<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20202408813096
Title:Recognition and counting of citrus flowers based on instance segmentation
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#23454;&#20363;&#20998;&#21106;&#30340;&#26577;&#27224;&#33457;&#26421;&#35782;&#21035;&#21450;&#33457;&#37327;&#32479;&#35745;
Authors:Deng, Ying (1, 2, 3); Wu, Huarui (1, 2, 3); Zhu, Huaji (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Software and Hardware Product Quality Testing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100097, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Huarui(wuhuarui1975@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:200-207
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Citrus trees bear fruits biennially, and the quantity of the fruits depends on the quantity of flowers. Therefore, the flower counting becomes more significant to manage citrus planting. Normally, a large number of flowers ranging from one to ten thousand in per plant make it difficult to manually count the quantity of citrus flowers. In image recognition, it makes much more difficult to detect the numbers of citrus flowers because the flowers are distributed densely, as well shaded by branches, leaves and other flowers. Therefore, this paper adopts the idea of the instance segmentation, where the mask-RCNN can simplify the relatively complex object segmentation by simple detection. The network was divided into five modules, including the convolutional backbone, feature map processing, mask calculation, bounding box regression and classification. The gradient disappearance that caused by the deep network was solved with the low error rate of the training models using the deep residual network. The FPN network was used for multi-scale recognition to increase the detection probability of citrus flowers with small mesoscale and dense distribution. The RoI Align method was used as the feature map pooling to avoid the loss of spatial symmetry. This proposed network can overcome some problems that the small images of citrus flowers cannot be recognized, and obtain the total number of citrus flowers by counting the bounding box of the instances of citrus flowers and buds. But the multi-layer/branch network structure increases the processing time of the training and validation. In this paper, the ResNeXt-50-FPN convolutional backbone was used to replace ResNeXt-101-FPN; the class-agnostic mask branch was used to replace the class-specific mask branch in order to reduce the time of training and validation; and the end to end training method was utilized to improve the accuracy of this model and further cut down the training time. In the Mask R-CNN analysis, the instance segmentation network was optimized to achieve the high recognition rate of citrus flowers. A comparative experiment was also conducted on the optimization of the convolution backbone, mask branch and network training patterns. The average precision was used to evaluate the models, while the error rate was set as another assessment indicator. The result shows that the proposed Mask R-CNN-based network with ResNeXt-50-FPN convolutional backbone and class-agnostic mask branch has the AP value of 36.3 when training by the end to end method, indicating that the average error rate is 11.9% for 1 031 flowers in 200 photos, and the identification time of single picture is 7 seconds. This finding demonstrates that the Mask R-CNN network can effectively detect the quantity of the citrus flowers under the condition of densely distribution with seriously shading. This proposed method also can reduce the time of model training and flower recognition, and provide the accurate data for early quantity control of citrus flowers for the great application in the production of citrus.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Citrus fruits
Controlled terms:Convolution - Convolutional neural networks - Errors - Image recognition - Image segmentation - Network layers - Object detection - Plants (botany) - Probability distributions
Uncontrolled terms:Assessment indicator - Comparative experiments - Complex object segmentations - Detection probabilities - Flower recognition - Network structures - Quantity control - Training methods
Classification code:716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.1  Probability Theory
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.19e+01%, Time 7.00e+00s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20202408813225
Title:Effects of type and amount of nitrogen fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of jujube under drip irrigation
Title of translation:&#27694;&#32933;&#21697;&#31181;&#19982;&#26045;&#27694;&#37327;&#23545;&#28404;&#28748;&#32418;&#26531;&#20809;&#21512;&#29305;&#24615;&#21644;&#20135;&#37327;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Zhang, Jifeng (1, 2); Geng, Qinglong (2); Cao, Wenchao (1); Chen, Qing (1, 3); Chang, Ruixue (1); Liang, Zhi (2); Chen, Shuhuang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Research Institute of Soil & Fertilizer and Agricultural Water Conservation, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi; 830091, China; (3) National Key Laboratory of Nutrient Integrated Management, Linyi; 276700, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Qing(qchen@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:92-98
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the main jujube-producing areas, alkaline sandy soils greatly inhibit the storage of water and nitrogen in soils, which would reduce the nitrogen utilization, photosynthesis, product quality and yield of jujubes in the southern Xinjiang of China. The high loss of water and nitrogen fertilizer in large quantities cannot ensure the nutrient supply of plants, while resulting in leaching pollution for groundwater and soils. In order to find a better fertilization method, a field experiment was conducted on the jujubes in the Aksu forest farm from 2015 to 2017. In the experiment, there were three types of nitrogen fertilizer, (conventional urea treatment (U), conventional urea treatment with nitrification inhibitor N-max (NU) and coated urea treatment (CRU)), and five nitrogen supply levels (N0: 0 kg/hm², N1: 150 kg/hm², N2: 200 kg/hm², N3: 250 kg/hm², and N4: 300 kg/hm²). The leaf Chlorophyll values (Soil and Plant Analyzer Development, SPAD) and Net Photosynthetic Rate (Pn) were measured in the period of flowering and developing fruit, and the soil available nitrogen was measured all the time. The product quality and yield of jujubes were also evaluated after harvesting, as well the contribution rate of nitrogen and the benefit of jujubes. The results showed that the average yield (10022.3 kg/hm²) and the optimal fruit rate (12.1%) of jujubes with the coated urea were significantly higher than those with other nitrogen fertilizer (P<0.05), indicating a better performance on the nitrogen controlled-release effect. Meanwhile, the nitrogen supply capacity, the SPAD and Pn of jujubes significantly increased after the coated-urea treatment, when the same nitrogen level was used in all treatments in the developing fruit period of jujubes (P<0.05). In the treatments that used urea as nitrogen fertilizer (U and NU), the addition of nitrification inhibitor had no effect on the nitrogen utilization, while reducing the proportion of the inferior rate of fruits. The coated urea showed the highest partial nitrogen productivity, followed by the conventional urea with nitrification inhibitor. The content of available nitrogen in soil was the highest at all nitrogen levels treated by U during the flowering period of jujubes, whereas the content of available nitrogen in soil under CRU was always higher than that under other treatments during the fruit growth period of jujubes. The contribution rate of nitrogen yield increased as the increase of nitrogen apply. When the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer was set at the N3 level, the maximum can be achieved in the contribution rate of yield and the output of red jujubes. The production was the highest in the treatment CRU when the nitrogen utilization amount was 250 kg/hm². Balancing the quality and yield of jujubes, the 250 kg/hm² nitrogen level of the coated urea can be selected as the optimal combination under the typical drip irrigation for the cultivation mode of jujube orchards in the southern Xinjiang. The findings can provide a promising potential for the nitrogen management of jujube orchards, to improve the quality and efficiency of jujube industry in the areas of southern Xinjiang.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Fruits - Grain (agricultural product) - Groundwater - Groundwater pollution - Irrigation - Metabolism - Nitrification - Orchards - Quality control - Soils  - Urea
Uncontrolled terms:Available nitrogen - Controlled release - Net photosynthetic rate - Nitrification inhibitor - Nitrogen management - Nitrogen utilization - Optimal combination - Photosynthetic characteristics
Classification code:444.2  Groundwater - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.21e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20202408813106
Title:Effects of different harvesting periods on the storage quality and senescence of apple at room temperature
Title of translation:&#19981;&#21516;&#37319;&#25910;&#26399;&#23545;&#33529;&#26524;&#24120;&#28201;&#36142;&#34255;&#21697;&#36136;&#21644;&#34928;&#32769;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Wang, Zhihua (1); Wang, Wenhui (1); Jiang, Yunbin (1); Bao, Aomin (2); Tong, Wei (1); Wang, Baoxia (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng; 125100, China; (2) Tongliao Forestry Research Institute, Tongliao; 028000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:300-306
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There are many factors affecting fruit storage and preservation, and harvesting, as the first technical measure for fruit post-harvest treatment, plays an important role in ensuring the quality of fruit harvesting and post-harvest storage. The changes of storage quality and softening senescence of 'Saiwaihong' apple fruits at room temperature (20&plusmn;1&#8451;) in three different harvesting date (August 29, September 7 and September 16) during 116~134 days in Tongliao area were studied, in order to determine the optimum harvesting maturity and the suitable harvesting time of 'Saiwaihong' apple, and to provide technical support for the large-scale popularization of superior new varieties in production. The results showed that with the delay of harvesting time (i.e. the increase of fruit maturity), fruit firmness gradually decreased, the content of soluble solids (SSC) and titratable acid content increased by degrees, seed color gradually turned brown to full brown, and vitamin C content was the highest at harvesting time II. The firmness, vitamin C and titratable acid content of fruits in three harvesting time decreased gradually with the prolongation of storage time. From the collection to the end of the storage, The firmness of fruits harvested on harvesting time I has maintained the highest. The higher vitamin C and titratable acid content of fruits were maintained in harvesting time II.The SSC of harvesting time III fruit remained the highest (19.60%~20.99%) all the time, but fruit softening and senescence are faster. The fruit harvested earlier (harvesting time I) had higher content of original pectin and cellulose during storage at room temperature, which inhibited the production of soluble pectin, delayed the peak time of PG activity and cellulase activity, reduced its peak value, delayed the peak time of respiration and ethylene, and delayed the softening and senescence of fruit, however, the appearance, color, taste and flavor of the fruit were relatively poor, so early harvesting is not recommended. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and ethanol content of fruit harvested at harvesting time III accumulated more, fruit senescence was faster, shelf life was shorter, and fruit was only suitable for short-term storage or fresh sale. The comprehensive analysis showed that 'Saiwaihong' apple at harvest stage II not only had good internal quality and appearance, but also had good storage and transportation performance. Therefore, it is suggested that the optimum harvest time of 'Saiwaihong' apple in Tongliao area should be from 5~10 September (1~2 days late). The reference criteria for harvesting maturity were as follows: the number of days of fruit growth and development were 123~128 d, Pulp firmness were 11.0~11.5 kg/cm², soluble solids content (SSC)&ge;16.5%, seed color was about 3/4 browning, starch dyeing was about 4.5 grade.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Color - Ethylene - Harvesting - Plants (botany)
Uncontrolled terms:Cellulase activity - Comprehensive analysis - Post-harvest storage - Post-harvest treatments - Soluble solids content - Storage and transportations - Technical measures - Vitamin c contents
Classification code:741.1  Light/Optics - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.74e-03yr to 5.48e-03yr, Age 3.18e-01yr to 3.67e-01yr, Surface_Density 1.10e+05kg/m2 to 1.15e+05kg/m2
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20202408812565
Title:Analysis of the factors affecting abandoned terraces in mountainous areas from the perspective of engineering design
Title of translation:&#24037;&#31243;&#35774;&#35745;&#35270;&#35282;&#19979;&#23665;&#21306;&#26799;&#30000;&#25730;&#33618;&#24433;&#21709;&#22240;&#32032;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Zhang, Tianzhu (1, 2); Zheng, Yanan (1, 2); Zhang, Fengrong (1, 2); Huang, Jingwen (1, 2); Chang, Yuyang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing; 100193, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Fengrong(frzhang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:276-283
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This study mainly analyzes some influence factors for the large-scale abandonment of cultivated land in mountainous areas using the method of remote sensing and field investigation. Four counties were selected, including Linzhou city, Yishui, Xundian and Huachi county in the northwest of China. In each county, several sampling areas were selected to identify the abandoned terraces in the mountainous areas by remote sensing interpretation and field research. The geoscience factors of the abandoned terraces in mountainous areas were finally analyzed from the perspective of geosciences. The main results are as follows: 1) Extracted information from terraced field wastes in the sampling area shows that there are varying ratios of the abandoned fields in the four counties. Specifically, the average area rates of the abandoned terraces in the sampling areas of Huachi, Xundian, Yishui county and Linzhou city were 4.11%, 7.68%, 9.46% and 24.03%, respectively; 2) The width of the terraced field was the main factor for the wasteland of terraces. The narrow width of the terraced area was easy to be abandoned according to the relationship between the terraced abandonment rate and the width of terraced fields in Yishui, Linzhou and Xundian. When the terraced width was wide enough, the abandonment rate was not obvious in Huachi county; 3) In rocky mountain areas, the slope of ground and the thickness of the soil layer are the main factors for the width of the terraces. As the slope of the ground increases, the width of the terraces becomes narrow. As the thickness of the soil layer decreases, the width of the terraces becomes narrow. In soil mountainous areas, the slope of the ground was the main factors for the width of terraces, where the width of terraces becomes narrower as the slope increases; 4) The construction of terraces in mountainous areas should consider the local conditions. Most of the newly-built terraces are the so-called unused land from past developments, where the desertification more possibly occurs due to the exhausting natural resource. Therefore, the construction of mountain terraces can mainly refers to the local natural geographical conditions. In the areas with thin soil layers and large slopes, it is not cost-saving to build terraces. This finding can provide a theoretical guidance for the optimization of mountain terraces from the perspective of engineering design.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Landforms
Controlled terms:Remote sensing - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Cultivated lands - Engineering design - Field investigation - Geographical conditions - Local conditions - Mountainous area - Remote sensing interpretation - Rocky Mountains
Classification code:481.1  Geology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.40e+01%, Percentage 4.11e+00%, Percentage 7.68e+00%, Percentage 9.46e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20202408812968
Title:Design and experiment of the single-neuron PID navigation controller for a combine harvester
Title of translation:&#32852;&#21512;&#25910;&#33719;&#26426;&#21333;&#31070;&#32463;&#20803;PID&#23548;&#33322;&#25511;&#21046;&#22120;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Ding, Youchun (1, 2); Xia, Zhongzhou (1, 2); Peng, Jingye (1, 2); Hu, Ziqian (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:34-42
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Improving the intelligence level of combined harvesting machinery can improve harvest efficiency, harvest quality, extend operation time, reduce labor cost and labor intensity. In this study, combined harvester automatic navigation software and hardware system was designed to improve the intelligence of the combined harvester, and a navigation controller of combine harvester based on single-neuron PID was designed for the problem of no leakage of straight-line tracking operation in the field environment of combine harvester under the condition of maintaining high cutting width rate. This study used the combine harvester as the research object, and its steering system was modified by electronic hydraulic. The combined harvester navigation hardware system consisted of RTK positioning module, angle sensor, electric hydraulic steering mechanism, computer, navigation and control box (data acquisition card, proportional amplifier, power supply). Navigation software developed based on Windows 10 operating system. The control terminal realized the reception of high-precision BeiDou positioning data, coordinate transformation, heading deviation and distance deviation calculation, navigation control decision, steering angle monitoring and send control commands. The entire navigation system workflow was that the control terminal first collects target path information to determine the target tracking path, converted the current position information of the harvester to Gaussian projection into plane coordinates and calculated the lateral deviation and heading angle in real-time. The obtained deviation information was filtering processed for deviation construction strategy decision and the obtained deviation amount was used as the input of a single-neuron PID controller. The single-neuron PID controller calculated the output target steering angle and sent a control command to steering PD controller, then steering controller calculated and output analog to control the opening of the electro-hydraulic proportional valve and the direction of working fluid flow, achieved rear steering wheel control and tracking target line. In this study, commonly used PID control was adopted. In order to make up for the shortcoming that the traditional PID controller could not adjust parameters online, the single-neuron was introduced to adjust parameters online. The single-neuron was the most basic control component in neural networks, the single-neuron network had only one layer of neurons, the output was obtained by the input according to a certain functional relationship, through the self-learning of the single-neuron, the connection strength between neurons was modified so that the acquired knowledge structure could adapt to the changes of the surrounding environment. Combining the single-neuron network with traditional PID controllers could achieve online parameter adjustment and optimization of PID parameters. The single-neuron PID control had self-adaptation and self-learning capabilities and had a simple structure and a small amount of algorithm calculation. The single-neuron PID control could meet the real-time requirements of the system and make up for the shortcomings of the traditional PID controllers. Matlab simulation experiments were performed on the designed conventional PID controller and single-neuron PID controller. The simulation results showed that the single-neuron PID control had the characteristics of fast response, small overshoot and fast steady-state. The PD steering controller was designed for the electronically controlled hydraulic steering mechanism. The steering controller tracking error obtained by the square wave tracking test was 0.5&deg;. The results proved the steering control performance of the designed steering controller. The road and field comparison tests were performed on the conventional PID controller and the single-neuron PID controller. The road test showed that the average absolute deviation of navigation and tracking in the road at 0.7 m/s was 1.21 cm, the maximum tracking deviation was 6.10 cm. The field test showed that the average absolute deviation of navigation and tracking in the field at 0.7 m/s was 3.20 cm, the maximum tracking deviation was 8.14 cm, the standard deviation was 2.82 cm. The experiments showed that the designed single-neuron PID navigation controller was superior to the conventional PID control, and could achieve a certain control accuracy and meet the requirements of combine harvester field operations.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Controllers
Controlled terms:Combines - Computer control systems - Computer hardware - Data acquisition - Electric control equipment - Electric power system control - Flow of fluids - Harvesters - Harvesting - Information filtering  - MATLAB - Metadata - Navigation systems - Neural networks - Neurons - Proportional control systems - Radio navigation - Roads and streets - Target tracking - Three term control systems  - Wages - Windows operating system
Uncontrolled terms:Average absolute deviation - Co-ordinate transformation - Electro-hydraulic proportional valves - Functional relationship - Self-learning capability - Single neuron PID controllers - Single neuron PID controls - Surrounding environment
Classification code:406.2  Roads and Streets - 461.9  Biology - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 716.3  Radio Systems and Equipment - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.1  Control Systems - 731.2  Control System Applications - 732.1  Control Equipment - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 903.1  Information Sources and Analysis - 912.4  Personnel - 921  Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.21e-02m, Size 2.82e-02m, Size 3.20e-02m, Size 6.10e-02m, Size 8.14e-02m, Velocity 7.00e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20202408812621
Title:Effects of pulsed vacuum steaming on the heating rate and quality of Gastrodia elata
Title of translation:&#30495;&#31354;&#33033;&#21160;&#33976;&#21046;&#23545;&#22825;&#40635;&#21319;&#28201;&#36895;&#29575;&#19982;&#21697;&#36136;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Xie, Yongkang (1); Zheng, Zhian (1); Liu, Dahui (2); Huang, Luqi (3); Wang, Sheng (3); Gao, Zhenjiang (1); Liu, Yanhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) College of Medicine, Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan; 430065, China; (3) Institute of Chinese Material Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing; 100700, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Yanhong(liuyanhong@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:307-315
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A dried Gastrodia elata (G. elata) is an important traditional Chinese herb. The steaming step is used to process the fresh G. elata into dried one. However, the small heating rate and low equipment automation occurred in the existing technology of atmospheric pressure steaming for G. elata. In this study, a novel technology of pulsed vacuum steaming was applied to steam G. elata, and the related steaming parameters were investigated, including the effects of pulsation ratios (vacuum time (s): atmospheric pressure time (s) 20:130, 25:130, 30:130, 20:110 and 20:150) and the number of pulsation cycles (1-4) on the heating rate, the mass loss rate, viscosity, PPO relative activity and active ingredients ((gastrodin, GA), (p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, HA), (parishin A, PA), (parishin B, PB)) for the longitudinal bisection of G. elata, as well for the G. elata root. The variations in quality were studied compared with the samples after the atmospheric pressure steaming. The maximum average heating rate of G. elata was 4.40&#8451;/min when the pulsation ratio was 20:130 at the same number of pulsation cycles, about 27.54% higher than that of the atmospheric pressure steaming (3.45&#8451;/min) under the vacuum degree of 85 kPa and atmospheric absolute pressure of 110 kPa. Since the masses of all G. elata reduced after steaming, the rate of mass loss increased with the number of pulsation cycles. Compared with the fresh G. elata, the PPO activity decreased, while the viscosity increased after the pulsed vacuum steaming. Since the gelatinization occurred during steaming, the increase rate of the G. elata viscosity was related to the gelatinization degree of G. elata starch. At the same central temperature, the inhibition effect of the pulsed vacuum steaming was better than that of the atmospheric pressure steaming, reducing by 11.2%. Because a complex phase transformation also occurs, the GA can be obtained by breaking ester bond during the steaming process of G. elata. Therefore, the GA increased, while PA decreased after steaming. However, the contents of HA and PB in G. elata were not changed regularly due to the complex transformation of internal components. The maximum average heating rate of the G. elata can be achieved under the optimum pulsation ratio of 20:130 at the same pulsation times. The maximum increase rate was 192.48 % for the GA at the pulsation ratio of 20:130 for three cycles. When the G. elata was steamed at the same core temperature, the increase rate of the GA after the vacuum pulsation steaming (58.07%) was 77.97% higher than that of after atmospheric pressure steaming (32.63%). To the same steaming extent, the number of pulsating cycles that needed for the G. elata root was twice that for the longitudinal bisection of G. elata, while the same core temperature was observed for the maximum GA content of G. elata root compared with that of the longitudinal bisection. Therefore, the quality of the G. elata can be preserved better when the core temperature of the GA root reaches 77-78&#8451; under the pulsation ratio of 20:130. This finding can provide a sound technical support for the pulsed vacuum steaming of G. elata.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Atmospheric temperature
Controlled terms:Atmospheric pressure - Gelation - Heating - Heating rate - Viscosity
Uncontrolled terms:Absolute pressure - Active ingredients - Complex transformations - Inhibition effect - p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol - Rate of mass loss - Relative activities - Technical support
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 802.3  Chemical Operations
Numerical data indexing:Pressure 8.50e+04Pa, Percentage 1.12e+01%, Percentage 1.92e+02%, Percentage 2.75e+01%, Percentage 3.26e+01%, Percentage 5.81e+01%, Percentage 7.80e+01%, Pressure 1.10e+05Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20202408813087
Title:Development of an appearance texture generation system for single plant organ image
Title of translation:&#21333;&#22270;&#20687;&#30340;&#26893;&#29289;&#22120;&#23448;&#34920;&#35266;&#32441;&#29702;&#29983;&#25104;&#31995;&#32479;&#30740;&#21457;
Authors:Miao, Teng (1, 2); Xu, Tongyu (1, 2); Deng, Hanbing (1, 2); Zhou, Yuncheng (1, 2); Xu, Jing (1); Yu, Yue (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China; (2) Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Shenyang; 110866, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Tongyu(xutongyu@syau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:208-216
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This paper presents a plant organ appearance textures generation system using a single image to improve the efficiency of three-dimensional digital media content production and simplify the tedious process of producing the textured appearance of plant organs in images. The system consists of six modules: diffuse reflection texture, transmittance texture, specular textures, normal map, ambient occlusion (AO) map and real-time visualization. The system takes a single organ texture as input. Firstly, the input texture is decomposed into diffuse reflection texture and shading texture by the diffuse reflection texture module. The two textures thus obtained are also used as input images for other modules. Diffuse reflection texture module adopts an energy constrained intrinsic decomposition method, which is stable and quick. The transmittance texture module can transform a diffuse reflection texture into a transmittance texture. The core of the module is a transmittance empirical model based on the PROSPECT model, which is a widely used leaf-scale radiation transfer model. To obtain this empirical model, we first generate the spectral data of leaf reflectance and transmittance under different parameters by PROSPECT model and transform them into RGB color space. Then we invert the statistical formula of plant leaf transmittance and reflection by using weighted least squares regression. The formula yields the transmittance color by diffuse reflection color. Specular intensity and roughness parameter describe the directional characteristics of leaf surface reflection. In theory, these two parameters can't be accurately calculated from a single image. Therefore, specular textures module focuses on providing users with an interactive tool to speed up the generation of textures. We assume that the materials of leaf-blade regions that show similar diffuse reflectance are similar, as are their specular parameters. Therefore, in the specular textures module, the user interactively selects some sample points on the diffuse reflection texture, sets the specular intensity parameter and roughness parameter for these points, and then calculates these two specular parameters on the basis of the diffuse similarity between the other positions on the diffuse reflection texture and the selected sample points. Normal map module uses shading map to estimate a normal map. First, the shape from shading technique based on linear approximation is used to estimate the relative height of the organ surface from the shading map. Second, the organ surface height is filtered by Gauss blur to obtain the low-frequency features on the organ surface height. We estimate two normal maps by low frequency height feature and original height feature respectively. We overlay the two normal maps by linear interpolation to obtain the final normal mapWe observed that the concave and convex areas on the organ surface formed shadows in the shading map and these could be used as environmental shadows. Therefore, the system uses an illumination map S to generate a simple AO map. First, the brightness of the shading map is enhanced, and then, Gauss blur is used to get the final AO map. To facilitate users to evaluate the quality of the final product, that is the appearance of the texture, the real-time visualization module loads the generated appearance of the texture for real-time rendering to provide the users the WYSIWYG three-dimensional visualization results. Experiments show that our appearance of texture matches the appearance parameters in the three-dimensional rendering formula and can be directly applied to the generation of realistic digital images of plants in three-dimensional visualization software. Compared to the current commercial texture production software, the texture style generated by this system is more comprehensive, more in line with the production needs of digital images of plants, and more automated and user-friendly. It meets the need for rapid and accurate rendering of the textured appearance of plant organs and provides a technical tool for the development of three-dimensional digital image resources of agricultural specimens.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Image texture
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Color - Digital storage - Image enhancement - Reflection - Rendering (computer graphics) - Surface roughness - Textures - Three dimensional computer graphics - Visualization
Uncontrolled terms:Directional characteristic - Linear approximations - Low frequency features - Radiation transfer model - Real time visualization - Three dimensional visualization - Transmittance and reflection - Weighted least squares
Classification code:722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1  Light/Optics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20202408811295
Title:Design and experiment of the pressing wheel profiling ditching device for sowing panax notoginseng to grow seedlings
Title of translation:&#19977;&#19971;&#32946;&#33495;&#25773;&#31181;&#21387;&#36718;&#20223;&#24418;&#24320;&#27807;&#35013;&#32622;&#30340;&#35774;&#35745;&#19982;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Yang, Wencai (1); Xu, Lulu (1); Du, Yifan (2); Lang, Chongchong (1); Pan, Wujian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming; 650201, China; (2) Shanghai Hengtuo Marine Equipment Limited Company, Shanghai; 200031, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:53-62
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aimed at the requirements of mechanized sowing of panax notoginseng to grow seedings, the relative researches of panax notoginseng precision planter have been carried out. However, there is no suitable sowing planter for panax notoginseng, and the traditional artificial planting mode take advantages at present. As a result, the labor cost in the sowing season is high and the sowing quality is uneven. The ditching device is an important working part of the planter, because the uniformity of row spacing, plant spacing and ditching depth stability are directly affected by its ditching quality, then the germination and growth of seeds are also affected. The existing ditching device still had the following disadvantages: the ditching depth stability was uneven, the returned amount of soil was large and the soil compaction at the bottom of the seed ditch was insufficient, that would affect the quality of ditching. To solve the existing problems and satisfy the special planting agronomy with small row spacing, small plant spacing and shallow sowing depth at the time, a kind of pressing wheel profiling ditching device was designed according to the principle of two force lever. With the advance of the planter, the pressing wheel rolled forward while pressing out the seed ditch under the gravity of itself and the pressing wheel connecting plate. The device was suitable for sowing of panax notoginseng to grow seedlings, which not only completed the ditching, but also realized the horizontal and vertical profiling, and had a certain compaction effect on loose soil. In other words, it adopted profiling technology and multifunctional combination method, and realized the integrated functions of profiling, ditching and proper compaction of ditch bottom. With the help of ANSYS software, the stress and strain analysis of pressing wheel connecting plate was carried out to verify the reliability of pressing wheel profiling ditching device. According to the analysis of pressing wheel profiling ditching device and related research, took soil compaction, planter forward speed, spring pretension as test factors, and ditching depth stability as test indicator to carry out a quadratic orthogonal combination test of three factors and five levels. Through the F value test, the order of main factors affecting the ditching depth stability was the planter forward speed, soil compaction and spring pretension. Used Design Expert 10.0.3 software to analyze the response surface of the experimental factors and optimized the parameters with the optimization function, regression mathematical model between test factors and ditching depth stability was established, and significance test was conducted. The ditching depth stability was 89.41% under the optimal working parameters with soil compaction 259.50 kPa, planter forward speed 6.40 m/min, spring pretension 211.90 N. The soil trough test with the optimal working parameters was used to verify the credibility of the analysis results from data processing software. The test results showed that the average ditching depth stability of test basically agreed with the solution of the optimization model. Good ditching depth stability indicated that the study could provide a reference for the design of ditching device for sowing panax notoginseng to grow seedings.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Compaction - Data handling - Depth profiling - Functions - Reliability analysis - Software reliability - Software testing - Soil mechanics - Soils - Stability  - Wages - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Combination method - Data processing software - Experimental factors - Integrated function - Optimization function - Optimization modeling - Profiling technology - Stress and strain analysis
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.2  Machine Components - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.5  Computer Applications - 801  Chemistry - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 912.4  Personnel - 921  Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Force 2.12e+02N, Percentage 8.94e+01%, Pressure 2.60e+05Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20202408812106
Title:Global sensitivity analysis of model parameters of dual crop coefficient in subsurface drip irrigated maize field
Title of translation:&#35206;&#22303;&#27973;&#22475;&#28404;&#28748;&#29577;&#31859;&#30000;&#21452;&#20316;&#29289;&#31995;&#25968;&#27169;&#22411;&#21442;&#25968;&#20840;&#23616;&#25935;&#24863;&#24615;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Qi, Yinglong (1, 2); Zhao, Ju (2); Shi, Haibin (1); Yin, Chunyan (2); Cao, Guojun (3); Li, Bin (2); Li, Min (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China; (2) Institute of Resources and Environment and Detection Technology, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot; 010031, China; (3) College of Resources and Environment of Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun; 130118, China; (4) Baotou Teachers' College, Inner Mongolia Technology University, Baotou; 014030, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Haibin(shi_haibin@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:99-108
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The purpose of this research was to study parameters of double crop coefficient model that were sensitive to evapotranspiration of the maize field under shallow buried drip irrigation condition. The global sensitivity analysis of the model parameters was carried out by the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (EFAST) method, and the sensitive parameters were selected to improve the efficiency and precision of the model by adjusting these sensitive parameters. The field experiments were carried out in Institute of Agricultural Science of Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China (43.74&deg;N, 122.55&deg;E, 164m, elevation above mean sea level) in 2017. The results showed that when the values of model parameters were fluctuated within &plusmn;10%, the maximum soil evaporation was 18.72% higher than the minimum value, the maximum crop transpiration was 25.37% higher than the minimum value, and the maximum evapotranspiration was 19.9% higher than the minimum value during the whole growing season of maize. Soil evaporation was a process of the consumption of surface soil water, thus the dynamic difference of daily soil water storage in 1 m soil layer was small. Crop transpiration was a process of the consumption of soil water in the root layer of maize, thus the change of total crop transpiration resulted in a greater impact on the water consumption of 1m soil layer. When the total soil evaporation in the whole growing season of maize was simulated, the sensitive parameters were evaporable water on soil surface and basic crop coefficient of middle growth period, and their corresponding global sensitivity indexes were 0.662 and 0.321, respectively. Their global sensitivity indexes were 33.6-69.4 times higher than the mean of insensitive parameters. When the total crop transpiration during the whole growing season was simulated, the sensitive parameters were the threshold of soil water storage of roots free from water stress, basic crop coefficient of middle growth period and field water capacity, and their corresponding global sensitivity indexes were 0.569, 0.485 and 0.455, respectively. Their global sensitivity indexes were 34.5-43 times higher than the mean of insensitive parameters. The relationship between sensitive parameters and evapotranspiration were investigated and the results showed that after the topsoil was completely wet, the amount of soil water evaporated determined the amount of soil evaporation during the drying process, and total soil evaporation increased due to the increase of evaporable water on soil surface. The basic crop coefficient of middle growth period changed soil evaporation by affecting the soil evaporation coefficient. The total soil evaporation decreased due to the increase of basic crop coefficient of middle growth period. The higher threshold of soil water storage of roots free from water stress would result in the narrower interval of the available soil water in the root zone of maize, thus limiting crop transpiration. The total crop transpiration was inversely related to it. The basic crop coefficient of middle growth period and the total crop transpiration were positively correlated. The effect of basic crop coefficient of middle growth period on the total crop transpiration was much higher than the basic crop coefficient of initial and end period. The soil with high field water capacity could store more water for crop transpiration when irrigation and rainfall were high, and the total crop transpiration increased with the increase of field water capacity. The results provide theoretical support for exploring efficient water management methods of maize cultivation under shallow buried drip irrigation.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Transpiration
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Crops - Cultivation - Evapotranspiration - Sea level - Sensitivity analysis - Soil moisture - Subirrigation - Water conservation - Water management  - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural science - Available soil waters - Crop transpirations - Extended fourier amplitude sensitivity test (eFAST) - Global sensitivity analysis - Sensitive parameter - Soil evaporation coefficients - Soil water storage
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 461.9  Biology - 471.1  Oceanography, General - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921  Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.87e+01%, Percentage 1.99e+01%, Percentage 2.54e+01%, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 1.64e+02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20202408812270
Title:Estimation of crop coefficient and evapotranspiration of summer maize by path analysis combined with BP neural network
Title of translation:&#36890;&#24452;&#20998;&#26512;&#32467;&#21512;BP&#31070;&#32463;&#32593;&#32476;&#26041;&#27861;&#20272;&#31639;&#22799;&#29577;&#31859;&#20316;&#29289;&#31995;&#25968;&#21450;&#33976;&#25955;&#37327;
Authors:Wang, Yining (1); Zhang, Xiaomeng (2); Lu, Lu (2); Gu, Nan (1); Wang, Zhenlong (3); Liu, Meng (3); Wang, Guoqing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing; 210029, China; (2) College of Water Resources and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan; 056000, China; (3) Water Resources Research Institute of Anhui Province, Bengbu; 233000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:109-116
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is critical for the precise management of farmland. Crop coefficient method is widely used to estimate ET. This study aimed to establish a crop coefficient model by meteorological factors combined with leaf area index so as to accurately estimate ET. A experiment was carried out at Wudaogou Hydrological Experimental Station. Meteorological and soil parameters were measured by local weather station and weighing lysimeters in 2018. These parameters included leaf area index, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, net radiation, soil heat flux, wind direction, water surface evaporation, wind speed, atmospheric pressure and the soil moisture content of different layers. The path analysis method was used to screen the key factors affecting crop coefficient. And the model based on BP neural network was established to estimate the crop coefficient and ET of summer maize at different groundwater depths (1 and 3 m) in the rain free period. The results showed that the leaf area index, temperature and wind speed were critical factors affecting the crop coefficient in both at depth of 1 and 3 m. Moreover, in the depth of 3 m, the crop coefficient was significantly affected by the soil moisture content at depth of 130 cm. The model could simulate well crop coefficient. The average absolute error in the whole growth period at depth of 1 m was 0.04 mm/d, and the correlation coefficient was 0.94. The average absolute errors at the initial, developmental, intermediate and late stages were 0.06, 0.09, 0.05 and 0.03 mm/d, respectively. In the depth of 3 m, the average absolute error was 0.08 mm/d, and the correlation coefficient was 0.92. During the four growth periods, the average absolute errors were 0.11, 0.10, 0.07 and 0.03 mm/d, respectively. Therefore, the crop coefficients model considering temperature, wind speed and leaf area index had high accuracy. Then, the model was used to estimate the ET and the results showed that the estimation at the depth of 1 m was better than that at 3 m. The accuracy of estimating ET at both depths was high. In the whole growth period, the average absolute error of ET at depth of 1 m was 0.72 mm/d, and the daily forecast ability at different growth stages was also well. At each growth stage, the average absolute errors of ET were 0.56, 059, 0.66 and 0.45 mm/d, respectively. At depth of 3 m, the average absolute error of ET in the whole growth period was 0.73 mm/d. At each growth stage, the average absolute errors of ET were 0.82, 098, 0.68 and 0.29 mm/d, respectively. At different time scales (1, 3 and 5 d), the concordance index of estimated ET was about 1.00 and the average absolute error was less than 1.0 mm/d at different depths. The absolute error decreased and the consistency index appeared the opposite as the forecast time scale increased. It indicated that the forecast accuracy and forecast ability increased. Thus, the method above is reliable to estimate the ET of summer maize and it can meet the forecasting requirements of irrigation planning and agricultural water management.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Neural networks
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Atmospheric humidity - Atmospheric pressure - Atmospheric temperature - Backpropagation - Crops - Errors - Evapotranspiration - Forecasting - Groundwater  - Heat flux - Moisture determination - Regression analysis - Soil moisture - Water management - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural water management - Average absolute error - Correlation coefficient - Different growth stages - Different time scale - Experimental stations - Ground water depths - Meteorological factors
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 444.2  Groundwater - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 723.4  Artificial Intelligence - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.00e+00m, Size 1.30e+00m, Size 3.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20202408812989
Title:Wide-area soil moisture retrieval using SAR images and multispectral data
Title of translation:&#21033;&#29992;SAR&#24433;&#20687;&#19982;&#22810;&#20809;&#35889;&#25968;&#25454;&#21453;&#28436;&#24191;&#22495;&#22303;&#22756;&#28287;&#24230;
Authors:Li, Kui (1); Zhang, Rui (1, 2); Duan, Jinliang (1); Lyu, Jichao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu; 611756, China; (2) State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Spatial Information Technology of High-Speed Rail Safety, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu; 611756, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Rui(zhangrui@swjtu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:134-140
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As an important physical quantity reflecting the state of the ground, soil moisture not only reflects the drought conditions of the land but also is a determinant of crop water supply. Because the microwave spectrum has high permeability with respect to vegetation and is sensitive to changes in soil moisture, soil moisture inversion models and algorithms based on active microwave remote sensing have developed rapidly in recent years. This study proposed an Improved Convolutional Neural Network (ICNN) method through combined multi-polarized SAR and original multispectral data, which achieved wide-area soil moisture inversion. Firstly, this study statistically analyzed the correlation among soil water content and VV, VH polarized SAR and the original red, near-infrared band data and incident angle. Statistics results confirmed that Soil moisture was affected by multiple variables and that the applied single input variable method could not effectively inverse soil moisture. Therefore, it was necessary to use various original influence factors in the inversion to improve the inversion accuracy and the robustness of the inversion model. Secondly, to better eliminate the influence of vegetation and soil roughness on the retrieval of soil moisture in wide-area, this study used 1&times;1, 2&times;1 and 3&times;1 convolution kernels to perform one-dimensional convolution operations on the original input variables and to adaptively extract the advanced feature dimensions that reflected the spatial and temporal differences in soil moisture. Simultaneously, the pooling layer in the traditional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) structure was removed to ensure the completeness of the extracted feature information. Finally, to verify the validity of the model, the Sichuan Basin area with complex vegetation cover, many river systems and buildings was selected as the typical experimental area, and the "CLDAS-V2.0" soil moisture product of China meteorological administration was selected as the label for model training and the true value during model validation. The experimental results showed that with the increase of the number of iterations, the residual loss value and the training accuracy converged quickly, after 500 iterations, the convergence speed slowed down, in which the training accuracy fluctuated slightly, and the overall tended to rise slowly. Within the range of the study area which sides were longer than 100 km, the model predicted values had good consistency with the sample data with the correlation coefficient reached 0.934, and the results could be accurately reproduced in arid and humid areas. Analyzed the inversion results showed that the deviation range was mainly -6.3%-5.1%, the RMSE value was 1.45%. Although the average error was not 0, the value was less than the resolution of the inversion result, therefore, it could be considered that the error as a whole was a random deviation. In addition, from the perspective of the spatial distribution of the inversion results, the parts tended to have the largest positive and negative deviations had obvious concentration distributions. Most of the deviations in the areas with smaller errors had positive values, part of the reason for this phenomenon might be the influence of urban clusters and scattered buildings, that was, some high-noise samples still participated in model training. For negative deviation areas, it might be caused by factors such as dense vegetation and residual water noise samples. ICNN had good application potential in wide-area monitoring of precision agriculture, drought and flood disasters, and could provide some support for related research.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Soil moisture
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Convolution - Convolutional neural networks - Drought - Errors - Infrared devices - Microwave spectroscopy - Multilayer neural networks - Radar imaging - Remote sensing  - Soil surveys - Synthetic aperture radar - Urban growth - Vegetation - Water supply - Wide area networks
Uncontrolled terms:Concentration distributions - Correlation coefficient - Drought and flood disasters - Influence of vegetations - Number of iterations - Single input variable - Soil moisture retrievals - Temporal differences
Classification code:403.1  Urban Planning and Development - 444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment
Numerical data indexing:Percentage -6.30e+00% to 5.10e+00%, Percentage 1.45e+00%, Size 1.00e+05m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20202408812083
Title:Morphology and distribution characteristics of erosion gully in the typical black soil region of Northeast China
Title of translation:&#19996;&#21271;&#20856;&#22411;&#40657;&#22303;&#21306;&#20405;&#34432;&#27807;&#24418;&#24577;&#21450;&#20998;&#24067;&#29305;&#24449;
Authors:Jiang, Yun (1); Wang, Jun (2); Zhang, Li (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Public Administration and Law, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) The Second Geomatics Cartography Institute, Ministry of Natural Resource, Harbin; 150080, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Jun(dreamgis@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:157-165
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The black soil region of Northeast China is one of the most important grain production bases in China. It is also one of the four major water erosion areas in China, in which the erosion gully is the main form of water erosion. In order to analyze the causes of gully erosion and evaluate the basic situation of gully erosion in the northeast black soil area, it is necessary to analyze its morphology and distribution characteristic of gully erosion. In this paper, Nenjiang County was taken as the study area, which is located in the northwest of Heilong province, China. The aerial remote sensing images with ground resolution of 0.2 m and 1:50 000 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) were used to carry out census and statistics on the erosion gully, and the morphological characteristics such as the gully width, gully length and longitudinal slope of the erosion gully were analyzed, as well as the influence of terrain factors such as elevation, slope and aspects. The results of the second land use survey in China were used to obtain the land use situation around the erosion ditch. The results showed that: 1) The number of erosion gullies in Nenjiang County was 38 426, and the whole area of the erosion gullies were 16 277 095 m². The erosion gully mainly occurred on hilly area, and was dominated by gully erosion, accounting for 74.50% and 51.05% of the total number and area, respectively. The next type was modern incised valley. Erosion gullies were mostly less than 500 m. 2) The width and length of the erosion gullies were positively correlated, and the slope was negatively correlated with the width and length. 3) Compared with slope, aspects generally had a little effect on the distribution of erosion gullies. Rills and ephemeral gullies mainly distributed on slopes of 2~6&deg; and 6~15&deg;, and gullies and modern incised valleys mainly distributed on slopes of 0~2&deg; and 2~6&deg;. More than 90% of rills and ephemeral gullies, and 80% of gullies and modern incised valleys were occurred on cultivated land. 4) Although the topographic threshold model of gulley in Nenjiang County was not fitted well, it could still be used to analyze the process of gully erosion. The model showed that the critical slope of the modern incised valley was small, the parameter which expressed the gully erosion process reflected the occurrence and development of the gullies might be influenced by the underground process.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Landforms
Controlled terms:Antennas - Erosion - Land use - Morphology - Remote sensing - Soils - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Aerial remote sensing - Black soil region of northeast chinas - Digital elevation model - Distribution characteristics - Ephemeral gullies - Morphological characteristic - Slope and aspects - Topographic thresholds
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 481.1  Geology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Area 2.77e+05m2, Percentage 5.10e+01%, Percentage 7.45e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 5.00e+02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20202408812897
Title:Partition of reducing sediment for various soil and water conservation measures of Loess Plateau in China based on runoff-sediment relationship
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#27700;&#27801;&#20851;&#31995;&#26694;&#26550;&#30340;&#40644;&#22303;&#21306;&#19981;&#21516;&#27700;&#20445;&#25514;&#26045;&#20943;&#27801;&#36129;&#29486;&#20998;&#21106;&#26041;&#27861;
Authors:Zheng, Mingguo (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Loss Process and Control on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Water Resources, Zhengzhou; 450003, China; (2) Guangdong Institute of Eco-enviromental Science & Technology, Guangzhou; 510650, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences & Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing; 100101, China
Corresponding author:Zheng, Mingguo(mgzheng@soil.gd.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:173-183
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Watershed management for soil conservation has great beneficial effects on the Loess Plateau in China, which can be characterized by a very high specific sediment yield (SSY) of >10000 t/km²&bull;a. The major conservation measures include the check-dam construction (channel measures) and terracing, afforestation, pasture establishments (slope measures). In various conservation measures, it is still lacking efficient method to partition their synergistic impacts, as well to reduce SSY. Here, this paper presents a new method to monitor the relative effects of rainfalls and different conservation measures on the SSY change in the Loess Plateau. In the framework of the runoff-sediment yield relationship, the sediment-reduction mechanisms of rainfalls and various conservation measures can be expressed by: SSY=CR, where R denotes the surface runoff and C the mean sediment concentration in surface runoff. The results show at the watershed scales: 1) Slope measures can only reduce SSY by decreasing R as the flows entrain some sediment from upland slopes to gullies; 2) Rainfalls has the same effects as the slope measures because the rainfall cannot reduce the available sediment, where the mass movement is very active on the Loess Plateau; 3) Check dams can reduce SSY by decreasing both R and C. Based on the differences in the sediment-reduction mechanism, the equations were developed to calculate the SSY-reduction effects of rainfalls (&Delta;SSY<inf>P</inf>), slope measures (&Delta;SSY<inf>SM</inf>, ) and check dams (&Delta;SSY<inf>CD</inf>). The resultant equations are: 1) &Delta;SSY<inf>P</inf>=C<inf>0</inf>&Delta;R<inf>P</inf>, where C<inf>0</inf> denotes the C value for the reference period (P0), where soil conservation practices were the minimum, and &Delta;R<inf>P</inf> denotes the R change due to the rainfall change; 2) &Delta;SSY<inf>SM</inf>=C<inf>0</inf>&Delta;R<inf>SM</inf>, where &Delta;R<inf>SM</inf> denotes the R change due to the slope measures; 3) &Delta;SSY<inf>CD</inf>=C<inf>0</inf>&Delta;R<inf>CD</inf>+R<inf>i</inf>&Delta;C, where &Delta;R<inf>CD</inf> denotes the R change due to the check dam establishment, R<inf>i</inf> denotes the R value for the ith evaluation period (Pi), and &Delta;C denotes the C difference between the P0 and Pi. The term C<inf>0</inf>&Delta;R<inf>CD</inf> represents the reduced SSY by check dams reducing R, and the term R<inf>i</inf>&Delta;C represents the reduced SSY by check dams reducing C. The results showed that there was a good agreement with the observed and calculated equations (R²>0.9). The developed equations are different from those in the "hydrology" and the "soil and water conservation" method, where there is no the SSY-reduction effect at the watershed outlet, but the erosion-reduction effect occurs on slopes due to neglecting the variations of the SSY-reduction effects with spatial scales. The proposed method considers the spatial scale variation of the SSY-reduction effects, to obtain the SSY-reduction effects at the watershed outlet. This method can also provide a sound theoretical foundation to monitor the relative contributions of various conservation measures to the SSY change on the Loess Plateau.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:45
Main heading:Soil conservation
Controlled terms:Dams - Landforms - Rain - Reforestation - Runoff - Sediments - Soils - Water conservation - Water management - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Conservation measures - Conservation practices - Relative contribution - Sediment concentration - Soil and water conservation - Soil and water conservation measures - Specific sediment yield - Theoretical foundations
Classification code:441.1  Dams - 443.3  Precipitation - 444  Water Resources - 444.1  Surface Water - 481.1  Geology - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20202408813133
Title:Rice recognition of different growth stages based on Sentinel-2 images in mountainous areas of Southwest China
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;Sentinel-2&#24433;&#20687;&#30340;&#35199;&#21335;&#23665;&#21306;&#19981;&#21516;&#29983;&#38271;&#26399;&#27700;&#31291;&#35782;&#21035;
Authors:Chen, Anxu (1, 3); Li, Yuechen (2, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing; 401331, China; (2) Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Remote Sensing Big Data Application, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China; (3) Chongqing Key Laboratory of GIS Application, Chongqing; 401331, China; (4) Ministry of Education Field Observation and Research Station of Chongqing Jinfoshan Karst Eco-environments, Chongqing; 400715, China
Corresponding author:Li, Yuechen(liyuechen@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:192-199
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rice is one of the most important food crops in China and even the world. Effective monitoring of rice is essential to ensure national food security, effective water resources management, and greenhouse gas emissions. In recent years, remote sensing technology has been increasingly applied to rice information extraction. To find remote sensing data sources suitable for rice extraction in the mountain area and classification features suitable for each growth stage of the rice, and to compare the classification accuracy differences of rice at different growth stages. The study was based on Sentinel-2 images to perform the extraction. The data included Sentinel-2 image data, ASTER GDEMV2 elevation data, study area boundary vector data, and field survey data. Based on the characteristics of the growth stages of rice, we selected the seeding period from May to June, the growth period from July to August, and the maturity period from the end of August to September. Land-use type was divided into 5 categories: rice, other vegetation (dryland crops, grassland, weed wasteland), forest land (various woody plant land), water bodies, construction land (including buildings, roads, bare Ground). After pre-processing such as atmospheric correction and re-sampling, 58 classification features such as band features, vegetation index, red-edge index, water body index, topographical features, and texture features were selected. Classified samples were selected through outdoor field surveys and indoor visual interpretation. 682 rice, 557 other vegetation, 335 water bodies, 458 forest lands, and 514 construction land were collected. The mean and standard deviation were extracted and the classification features were screened using the SEaTH algorithm. After screening, the number of classification features was 16 during seeding, 13 during growth, and 12 during maturity. The data of each period were classified by the random forest classification method, and an error matrix was constructed to compare the classification results. The user accuracy of each period was 0.93, 0.88, and 0.85; the mapping accuracy was 0.93, 0.96, and 0.93; the overall classification accuracy was 0.92, 0.92, and 0.91; the Kappa coefficient was 0.90, 0.90, and 0.88, respectively. The study drew the following conclusions that rice was easily confused with different land types at different growth stages. The separation between various ground objects was better during the seeding period. It was easy to be confused with forest land and other vegetation during the growth period. It was easily confused with construction land and other vegetation during the maturity period. The classification features could be screened by SEaTH algorithm to avoid data redundancy. Band characteristics and vegetation index were the main classification features in each period. The accuracy of the user during the rice seeding period was the highest, and it was the best period for rice extraction. The method provided a feasible mapping scheme for remote sensing extraction of rice cultivation areas in the mountain area. This study was only applicable to small-scale rice extraction. It was bound to increase work costs and reduce efficiency for large-scale rice extraction. GEE (Google Earth Engine) as a remote sensing big data cloud platform, relying on its strong cloud computing capabilities to expand the scope of the research area in the future; the user accuracy obtained during the rice growth period was 0.88, which also achieved high classification accuracy. Could the image development method be used to combine the data from the seeding period with the growth period to obtain higher classification accuracy? The accuracy of classification needed further study in the future. The classification method used in this research was the pixel-based image classification. It was difficult to avoided false pixels. In the future, images could be segmented and the object-oriented classification method was used to eliminate the influence of false pixels.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Classification (of information)
Controlled terms:Crops - Decision trees - Food supply - Forestry - Gas emissions - Greenhouse gases - Land use - Mapping - Pixels - Remote sensing  - Surveys - Textures - Vegetation - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy of classifications - Different growth stages - Mean and standard deviations - Object oriented classification - Random forest classification - Remote sensing data source - Remote sensing technology - Water resources management
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 405.3  Surveying - 444  Water Resources - 451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products - 961  Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20202408813020
Title:Effects of tillage methods and straw mulching on the root distribution and yield of summer maize
Title of translation:&#32789;&#20316;&#26041;&#24335;&#19982;&#31224;&#31174;&#35206;&#30422;&#23545;&#22799;&#29577;&#31859;&#26681;&#31995;&#20998;&#24067;&#21450;&#20135;&#37327;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Zhang, Wanfeng (1); Yang, Shuqing (1); Lou, Shuai (1); Jin, Yahong (1); Liu, Peng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Shuqing(nmndysq@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:117-124
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To explore root distribution and water-use efficiency of summer maize based on different tillage depth and straw mulching, a field experiment with different tillage mode was conducted in the Hetao Irrigation district in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The experiment consisted of 4 different tillage modes. It included conventional tillage mode (CK), straw mulching tillage mode (BF), deep ploughing and straw deep-buried tillage mode (SM), deep ploughing and straw mulching and deep-buried tillage mode (BFSM). The results showed that there was significant that BF treatment increased the horizontal root length density. Compared with CK treatment, the straw mulching tillage mode significantly increased by 24.7% (P<0.05). It was beneficial to the horizontal root growth, but it led to the redundancy of the surface root system. Meanwhile, there was no significant effect on the root length density of the deep root system, and it was not conducive to the growth of the deep root system under the straw mulching tillage mode. It was significant that SM and BFSM treatments increased the root length density of deep soil and they promoted the vertical growth of roots. Compared with CK treatment, the straw deep-buried tillage mode significantly increased by 23.8% (P<0.05), but it was no significant effect on the root length density of surface soil roots. The root length density of BF treatment was only 0.85% higher than CK treatment in the straw inter-layer, which was no significant difference (P<0.05). However, the root length density of SM and BFSM treatments of the straw inter-layer was much higher than BF and CK treatments. The average root length density of BFSM treatment was 3.5% higher than SM treatment, which was no significant difference (P<0.05). It indicated that it could significantly improve the root length density of straw inter-layer and promote the growth of deep root under deep ploughing and straw deep-buried tillage mode. It showed a significant third-order polynomial function relation between root length density of summer maize and normalized root depth of soil under different treatments of 2017. The model was calibrated with the measured data of 2018, which showed good calibration effect. And the Coefficient of Determination (R²) was above 0.96 between the simulated value and the measured value, and the Root Meant Square Error (RMSE) was between 0.1 and 0.2. So, it was well to describe the distribution of root length density of summer maize under different tillage modes. Compared with CK treatment, the mean of the dry root weight and the root-shoot ratio of BF, SM, and BFSM increased by 14.2%, 32.8%, 36.6%, and 3.8%, 20.8%, 26.4% (P<0.05), respectively. There was no difference in dry root weight and the root-shoot ratio of SM and BFSM treatments in the same year, but SM treatment in rainy years (in 2018) significantly increased by 6.5% on average (P<0.05) of root-shoot ratio compared with less rainy years (in 2017). Compared with CK treatment, the yield of summer maize under BF, SM, and BFSM treatments increased by 8.6%, 19.5%, and 19.7%, and water-use efficiency of summer maize increased by 13.6%, 32.3%, and 34.8% on average (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between SM and BFSM of yield and water-use efficiency, but the difference was significantly higher than that of BF and CK treatments in rainy years (in 2018). The indicators of production increased to different degrees, but the water consumption in agriculture was incremental and the water-use efficiency under 4 treatments was decreased by 9.1%, 9.1%, 6.5%, and 4.9%, respectively. The research preliminarily revealed a response mechanism which was the effect of different depths of the straw returned and tilling on the root distribution, yield, and water-use efficiency of summer maize in the Hetao irrigation district. It could achieve the goal that was saved water and stable yield based on the deep ploughing combined with straw deep-buried tillage mode, which had certain theoretical and practical significance for suitable tillage mode for agricultural production in the Hetao irrigation district.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Plants (botany)
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Efficiency - Irrigation - Soils - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Coefficient of determination - Conventional tillage - Different treatments - Hetao irrigation districts - Response mechanisms - Root length density - Water use efficiency
Classification code:446.1  Water Supply Systems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.50e-01%, Percentage 3.48e+01%, Percentage 8.60e+00%, Percentage 9.10e+00%, Percentage 3.50e+00%, Percentage 3.66e+01%, Percentage 3.80e+00%, Percentage 4.90e+00%, Percentage 6.50e+00%, Percentage 1.36e+01%, Percentage 1.42e+01%, Percentage 1.95e+01%, Percentage 1.97e+01%, Percentage 2.08e+01%, Percentage 3.23e+01%, Percentage 3.28e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20202408812488
Title:Law for migration and transformation of carbon and trace elements during the pyrolysis of wheat straw
Title of translation:&#23567;&#40614;&#31224;&#31174;&#28909;&#35299;&#36807;&#31243;&#20013;&#30899;&#21644;&#24494;&#37327;&#20803;&#32032;&#36801;&#31227;&#36716;&#21270;&#35268;&#24459;
Authors:Wang, Guan (1, 2); Zhao, Lixin (2); Meng, Haibo (2); Xu, Yang (1); Cong, Hongbin (2); Zhang, Ying (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agricultural Residues, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100125, China
Corresponding author:Meng, Haibo(menghb7029@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:256-263
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a kind of clean renewable energy source that can replace coal, such as crop straw and other biomass, have a wide range of applications and great potential. However, the content of alkali metal and other inorganic elements in the crop are high and melting temperatures of which are low. In the process of straw utilization for energy, the precipitation of these trace elements will cause various problems. To study the migration and transformation of carbon and trace elements during the pyrolysis of wheat straw, the contents and existence forms of carbon were calculated and discussed in process of pyrolysis carbonization. HSC Chemistry software was used to simulate the component changes of trace elements in the pyrolysis and carbonization of straw. The migration and transformation of 8 trace elements K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, P and S were analyzed. Results showed that the calculation of carbon footprint accords with conservation law. The content of carbon element from high to low during wheat straw to pyrolysis product were pyrolysis carbon, pyrolysis gas, tar, pyroligneous and overflow flue gas. Especially, the content of carbon element in pyrolytic carbon was the most, which was 41.12%. The carbon element in pyrolysis carbon was fixed carbon. 22.83% of the carbon elements migrated to the tar and existed as macromolecules of long-chain hydrocarbon and aromatic compounds. 26.62% of the carbon elements exist in the pyrolysis gas as short-chain hydrocarbon in the six-carbon. 4.71% of the carbon elements transferred to wood vinegar solution for aldehydes, ketones, acids, etc. In the whole carbon balance, the content of CO<inf>2</inf> in the overflow fume was low, which was 4.72%. The total amount of CO<inf>2</inf> emitted by the system was low, which reduced the greenhouse gas emissions. C, H, O, N and S were the main organic elements in wheat straw. The content of trace elements in wheat straw was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. The trace elements could be divided into two classes. The first class was high concentration trace elements with a content of more than 100 &mu;g/L, including Ca, K, Mg, Na, Al, Fe, P and S, the second category was 22 kinds of low-enriched trace elements with contents between 0.1 and 100 &mu;g/L. In all wheat straws with high enrichment of trace elements above 10 &mu;g/L, the migration rules of K and Na, Ca and Mg, Al and Fe, P and S were similar in pairs. The form of migration and transformation of metallic elements were mostly inorganic salts. However, the precipitation of P and S elements in the pyrolytic carbonization process were mainly the decomposition of their organic compounds. The retention rates of K and Na in pyrolytic carbon were 37.41% and 40.17%, respectively. More than half of Ca and Mg were retained in pyrolytic carbon, approximately. These four metal elements mainly exist in pyrolytic carbon in the form of sulfate, phosphate and chloride. However, Al and Fe were mostly retained in pyrolytic carbon in the form of oxides, sulfides and silicon-oxygen eutectics. On the whole, all conclusions provide data support for further research on straw pyrolysis mechanism and research ideas for effectively improving the quality of straw pyrolysis char. Temperature has a significant influence on the migration of trace elements. High temperature (600-1 000&#8451;) greatly reduced the retention rate of all trace elements. In a suitable temperature range, reducing the carbonization temperature was conducive to improving the retention rate of trace elements and the porosity of pyrolysis carbon, which effectively improves the quality of pyrolysis carbon of straw.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Trace elements
Controlled terms:Aluminum - Aromatic hydrocarbons - Calcium - Carbon dioxide - Carbon footprint - Carbonization - Chlorine compounds - Coal industry - Crops - Gas emissions  - Greenhouse gases - Inductively coupled plasma - Ketones - Pyrolysis - Renewable energy resources - Silicon compounds - Straw - Sulfur compounds - Tar
Uncontrolled terms:Carbonization process - Carbonization temperatures - Inorganic elements - Long chain hydrocarbons - Pyrolysis mechanism - Pyrolysis products - Renewable energy source - Temperature range
Classification code:451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 454  Environmental Engineering - 503  Mines and Mining, Coal - 524  Solid Fuels - 525.1  Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 541.1  Aluminum - 549.2  Alkaline Earth Metals - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 932.3  Plasma Physics
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.00e-04kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.00e-05kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.00e-07kg/m3 to 1.00e-04kg/m3, Percentage 2.28e+01%, Percentage 2.66e+01%, Percentage 3.74e+01%, Percentage 4.02e+01%, Percentage 4.11e+01%, Percentage 4.71e+00%, Percentage 4.72e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20202408812612
Title:Optimization of the operation conditions for solar water storage tank
Title of translation:&#22826;&#38451;&#33021;&#33988;&#28909;&#27700;&#31665;&#36816;&#34892;&#24037;&#20917;&#20248;&#21270;
Authors:Wang, Ye (1, 2); He, Teng (1); Zhao, Haochen (1); Sun, Zhendong (1); Shi, Chengzhi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou; 730070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Railway Vehicle Thermal Engineering, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou; 730070, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:225-231
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Thermal storage performance is the key to improve the overall efficiency of solar hot water utilization systems. In order to find the optimal structure of solar water storage tank to adapt to the actual situation of solar energy resources in Urumqi, and to determine the optimal operating conditions in different periods of time, the flow and heat transfer processes in solar water storage tank under 25 different working conditions were numerically analyzed by standard k-&Epsilon; model in this paper. The results showed that the thermal stratification effect of the solar water storage tank with the flat roof was the worst one, the dimensionless exergy was 0.903, the solar water storage tank with the spherical foof was the best and the dimensionless exergy was 0.881. The solar water storage tank with flat roof had the highest instantaneous heat transfer efficiency and its value was 0.899, while the solar water storage tank with the spherical roof had the lowest value 0.855. At 11:30, 13:00, 15:00, 16:20 and 18:00, the solar water storage tank with spherical roof could obtain the optimal thermal stratification effect when the cold water inlet velocity were 0.42, 0.42, 0.1, 0.18 and 0.26 m/s, respectively. The minimum dimensionless exergy for the five times were 0.879, 0.873, 0.879, 0.881and 0.874, respectively. For the five studied times, however, the solar water storage tank with spherical roof had the maximum instantaneous heat transfer efficiency when the cold water inlet flow velocity was 0.10 m/s. And the maximum instantaneous heat transfer efficiency for the five times were 0.864, 0.852, 0.864, 0.865 and 0.862, respectively. If the solar water storage tank was used for heating, the lower limit of cold water inlet velocity of the tank was 0.26 m/s. When the inlet velocity of cold water was under 0.26 m/s, the parallel operation mode of water tank or combined operation mode of water tank and electric heating boiler should be adopted. This study can provide reference for the operation optimization of solar energy storage system in different climate conditions.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Structural optimization
Controlled terms:Exergy - Flow velocity - Heat storage - Inlet flow - Roofs - Solar energy - Spheres - Thermal stratification - Velocity - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Combined operations - Flow and heat transfer - Heat transfer efficiency - Operation conditions - Operation optimization - Optimal operating conditions - Parallel operations - Thermal storage performance
Classification code:446.1  Water Supply Systems - 631  Fluid Flow - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Velocity 1.00e-01m/s, Velocity 1.80e-01m/s, Velocity 2.60e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20202408813144
Title:Structural optimization of H-type vertical axis wind turbine blade under multi-loads
Title of translation:&#22810;&#31181;&#36733;&#33655;&#20316;&#29992;&#19979;H&#22411;&#22402;&#30452;&#36724;&#39118;&#21147;&#26426;&#21494;&#29255;&#30340;&#32467;&#26500;&#20248;&#21270;
Authors:Zhang, Xu (1); Li, Zhaoxuan (1); Li, Wei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Mechatronics Equipment Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin; 300387, China; (2) School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin; 300384, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:83-91
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The larger stress and strain concentration will be caused in some positions of the blade by the coupling action of gravity, centrifugal force and aerodynamic load in the rotation process, which can reduce the reliability and life of wind turbine. Most of the blades with hollow thin-walled structure are made of glass fiber reinforced composite material, and the optimal design of internal structure and fiber layer is used to improve the strength and rigidity. Furthermore, the aerodynamic force that is the main power source changes with the wind speed all the time. Therefore, it is of great theoretical significance of guidance and engineering value of application to perform the accurate and real-time extraction of aerodynamic force, and optimize structural geometry parameters and composite layer for the blade under the coupling effects of multiple loads. The optimization can ensure safe and stable operation of wind turbine. However, the investigation about the structural optimization of vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) blade considering the time-varying load effect is few. In the present study, the multi-objective structural optimization design of the blade was performed to improve the structural performance of H-type VAWT when the multi-loads were coupled. First, the transverse stress, longitudinal stress, shear stress and strength ratio under the bending deformation of beam whose constraints and forces were similar to those of the blade, were obtained by analytical and finite element methods. The results of two methods were compared to verify the correctness of finite element analysis process. Moreover, the trailing-edge of NACA0021 airfoil was modified with the coordinate rotation and coefficient zoom, and then the airfoil's middle arc line located on the circumference of wind wheel. The sharp tailing-edge airfoil with certain camber, namely NACA0021SC, was obtained. Furthermore, the parametric finite element model of the blade with new airfoil was established with the APDL language. The pressure distribution on the blade surface was calculated by FLUENT, and the aerodynamic force extracted accurately and in real-time by the FSI mapping method was applied on mesh elements of the blade structure to realize the aerodynamic force transfer between FLUENT and ANSYS. Finally, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, which was improved through the cosine adaptive of inertia weight and dynamic adjustment of learning factor, was applied for the structural optimization by taking the minimum blade mass and maximum laminate strength ratio as design objectives. The results showed that the mass of single blade at different azimuth angles of 90&deg;, 180&deg;, 270&deg; and 360&deg; decreased by 13.70%, 11.85%, 8.09% and 9.60% after optimization, respectively. The maximum stress and strain decreased by as much as 20.71% and 23.77% at the azimuth angles of 90&deg; and 180&deg;, the biggest decline of maximum displacement was 9.34% at the azimuth angle of 360&deg;, and the reciprocal of strength ratio reduced mostly at the azimuth angle of 180&deg; by 9.38%. To the wind turbine, the mass, maximum stress, maximum strain, maximum displacement, and maximum reciprocal of strength ratio decreased by 7.51%, 8.50%, 20.20%, 1.90% and 16.11%, respectively. The stress concentration and deformation decreased and the strength increased, which indicated that the structural performance was enhanced. The research can provide significant guidance for structural optimization of wind turbine blade with time-varying load.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Turbomachine blades
Controlled terms:Aerodynamics - Airfoils - Bending strength - Deformation - Fiber reinforced plastics - Finite element method - Loads (forces) - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Rigid structures - Shape optimization  - Shear stress - Structural analysis - Structural optimization - Thin walled structures - Turbine components - Wind - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms:Glass fiber reinforced composite - Maximum displacement - Parametric finite elements - Particle swarm optimization algorithm - Real-time extraction - Structural optimization design - Structural performance - Vertical axis wind turbines
Classification code:408  Structural Design - 408.1  Structural Design, General - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 615.8  Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 617  Turbines and Steam Turbines - 651.1  Aerodynamics, General - 652.1  Aircraft, General - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 921.6  Numerical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.18e+01%, Percentage 9.34e+00%, Percentage 9.38e+00%, Percentage 9.60e+00%, Percentage 1.37e+01%, Percentage 1.61e+01%, Percentage 1.90e+00%, Percentage 2.02e+01%, Percentage 2.07e+01%, Percentage 2.38e+01%, Percentage 7.51e+00%, Percentage 8.09e+00%, Percentage 8.50e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20202408813206
Title:Physicochemical property analysis and structural characterization of bio-based polyol prepared form microalgae oil
Title of translation:&#24494;&#34299;&#27833;&#33026;&#21046;&#22791;&#29983;&#29289;&#22522;&#22810;&#20803;&#37255;&#29702;&#21270;&#24615;&#33021;&#20998;&#26512;&#19982;&#32467;&#26500;&#34920;&#24449;
Authors:Yang, Xiaoqin (1); Yu, Yanhua (1); Xie, Dong (1); Petrovic Zoran, S. (2); Hong, Jian (2); Wan, Xianmei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, College of Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming; 650224, China; (2) Kansas Polymer Research Center, KS; 66762, United States
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:248-255
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to cope with the resource crisis and environmental pollution that caused by the rapidly depletion of non-renewable petroleum resources, as well as to achieve the efficient and high value utilization of inedible green renewable oils were investigated. Bio-based polyols with different structures were prepared from microalgae oil, and the methods of epoxidation-ring opening and hydroformylation-hydroreduction were used to obtain the goal products. Physical and chemical properties of the raw materials and the resulted products were analyzed by determining the critical indexes including iodine value, acid value, oxirane oxygen content and hydroxyl value, and theoretical double bond content, theoretical oxirane oxygen content, theoretical hydroxyl value, conversion rate and selectivity. Structure of the raw material and the resulted products were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform inferred spectrometry, and nuclear paramagnetic resonance. Results of the physical and chemical analysis and the structure characterization demonstrated that the main fatty acid composition of microalgae oil was oleic acid with high content of 91.10%, the iodine value of microalgae oil was 88.46 g /100g, and the theoretical double bond content of microalgae oil was 0.34 mol/100g. The iodine value of polyols obtained via epoxidation-ring opening method decreased to 0.62 g /100 g, the hydroxyl value was 150.35 mg /g, the conversion rate of microalgae oil was 99.30%, the selectivity of resulted target polyol was 86.74%, and the secondary hydroxyl group was introduced into the double bonds of triacylglycerol in microalgae oil. In addition, the goal polyol quality can be effectively promoted by immediately removing the water that generated in the epoxy reaction process and selecting the appropriate amount of alcohol in the ring opening reaction process. The iodine value of polyols obtained via hydroformylation-hydroreduction method decreased to 2.12 g/100g, the hydroxyl value was 166.29 mg/g, the conversion rate of microalgae oil was 97.60%, the selectivity of resulted target polyol was 95.83% and the primary hydroxyl group was introduced into the double bonds of triacylglycerol in microalgae oil. Due to the heterogeneous catalysts and inexpensive solvents were adopted both in the hydroformylation process and hydroreduction process, the resulted polyol can be easily separated by filtering to remove the catalyst, and the solvent can be recovered using vacuum distillation. Furthermore, the hydroformylation-hydroreduction method showed small side effects which make it easy to control the quality of the goal polyol. Both methods of epoxidation-ring opening method and hydroformylation-hydroreduction were given high raw material utilization and good reaction selectivity, more importantly, the physical and chemical properties of polyols could availably be evaluated through the simple and easy methods of the critical index determination and theoretical calculation, and the instrumental analysis could be used to quickly monitor the reaction progress, assure the product quality, identify the product quality problem, and broaden the utilizing scope of product. These two methods would be perfect economical technical routes and have excellent industrial application prospects for bio-based polyols prepared from oil. The results provide scientific and reliable data basis for the in-depth research of bio-based polyols prepared from oil, while provide technical support for the industrial application.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Algae - Catalysts - Chemical bonds - Chemical properties - Distillation - Epoxidation - Essential oils - Fatty acids - Gas chromatography - Gel permeation chromatography  - Glycerol - Hydroformylation - Industrial research - Iodine - Mass spectrometry - Microorganisms - Oxygen - Petroleum prospecting - Physicochemical properties - Polyols
Uncontrolled terms:Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry - Hydroformylation process - Physical and chemical analysis - Physical and chemical properties - Raw material utilization - Structural characterization - Structure characterization - Theoretical calculations
Classification code:461.9  Biology - 512.1.2  Petroleum Deposits : Development Operations - 801  Chemistry - 801.4  Physical Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 901.3  Engineering Research - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.67e+01%, Percentage 9.11e+01%, Percentage 9.58e+01%, Percentage 9.76e+01%, Percentage 9.93e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20202408813207
Title:Design of the walking driving system for a blueberry harvester based on contact mechanical behavior of wheel-soil
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#36718;&#22756;&#25509;&#35302;&#21147;&#23398;&#34892;&#20026;&#30340;&#34013;&#33683;&#37319;&#25910;&#26426;&#34892;&#36208;&#39537;&#21160;&#31995;&#32479;&#35774;&#35745;
Authors:Bao, Yudong (1, 2); Yang, Jie (1, 2); Zhao, Yanling (1, 2); Liu, Xianli (1, 2); Guo, Yanling (3); Li, Zhipeng (4); Xiang, Jingzhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin; 150080, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Intelligent Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin; 150080, China; (3) College of Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin; 150040, China; (4) School of Traffic and Transportation, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin; 150040, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:43-52
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A contact mechanics model of the wheel-soil was established to improve the working road surface quality of the self-propelled blueberry harvester in China. After analyzing the mechanical behaviors of the wheel driving torque, wheel load, wheel subsidence and drawbar pull, the influence factors on the contact mechanics model were obtained, including the structure parameters of wheels, the property of ground soils and the walking speed of the harvester. A simulation model of the wheel-soil contact mechanics for the blueberry harvester was established by using the discrete element method. The variation ranges of the wheel resistance torque and the soil fluctuation velocity are obtained when taking the wheel parameters and walking speed as test factors. The simulation results show that the compressive force between the wheel and soil decreases from the center to the periphery in the wheel-soil contact model. The compressive force gradually returns to zero after the traffic passing, and then begins to rise on the approaching road. The resistance torque of the rear wheels is generally higher than that of the front wheels. In the same walking speed of the harvester, the resistance torque of the wheels increases as the increase of the wheel radius and wheel width. The maximum increasing amount of the peak value is 271.6 N&bull;m. When the structure parameters of the wheels are fixed, the walking speed rises from 3.1 km/h to 11 km/h, as well the resistance torque increases. The growth maximum of the peak value is 452.3 N&bull;m. The fluctuation velocity of soil increases as the wheel structure parameters and walking speed increase. The closed hydrostatic four-wheel walking driving system was designed for the self-propelled blueberry harvester based on the extreme values of the resistance torque. The AMESim model of the walking driving system was also established to analyze the condition adaptability in the application. The simulation results show that the motor output torque of the four wheels is up to 86.8 N&bull;m, and the output revolving speed is 83.6 r/min after overcoming the resistance torque of 300 N&bull;m. This makes the harvester walking stable at the speed of 10 km/h and the output characteristics of the four wheels. When the rear wheels sink into the soil and their resistance torque was up to 700 N&bull;m, the motor output torque of the front wheels increased by 25.5 N&bull;m, and that of the rear wheels increased by 44.1 N&bull;m. The revolving speed of the motor output for the front wheels increased from 75.6 r /min to 120.3 r /min and 103.4 r /min, respectively, whereas that for the rear wheels decreased to 44.3 r/min and 24.8 r/min, respectively. After the subsidence condition remains for 3 s, the output torque and revolving speed of each wheel return to the initial value, when the rear wheels running cross the subsidence area. The field test of the prototype verified the consistency output of the four wheels for the walking driving system, and the maximum deviation of the center line of the tire is 180 mm. The duration for running across the subsidence is 3.3 s, while the whole machine has no purposeful steering deviation. The two systems of driving and harvesting are well matched, with the harvesting efficiency of 7.01 kg/min, the collected rate of fruits of 92%, and the tree damage rate of 11.5%.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Wheels
Controlled terms:Deformation - Harvesters - Plants (botany) - Roads and streets - Soil testing - Soils - Speed - Structural design - Subsidence - Torque
Uncontrolled terms:Compressive forces - Contact Mechanics - Fluctuation velocities - Mechanical behavior - Output characteristics - Resistance torques - Structure parameter - Subsidence areas
Classification code:406.2  Roads and Streets - 408.1  Structural Design, General - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.2  Machine Components - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Flow_Rate 1.17e-01kg/s, Percentage 1.15e+01%, Percentage 9.20e+01%, Rotational_Speed 2.48e+01RPM, Rotational_Speed 4.43e+01RPM, Rotational_Speed 8.36e+01RPM, Size 1.80e-01m, Time 3.00e+00s, Time 3.30e+00s, Torque 2.55e+01N*m, Torque 2.72e+02N*m, Torque 3.00e+02N*m, Torque 4.41e+01N*m, Torque 4.52e+02N*m, Torque 7.00e+02N*m, Torque 8.68e+01N*m, Velocity 2.78e+00m/s, Velocity 8.61e-01m/s to 3.06e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20202408813291
Title:Quantitative analysis of the movement of rock fragments induced by tillage at purple mudstone
Title of translation:&#32789;&#20316;&#24341;&#36215;&#30340;&#32043;&#33394;&#22303;&#27597;&#23721;&#30772;&#30862;&#36816;&#21160;&#23450;&#37327;&#20998;&#26512;
Authors:Xu, Haichao (1, 2); Zhang, Jianhui (1); Dai, Jiadong (1, 2); Wang, Yong (1, 3); Wang, Heng (3); Xiang, Jun (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Conservancy, Chengdu; 610041, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China; (3) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an; 625014, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Jianhui(zjh@imde.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:166-172
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate of the movement of rock fragments induced by hoeing at purple mudstone under different rock moisture contents, tillage depths and slope gradients. A physical tracer method was used to determine the effect of hoeing on downslope movement of rock fragments. A total of 30 slope plots were established for the experiment in November, 2017 and March, 2018. Small white gravels were used as tracers to measure the movement of rock fragments and soils caused by hoeing. The mean longest axis of the tracers was 2 cm. At each plot, fourteen holes (6-cm depth and 2-cm diameter) were bored into the bedrock along a 1.4-m contour line with an interval of 0.10 m by an electric drill with 2 cm tungsten carbide steel tipped (TCT) bit, and then the tracers were inserted into those holes. The position of each tracer was recorded with reference to a local system of Cartesian coordinates, and the intersection of the centerline of the first hole on the left side and the surface of plot was chosen as the origin of coordinate system. After these operations, tillage started from the bottom of the field and moved up the slope (i.e., downslope tillage in which rock fragments were translocated into the downslope direction) until the line of tracers. All the experiments were performed by the same operator to maintain the consistent experimental condition. Once tillage operations were completed, three fresh samples of rock fragments were randomly selected for the determination of moisture content and bulk density of bedrock in the laboratory, and the tracers were excavated carefully by a small fork hoe starting at the downslope end and gradually moving upwards across the tillage zone. If a tracer was found, its location as well as its number was recorded so that the displacement distance of all the tracers could be calculated. The experimental data showed that rock moisture content was an important factor affecting the fragmentation of mudstone, and the larger mean displacement distance of rock fragments induced by hoeing tillage was found on the slope with higher rock moisture content. Moreover, when tilling the mudstone with different moisture contents, the relationships between the mean displacement distance of rock fragments to slope gradient and tillage depth were different. For the mudstone with higher moisture content (14.77%), the mean displacement distances of rock fragments were significantly negatively correlated with tillage depth (P<0.001), but no significant relationship was found between the mean displacement distance of rock fragments and slope gradient (P>0.1). For the mudstone with lower moisture content (7.44%), the mean displacement distances of rock fragments were significantly positively correlated with slope gradient (P<0.1), but no significant relationship was between the mean displacement distance of rock fragments and tillage depth (P>0.1). For a given tillage depth, the mean displacement distance of rock fragments decreased rapidly with increasing depth, and greater change occurred in the slope with higher moisture content (14.77%). Above all, this study demonstrated that the process for the movement of rock fragments induced by hoeing tillage was affected by rock moisture content, tillage depth and slope gradient, and the action mechanism of each factor was different in different deep layers. The results present an underlying insight into the mechanism of erosion, weathering and pedogenesis by anthropogenic factor in hilly agricultural regions with mudstone and shale, southwest China.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Weathering
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Electric lines - Moisture - Moisture determination - Sedimentary rocks - Tracers - Tungsten carbide
Uncontrolled terms:Action mechanisms - Anthropogenic factors - Cartesian coordinate - Co-ordinate system - Different moisture contents - Experimental conditions - Mean displacement - Slope gradients
Classification code:482.2  Minerals - 706.2  Electric Power Lines and Equipment - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.48e+01%, Percentage 7.44e+00%, Size 1.00e-01m, Size 1.40e+00m, Size 2.00e-02m, Size 6.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20202408812100
Title:Mechanical analysis and parameter optimization of cabbage root cutting operation
Title of translation:&#29976;&#34013;&#20999;&#26681;&#20316;&#19994;&#21147;&#23398;&#20998;&#26512;&#19982;&#21442;&#25968;&#20248;&#21270;
Authors:Li, Tianhua (1, 2); Meng, Zhiwei (1); Ding, Hehe (1); Hou, Jialin (1, 2); Shi, Guoying (1, 2); Zhou, Kai (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an; 271018, China; (2) Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment Intelligence, Tai'an; 271018, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Kai(zhoukai2017@sdau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:63-72
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to obtain the optimal combination of cutting elements and reduce the root cutting reaction force during root cutting process, the adjustable device for root cutting was designed. The basic structure and working principle of the root cutting device were described. The device mainly consisted of connection mechanism, disconnected fixing mechanism, handle adjusting mechanism, bolt adjustment mechanism and transmission mechanism. The test platform of root cutting operation was set up. The test platform was composed of the adjustable root cutting device, the connection support frame, the chassis and the walking device, which can realize the adjustment of the cutting speed, cutting position, cutter overlap amount and pitch angle. Based on the explicit nonlinear dynamic analysis method, the numerical model of root cutting operation was established. Then, the process of cutting cabbage root with double disc cutter was numerically simulated, and the mechanical mechanism was revealed. The forces along X, Y and Z axes during root cutting were analyzed and the force F<inf>y</inf> along Y axis was approximated to root cutting force, therefore, root cutting reaction force F<inf>y</inf>' was determined as the data acquisition object of tests. In order to reduce the damage of cabbage and the abrasion of disc cutter, the root cutting force F<inf>y</inf> and the root cutting reaction force F<inf>y</inf>' should be reduced as much as possible. The single factor tests were carried out to obtain the influence law of single factor on the evaluation index. The second-order orthogonal rotating combination multi-factor tests were carried out to study the influence of cutter speed, cutting position, walking speed, cutter overlap amount and pitch angle on the maximum root cutting reaction force. The response surface method was used to optimize the parameters, and the mathematical model of the relationship between maximum root cutting reaction force and the factors was established. The results of the multi-factor tests showed that the optimal combination of cutting elements was cutter speed 200 r/min, cutting position 17 mm, walking speed 0.26 m/s, cutter overlap amount 22 mm and pitch angle 11&deg;, and the maximum root cutting reaction force was -22.5 N at this time. Under the conditions of the optimal parameter combination, tests were carried out to verify the optimal results. The test results showed that the average value of the maximum root cutting reaction force was -21.8 N. The result error between the predicted value of the model and the test was 3%, which verified the credibility of the optimization model. The qualified rate of root cutting was 96%, indicating that the root cutting device and test platform designed in this paper could meet the basic requirements of root cutting. The research results can provide theoretical basis and reference for the design and improvement of root cutting device for cabbage combine harvester.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Cutting
Controlled terms:Data acquisition - Mechanisms - Numerical methods - Speed - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Adjustment mechanisms - Mechanical mechanisms - Non-linear dynamic analysis - Optimal parameter combinations - Optimization modeling - Parameter optimization - Response surface method - Transmission mechanisms
Classification code:601.3  Mechanisms - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 921.6  Numerical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Force -2.18e+01N, Force -2.25e+01N, Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 9.60e+01%, Rotational_Speed 2.00e+02RPM, Size 1.70e-02m, Size 2.20e-02m, Velocity 2.60e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20202408812606
Title:Comprehensive zoning of cultivated land consolidation potential integrating "quality-pattern-function" in China
Title of translation:&#38598;&#25104;"&#36136;&#37327;-&#26684;&#23616;-&#21151;&#33021;"&#30340;&#20013;&#22269;&#32789;&#22320;&#25972;&#27835;&#28508;&#21147;&#32508;&#21512;&#20998;&#21306;
Authors:Sun, Rui (1); Jin, Xiaobin (1, 2, 3); Zhao, Qingli (4); Han, Bo (1); Zhang, Xiaolin (1); Li, Hanbing (1); Hu, Jing (5); Zhou, Yinkang (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing; 210023, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing; 210023, China; (3) Jiangsu Land Development and Consolidation Technology Engineering Center, Nanjing; 210023, China; (4) Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing; 100035, China; (5) Chongqing Rural Land Arrangement Center, Chongqing; 401121, China
Corresponding author:Jin, Xiaobin(jinxb@nju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:264-275
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The process of cultivated land consolidation is related to regional natural resources, rural areas and agriculture. Land consolidation plans are the fundamentals to improve the quality of cultivated land resources, and to optimize the spatial distribution pattern for the economic, social and environmental contribution. To meet new requirements of multifunctional comprehensive protection for cultivated land resources in current days, the evaluation of cultivated land consolidation potential to determine consolidation zones is a powerful starting point for the comprehensive land consolidation and the schemes of "new agriculture, rural areas, and farmers" in China. In this study, an attempt is made to establish an evaluation index system for cultivated land consolidation potential by integrating "quality-pattern-function mode based on the contribution of natural resources, spatial distribution pattern and functional factor of cultivated lands. The k-means clustering method was used to set the boundaries for the comprehensive division of the cultivated lands in the evaluation. The results showed that: 1) the integrated "quality-pattern-function" mode in the evaluation frameworks is beneficial to balance the quality, output, and utilization of cultivated lands. Compared with previous evaluations, the proposed framework can link various levels of quantified indicators to comprehensively present the distribution patterns and functional characteristics of cultivated land resources, indicating the improvement of land use on agricultural production. A positive effect can be gained to lay out distribution patterns for agricultural productions according to local topographical conditions in order to comprehensively manage of the different land use in the new era. 2) There were significant spatial differences in the quality, pattern, and function of the cultivated land resources for the consolidation potentials in China. In quality improvement, the potential areas of cultivated land consolidation were mainly distributed in the Yangtze River Basin, Haihe River Basin, and Huaihe River Basin. In pattern optimization, the potential areas of cultivated land-consolidation were mainly concentrated in the Yellow River Basin, Southeast River Basin, Inland River Basin, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In function promotion, the potential areas of cultivated lands were mainly distributed in the Yangtze River Basin, Pearl River Basin, and Inland River Basin. 3) Using the k-means spatial clustering analysis, the potential areas of cultivated land consolidation in China were divided into 7 the first-level zonings, 38 the second-level zonings, and 409 the third-level zonings. The findings can provide the full-scale approaches to conserve mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, and grasslands according to local conditions, and thereby to enhance the service capacity of cultivated lands and the efficiency of resources allocation in regional agriculture in China.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Function evaluation - K-means clustering - Land use - Rivers - Rural areas - Spatial distribution - Watersheds - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Cultivated land consolidation potentials - Evaluation index system - Functional characteristics - K-means clustering method - Middle and lower reaches of the yangtze rivers - Social and environmental - Spatial distribution patterns
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444.1  Surface Water - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 921  Mathematics - 921.6  Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20202408812631
Title:Effects of surface wind speed and simulated precipitation on N<inf>2</inf>O emissions in cow manure stacking
Title of translation:&#34920;&#38754;&#39118;&#36895;&#21644;&#27169;&#25311;&#38477;&#27700;&#23545;&#22902;&#29275;&#31914;&#20415;&#22534;&#25918;&#36807;&#31243;&#20013;N<inf>2</inf>O&#25490;&#25918;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Hu, Bin (1, 2); Wang, Yejian (1, 2); Zhao, Haoxiang (1, 2); Wang, Chaoyuan (1, 2, 3); Shi, Zhengxiang (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Beijing Engineering Research Center on Animal Healthy Environment, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Chaoyuan(gotowchy@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:232-238
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Through nitrification and denitrification process of nitrogen, nitrous oxide (N<inf>2</inf>O) could be generated and emitted from animal manure storage, which is catching more attention because of its much higher global warming potential (GWP, 265 times of CO<inf>2</inf>) and the side effect of ozone destruction. In China, it is documented that N<inf>2</inf>O emission accounts for approximately 18.23% of its total greenhouse gas (GHGs) production from animal industry in 2015. For dairy operation in Northern China alone, the estimation of N<inf>2</inf>O production is about 6.24&times;10⁶ t in 2012. Open lots is a typical operation for keeping dairy cows in China, and the short term storage of the solid dairy manure collected from the barn and lots somewhere inside the farm from days to weeks before land application is a common management in China, which currently result in a large amount GHGs emission to atmosphere, including N<inf>2</inf>O, CH<inf>4</inf> and CO<inf>2</inf>, making the dairy operation an important contributor to global warming. Except for physicochemical properties of the manure, N<inf>2</inf>O generation and emission process from the unshielded dairy manure storage is easily affected by ambient temperature, surface wind velocities and natural rainfall, while the emission law is still lacking of relevant explanations. In this paper, laboratory experiment trials was conducted to reveal the effect of different wind velocities (0.5m/s, 0.8m/s, 1.2m/s and 1.6m/s) and simulated rainfall (a total of 9.9 mm) on N<inf>2</inf>O emissions during the dairy manure storage by using the dynamic chamber technique to simulate the real management practice. Results show there was a significant variation on the N<inf>2</inf>O emission under different wind velocities with/without simulated rainfall. The N<inf>2</inf>O emission increased as wind speed increasing in the range of 0.5-1.2 m/s, and the emission reached the peak at 1.2 m/s rather than 1.6 m/s, which could be explained by the crust formation on the surface under the maximum wind speed. The N<inf>2</inf>O emission after the simulated rainfall sharply increased within an hour and then dropped rapidly to the emission level before-rainfall, and the process lasted for about 10h. The sharp increase could be mainly explained by the destruction of crust formed on manure surface by the simulated rainfall, which theoretically constrained the N<inf>2</inf>O emitted process, boosted the vitalization of N<inf>2</inf>O from manure to free air in a short time. Although the simulated rainfall stimulated the N<inf>2</inf>O emission in the 10h duration, the total GHGs emissions in the days with rainfall were effectively reduced by 12.9% and 10.9% compared with that of the day before because of its influence on CH<inf>4</inf> and CO<inf>2</inf> emissions. With the implementation of green bill policy in China, more measures to protect animal manure from the natural rainfall are taken in practical management of dairy farms, helping the producers to reduce the GHGs emissions to the atmosphere and the neighbor complaints due to odour annoying.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Greenhouse gases
Controlled terms:Animals - Carbon dioxide - Fertilizers - Global warming - Manures - Nitrogen oxides - Physicochemical properties - Rain - Storage management - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Dynamic chamber techniques - Global warming potential - Laboratory experiments - Management practices - Nitrification and denitrification - Short term storage - Solid dairy manures - Surface wind velocities
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 443.3  Precipitation - 451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 723.3  Database Systems - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.09e+01%, Percentage 1.29e+01%, Percentage 1.82e+01%, Size 9.90e-03m, Time 3.60e+04s, Velocity 1.20e+00m/s, Velocity 1.60e+00m/s, Velocity 5.00e-01m/s to 1.20e+00m/s, Velocity 5.00e-01m/s, Velocity 8.00e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20202408812973
Title:Effects of land slope on seeding performance of a broad width precision no-tillage planter for rapeseed
Title of translation:&#22320;&#34920;&#22369;&#24230;&#23545;&#27833;&#33756;&#23485;&#24133;&#31934;&#37327;&#20813;&#32789;&#25773;&#31181;&#26426;&#25490;&#31181;&#24615;&#33021;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Wang, Lei (1, 2); Xi, Rijing (1, 2); Liao, Yitao (1, 2); Zhang, Qingsong (1, 2); Xiao, Wenli (1, 2); Liao, Qingxi (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Liao, Qingxi(liaoqx@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:11-21
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In view of the influence of the change of the land slope on the performance of the broad width precision no-tillage planter for rapeseed, the planter and the air-assisted centralized metering device were taken as the research objects, and the mechanical models between rapeseed and circumscribed arc type hole, rapeseed-air flow and central distributor were built under different land slope. The stochastic process model of the seed feeding rate and seeding rate of the air-assisted centralized metering device was established. The effects of land slope along the working direction and rotation speed of seed feeding device on seed feeding rate were analyzed by EDEM simulation and the corresponding mathematical model was established. EDEM-CFD coupling simulation was used to analyze the influence of the land slope along the working direction on the seeding performance of the central distributor. The simulation results showed that the seed feeding decreased gradually with increase of the land slope angle in the range of -5&deg;-5&deg;. The variation of seed feeding rate could be up to 50% compared with no tilt when the absolute value of land slope angle was in the range of 3&deg;-5&deg;. The uniformity variation coefficient of seed numbers of each seed outlet increased with the increase of land slope angle, and the uniformity variation coefficient ranged from 4.95% to 14.91%. The land slope had a significant effect on the seed feeding rate and the uniformity variation coefficient of seed quality of each seed outlet. The intelligent test platform of planting machines was used to simulate the field working effect of planter under the different land slope. The experiment results indicated that with the increase of absolute value of land slope angle along with the working direction, the angle range of the planter swing front and back, the angle range of the planter swing front or back in one way and the uniformity variation coefficient of the seed quality of each seed outlet all increased gradually. With the increase of the absolute value of the land slope angle, the operations of continuous uphill or downhill had little effects on the variation coefficient of seed feeding rate stability. The uniformity variation coefficient of seed quality of each seed outlet increased gradually, and the uniformity variation coefficient of it's ranged from 4.76% to 13.85%. With the increase of the angle range of front and back reciprocating swing, the seed feeding rate had obvious changes, the uniformity variation coefficient of seed quality of each seed outlet increased gradually, and the uniformity variation coefficient of seed quality of each seed outlet ranged from 4.76% to 10.27%. The effect of front or back single swing on seeding performance showed with the increase of the angle range of front or back swing in one way, the variation coefficient of seed feeding rate was slightly higher than that of with no tilt, the uniformity variation coefficient of seed quality of each seed outlet increased gradually, and the uniformity variation coefficient of seed quality of each seed outlet ranged from 6.76% to10.71%. The average error of seed feeding rate between the theoretical calculated by the simulation model and the bench test was 4.28%. The matching relationship between the seeding quality, the land slope angle along the working direction and the rotation speed of seed feeding device can ensure the planter has the same seeding quality when the planter working on the land with slope similar to that on the flat land, which can provide a reference for the structure optimization of the planter and the air-assisted centralized metering device to meet the seeding operation under different land slopes.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Slope stability
Controlled terms:Computational fluid dynamics - Feeding - Oilseeds - Random processes - Stochastic models - Stochastic systems - Structural optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Coupling simulation - Metering devices - No-tillage planter - Seeding performance - Seeding qualities - Stochastic process model - Structure optimization - Variation coefficient
Classification code:406.2  Roads and Streets - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 723.5  Computer Applications - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.1  Probability Theory - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.28e+00%, Percentage 4.76e+00% to 1.03e+01%, Percentage 4.76e+00% to 1.38e+01%, Percentage 4.95e+00% to 1.49e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20202408812747
Title:Atomization characteristics of multi-nozzle electrostatic spray and field experiment
Title of translation:&#38745;&#30005;&#21943;&#38654;&#30340;&#22810;&#21943;&#22836;&#38654;&#21270;&#29305;&#24615;&#21450;&#30000;&#38388;&#35797;&#39564;
Authors:Ma, Xu (1); Guo, Linjie (1); Wen, Zhicheng (1); Wei, Yuhao (1); Xiao, Ronghao (1); Zeng, Hong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:73-82
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aiming at the problems such as large water demand, insufficient deposition of droplets on the leaf back of the traditional sprayer, and uneven distribution of droplets, etc, a spraying technology combining electrostatic spray with spray rod spray was proposed in this paper. Based on the theory of electrostatic field and the principle of inductive charge, the mathematical model of the induced electric field strength was established, and theoretical calculations were performed for the electric field strength of different numbers of induction electrodes. In order to explore the best working parameters of the electrostatic sprayer and clarify the influence of different parameters on the atomization effects of droplets, the simulation model was established by using Fluent software. The simulation model included spray flow field, droplet dispersion field and electric field. By setting different boundary conditions and control equations, the spray flow field, droplet dispersion field and electric field were coupled to calculate. The simulation results showed that the uniformity of electric field distribution in spatial of multi-nozzles was better than that of single nozzle, and the droplet volume diameter of electrostatic spray decreased by 12.7% compared with non electrostatic spray. The electrostatic spray test platform was built, taking the spray water pressure, charging voltage and nozzle spacing as experimental factors, the charge-mass ratio, droplet diameter, uniformity of droplet distribution and deposition of droplets as experimental indexes, the deposition characteristics of droplets were tested The results showed that the maximum charge-mass ratio of droplets of multi-nozzle was 0.26 mC/kg, which was 52.9% higher than that of single nozzle. Compared with non electrostatic spray, the uniformity variation coefficient of droplet distribution was reduced by 32.1%, the volume diameter was reduced by 14.8%, the droplet adhesion rate on the leaf front in the upper, middle and lower sampling layers increased by 27.1%, 37.3% and 45.2% respectively for the electrostatic spray, and the droplet adhesion rate on the leaf back increased to 26, 17 and 12 in unit cm² respectively, the deposition quality decreased by 25.7%, 25.0% and 12.5% respectively. The best operation parameters combination of electrostatic spray determined by experiments was that the charging voltage was 6 kV, the spray water pressure was 0.4 MPa, and the distance between the adjacent nozzles was 250 mm. The field experimental results showed that the control effect of the electrostatic spray and conventional spray were 92.1% and 95.0% respectively, the control effects were basically the same. The water demand of electrostatic spray decreased by 60%, and the working area at full capacity increased by 1.5 times.The study provides a reference for the application of electrostatic spray technology on large boom sprayer.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Adhesion - Atomization - Computer software - Deposition - Dispersions - Drops - Electric fields - Flow fields
Uncontrolled terms:Atomization characteristics - Deposition characteristics - Different boundary condition - Electric field distributions - Electric field strength - Induced electric fields - Theoretical calculations - Variation coefficient
Classification code:631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.73e+01%, Percentage 4.52e+01%, Percentage 5.29e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+01%, Percentage 9.21e+01%, Percentage 9.50e+01%, Pressure 4.00e+05Pa, Radiation_Exposure 2.60e-04C/kg, Size 2.50e-01m, Voltage 6.00e+03V, Percentage 1.25e+01%, Percentage 1.27e+01%, Percentage 1.48e+01%, Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 2.57e+01%, Percentage 2.71e+01%, Percentage 3.21e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20202408812511
Title:Development of quantitatively-laying and self-propelled green onion combine harvesters
Title of translation:&#23450;&#37327;&#38138;&#25918;&#33258;&#36208;&#24335;&#22823;&#33905;&#32852;&#21512;&#25910;&#33719;&#26426;&#30740;&#21046;
Authors:Hou, Jialin (1, 2); Chen, Yanyu (1); Li, Yuhua (1, 2); Wang, Wen (3); Li, Guanghua (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an; 271018, China; (2) Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment Intelligence, Tai'an; 271018, China; (3) Shandong Hualong Agricultural Equipment Co. Ltd., Qingzhou; 262500, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:22-33
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Green onion is an important cash crop in China, and the planting area is increasing year by year, but the harvest of green onions is mainly manual, the mechanized harvest level is less than 20%, which seriously restricts the development of the green onion production. In order to improve the level of the mechanization in green onion harvest, a quantitative laying and self-propelled combine harvester of green onion is designed by combining the planting mode and agronomic system of the green onion. The function of the quantitative laying and self-propelled green onion combine harvester includes digging, shaking, feeding, clamping and conveying, twice removing soil and cleaning, collecting and unloading. The machine is mainly composed of digging and shaking device, flexible clamping and conveying device, collecting and unloading device. According to the Agricultural Machinery Design Manual and the relevant test standards of harvesting machinery, the key parameters of the harvester are determined by theoretical analysis and calculation. In order to obtain the optimal working parameters and related theoretical references of the quantitative laying and self-propelled green onion combine harvester, the Box-Behnken central composite experimental design principle is used. The four-factor and three-level orthogonal experiments are carried out, taking the machine forward speed, the horizontal inclination of digging shovel, the frequency of soil shaking and the cylinder expansion cycle as the influence factors, and the impurities rate and the damage rate of green onion as the response indexes. Through the Design-Export 8.0.6.1 data analysis software, the mathematical regression models of the influence factors and the response indexes are established, and the influence of the machine forward speed, the frequency of soil shaking, the horizontal inclination of digging shovel and the cylinder expansion cycle on the impurities rate and the damage rate of green onion are analyzed, and the parameters are optimized. The field test results showed that the significant order of the factors that affect the impurity rate of green onion is as follows: the machine forward speed, the frequency of soil shaking, the horizontal inclination of digging shovel and the cylinder expansion cycle. The significant order of the factors that affect the damage rate of green onion is as follows: the horizontal inclination of digging shovel, the frequency of soil shaking, the cylinder expansion cycle and the machine forward speed. The optimal combination of the operation parameters is that the machine forward speed is 0.7 m/s, the horizontal inclination of the digging shovel is 35&deg;, the frequency of soil shaking is 4.3 Hz and the cylinder expansion cycle is 2.5 s. In this case, the field verification tests are performed, the field verification and the test results show that the average impurities rate of green onion is 3.14%, the average damage rate of green onion is 1.74%, and the model prediction values of that are 3.00% and 1.66% respectively, the relative error between the prediction values and the field test values are less than 5%, the design is reliable. The research results can provide some reference for the optimal design and operation parameters optimization of self-propelled green onion combined harvester.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Combines
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Crops - Cylinders (shapes) - Expansion - Harvesters - Harvesting - Machine design - Regression analysis - Shovels - Soils  - Speed - Unloading
Uncontrolled terms:Analysis and calculations - Combine harvesters - Cylinder expansion - Data analysis softwares - Field verifications - Operation parameters - Optimal combination - Orthogonal experiment
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601  Mechanical Design - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 4.30e+00Hz, Percentage 1.66e+00%, Percentage 1.74e+00%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 3.14e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Time 2.50e+00s, Velocity 7.00e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20202408812561
Title:Effects of co-incorporation of green manure planting and rice straw on soil organic carbon pool and soil enzyme activity in a mono-rice cropping system
Title of translation:&#31181;&#26893;&#32511;&#32933;&#19982;&#31291;&#31224;&#21327;&#21516;&#36824;&#30000;&#23545;&#21333;&#23395;&#31291;&#30000;&#22303;&#22756;&#26377;&#26426;&#30899;&#24211;&#21644;&#37238;&#27963;&#24615;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Liu, Wei (1, 2); Geng, Mingjian (2); Qin, Ziguo (2); Zhang, Zhi (1); Lu, Junming (3); Lu, Jianwei (2); Cao, Weidong (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fertilization from Agricultural Wastes, Wuhan; 430064, China; (2) Resources & Environment College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Wuhan; 430070, China; (3) Agricultural Technology Service Center, Datonghu Administration District of Honghu City, Honghu; 433221, China; (4) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Beijing; 100081, China
Corresponding author:Geng, Mingjian(mjgeng@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:125-133
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Green manure planting and rice straw returning are two effective ways of improving soil fertility of paddy fields in South China. The study on the effects of straw management practices on soil fertility during the winter fallow season is of great significance for providing a scientific basis for the rational utilization of straw and land resources in the rice cropping system of South China. Recently, the technique for co-incorporation of green manure planting and rice straw has been developed though little is known about the soil carbon pool and soil enzyme activity under co-application of the two organic materials in a mono-rice cropping system. This study is based on a three-year field experiment conducted during the winter fallow seasons from September 2010 to September 2013 in Jianghan Plain, Central China. The aim was to examine the effects of different treatments on soil organic carbon components, Carbon Pool Management Index (CPMI), soil enzyme activities and crop yield in a mono-rice cropping system were studied. The experiments included six treatments: 1) Rice Straw Mulching (RSM), 2) Rice Straw Burning(RSB) in situ, 3) Green Manure(GM) planting without rice straw return, 4) rice straw mulching with green manure planting (RSM+GM), and 5) a control (CK<inf>1</inf>) with no rice straw returning and 6) a control (CK<inf>0</inf>) with no rice straw returning and chemical fertilizer application. Soil samples (at depths of 0-20 cm) were taken and analyzed after rice was harvested in each of the years. The results showed that as compared with CK<inf>0</inf> and CK<inf>1</inf>, RSB decreased the soil Stable Organic Carbon (SOC) content significantly (P<0.05) only in 2013. Conversely, the other treatments, RSM, GM and RSM+GM increased soil Active Organic Carbon(AOC) content, Carbon Pool Index(CPI), Activity (A), Activity Index (AI) and CPMI significantly (P<0.05). Additionally, the treatments of RSM and RSM+GM alsoincreased soil total organic carbon (TOC) content significantly (P<0.05). Most of these indices showed the largest increase in RSM+GM treatment, followed by RSM treatment, which was significantly higher than GM treatment. Compared with CK<inf>0</inf> and CK<inf>1</inf>, RSM, GM and RSM+GM treatments also increased soil catalase, urease and invertase activities. The RSM+GM treatment significantly (P<0.05) increased soil urease activity in 2011, 2012 and 2013, and improved soil catalase and invertase activity in 2012 and 2013, and proved to be superior to other treatments. Compared with CK<inf>1</inf>, the grain yields of rice in GM and RSM+GM treatments were significantly (P<0.05) increased by 6.88%-11.77% and 6.00%-13.40%, respectively, across the three years. However, no significant difference was observed among the grain yields by RSM, RSB and CK<inf>1</inf> treatments. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that rice yield was significantly (P<0.01) positively correlated with TOC, AOC, CMPI and soil catalase, urease and invertase activities. These results indicated that the co-incorporation of green manure planting and rice straw in winter fallow season could improve soil fertility and increase crop yield, but the former was more conducive to the accumulation of soil organic carbon pool, while the latter was more conducive to the improvement of crop yield. For better soil quality, higher crop yield and the efficient utilization of crop straw, the co-incorporation of green manure planting and rice straw was recommended for the mono-rice cropping system in ecological condition similar to those in the location of this study.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Manures
Controlled terms:Correlation methods - Crops - Enzyme activity - Fertilizers - Grain (agricultural product) - Lakes - Organic carbon - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical fertilizers - Correlation analysis - Different treatments - Ecological conditions - Rice cropping systems - Soil enzyme activity - Soil organic carbon pools - Total Organic Carbon
Classification code:461.9  Biology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 6.00e+00% to 1.34e+01%, Percentage 6.88e+00% to 1.18e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20202408812594
Title:Characteristics of inorganic nitrogen leaching from tobacco fields in rain-fed areas
Title of translation:&#38632;&#20859;&#28895;&#21494;&#31181;&#26893;&#30000;&#26080;&#26426;&#27694;&#28107;&#28342;&#29305;&#24449;
Authors:Liu, Qingli (1); Zou, Yan (2); Li, Zhihong (1); Jiang, Yuzhou (1); Zhu, Jingwei (2); Shi, Junxiong (2); Chen, Xi (1); Zhang, Yungui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resource and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Tobacco Quality in Tobacco Industry, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang; 550081, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Yungui(ygzhang@caas.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:141-148
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The main purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of nitrogen leaching from tobacco fields in order to understand the differences of nitrogen leaching from farmlands and tobacco fields. A long-term positioning experiment was conducted in Kaiyang county, Guizhou province of China (107&deg;06'40&Prime;E, 26&deg;52'24&Prime;N). In this area, the soil texture is silt loam. The mean rainfall is 1 129.9-1205.9 mm. Two cropping system were included. One was rotation (tobacco-winter fallow-maize) and the other one was continuous cropping (tobacco-winter fallow-tobacco). Four treatments with rotation cropping system were set up: no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer (NPK), chemical fertilizer with manure (NPK + M), chemical fertilizer with bio-organic fertilizer (NPK + BM). One treatment with continuous cropping was also set up: chemical fertilizer with continuous cropping (NPK + L). The experiments were carried out in the fields from 2015 to 2017. In 2015, the leaching barrels were buried into the soils at 90-cm depth in the fields for monitoring leaching solution from the soils. The leaching solution was collected each a month for determination of inorganic N and total N. The organic N, net N leaching rate and apparent N leaching rate were calculated. The results showed that the annual leaching amount of inorganic nitrogen was 3.62-6.08 kg/hm², and the net leaching rate was 0.09%-3.29%. The leaching loss of inorganic nitrogen mainly occurred during the growing season of tobacco fields, especially in May to June, which accounts for 40.33%-65.86% of the total leaching amount. The nitrogen in leaching solution were mainly in organic form. During the growing season of tobacco, the inorganic nitrogen accounted for 27.82%-33.39% of the total leaching nitrogen, and organic nitrogen accounted for 66.61%-72.18% of the total leaching nitrogen. Rainfall was a main factor affecting the nitrogen leaching from tobacco fields, and the monthly leaching amount of inorganic nitrogen was nonlinearly related to the monthly rainfall. Application of chemical fertilizer resulted in a significant increase of leaching inorganic nitrogen. Organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer decreased the leaching amount of soil solution. The amounts of soil leaching solution in chemical fertilizer + manure and chemical fertilizer + bio-organic fertilizer treatment were lower than that in chemical fertilizer treatment. Bio-manure combined with chemical fertilizer significantly reduced leaching of inorganic nitrogen, and its inorganic nitrogen leaching amount was decreased by 39.44% compared with chemical fertilizer treatment. Compared with the treatment of rotation, the continuous cropping treatment significantly reduced soil water leaching and reduced the net leaching rate of nitrogen fertilizer by 59.57% (P<0.05). To sum up, under the current conventional management of flue-cured tobacco, the leaching intensity of inorganic nitrogen in the tobacco field in the rainfed agricultural area is not high. The results could provide valuable information for formulating suitable strategies of fertilization management in tobacco fields.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Cultivation - Leaching - Manures - Rain - Silt - Soil moisture - Textures - Tobacco - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural areas - Chemical fertilizers - Flue-cured tobacco - Inorganic nitrogen - Monthly rainfalls - Nitrogen leaching - Organic fertilizers - Soil leaching solutions
Classification code:443.3  Precipitation - 445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.78e+01% to 3.34e+01%, Percentage 3.94e+01%, Percentage 4.03e+01% to 6.59e+01%, Percentage 6.66e+01% to 7.22e+01%, Percentage 9.00e-02% to 3.29e+00%, Size 1.30e-01m to 1.21e+00m, Size 9.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20202408812724
Title:Development of automatic obstacle-avoiding grapevine cold-proof soil cleaners
Title of translation:&#33258;&#21160;&#36991;&#38556;&#24335;&#33889;&#33796;&#34276;&#38450;&#23506;&#22303;&#28165;&#22303;&#26426;&#30740;&#21046;
Authors:Ma, Shuai (1); Xu, Liming (1); Yuan, Quanchun (1); Niu, Cong (1); Wang, Shuoshuo (1); Yuan, Xunteng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Liming(xlmoffice@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:1-10
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aiming at the problems of grapevine cold-proof cleaning in sandy loam soil areas of northern China in spring, such as, the degree of mechanization is low, the soil is not clean thoroughly, and the grape trees are easy to be damaged, this paper proposed a cold-proof soil cleaning parts with flexible brushes and rubber, and designed an automatic obstacle-avoiding grapevine cold-proof soil cleaner based on the coupled simulation method of multi-body dynamics software RecurDyn and discrete element software EDEM. The machine was mainly composed of frame, obstacle-avoiding swing mechanism, obstacle-avoiding signal acquisition mechanism, controller, soil cleaning parts, soil retaining plate, transmission mechanism and depth wheel. The structural parameters of the key components were determined based on the analysis of the working principle of the machine. The stroke of the obstacle-avoiding cylinder was 200 mm, the obstacle-avoiding cylinder bore was 40 mm, and the turning diameter of the soil cleaning parts was 550 mm. In order to reduce the amount of simulation calculations and improve simulation efficiency, the model was simplified and imported into the multi-body dynamics software RecurDyn. Using the discrete element software EDEM to model the soil particles and a ridge with an isosceles trapezoidal cross section was obtained. Based on coupling simulation tests of RecurDyn and EDEM, the automatic obstacle-avoiding process and the soil cleaning effects of the machine were simulated. The operating parameters of the machine were set in RecurDyn software, and the process and effect of soil cleaning were simulated in EDEM software. Taking the forward speed of the machine, the velocity of the obstacle-avoiding cylinder, the rotation speed of the soil cleaning parts and the threshold value of rotation angle of the touch rod as the test factors, the soil cleaning rate was the test index, the four-factor quadratic regression orthogonal rotation center combination simulation test were carried out. Design-Expert software was used to analyze the regression significance of the test data. The results showed that the four test factors all had a significant effect on the test index. Among the interaction factors, only the rotation speed of the soil cleaning parts and the threshold value of the rotation angle of the touch rod had a significant impact on the soil cleaning rate, while the other interaction factors had no significant impact. Among the quadratic factors, the square of velocity of obstacle-avoiding cylinder had a significant effect on soil cleaning rate, while the rest factors had no significant effect. Taking the maximum soil cleaning rate as the optimization goal, the optimal operating parameters of the machine was obtained: the forward speed of the machine was 0.43 m/s, the velocity of the obstacle-avoiding cylinder was 60 mm/s, the rotation speed of the soil cleaning parts was 550 r/min, and the threshold value of the rotation angle of the touch rod was 10 &deg;, at this time, the theoretical soil cleaning rate was 54.65%. Based on the optimization result, the physical prototype was processed. Using the iron tubes inserted into the soil to simulate the concrete column, cold-proof soil ridges similar to that in the vineyard were generated by grapevine soil burying machine, the soil cleaning tests were carried out. The test results showed that the average value of the soil cleaning rate was 59.73%, the relative error between the test result and the simulation optimization result was 8.50%, the operation effects meet the requirements of automatic obstacle-avoiding grapevine cold-proof soil cleaning. The research results can provide theoretical basis and technical support for the overall design and optimization of obstacle-avoiding mechanism of earth-touching machines and tools.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Cleaning - Cylinders (shapes) - Machinery - Rotation - Signal processing - Software testing - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Operating parameters - Quadratic regression - Simulation calculation - Simulation efficiency - Simulation optimization - Structural parameter - Transmission mechanisms - Trapezoidal cross sections
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.5  Computer Applications - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 931.1  Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.46e+01%, Percentage 5.97e+01%, Percentage 8.50e+00%, Rotational_Speed 5.50e+02RPM, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 4.00e-02m, Size 5.50e-01m, Velocity 4.30e-01m/s, Velocity 6.00e-02m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20202408812305
Title:Effects of irrigation amount on the rhizospheric environment and stem flow of melon cultivated with full organic nutrition in greenhouse
Title of translation:&#28748;&#28297;&#37327;&#23545;&#28201;&#23460;&#20840;&#26377;&#26426;&#33829;&#20859;&#28082;&#26685;&#22521;&#29980;&#29916;&#26681;&#38469;&#29615;&#22659;&#21644;&#33550;&#27969;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Li, Jianming (1, 2); Ren, Ruidan (1, 2); Fan, Binghua (1, 2); Ma, Lele (1, 2); Wang, Guipeng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling; 712100, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:217-224
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is of great significance to explore the regulation mechanism of irrigation amount in rhizosphere - stem flow - air environment for the utilization efficiency and for the rational management of water and fertilizer application. The experiment was conducted in the experimental base of Northwest A&F University from April 20, 2018 to July 15, 2018. The melon "Qian Yu-6" was used as the test material using potted cultivation, and irrigated according to 80% (T<inf>1</inf>), 100% (T<inf>2</inf>), and 120% (T<inf>3</inf>) of the daily weighted evapotranspiration (for short as "WET"). Transpiration water consumption was recorded by automatic continuous water consumption recorder, and three plants were placed on each recorder. Sufficient irrigation was carried out on the day before treatment. After the excess water outflow in the basin was completed, the cultivation basin was placed on the weighing recorder. The instrument recorded the mass as W1, and the mass as W2 after 24h, and the WET was the difference between W1 and W2. The instrument was corrected every 7 days. At the same time, the air environment, rhizosphere environment and stem flow of muskmelon were monitored every day, and the relationships among greenhouse air environment, plant stem flow and rhizosphere environment in typical weather were screened and analyzed. The results showed that the transpiration water consumption per plant of T<inf>1</inf>, T<inf>2</inf> and T<inf>3</inf> was 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 kg/d, and the maximum stem flow was 0.033, 0.42, and 0.126 kg/h, respectively on a typical cloudy day. The evapotranspiration of T<inf>1</inf>, T<inf>2</inf> and T<inf>3</inf> was 0.87, 1.13 and 1.72 kg/d respectively, and the maximum stem flow was 0.075, 0.091 and 0.407 kg/h respectively on typical sunny days. That the variation of stem flow was positively correlated with the variation of irrigation. The maximum rhizosphere temperatures of T<inf>1</inf>, T<inf>2</inf> and T<inf>3</inf> were 26.8, 27.4 and 26.2&#8451; respectively on typical cloudy days, and 36.8, 37.8 and 38.5&#8451; respectively on typical sunny days. T<inf>2</inf> treatment was beneficial to the improvement of rhizosphere temperature, the increase of stem flow rate and the improvement of rhizosphere water use efficiency. The results showed that the order of the daily changing law of the rhizospheric temperature was T<inf>2</inf>>T<inf>1</inf>>T<inf>3</inf> on typical cloudy day, while it was T<inf>3</inf>>T<inf>2</inf>>T<inf>1</inf> on typical sunny day. The ranking order of the daily changing law of the rhizopheric relative water content was T<inf>3</inf>>T<inf>2</inf>>T<inf>1</inf> during 0:00-14:00 and T<inf>3</inf>>T<inf>1</inf>>T<inf>2</inf> during 14:00-24:00 on typical cloudy day, and it was T<inf>3</inf>>T<inf>2</inf>>T<inf>1</inf> on typical sunny day. The order of the rhizopheric conductivity was T<inf>1</inf>>T<inf>2</inf>>T<inf>3</inf> on cloudy day, but it was T<inf>1</inf>&asymp;T<inf>2</inf>>T<inf>3</inf> during 0:00-14:00 and T<inf>2</inf>>T<inf>1</inf>>T<inf>3</inf> during 14:00-24:00 on sunny day. The correlation coefficient between the stem flow rate and the environmental factors on typical cloudy days turned out to be VPD (Vapor Pressure Deficit) > RH (Air Humidity)> Ta (Air Temperature) > Ts (Rhizospheric Temperature) > Rn (Air Radiation) > EC (Rhizospheric Conductivity) > SWV (Rhizospheric Water Content). The correlation coefficient of environmental factors on stem flow was VPD>SWV>Ts>RH>Ra>Ta>EC on typical sunny days. The decision coefficient between stem flow and environmental factors was VPD>Ta>RH>Ts>Rn>SWV>EC on cloudy days and the decision coefficient of stem flow changes was EC>VPD>Rn>Ts>RH >Ta >SWV on sunny days. The results showed that the EC mainly inhibited the "source" of stem flow, while the VPD mainly promoted the "reservoir" of stem flow. The SWV was the limiting factor of stem flow on sunny days. Irrigation of 120% of daily transpiration on sunny days was conducive to maintaining the water balance of melon water transport in the soil-plant-atmosphere Continuum. In summary, the rhizosphere environment and air environment affect the transpiration of melon, which is of reference value for the further study on the management system of water and fertilizer in the cultivation of melon with whole organic nutrition.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Forestry
Controlled terms:Efficiency - Environmental management - Evapotranspiration - Fertilizers - Greenhouses - Irrigation - Nutrition - Plants (botany) - Reservoirs (water) - Soil testing  - Soils - Transpiration - Water management - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Environmental factors - Fertilizer applications - Regulation mechanisms - Relative water content - Rhizosphere temperature - Utilization efficiency - Vapor pressure deficit
Classification code:441.2  Reservoirs - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 454.1  Environmental Engineering, General - 461.7  Health Care - 461.9  Biology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.92e-02yr, Mass_Flow_Rate 1.13e-04kg/s, Mass_Flow_Rate 2.53e-05kg/s, Mass_Flow_Rate 3.50e-05kg/s, Percentage 1.20e+02%, Time 8.64e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20202408811923
Title:Design of distributed water quality monitoring system under circulating water aquaculture mode of freshwater pearl mussels
Title of translation:&#28129;&#27700;&#29645;&#29664;&#34444;&#24490;&#29615;&#27700;&#20859;&#27542;&#27169;&#24335;&#19979;&#20998;&#24067;&#24335;&#27700;&#36136;&#30417;&#25511;&#31995;&#32479;&#35774;&#35745;
Authors:Zhang, Gang (1); Hu, Yangyang (1); Han, Xianglan (2); Wang, Zhen (1); Chen, Yuehua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo; 315211, China; (2) Computer and Data Engineering Branch, Ningbo Institute of Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo; 315110, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:239-247
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In China, the freshwater pearl mussel aquaculture plays an important role in agricultural production. The freshwater pearl mussel's growth process does not harm the environment, but the traditional aquaculture model has caused problems such as serious water pollution, eutrophication, and ecological environment destruction. Facing such a situation, it's necessary to develop a new model for freshwater pearl aquaculture. This study showed a new industrialized circulating water aquaculture model (using multi-layer dimensional cages and feed pearl mussel with high-quality microalgae). Due to the high density of aquaculture, this model had very high requirements for water quality, so it was particularly important to monitor the circulating water quality. This study developed a distributed monitoring system for the water quality monitoring based on ZigBee wireless sensor network. The system used the three-layer architecture of the field sensing layer, transmission layer and application layer, and mainly included the following 4 parts: water quality monitoring subsystem, meteorological monitoring subsystem, equipment control subsystem, and monitoring data center. The system used the ZigBee module to set up the wireless transmission network, the advantage of this method was flexible networking and easy operation, and it simplified the installation and maintenance work. In the field scene, we set up multiple monitoring points in different places, multi-parameter water quality sensors were used to monitor key circulating water quality parameters (including temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, calcium concentration, and algae concentration), and meteorological parameters (such as temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, illumination, wind direction, and wind speed) were collected at meteorological station. All the sensors sent real-time detection data to their related ZigBee routers by RS485 protocol, and through the ZigBee wireless communication network, the data (including water quality and meteorological parameters) would be gathered in the ZigBee coordinator. The ZigBee coordinator was the center of the wireless communication network, it was also connected to the PLC controller by RS485 protocol, so the PLC controller could collect real-time detection data from basic monitoring points. At the same time, the PLC controller and MCGS touch screen communicated through the serial port, so the water quality and meteorological parameters monitoring information could be displayed on the MCGS touch screen. According to the designed procedure, the MCGS touch screen displayed the water quality data change curve, and users could also issue equipment control commands at the screen, such as controlling the circulating water treatment equipment (including arc screen separator, microfiltration filter, protein separator, sand filter, and disinfection pool) and the algae feeding system device. By using the PLC controller, the study designed a program to control the start and stop status of aquaculture equipment and adopted a two-position control strategy for the algae feeding system. Besides, the PLC controller communicated with the host computer via the CP243-1 Ethernet communication module, so all the monitoring data was uploaded to the host computer in the monitoring center house. On the host computer, MCGS (network version) software and SQL Server database software were used to build a database to save the water quality data, and this database could provide a decision basis for scientific aquaculture. Through the practical test, the communication success rate of the whole system was more than 98%, and the average relative errors of dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, and ammonia nitrogen were &plusmn;0.3 mg/L, &plusmn;0.4&#8451;, &plusmn;0.3 and &plusmn;0.04 mg/L, respectively. It could be seen that this system met the monitoring needs of freshwater pearl mussel aquaculture. This system was conducive to solve the previous shortcomings and ensure the growth of production, it was very worthy of promotion and application, and it would open up a new situation for the establishment of a new environment-friendly and efficient aquaculture mode of freshwater pearl mussel.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Agriculture - Algae - Algae control - Ammonia - Aquaculture - Atmospheric pressure - Biochemical oxygen demand - Computer control - Controllers  - Data communication equipment - Data communication systems - Database systems - Dissolved oxygen - Eutrophication - Gems - Internet protocols - Materials handling equipment - Microfiltration - Molluscs  - Nitrogen - Position control - Separators - Signal detection - Touch screens - Water filtration - Water pollution - Water quality - Water treatment - Wind  - Wireless sensor networks - Zigbee
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Distributed monitoring systems - Freshwater pearl mussels - Meteorological monitoring - Meteorological parameters - Water quality monitoring - Wireless communication network - ZigBee wireless communication
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 445.2  Water Analysis - 453  Water Pollution - 453.2  Water Pollution Control - 471  Marine Science and Oceanography - 482.2.1  Gems - 691.1  Materials Handling Equipment - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722.2  Computer Peripheral Equipment - 722.3  Data Communication, Equipment and Techniques - 723.3  Database Systems - 723.5  Computer Applications - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 731.5  Robotics - 732.1  Control Equipment - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3  Agricultural Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.80e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20202408813277
Title:Effects of soil surface electric field on the breakdown and splash erosion of soil aggregate
Title of translation:&#22303;&#31890;&#34920;&#38754;&#30005;&#22330;&#23545;&#22303;&#22756;&#22242;&#32858;&#20307;&#30772;&#30862;&#21450;&#28293;&#34432;&#30340;&#24433;&#21709;
Authors:Liu, Jingfang (1, 2); Hu, Feinan (1, 2, 3); Yang, Zhihua (3); Ma, Rentian (1, 2); Zhao, Shiwei (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Shiwei(swzhao@nwafu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:149-156
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil aggregate stability is the most important indicator for assessing erosion resistance and soil fertility. In contrast, aggregates breakdown is the key step of rainfall splash erosion, where most particles transport and soils loss in water erosion. Surface electric field of soil particles can significantly affect soil aggregate stability, which can inevitably affect the rainfall splash erosion process. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of surface electric field on the size distribution of fragments resulting from aggregate breakdown, then to determine the relationship between fragments size distribution and splash erosion, and finally to identify which size fractions of aggregates fragment largely affect splash erosion during rainfall simulation. The Loessal and Lou soils were used from loess parent materials on Loess Plateau. According to the electric double layer theory, the electric field strength can be adjusted by the electrolyte concentration in the soil solution, which can affect the thickness of the diffuse double layer. Therefore, five electrolyte solutions (0.000 1, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mol&bull;L^-1) were selected to quantitatively adjust the electric field strength of particles. The aggregate stability was evaluated by the wetting sieving method, where the aggregates were immersed in different electrolyte concentrations of NaCl solution, and then sieved in the medium of alcohol with a set of sieves of 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.15 mm. The splash erosion was measured through the rainfall simulation experiment using the NaCl solution with different concentrations as rainfall materials. The results showed that: 1) The surface potential and electric field of the Loessal and Lou soils increased with the decrease of electrolyte concentration in bulk solution. Meanwhile, the aggregate stability decreased, whereas the amount of splash erosion increased; 2) When the electrolyte concentration was lower than 0.01 mol/L, or the surface potentials of Loessal and Lou soil were higher than 202.0 mV and 231.6 mV, respectively, the aggregate stability and splash erosion amount nearly kept constant, indicating that the surface potentials of 202.0 mV and 231.6 mV were the critical potentials for the aggregate breakdown and splash erosion of Loessal soil and Lou soil, respectively; 3) With the decrease of the surface electric field strength of soil particles, the content of particles in the diameter less than 0.15 mm that released from aggregates decreased, whereas the content of the large aggregates (>0.25 mm) increased, suggesting that the aggregates tended to break into the larger fractions as electric field strength decreased; 4) The amount of the splash erosion was positively correlated with the content of particles in the diameter less than 0.15mm that released from aggregates, while negatively correlated with the content of the large aggregates (>0.25 mm). This revealed that the fragmentation characteristics of the aggregate breakdown under the electric field have important effects on the rainfall splash erosion. The findings indicated that as the rainfall enters into the soil, the soil bulk solution is diluted; at the same time, the strong electric field immediately generated from the soil particles surface, which will essentially affect the degree of aggregate breakdown, thereby influence the process of splash erosion. This study can enrich our understanding of the rainfall splash erosion, and also provide the theoretical basis for regulating the soil aggregate stability and rainfall erosion.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Aggregates
Controlled terms:Electric fields - Electrolytes - Erosion - Rain - Sediments - Size distribution - Sodium chloride - Soil moisture - Stability - Surface potential  - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Diffuse double layers - Electric double layer - Electric field strength - Electrolyte concentration - Electrolyte solutions - Soil aggregate stability - Strong electric fields - Surface electric fields
Classification code:406  Highway Engineering - 443.3  Precipitation - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 702  Electric Batteries and Fuel Cells - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Molar_Concentration 1.00e+01mol/m3, Molar_Concentration 1.00e+02mol/m3, Molar_Concentration 1.00e+03mol/m3, Size 1.50e-04m, Size 2.50e-04m, Voltage 2.02e-01V, Voltage 2.32e-01V
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20202408812759
Title:Measurement of optical property parameters of fruit skin and flesh using structured illumination reflectance imaging
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#32467;&#26500;&#20809;&#21453;&#23556;&#25104;&#20687;&#30340;&#27700;&#26524;&#26524;&#30382;&#21644;&#26524;&#32905;&#20809;&#23398;&#29305;&#24615;&#21442;&#25968;&#27979;&#37327;
Authors:Hu, Dong (1); Sun, Tong (1); Ying, Yibin (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou; 311300, China; (2) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China
Corresponding author:Ying, Yibin(ybying@zafu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:284-291
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Light absorption and scattering are two basic phenomena during the interaction of light with biological tissues, which are characterized by the absorption coefficient and reduced scattering coefficients. Measurement of the optical properties has always been an important research topic, because they are related to the tissue chemical constituents and physical structures. Moreover, quantification of the optical properties can help us to understand light propagation in biological tissues, interpret measurement data, optimize optical devices, and improve food quality and safety assessment. Much research on optical properties measurement has been focused on biological tissues that can be simplified as homogeneous media. However, most fruits are composed of distinct layers with different optical properties. It is thus desired that appropriate multilayer models should be used to estimate optical properties of each layer. Due to complicated analytical models and parameter estimation procedures, optical properties measurement of two-layered turbid media is prone to error, which has brought a major challenge. As a relatively new optical technique, structured illumination reflectance imaging (SIRI) has shown the capability in measuring optical properties during the last decade, due to its advantages of wide-field imaging, and depth- and resolution-varying characterization. In this research, a SIRI system, which was mainly composed of the light source, digital projector, high-performance CCD camera, liquid crystal tunable filter and sample stage, was first constructed and calibrated using two-layered samples with known optical properties. Then images of three varieties of fruit (i.e., apples, kiwifruits, and mangos) were captured using the calibrated SIRI system. Coupled with the stepwise method for image demodulation and inverse parameter estimation, optical properties of the fruit skin and flesh were estimated, respectively. Finally, the discrepancies for estimating the optical properties between the SIRI and single integrating sphere (SIS) techniques were compared, and the potential influencing factors were also analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the errors of absorption and reduced scattering coefficient estimation for the first and second layer of two-layered samples with known optical properties were less than 19% and 28%, respectively. This demonstrated that the SIRI system, coupled with the stepwise method, was able to estimate the optical properties of two-layered turbid media with an acceptable accuracy. An absorption peak was observed in the absorption coefficient spectra of the skin and flesh tissues for all three kinds of fruit, due to pigment constituents, and its peak value depended largely on the pigment content. The absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of the skin tissues were much larger than those of the flesh tissues, which was especially obvious for kiwifruits. Moreover, both the time of sliced tissue and the errors for measuring thickness had a significant effect on optical properties estimation using the SIS technique. This study provides a new method for accurate measurement of optical properties of two-layered fruits, and could lay the theoretical foundation for nondestructive detection of fruit quality (e.g., soluble solids contents and firmness) based on the tissue optical properties. Further research could focus on the measurement of two- and three-dimension optical properties maps using the depth-varying capability of the SIRI technique.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Parameter estimation
Controlled terms:CCD cameras - Errors - Food safety - Fruits - Histology - Inverse problems - Light absorption - Light sources - Liquid crystals - Nondestructive examination  - Optical multilayers - Reflection - Surveying instruments - Tissue - Tissue engineering - Turbidity
Uncontrolled terms:Absorption and scatterings - Absorption co-efficient - Food quality and safeties - Liquid crystal tunable filter - Nondestructive detection - Reduced scattering coefficients - Structured illumination - Tissue optical properties
Classification code:405.3  Surveying - 461  Bioengineering and Biology - 714.2  Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 741.1  Light/Optics - 741.3  Optical Devices and Systems - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.90e+01%, Percentage 2.80e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20202408812911
Title:Experimental study on side pressure of grain silo under storage and discharging state
Title of translation:&#31918;&#39135;&#31570;&#20179;&#20648;&#31918;&#21644;&#21368;&#31918;&#29366;&#24577;&#19979;&#30340;&#20179;&#22721;&#20391;&#21387;&#21147;&#35797;&#39564;&#30740;&#31350;
Authors:Wang, Zhenqing (1); Li, Ying (1); Liu, Haiyan (1); Meng, Weixin (1); Xu, Xiangnan (1); Liu, Xu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou; 450001, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Haiyan(hyliu0708@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:292-299
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pressure especially dynamic pressure on the silo wall is crucial for the silo design, and it is difficult and intractable to study and discuss the pressures on the silo wall during discharging. In order to study the static pressure in the state of grain storage and the dynamic pressure under the state of central discharging, the model silo with a diameter of 400 mm and height of 700 mm which based on a reinforced concrete silo was made by aluminum. Taking the wheat as the storage material, the pressure tests of static storage and central discharging were carried out under the conditions of 100%, 80% and 50% volume of silo respectively, and the measured results of pressure were compared with the calculation results of relevant standards of China, Europe and the United States The experiments results of the static side pressure showed that the deviations rate between the measured value of the static side pressure of the model silo with the calculated value of China stangards were the smallest, while it was biggest compared with the United States standard. The three measured values of the static side pressure were more than the calculated values of China's standard, that was 600 mm away from the top surface of the storage under 100% of silo volume, 160 mm away from the top surface of the storage under 80% of silo volume and 250 mm away from the top surface of the storage under 50% of silo volume, but the measured values were less than the calculated values after security correction. The measured values of static side pressure of the model silo were all less than those of European and the United States standards, the European and the United States standards were more security than China's, the China's standard safety margin should to be adjusted. The test results of the dynamic side pressure of the silo wall showed that the dynamic side pressure of the same measuring points were different when the top of storage was in the whole flow state for the different initial silo volume when the storage was discharged to the same height, The dynamic side pressure of C1 (100 cm from the lower edge of sido wall) was 3.376 kPa when the 100% silo volume was discharged to 50% silo volume, and it was 1.528 kPa when the 80% silo volume was discharged to 50% silo volume. The phenomenon of overpressure occurred in the process of wheat from mass flow to tubular flow. The maximum overpressure coefficients of the 100%, 80% and 50% silo volume were 2.76, 2.90 and 2.68. The positions of occurring tubular flow gradually decreased at 100%, 80% and 50% silo volumes, it indicated that the location of tubular flow was related to the initial storage volume, the smaller the initial storage volume, the lower the location of tubular flow occurred on the top surface of storage. When discharging at the same port, the slope of the curve of grain height with time was about 16.1, i.e. the rate of grain unloading was the same, and the peak time of dynamic side pressure at the lower measuring points was later than that of the upper measuring points The study could provide a basis for the compilation and revision of silo standard and a reference for the design of grain silo.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Walls (structural partitions)
Controlled terms:Grain (agricultural product) - Reinforced concrete - Storage (materials) - Unloading
Uncontrolled terms:Calculated values - Calculation results - Dynamic pressures - Measured results - Measured values - Measuring points - Static pressure - Storage volumes
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 412  Concrete - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 694.4  Storage - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.00e+00m, Size 1.60e-01m, Size 2.50e-01m, Size 4.00e-01m, Size 6.00e-01m, Size 7.00e-01m, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+01%, Pressure 1.53e+03Pa, Pressure 3.38e+03Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20202408812098
Title:Image recognition of cotton leaf diseases and pests based on transfer learning
Title of translation:&#22522;&#20110;&#36801;&#31227;&#23398;&#20064;&#30340;&#26825;&#33457;&#21494;&#37096;&#30149;&#34411;&#23475;&#22270;&#20687;&#35782;&#21035;
Authors:Zhao, Lixin (1, 2); Hou, Fadong (1, 2); Lyu, Zhengchao (1, 2); Zhu, Huichao (1, 2); Ding, Xiaoling (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Mechanical & Electronic Engineering College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an; 271018, China; (2) Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Machineries and Equipments, Tai'an; 271018, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Xiaoling(xiaoling@sdau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:184-191
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The whole growth cycle of cotton is attacked by more 40 kinds of diseases and insect pests, which seriously affect its yield. Therefore, it is very important to identify the types of cotton diseases quickly and accurately and to control them timely and accurately to avoid the further spread of the disease and improve the yield of cotton. In view of the low accuracy of traditional cotton pest identification and the need for manual image feature extraction, a convolution neural network method is proposed to classify cotton leaf pests. Because it is difficult to obtain large data sets in the field of agriculture. Transfer learning and data enhancement are used to deal with small data sets. The network structure of 5 convolution layers, 2 full connection layers, and 1 Softmax classification layer were built based on the AlexNet model. The model was used to classify six diseases and insect pests in cotton leaves. The experiment was divided into 2 parts. The first part used to a PlantVillage big data set to learn the pre-training model on the build model as the feature extractor to save the model. Then, we used the transfer learning method of model transfer and fine-tuning parameters to train our model on the original cotton pest data set. The original cotton pest data set collected in the experiment was divided into training according to the proportion of 6:2:2 training set, verification set, and test set. The average test accuracy was 93.50% through 3 transfer learning training mechanisms (Freezing C1, C2, C3, C4, C5; freeze C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and F6; freeze C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and F6, F7). The second part used data enhancement technology to expand the original cotton pest data set to get a new set and then repeated the first part of the experiment with the new data set instead of the original data set. The cotton pest data was still divided in the proportion of 6:2:2, and then used two kinds of training mechanisms to transfer and learn (freeze C1, C2, C3, C4, C5; freeze C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and F6), and the final average test set accuracy was 97.16%. Under the same experimental conditions, the accuracy of this model was much higher than that of traditional image classification methods, such as SVM and BP neural network. The experimental results of the deep convolution model VGG-19 and the GoogLeNet Inception v2 model showed that the improved model could converge faster and higher classification accuracy. The experimental results showed that the knowledge learned from the big data set of PlantVillage could be transferred to the target area (cotton pests data set) through the transfer learning, and the solution the problem of small data set could also make the model converge quickly. The method of data enhancement method could effectively alleviate the overfitting problem. This study had a good recognition rate for the pests of cotton leaves and provides a reference for the development of crop pest identification technology.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Learning systems
Controlled terms:Agricultural robots - Backpropagation - Convolution - Cotton - Disease control - Image recognition - Large dataset - Neural networks - Statistical tests - Support vector machines  - Transfer learning
Uncontrolled terms:Classification accuracy - Classification methods - Convolution neural network - Experimental conditions - Identification technology - Image feature extractions - Over fitting problem - Transfer learning methods
Classification code:716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4  Artificial Intelligence - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.35e+01%, Percentage 9.72e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20202408813034
Title:Rapid screening and early risk assessment of veterinary drug residues in raw milk
Title of translation:&#29983;&#40092;&#20083;&#20013;&#20861;&#33647;&#27531;&#30041;&#30340;&#24555;&#36895;&#31579;&#26597;&#19982;&#39118;&#38505;&#39044;&#35686;&#20307;&#31995;&#26500;&#24314;
Authors:Tian, Huaixiang (1); Chen, Bin (1); Yu, Haiyan (1); Zhou, Xingxin (1); Chen, Chen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai; 201418, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Chen(chenchen@sit.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:324-332
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The production of raw milk is a dynamic and continuous process. There can be some new changes in the quality of produced raw milk every day. A delay determination can occur in the product safety system when assessing veterinary drug residues in the subsequent procedure using the current detection data. The purpose of this study aims to construct an early warning system based on the full-scale historical data, which can be used to identify, control and evaluate veterinary drug residues in raw milk, and then make accurate judgments before risks occur. Three parts include in this system. 1) The raw milk samples from 50 pasture in Shanghai were first taken as the population to be sampled based on statistical principles. The population was divided into different parts in each pasture. The simple random sampling method means to take samples from various parts, and combine them to obtain the final screening sample. Specifically, the fresh milk samples from 50 pasture in Shanghai were taken once a week, and a total of 300 screening samples were obtained for 6 weeks in May and June. The screening results of veterinary drug residues in these raw milk samples indicated the contamination conditions of veterinary drugs during the sampling period. 2) The collected samples were then tested. The detection test was performed on the high performance liquid chromatography, high resolution time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-TOF-MS/MS) by mixing standard working solutions. A total of steroidal veterinary drugs (12 types), glucocorticoids (6 types), sedatives and quinolones (5 types each) were detected in this study. There were 42 types of veterinary drug residues in total associated with 12 categories of veterinary drugs. Six veterinary drugs were detected in every batch: Thiabendazole, Altrenogest, Beclomethasone, Carazolol, Methyltesterone, and Norethandrolon, indicating the contamination of the veterinary drug in these pastures. 3) A risk warning system was finally constructed. When the number of collected samples was fixed for the screening of the veterinary drug residues in raw milk for each batch from the pastures, the number of prednisone detected(Pn)control chart can be chosen to establish a risk early warning system based on the results of screening of veterinary drug residues. During the 6-week screening, the Pn control chart showed a stable state. When the number of detected prednisone was 6 in the 7th week, it infers that the Pn control chart still showed a stable state. When the prednisone detection number was 10 in the 7th week, the Pn control chart was abnormal in the unsteady state, indicating the batch of samples triggered the warning. All the results show that the established risk warning system can be real-time monitor. This proposed system can play an early warning and preventive role in the occurrence of safety risks for the veterinary drug residues in raw milk.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Controlled drug delivery
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Control charts - Dairies - Flowcharting - High performance liquid chromatography - Mass spectrometry - Population statistics - Risk assessment - Safety engineering - Screening
Uncontrolled terms:Continuous process - Early Warning System - Real time monitors - Risk early warning - Simple random sampling - Statistical principles - Tandem mass spectrometry - Veterinary drug residue
Classification code:723.1  Computer Programming - 731.1  Control Systems - 801  Chemistry - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.1  Food Products Plants and Equipment - 914  Safety Engineering - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.15e-01yr
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20202408811926
Title:Inhibitory effects of heat water and potassium sorbate on gray mold in postharvest kiwifruit
Title of translation:&#28909;&#28608;&#21644;&#23665;&#26792;&#37240;&#38078;&#22788;&#29702;&#23545;&#29461;&#29492;&#26691;&#26524;&#23454;&#28784;&#38665;&#30149;&#30340;&#25233;&#21046;&#25928;&#24212;
Authors:Ge, Mingjia (1); Zhang, Liyuan (1); Ai, Jiayin (1); Ji, Ru (1); Liu, Jingke (1); Liu, Mengfei (1); He, Ling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:He, Ling(heliurui@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:36
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2020
Publication year:2020
Pages:316-323
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The present study investigated the effects of the heat shock treatment and potassium sorbate solution on the suppression of gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) of 'xuxiang' kiwifruits under postharvest conditions. The treatment in the test included potassium sorbate at 5 g/L(PS), hot water at 48&deg;C (HT) for 8 min, and a combining of HT with PS (HT+PS), while the sterile water was applied in the control (CK) group. The test was first conducted on the inhibition effects of PS and HT on the mycelium growth of B. cinerea. The 10 &mu;L of spore suspension was treated with or without HT before the inoculation on potato dextrose agar medium with or without PS treatment. After each treatment, the spore suspensions were further cultured at 24&deg;C for evaluation. After 4 days of in vitro culture, the PS treatment was found to significantly inhibit the growth of mycelium compared with CK (P<0.05). The optimal result was obtained from the HT+PS treatment, after which the observed colony diameter was only 13% that of the CK. In the injury inoculation test, the fruits that inoculated with B. cinerea spore suspension were treated with HT, PS, HT+PS, or clean water for 8 min. The fruits were then dried, and stored at 0&deg;C for 30 days and 24&deg;C for 7 days. The lesion diameter, disease index and the activity of resistance-related enzymes were measured in the inoculated kiwifruits after different treatments. Under both storage conditions (0&deg;C and 24&deg;C), PS, HT and PS+HT treatments significantly reduced the decay of gray mold in kiwifruits compared with CK (P<0.05). The activities of defense-related enzymes including polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, chitinase and &beta;-1, 3-glucanase were remarkably enhanced in the treatment groups compared with the CK. However, no significant difference in the lesion diameter was detected among the PS, HT, and CK treatments after storage (P>0.05). The optimal result was again obtained from the HT+PS treatment, after which the colony diameters were significantly reduced compard with the CK for the fruits treated at 24&deg;C and 0&deg;C, respectively. The incidence index of the PS+HT treatment at 24&deg;C and 0&deg;C was significantly reduced compard with the CK, respectively. The influence of each treatment on the quality of kiwifruit was further investigated. The fresh fruits were air-dried after different treatments, then stored at 0&deg;C&plusmn;0.5&deg;C for 90 days. The indicators of the fruit quality were tested every 10 days during storage, and the level of soluble solid content in the fruits was maintained in all treatments. However, the decrease of the titratable acid and ascorbic acid was delayed following all treatments compared with the CK. Similarly, at the end of 90-day storage period, the weight loss and decay were significantly reduced in all treatment groups compared with the CK (P<0.05). The optimal results were again achieved with the HT+PS treatment, after which the rates of weight loss and decay were only 2.11% and 0%, respectively, after 90 days of storage, compared with 4.61% and 3.08%, respectively, for the CK group. These findings indicate an important role for heat water and potassium sorbate treatment in delaying the decay and senescence of postharvest kiwifruit.<br/> &copy; 2020, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Water treatment
Controlled terms:Ascorbic acid - Enzymes - Fruits - Fungi - Molds - Potassium - Potassium sorbate
Uncontrolled terms:Different treatments - Heat shock treatment - Inhibition effect - Inhibitory effect - Polyphenol oxidase - Potato dextrose agar mediums - Soluble solid content - Storage condition
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 549.1  Alkali Metals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.10e-02yr, Age 1.92e-02yr, Age 2.47e-01yr, Age 2.74e-02yr, Age 8.22e-02yr, Percentage 0.00e+00%, Percentage 1.30e+01%, Percentage 2.11e+00%, Percentage 3.08e+00%, Percentage 4.61e+00%, Temperature 2.73e+02K, Temperature 2.97e+02K, Time 4.80e+02s, Volume 1.00e-08m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.07.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.