processing parameters - Orthogonal experiment - Parameter optimization - Rapid manufacturing technologies - Single-factor experiments
Classification code:631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 817.1  Polymer Products - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 913.1  Production Engineering - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 5.48e-02yr to 5.48e-03yr, Percentage 1.71e+00%, Percentage 1.87e+00%, Percentage 2.07e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+00%, Percentage 8.72e+00%, Percentage 9.30e+00%, Pressure 2.00e+06Pa, Pressure 3.00e+06Pa, Size 1.90e-04m, Size 2.82e-03m, Size 3.00e-03m, Size 5.40e-04m, Time 3.00e+00s, Time 4.00e+00s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20204009259080
Title:Formation mechanism of laying angle of vertical rape windrower based on ANSYS-ADAMS
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;ANSYS-ADAMS&#30340;&#31435;&#24335;&#27833;&#33756;&#21106;&#26194;&#26426;&#38138;&#25918;&#35282;&#24418;&#25104;&#26426;&#29702;
Authors:Li, Haitong (1); Wu, Chongyou (1); Mu, Senlin (1); Guan, Zhuohuai (1); Jiang, Tao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Chongyou(542681935@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:96-105
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the operation quality of vertical rape windrower, the effects of rape plant characteristics and windrower parameters on laying angle were studied in this study. The structure and working principle of the vertical rape mower were described. The laying process of rape plant was divided into falling process and rotation process according to the working principle of the rape windrower. The movement state of rape plant during the laying process was analyzed based on the dynamic theory, and the mathematical model of laying angle was established and the influencing factors were analyzed. Analysis results showed that the laying angle influenced by material parameters of rape plant and working parameters of windrower. ANSYS and ProE software were used to establish the flexible body of rape plant and windrower model, respectively. Then the rigid flexible coupling model of windrower and rape plant was established in ADAMS software, and the single factor and multifactor simulation experiments of laying process were carried out. The results of single factor experiments showed that with the increasing of the plant height in the range of 1.2-1.6 m, laying angle decreased and reached the minimum value at the plant height of 1.4m, and then increased. The laying angle increased and then decreased when the plant mass density was in the range of 438-588 kg/m³, and reached the maximum value at the plant mass density of 538 kg/m³. When the friction coefficient between plants increased in the range of 0.1-0.5, the laying angle decreased. The results of multifactor experiments showed that forward speed, speed ratio and the interaction between forward speed and stubble height had a significant influence on laying angle (P &lt; 0.01).The significant order of factors was speed ratio, forward speed and stubble height. The quadratic regression equation model was established according to the results of multifactor experiments, and the response surface methodology was utilized to analyze the influence of interaction on the laying angle. Optimization equations and constraints were established, and optimal parameters of windrower were determined that forward speed was 0.6 m/s, the speed ratio was 1.37, and stubble height was 0.42 m. The field experiments were carried out and the results indicated that the relative errors between predicted and measured values of laying angle were less than 6%. Compared with the control tests, the laying angle of rape plant decreased from 134.9&deg; to 115.8&deg;, the angle difference decreased from 11.2&deg;to 9.6&deg;, the root difference decreased from 0.22 m to 0.14 m, and the loss rate decreased from 2.2% to 1.5%, the working performance of rape windrower improved. The research results can provide the basis for determining the suitable conditions of rape cutting and optimizing the operation parameters of the windrower.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Speed
Controlled terms:Computer software - Friction
Uncontrolled terms:Friction coefficients - Operation parameters - Optimization equations - Quadratic regression - Response surface methodology - Rigid-flexible coupling models - Single-factor experiments - Suitable conditions
Classification code:723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 4.38e+02kg/m3 to 5.88e+02kg/m3, Mass_Density 5.38e+02kg/m3, Percentage 2.20e+00% to 1.50e+00%, Percentage 6.00e+00%, Size 1.20e+00m to 1.60e+00m, Size 1.40e+00m, Size 2.20e-01m to 1.40e-01m, Size 4.20e-01m, Velocity 6.00e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20204009259057
Title:Development of dual-lidar navigation system for greenhouse transportation robot
Title of translation:&#21452;&#28608;&#20809;&#38647;&#36798;&#28201;&#23460;&#36816;&#36755;&#26426;&#22120;&#20154;&#23548;&#33322;&#31995;&#32479;&#30740;&#21046;
Authors:Hou, Jialin (1, 2); Pu, Wenyang (1); Li, Tianhua (1, 2); Ding, Xiaoming (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an; 271018, China; (2) Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment Intelligence, Tai'an; 271018, China; (3) Institute of Protected Agriculture, Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100125, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:80-88
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to solve the problem of autonomous navigation of robots in greenhouse environment, a navigation system for greenhouse transportation robot based on dual-lidar was developed in this paper, The navigation system consisted of front and rear lidar, compared with the single lidar, the front and rear double lidar could increase the scanning range, reduce the blind area of tracing, improve the efficiency and accuracy of surveying and mapping, and improve the real-time obstacle avoidance ability of the robot. The navigation system of greenhouse transportation robot was composed of a remote monitoring platform and an on-board system. The remote monitoring platform was responsible for selecting the working mode of the on-board system, issuing the the instruction of target points and displaying the location information of the on-board system. As the executor of the instructions, the on-board system was responsible for receiving and executing task instructions ordered by the monitoring platform. Through the real-time communication through wireless network, the remote monitoring platform and the on-board system jointly complete the autonomous navigation task of greenhouse transportation robot. The on-board system hardware mainly consisted of a driving module, a control module, an environmental information perception module, a communication module and a power supply module. The on-board systems software was divided into three layers, user interaction layer, information processing layer and execution layer. The user interaction layer was an open-source Ubuntu-based navigation task scheduler that responsible for adjusting the working mode of the on-board system and issuing target points instructions. The information processing layer was the real-time positioning and map building and fixed-point navigation program based on the Robot Operating System(ROS), which was responsible for collecting the motion information of on-board system and environmental information from lidar, and conducting information fusion. According to the control command and on-board system position and attitude information, map construction, path planning and autonomous navigation were carried out. The executive layer was the mobile platform control program based on the open source real-time operating system of Ubuntu. By collecting the speed information of the encoder, the classical PID algorithm was used to adjust and output the desired Pulse Width Modulation(PWM) wave to control the motor speed, so as to realize the stable and safe movement of the on-board system. The dynamic window algorithm was used to plan the local optimal path to reduce walking time and energy consumption. The test results showed that when the on-board system ran at the speed of 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 m/s, the average deviation and the standard deviation between the actual navigation path and the target path was less than 13 and 5 cm, respectively; the average value, the root mean square error, the standard deviation of the lateral deviation and longitudinal deviation at each target point was not more than 9, 11.2 and 5 cm, respectively; the average value, the root mean square error, and the standard deviation of the course deviation was less than 10&deg;, 12&deg; and 6&deg;, respectively, which met the navigation accuracy requirements of robot transportation in greenhouse.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Robots
Controlled terms:Energy utilization - Greenhouses - Linux - Mean square error - Navigation systems - Open source software - Open systems - Optical radar - Pulse width modulation - Remote control  - Statistics - Voltage control
Uncontrolled terms:Communication modules - Environmental information - Greenhouse environment - Real time obstacle avoidance - Real time operating system - Real-time communication - Robot operating systems (ROS) - Root mean square errors
Classification code:525.3  Energy Utilization - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.12e-01m, Size 1.30e-01m, Size 5.00e-02m, Velocity 5.00e-01m/s, Velocity 8.00e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20204009259045
Title:Identification and redevelopment strategy of underused urban land in underdeveloped counties using system theory
Title of translation:&#31995;&#32479;&#35770;&#35270;&#35282;&#19979;&#27424;&#21457;&#36798;&#21439;&#22495;&#22478;&#38215;&#20302;&#25928;&#29992;&#22320;&#35782;&#21035;&#19982;&#20877;&#24320;&#21457;&#31574;&#30053;
Authors:Ding, Yi (1); Guo, Qingxia (1); Chen, Zhuo (1); Zhang, Xinxin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:316-326
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Redevelopment approach of underused urban land has played an important role in the regional urbanization and the sustainable development of undeveloped areas, in order to improve efficiency of land use. To implement the redevelopment strategy, it is necessary to identify the specific boundaries of underused urban land for different types of land use. Taking the central urban area of Yushe County, a provincial poverty-stricken county in Shanxi Province, as a study area, this study has collected the field data, including shantytown transformations, industrial and commercial revenues, land use intensity, building structures, infrastructure situation, and environment qualities. The original data was processed in ArcGIS software to build a basic geodatabase. Firstly, two types of parameters can be divided for underused urban land using system theory, including internal and external affecting factors, based on the features of regional development and differences of land use. Three evaluation systems of indicators were developed for commercial, industrial, and residential land. Each evaluation indicator system mainly included eight dimensions: building structure, spatial layout, land use intensity, land output benefits, geographical environment conditions, location conditions, surrounding infrastructure conditions, and ecological environment effects. Secondly, a combination matrix evaluation model considering internal and external factors was established to identify underused urban land, particularly when a land block has the low efficiency level for internal or external evaluation in the combination matrix, according to the relationship between the part and the whole. Finally, a recommendation was made for the redevelopment directions of underused urban land, based on various features of underused commercial, industrial, and residential land. The results showed that: 1) The internal and external index grade of commercial land was relatively uniform, whereas that of industrial land was concentrated in the low level. There were differences in the internal and external index grade of residential land, in which the external index was mainly low-grade, while the internal index grade was characterized by uniform distribution of low-grade and high-grade. 2) In the amount and area of underused urban land, two blocks of commercial underused land were identified accounting for 0.43% of the total underused urban land, and two blocks of industrial underused land were identified accounting for 9.51%, as well twenty-one blocks of residential underused land were identified accounting for 90.06%. It infers that the residential land mainly contributed to the underused urban land in underdeveloped counties. 3) In the spatial distributions of underused urban land, there were obvious spatial features in residential underused land, mainly distributed in the edge of town and the central areas. In the commercial and industrial underused land, there was scattered pattern without typical spatial characters. 4) The level of underused urban land in Yushe County mainly included 11, 12, 14, 21 and 31, according to the internal-external evaluation. A modified redevelopment strategy was proposed for different functional zoning and specific types, base on the heterogeneity of land use and the features of spatial distribution. The findings can provide a sound reference for the identification of underused urban land in underdeveloped counties.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Economics - Efficiency - Housing - Matrix algebra - Regional planning - Spatial distribution - Sustainable development - System theory
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological environments - Environment quality - Evaluation indicator system - Evaluation modeling - Geographical environment - Internal and external factors - Regional development - Uniform distribution
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921  Mathematics - 921.1  Algebra - 961  Systems Science - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.30e-01%, Percentage 9.01e+01%, Percentage 9.51e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20204009259228
Title:Modeling of a multi-surface air collector with double-receiver tubes applied in solar greenhouse
Title of translation:&#28201;&#23460;&#21452;&#38598;&#28909;&#31649;&#22810;&#26354;&#38754;&#27133;&#24335;&#31354;&#27668;&#38598;&#28909;&#22120;&#27169;&#22411;&#26500;&#24314;&#19982;&#24212;&#29992;
Authors:Han, Fengtao (1); Chen, Chao (1); Mahkamov, Khamid (2); Ma, Xinglong (3); Hu, Qingling (1); He, Yipeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing; 100124, China; (2) Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, NE18ST, United Kingdom; (3) School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing; 100081, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Chao(chenchao@bjut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:243-251
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This study aims to develop a solar multi-surface air collector with double-receiver tubes for an active-passive ventilation wall with phase change materials (PCM), in order to reduce the dependence on fossil energy for the overwintering production in the solar greenhouse, thereby to improve the utilization rate of solar energy resources. A mathematical model was proposed to quantitatively analyze the influence of complex outdoor conditions on the heat transfer performance of the developed device. An evaluation of heating and configuration requirements was made when the device was used as a heating system component in the early stage, particularly on modifying the problem for the separate evaluation of the thermal performance of collectors in previous most studies. According to the characteristics of optical structure in the collectors, LightTools optical software was selected to analyze the change rule of sunbeams convergence rate of the collector with the receiving angle. The results showed that the total sunbeams convergence coefficient of collector was between 0.74 and 1, with the average value of 0.90, without a sun-tracking device, when the solar radiation incidence angles in the range from 0-&plusmn;20&deg;. In addition, the ratio of solar energy received by each receiver tubes in the collector can be vary with the change of receiving angle. A mathematical model was finally established with seven reasonable simplified conditions in the heat transfer process using the energy conservation theory, according to the optical structure characteristics. Prior to the mathematical model, two conditions needed to be considered: without or a certain thickness thermal insulation layer attached to the outside surface of reflector. The reason was that the thermal insulation layer was often necessary on the outside surface of reflector, in order to reduce the emission of solar energy to the external environment via the reflector in the cold area of north China. A thermal performance test and engineering application were conducted to verify the proposed model for the solar multi-surface air collector with double-receiver tubes. The test results revealed that, no matter whether the outside of reflector was attached to the insulation layer or not, the average absolute error was &plusmn; 0.9&#8451;, the average relative error was 3.7%, and the error analysis index reached 0.994. The average absolute error along the length of collector was &plusmn;(1.3-2.7)&#8451;, verified by the actual engineering application of 16m solar multi-surface air collectors with double-receiver tubes, where the average relative error was 5.4%-7.0%, and the error analysis index was 0.988-0.994. Therefore, the results demonstrated that the mathematical model of collector can have a high prediction effect under different outdoor meteorological parameters, series length, inlet air temperature, and air flow rate. The findings can guide the optimal configuration of collector system, and thereby to optimize the air speed of collector, according to the changeable outdoor meteorological conditions, particularly in the cold area: of solar greenhouse.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Solar energy
Controlled terms:Atmospheric movements - Atmospheric temperature - Error analysis - Greenhouses - Heat transfer performance - Incident solar radiation - Phase change materials - Reflection - Solar heating - Thermal Engineering  - Thermal insulation - Tubes (components)
Uncontrolled terms:Average absolute error - Convergence coefficients - Energy conservation theory - Engineering applications - Inlet air temperatures - Meteorological condition - Meteorological parameters - Thermal insulation layer
Classification code:413.2  Heat Insulating Materials - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 619.1  Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.70e+00%, Percentage 5.40e+00% to 7.00e+00%, Size 1.60e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20204009259116
Title:Application of membrane technology for volume reduction of biogas slurry
Title of translation:&#33180;&#25216;&#26415;&#22312;&#27836;&#27668;&#24037;&#31243;&#27836;&#28082;&#20943;&#37327;&#21270;&#22788;&#29702;&#20013;&#30340;&#24212;&#29992;
Authors:Xiao, Hua (1); Xu, Xing (1); Zhou, Xin (1); Zhu, Xiaoming (1); Zhou, Weidong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou; 310021, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Weidong(zhouwd@mail.zaas.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:226-236
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Membrane technology can be expected to concentrate lots of nutrients in small volumes in biogas slurry, and then transport specific nutrients into other agricultural areas to serve as fertilizer, thereby partially solving the problem of surplus biogas slurry in high-density livestock areas. This article presents a critical review of the state-of-art research on the application of membrane concentration for volume reduction of biogas slurry. There are some common features for the water quality of biogas slurry that produced by anaerobic digestion, including complex composition, high concentrations of suspended solids, organic matter, ammonia nitrogen, and salt. First, a general review was made on the solid-liquid separation technologies that used for biogas slurry pretreatment, together with the physical and chemical processes related to separation. The separation efficiencies of common techniques were ranked in order for the removal of particles: centrifugation &gt; sedimentation &gt; non-pressurized filtration &gt; pressurized filtration. Treatment with flocculants before separation can significantly improve efficiency. Aluminum sulfate (Al<inf>2</inf>(SO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>3</inf>), polymeric aluminum chloride (PAC), ferric chloride (FeCl<inf>3</inf>), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)<inf>2</inf>) have been proved to be highly efficient for the remove suspended solids. In the organic-polymers test, cationic polyacrylamide (PAM) was found to be the most efficient flocculants. Second, the liquid products from solid-liquid separation can further be treated by microfiltration or ultrafiltration, which can be used to remove bacterium, colloid components, and macromolecular substance. Compared with organic membrane, ceramic membrane can act as more efficient solid-liquid separator due to its large membrane flux, strong anti-pollution ability, and high chemical stability. Third, the nanofiltration or reverse osmosis can be used to concentrate the nutrients, including dissolved organic compounds, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, particularly that the biogas slurry concentration in 15%-50% of the initial volume has been reported with reverse osmosis systems. The reverse osmosis with proper pretreatment can be technically feasible for nutrient concentration and volume reduction of biogas slurry, but high costs and strong membrane fouling have posed a main obstacle on the application of the system. In further studies, a feasible and economical technology can include the following research fields: (1) Aiming at the removal of colloids and small size particles in biogas slurry, in-depth study can be expected to perform on the relationship between the physicochemical properties of different particles and their sedimentation performance, and thereby to develop a new solid-liquid separation technology. (2) In view of the complex characteristics of water quality in biogas slurry, such as high ammonia nitrogen and salinity, the cost-effective technology and equipment can be expected to reduce ammonia nitrogen and salt before membrane concentration. (3) Membrane modification can be developed by various approaches, such as blending, copolymerization, surface grafting, in order to improve its hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, permeation flux, and anti-pollution performance during filtration. (4) To achieve the maximum volume reduction and the best effluent water quality, it is necessary to optimize membrane filtration process and operating parameters. In reducing the energy consumption and operating cost of membrane concentration, solar energy-driven membrane separation technology may be under view in near future. (5) The concentrate can be used for organic liquid fertilizer, foliar fertilizer, plant nutrient solution, or mixed with other chemical materials to produce commercial fertilizer. The fertilizer value of concentrate still needs further evaluation and optimization based on field studies.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:67
Main heading:Membrane technology
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Aluminum chloride - Aluminum sulfate - Ammonia - Anaerobic digestion - Biogas - Blending - Ceramic membranes - Chemical stability  - Chlorination - Chlorine compounds - Cost effectiveness - Cost reduction - Effluents - Energy utilization - Eutrophication - Fertilizers - Flocculation - Hydrated lime  - Iron compounds - Lime - Liquids - Macromolecules - Membrane fouling - Microfiltration - Nitrogen - Nutrients - Organic polymers - Phase separation  - Physicochemical properties - Pollution - Reverse osmosis - Solar energy - Sols - Sulfur compounds - Water filtration - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Cationic polyacrylamides - Complex characteristics - Cost-effective technology - Dissolved organic compounds - Efficient solid-liquid separators - Membrane separation technology - Nutrient concentrations - Polymeric aluminum chlorides
Classification code:445.2  Water Analysis - 452.3  Industrial Wastes - 522  Gas Fuels - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 801  Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 812.1  Ceramics - 815.1  Polymeric Materials - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.50e+01% to 5.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20204009259189
Title:Review on impact factors and mechanisms of microplastic transport in soil and groundwater
Title of translation:&#22303;&#22756;-&#22320;&#19979;&#27700;&#20013;&#24494;&#22609;&#26009;&#36801;&#31227;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;&#22240;&#32032;&#21450;&#26426;&#21046;&#30740;&#31350;&#36827;&#23637;
Authors:Dong, Shunan (1); Xia, Jihong (1); Wang, Weimu (1); Liu, Hui (1); Sheng, Liting (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:1-8
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Microplastic (the small plastic with the diameter lower than 5 mm) has been widely detected in soil and groundwater worldwide, which draws high attention of researchers and publics as an emerging contaminant. For better predicting and evaluating the environmental risk of microplastic in soil and groundwater environment, mechanism studies focus on microplastic transport are necessary. Nevertheless, transport and retention processes of microplastic in soil and groundwater environment are far from comprehensively known, which should receive more attention. This review summarized the current studies of microplastic source, aggregation, and transport in soil and groundwater environment. Important chemical, physical and biotic factors affecting microplastic transport in soil and groundwater environment were detailly identified and analyzed. The main chemical factors were the hydrochemical condition (e.g. ionic strength, electrolyte type, pH value and dissolved organic matter) and media chemical composition (e.g. Fe/Al oxide ratio and cation release). The main physical factors were the solution flow condition (e.g. flow rate) and media physical composition (e.g. grain size, surface roughness, saturation and heterogeneity). The main biotic factors were the plants (e.g. root development), small soil animals (e.g. movement and ingestion), and microorganisms (e.g. vital activity and basic property). The aggregation of microplastic in water environment was improved with increasing ionic strength, decreasing pH value and dissolved organic matter concentration, and the presence of high valent cations. The transport of microplastic in soil and groundwater environment was enhanced with increasing pH value, media grain size, flow rate and moisture content, however, it was inhibited with increasing ionic strength, surface roughness and electrolyte valence. With the presence of dissolved organic matter, the mobility of microplastic was significantly increased. Microplastic showed a low mobility in porous media containing the high amount of Fe/Al oxide. The transport of microplastic was also decreased if the porous media released cations into aqueous phase. In addition, preferential flow generated in structured heterogeneous media may dominate the transport of microplastic. Root growth and development produced cracks and holes in soils, providing preferential channels for microplastic to vertically migrate. Small soil animals (e.g. earthworms and collembolans) may capture, ingest or carry microplastic and influence its transport behavior subsequently. Microorganisms (e.g. bacteria and algae) living on the surface of porous media may capture or adsorb moving microplastic, which then may increase the retention and decrease the transport of microplastic in soil and groundwater environment. The related impact mechanism of the factors mentioned above were systematically discussed and visually illustrated by schematic diagrams. At the end of this review, current knowledge gaps and prospective topics needed to be promoted were highlighted for further developing and investigating the fate and transport of microplastic in soil and groundwater environment. Given current researches were almost limited to laboratory scale and polystyrene microsphere, field researches (e.g. lysimeter experiments), diversified type, the basic property and transform researches should be emphasized on in future microplastic transport studies. This review contributes to expanding our knowledge of fate and transport of microplastics in soil and groundwater environment.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:70
Main heading:Microplastic
Controlled terms:Animals - Biogeochemistry - Chemical analysis - Dissolution - Electrolytes - Grain size and shape - Groundwater - Groundwater flow - Groundwater pollution - Hydrochemistry  - Ionic strength - Iron oxides - Microorganisms - Organic compounds - pH - Polystyrenes - Porous materials - Positive ions - Schematic diagrams - Soils  - Surface roughness
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical compositions - Dissolved organic matters - Emerging contaminant - Groundwater environment - Hydrochemical conditions - Lysimeter experiments - Physical composition - Polystyrene micro-sphere
Classification code:444.2  Groundwater - 461.9  Biology - 481.2  Geochemistry - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 702  Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 801.4  Physical Chemistry - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Size 5.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20204009259125
Title:Preparation, characterization and health benefit functions of unripe apple polyphenols-chitooligosaccharides microcapsule
Title of translation:&#33529;&#26524;&#22810;&#37210;-&#22771;&#23521;&#31958;&#24494;&#33014;&#22218;&#30340;&#21046;&#22791;&#34920;&#24449;&#21450;&#37322;&#25918;&#29305;&#24615;
Authors:Zheng, Huzhe (1, 2); Choi, Jihye (2); Seong, Giun (2); Chung, Shinkyo (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Health Science, Jiangsu Food &amp; Pharmaceutical Science College, Huai'an; 223003, China; (2) School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu; 41566, Korea, Republic of
Corresponding author:Chung, Shinkyo(kchung@knu.ac.kr)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:281-289
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve unripe apple polyphenols (APP) and chitooligosaccharides (COS) multifunctional effect, unripe apple polyphenols-chitooligosaccharides microcapsule (APCM) was prepared by spray-drying method. The microcapsule particle size, distribution, and the binding characters of APCM were detected. And the effects of simulated gastrointestinal digestion model on functional compounds release and health benefit functions were also evaluated. The results showed that the mean particle size of APCM was 32.98 &mu;m. In addition, APCM exhibited the smallest span value of 1.19, which meant APCM was more homogeneous than COS and APP. The results of binding characters showed APP had a sharper peak at 1 237 and 1 194 cm^-1, which was not observed in APCM. However, APCM had similar absorption bands to the APP, which could be inferred that the combination of the APCM was due to hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, and van der Waals interactions between COS and APP. The simulated gastrointestinal digestion model results showed that the release of polyphenols from APCM occurred within 60 min. In simulated gastric fluid (SGF) treatment, the amount of total phenolic content (TPC) released from APCM ranged from 25.6% to 76.5%, and in the continuous incubation period in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) treatment, the TPC released from 31.3% to 97.6%. The results of in vitro antioxidant and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity indicated that APCM exhibited more excellent radical scavenging activity compared with that of APP and COS toward oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical (&bull;OH), superoxide anion radical (O<inf>2</inf>^&bull;-), and hydrogen peroxide radical (H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>) scavenging activity, respectively. Furthermore, APCM exhibited not only higher aldose reductase inhibition activity (P&lt;0.05), but also better Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity (P&lt;0.05) compared with APP and COS. The results suggest that APCM has greater potential for future research and development in the field of functional food or drugs.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:45
Main heading:Enzyme inhibition
Controlled terms:Antioxidants - Controlled drug delivery - Fruits - Hydrogen bonds - Microstructure - Oxygen - Particle size - Targeted drug delivery - Van der Waals forces
Uncontrolled terms:1 ,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl - Angiotensin I-converting enzyme - Ferric reducing antioxidant power - Gastrointestinal digestion - Oxygen radical absorbance capacities - Radical scavenging activity - Simulated gastric fluid (SGF) - Van Der Waals interactions
Classification code:801.4  Physical Chemistry - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.56e+01% to 7.65e+01%, Percentage 3.13e+01% to 9.76e+01%, Size 3.30e-05m, Time 3.60e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.034
Funding text:Agriculture and fishery, Gyeongsangbukdo (No. GBTA 2016-04), Korea; Qinglan project (Su Teach 2019?) in Jiangsu Province, China.

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20204009259244
Title:Simulation of the soil nitrate nitrogen migration characteristics of summer maize fertilized with dairy manure and wastewater using RZWQM2
Title of translation:RZWQM2&#27169;&#22411;&#27169;&#25311;&#29275;&#22330;&#32933;&#27700;&#26045;&#29992;&#22799;&#29577;&#31859;&#22303;&#22756;&#30813;&#24577;&#27694;&#36801;&#31227;&#29305;&#24449;
Authors:Wang, Guiyun (1); Zhang, Keqiang (1); Fu, Li (1); Dou, Guofang (2); Zhang, Jisheng (3); Du, Huiying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin; 300191, China; (2) Animal Husbandry Development Service Center of Tianjin Binhai New Area, Tianjin; 300450, China; (3) Tianjin Jialihe Livestock Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin; 301803, China
Corresponding author:Du, Huiying(duhuiying@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:47-54
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The continuous improvement of the intensive breeding of livestock and poultry had resulted in a large amount of livestock waste, which caused seriously affected the sustainable development of animal husbandry. The ecological model of farmland reuse after anaerobic treatment of breeding waste has been widely used. Wastewater application increased the cumulative nitrogen utilization rate of the winter wheat-summer corn rotation system and reduced the accumulation of nitrogen in the soil; on the other hand, excessive irrigation of farming manure and wastewater increased the intensity of nitrogen leaching losses in the farmland, and nitrate nitrogen leaching affected groundwater and human health. As a result, how to protect groundwater quality and reduce nitrate nitrogen leaching loss while rationally using farming fertilizer and water farmland had become a hot issue for domestic and foreign scholars. This study took summer corn in Xushui District of Hebei Province as the research object, using the RZWQM2 model to verify the feasibility of irrigating the corn on the farmland with dairy effluents, and uses the data from 2014 to 2016 corn to verify the model parameters. The verification results showed that the RMSE values of the water content of each soil layer vary from 0.000 6 cm³/cm³ to 0.070 7 cm³/cm³ and the MRE values from 0.21% to 21.44%, and the RMSE values of the soil layer nitrate-nitrogen from 0.000 8 mg/kg to 2.617 3 mg/kg and the MRE values from 0.03% to 18.58%. The results showed that the RZWQM2 model after calibration and verification can be used to simulate the dynamic changes of soil water, nitrogen and crop yields under the application of dairy effluents on summer corn planting in the North China Plain. The utilization rate and verification model carried out the verification and prediction of nitrate nitrogen leaching, which showed that the application of dairy effluents mainly occurred in the 0-120 cm soil layer, and the leaching amount of the deep layer increased with the increase of nitrogen application. It can be seen from the simulation results that due to the concentration of pre-season rainfall in corn, there is more nitrate nitrogen in the deep soil. The simulation and prediction of nitrate-nitrogen leaching in the 200 cm soil layer further illustrated that the leaching of the root zone over time nitrate nitrogen in deep soil layers increased with increasing nitrogen application rate. The results showed that the RZWQM2 model can be better applied to farms for applying dairy effluents, and provided a more suitable method for predicting and evaluating the appropriate amount of dairy effluents brought into the soil. But in essence, for a model, it was difficult to reproduce the soil layer in the multiple root zone of summer maize. Therefore, the simulation study of the nitrate-nitrogen leaching in the deep soil of the crop should be combined with the specific local conditions. Comprehensive consideration of crop yield and water and fertilizer utilization proves the feasibility of the model for the assessment of soil nitrogen loss after irrigation of cattle farm fertilizer and water, and it was concluded that the replacement of fertilizer with medium-concentration cattle farm fertilizer and water in farmland is more conducive to crop growth.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Crops - Effluents - Farms - Forecasting - Groundwater - Irrigation - Leaching - Manures - Nitrates - Nitrogen fertilizers  - Soil moisture - Waste treatment - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic treatments - Calibration and verification - Continuous improvements - Nitrogen application rates - Nitrogen utilization - Verification results - Wastewater applications - Winter wheat-summer corn rotations
Classification code:444.2  Groundwater - 445.2  Water Analysis - 452.3  Industrial Wastes - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.10e-01% to 2.14e+01%, Percentage 3.00e-02% to 1.86e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.20e+00m, Size 2.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20204009259144
Title:Design and experiment of rapeseed aerial seeding device used for UAV
Title of translation:&#27833;&#33756;&#26080;&#20154;&#26426;&#39134;&#25773;&#35013;&#32622;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Zhang, Qingsong (1, 2); Zhang, Kai (1, 2); Liao, Qingxi (1, 2); Liao, Yitao (1, 2); Wang, Lei (1, 2); Shu, Caixia (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:138-147
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Considering the rapeseed planting area is large in hilly and montanic area and the planting period for rice and rapeseed is partly overlapped in flat area in China, a rapeseed aerial seeding device used for UAV was designed in this paper. The rapeseed aerial seeding device included two parts: seeding device and control system. The working power come from UAV. Structure parameters of seed box volume, seed-filling funnel and geneva wheel of aerial seeding device were confirmed. The volume of seed box was 5.2 L so that it provided enough rapeseed for UAV to seeding 0.67 hm² area at one operation. The upper inlet shape of seed-filling funnel was a rectangle with length 30 mm and width 18 mm. The down outlet shape of seed-filling funnel was a circle with diameter 15 mm. The length of seed-filling funnel was 49-65 mm. The diameter of geneva wheel seed metering device was 80 mm with 30 type holes per circle in circumferential direction. Aerial seeding control system contained hand tele-control system and airborne tele-control system. The airborne tele-control system contained main controller (STM32 single chip), BeiDou Navigation chip, piezoelectric sensor, stepping motor with driver, flying information detection module, wireless transmission module and power module. The hand tele-control system contained controller, display screen, wireless transmission module, power module and keys. When the UAV was in the working field, the location information of UVA was detected by flying information detection module and the aerial seeding device started to seeding. The aerial seeding device stopped to seed when the flying information detection module detected that the UAV was out the working field. Hand tele-control system communicated with the airborne tele-control system acquired the flying information and then controlled the seeding rate of metering device when the UAV was flying. In order to analyze the factors affecting the working performance of aerial seeding device, the simulation model of airflow field of UAV rotor wing was established and the effects of rotor wing to airflow field was analyzed. The simulation results showed that the airflow field conducted by rotor wing affected the rapeseed falling track obviously. With the flight height of UVA increased, the range of space airflow field affected by UVA wings increased, and the distribution area of rapeseed landing on the ground increased. The relationship model between the UAV flight speed and geneva wheel rotary speed was established by selecting the length of seed-filling funnel and geneva wheel rotary speed as the factors based on the bench est. The results showed that when the distance between outlets of seed guiding tube and rotor wing was 300 mm, the length of seed-filling funnel was 53 mm, geneva wheel rotary speed was 10-50 r/min, the geneva wheel seeding rate met the requirements at the UAV flight speed of 2-4 m/s. The pavement test was conducted and the results showed that the effective working width was 2.15-2.45 m, coefficient of variation of seed distribution uniform was 32.05%-34.78% at the cross distance of seed tube outlets of 1.1 m, UAV flight height of 2-2.5 m. The average seedling density of field experiment was 64.5 plants/m², the coefficient of variation of seed distribution uniformity was 38.23%, which meet the requirements of rape cultivation This study can provide a reference for the design of UAV aerial seeding device. In order to further optimize the working performance of UAV aerial seeding, it is necessary to conduct comprehensive tests under natural wind and different field conditions in the future research work.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Wings
Controlled terms:Aircraft detection - Antennas - Controllers - Electric power systems - Filling - Flight control systems - Light transmission - Oilseeds - Piezoelectric motors - Radio navigation  - Speed - Stepping motors - Transmissions - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Circumferential direction - Coefficient of variation - Distribution uniformity - Information detection - Location information - Piezoelectric sensors - Seed metering devices - Wireless transmi-ssion modules
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 602.2  Mechanical Transmissions - 652.1  Aircraft, General - 652.3  Aircraft Instruments and Equipment - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 705.3  Electric Motors - 706.1  Electric Power Systems - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment - 716.3  Radio Systems and Equipment - 732.1  Control Equipment - 741.1  Light/Optics - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.20e+01% to 3.48e+01%, Percentage 3.82e+01%, Rotational_Speed 1.00e+01RPM to 5.00e+01RPM, Size 1.10e+00m, Size 1.50e-02m, Size 1.80e-02m, Size 2.00e+00m to 2.50e+00m, Size 2.15e+00m to 2.45e+00m, Size 3.00e-01m, Size 3.00e-02m, Size 4.90e-02m to 6.50e-02m, Size 5.30e-02m, Size 8.00e-02m, Velocity 2.00e+00m/s to 4.00e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20204009259155
Title:Identification of sow oestrus behavior based on MFO-LSTM
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;MFO-LSTM&#30340;&#27597;&#29482;&#21457;&#24773;&#34892;&#20026;&#35782;&#21035;
Authors:Wang, Kai (1); Liu, Chunhong (1, 2); Duan, Qingling (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Internet of Things in Agriculture, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Scientific Research Base for Integrated Technologies of Precision Agriculture (Animal Husbandry), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Duan, Qingling(dqling@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:211-219
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Timely and accurate identification of oestrus behavior of sows can effectively increase the conception rate and litter size, which is of great significance to improve the breeding level and economic benefits of breeding enterprises.The traditional identification methods of oestrus behavior of sows have the problems of high working intensity, strong subjectivity and low automation level. Some identification methods of oestrus behavior of sows based on internet of things also have some problems, such as high false alarm times, high error rate and long recognition time. In order to solve the problems of low identification accuracy and efficiency, a oestrus behavior recognition method of sows based on Moth-Flame Optimization optimized Long Short Term Memory(MFO-LSTM) was proposed in this paper, and the verification test was carried out at WuFeng breeding farm in Xinghualing district, Taiyuan city, Shanxi Province. The posture data of sows were obtained by posture sensors installed on the neck of the sows. The posture data describing the sow's motion state contained three-axis acceleration, three-axis angular velocity, three-axis angle, three-axis magnetic field and quaternion. The collected posture data was manually marked according to the videos, and preprocessed to obtain a posture classification data set. Then, the MFO algorithm was used to optimize the numbers of first and second hidden layer neurons, maximum training period, block size and learning rate, thus, the LSTM network model was built. Postures of sows were divided into three categories, i.e. standing, lying and mounting. Through the statistics of the duration of each complete mounting behavior of the sows, the range of the recognition time of the oestrus behavior was obtained. The sows posture classification results were counted with different oestrus behavior recognition duration, and two characteristics of mounting behavior and activity were then extracted, so as to obtain the recognition feature matrix of oestrus behavior of sows. Finally, the feature matrix was input into the MFO-LSTM classification model to judge whether the sow was oestrus. The experimental results showed that the classification method of sows posture proposed could effectively distinguish the three postures of standing, lying and mounting. The classification effects of proposed method were better than that of the Support Vector Machine (SVM), Probabilistic Neural Network(PNN), Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) and Extreme Learning Machine(ELM). The average accuracy, recall rate and F1 in the attitude data set were 98.02%, 96.26% and 96.18, respectively. On the basis of accurately identifying the sows' posture, the effect of oestrus behavior recognition based on MFO-LSTM algorithm was verified. The test results showed that the recognition effect was best when the oestrus recognition duration was 30 min at this time, the error rate, recall rate and specificity of oestrus recognition were 13.43%, 90.63% and 81.63%, respectively. The oestrus behavior of sows recognition method proposed effectively reduced the error rate while maintaining a high recall rate and specificity. Compared with other methods, the error rate was reduced by more than 80%, the oestrus behavior of sow could be recognized after 30 min of oestrus.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Long short-term memory
Controlled terms:Behavioral research - Classification (of information) - Economic and social effects - Errors - Learning systems - Matrix algebra - Mountings - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Classification methods - Classification models - Extreme learning machine - Identification accuracy - Identification method - Learning Vector Quantization - Posture classification - Probabilistic neural networks
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 921.1  Algebra - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Time 1.80e+03s, Percentage 1.34e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+01%, Percentage 8.16e+01%, Percentage 9.06e+01%, Percentage 9.63e+01%, Percentage 9.80e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20204009259186
Title:Performance analysis of power battery cooling or heating two-way cycling thermal management system
Title of translation:&#21160;&#21147;&#30005;&#27744;&#20919;&#28909;&#21452;&#21521;&#24490;&#29615;&#28909;&#31649;&#29702;&#31995;&#32479;&#24615;&#33021;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Liang, Kunfeng (1); Mi, Guoqiang (1); Xu, Hongyu (2); Dong, Bin (1); Li, Yachao (1); Wang, Moran (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Vehicle &amp; Transportation Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang; 471003, China; (2) School of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang; 471003, China
Corresponding author:Dong, Bin(db8003@aliyun.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:114-120
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Green energy and clean vehicles have triggered the power improvement of electric vehicles, as most agricultural machine equipment are becoming much more electric. Large-scale battery and high current discharge have gradually served as a power supply, leading to the formation of much heat during rapid charge and discharge cycles at high current levels. Therefore, it is inevitable to cause the thermal accumulation in batteries, thereby to exceed the optimal operating temperature range, particularly in agricultural vehicles with the more complex working conditions and the compact layout of battery packs. An appropriate strategy of thermal management is necessary to control the battery temperature within a reasonable temperature range. In this study, a thermal management system of power battery was presented with cooling or heating functions, using the techniques of phase-change heat transfer and pump-free circulation. Taking ternary lithium batteries as the research objects, the two-way working modes of thermal management system were tested under cooling or heating conditions, thereby to investigate the influence of inclination angle on heat dissipation and temperature uniformity. In the case of cooling, the cooling capacities of two thermal management systems were studied under natural and forced convection cooling conditions, when the initial temperature of battery box was set as 40&#8451;, 50&#8451;, 60&#8451; and 70&#8451;. In the case of heating, the heating capacities of two thermal management systems were also studied, together with the initial temperature of different batteries, and the heat exchange uniformity of two thermal management systems. The results showed that the proposed system can realize the switching operation management of cooling and heating in two-way modes, based on high or low temperatures. Specifically, the switch of thermal management can be implemented by controlling the opening and closing of the valve at the preset temperature. Under the cooling condition, the heat dissipation capacity of heat exchanger plate with four vertical tubes was stronger than that of the single serpentine tube. Compared with natural convection, forced convection on the condenser side can increase the heat transfer power of system 1 by 10%-44.2%, and system 2 by 20%-48.6%;When the temperature of battery box was 60&#8451;, the maximum temperature difference of heat exchange plate was less than 2&#8451; in the natural convection heat dissipation system, whereas less than 1&#8451; in the forced convection heat dissipation system. At an initial battery temperature of 25&#8451; and the discharge rates of 1C, 2C, and 3C, the forced convection heat dissipation at the end of discharge can reduce the average temperature of battery box by 2.1&#8451;, 3.9&#8451;, and 4.7&#8451;, respectively. Under the heating condition, the power of battery box was consistent in many groups of experiments. The flow distribution of working fluid can be confined, considering the tilting effect of heat exchanger plate in the vehicle driving, indicating the temperature uniformity was better than that in the heating dissipation condition. The findings demonstrated that two systems of thermal management can provide better heat transfer in the complex agricultural vehicles.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Thermal management (electronics)
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Battery Pack - Charging (batteries) - Cooling - Cooling systems - Electric discharges - Electric power systems - Forced convection - Heat exchangers  - Heating - Lithium batteries - Natural convection - Silicate minerals - Temperature control - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:High-current discharges - Maximum temperature differences - Natural and forced convections - Operating temperature ranges - Phase change heat transfer - Rapid charge and discharge - Temperature uniformity - Thermal management systems
Classification code:482.2  Minerals - 616.1  Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 702.1.1  Primary Batteries - 702.1.2  Secondary Batteries - 706.1  Electric Power Systems - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01% to 4.42e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20204009259245
Title:Distribution characteristics and source analysis of nitrogenous compounds in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River of China
Title of translation:&#38597;&#40065;&#34255;&#24067;&#27743;&#20013;&#19979;&#28216;&#21547;&#27694;&#21270;&#21512;&#29289;&#30340;&#20998;&#24067;&#29305;&#24449;&#21450;&#26469;&#28304;&#35299;&#26512;
Authors:Sun, Wenqing (1); Lu, Guanghua (1); Xue, Chenwang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Tibet Autonomous Region, Water Conservancy Project &amp; Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture &amp; Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi; 860000, China
Corresponding author:Lu, Guanghua(ghlu@hhu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:63-68
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As one of the rivers with the highest elevation in the world, the Yarlung Zangbo River concentrates more than half of the water resources in Tibet. With the development of cascade hydropower stations in the Yarlung Zangbo River, human activities have changed the ecological environment and affected the nitrogen cycle in the river. In order to clarify the distribution characteristics of nitrogenous compounds and quantitatively analyze their sources, eleven sampling points were set up in the middle and lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and its main tributaries (Nianchu River, Lhasa River and Niyang River), and water samples were collected in March (the dry season) and August (the wet season) of 2018. The concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), NO<inf>3</inf>^-, NO<inf>2</inf>^- and NH<inf>4</inf>⁺ were measured. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was calculated as the difference between TDN and inorganic N. The occurrences and spatial-temporal distribution of nitrogenous compounds in the water samples of the rivers were analyzed, and the main sources of NO<inf>3</inf>^- in the wet season were determined by the dual isotope analyses. The results showed that the DON was the main form of TDN. The concentrations of TDN ranged from 1.3 to 2.5 mg/L in the dry season and from 1.1 to 2.0 mg/L in the wet season, and showed a downward trend along the river. The NO<inf>3</inf>^--N was the main form of inorganic nitrogen in the water, with an average proportion of 25.6% in TDN, and NH<inf>4</inf>⁺-N accounted for 17.5% in TDN, while NO<inf>2</inf>^--N was not detected at the most sampling sites. The results of nitrogen and oxygen isotope analyses showed that the values of &delta;¹⁵N-NO<inf>3</inf>^- ranged from -9.17&permil; to 22.68&permil;, and &delta;¹⁸O-NO<inf>3</inf>^- from -13.25&permil; to 8.24&permil; in the wet season. The NO<inf>3</inf>^- mainly came from rainfall and fertilizer, organic nitrogen in soil, and sewage and feces. Based on the Stable Isotope Analysis in R (SIAR) model, the contribution rates of nitrate from different sources were quantitatively calculated. In the Shigatse and Lhasa sections, NO<inf>3</inf>^- in the water body mainly came from the organic nitrogen in soil and the NH<inf>4</inf>⁺ in rainfall and fertilizer, with more than 70% of contribution rate. The main sources of NO<inf>3</inf>^- in the water in the upstream and downstream of the cascade power stations were NH<inf>4</inf>⁺ in rainfall and fertilizer, as well as sewage and feces, which accounted for a similar proportion, totally contributing more than 80% of the sources of NO<inf>3</inf>^-. In the Nyingchi section, the NH<inf>4</inf>⁺ in rainfall and fertilizer contributed the most to NO<inf>3</inf>^-, accounting for 60%-70%, followed by the organic nitrogen in soil with 22%-28% of contribution rate. A large amount of farmland was distributed along the Yarlung Zangbo River and its tributaries. The nitrogen fertilizer applied in the farmland flowed into the river along with the surface runoff through rainfall, which was an important source of nitrogen in the water body of the Yarlung Zangbo River. Due to the reclamation of gentle slopes along the river and the erosion of cultivated soil, the organic nitrogen in soil was another important source of NO<inf>3</inf>^- in the water of the Yarlung Zangbo River, especially in the wide valley section. Higher contribution rate of sewage and feces to NO<inf>3</inf>^- in the canyon reach may be related to the development and construction of the cascade hydropower stations in the region. According to the change of DO contents and theoretical and measured values of &delta;¹⁸O-NO<inf>3</inf>^-, nitrification and denitrification in the Yarlung Zangbo River are the main factors affecting the forms of nitrogen and the composition of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes. The results in the present study can provide data for the pollution control of nitrogenous compounds in the rivers in plateaus and drinking water security in Tibet.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Rivers
Controlled terms:Biochemical oxygen demand - Dissolution - Dissolved oxygen - Drought - Farms - Hydroelectric power - Hydroelectric power plants - Isotopes - Nitrogen fertilizers - Nitrogen oxides  - Potable water - Rain - River pollution - Sewage - Soils - Water pollution control
Uncontrolled terms:Cascade hydropower stations - Dissolved organic nitrogen - Distribution characteristics - Middle and lower reaches of the yarlung zangbo rivers - Nitrification and denitrification - Nitrogen and oxygen isotopes - Spatial-temporal distribution - Stable-isotope analysis
Classification code:443.3  Precipitation - 444  Water Resources - 452.1  Sewage - 453  Water Pollution - 453.2  Water Pollution Control - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 611.1  Hydroelectric Power Plants - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.10e-03kg/m3 to 2.00e-03kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.30e-03kg/m3 to 2.50e-03kg/m3, Percentage 1.75e+01%, Percentage 2.20e+01% to 2.80e+01%, Percentage 2.56e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+01% to 7.00e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20204009259266
Title:Effects of storage conditions on pollen longevity of Paeonia qiui
Title of translation:&#36142;&#23384;&#26465;&#20214;&#23545;&#21365;&#21494;&#29281;&#20025;&#33457;&#31881;&#23551;&#21629;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Jia, Wenqing (1, 2); Guo, Yingzi (1, 2); Wang, Yanli (1); Zhu, Xiaopei (1); Wang, Zheng (2); Liu, Gaixiu (3); Liu, Huichao (1); He, Songlin (1); Zhang, Xiangyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang; 453003, China; (2) Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou; 450002, China; (3) Luoyang National Peony Garden, Luoyang; 471000, China
Corresponding author:He, Songlin(hsl213@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:307-315
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Paeonia qiui is one of the important ancestors of cultivated species of tree peony, serving as an important genetic resource in peony cross breeding, due to its purple-red leaves. The pollen is widely known to directly influence reproductive success and genetic structure of the main plant population. This study aims to investigate the storage characteristics of Paeonia qiui pollen, further to elucidate the physiological mechanism of pollen storage at different temperatures, in order to determine the accurate and efficient storage method for the viability of Paeonia qiui pollen. In this study, the pollen morphology of Paeonia qiui was characterized using scanning electron microscopes. Four factors (sucrose, boric acid, Ca (NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>2</inf>, GA<inf>3</inf>) at three different levels were selected in the orthogonal test to investigate the characteristics of Paeonia qiui in vitro germination. The experiment was conducted to explore the effect of storage temperatures and duration on the pollen germination rate, malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase(POD), catalase (CAT). The results show that the rates of abnormal and shrunken pollen were as high as 19.5%, indicating the low viability of Paeonia qiui pollen. The important factors affecting the germination rate of Paeonia qiui pollen were listed in order, sucrose, boric acid, Ca (NO<inf>3</inf>) <inf>2</inf>, GA<inf>3</inf>. The optimum concentrations of media were achieved in vitro pollen germination, when containing 110 g/L sucrose, 45 mg/L boric acid, 55 mg/L GA<inf>3</inf>, 30 mg/L Ca(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>2</inf>. The optimum temperatures were 2&#8451; and -20&#8451; for the pollen storage of 1-2 months and 4-6 months, respectively. The optimum condition was -80&#8451; for the intermediate storage within one year, whereas the promising temperature was -196&#8451; for the long-term preservation of Paeonia qiui pollen. The germination rate was 75.5% after 365 days of storage, indicating that the optimum condition can effectively prolong pollen longevity. The germination rate of pollen was positively correlated with three protective enzymes, while negatively correlated with malondialdehyde content. The influence of three protective enzymes on pollen germination rate was ranked in order: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD). The sensitivity of three protective enzymes was different at different storage temperatures. Specifically, SOD served as a sensitive protective enzyme at 2, -20&#8451; and -80&#8451;, whereas POD served as sensitive protective enzymes at room temperature. The protective enzyme activity decreased, while the malondialdehyde content increased, leading to the active oxygen can not be effectively removed. This process was one of the main reasons for the decrease in pollen viability after storage at room temperature, 2, -20 and -80&#8451;. The malondialdehyde content and the activity of three protective enzymes in pollen remained basically stable. The three protective enzymes can effectively maintain the internal balance of oxidative metabolism, and thereby reduce the levels of oxidative damage. This can be the internal cause to keep high germination rate after cryopreservation. This finding can provide a promising experimental and theoretical basis for cross-temporal pollination hybridization and germplasm resource conservation.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Plants (botany)
Controlled terms:Aldehydes - Boric acid - Boride coatings - Calcium - Calcium compounds - Conservation - Cultivation - Enzyme activity - Ionization of gases - Natural resources  - Scanning electron microscopy - Sugar (sucrose)
Uncontrolled terms:Intermediate storage - Long-term preservation - Optimum concentration - Physiological mechanisms - Resource conservation - Storage characteristic - Storage temperatures - Superoxide dismutases
Classification code:461.9  Biology - 549.2  Alkaline Earth Metals - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 813.2  Coating Materials - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 822.3  Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.00e+00yr, Age 3.33e-01yr to 5.00e-01yr, Age 8.33e-02yr to 1.67e-01yr, Mass_Density 1.10e+02kg/m3, Mass_Density 4.50e-02kg/m3, Percentage 1.95e+01%, Percentage 7.55e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20204009259111
Title:Effects of water addition and mixing time on the texture and protein properties of dough sheets
Title of translation:&#21152;&#27700;&#37327;&#19982;&#21644;&#38754;&#26102;&#38388;&#23545;&#38754;&#29255;&#36136;&#26500;&#21450;&#34507;&#30333;&#29305;&#24615;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Zhang, Yi (1); Chen, Jie (1); Wang, Lei (1); Fu, Junhui (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou; 450001, China; (2) Qimingxuan Program Control Equipment Co. ltd, Dengfeng; 452470, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Jie(cjie06@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:299-306
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the process of dough blending, the water addition and mixing time have important influences on the sensory quality, physical and chemical properties, and texture of food products. The optimum amount of water addition can significantly improve the structure and quality of flour food. If the water addition is too high, the dough will be too soft and difficult to form. If the water addition is too low, the protein in the gluten cannot fully contact with the water, and thereby to form relatively low gluten. Alternatively, if the mixing time is insufficient, the internal structure of dough sheets will be rough and uneven with many particles, where the surface of dough sheets can be easy to tear. If the mixing time is too long, the surface of dough sheets will be too wet and sticky, unfavorable to the shaping operation of dough sheets. The moisture content of dough is also closely related to the properties of flour protein after dough formation. Taking wheat dough sheets as the research objects, the effects of water addition on the texture and protein properties of dough sheets under different mixing time were invesigated. Texture analyzer was selected to characterize the sensory physical property and texture characteristics of dough sheets, particularly related to mechanical properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to collect the infrared absorption spectrum and radiation spectrum of dough sheets. The protein content in the dough sheets was obtained using the Gauss deconvolution and second-order derivative methods. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine protein content. The results showed that the tensile force and hardness of dough sheets decreased, while the extensibility and viscosity increased with the increase of water addition. In moderate water addition, the water molecules could be fully immersed in gluten protein to generate the protein hydrate, and thereby to form a gluten network with mutual adhesion, indicating good extensibility, high viscosity, strong tensile resistance, and low hardness. In low water addition, the flour cannot fully absorb water, the gluten protein cannot fully hydrate, and thereby the formation of dough sheets was rough and hard, with the strong instant breaking force. In high water addition, the starch in flour dissociated from the gluten network, while the gluten protein and starch were in the state of water absorption saturation, where too many water molecules existed between protein-protein and protein-starch particles to weaken the intermolecular force, thereby to reduce the viscosity, toughness, and the tensile strength of dough sheets, leading to extremely low hardness and pull deformation. The water addition can significantly increase the whiteness (L *) and red green value (a *) in the color of dough sheets. The yellow blue value (b *) reached the maximum at the water addition of 45%, due to the light refraction and the action of polyphenol oxidase, indicating the strongest browning of dough sheets. The b* value of dough sheets decreased when the water addition reached 50%, where the browning slowed down due to the dilution of polyphenol oxidase. The content of sulfhydryl group, secondary structure and large molecular weight polymer protein in gluten protein were also affected by the amount of water added to gluten. The content of sulfhydryl group reached the minimum at the water addition of 40%, as well the lowest occurred in the content of large molecular weight polymer protein formed by disulfide bond. The reason was that water can promote the formation of hydrogen bond, and then maintain the content of &beta;- sheet and &alpha;-helix, further to stabilize the conformation of protein. There was complex influence of mixing time on the texture and protein properties of dough sheets. The extensibility of the dough sheets was the better, the tensile force, hardness were moderate, viscosity and sulfhydryl content were the lowest, and the content of &beta; - sheet was higher at mixing time of 15 min. In the mixing time of 15 min and the water addition of 40%, the dough sheets achieved the optimum, particularly on the formation of chemical bond and the transformation of stable secondary structure. When the mixing time was not enough, the weak hydrogen bond between protein molecules cannot extend the gluten network, and thereby to increase the content of random coil of disordered structure. When the mixing time was too long, the formed hydrogen bond broke again to destroy the molecular structure of protein, where &beta;-sheet was converted into &beta;-turn. The findings demonstrated that the optimum water addition and mixing time can improve the texture characteristics of dough sheets and the cross-linking of gluten protein. The application of appropriate water addition and mixing time in production can provide reference for the production parameters of flour products.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Water absorption
Controlled terms:Absorption spectroscopy - Blending - Covalent bonds - Food products - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Hardness - High performance liquid chromatography - Hydrates - Hydration - Hydrogen bonds  - Light absorption - Molecular weight - Molecules - Proteins - Starch - Structural properties - Sulfur compounds - Tensile strength - Textures - Viscosity
Uncontrolled terms:Disordered structures - Inter-molecular forces - Molecular weight polymers - Physical and chemical properties - Production parameters - Second order derivatives - Secondary structures - Texture characteristics
Classification code:741.1  Light/Optics - 801  Chemistry - 801.4  Physical Chemistry - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 822.3  Food Products - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.3  Atomic and Molecular Physics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 4.50e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Time 9.00e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20204009259171
Title:Spatial-temporal characteristics of water surplus and deficit for the main crops in Naoli River Basin of Sanjiang Plain, China
Title of translation:&#19977;&#27743;&#24179;&#21407;&#25376;&#21147;&#27827;&#27969;&#22495;&#20027;&#35201;&#20316;&#29289;&#27700;&#20998;&#30408;&#20111;&#26102;&#31354;&#21464;&#21270;&#29305;&#24449;
Authors:Zhou, Hao (1); Jin, Ping (2); Xia, Weisheng (1); Lei, Guoping (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Resources and Environment, Hunan Normal University, Changsha; 410081, China; (2) Hubei Institute of Urban Planning and Design, Wuhan; 430071, China; (3) Land Management Institute, Northeastern University, Shenyang; 110004, China
Corresponding author:Lei, Guoping(guopinglei@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:159-166
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Naoli River Basin is located within the Sanjiang Plain in Heilongjiang Province, China. The agricultural structure of Sanjiang Plain has been greatly adjusted with a large amount of dry land crops into wetland rice since the early 2000s, thereby resulting in a series of problems in the utilization of water resources in Naoli River Basin. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the water profit and loss situation of main crops, in order to implement regional irrigation strategies, and thereby to serve as the national food security. In this study, the Priestley Taylor formula, and Crop Water Surplus and Deficit Index (CWSDI) were used to reveal the water profit and loss situation of the middle rice, spring wheat and spring maize, in Naoli River Basin. The fundamental resources included the MODIS image, the long-term sequenced meteorological and the DEM data sets during the processing. Results showed that the Potential Evapotranspiration (ET<inf>0</inf>) increased from 910.25 mm in 2000 to 964.04 mm in 2015 in this river basin. The water demand of main crops, including middle crop, spring wheat and spring maize, also increased at different ranges as a whole. There was a decrease trend in the CWSDI from 2000 to 2015 in Naoli River Basin, indicating the natural precipitations can not meet the irrigation demand of middle rice, while the absolute value of index increased from the northeast to southwest in the spatial distribution. The CWSDI of spring wheat was larger than that of the middle rice, showing similar characteristics in the whole spatial distribution for each year. The CWSDI of spring maize indicated that the spatial characteristics of northwest were slightly lower than that of the southeast, indicating both regions in the condition of mild water shortage in Naoli River Basin. Drought classification was also evaluated using the CWSDI. The middle rice, accounting for the area proportion of 143.46%, was basically in mild drought state in the research basin. Despite at the state of water shortage, spring wheat has not reached the drought standard. The cultivated area of spring maize has decreased by 79.90% in the mild drought state in Naoli River Basin. The reason can be that the spring wheat and spring maize have been partly substituted for the middle rice with a rapid increasing trend since 2000, and thereby the planting of wetland crops, such as rice, led to a severe shortage of water. The spring wheat and spring maize demonstrated an extremely rare negative impact on the water surplus and deficit situation. These findings can provide the promising references when implementing the farmland irrigation schemes and agricultural structure adjustment in Naoli River Basin, China.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Rivers
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Crops - Drought - Food supply - Irrigation - Profitability - Spatial distribution - Water supply - Watersheds - Wetlands
Uncontrolled terms:Area proportions - Drought classifications - Irrigation schemes - Potential evapotranspiration - Priestley-Taylor - Spatial characteristics - Spatial-temporal characteristics - Structure adjustments
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 444.1  Surface Water - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 921  Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.43e+02%, Percentage 7.99e+01%, Size 2.00e+00m to 9.64e-01m, Size 9.10e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20204009259199
Title:Development of variable-rate spraying system for high clearance wide boom sprayer based on LiDAR scanning
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;LiDAR&#25195;&#25551;&#30340;&#39640;&#22320;&#38553;&#23485;&#24133;&#21943;&#38654;&#26426;&#21464;&#37327;&#26045;&#33647;&#31995;&#32479;&#30740;&#21046;
Authors:Qiao, Baiyu (1); He, Xiongkui (1); Wang, Zhichong (1); Han, Leng (1); Liu, Weihong (1); Dong, Xiang (2); Liang, Wenpeng (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Guangxi Agricultural Machinery Research Institute Co., Ltd, Nanning; 530007, China
Corresponding author:He, Xiongkui(xiongkui@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:89-95
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the level of mechanized pest control and pesticide application technology of crops with high stalk such as sugarcane, and solve the problems existed at present including field entry difficult, pesticides dosage large and utilization rate low for common sprayers, a variable-rate spraying system for the high clearance wide boom sprayer based on 3D LiDAR real-time scanning was developed. The sprayer used for the system had a width of 24 m, a ground clearance of 1.35 m and an adjustable boom height from 0.5 to 2.5 m. 16-line 3D LiDAR sensor was adopted to detect the three-dimensional information of crops in real time. The PWM(Pulse-Width Modulation)controller installed on the rear of the machine obtained the speed information of the sprayer from the CAN bus and transferred it to the computer in the sprayer cab. The control program was set up by Python software, and the relevant spray quantity prescription map was drawn by integrating the scanning data of LiDAR and real-time speed information, then the information obtained was sent out to PWM controller, each of which controlled one stage boom. A mathematical model between the crop canopy height and duty cycle of the solenoid valves was established to obtain the needed spraying volume by controlling the opening and closing of the solenoid valves by the controller. In order to verify the accuracy of the variable-rate spraying system, after the system was assembled, field tests were carried out in sugarcane fields in Guangxi province. The results showed that with the change of sugarcanes plant height, the maximum error between the height of sugarcanes scanned by LiDAR and measured was 8.42%, the minimum error was 0.17%, and the average error was 4.59%, the LiDAR had a good accuracy in scanning and identifying sugarcane height. The recognized information could be accurately transmitted to the variable-rate spraying system. When the variable-rate spraying system opened, the droplet density changed with the plant height, the higher the plant height, the greater the spray volume, and the higher the droplet deposition density. When the average plant height changed from 1.50 to 1.76 m, the droplet deposition density increased by 73.37 drops/cm², and the minimum droplet deposition density was 34.2 drops/cm², which was higher than the requirements of GB/T 17997-2008 not less than 30 drops/cm², the maximum coefficient of variation of droplet deposition density in upper, middle and lower layers of the plants was 13.19%, which met the requirements of NY/T 650-2013, the variable-rate spraying system could meet the requirements of pest control and could achieve pesticide application on demand. The total amount of pesticide application was 56.43 L for variable-rate spraying, which was 22.53 L and 28.5% lower than 78.96 L of constant-rate spraying. This study provides a new idea and method for the high-efficient and precise control of plant diseases and insect pests, and provide a reference for the structural design of new precision variable-rate spraying machines.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Controllers
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Computer software - Crops - Deposition - Disease control - Drops - Errors - Optical radar - Pest control - Pesticides  - Pulse width modulation - Scanning - Solenoid valves - Solenoids - Structural design - Voltage control
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Droplet deposition - Pesticide applications - Plant diseases and insect pests - Speed information - Three-dimensional information - Utilization rates - Variable rate spraying
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 619  Pipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering Generally - 704.1  Electric Components - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 732.1  Control Equipment - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.32e+01%, Percentage 1.70e-01%, Percentage 2.85e+01%, Percentage 4.59e+00%, Percentage 8.42e+00%, Size 1.35e+00m, Size 1.50e+00m to 1.76e+00m, Size 2.40e+01m, Size 5.00e-01m to 2.50e+00m, Volume 2.25e-02m3, Volume 5.64e-02m3, Volume 7.90e-02m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20204009259086
Title:Inversion of soil moisture based on Brewster angle of soil microwave radiation
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#22303;&#22756;&#24494;&#27874;&#36752;&#23556;&#24067;&#20754;&#26031;&#29305;&#35282;&#21453;&#28436;&#22303;&#22756;&#21547;&#27700;&#29575;
Authors:Ma, Hongzhang (1); Ai, Lu (1); Liu, Sumei (1); Sun, Genyun (2); Sun, Lin (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao; 266580, China; (2) College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao; 266580, China; (3) Geomatics College, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao; 266590, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:182-187
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil moisture plays a major role in the water and energy budgets of continental surfaces. In the inversion of soil moisture using passive microwave remote sensing technology, soil roughness is the most critical factor restricting the accuracy of the inversion algorithm. Multi-angle remote sensing data has certain advantages in obtaining surface roughness information. Therefore, multi-angle passive microwave observation data has greater application potential in soil moisture inversion. At present, there are few studies on how to use multi-angle passive microwave data to reduce the effect of roughness on soil moisture inversion. Therefore, this study explored the application method of multi-angle passive microwave remote sensing data in soil moisture inversion by analyzing the multi-angle simulated data of soil microwave emissivity. In this study, the Advanced Integral Equation Model (AIEM) was used to simulate the multi-angle microwave radiation of the soil with different Soil Moisture Content (SMC) and roughness. The Brewster angle was calculated based on the trend of the V polarized emissivity with observation angle. The calculation results of Brewster angle showed that Brewster angles of soils with different moisture content distributed in the range of 60&deg;-80&deg;. Based on analysis of the simulated data, Brewster angle had a good consistency with SMC while Brewster angle was not sensitive to parameters such as soil temperature, soil bulk density, and soil roughness. The Brewster angle would change by 15&deg; with SMC changed from 0.05 cm³/cm³ to 0.40 cm³/cm³. When the root mean square height of soil roughness increased from 0.5 cm to 3.5 cm, the Brewster angle value increased with the increase of roughness, but the maximum change in angle did not exceed 2&deg;. When the bulk density of the soil changed from 0.9 g/cm³ to 1.4 g/cm³, the Brewster angle value increased by no more than 1&deg;. The soil temperature changed from 10&#8451; to 35&#8451;, and the Brewster angle changed with the increase of soil temperature. When the root mean square height of the soil roughness and the soil bulk density were combined with different values, the maximum change of Brewster angle did not exceed 2&deg;. This showed that the total influence of soil roughness and soil bulk density on Brewster angle had no obvious accumulation of errors. This study presented an algorithm for inversion of SMC by using the Brewster angle information of soil microwave radiation. Through the analysis of simulated data, a good linear relationship between the tangent value of Brewster angle and SMC was found. The regression results based on simulated data showed that the coefficient of linear fitness between the tangent of Brewster angle and SMC was 0.94, and the root mean square error was 0.027 cm³/cm³. The verification results based on simulated data showed that the coefficient of determination between predicted value of SMC and theoretical value was 0.95, and the root mean square error was 0.024 cm³/cm³. The inversion algorithm proposed here had robust characteristics for different types of soil roughness autocorrelation functions. The prediction accuracy of the algorithm for SMC was little affected by the roughness autocorrelation functions. For different types of roughness autocorrelation functions, the root mean square error between the predicted value of SMC and the theoretical value was 0.023-0.027 cm³/cm³. The SMC inversion algorithm based on Brewster angle utilized the relative change of multi-angle soil emissivity rather than its absolute value and this research provided a novel research idea for the inversion of SMC by using multi-angle passive microwave remote sensing data.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Autocorrelation - Budget control - Electromagnetic wave emission - Errors - Integral equations - Mean square error - Microwaves - Moisture determination - Remote sensing - Soil moisture  - Surface roughness - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Advanced integral equations - Autocorrelation functions - Coefficient of determination - Different moisture contents - Multi-angle remote sensing - Passive microwave remote sensing - Passive microwave remote sensing technology - Root mean square errors
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 711  Electromagnetic Waves - 921  Mathematics - 921.2  Calculus - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 9.00e+02kg/m3 to 1.40e+03kg/m3, Size 5.00e-03m to 3.50e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20204009259128
Title:Simulation of hydrological cycle for mountain-water-forest-cropland-lake- grass system in Hetao region, Inner Mongolia of China by WACM4.0 model
Title of translation:WACM4.0&#27169;&#22411;&#27169;&#25311;&#20869;&#33945;&#21476;&#27827;&#22871;&#22320;&#21306;&#23665;&#27700;&#26519;&#30000;&#28246;&#33609;&#31995;&#32479;&#27700;&#24490;&#29615;
Authors:Bi, Yanjie (1, 2); Zhao, Jing (1); Zhang, Wenge (3); Zhao, Yong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou; 450046, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100038, China; (3) Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou; 450003, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Jing(zhaojing19870515@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:148-158
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Hetao region is an important production base of commodity grain and oil crops in China. The large-scale water transferred from outside the river in a long term has resulted in the most headraces and drainage system, covering many cultivated lands in this region. However, human activities have posed a great change on the original hydrological cycle and the natural environment. Some spatio-temporal features, and the process of water conversion and movement are extremely complicated, due to the variation of hydrological cycle elements. In this study, a Water Allocation and Cycle Model (WACM4.0) was constructed suitable for the regions with strong human activities based on the "natural-artificial" composite water cycle theory. The WACM4.0 model was applied to simulate the evolution law and characteristic of hydrological cycle of each mountain-water-forest-cropland-lake-grass system in Hetao region. The main findings are as follows: In the hydrological cycle process, 1) the Wuliangsuhai was mainly characterized by lateral movement of water diversion and drainage, 2) the Wuhai mudflat was the vertical movement of groundwater recharge-evaporation, 3) Haizi region was dominated by vertical and horizontal comprehensive movement characteristics, 4) the cultivated land was the vertical movement characteristics of irrigation water infiltration-evapotranspiration, 5) the planted forest, grassland, unutilized land, and construction sites were the vertical movement characteristics of rainfall-infiltration-phreatic water evaporation, 6) the drainage and channels were drainage water-lateral movement characteristics of drainage water, and 7) the overall system of mountain-water-forest-cropland-lake-grass was the vertical water cycle of irrigation (precipitation)-infiltration-evaporation. The amount of groundwater in Hetao region has been losing year by year, indicating the characteristic of "negative water balance" vertical movement in the circulation process. Specifically, the water from the Yellow River entered the cropland through water diversion channels, leading to the formation of soil water from irrigation water, and then infiltrated the groundwater aquifer, while the remaining water went into the drainage channels, indicating the amount of leakage in this process can be used to replenish groundwater. Two part of groundwater can be divided, one was used to replenish Haizi and Wuhai mudflat, and another part of water consumed away via phreatic water evaporation of artificial cultivated land, grassland, unutilized land, and construction site. The water in drainage channels entered Wuliangsuhai, with the loss water through surface evaporation, while the remained water discharged into the Yellow River through the Wumaoji escape gate. The average annual runoff of the Yellow River can be consumed away by approximately 4.2 billion m&sup3; due to diversion irrigation in the Hetao region. The amount of the Yellow River water consumed by each system was as follows: the water consumption of cultivated land was 3.02 billion m&sup3;, the grassland was 114 million m&sup3;, the unutilized land was 65 million m&sup3;, Haizi region was 116 million m&sup3;, the Wuliangsuhai was 289 million m&sup3;, the Wuhai mudflat was 83 million m&sup3;, the planted forest was 91 million m&sup3;, the construction site was 0.09 million m&sup3;, the headrace channel was 309 million m&sup3;, and the drainage channel was 125 million m&sup3;. The research findings can provide a basic support for irrigation management, utilization of water resources, and ecological protection of mountain-water-forest-cropland-lake-grass system.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Aquifers - Drainage - Evaporation - Evapotranspiration - Flood control - Forestry - Groundwater resources - Irrigation - Lakes - Land use  - Landforms - Precipitation (meteorology) - Recharging (underground waters) - River diversion - Soil moisture - Water management - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological protection - Ground water recharge - Hydrological cycle elements - Irrigation management - Movement characteristics - Natural environments - Rainfall infiltration - Spatio temporal features
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 441  Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development - 442.1  Flood Control - 443.3  Precipitation - 444.2  Groundwater - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 481.1  Geology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.3  Agricultural Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20204009259102
Title:Method for cloud removal of optical remote sensing images using improved CGAN network
Title of translation:&#25913;&#36827;CGAN&#32593;&#32476;&#30340;&#20809;&#23398;&#36965;&#24863;&#22270;&#20687;&#20113;&#21435;&#38500;&#26041;&#27861;
Authors:Pei, Ao (1); Chen, Guifen (1); Li, Haoyue (1); Wang, Bing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun; 130118, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Guifen(guifchen@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:194-202
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The optical remote sensing images used in agricultural production are often affected by clouds during the acquisition process. The sharpness of acquired images can also be reduced, and thereby the decreased clarity of image makes difficult to interpret feature information. This process has posed a great challenge on subsequent applications in agricultural production, such as crop growth detection, crop classification and yield prediction. In this study, a method for cloud removal was proposed using the improved Conditional Generative Adversarial Net-work (CGAN), in order to enhance the detecting resolution of remote sensing images. A mapping relationship between pixels of the cloud and cloudless data was established by training the CGAN. The transformation of remote sensing image can be completed from cloud to cloudless on this basis. Eventually, the cloud component can be effectively removed from the optical remote sensing images. This method can also realize the data restoration of some details in optical remote sensing images during imaging processing. Therefore, a general system of network structure can be used to remove thin and thick clouds in optical remote sensing images by using the improved model. The modified generator of network can be utilized to enhance the image quality of generated data, particularly resulted from the single feature extraction of the original CGAN. The specific procedure of image processing can be: firstly, a series of convolutions were used to extract the feature information of the input images. Then, the multi-scale feature maps were obtained from the feature information using the spatial pyramid pooling operation. Finally, these feature maps with different size were restored to the original size, and thereby mixed together to generate the final cloudless optical remote sensing images. The scale of feature extraction by the generator can significantly increase in this method. Accordingly, the resulting effect on the resolution of images can also increase significantly. In order to verify the cloud removal method, some experiments were performed using the same optical remote sensing image data sets. Three types of methods were selected to compare, including the original CGAN, traditional cloud removal algorithm, and the Pix2Pix method in deep learning. Two indicators, including the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and the Structural SIMilarity (SSIM), were introduced to make a quantitative assessment of experimental results for better evaluation. The experimental results show that: 1) the proposed method can be applied to the removal of thin and thick cloud in optical remote sensing images, indicating high resolution in both types of cloud removal. 2) Compared with the original CGAN, the quality of generated cloudless image was similar to that of the real cloudless remote sensing image. In the removal of thin cloud using the improved CGAN model, the PSNR increased by 1.64 dB, and the SSIM value increased by 0.03, whereas in the thick cloud, the PSNR increased by 1.05 dB, and the SSIM value increased by 0.04. 3) Compared with the traditional cloud removal method, the improved CGAN model removed cloud layer more thoroughly in optical remote sensing image, indicating much more realistic color of the features in the optical remote sensing image. Compared with the Pix2Pix method, some details were better recovered, particularly the landscape in the generated cloudless optical remote sensing images. The PSNR and SSIM index values of remote sensing images have been improved accordingly. These results can prove that the improved CGAN is suitable to remove clouds from the optical remote sensing images. The findings can provide an insightful idea and promising method for the remote sensing image processing in modern agriculture.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Image enhancement
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Crops - Deep learning - Extraction - Feature extraction - Image quality - Image reconstruction - Optical data processing - Remote sensing - Restoration  - Signal to noise ratio
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Cloud removal algorithms - Mapping relationships - Optical remote sensing - Peak signal to noise ratio - Quantitative assessments - Remote sensing image processing - Remote sensing images
Classification code:716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Decibel 1.05e+00dB, Decibel 1.64e+00dB
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20204009259219
Title:Experimental study on shear performance of wheat under static and dynamic loading
Title of translation:&#38745;&#21160;&#33655;&#36733;&#20316;&#29992;&#19979;&#23567;&#40614;&#21098;&#20999;&#29305;&#24615;&#35797;&#39564;&#30740;&#31350;
Authors:Wang, Meng (1); Zeng, Changn&uuml; (1); Zhou, Fei (2); Guo, Chengzhou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou; 450001, China; (2) Personnel Division, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou; 450001, China
Corresponding author:Zeng, Changn&uuml;(zengcnv@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:273-280
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:When grain is stored in the granary, it will be subjected to static and dynamic loads under the circumstances such as loading and unloading, earthquake and so on. And then these effects will act on the wall of the granary, affecting the stress of the wall. A new dynamic direct shear apparatus which consisted of shear box connecting components, horizontal thrust system and data acquisition system was used to provide a test platform for testing the mechanical properties of grain under static and dynamic loads. In order to investigate the dynamic mechanics of grain, the wheat direct shear experiments under static and dynamic loads were carried out. Meanwhile, the horizontal shear stress, shear displacement, vertical displacement and other relations in the dynamic test results were also analyzed. Using the new dynamic direct shear apparatus for grain, a series of tests were designed to study the dynamic characteristics of reciprocating shear considering three different porosities of 39%, 36%, 33% and four vertical pressures of 50, 100, 150, 200 kPa. These test results of strength and deformation were compared among the monotonic and post-reciprocating monotonic loading direct tests. The results showed that the stress-strain curves showed a softer curve and less dilatancy phenomenon with increasing vertical pressure during the monotonic direct shear test for the same porosity, thus a smaller dilatancy angle was also obtained. Under the vertical pressure of 50, 100, 150, 200 kPa, the corresponding dilatancy angles were 4.5&deg;, 3.6&deg;, 2.4&deg;, 0.7&deg;, While with the decreasing wheat porosity, the softening phenomenon became more obvious and the internal friction angle became larger. The internal friction angles of wheat with porosity of 39%, 36%, and 33% were 22.2&deg;, 24.4&deg;, 28.1&deg;. What's more, the dilatancy phenomenon became more obvious with the decreasing porosity, inducing the increasing dilatancy angle. The corresponding dilatancy angles are 1.3&deg;, 3.6&deg;, 9.9&deg;during the monotonic direct shear test. In the reciprocating direct shear test, with the decrease of porosity, the softening phenomenon of wheat was more obvious, and the dilatancy phenomenon was less evident. The maximum dilatancy are decrease with decreasing porosity, which corresponding with the maximum dilatancy deformation were 2.77, 1.74, 1.15 mm. These results of monotonic direct shear tests and post-reciprocating monotonic direct shear tests were compared. The results showed that the shear strength of wheat after reciprocating shear were significantly higher than those directly from the monotonic direct shear tests. The shear dilatation was also more obvious after reciprocating shear, corresponding with larger dilatancy deformation. The results showed that the strength and dilatancy characteristics of wheat were changed after the dynamic effect, which would affect the lateral pressure on the silo wall, which indicated that the lateral pressure coefficient of the silo wall need to be further improved when considering the dynamic effect. The results take into account the loading and unloading process, the static and dynamic characteristics of vibration, and the static characteristics after the dynamic effect. These results are necessarily provided for the engineers in the design and dynamic analysis of granary structure.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Elasticity
Controlled terms:Data acquisition - Deformation - Dynamic loads - Grain (agricultural product) - Grain elevators - Internal friction - Porosity - Shear strength - Shear stress - Stress-strain curves  - Unloading - Walls (structural partitions)
Uncontrolled terms:Data acquisition system - Dynamic characteristics - Internal friction angle - Lateral pressure coefficient - Static and dynamic characteristics - Static and dynamic loading - Static and dynamic loads - Vertical displacements
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.30e+01%, Percentage 3.60e+01%, Percentage 3.90e+01%, Pressure 2.00e+05Pa, Size 1.15e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20204009259136
Title:Comparative study on fertilization intensity and integrated efficiency in China and Euro-American major countries
Title of translation:&#20013;&#22269;&#21450;&#27431;&#32654;&#20027;&#35201;&#22269;&#23478;&#21270;&#32933;&#26045;&#29992;&#24378;&#24230;&#19982;&#32508;&#21512;&#25928;&#29575;&#27604;&#36739;&#30740;&#31350;
Authors:Liu, Qinpu (1); Sun, Jingrong (1); Pu, Lijie (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Group of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing; 211171, China; (2) School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing; 210093, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:9-16
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Optimal fertilizer application with sustaining grain yield is a goal of modern agriculture development. Understanding the fertilizer application history of developed countries is helpful to provide lessons for fertilizer application in China. In this study, the concepts and calculation method of Fertilization Relative Output Rate (FRO), Yield Scale Coefficient (YS) and Fertilization Integrated Efficiency (FIE) were proposed to compare Fertilization Intensity (FI) and integrated efficiency of China and Euro-American countries of UK, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, US and Canada based on the data of fertilizer amount and grain yield in 1961-2017 from FAOSTAT. The FI was defined as ratio of fertilizer amount to harvested area. FRO was defined as ratio of Fertilizer Output (FO) to the maximum fertilizer output. FIE was the square root of product of YS and FRO and YS was the ratio of yield to the maximum yield of crops. The results showed that the FI value in China was increased rapidly with small fluctuation from 3.1 kg/hm² in 1961 upon the peak of 338.2 kg/hm² in 2014 and to 315.1 kg/hm² in 2017. The FI values from 1961 to 2017 in five European countries of Spain, Italy, France, Germany and UK were in a similar pattern of "increase-decrease-increase-stable" and the peak values of these countries occurred in 1998 (169.0 kg/hm²), 1987 (235.0 kg/hm²), 1983 (438.3 kg/hm²), 1988 (503.4 kg/hm²), 1983 (594.9 kg/hm²), respectively. The FI values in US and Canada were slowly increased as immigrant countries with small fluctuations and reached peaks of 213.7 kg/hm² in 1993 and 140.1 kg/hm² in 2011, respectively. The FI values of eight countries fluctuated around 225 kg/hm² (the internationally recognized fertilization safety threshold) between the range from 120 kg/hm² to 350 kg/hm². China, Canad and Italy had the highest FRO values respectively in the periods of 1963-1989, 1990-2001, 2002-2017, respectively, but the UK's values of FRO were mostly at the lowest level from 1963 to 2017. The rank of FRO values for eight countries after 2010 from high to low was Italy, France, US, Germany, Spain, Canada, UK and China with the average values of 0.99, 0.81, 0.67, 0.66, 0.62, 0.58, 0.49, 0.41, respectively. The Spain's FIE values were at most time below the other countries and they were rapidly increased before the end of 1980s and then became relatively stable. However, the FIE values of China and Canada were higher than the other countries respectively before 1990 and 1980, afterwards, they went down to the levels lower than that of France, Italy, Germany, US and UK. The FIE values of France, Italy, Germany, US and UK increased rapidly before 1990. They were increased slowly since 1990 but rapidly decreased since 2010. They showed increasing tendency in recent years. The FIE average values of eight countries in 2010-2017 ranked the first for France, then Italy, Germany, US, UK, China, Spain and Canada with average values of 0.88, 0.85, 0.81, 0.71, 0.67, 0.57, 0.54, 0.49, respectively. France was the best country in fertilizer use with high output rate, high grain yield and safety to environment. The average FI and grain yield in France in 2010-2017 was 207 kg/hm² and 7 294 kg/hm² and the FI was less than 225 kg/hm². France could be considered as a good example for China to learn from in decreasing fertilizer use amount while sustaining grain yield in eco-agriculture construction.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Binary alloys - Efficiency - Grain (agricultural product)
Uncontrolled terms:Comparative studies - Developed countries - Eco agricultures - European Countries - Fertilizer applications - Modern agricultures - Optimal fertilizers - Small fluctuation
Classification code:804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20204009259242
Title:Classification of agricultural solid wastes and identification of pollution risks and utilization paths in China
Title of translation:&#20892;&#19994;&#22266;&#20307;&#24223;&#29289;&#20998;&#31867;&#21450;&#20854;&#27745;&#26579;&#39118;&#38505;&#35782;&#21035;&#21644;&#22788;&#29702;&#36335;&#24452;
Authors:Cong, Hongbin (1); Shen, Yujun (1); Meng, Haibo (1); Yao, Zonglu (2); Feng, Jing (1); Huo, Lili (2); Yuan, Yanwen (1); Dai, Minyi (3); Wu, Yunong (1); Sheng, Chenxu (3); Zhao, Lixin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100125, China; (2) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, CAAS, Beijing; 100081, China; (3) Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163319, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Lixin(zhaolixin5092@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:28-36
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agricultural solid wastes refer to the unwanted substances generated in agricultural production activities, indicating the features of complexity, pollution, seasonality, and diversity. Serving as an important source of agricultural non-point source pollution, the agriculture solid wastes have posed a great threat on the ecological environment, as well the quality and safety of food products. In China, the utilization of agricultural solid waste has been written into the law for the first time in April 2020, i.e., "law of the People's Republic of China on the prevention and control of environmental pollution by solid waste", where clearly defined the recycling responsibility of solid waste producers to prevent environmental pollution, including the collection, storage, transportation, utilization, disposal. A large amount of agriculture solid wastes have been eliminated due to disease, including 3.8 billion tons of livestock and poultry waste, nearly 900 million tons of straw, more than 2 million tons of discarded agricultural film, and 60 million pigs. It infers that there is extensive amount of agricultural solid waste, further to accelerate the risk of ecological environment pollution, particularly by disorderly dumping and random incineration. It is necessary to control pollution of agricultural solid wastes, thereby to maintain ecological safety and sustainable development of rural economy. This paper aims to identify the main source of agricultural solid wastes, classification method and the major characteristics, based on the connotation and extension of agricultural solid wastes. Agricultural solid wastes were classified according to the sources, toxicity, composition and morphology. The key features of agricultural solid wastes were identified, including the sources of single and dual nature in various types, potential pollution, the two sides of important resources, the anniversary variation, and the complexity of seasonal fluctuation. Potential pollution risks of solid wastes were determined, including solid wastes from agricultural cultivation, livestock, poultry, aquaculture, and primary processing of agricultural products, as well discarded agricultural inputs. Representative regulations and policies were sorted out for the prevention, treatment and utilization of agricultural solid wastes. The operation and supervision system can be clarified for the whole production chain of agricultural solid wastes in the near future. Technological paths and models were proposed for the treatment and utilization of agricultural solid wastes, including "classified treatment, multiple measures, overall consideration, green circulation, reduced reuse and precise disposal". This finding can provide the basic support and decision-making reference for the guidance to the treatment of agricultural solid wastes and their pollution prevention.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:49
Main heading:Pollution control
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Agricultural robots - Behavioral research - Cultivation - Decision making - Environmental regulations - Food products - Laws and legislation - Mammals - Safety engineering  - Solid wastes - Sustainable development - Waste disposal - Waste incineration - Waste utilization
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural cultivation - Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Agricultural productions - Ecological environments - Environmental pollutions - People's Republic of China - Prevention and controls - Regulations and policy
Classification code:452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products - 912.2  Management - 914  Safety Engineering - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20204009259203
Title:Change rule of physical and chemical properties of slurry in the process of long-term storage
Title of translation:&#20859;&#27542;&#31914;&#27700;&#38271;&#26399;&#36142;&#23384;&#36807;&#31243;&#29702;&#21270;&#29305;&#24615;&#21464;&#21270;&#35268;&#24459;
Authors:Ding, Jingtao (1, 2); Zhang, Pengyue (1, 2); Zhao, Lixin (1); Meng, Haibo (1, 2); Shen, Yujun (1, 2); Liu, Senhong (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Energy and Environmental Protection, Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering, MARA, Beijing; 100121, China; (2) Technology Management Division, Key Laboratory of Technologies and Models for Cyclic Utilization from Agricultural Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing; 100121, China
Corresponding author:Shen, Yujun(shenyj09b@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:220-225
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agricultural waste can be in the form of a liquid, slurry, or solid, such as manure, one of which the slurry is a mixture of urine, feces, washing water and disinfectant, containing complex components and many pathogenic bacteria. If the slurry was directly applied to farmland without any treatment, some severe negative effects can occur in this case. Firstly, the pathogenic bacteria in the slurry can be easy to enter the human body via the food chain, particularly harmful to human health. Secondly, the slurry contains a large amount of salt easy to cause crop "seedling burning", where ammonium salt is the main component of the salt in the slurry, mainly produced from the urine in the slurry to degrade the fecal organic matter. Finally, the degradation of organic matter in the slurry can make the soil in a temporary anoxic state, thereby to inhibit the growth of crops. At present, the general treatment to the slurry can be returning to the field after natural storage in most small and medium-scale livestock and poultry farms in China. Prior to directly returning to the field, the storage time of the slurry is usually only 1-2 months, particularly restricted by the sites. It is necessary to examine whether the stored slurry is suitable for returning to the field directly. The evolution of physical and chemical characteristics of the slurry after storage still remained unclear. Taking summer as the time node, while pig and cow manure water as the research objects, this paper aims to analyze the changes of fecal coliform, electric conductivity (EC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the long-term storage of slurry, in order to obtain the optimum storage period and utilization mode of slurry. The results showed that the loss of ammonium nitrogen was more than 68% after six months of natural storage, indicating that it caused environmental pollution, and further reduced the nutrient value of slurry. A suggestion can be made to cover the surface of slurry with shelter or add acidification agent, in order to reduce the ammonia emission in slurry storage. After that, the slurry can basically meet the requirements of harmless after storage, but the pH value, EC Value and COD content of slurry were still high unsuitable to use directly. The high value of pH and EC indicated that there was a high concentration of ammonium salt in the slurry, and the long-term unreasonable application of fecal sewage can lead to soil salinization. Moreover, the application of slurry with high COD content can inhibit the root growth of paddy crops, thereby to affect root respiration, leading to the reduction in the yield of paddy crops, but it has little effect on dry land crops. Therefore, it is necessary to make a reasonable plan for the utilization of manure water before applying manure water to farmland, in order to reduce the risk of manure water when directly returning to farmland. In addition, a solid-liquid separation can effectively reduce the COD content and EC value in the slurry, thereby to promote the process of harmless slurry. The finding can provide a sound reference for the utilization of slurry resource and safe returning to the field.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Chemical oxygen demand
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Ammonia - Bacteria - Biogeochemistry - Crops - Degradation - Farms - Fertilizers - Mammals - Manures  - Organic compounds - Salts - Sewage - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Complex components - Environmental pollutions - Long-term storage - Pathogenic bacterium - Physical and chemical characteristics - Physical and chemical properties - Solid liquid separation - Utilization modes
Classification code:452.1  Sewage - 453  Water Pollution - 481.2  Geochemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Age 8.33e-02yr to 1.67e-01yr, Percentage 6.80e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20204009259257
Title:Environmental risk assessment of phosphorus loss from farmland based on phosphorus index model in the Haihe River Basin
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#30967;&#25351;&#25968;&#27169;&#22411;&#30340;&#28023;&#27827;&#27969;&#22495;&#20892;&#30000;&#30967;&#27969;&#22833;&#29615;&#22659;&#39118;&#38505;&#35780;&#20215;
Authors:Wu, Hanqing (1); Wan, Wei (1); Shan, Yanjun (1); Chen, Yanhua (2); Li, Qiang (1); Li, Cunjun (3); Hu, Haitang (3); Zhang, Baogui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Baogui(zhangbg@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:17-27
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The non-point phosphorus (P) loss from farmland is the main cause of eutrophication, and identifying the Critical Source Areas (CSAs) and Critical Influence Factors (CIFs) of the P loss from farmland is a pivotal part of controlling agricultural non-point source pollution. The objective of this study was to assess the environmental risk of P loss from farmland based on P index model in the Haihe River Basin. In this study, we took the Haihe River Basin as the research region, and applied the P index model. Thereinto, the soil available P content and fertilizer-P application rate were selected as the source factors. Synchronously, the soil erosion modulus, annual runoff, the Normalized Differential Distance Index (NDDI) between farmland and river network were chosen as the transport factors. Additionally, this research aims at identifying the CSAs combined with GIS technology, distinguishing the CIFs and exploring the relation between P index and influence factors such as soil properties (mainly including soil texture and organic carbon), source and transport factors via Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The spatial distributions of soil available P content, fertilizer-P application rate, soil erosion modulus, annual runoff and NDDI in the Haihe River Basin indicated that the most areas were at the risk levels of low-medium, medium-high, very low, medium-high and high in the Haihe River Basin, respectively. Namely, these areas accounted for 66.5%, 61.1%, 99.0%, 54.2%, and 64.8% of the total farmland area in the Haihe River Basin, respectively. Moreover, we revealed that the CIF affecting P loss from farmland in the Haihe River Basin is the transport factors in which the key transport factors are the annual runoff and NDDI. Furthermore, SEM prescribed that there was an extremely significant negative correlation between the source factors (P&lt;0.01) and extremely significant positive correlation with transport factors (P&lt;0.01), and soil properties had highly significant negative correlations with source factors and transport factors (P&lt;0.01). Subsequently, the findings illustrated that the CSAs of P loss from farmland in the Haihe River Basin were mainly located in the plain farming areas of Shandong Province and the southeast of Hebei Province on the north bank of the Yellow River, and the mountain areas in the northwestern of the Haihe River Basin. Due to the plain farming areas have high cultivation intensity and fertilizer-P application rate, flat terrain, and close distance to river network, P of soil and fertilizer could easily migrate into the rivers following the surface runoff with the medium-high intensity. Thus, for the plain farming areas, some practices should be taken to decrease the risk level of P loss from farmland, such as appropriate reduction of the fertilizer-P application rate, comprehensive nutrient management, conservation tillage and deployment of buffer zone between farmland and river network and so on. Because mountain areas have severe soil erosion, therefore, the risk level of P loss from farmland is relatively high. For this, proper soil and water conservation measures should be taken to reduce the soil erosion and risk level of P loss from farmland, such as contour tillage and terrace cropping and so on. In conclusion, the results are beneficial to the method innovation of P loss from farmland at the watershed scale, and can provide a scientific reference for controlling agricultural non-point source pollution in the Haihe River Basin.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:46
Main heading:River pollution
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agricultural runoff - Cultivation - Erosion - Eutrophication - Farms - Fertilizers - Landforms - Organic carbon - Phosphorus  - Pollution control - Risk assessment - Rivers - Soil conservation - Soils - Textures - Water conservation - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Critical source areas - Environmental risk assessment - Positive correlations - Scientific references - Soil and water conservation measures - Soil erosion modulus - Structural equation modeling
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 444.1  Surface Water - 453  Water Pollution - 453.1  Water Pollution Sources - 481.1  Geology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.42e+01%, Percentage 6.11e+01%, Percentage 6.48e+01%, Percentage 6.65e+01%, Percentage 9.90e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20204009259178
Title:Design and experiment of double rollers maize stalk chopping device with different rotation speeds
Title of translation:&#24322;&#36895;&#23545;&#36746;&#24335;&#29577;&#31859;&#31224;&#31174;&#31881;&#30862;&#36824;&#30000;&#35013;&#32622;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Liu, Peng (1); He, Jin (1); Li, Yanjie (2); Li, Hongwen (1); Wang, Qingjie (1); Lu, Caiyun (1); Zhang, Zhenguo (1, 3); Li, Shaohua (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) College of Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) College of Electrimechanical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi; 830052, China; (4) Inner Mongolia Changming Machinery Co., Ltd., Chifeng; 024200, China
Corresponding author:He, Jin(hejin@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:69-79
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A large amount of maize stalks are produced each year, due to the maize is serving as one of the main grain crop in China. Maize straw retention to the field after chopped is widely used in most disposal approaches. However, the currently used single shaft maize stalk chopping and retention machine can not meet the quality requirements of stalk chopping, such as too long maize stalk after chopping, and the low chopping pass rate of maize stalk, particularly when the amount of maize stalk was large, while the scarf skin of maize stalk was toughness. The shortcoming of maize stalk chopping directly determines the next seeding production, seed germination, and final crop yield. This paper aims to propose a novel chopping method, and thereby to design a double rollers type stalk chopping and retention device with different rotation speed and dynamic double support. The device mainly included the shell, supporting plate, suspension device, gearbox, transmission, chopping and collecting blade, shaft of chopping, collecting blade, blade shaft of slide-cutting supporting blade, and slide-cutting supporting blade. In operation, the chopping and collecting blade with anticlockwise rotation, firstly collected and chopped maize stalk in the field; then the maize stalk was chopped in dynamic support of side-cutting supporting blade with same rotation direction of chopping and collecting blade. A mechanical analysis of maize stalk was conducted under the effect of chopping and collecting blade, as well the slide-cutting supporting blade. The results showed that the rotation speed of chopping and collecting blade, and the slide-cutting angle of slide-cutting supporting blade were the main factors to affect the stalk chopping process. Furthermore, a motion analysis of chopping and collecting blade was carried out, including two L-type blades and a straight blade. The results revealed that the bend angle and length along the cutting-edge of L-type blade, and the rotation speed of chopping and collecting blade, were the main factors to affect the unpicking rate of maize stalk, and chopping pass rate, when the number of chopping and collecting blade and operation speed of device were fixed. In the slide-cutting supporting blade, the cutting-edge curvilinear equation was in the form of the logarithmic spiral equation. Moreover, the range of slide-cutting angle was 30&ordm;-60&ordm;, due to the slide-cutting angle can be more than frictional angle between maize stalk and slide-cutting supporting blade, according to slide-cutting principle. Importantly, the cutting edge of slide-cutting supporting blade with sawtooth was designed to increase the fraction of maize stalk and slide-cutting supporting blade. Prior to accurately coordinating between chopping and collecting blade, and side-cutting supporting blade, the rotating speed range of chopping and collecting blade was determined as 1 150 -2 500 r/min, to ensure the high stalk chopping pass rate. The rotation speed of slide-cutting supporting blade was one half that of chopping and collecting blade, to guarantee the speed of backward spread of chopped maize stalk. Simultaneously, the chopping and collecting blade, and side-cutting supporting blade, both were double helix arrangement to reduce machinery vibration, while increase machinery life. One device was installed 20 chopping and collecting blades, and 40 slide-cutting supporting blades. A quadratic rotation orthogonal combination test was used in the field research, to obtain the optimal structure parameters, where the chopping pass rate of maize stalk was set as test index. Some test factors were selected, including the cutting-edge bend angle of L-type blade (20&ordm; &le;&gamma;&le;60&ordm;), and cutting-edge length of L-type blade (30 mm &le;k&le;60 mm), rotation speed of chopping and collecting blade (1200 r/min&le;n<inf>Y</inf>&le;2 000 r/min), and slide-cutting angle of slide-cutting supporting blade (30&deg;&le;&tau;&le;60&deg;). The Design-Expert 8.0.6 software was applied to analyze the double factors interaction on stalk chopping pass rate, thereby to obtain the regression model between test factors and index. The primary and secondary factors that affect the maize stalk chopping pass rate were the rotation speed of chopping and collecting blade, the length of cutting-edge bend angle, the cutting-edge length of L-type blade, and the slide-cutting angle. In multiple objective optimization, the optimum ranges can be achieved, including the cutting-edge bend angle of L-type blade (41&ordm;&le;&gamma;&le;57.64&ordm;), the cutting-edge length of L-type blade (41.7 mm&le;k&le;51.71 mm), the rotation speed of chopping and collecting blade (1 657.37 r/min&le;n<inf>Y</inf>&le;1 889.97 r/min), and slide-cutting angle of slide-cutting supporting blade (36.55&ordm; &le;&tau;&le;49.08&ordm;). In the field test, the rotation speed of chopping and collecting blade, the length of cutting-edge bend angle, and cutting-edge length of L-type blade, and slide-cutting angle were set as 1700 r/min, 40&ordm;, 45mm, and 45&ordm;, respectively. The field test results demonstrated that the maize stalk chopping pass rate was 92.58% under the optimal working parameters, while the error with the predictive value (93.96%) was less than 5%, indicating the reliable optimization of parameters. The finding can offer a sound reference to improve the chopping quality of maize stalk in the chopping and retention machine.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Rotation
Controlled terms:Crops - Cutting tools - Regression analysis - Rollers (machine components) - Seed - Software testing - Speed - Structural optimization - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Logarithmic spiral - Mechanical analysis - Multiple-objective optimization - Optimal structures - Optimization of parameters - Quality requirements - Rotation directions - Working parameters
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 603.2  Machine Tool Accessories - 723.5  Computer Applications - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.1  Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 9.26e+01%, Percentage 9.40e+01%, Rotational_Speed 1.15e+03RPM to 2.50e+03RPM, Rotational_Speed 1.70e+03RPM, Rotational_Speed 8.90e+02RPM, Size 4.50e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20204009259162
Title:Frost index of Lycium Barbarum during flowering period based on harmful accumulated temperature
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#21361;&#23475;&#31215;&#28201;&#30340;&#26552;&#26462;&#33457;&#26399;&#38684;&#20923;&#25351;&#26631;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Zhu, Yongning (1, 2, 3); Zhang, Lei (1, 2, 3); Ma, Guofei (1, 2, 3); Xu, Rui (1, 2, 3); Li, Fanghong (4); Duan, Xiaofeng (1, 5)
Author affiliation:(1) Ningxia Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Yinchuan; 750002, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Meteorological Disaster Monitoring and Early Warning and Risk Management of Characteristic Agriculture in Arid Regions, CMA, Yinchuan; 750002, China; (3) Ningxia Key Laboratory for Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Reduction, Yinchuan; 750002, China; (4) School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750000, China; (5) Inner Mongolia Ecology and Agro-Metorology Center, Hohhot; 010051, China
Corresponding author:Duan, Xiaofeng(dxl_1127@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:188-193
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Lycium Barbarum (also called wolfberry) is a deciduous shrub mainly grown in northwestern China. The flowering phase of Lycium Barbarum is from April to June when the frost occurred frequently. The harm of frost at this time can directly affect the yield and quality of Lycium Barbarum. It is necessary to study the frost index of Lycium Barbarum in the flowering phase for frost forecast, early warning, and evaluation. Taking the species of 'Ningqi No.1' as research object, we investigated the effect of low temperature and its duration on the frost index of the Lycium Barbarum flowering phase. In the spring of 2016-2019, an artificial frost test box was used to conduct the frost index experiments in Yinchuan, Ningxia Province, northwestern China. An invitro test was conducted in the low-temperature treatment. The young branches in a healthy growth state were selected from the experimental field in the Ningxia Lycium Barbarum Research Institute. The experimental temperature gradients were set from -9&#8451; to -1&#8451;, with an interval of 1&#8451;. The selection of temperature gradients referred to the temperature reduction during the spring frost disasters in Ningxia from 2010 to 2018, and the observation records of the Lycium Barbarum agro-meteorological disasters. Different duration, from 1h to 6h, was set at an experimental temperature in each experiment. Three samples were used at each experimental temperature for reproducibility. More than 50 flower buds were selected for the early flowering and full flowering periods in each replicate. The room temperature was used as the initial temperature, and it was reduced to 0&deg;C at a rate of 4.0&deg;C/h, finally decreased to the experiment temperature at a rate of 1.0-3.0&deg;C/h. The experiment temperature can be holding for the preset duration. The experiment box was closed once the experiment was completed, where the temperature naturally rose to room temperature. The freezing conditions of Lycium Barbarum flowers can be examined after 24 hours. In the post processing step, a concept of harmful accumulated temperature was introduced to systematically elucidate the effect of low temperature and its duration on Lycium Barbarum flowers. The results showed that the freezing rate and freezing degree cannot increase as the decrease of temperature and duration below the critical low temperature. A approximate formula of harmful accumulated temperature was modified using a piecewise function, in order to describe the degree of frost damage of Lycium Barbarum flowers at different temperature stages, according to the actual situation of damage. Then, combined with different freezing rates, the frost index of the Lycium Barbarum flowering phase was established based on the harmful accumulated temperature, and verified by the field experiments. The experimental results showed that when the temperature dropped to -1&#8451;, there was no sign of freezing on the flower organs of Lycium Barbarum, whereas, when it fell to -2&#8451;, the signs of freezing began to occur, with the freezing rate up to 100% at -8&#8451;, indicating that the temperature range of frost damage was -8--1&#8451; during the Lycium Barbarum flowering phase. In addition, the different frost resistance of flowers varied at different stages. Specifically, flower buds showed the strongest frost resistance, followed by that in the early flowering period, and the weakest in the full flowering period. The proposed frost index based on the harmful accumulated temperature can be used to determine the critical low temperature of different forms of flower organs caused by frost, particularly considering concurrently the low-temperature intensity and duration, thereby to precisely predict the freezing conditions of the Lycium Barbarum flowers. The finding can provide a promising approach for the accurate forecast, early warning, and assessment for the frost of Lycium Barbarum.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Phase transitions
Controlled terms:Approximation algorithms - Disasters - Forecasting - Freezing - Frost resistance - Thermal gradients
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulated temperatures - Approximate formulas - Initial temperatures - Low temperature treatment - Meteorological disasters - Piecewise functions - Research institutes - Temperature reduction
Classification code:641.1  Thermodynamics - 801.4  Physical Chemistry - 921  Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Temperature 2.73e+02K, Time 3.60e+03s to 2.16e+04s, Time 8.64e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20204009259240
Title:Analysis of volatile flavor compounds in different stages of stir-frying of industrial semi-finished products beef sao zi
Title of translation:&#29275;&#32905;&#33226;&#23376;&#24037;&#19994;&#21322;&#25104;&#21697;&#28818;&#21046;&#21508;&#38454;&#27573;&#25381;&#21457;&#24615;&#21270;&#21512;&#29289;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Bai, Shuang (1); Wang, Yongrui (1); Luo, Ruiming (1); Shen, Fei (1); Ding, Dan (1); Bai, He (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China
Corresponding author:Luo, Ruiming(ruimingluo.nx@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:290-298
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to investigate the flavor changes of beef sao zi industrial semi-finished products in different stir-frying stages. Sensory evaluation and instrumental analysis of tenderness were applied to optimize the processing parameters. For the overall odor perception, electronic nose (e-nose) can be used to distinguish the different odors of raw materials and processed samples. The volatile compounds were identified by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 144 volatile components were detected by HS-SPME-GC-MS, 52 of which were screened by t-test (P &lt; 0.01).In the whole process, aldehydes were the major volatile flavor compounds in beef sao zi, which was consistent with the results of electronic nose in the stir-fry fat (SFF) stage. According to the results of partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the odor formation in stir-fried beef sao zi was divided into four steps including raw, stir-fry to remove water(SFMRW), stir-fry fat (SFF) and mixed stir-fry (MSF). The results showed that the method could effectively distinguish the different processing stages of beef sao zi. There were 27 volatile compounds in raw and SFMRW, 103 volatile compounds in SFF, and 14 volatile compounds in MSF. Among these stages, SFF stage plays important role in the flavor change of beef sao zi. Even in PLS-DA evaluation of scatter plot, the raw and SFMRW were in the fourth quadrant, but their samples could be clearly separated. In the fourth quadrant, there were 27 kinds of volatile compounds, among which 5 kinds of volatile compounds were unique to raw, 5 kinds were specific for SFMRW, and 17 kinds were common for raw and SFMRW. There were 103 volatile compounds in the second and third quadrants of PLS-DA evaluation of scatter plot, of which 25 were specific to SFF, and the remaining 78 were common in three processing stages. There were 14 volatile compounds in the first quadrant of the PLS-DA evaluation of scatter plot, which were shared with e MSF, raw, SFMRW and SFF. The amount of volatile compounds in the MSF stage was less than that in the SFMRW stage. The results showed that volatile compounds in the MSF stage was less than that in the SFMRW stage, but the 14 volatile compounds can be used to distinguish MSF from other processing stages. MSF stage was the final stage of flavor formation of stir-frying beef sao zi. The content of volatile flavor compounds in this stage was lower than that in SFF stage. On the one hand, after the end of SFF, most of the butter in fat tissue has been already spilled, and the rate of autoxidation and thermal oxidation cracking of fat were weakened. On the other hand, adding 70% sfmrw sample to 30% SFF sample can reduce MSF temperature to 126&#8451;.Compared with the heat treatment temperature (145&#8451;) in the SFF stage, the reaction rates were weakened. At the same time, the addition of 70% of SFMRW also diluted the volatile compounds generating in the SFF stage.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Flavor compounds
Controlled terms:Beef - Discriminant analysis - Drug products - Electronic nose - Gas chromatography - Heat treatment - Least squares approximations - Mass spectrometry - Reaction rates - Sensory analysis  - Thermooxidation - Volatile organic compounds - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Electronic nose (e-nose) - Gas chromatography-mass spectrometries (GC-MS) - Headspace solid phase microextraction - Heat treatment temperature - Partial least squares discriminant analyses (PLSDA) - Processing parameters - Semi-finished products - Volatile flavor compounds
Classification code:445.2  Water Analysis - 537.1  Heat Treatment Processes - 801  Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 822.3  Food Products - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922  Statistical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20204009259215
Title:Strains classification of Anoectochilus roxburghii using multi-feature extraction and Stacking ensemble learning
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#22810;&#29305;&#24449;&#25552;&#21462;&#21644;Stacking&#38598;&#25104;&#23398;&#20064;&#30340;&#37329;&#32447;&#33714;&#21697;&#31995;&#20998;&#31867;
Authors:Xie, Wenyong (1, 2); Chai, Qinqin (1, 2); Gan, Yonghui (3); Chen, Shudi (1, 2); Zhang, Xun (4); Wang, Wu (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou; 350108, China; (2) Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou; 350108, China; (3) School of Food Engineering, Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou; 363000, China; (4) College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou; 350122, China
Corresponding author:Chai, Qinqin(qq.chai@fzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:203-210
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Anoectochilus roxburghii (A.roxburghii) is a rare medicinal herb that mainly distributed in China. It is necessary to identify strains of A.roxburghii for the guidance of clinical medication, due to different strains distinctly vary in medicinal values. However, similar leaf morphology has made difficult to discern different strains directly by naked eyes. In this study, a sub-interval segmentation method was proposed to identify the different strains of A.roxburghii, based on leaf identification methods. Firstly, 6 strains of A.roxburghii were selected, including Taiwan, Hongxia, Xiaoyuanye, Jianye, Yizhu, Dayuanye. A total of 317 images with the resolution of 800&times;800 pixels were taken, while two filtering methods were used to remove noise. The maximum inner variance algorithm was used for automatic threshold segmentation, in order to obtain the binary image. In the binary image, the leaf contour was drawn, and the mass center of the leaf was calculated. The square area with 150 pixels centered on the mass center was selected as the sub-interval of the leaf, to obtain the target image with the same position and size. Secondly, a combination of texture and color features was applied for the target image, in which texture features were derived by local binary patterns (LBP), gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and gabor filters, whereas, the color feature was composed of the first, second and third moments. After that, 114 merged features were obtained. Thirdly, the stacking ensemble learning was proposed to improve the accuracy of traditional single classifier. The stacking framework consisted of a base classifier, and a meta-classifier. Logistic regression (LR), K nearest neighbor (KNN), random forest (RF), and gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) were used as the base classifiers, whereas, GBDT was used as the meta-classifier for stacking. Finally, the cross-validation method different from conventional model was used to divide the data set. The original data was normalized and randomly segmented, where 60% for training and 40% for testing. The training data set was randomly divided into 5 training subsets, and then testing subset for training each base classifier. The prediction results of base classifiers were used as the input vectors of the GBDT. The final prediction result was output by GBDT. The experiment results showed that the average recognition accuracy of the stacking reached 94.49%, while that of LR, KNN, RF and GBDT was 89.13%, 83.15%, 87.56%, 82.36%, respectively. Moreover, the Precision, Recall, and F1-Score of the stacking model for the identification of Taiwan, Hongxia, and Dayuanye were all 100%. The Recall performance of stacking model was better than any of the single classifiers for identification of the Xiaoyuanye, just slightly worse than that of the LR and KNN models. The F1-Score of stacking model reached the maximum in each strain identification, showing the excellent overall performance of the model. Therefore, the proposed method can significantly improve the classification performances of A.roxburghii with different strains. The findings can provide a promising application method to recognize leaves of different plants using shape features. A further research is still necessary to select proper configuration, in order to improve learning efficiency of stacking model.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Classification (of information)
Controlled terms:Binary images - Decision trees - Gabor filters - Image segmentation - Logistic regression - Nearest neighbor search - Pixels - Plants (botany) - Statistical tests - Strain  - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Anoectochilus roxburghii - Classification performance - Conventional modeling - Cross-validation methods - Gray level co occurrence matrix(GLCM) - K nearest neighbor (KNN) - Local binary patterns - Strain identification
Classification code:703.2  Electric Filters - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 951  Materials Science - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+01%, Percentage 8.24e+01%, Percentage 8.32e+01%, Percentage 8.76e+01%, Percentage 8.91e+01%, Percentage 9.45e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.14.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.