1. Estimation of annual CH4 and N2O emissions from solid dairy manure storage in Yanqing of Beijing based on dynamic chamber method

Accession number: 20192206992569

Title of translation: CH4N2O

Authors: Hu, Bin (1, 2); Zhao, Haoxiang (1, 2); Wang, Yejian (1, 2); Wang, Chaoyuan (1, 2, 3); Shi, Zhengxiang (1, 2, 3); Wan, Hang (4); Peng, Tao (4)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Beijing Engineering Research Center on Animal Healthy Environment, Beijing; 100083, China; (4) Agricultural Bureau, Yanqing County, Beijing; 102100, China

Corresponding author: Wang, Chaoyuan(gotowchy@cau.edu.cn)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 198-203

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Greenhouse gases, such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) caused by manure storage inside the dairy farms are important contributors of global emissions to atmosphere, which is considered as the primary factor driving global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guideline (Tier 2 for example) released in 2006 is treated as an authoritative method in estimating CH4 and N2O emissions from the animal manure management of a region, while its accuracy highly depends on the reliabilities of the parameters, including the CH4 and N2O emission factor (EF). While, different manure management modes and climatic conditions will lead to huge difference of the factors, and the estimation based on default factor of IPCC may result in a big deviation in the emissions from the manure management for a country or an area. Using the IPCC method, this paper simulated CH4 and N2O emissions from short-term stacked dairy manures in spring, summer and autumn by the dynamic chamber technique in the laboratory, and the annual emissions of CH4 and N2O from the manure management in Yanqing dairy farms was estimated based on the simulation results, as well as the field investigation on dairy management method and manure production. Finally, CH4 and N2O emission factor of the dairy manure management were calculated and compared with the defaults of IPCC. Results showed that CH4 emissions from the simulated dairy manure stockpiles were 223.97, 4 603.31 and 351.38 mg in spring, summer and autumn, respectively. The total CH4 emission of solid dairy manure management in Yanqing, Beijing was 13 342.50 kg in 2016, or 373.59 t CO2 equivalent. CH4 emission factor of solid manure storage from the simulation was 1.50 kg/(head•yr), which was statistically less than 1.78 kg/(head•yr) calculated from the default values of the relevant parameters in the IPCC guidelines. N2O emission from the simulated dairy manure stockpiles were 5.86, 9.43 and 0.81 mg/kg in spring, summer and autumn, respectively. Total N2O emission of solid dairy manure management in Yanqing, Beijing was 347.87 kg in 2016, or 92.19 t CO2 equivalent. N2O emission factor of solid manure storage from the simulation was 0.0004 kg/kg, which was significantly less than the defaulted value of 0.005 kg/kg in the IPCC guidelines. The difference on the emission factors could be partially explained by the storage period of collected manures from the barns and the open lots of dairy farms in Yanqing, Beijing, which was general less than 4 weeks, and quite differed from the circumstance that the default EFs of CH4 and N2O in IPCC guidelines. Thus, estimating the CH4 and N2O emissions from Yanqing area of Beijing with the default values of CH4 and N2O emission factors in the IPCC guidelines, the flux will be highly overestimated. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 28

Main heading: Fertilizers

Controlled terms: Carbon dioxide  -  Emission control  -  Farms  -  Global warming  -  Greenhouse gases  -  Manures  -  Methane  -  Nitrogen oxides

Uncontrolled terms: Climatic conditions  -  Dynamic chamber techniques  -  Emission factors  -  Field investigation  -  Intergovernmental panel on climate changes  -  Management method  -  Nitrous oxide  -  Solid dairy manures

Classification code: 443.1 Atmospheric Properties  -  451.1 Air Pollution Sources  -  451.2 Air Pollution Control  -  804 Chemical Products Generally  -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control  -  821.5 Agricultural Wastes

Numerical data indexing: Age 7.67e-02yr, Mass 3.42e+02kg, Mass 3.48e+02kg, Mass 3.51e-04kg, Mass 6.03e-04kg

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.025

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

2. Spraying atomization performance by pulse width modulated variable and droplet deposition characteristics in wind tunnel

Accession number: 20192206992550

Title of translation:

Authors: Zhang, Ruirui (1, 2, 3); Li, Longlong (1, 2, 3); Fu, Wang (2, 3, 4); Chen, Liping (1, 2, 3); Yi, Tongchuan (1, 2, 3); Tang, Qing (1, 2, 3); Hewitt, Andrew J (5)

Author affiliation: (1) Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) National Center for International Research on Agricultural Aerial Application Technology, Beijing; 100097, China; (4) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (5) Centre for Pesticide Application and Safety, University of Queensland, QLD; 4072, Australia

Corresponding author: Chen, Liping(chenlp@nercita.org.cn)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 42-51

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Pulse width modulation (PWM) technology is an important means to achieve variable spray, and is attracting more and more researchers’ attention due to its short reaction time, fast response, large flow adjustment range and good spray characteristics using conventional nozzles. But during the actual spraying process, its working parameters and environmental conditions could influence the spray accuracy seriously. In order to investigate the atomization and deposition characteristics of the PWM variable-rate nozzle, a pulse width modulation variable spraying system was designed to study the spraying atomization and deposition characteristics of TR80-005C hollow cone spray nozzle commonly used in agricultural application. In order to maintain a stable environmental condition to produce setting wind speed, the experiments were carried out in the type IEA-II wind tunnel designed by Agricultural Intelligent Equipment Technology Research Center. A dot matrix placement capacitive droplet deposition monitoring sensor was used to detect spray deposition in real time. To effectively evaluate the ground deposition properties of the wind tunnel environment, deposition evaluation index (DEIX) was deduced based on drift potional index (DIX). DEIX is inversely proportional to DIX, the smaller the DEIX value, the smaller the potential of droplet deposition, which means that the possibility of drift loss is greater. The Spraytec droplet size meter was sued to test the droplet volume median diameter (VMD) and the relative span of the droplets (RS) to determine the relationship between duty cycle and spraying atomization performance. The experiment was carried out at the Xiaotangshan National Precision Agriculture Research Station in Changping district of Beijing city. The test devices were mainly composed of PWM variable-rate spraying system, IEA-II conventional-speed wind tunnel, laser particle size analyzer and deposition measurement sensor network system. Before tests, all systems were powered on and warm up for 30 minutes. In the droplet size tests, the nozzle was placed 0.5 m directly above the droplet size analyzer, the test pressure was set to 0.4 MPa, the PWM frequency was set to 1 Hz, and the duty cycle was set to 10%-60% at the interval of 10%. Tap water was used as the spraying solution, and each setting repeated 5 times. For the droplet deposition characteristic tests, droplet deposition sensor was arranged at the bottom of the wind tunnel, the sensors were arranged in 5 rows (1 m spacing) and 3 columns (0.55 m spacing) on the vertical wind direction, and were numbered 1 to 15 starting from the upper side to the bottom of the upper side. The nozzle was fixed at the top of the wind tunnel, and the height of the relative deposition sensor was set to 1and 1.5 m respectively, and the horizontal distance between the nozzle and the first column deposition sensor was 1.3 m, the wind speed was set to 1-5 m/s, PWM frequency was set to 1 Hz and duty cycle was 10%-60%, spraying time was set as 10 s, the spraying pressure was set as 0.4 MPa. At the beginning of the test, the sensors saved datas in real time and transmitted it back to the computer. The test results showed that when the duty cycle was between 10%-40%, the VMD decreased with the increases of duty cycle, VMD was 122.3 μm at 60% duty cycle, which increased by 1.8 μm compared with that of at 40% duty cycle. When the PWM duty cycle was 60%, the RS was the smallest, compared with that of duty cycle at 20%, the RS decreased by 9.52%, that means that the droplet spectrum was the narrowest, and droplet size distribution was the most concentrated. In the deposition test, under the condition of wind speed at 1 m/s, droplets were mainly deposited within 3.3 m from the nozzle, which accounted for 95.7% of the total deposition. When the wind speed exceeded 3 m/s, the droplet settling distance increased under the action of the airflow, which may increase the possibility of spray drift. With increase of the duty cycle, DEIX value decreased and the drift rate of the droplets increased. Under the same working conditions, the larger the wind speed and the nozzle height, the smaller the DEIX and the easier spray drift. This study provides a basis for the practical application of pulse width modulation variable application techniques and PWM working condition parameters selection in agricultural field production, and provides a theoretical basis for further optimization of PWM variable adjustment devices. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 36

Main heading: Spray nozzles

Controlled terms: Agriculture  -  Atomization  -  Capacitive sensors  -  Deposition  -  Drops  -  Environmental technology  -  Experiments  -  Particle size  -  Particle size analysis  -  Pulse width modulation   -  Sensor networks  -  Speed  -  Spraying  -  Voltage control  -  Wind  -  Wind tunnels

Uncontrolled terms: Atomization performance  -  Deposition characteristics  -  Droplet size distributions  -  Environmental conditions  -  Evaluation index  -  Intelligent equipment  -  Laser particle size analyzer  -  Variable rate spraying

Classification code: 443.1 Atmospheric Properties  -  454 Environmental Engineering  -  631.1 Fluid Flow, General  -  651.2 Wind Tunnels  -  731.3 Specific Variables Control  -  732 Control Devices  -  802.3 Chemical Operations  -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control  -  901.3 Engineering Research  -  951 Materials Science

Numerical data indexing: Frequency 1.00e+00Hz, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.00e+01% to 4.00e+01%, Percentage 1.00e+01% to 6.00e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+01%, Percentage 9.52e+00%, Percentage 9.57e+01%, Pressure 4.00e+05Pa, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 1.22e-04m, Size 1.30e+00m, Size 1.80e-06m, Size 3.30e+00m, Size 5.00e-01m, Size 5.50e-01m, Time 1.80e+03s, Velocity 1.00e+00m/s, Velocity 1.00e+00m/s to 5.00e+00m/s, Velocity 3.00e+00m/s

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.006

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

3. Catalytic reforming of volatiles in pyrolysis by using biomass carbon particle loading Ca and Fe and improving biogas yield

Accession number: 20192206992571

Title of translation: CaFe

Authors: Pang, Yunji (1, 2); Liu, Xinming (1); Chen, Yisheng (1); Xu, Yue (1); Shen, Shengqiang (2)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou; 014010, China; (2) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian; 116023, China

Corresponding author: Chen, Yisheng(chenabc_518@163.com)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 211-217

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: In order to improve the catalytic function of biochar on the pyrolysis volatiles of corn straw, biochar-Fe and biochar-Ca catalyst particles pyrolyzed from corn straw particles with Fe2O3 and CaO additives. Then the catalytic reforming ability of the different catalysts (no catalyst, biochar, biochar-Fe and biochar-Ca) were tested and discussed. The results showed that the liquid yield of corn straw particles reached the lowest value of 35.06% and the highest gas yield of 36.95% at the temperature of 800 without catalyst; The liquid products of corn straw particles mainly consisted of organic compounds such as acids, aldehydes, alcohols, phenols, ethers and lipids; The components of pyrolysis gas mainly include CH4, CnHm, CO, CO2 and H2. It was obvious that the biochar catalyst particles influenced the pyrolysis volatile matter of corn straw particles. Compared with the treatment without catalyst, the liquid yield of treatment with biochar catalyst particles decreased, the lowest was 21.49%; the gas yield increased, and the highest value was 50.72%. Biochar-Fe catalyst particles play an important role in the high temperature condition and especially at 800, the liquid phase yield reached the lowest value of 20.24% and the gas yield was 51.44%. By adding biochar-Fe, the volume fraction of H2 in the gas product increased, and the volume fraction of H2 in the gas product was 28.39% at 800, which was higher than that in the pyrolysis gas of corn straw without using catalyst under the same conditions at 12.52 percent point. Moreover, biochar-Fe catalyst particles contributed to stop the formation of macromolecule organic matter in pyrolysis oil; Fe can be used as a good additive to produce hydrogen-rich gas at high temperature. A good catalytic reforming effect on the liquid phase substances in the volatile matter of corn straw pyrolysis at various temperatures was obtained at treatment with biochar-Ca catalyst particles. The liquid yield and gas yield reached the optimum values of 20.01% and 51.96% at 800 with biochar-Ca catalyst particles, so the biochar-Ca catalyst could promote the formation of CH4 gas with high calorific value in pyrolysis gas, which could reach 12.69% under the optimum experimental conditions, and reduced the volume fraction of CO2, the lowest value of CO2 was 30.25%. CaO could be used as a good acceptor of CO2 to produce high calorific value fuel gas. By using the method of variance analysis, it was found that the P value of different kinds of catalyst was 4.9×10-6, which indicated that different kinds of catalysts had a very significant effect on the pyrolysis oil of corn straw particles. According to the analysis of liquid phase yield and gas yield, the order of activity of biochar-based catalysts for the catalytic reforming of corn straw pyrolysis volatiles was biochar-Ca > biochar-Fe > biochar > no catalyst. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 33

Main heading: Catalyst activity

Controlled terms: Additives  -  Biogas  -  Biomass  -  Calcium  -  Calorific value  -  Carbon  -  Carbon dioxide  -  Catalysis  -  Catalysts  -  Catalytic reforming   -  Gases  -  Hematite  -  Iron  -  Liquids  -  Petroleum additives  -  Pyrolysis  -  Straw  -  Volume fraction

Uncontrolled terms: Analysis of liquids  -  Catalyst particles  -  Catalytic functions  -  Experimental conditions  -  High temperature condition  -  High-calorific-value  -  Liquid Phase  -  Volatile matters

Classification code: 482.2 Minerals  -  545.1 Iron  -  549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals  -  641.1 Thermodynamics  -  802.2 Chemical Reactions  -  803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals  -  804 Chemical Products Generally  -  804.2 Inorganic Compounds  -  821.5 Agricultural Wastes

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 2.84e+01%, Percentage 3.02e+01%, Percentage 1.25e+01%, Percentage 1.27e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 2.02e+01%, Percentage 3.51e+01%, Percentage 3.70e+01%, Percentage 5.07e+01%, Percentage 5.14e+01%, Percentage 5.20e+01%

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.027

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

4. Apple positioning based on YOLO deep convolutional neural network for picking robot in complex background

Accession number: 20192206992565

Title of translation: YOLO

Authors: Zhao, Dean (1); Wu, Rendi (1); Liu, Xiaoyang (1); Zhao, Yuyan (2)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Changzhou Institute of Information Technology, Changzhou; 213164, China

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 164-173

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Automatic recognition of apple is one of the important aspects for apple harvest robots. Fast apple recognition can improve the efficiency of picking robots. In the actual scene of the orchard, the recognition conditions for apple are complex such as daytime, night, overlap apples, occlusion, bagged, backlighting, reflected light and dense apple, considering which a highly robust and fast visual recognition scheme is required. A fast and stable apple recognition scheme was proposed based on improved YOLOv3 in this paper. The entire image was traversed by a single convolutional neural network (one-stage), dividing an image into a plurality of sub-regions with the same size, and predicting the class of the target and its bounding box in each sub-region. Finally, the non-maximum value suppression was merged into the outer frame of the whole target, and the category and position of the target were returned. In order to improve the detection efficiency, the VGG-like network model was used to replace the original residual network of YOLOv3, and the model size was reduced, in which the 53-layer neural network was compressed into a 13-layer neural network without affecting the detection effect. Taking into account the size of the smallest apple in dense apples images, the anchor points of 3 different sizes were reduced to 2, reducing the final predicted tensor and ensuring that the smallest anchor point could still include the minimum target. The steps in this paper were stated as follows: Firstly, the data set was manually marked, including 400 images for the training set and 115 images for the verification set, including a total of 1 158 apple samples. In addition, in order to increase the generalization ability of the model, the data set was enhanced by adjusting the hue, color amount and exposure of the image, and a total of 51 500 images were generated. Then the initial value of the anchor points was calculated through K-means. Secondly, training the data set, output a model every 100 iterations. For the verification set, the mean average precision (mAP) value of each weight in batches was calculated, selecting the model with the highest mAP value, and finding the appropriate threshold to ensure most preferred precision, recall rate and intersection over union (IOU). The trained model had a mAP which reached up to 87.71%, an accuracy rate up to 97%, a recall rate up to 90%, and an IOU up to 83.61%. Thirdly, the specific performance of the model under image conditions for different fruit number, illumination angle, fruit growth stage and shooting time were verified in additional experimental data sets. The experimental data set consisted of 336 pictures containing 1 410 apple samples. The comparison was performed with algorithms of HOG+SVM, Faster RCNN, YOLOv2, and YOLOv3, with the evaluated index of F1 value. The experimental results showed that YOLOv3 performed significantly better than YOLOv2 in dense apples image, and better in other environments than Faster RCNN and HOG+SVM. Finally, the detection accuracy of the algorithm was verified in different hardware environments. The detection time of an image under the GPU was 16.69 ms with 60 frame/s for the actual video, and under the CPU was 105.21 ms with 15 frame/s for the actual video. Since it was positioned only at the beginning of the picking process and it did not require frequently refreshing during the picking process, in which the detection time in this paper was qualified. A reference was provided for the rapid, long-term high efficiency of robots to locate apples in complex environments in this research. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 31

Main heading: Image enhancement

Controlled terms: Complex networks  -  Computer vision  -  Convolution  -  Deep learning  -  Deep neural networks  -  Efficiency  -  Fruits  -  Harvesters  -  Image recognition  -  Neural networks   -  Robots

Uncontrolled terms: Apple recognition  -  Automatic recognition  -  Complex environments  -  Convolutional neural network  -  Generalization ability  -  Hardware environment  -  Picking robot  -  YOLO

Classification code: 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing  -  722 Computer Systems and Equipment  -  723.5 Computer Applications  -  731.5 Robotics  -  821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment  -  821.4 Agricultural Products  -  913.1 Production Engineering

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 8.36e+01%, Percentage 8.77e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.70e+01%, Time 1.05e-01s, Time 1.67e-02s

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.021

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

5. GPS/INS navigation based on adaptive finite impulse response-Kalman filter algorithm

Accession number: 20192206992554

Title of translation: -GPS/INS

Authors: Jin, Biao (1, 2, 3); Li, Jianxing (1); Zhu, Dekuan (1); Guo, Jiao (1, 2, 3); Su, Baofeng (1, 2, 3)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Yangling; 712100, China

Corresponding author: Guo, Jiao(jiao.g@163.com)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 75-81

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Global positioning system (GPS) and inertial navigation system (INS) are widely used in target positioning, vehicle navigation, precision agriculture and other fields. However, due to factors such as satellite signal occlusion, multi-path effect and observation error, the filtering results usually have large errors. Kalman filtering algorithm is generally used in navigation and positioning system to improve positioning accuracy. The performance of kalman filter algorithm depends on the dynamic model of state vector and the random model describing noise characteristics. There are 2 corresponding adaptive kalman filtering algorithms: one is the multiple-model-based adaptive estimation (MMAE); the other is the innovation-based adaptive estimation (IAE). The first method is to combine all models with non-zero model probability by using a set of parallel kalman filters under different dynamic models and statistical information. The second method complete the adaptive filtering directly by calculating the observation noise or process noise covariance matrix based on the change of information sequence. In MMAE and IAE methods, discrete time differential models are usually adopted, such as the constant velocity CV model and constant acceleration CA model, to describe the change process of state variables. However, the state vectors such as position, velocity and attitude are correlated, and it is very difficult to accurately describe the statistical relations of these states. When the prior information is not sufficient, the coupling effect of each filtering state will also cause large errors to the positioning results. Another disadvantage of kalman filter algorithm based on discrete time differential model is that it highly depends on the prior statistical information of process noise and observation noise. Generally, the prior statistical information of process noise and measurement noise depends on the motion process and application scene, which is difficult to be obtained accurately. Insufficient prior statistical information of the filter will reduce the estimation accuracy of the filter state and even lead to the divergence of the filter estimation results. The research of adaptive kalman filter algorithm is mainly focused on the covariance of online calculation process noise or measured noise. In order to improve the accuracy of navigation and positioning, an adaptive kalman filter algorithm based on FIR (finite impulse response) prediction model for white noise background was proposed in this paper. Firstly, the continuous trajectory function of moving target was approximated by an N-order polynomial with arbitrary precision, and the FIR prediction model polynomial was obtained. The FIR prediction model coefficient was obtained by solving a convex quadratic programming problem, and the optimal solution of FIR prediction model coefficient was solved by lagrange multiplier method. The convex quadratic programming taken the polynomial motion law of the target as the constraint condition and the minimum white noise gain as the objective function, and the optimal solution could not only satisfy the constraints of the target’s motion state, but also had the effect of de-noising to a certain extent. Finally, the proposed FIR prediction model was combined with kalman filter. Simulation test and the measurement results showed that kalman filtering algorithm based on FIR prediction model had higher estimation accuracy than the traditional kalman filtering algorithm under the same parameter settings, and the simulation experiment results showed that the localization precision was increased by 29.54%, the measured experimental results showed that positioning accuracy in east-west direction increased by 21.71%, positioning error in north-south direction increased by 22.62%. The proposed algorithm could be used for single state estimation before information fusion in loosely coupled GPS/INS, and also for noise reduction in post-processing of GPS receivers. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 26

Main heading: Kalman filters

Controlled terms: Adaptive filtering  -  Adaptive filters  -  Covariance matrix  -  Dynamic models  -  Errors  -  FIR filters  -  Forecasting  -  Global positioning system  -  Impulse response  -  Inertial navigation systems   -  Information filtering  -  Lagrange multipliers  -  Models  -  Navigation  -  Optimal systems  -  Polynomials  -  Quadratic programming  -  Statistics  -  White noise

Uncontrolled terms: Adaptive kalman filter algorithms  -  Adaptive Kalman filtering  -  Convex quadratic programming  -  Inertial navigation systems (INS)  -  Kalman filtering algorithms  -  Lagrange multiplier method  -  Navigation and positioning  -  Prediction model

Classification code: 703.2 Electric Filters  -  903.1 Information Sources and Analysis  -  921 Mathematics  -  921.1 Algebra  -  922.2 Mathematical Statistics  -  961 Systems Science

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 2.17e+01%, Percentage 2.26e+01%, Percentage 2.95e+01%

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.010

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

6. Simulation analysis and experiment of drag reduction effect of convex blade subsoiler based on discrete element method

Accession number: 20192206992547

Title of translation:

Authors: Ma, Yuejin (1); Wang, An (1); Zhao, Jianguo (1); Hao, Jianjun (1); Li, Jianchang (1); Ma, Luping (1); Zhao, Weibo (1); Wu, Yue (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071001, China

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 16-23

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Due to long-term shallow ploughing, rotary tillage and tractor wheel rolling, a hard and compact Plow pan layer is formed between the tillage layer and the subsoil layer. The presence of plow pan layer can inhibit roots growing and prevent material transfer between tillage layer and the susoil layer, thus reducing crop yield. The subsoiling can improve the soil water storage, improve soil water retention capacity, promote roots growth, and effectively improve crop yield effectively, but the resistance and energy consumption of subsoiling is high. The convex blade subsoiler was designed to reduce the subsoiling resistance in the paper. The convex blade subsoiler was mainly composed of subsoiler handle, subsoiler tip and convex edge, in the process of subsoiling, the convex edge on the subsoiler tip slip cutting the soil on the upper surface of the subsoiler tip, which reducing the pressure of the soil on the upper surface of the subsoiler tip, thereby reducing the subsoiling resistance. Firstly, the curve expression of convex blade edge was calculated based on the sliding cutting condition. And then, the convex blade subsoiler with convex blade and stander subsoiler were selected as the study object by EDEM simulation and field experiment, which used to verify the drag reduction effect of convex blade and the accuracy of soil simulation model. Taking North China Plain as the research object, the physical parameters of soil particle was determined, and the soil geometry model which consists of tillage layer, the subsoil layer and plow pan layer was constructed by 3D graphics software NVENTOR. In order to improve the accuracy of the soil model, the Edinburgh Elasto-Plastic Adhesion Model was used as soil contact model to simulate the tillage resistance of subsoiler. The EDEM software was employed to analyze the drag reduction effect of convex blade subsoiler at different tillage depths and forward speeds, which had been compared with the stander subsoiler. The experiment results showed that convex blade subsoiler had a drag reduction effect compared with stander subsoiler, and the average drag reduction was 7.56%. In addition, the EDEM_Addin plug-in was used to introduce the contact force of the soil with convex blade subsoiler into ANSYS WORKBENCH 17.0 for finite element analysis, and the results of finite element analysis showed that the convex blade subsoiler stress was mainly concentrated in the fixed position of the subsoiler handle, the maximum stress value was 123.36 MPa and the maximum deformation variable was 8.68 mm at the tip of the subsoiler, which meetting the design requirements. In order to verify the rationality of the designed convex blade subsoiler and judge the rationality of the constructed soil model, the field experiments were carried out according to the tillage depth and the working speed of the simulation. The field experiments proved that the convex blade subsoiler had dragged reduction effect compared with stander subsoiler, and the average drag reduction was 10.24%, and compared with the simulation results, the numerical error was 3%-10%. the tillage depth and forward speed could have an appreciable impact on tillage resistance and the tillage resistance increased with the tillage depth and forward velocity. The results of simulation and experiment showed that the proposed soil model basically matched the soil mechanical properties in North China Plain and could approximating substitute the real soil environment. The study proved that it was feasible to analyze the tillage resistance of the subsoiler by using the DEM and it was of great significance to further optimize the structure of subsoiler. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 36

Main heading: Finite element method

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery  -  Crops  -  Cultivation  -  Drag reduction  -  Energy utilization  -  Experiments  -  Finite difference method  -  Mechanical properties  -  Soil moisture  -  Soil surveys

Uncontrolled terms: Convex blade  -  Cutting conditions  -  Physical parameters  -  Simulation analysis  -  Soil mechanical properties  -  Soil water retention  -  Soil water storage  -  Subsoiling

Classification code: 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics  -  525.3 Energy Utilization  -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control  -  901.3 Engineering Research  -  921.6 Numerical Methods  -  951 Materials Science

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.02e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+00% to 1.00e+01%, Percentage 7.56e+00%, Pressure 1.23e+08Pa, Size 8.68e-03m

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.003

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

7. Development of multi-orientation automatic spraying device for citrus orchards in hilly and mountainous areas

Accession number: 20192206992549

Title of translation:

Authors: Ma, Chi (1); Li, Guanglin (1); Li, Xiaodong (1); Huang, Xiaoyu (1); Song, Jie (1); Yang, Shihang (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China

Corresponding author: Li, Guanglin(liguanglin@swu.edu.cn)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 31-41

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: In view of the poor adaptability of the existing automatic spraying device to citrus fruit trees with different crown size in hilly and mountainous areas, a bidirectional multi-mode automatic spraying device was development in this paper. The device was mainly composed of mechanical framework, high-pressure atomizing mechanism, air supply mechanism and automatic control system (which including power supply module, communication module, automatic target module, vehicle speed measurement module, motor drive module and solenoid valve). Changing the angle of spraying rod through the mode conversion mechanism, the vertical spraying mode, the 45° tilt spraying mode and the ground spraying mode were realized, which satisfied the adaptability requirements of the spraying device for citrus fruit trees of different sizes, and effectively improved the utilization of pesticides. Firstly, the canopy height of the fruit trees and the distance from the high pressure atomizing nozzle assembly to the crown surface were detected by the automatic target module composing of an ultrasonic sensor and a laser diode array, The ultrasonic sensor was responsible for detecting the top and bottom layers of the canopy, and guided the position adjustment of spraying rod and the on-off of solenoid value, so that the spraying rod could spray against the canopy; the laser diode array was responsible for detecting the distance between the spraying rod and the fruit trees, and guided the boom to adjust to the setting position. Secondly, the speed measuring module was used to detect the moving speed of the crawler-type walking tractors in real time. Thirdly, the collected datas were processed by the controller. The effects of the detection delay on the effect of the spraying were reduced by the cooperation of each module. The laboratory test results showed that the spray range and spray width of the device in 3 spray modes were in line with the quality requirements of plant protection machinery. The spray amount for one operation was 72-190 L/hm2, which met the requirements of the low dose spray. The ultrasonic sensor was arranged at 0.8m in front of the spraying rod, when the working speed of the crawler-type tractor was not more than 8 km/h, it effectively reduced the target error caused by the delay of signal detection and processing, and the target precision was 99.7%, which was in line with the design requirements. Orthogonal experimental design method was used in field experiments, the effects of vehicle speed, air supply intensity and sprinkler-to-canopy distance on spraying efficiency were investigated by establishing L9(34) orthogonal experimental design table. The results of spraying in vertical spraying mode and 45° tilt spraying mode showed that the average droplet coverage on the canopy surface was 82.5% and 78.7%, respectively, and the droplet deposition density was 109 and 106 droplets/cm2, respectively; the average droplet coverage in the canopy was 16.1% and 30.6%, respectively, and the droplet deposition density was 35 and 64 droplets/cm2, respectively. The spraying effects met the requirements of national standards. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 28

Main heading: Spray nozzles

Controlled terms: Automation  -  Citrus fruits  -  Deposition  -  Design of experiments  -  Drops  -  Electric drives  -  Forestry  -  Mechanisms  -  Orchards  -  Sensors   -  Solenoid valves  -  Solenoids  -  Speed  -  Spraying  -  Statistics  -  Tractors (agricultural)  -  Tractors (truck)  -  Ultrasonic applications  -  Ultrasonic sensors

Uncontrolled terms: Air-supply mechanism  -  Communication modules  -  Hilly and mountainous areas  -  Orthogonal experimental design  -  Orthogonal experimental design method  -  Orthogonal test  -  Quality requirements  -  Vehicle speed measurement

Classification code: 601.3 Mechanisms  -  619 Pipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering Generally  -  631.1 Fluid Flow, General  -  663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles  -  704.1 Electric Components  -  731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications  -  753.2 Ultrasonic Devices  -  753.3 Ultrasonic Applications  -  802.3 Chemical Operations  -  821.3 Agricultural Methods  -  821.4 Agricultural Products  -  901.3 Engineering Research  -  922.2 Mathematical Statistics

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.61e+01%, Percentage 3.06e+01%, Percentage 7.87e+01%, Percentage 8.25e+01%, Percentage 9.97e+01%, Size 8.00e-01m, Velocity 2.22e+00m/s

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.005

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

8. Intelligent forklift obstacle detection based on dynamic change of laser scanning area

Accession number: 20192206992553

Title of translation:

Authors: Lü, Enli (1, 2); Ruan, Qingsong (1, 2); Liu, Yanhua (3); Wang, Feiren (1, 2); Luo, Yizhi (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) Engineering Fundamental Teaching and Training Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China

Corresponding author: Liu, Yanhua(cynthial@scau.edu.cn)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 67-74

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Dried fruits should be stored in warehouse by placing and stacking on the shelves. By using intelligent forklift to store and take goods on the shelves, the warehouse efficiency could be effectively solved, and the warehouse management of dried fruits could be promoted to be standardized and intelligent. Obstacle detection is the primary guarantee for the safe operation of intelligent forklifts, and the detection effect is also related to the efficient operation of intelligent forklifts in warehouse, as a key technology of intelligent vehicles, it has gradually become a research hot topic. However, the current researches focuse on small multi-degree-freedom intelligent vehicles, there is no research on obstacles detection methods for large intelligent forklift in dried fruit warehouse. Considering the limitations of warehouse layout, the detection region of traditional detection methods were mostly fixed shape, that means that the safety distance was fixed, so it was more suitable when forklift going straight in an open space, on the contrary, in the dried fruit warehouse with limited channel width, especially when turning, there would be false alarm, which would easily cause the large intelligent forklift to misjudge the objects that could be bypassed into potential obstacles, thus causing the forklift to change the road or stop sharply. In order to solve the false detection and realize the obstacle dynamic detection for large intelligent forklift in dried fruit warehouse, taking the reversing process of intelligent forklift as an example, an obstacles dynamic detection method based on dynamic change of laser scanning area with the speed and steering angle of large intelligent forklift in dried fruit warehouse was proposed in this paper. The real-time position and direction information of forklift in the global Cartesian coordinate system of warehouse was obtained by using on-board laser sensor SICK-NAV350, combining with the motion geometry model of forklift, the horizontal laser ranging sensor (SICK-LMS111) and the inclined laser ranging sensor (SICK-TIM561) scanning the obstacle in 2 planes, forming a dynamic detection area changing with the speed and steering angle of forklift. The real vehicle test results showed that the proposed method without error checking, the error detection rate of the sector method was 50.00% and that of the rectangle method was 10.00% in the testing of horizontal scan ranging sensor, the error detection rate of the sector method was 30.77% and that of the rectangle method was 69.23% in the testing of tilted scan ranging sensor. With tilted scanning range sensor as the auxiliary and horizontal scanning range sensor as the main part, a dynamic obstacle detection area based on fusion of 2 planes was formed, the minimum height of obstacles could be detected was about 31 mm when the installation angle of sensor SICK-TIM561 was 25.60°, the height to ground was 2 000 mm and the detection region width was set to 2 183 mm. The proposed method effectively solved the false alarm of intelligent forklift when driving in the warehouse, and was more suitable for warehousing and transportation than the traditional detection method, and improved the mobility and safety of intelligent forklift in warehouse. The research can provide reference for obstacle detection of large warehouse intelligent transport vehicles. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 30

Main heading: Materials handling equipment

Controlled terms: Automobile steering equipment  -  Errors  -  Fruits  -  Intelligent systems  -  Intelligent vehicle highway systems  -  Laser applications  -  Obstacle detectors  -  Scanning  -  Sensors  -  Steering   -  Vehicles  -  Warehouses

Uncontrolled terms: Cartesian coordinate system  -  Dynamic detection  -  Horizontal scanning  -  Installation angle  -  Intelligent transport  -  Laser scans  -  Obstacles detection  -  Warehouse management

Classification code: 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components  -  691.1 Materials Handling Equipment  -  694.4 Storage  -  723.4 Artificial Intelligence  -  723.5 Computer Applications  -  744.9 Laser Applications  -  821.4 Agricultural Products

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 3.08e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 6.92e+01%, Size 2.00e+00m, Size 2.18e+00m, Size 3.10e-02m

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.009

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

9. Preparation of diatomite/corn straw woodceramics and its adsorption kinetics for tetracycline in wastewater

Accession number: 20192206992570

Title of translation: /

Authors: Gao, Ruqin (1, 2); Liu, Di (1); Gu, Yiming (1); Zhu, Debao (1); Li, Guoting (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou; 450046, China; (2) Henan Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Treatment, Zhengzhou; 450046, China

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 204-210

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: In order to use agricultural wastes as resources, the efficient utilization of corn straw was explored. Taking corn straw as the main raw materials, diatomite modified corn straw woodceramics were prepared by carbonizing phenolic resin-corn straw powder composite under vacuum. The structure and properties of as-prepared materials were characterized by modern test methods such as scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mercury injection. Some properties of as-prepared materials such as pore size distribution, porosity, adsorption capacity and so on were tested in the same time. Using tetracycline as the target pollutant, the adsorption process of tetracycline on samples was studied. Results indicate that woodceramics are mainly amorphous and a small amount of quartz crystal phase and crystalline graphite. Woodceramics contained a large number of holes, and the holes formed by the high temperature calcining of wood fiber in corn straw were wrapped and bridged by the glass carbon. With the original pore structure of diatomite, the interlocking pores were uneven on the surface. The porous size range, the porosity and the specific surface area of the woodceramics were 1 000-3 800 nm, 48.6 %, and 7.83 m2/g respetively. Woodceramics was a typical non-graphitizable carbon containing C-O-C bonds, C=C bonds and C-H bonds’ structure. The adsorption capacity of materials to organic pollutants was improved obviously. According to the correlation coefficient R2, Langmiur isothermal adsorption model could describe the adsorption process of tetracycline on woodceramics better than Frendlich model (0.999>0.975). Adsorption kinetics of tetracycline (initial concentration 5 mg/L) on woodceramics were studied at pH values of 3, 5, 7 and 9. Experimental results show that pH value of the solution increased from 3 to 9, the adsorption rate constant k increased from 8×10-3 to 1.3×10-2 mg /(g•min). Because of different pH values, the existing forms of tetracycline (TCH3+, TCH20, TCH-) were different, and the surface charge of SiO2 in woodceramics also changes. In the lower pH value, the adsorption point was easier to reach saturation. With the increase of pH value, k value reduction indicated that the exchange-adsorption rate was also decreases, which was caused by the change of surface electrical properties of woodceramics and the different forms of tetracycline in different pH values. As the diffusion progresses, the surface of the adsorbent was occupied by a large number of adsorbents, and part of the charge was neutralized. With the Gibbs free energy of materials increasing, the driving force of diffusion decreased, and the adsorption reached to equilibrium. The double constant adsorption model in the decrease of the free energy and entropy increase was the main reason for the adsorption. The decrease of free energy and the increase of entropy in the double constant adsorption model were the main reasons to promote the adsorption. The Pseudo secondary kinetic model was a kind of chemical adsorption based on the limitation of adsorption rate. Results of the kinetic model fitting showed that the quasi-secondary kinetic model parameter (R2 > 0.98) could better fit the adsorption process of tetracycline. This study realized the deep utilization of waste materials, treated effectively tetracycline wastewater, and provided a new way for the utilization of corn straw. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 36

Main heading: Adsorption

Controlled terms: Antibiotics  -  Carbon  -  Entropy  -  Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy  -  Free energy  -  Gibbs free energy  -  Ion exchange  -  Kinetic parameters  -  Kinetic theory  -  Organic pollutants   -  pH  -  Pore size  -  Pore structure  -  Rate constants  -  Scanning electron microscopy  -  Silica  -  Straw  -  Vacuum applications  -  Waste utilization  -  Wastewater treatment   -  Wood

Uncontrolled terms: Correlation coefficient  -  Diatomite  -  Isothermal adsorption  -  Kinetic modeling  -  Non-graphitizable carbon  -  Structure and properties  -  Tetracycline  -  Woodceramics

Classification code: 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal  -  461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology  -  633.1 Vacuum Applications  -  641.1 Thermodynamics  -  801 Chemistry  -  801.1 Chemistry, General  -  802.2 Chemical Reactions  -  802.3 Chemical Operations  -  804 Chemical Products Generally  -  804.1 Organic Compounds  -  811.2 Wood and Wood Products  -  821.5 Agricultural Wastes  -  931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity  -  931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids

Numerical data indexing: Mass_Density 5.00e-03kg/m3, Percentage 4.86e+01%, Size 1.00e-06m to 3.80e-06m, Specific_Surface_Area 7.83e+03m2/kg

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.026

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

10. Modelling and verification of pressure distribution along mainstream in drip irrigation pipe

Accession number: 20192206992559

Title of translation:

Authors: Ding, Falong (1); Mao, Zeyu (1); Wang, Wen’e (2); Han, Kai (1)

Author affiliation: (1) Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing; 100084, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling; 712100, China

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 117-124

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Irrigation uniformity is the core evaluation index of drip irrigation. The influence factors of irrigation uniformity include pressure along mainstream way, emitter manufacturing deviation and emitter clogging, etc., but the leading factor is the longitudinal pressure distribution. Therefore, calculation of pressure is prerequisite for hydraulic design of drip irrigation system, and it is also the most basic problem for the study of drip irrigation hydraulics. Scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of research on this problem. According to the author’s references, all the past research results were based on the energy conservation law, researchers mainly calculated the frictional head loss to determine the pressure distribution along drip irrigation pipe, and the friction resistance was the default for the only factor affecting the pressure distribution. However, this method neglects the energy of the fluid flowing through sidewards orifices, and it is not completely applicable to the drip irrigation pipe. To reveal the behavior of variable mass flow, and simplify the hydraulic calculation of drip irrigation pipe, this study established the basic equation of variable mass flow based on mass conservation and momentum conservation theories, and thus developed an analytical model of pressure distribution along mainstream in drip irrigation pipe. Momentum equation of variable mass flow is clearer in physical meaning, and it does not require to investigate the complex flow mechanism in detail, but rather rationally simplify uncertain factors. The developed model shows longitudinal pressure profile in drip irrigation pipe is determined by the friction loss and the momentum exchange, the friction loss tends to decrease the pressure while the momentum exchange just the opposite. The solution of pressure in mainstream way is attributed to determination of friction coefficient and momentum exchange factor. The friction coefficient of drip irrigation pipes could be determined by Blasius resistance formula, according to many existing research conclusions. Function form of momentum exchange factor was qualitatively analyzed, and it was represented by area contraction ratio caused by in-line emitters and relative axial location. A series of indoor pressure tests were performed on 6 types of drip irrigation pipes with different lengths, different emitter spaces and different operating pressures. According to the test result, axial velocity distribution index was obtained by regression, and variance analysis of 2 factors was performed, 2 possible influencing factors were emitter type and number of emitters. Variance analysis results showed that at a significance level of 5%, emitter types did not have a significant impact on axial velocity distribution index, meaning that with the condition of same number of emitters, axial velocity distribution indexes of different emitter types had no significant statistical differences. However, test results showed axial velocity distribution index was linearly dependent on number of emitters. Empirical expression of momentum exchange factor was regressed. Combined with the Blasius formula, the momentum equation of variable mass flow was solved, and pressure distribution along main stream in drip irrigation pipe was obtained. Calculated values of longitudinal pressure agreed well with measured values among all cases, and the maximum relative error was 4.27%. Although drip irrigation has been widely applied, research of flow characteristics in drip irrigation pipe is still inadequate, corresponding hydraulic calculations tend to mechanically adopt old methods, regardless of the applicability. This study offers a idea for hydraulic calculation of drip irrigation, the results will provide scientific evidence not only for structural and operational optimization of drip irrigation, but also for hydrodynamics study of multiple outlet pipes. What needs to be improved is the obtained pressure distribution model is not simple enough, so further research should perfect the flow mechanism, and measure relevant parameters more widely to simplify the current model. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 29

Main heading: Irrigation

Controlled terms: Fluid dynamics  -  Friction  -  Mass transfer  -  Models  -  Momentum  -  Pressure  -  Pressure distribution  -  Structural optimization  -  Velocity  -  Velocity distribution

Uncontrolled terms: Axial-velocity distribution  -  Friction resistance  -  Mainstream way  -  Maximum relative errors  -  Momentum exchange  -  Operational optimization  -  Statistical differences  -  Variable mass

Classification code: 641.3 Mass Transfer  -  821.3 Agricultural Methods  -  921.5 Optimization Techniques  -  922.2 Mathematical Statistics  -  931.1 Mechanics

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 4.27e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.015

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

11. Research on rural settlement reconstruction model based on integration drivers and suitability evaluation

Accession number: 20192206992575

Title of translation:

Authors: Ma, Libang (1); Dou, Haojian (1); Xie, Zuolun (2); Guo, Xiaodong (3)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou; 730070, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai; 200062, China; (3) School of Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou; 730000, China

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 246-255

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: In order to solve the contradiction between land supply and demand in the process of rural development, protect farmers’ legitimate rights and interests, reduce disputes in the process of rural settlement integration and promote the implementation of Rural Revitalization strategy. In this study, we took the Sihe village of Tongwei County in the Loess Hilly Region of Middle Gansu Province as the case study area, and based on participatory rural appraisal (PRA), we conducted household survey in Sihe village in July 2017 and December 2017, respectively. Two surveys lasted for 16 days in total. During survey, information about farmers’ family situation, income and expenses, residence, production, behavior willingness, etc. were obtained. Specifically, household questionnaire survey was first conducted in the nine communities of Sihe village. A total of 190 effective questionnaires were obtained, meaning that 76.92% of households gave effective responses (80 households had already moved out of Sihe village and 57 households refused the interview). On this foundation, with the help of SEM(Structural Equation Modeling)and SE (Suitability Evaluation) method, we analyzed the farmers’ integration intention and driving mechanism for rural settlement, and explored the reconstruction model of rural settlement on the basis of suitability evaluation. The results showed that: 1) Among the 190 sample households, only 39 households were willing to integrate, accounting for 20.5%, and 151 households were unwilling to integrate, accounting for 79.5%. 2) Farmer household integration was affected by many factors. Farmer household income, household non-farm income, housing construction time, and traffic accessibility were the important driving mechanism for the formation of rural settlement integration intention. Other factors had influence but not significant. 3) For the Sihe village with 168 households in the suitable residential area, accounting for 51.38% of the Sihe village farmers, more than half of the farmers were in the unsuitable residential areas, and there is a need for more suitable residential areas, with a certain degree of renovation potential and the larger improvement space of rural settlement quality. 4) Construction of rural settlement reconstruction model based on integration motivation and suitability evaluation including ecological transformation mode, off-site relocation mode, old village renovation mode and transformation and upgrading mode, were used to reconstruct the existing settlement space. Among them, the ecological transformation model was suitable for the farmers who had already moved out. The remote relocation model was suitable for the farmers who were willing to integrate in the inappropriate residential areas and the more suitable residential areas. The old village renovation model was suitable for the farmers who were not willing to integrate in the inappropriate residential areas. The promotion mode is suitable for farmers who were living in suitable residential areas and had the intention of integration. After the reconstruction of rural settlements, the number of homestead sites in the Sihe village would be reduced from 354 to 275, and the area would be reduced from 102 105.63 m2 to 79 708.79 m2, the saved land was 22 396.84 m2. This paper can provide a method and case study for the optimization and integration of the spatial pattern of rural settlements in the Loess Hilly Region of central Gansu. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 31

Main heading: Rural areas

Controlled terms: Agriculture  -  Ecology  -  Economics  -  Housing  -  Integration  -  Land use  -  Models  -  Regional planning  -  Sediments  -  Surveys

Uncontrolled terms: Ecological transformation  -  Hilly areas  -  Participatory rural appraisals  -  Rural settlement  -  Structural equation modeling  -  Suitability  -  Suitability evaluation  -  Traffic accessibilities

Classification code: 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development  -  454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems  -  483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations  -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control  -  921.2 Calculus  -  971 Social Sciences

Numerical data indexing: Age 4.38e-02yr, Area 3.97e+02m2, Area 7.09e+02m2, Percentage 2.05e+01%, Percentage 5.14e+01%, Percentage 7.69e+01%, Percentage 7.95e+01%

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.031

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

12. Fast solution for deformation characteristics of flexible bearing of robot based on thin-walled ring theory

Accession number: 20192206992552

Title of translation:

Authors: Wang, Yazhen (1); Wang, Anming (1); Zhao, Kun (2); Song, Li (2)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai; 201900, China; (2) Technology Centre of Cixing Bearing GROUP CO. LTD, Ningbo; 315301, China

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 60-66

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Agricultural robots are an important part of the modern agriculture, and its function execution is mainly accomplished by robotic arm. Flexible bearing of the harmonic driver is a key part of the joint of the robots’ arm. At present, there is little research on the design of flexible bearings. Different from most rolling bearings which are used as supporting components in ordinary, the flexible bearings are used as transmission components. A non-circular cam which is called wave generator is assembled into the inner ring of the bearing before working and causes a greatly pre-deformation of the flexible bearing. Previous theories of rolling bearing will not applicable because of this deformation. Meanwhile, a pair of radial force in the opposite direction is applied to both ends of the long axis of deformation of the flexible bearing in the transmission process. Therefore, more complicated shape state and bending stresses are generated. Those unusual working conditions will lead the flexible bearing more prone to damage than ordinary bearing. Although FEA simulation can get relatively accurate results, it usually takes several hours to solve finite element model, and the calculation process is difficult to converge. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a new calculation method to obtain the performance of flexible bearings. In this paper, the stress and deformation characteristics of the inner and outer rings of the flexible bearing were solved separately by the following methods: 1) First, the outer ring was equivalent to a statically indeterminate structure. The deformation coordination equation of the outer ring was established according to the equivalent model and solved by Mohr’s integral theory. Overall bending moment of the outer ring of the flexible bearing formed by deformation was obtained. 2) Combined the theory of thin-walled ring with the bending moment equation which was obtained above, the radial and circumferential deformation characteristics of the outer ring of the flexible bearing were obtained. 3) According to the theory of multi span beam which was introduced in mechanics of materials, the loading model of the outer ring of the flexible bearing was built into three moment equations. The maximum stress was obtained by combining the three moment equation and the loading formula which was summarized by Ivanov’s experiment. Above theoretical equations were compiled by MATLAB programs. Finally, a finite element simulation model of flexible bearing was established by ANSYS Workbench. The time consumed by simulation was about 4-5 hours while the calculation of theoretical equations only needed 5-8 min. By comparison, the maximum error between simulation value and theoretical value was only within 7%, it proved the correctness of the theoretical model calculation. Through analysis of bending stress and deformation of the flexible bearing, conclusions can be drawn as the following: 1) the force state of the outer ring was different from the inner one during rotation of flexible bearings in harmonic drive, cyclic deformation of the outer ring caused a large alternating bending stress and prone to fatigue failure; 2) stress of the outer ring formed by deformation increased sharply with the thickness while stress caused by external load would decline. And width only affected stress caused by external load. Increase of thickness was beneficial to carrying capacity of flexible bearing. However, increase of thickness lead to increasing of bending stress formed by deformation. The total bending stress had a minimum value in optimal thickness. 3) Width was an important parameter which had a greater effect on the carrying capacity of the bearing, but it was constrained by external structural and cannot be too large. Calculation results would provide a theoretical reference for the design and optimization of flexible bearings. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 30

Main heading: Bending (deformation)

Controlled terms: Agriculture  -  Algebra  -  Bearings (structural)  -  Bending moments  -  Finite element method  -  MATLAB  -  Models  -  Robots  -  Roller bearings  -  Stress analysis   -  Thin walled structures

Uncontrolled terms: Circumferential deformations  -  Deformation Characteristics  -  Deformation coordination  -  Design and optimization  -  Finite element simulation model  -  Pre-deformation  -  Statically indeterminate structure  -  Thin-walled rings

Classification code: 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes  -  601.2 Machine Components  -  731.5 Robotics  -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control  -  921 Mathematics  -  951 Materials Science

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 7.00e+00%, Time 1.44e+04s to 1.80e+04s, Time 3.00e+02s to 4.80e+02s

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.008

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

13. Accurate determination algorithm of swimming trajectory for ultrasonically-tagged fish in natural water

Accession number: 20192206992567

Title of translation:

Authors: Hou, Yiqun (1, 2); Zou, Xuan (1, 3); Jiang, Wei (1); Chen, Liang (4); Zhu, Jiazhi (1)

Author affiliation: (1) Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang; 443100, China; (2) Institute of Hydroecology, Ministry of Water Resources and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan; 430079, China; (3) GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430079, China; (4) Qianxun SI Inc., Shanghai; 200438, China

Corresponding author: Jiang, Wei(jiang_wei6@ctg.com.cn)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 182-188

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: An important goal of hydrobiology is the simulation, reconstruction and restoration of important fish habitats, in which fish species form aquatic ecosystems’ climax communities, enabling structural and functional restoration of river ecosystems. Traditional methods for identifying key fish habitat locations such as spawning grounds, include fish resource surveys, observation of fish spawning behavior and interviews with fishermen. But these are subject to problems including poor accuracy and large error. Precise positioning of fish can accurately locate key habitats (such as spawning grounds) based on key life cycle phases (such as spawning periods), permitting observation of corresponding habitat parameters. Fish movement trajectory data can also deepen understanding of fish habits and habitats, permitting suitable habitat indicators to be scientifically determined, and providing theoretical and technical support for fish protection and habitat restoration efforts. Ultrasonic tag tracking technology is widely used in fish behavior research due to its long underwater propagation distance and broad applicability. But most existing researches derived fish movement trajectories from hydrophone data using equipment manufacturers’ software or services, and few articles concerning fish positioning principles and methods optimized for natural aquatic environments have been published. The Chan’s algorithm (1994) in literature[24] and robust least squares estimation were combined to get the location of ultrasonically-tagged fish in this paper, leveraging the strengths of these methods to overcome their disadvantages when used singly. Chan’s algorithm was first used to obtain approximate coordinates of fish, which were used as initial position estimates from which the final position estimates were obtained with robust least squares. Prior information such as water depth and fish swimming speed could also be taken into account, making the proposed positioning method well-suited for dealing with ultrasonically-tagged fish in natural aquatic environments. The proposed method was suitable for existing ultrasound hydrophones, and effectively solved problems with large observation errors. Based on these research results, the UWP (under water positioning) software package was developed. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, an observation network was constructed which consisting of 16 hydrophones uniformly distributed over a area of 120 m×120 m in Huangbai River, Yichang. 4 ultrasonic signal tags were used to evaluate the positioning results, 2 was co-located with hydrophones for static simulation, and the other 2 affixed to a boat hull for dynamic simulation. Comparisons with Beidou/GNSS RTK with centimeter-level accuracy positioning estimates over 115 groups of test results, using millisecond-level accuracy observation data from existing hydrophones, swimming trajectories of ultrasonically-tagged fish could be obtained to an accuracy of about 2.15 m. While complex water environments degraded this accuracy, where single observations contained gross errors exceeding 10 m, 100% of these errors could be identified. The success rate for identification of observations with gross error was a gradually declining function of gross errors, dropping to 84.3% for 3 such observations. With over 3 gross error-bearing observations, the success rate declined significantly. With over 5 gross error-bearing observations where gross error-bearing observations accounted for over 31.25% of all observations, application of the proposed method could detect the error’ existence, but was unable to identify the error-bearing observations effectively. The ultrasonic tag precise positioning method of fish proposed in this paper provide an effective method for determining the accurate swimming trajectory of fish in rivers, lakes and seas with low visibility. In addition, by modifying the data communication interface, this method can be effectively applied to ultrasonicall-taggeds fish and hydrophones of different manufacturers. In the future, it can play a more important role in promoting ecological environmental protection, and human beings’ understanding of ecological and behavioral evolution in the aquatic environment at the population level. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 32

Main heading: Fish

Controlled terms: Algorithms  -  Aquatic ecosystems  -  Aquatic organisms  -  Behavioral research  -  Errors  -  Hydrophones  -  Least squares approximations  -  Manufacture  -  Position measurement  -  Radio navigation   -  Reconstruction (structural)  -  Restoration  -  Rivers  -  Trajectories  -  Ultrasonic applications  -  Ultrasonic waves

Uncontrolled terms: Determination algorithm  -  Equipment manufacturers  -  Gross error detection  -  Natural aquatic environments  -  Positioning principles  -  Swimming trajectories  -  Ultrasound hydrophones  -  Underwater propagation

Classification code: 405.2 Construction Methods  -  454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems  -  471 Marine Science and Oceanography  -  537.1 Heat Treatment Processes  -  716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment  -  752.1 Acoustic Devices  -  753.1 Ultrasonic Waves  -  753.3 Ultrasonic Applications  -  921.6 Numerical Methods  -  943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements  -  971 Social Sciences

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 3.12e+01%, Percentage 8.43e+01%, Size 1.00e+01m, Size 2.15e+00m

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.023

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

14. Effects of flooding duration in different growth stages on growth and yield component of rice

Accession number: 20192206992560

Title of translation:

Authors: Shao, Changxiu (1); Pan, Xuebiao (1); Li, Jiawen (2); Wei, Pei (1); Zhang, Xuting (3); Hu, Qi (1); Ren, Jianhong (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Liuzhou Meteorological Bureau, Liuzhou; 545001, China; (3) Shaanxi Meteorological Observatory, Xi’an; 710014, China

Corresponding author: Pan, Xuebiao(panxb@cau.edu.cn)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 125-133

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Flooding is one of main disasters affecting agricultural production in China. Its influence on rice is rarely studied in Guizhong District in Guangxi. In this study, we investigated the effect of different flooding duration in different growth on growth and yield component of rice. The experiment was carried out in Nalu Cun of Laibing City, Guangxi, China (109°52’ E, 24°4’N). The soil was sandy loam. Sixiang No.1 and Baixiang No.139 both as early and late rice were planted in pots in 2015 and 2016. Flooding of early rice started in different growth stages of tillering, booting and flowering. At each growth stage, flooding lasted for 0 (control), 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days, respectively. Because the precipitation during the booting and flowering stages of late rice was small the flooding of late rice was designed at 3 different date in tillering stage. At flooding, the water surface remained 2-3 cm higher than plant height. Flooding duration of late rice was same as that of early rice. During the experiment, the tiller number before and after flooding, the heading stage time and its duration, grain number per panicle, seed setting rate, 1000-grain weight and yield per pot after harvest were determined, and the relationships between yield and yield components were analyzed by path analysis. The results showed that the seedling death rate was less than 7.5% when the flooding duration at the tillering stage was below 2 days, not significantly different from control. As the flooding duration increased to 4-10 days, the death rate increased. When the flooding lasted for more than 6 days the death rate of early rice could reach more than 80% and even all the plants died. The death rate of Sixiang 1 reached 50% after flooding 6 days while it was still smaller than 50% for Baixiang 139 after flooding less than 10 days. The death rate was below 40% for the treatment of flooding at flowering stage. The initial heading stage time of flooding 8 d was postponed than that of control when flooding at different growth stages, and heading duration duration was also prolonged. The yield was not significantly decreased when the flooding at the tillering stage lasted for less than 4 days, but flooding for 6 days could result in the reduction of yield by 80% and flooding for 8-10 days could result in the death of plants. The yield reduction rate of flooding for 2 d at the booting and flowering stages was higher than 50%. The path analysis of yield component showed that the yield was mainly affected by effective panicle number, seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight for the flooding at the tillering stage, by seed setting rate, number of grain per panicle and 1000-grain weight for the flooding at the booting stage, and by effective panicle number and seed setting rate for the flooding at the flowering stage, respectively. The study provides important information for formulating flooding disaster warning system and management methods of dual-rice in Xinan region. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 41

Main heading: Floods

Controlled terms: Disasters  -  Grain (agricultural product)  -  Information management  -  Oil well flooding  -  Population statistics  -  Regression analysis  -  Stresses  -  Yield stress

Uncontrolled terms: Agricultural productions  -  Different growth stages  -  Disaster warnings  -  Heading stage of rice  -  Management method  -  Path analysis  -  Rice  -  Yield

Classification code: 511.1 Oil Field Production Operations  -  821.4 Agricultural Products  -  922.2 Mathematical Statistics  -  951 Materials Science

Numerical data indexing: Age 1.10e-02yr, Age 1.10e-02yr to 2.74e-02yr, Age 1.64e-02yr, Age 2.19e-02yr, Age 2.19e-02yr to 2.74e-02yr, Age 2.74e-02yr, Age 5.48e-03yr, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 7.50e+00%, Percentage 8.00e+01%, Size 2.00e-02m to 3.00e-02m

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.016

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

15. Ergonomics design of tractor clutch pedal based on biomechanical model

Accession number: 20192206992555

Title of translation:

Authors: Yang, Yang (1, 2); Li, Wanjun (1); Li, Yankai (1); Xu, Liangyuan (1, 2); Wang, Yaping (3); Chen, Liqing (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei; 230036, China; (2) Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Machinery and Equipment, Hefei; 230036, China; (3) School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing; 210094, China

Corresponding author: Chen, Liqing(13838470472@163.com)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 82-91

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Aiming at the problem of driver fatigue caused by insufficient ergonomics design of tractor clutch pedal, the driver-clutch pedal human-computer interaction test system was built in this paper to reveal dynamic characteristics of pedal manipulation and biomechanical characteristics of driver’s lower limb. The test results showed that knee and hip joint movement drive pedal rotation, while ankle joint remained in the neutral position with no foot pronation and eversion. In the process of pedal rotation, feedback force of pedal increases approximately linearly. Muscle activation of thigh muscle was significantly greater than that of calf muscle, and calf muscle was mainly used to maintain ankle joint in the neutral position, while thigh muscle drive pedal rotation. Based on characteristics of human-computer interaction of clutch pedal, the tractor driver-pedal musculoskeletal biomechanical model includes main bones and muscle of human body was built in AnyBody biomechanics software. GB 10000-1988 “Human Size of Chinese Adults” and the Scaling-Length-Mass-Fat body size/weight scaling method were used to build tractor driver musculoskeletal biomechanics model. Based on the considering of parallel passive elasticity of muscle, serial elasticity of tendon and fibre angle, Hill muscle model was adopted. In order to solve problem of redundant muscles, inverse dynamics method and maximum/minimum optimization model of muscle activity were used to calculate muscle stress, which considere that the distribution of muscle strength follows the principle of maximum activity minimum optimization. In simulation process of driver’s pedal manipulation, kinematics constraints of driver’s pedal manipulation motion characteristics were applied to the model, and reliability of the model was verified by the surface electromyography test. Lower limb joint output was put forward to describe comfortable of clutch pedal handling process for different pedal layouts and pedal resistance condition. The influence of pedal ergonomics parameters on driver’s pedal handling comfort was analyzed by simulation. With the increase of pedal pretightening torque, driver’s driving comfort decreased first and then increased, and the optimum pedal pretightening torque of pedal increased with the increase of vertical/horizontal distance between pedal and seat. The pedal resistance coefficient also directly affected driving comfort of pedal handling. When pedal pretightening torque was less than 7.8 N•m, the maximum limb joint output level decreased firstly and then increased with the increase of pedel resistance coefficient, when pretightening torque was greater than 7.8 N•m, the maximum limb joint output level decreased and then increased with the increase of pedel resistance coefficient. If a driver operated pedal only through knee and hip joint movement, the greater distance between pedal and seat was the more conducive to reduce lower limb joint output. However, when pedal layout exceed the range of lower limb movement, maximum lower limb joint output level increased sharply because of ankle movement. An application case was used as an example to show the correctness of clutch pedal ergonomics design method proposed in this paper. The clutch pedal resistance and its resistance coefficient could be changed by optimizing geometrical size of link between pedal and clutch. Through application case, maximum feedback force of pedal was reduced from 154 to 120 N, and maximum lower limb joint output level was reduced by 20.89%. In next research process, the multi-disciplinary optimization model of clutch pedal mechanism will be studied to obtain the optimal value of clutch pedal design and further improve the driving comfort. The research methods and results presented in this paper will provide reference for ergonomic design of tractor clutch pedal. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 32

Main heading: Joints (anatomy)

Controlled terms: Automobile testing  -  Biomechanics  -  Biophysics  -  Clutches  -  Design  -  Elasticity  -  Ergonomics  -  Hip prostheses  -  Human computer interaction  -  Inverse problems   -  Muscle  -  Optimization  -  Rotation  -  Torque  -  Tractors (agricultural)  -  Tractors (truck)

Uncontrolled terms: Bio-mechanical models  -  Biomechanical characteristics  -  Clutch pedals  -  Dynamic characteristics  -  Motion characteristics  -  Multi-disciplinary optimizations  -  Resistance coefficients  -  Surface electromyography

Classification code: 461 Bioengineering and Biology  -  462.4 Prosthetics  -  602.2 Mechanical Transmissions  -  662 Automobiles and Smaller Vehicles  -  663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles  -  921.5 Optimization Techniques  -  931.1 Mechanics  -  931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids

Numerical data indexing: Force 1.54e+02N to 1.20e+02N, Percentage 2.09e+01%, Torque 7.80e+00N*m

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.011

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

16. Variation characteristics of aggregate stability of cropland, grassland and woodland along precipitation gradient in Loess Plateau

Accession number: 20192206992562

Title of translation:

Authors: Geng, Ren (1, 2); Zhang, Guanghui (2); Hong, Dalin (1); Li, Zhenwei (3)

Author affiliation: (1) Sate Key Laboratory of Hydrology-water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing; 210029, China; (2) School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing; 100875, China; (3) Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha; 410125, China

Corresponding author: Zhang, Guanghui(ghzhang@bnu.edu.cn)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 141-148

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Aggregate stability (MWD) is an important indicator of soil structure stability, and closely correlated to the processes of slope hydrology and soil erosion. Up to date, few studies are conducted to investigate the variation of MWD and influencing factors on the regional scale. In order to study the variation characteristics of MWD and influencing factors in the Loess Plateau, a 508 km long transect including seven sampling sites along the precipitation gradient was laid out in this study. The MWD of cropland, grassland and woodland on each sampling site were measured, in the meantime soil mechanical composition, bulk density, soil organic matter, root mass density and vegetation coverage of each sampling site were also measured. The results indicated that there existed significant (P0.05) relationship was found between the MWD of grassland and woodland and soil mechanical composition. The annual average precipitation and annual average temperature influenced the MWD of cropland, grassland and woodland by affecting root mass density and soil organic matter. No-linear regression demonstrated the MWD of cropland could be satisfactorily simulated by median soil grain size and annual average precipitation with the coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.95 and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.99. The MWD of grassland and woodland could be simulated by soil organic matter, root mass density and annual average temperature. The simulated result of grassland and woodland was not as good as that of the cropland with the coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.64 and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.64, which under-predicted low measured MWD and over-predicted high measured MWD. The results of this study will be of great significance in understanding the spatial variation of aggregate stability (MWD) along the precipitation gradient and its influencing factors, and analyzing the regional change law of hydrological and erosional processes. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 34

Main heading: Soils

Controlled terms: Aggregates  -  Agriculture  -  Biogeochemistry  -  Biological materials  -  Efficiency  -  Erosion  -  Land use  -  Landforms  -  Organic compounds  -  Sediments   -  Slope stability

Uncontrolled terms: Aggregate stability  -  Loess Plateau  -  Mechanical compositions  -  Near-surface characteristics  -  Precipitation gradients  -  Soil organic matters  -  Variation characteristics  -  Vegetation coverage

Classification code: 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development  -  406 Highway Engineering  -  406.2 Roads and Streets  -  461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering  -  481.1 Geology  -  481.2 Geochemistry  -  483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations  -  483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics  -  804.1 Organic Compounds  -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control  -  913.1 Production Engineering

Numerical data indexing: Size 5.08e+05m

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.018

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

17. Development of external acceleration identification and attitude estimation system of field working vehicle

Accession number: 20192206992546

Title of translation:

Authors: Huang, Peikui (1, 2); Zhang, Zhigang (1, 2); Luo, Xiwen (1, 2); Liu, Zhaopeng (1, 2); Wang, Hui (1, 2); Yue, Binbin (1, 2); Gao, Weiwei (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology for South Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China

Corresponding author: Zhang, Zhigang(zzg208@scau.edu.cn)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 9-15

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: The development of precision agriculture, intelligent agricultural machinery and equipment are an effective way to alleviate the current tense situation in world food security. The complex field environment and meticulous work effects require the agricultural machinery to have the ability to perceive the attitude of the agricultural machinery accurately in real time. For example, the precision navigation control and the leveling control of agricultural implements are all dependent on the accurate measurement of attitude. What’s more, the attitude of agricultural implements is one of the key parameters of agricultural mechanics modeling and agricultural implements safety warning learning. However, the external acceleration of the vehicle, which is generally present under dynamic operation conditions, poses a challenge. In order to further improve the precision operation of agricultural machinery and equipment, the paper developed a minimal hardware system for external acceleration identification and attitude estimation used for field working vehicles, and verified by the experiments taken place on the Innova 2100 shaker and the ZP9500 high level sprayer in the field. Modern micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies provide the moderate-cost and miniaturized solutions for the development of attitude reference system. By using of highly-integrated inertial measurement units (IMUs) ADIS16445 provided by ADI company and micro ARM processor STM32F446 provided by ST company, the hardware platform was built. ADIS16445 ISensor® included tri-axial gyroscopes and tri-axial accelerometers, the raw sensors data was sampled by STM32F446RC processor through SPI interface. The attitude calculation was carried out based on the direction cosine matrix algorithm. Based on the gyroscope and accelerometer measurement model, an one order external acceleration measurement model was proposed, and a Kalman filter fusion algorithm with 4 state vectors was established. Since the bias of gyroscopes and accelerometers was stable after hardware preheated, the impact of bias of MEMS inertial sensors in the fusion algorithm was not considered. Innova 2100 shaker is a standard equipment of rotary motion, by setting different rotation speed, different centripetal accelerations can be achieved to verify the external acceleration identification. Innova 2100 shaker test results showed that the measure error was less than 0.214 m/s2 under the external acceleration lower than 10g. Field experiments were conducted on Innova 2100 shaker and the ZP9500 high level sprayer provided by LOVOL company with the assistance of attitude and position reference system (AHRS) MTi300 provided by Xsens company. The MTi300 AHRS provide high precision attitude and heading output with high stability and fast dynamic response with dynamic measurement accuracy of 0.3°, which make it widely used in navigation implements, automobiles, agricultural implements and other fields. Experiment results from high level sprayer showed that compared to the MTi300 AHRS, the average measurement error of roll angle was 0.069° and the maximal measurement error was 0.23° respectively. The average measurement error of pitch angle was 0.078° and the maximal measurement error was 0.39° respectively. Test results verified that the proposed Kalman filter algorithm was accuracy and stable, which can improving the quality of agricultural implements operations and have more applicability. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 31

Main heading: Agricultural machinery

Controlled terms: Acceleration  -  Accelerometers  -  Agricultural implements  -  Agriculture  -  Food supply  -  Gyroscopes  -  Kalman filters  -  Measurement errors  -  MEMS  -  Sensors   -  Tools  -  Vehicles

Uncontrolled terms: Accelerometer measurement  -  Attitude estimation  -  Attitude reference system  -  Cosine matrix  -  Dynamic measurement accuracy  -  Inertial measurement unit  -  Kalman-filtering  -  Micro electromechanical system (MEMS)

Classification code: 704.2 Electric Equipment  -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control  -  821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment  -  822.3 Food Products  -  943.1 Mechanical Instruments

Numerical data indexing: Acceleration 2.14e-01m/s2, Mass 1.00e-02kg

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.002

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

18. Jiangnan water town land consolidation planning based on landscape ecological evaluation and minimum cumulative resistance model

Accession number: 20192206992574

Title of translation:

Authors: Han, Bo (1); Jin, Xiaobin (1, 2, 3); Shen, Chunzhu (2, 4); Xiang, Xiaomin (1); Cao, Shuai (1); Sun, Rui (1); Zhou, Yinkang (1, 2, 3)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing; 210023, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Land and Resources, Nanjing; 210023, China; (3) Jiangsu Province Land Development and Consolidation Center, Nanjing; 210023, China; (4) Jiangsu Institute of Land Survey and Planning, Nanjing; 210017, China

Corresponding author: Jin, Xiaobin(jinxb@nju.edu.cn)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 235-245

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: The traditional land consolidation with high-intensity engineering construction, guided by unified engineering construction and rigid engineering construction standards, with the goal of regularization and hardening, has played an active role in stabilizing the amount of cultivated land and improving agricultural production conditions. However, it is unsustainable in the context of current ecological civilization construction. The high-intensity mechanical operation made the ecological environment in the project area be severely disturbed in a short time. The lack of ecological consideration results in the destruction of the overall ecological pattern and ecological stability of the project area. As the region suffering from the most serious conflict between modernization process and traditional agriculture, Jiangnan Water Town has more complex land use structure and fragile ecological landscape. There has an urgent need for ecological improvement and landscape improvement through ecological land consolidation. Guided by landscape ecology theory, this study selects a typical project following the idea of “landscape pattern evaluation-land consolidation function partition-corridor pattern optimization-plaque matrix optimization” based on ecological landscape evaluation and minimum resistance model. Then we estimate the investment of the plan to judge the feasibility of the plan according to relevant planning and design standards. Finally, we verified the land consolidation planning scheme from the aspects of engineering construction and landscape ecological security. The implementation of the plan results a great improvement, including an increase by 40.79% in the coverage of the ditches, increase by 60.06% in the coverage of road functions, 1.24 hm2 of newly constructed artificial wetlands, an increase by 447.31% in the density of trenches and corridors, and the circulation of the ditches was improved by 114.91%, the connectivity and circulation of the water corridor were increased by 55.43% and 454.95% respectively, and the landscape ecological safety index of the project area was increased by 35.56%. These results show that the ecological land consolidation plan is worthy to be extended on the basis of traditional land consolidation in terms of objectives, models and methods. And the ecological land consolidation should integrate the multi-field methods such as landscape pattern analysis, minimum resistance model and non-point source pollution prevention technology with traditional land consolidation planning methods such as land consolidation zoning and the road -ditches layout to promote the multi-purpose goal of land consolidation. For the Jiangnan water town area, it should be taken into account the agricultural production targets, the status quo of urbanization industrialization oppression and the rural landscape enhancement potential with rich cultural characteristics. The planning should determine the rational rectification direction according to local conditions, and combine traditional engineering consolidation methods with regional industrial characteristics. Through the ecological land consolidation plan of this study, the overall landscape ecological security status of the project area can be improved meanwhile achieving the goal of improving agricultural facilities. This research can provide a reference for enriching the land consolidation planning method and exploring the ecological transformation path of land consolidation. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 31

Main heading: Ecology

Controlled terms: Agriculture  -  Economics  -  Function evaluation  -  Investments  -  Land use  -  Planning  -  Roads and streets

Uncontrolled terms: Ecological landscape  -  Industrial characteristics  -  Jintan  -  Land consolidation planning  -  Land consolidations  -  Landscape pattern analysis  -  Non-point source pollution  -  Water towns

Classification code: 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development  -  406.2 Roads and Streets  -  454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems  -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control  -  912.2 Management  -  921.6 Numerical Methods  -  971 Social Sciences

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.15e+02%, Percentage 3.56e+01%, Percentage 4.08e+01%, Percentage 4.47e+02%, Percentage 4.55e+02%, Percentage 5.54e+01%, Percentage 6.01e+01%

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.030

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

19. Numerical simulation and test of hydraulic performance for triangle long-throat flume for water measurement in furrow irrigation

Accession number: 20192206992558

Title of translation:

Authors: Wang, Wene (1); Xue, Cheng (1); Hu, Xiaotao (1)

Author affiliation: (1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University, Yangling; 712100, China

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 109-116

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: In view of the lack of effective water measuring facilities for furrow irrigation areas in North China, a portable triangular long-throated flume was proposed as a small flow water measuring equipment in the field. This study was to investigated its hydraulic performance of the triangular long-throated flume based on both test and numerical analysis. The prototype test was carried out in Northwest A & F University in Yangling, Shannxi of China. The flume was installed at 6.25 m far from the inlet of upstream of U-shaped channel. The base slope of the channel was 1/10 000. The triangular weir was installed at the end of the discharge pond downstream of the channel. A total of 14 sections were designed to observe the flow characteristics. The numerical simulation was used to study its hydraulic characteristics of the flume by using the flow-3D-based CFD method. Based on the RNG k-Ε three-dimensional turbulence model together with the TruVOF technique, experiments and the corresponding simulations were performed for 16 working conditions (the flow rate of 1.03, 3.03, 5.06, 7.07, 9.00, 11.07, 13.07 and 15.05 L/s under free and submerged outflow conditions) on the trapezoidal triangle long-throat flume with flow rate up to 15 L/s. The flow pattern, water depth and Froude number, the longitudinal mean velocity and turbulence intensity were analyzed. The results from the prototype experiment was used to validate the simulation results. The results showed that the maximum relative error between the tested water depth and the simulated value was less than 10% under all the 16 flow rate conditions. The variation of the tested and simulated flow pattern were consistent with each other, indicating that the simulation had a high accuracy. The longitudinal mean flow velocity of the shrinkage section and the throat section of the flume continuously increased along the water flow. The maximum flow velocity existed below the water surface. The longitudinal mean flow velocity increased along the flume at the contraction section and throat section. The maximum flow velocity occurred under the water surface. The position where maximum flow velocity occurred was lowered and the flow velocity distribution was uneven at the position closer to the contraction section and throat section. The turbulence intensity showed a trend of increasing along the flume. The relative water depth with the maximum turbulence intensity of each section was between 0.13 and 0.30, and gradually increased along the flume. Through the derivation of critical flow theory and regression analysis, the flow rate estimation formula for the long-throat flume was obtained based on water depth. The maximum relative error between the calculated result and the actual flow rate was 4.34%, the mean absolute relative error was 1.86%. Under the condition of submerged outflow, the maximum relative error was 3.47% and the mean absolute relative error was 1.94%. It suggested that the model had the high accuracy and could met the common requirements of flow measurement in irrigation areas. The study can guide the further optimization of the shape parameters such as the length of the throat section of the flume and the shrinkage angle of the water surface. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 31

Main heading: Computational fluid dynamics

Controlled terms: Errors  -  Flow of water  -  Flow patterns  -  Flow rate  -  Flow velocity  -  Hydraulic machinery  -  Irrigation  -  Numerical analysis  -  Numerical methods  -  Numerical models   -  Regression analysis  -  Rivers  -  Shrinkage  -  Turbulence models  -  Velocity  -  Velocity distribution

Uncontrolled terms: Flow charac-teristics  -  Hydraulic characteristic  -  Hydraulic performance  -  Maximum flow velocities  -  Maximum relative errors  -  Portable triangle long-throated flume  -  Three-dimensional turbulence  -  Turbulence intensity

Classification code: 631 Fluid Flow  -  632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery  -  723.5 Computer Applications  -  821.3 Agricultural Methods  -  921 Mathematics  -  921.6 Numerical Methods  -  922.2 Mathematical Statistics  -  951 Materials Science

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.86e+00%, Percentage 1.94e+00%, Percentage 3.47e+00%, Percentage 4.34e+00%, Size 6.25e+00m

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.014

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

20. Research on changes of insect infestation in wheat grain for Micro-computed tomography

Accession number: 20192206992578

Title of translation: Micro-CT

Authors: Zhang, Hongtao (1); Pei, Zhenyu (1); Zhang, Xiaodong (2); Tan, Lian (1); Chang, Yan (1); Zhu, Yang (1)

Author affiliation: (1) Institute of Electric Power, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou; 450011, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education & Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 274-280

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: The accurate detection about early insect pest inside grains can determine the infection of the grain in advance, which has great significant for developing reasonable control measures. This paper proposed a method for non-destructive detection of early infestation of wheat kernels based on Micro-CT system. The 3rd, 9th, 17th, 22nd and 28th day after the mixture of Sitophilus oryzae Linne and the perfect grain, were named respectively the egg stage, the young larva stage, the elder larva stage, the pupa stage and the adult stage under the experimental conditions. A series of micro-CT projection data was randomly selected near the middle of the grain for gray scale statistics, and the oscillation amplitude and gray scale difference were used as the basis for judgment. And the optimal parameter combination of the Micro-CT grain detection system was determined to be 55 kV anode voltage and 0.1 mm aluminum filter. When the main component of the grain changed by 1-6 mm, as the thickness of the grain decreased, the average gray value of the gray cube at the equidistance from the reference surface of the grain end of the grain gradually increased. That is, when the thickness of the grain was small, the path through which the X-ray passed was short, and the average gray value of the obtained projected image was increased. The change of the length of the X-ray through the path of the wheat grain caused a change in the average gray value of the projected image of the grain, and the shorter the path through which the X-ray passed, the larger the average gray value of the projected image. The aspect ratio of the grain was 1.53-4.17. When 360° rotation imaging, the different attitudes during imaging had a great influence on the length of the X-ray passing through its path. In the two-dimensional projection imaging of wheat grain, as the angle between the long axis of the grain and the rotating table increased, the average path length of the X-ray through the grain decreased, and the rate of change of the path length decreased, therefore the average gray value of the projected image increased and improved the consistency of the grain projection imaging. As a result, it was determined that the optimum scanning angle was that the long axis of the grain is oriented at 90° to the rotating table. Statistics the projection data of the infected grains in tests, through the slice data reconstructed by FDK algorithm, it could be seen that, the cross-sectional appearance of the grain image changed from a single circle to an oval shape and then to a multiple combination of circle or oval shape, while the spacing between the rice and wormholes expanded gradually, and the wormholes erode from the epidermis to the grain groin and then expanded around epidermis. The three-dimensional visualization data drawn by Mimics platform showed that, during the development of the grain image, the appearance of the grain image changed from rod to ellipsoid and then each organ developed, when the volume of the grain image arrived to its maximum in the pupa stage and the wormhole gradually extended from the epidermis to the center of the grain and eventually extended through the whole grain. The results showed that the non-destructive testing using Micro-CT system could accurately express the changes of the internal microstructure of wheat grains, and provided evidences for the study of early infective grains. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 30

Main heading: Grain (agricultural product)

Controlled terms: Aspect ratio  -  Computerized tomography  -  Data visualization  -  Image enhancement  -  Insect control  -  Nondestructive examination  -  Optical projectors  -  Parameter extraction  -  Three dimensional computer graphics  -  X rays

Uncontrolled terms: Infection change  -  Micro CT  -  Microcomputed tomography  -  Nondestructive detection  -  Optimal parameter combinations  -  Position effect  -  Three dimensional visualization  -  Two-dimensional projection

Classification code: 723.5 Computer Applications  -  741.3 Optical Devices and Systems  -  821.4 Agricultural Products  -  932.1 High Energy Physics

Numerical data indexing: Size 1.00e-03m to 6.00e-03m, Size 1.00e-04m, Voltage 5.50e+04V

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.034

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

21. Determination of storage time for chilled pork by using RGB color space method based on machine vision

Accession number: 20192206992581

Title of translation: RGB

Authors: Li, Wencai (1, 2); Li, Jiapeng (1, 2); Tian, Hanyou (1, 2); Zou, Hao (1, 2); Liu, Fei (1, 2); Bai, Jing (1, 2); Zhang, Zhenqi (1, 2); Wang, Hui (1, 2); Wang, Shouwei (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) China Meat Research Center, Beijing; 100068, China; (2) Beijing Key Laboratory of Meat Processing Technology, Beijing; 100068, China

Corresponding author: Li, Jiapeng(ljp7915n@yahoo.com.cn)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 294-300

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: The storage time of chilled pork is one of the most important indexes to price of pork. However, storage time of chilled pork was determined by trainees with their own visual senses in most of the Chinese enterprises. This manual grading method demands not only intensive labor but also lacks objectivity and accuracy. The objective of this research was to develop an optimal method for determining the storage time of chilled pork based on computer vision and image processing technologies to meet the requirement of the meat industry. A practical algorithm that can be used in a chilled pork storage time determining system was proposed in this research. The chilled pork sample images were collected by a machine vision image acquisition system. The system consisted of an image acquisition device, computer, and image processing algorithm equipped into the self developed system software. The images of the chilled pork samples in a load table were captured by CCD. Light intensity was regulated through a light controller, and the distance between the camera lens and the chilled pork samples was adjusted though translation stages in the load table. Collected images were automatically stored in the computer for further image processing. First, some methods such as background removal and image denoising were adopted to preprocess the image to obtain a region of interest. In this step, the image was cropped to separate the chilled pork from the background. Then, a color difference method was used to segment the chilled pork area to obtain the area of total muscle and un-glossed muscle. Our results showed that the total and un-glossed muscle of chilled pork can be well distinguished by using binary images when R-B≤30, R-G≤30 (first feature) and R-B≤30, R-G≤30, 100≤B (second feature), respectively. Based on the first and second feature, the number of pixel in the binary images for the total and un-glossed muscle can be obtained from the color information in each pixel, and the ratio of pixel amount between un-glossed muscle and total muscle can also be obtained. We calculated the ratio of un-glossed muscle of different batches, screened the maximum ratio of un-glossed muscle of chilled pork that was stored less than three months and the minimum ratio of un-glossed muscle of chilled pork that was stored more than 12 months, respectively, and then calculated the mean of maximum and minimum value mentioned above. The mean was taken as the threshold value, and that was increased or decreased successively if the actual value was less than or equal to the threshold value mentioned above. The storage time was determined to be within three months if the actual value was greater than the threshold value, and the storage time was determined to be over 12 months. Finally, 60 chilled pork that were stored less than three months and 60 chilled pork that were stored more than 12 months were used to verify the threshold value. Our results showed that, the accuracy of the verification and determination of chilled pork that were stored less than three months (90.00%) and chilled pork that were stored more than 12 months (81.67%) were considerably improved when the threshold value was 26.8%. The results showed that the algorithm can meet the requirements of frozen pork storage time. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 31

Main heading: Meats

Controlled terms: Binary images  -  Color  -  Colorimetry  -  Computer vision  -  Energy storage  -  Grading  -  Image acquisition  -  Image denoising  -  Image processing  -  Image segmentation   -  Muscle  -  Nondestructive examination  -  Pixels

Uncontrolled terms: Acquisition device  -  Background removal  -  Chilled pork  -  Chinese enterprise  -  Image acquisition systems  -  Image processing algorithm  -  Image processing technology  -  Region of interest

Classification code: 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering  -  525.7 Energy Storage  -  723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications  -  741.1 Light/Optics  -  741.2 Vision  -  822.3 Food Products  -  941.4 Optical Variables Measurements

Numerical data indexing: Age 1.00e+00yr, Percentage 2.68e+01%, Percentage 8.17e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.037

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

22. Design of bidirectional electric driven side vertical cutter for rape combine harvester

Accession number: 20192206992545

Title of translation:

Authors: Guan, Zhuohuai (1); Wu, Chongyou (1); Wang, Gang (1); Li, Haitong (1); Mu, Senlin (1)

Author affiliation: (1) Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China

Corresponding author: Mu, Senlin(398764546@qq.com)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 1-8

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: The side vertical cutter of the rape combine harvester header is generally composed of a moving blade and a fixed blade which were driven by mechanical structure. This kind of cutting form and transmission structure result in high loss and strong working vibration of the rape combine harvester header. In response to the above problems, bidirectional electric driven side vertical cutter was designed. Bidirectional electric driven side vertical cutter mainly includes driving mechanism and 2 blades. The driving mechanism was composed of motor, a pair of driving gears, symmetric double eccentric wheel and 2 cranks. Symmetric double eccentric wheel mechanism was used as transmission mechanism and its kinematic characteristics were analyzed. The displacement, velocity and acceleration curves of the 2 blades had the same shape, but the phase difference was π, and the acceleration inertial forces cancel each other out, which could reduce the influence on the vibration of the header. According to the mechanical model of blade cutting rape stem, main parameters of the transmission mechanism and the blade were determined. The mechanical model of side vertical cutter cutting rapeseed stem was established. According to the mechanical condition that rape stem was clamped by blades but does not slide, the blade slip angle was determined to be 19°. Double action cutters cutting trajectory equations were established. Based on numerical simulation, the cutting effects under different cutting speed ratios (the ratio of the average speed of the cutter to the forward speed of the harvester) were compared. The relationships between missing rate, repeated rate and cutting speed ratio were fitted. Take the minimum of missing rate and repeated rate as constraint, the optimum cutting speed ratio was determined to be 1.1. Bidirectional electric driven side vertical cutter was applied to 4LZ-6T rapeseed combine harvester. Header vibration test showed that header vibration acceleration was 0.11g when only the side vertical cutter working. When the cross cutter and side vertical cutter working at the same time, the vibration acceleration of the header was 1.09g, which was only 0.08g higher than that of the cross cutter working. Field tests showed that the total loss rate of rapeseed combine harvester equipped with bidirectional electric driven side vertical cutter was 6.15%, among which the loss rate of the header was 3.37%, and the loss rate of the side vertical cutter was 1.03%. When the cutting speed ratio were 1.08, 1.63, 2.40, the siding loss rate of vertical cutter were 0.90%, 1.04%, 1.14%, respectively. When cutting speed ratio was close to the optimal value 1.1, siding loss rate of vertical cutter was 0.90%, which was 13.5% and 26.7% lower than that of the other 2 cutting speed ratios, appropriate cutting speed ratio could effectively reduce the siding loss. This study can provide the basis for the improvement of rapeseed headers structure and the performance of rape combine harvester. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 23

Main heading: Combines

Controlled terms: Acceleration  -  Cutting  -  Design  -  Electric losses  -  Harvesters  -  Harvesting  -  Mechanisms  -  Mechanization  -  Oilseeds  -  Speed   -  Structural design  -  Transmissions  -  Wheels

Uncontrolled terms: Kinematic characteristics  -  Mechanical structures  -  Rape combine  -  Side vertical cutter  -  Transmission mechanisms  -  Transmission structures  -  Vibration  -  Vibration acceleration

Classification code: 408.1 Structural Design, General  -  601 Mechanical Design  -  602.2 Mechanical Transmissions  -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

Numerical data indexing: Mass 1.09e-03kg, Mass 1.10e-04kg, Mass 8.00e-05kg, Percentage 1.03e+00%, Percentage 1.04e+00%, Percentage 1.14e+00%, Percentage 1.35e+01%, Percentage 2.67e+01%, Percentage 3.37e+00%, Percentage 6.15e+00%, Percentage 9.00e-01%

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.001

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

23. Study on soil surface roughness measuring method based on line structured light sensor

Accession number: 20192206992561

Title of translation:

Authors: Liu, Jie (1, 2); Yang, Xiaoju (1); Liao, Yitao (1, 2); Dai, Ning (1); Xie, Hang (1); Zhan, Kun (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan; 430070, China

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 134-140

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: As one of the main parameters for evaluating mechanized land leveling technology, which is the basic link of modernization and precision agriculture, soil surface roughness is also a factor that must be considered for field management such as crop planting, irrigation, harvesting and so on. However, a rapid and low-cost accuracy measurement method is absent currently. In this work, we proposed a method for rapidly evaluating soil surface roughness. The soil surface roughness was assessed according to the images generated by a self-design system based on line structure laser light principle. The parameters of the system was determined by a preliminary experiment. The accuracy of the system was 0.126 mm. Considering the requirements by common crops such as oilseed rape, potato, rice and vegetables, we screened the soils with 4 aperture sieves. The obtained soil particle size was higher than 2 mm, higher than 0.9 mm and not less than 2 mm, higher than 0.3 mm and not less than 0.9 mm, and not higher than 0.3 mm. By the self-design system, soil samples images were obtained. After segmentation, morphological processing and edge detection, the images of prepared soil samples were processed for extracting the center sub-pixels of structured light stripe and the sub-pixels were combined together for obtain the 3D point cloud of each sample. With delaunay triangulation algorithm, the 3D surface modeling of the soil surface was established and the curve surface area was calculated. The ratio of curved surface area to surface area was calculated in order to characterize the flatness of the soil surface. The threshold values of the ratio for determining the sample surface roughness were determined by analyzing the ratio values of 4 samples with different particle sizes. The larger ratio values indicate more rough soil surface. Based on the ratio, soil was considered as relatively flat, relatively dense, relatively rough and rough when the difference of ratio and 1 was 0, higher than 0 and not higher than 0.5, higher than 0.5 and not higher than 1, and higher than 1. The method was validated by soil bin test. The soil samples in soil bin with treatments in uncultivated, shallow rotary tillage and deep rotary tillage conditions were used for the validation of the system and algorithm. Meanwhile, our method was compared with probe method. The results showed that the ratio values of surface samples with uncultivated, shallow rotary tillage and deep rotary tillage increased gradually. The ratio was 1.214, 1.633 and 1.939 for the samples in uncultivated, shallow rotary tillage and deep rotary tillage conditions, respectively. The change of the ratio was consistent with that of the standard deviation of relative height difference of sample surface by the probe method. Based on the ratio, the sample surface in the treatments of uncultivated, shallow rotary tillage and deep rotary tillage was considered as relatively dense, relatively rough and relatively rough, respectively. The results were consistent with the actual characteristics of the samples. These results indicated that the presented measurement method could be applied in soil surface roughness assessment. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 30

Main heading: Surface roughness

Controlled terms: 3D modeling  -  Crops  -  Edge detection  -  Image segmentation  -  Modernization  -  Particle size  -  Pixels  -  Probes  -  Soil surveys  -  Soils   -  Surfaces  -  Three dimensional computer graphics

Uncontrolled terms: Delau-nay triangulations  -  Different particle sizes  -  Line structured light sensor  -  Line structured lights  -  Morphological processing  -  Red lasers  -  Soil surface roughness  -  Three-dimensional reconstruction

Classification code: 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics  -  723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing  -  821.4 Agricultural Products  -  931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids  -  951 Materials Science

Numerical data indexing: Size 1.26e-04m, Size 2.00e-03m, Size 3.00e-04m, Size 9.00e-04m

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.017

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

24. Evaluation on cultivated-layer soil quality of sloping farmland in Yunnan based on soil management assessment framework (SMAF)

Accession number: 20192206992576

Title of translation:

Authors: Chen, Zhengfa (1, 2); Shi, Dongmei (1); Jin, Huifang (1); Lou, Yibao (1); He, Wei (2); Xia, Jianrong (2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400716, China; (2) Kunming Engineering Corporation Limited of POWERCHINA, Kunming; 650051, China

Corresponding author: Shi, Dongmei(shidm_1970@126.com)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 256-267

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Sloping farmland is an important part of cultivated land resources in Yunnan district. The evaluation of cultivated-layer soil quality and the appropriate range of parameters for sloping farmland are the basis for the development of reasonable plough layer. Based on the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF), taking the cultivated-layer soil quality of sloping farmland in Yunnan province as the research object, this paper constructed a soil quality index evaluation model (CLSQI) for sloping farmland, and used the minimum data set (MDS) method to screen the evaluation indicators to evaluate the soil quality of sloping farmland in Yunnan, proposed the range of soil parameters for rational tillage in sloping farmland. The results showed that the minimum data set (MDS) of soil quality evaluation of sloping farmland in Yunnan region consisted of five indicators: pH value, total nitrogen, total porosity, soil shear strength and slope. The comparative analysis of AL-CLSQI (the cultivated-layer soil quality index calculated by all indicators) and AL-CLSQI (the cultivated-layer soil quality index calculated by the minimum data set index) showed that the evaluation accuracy of cultivated-layer soil quality based on MDS index was higher. In the primary selection index system, the weights of soil bulk density, total porosity, capillary porosity, shear strength, and slope grade were larger, while in the MDS index system, the weight of the slope and total nitrogen content was larger. The cultivated-layer soil quality index (CLSQI) of sloping cultivated land was between 0.39 and 0.84, the mean value was 0.59±0.11, and the coefficient of variation was 0.19. The cultivated-layer soil quality of sloping farmland was generally “medium”, and it was generally low. The CLSQI of the sloping farmland in different sampling areas was significantly different (PShuangbai>Xuanwei>Ninger>Malong>Shilin. The 0~20 cm sampling depth sloping farmland CLSQI (mean value 0.59) was greater than >20 cm (mean value 0.56), and the CLSQI (mean value 0.61) of purple soil sloping farmland was larger than the red soil (mean value 0.54) (PCentral Yunnan>Southwest Yunnan. According to the corresponding relationship between the soil quality of the cultivated-layer and the crop productivity and membership function, the cultivated-layer was in a relatively reasonable state when the soil quality grade of the sloping farmland was at a “higher” and above level (CLSQI≥0.6). The appropriate range of MDS indicators for cultivated-layer of sloping land in Yunnan were indicated as follows: the pH value of 5.58~7.82, the total nitrogen content of ≥1.37 g/kg, the total porosity content of ≥52.28%, the soil shear strength value of ≥5.19 kPa, and slope value of ≤11.79°. The suitable range of the above-mentioned cultivated-layer soil parameters can be used as the standard for the rational cultivated-layer diagnosis of sloping farmland in Yunnan. The research can provide theoretical basis and parameter support for the quality evaluation of ploughed plough layer and the construction of reasonable plough layer. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 40

Main heading: Agricultural machinery

Controlled terms: Agronomy  -  Correlation methods  -  Cultivation  -  Farms  -  Land use  -  Membership functions  -  Models  -  Nitrogen  -  Parameter estimation  -  pH   -  Porosity  -  Quality assurance  -  Quality control  -  Shear strength  -  Soil conservation  -  Soils

Uncontrolled terms: Minimum data set  -  Sloping farmlands  -  Soil management assessment frameworks  -  Soil quality  -  Suitable range of parameters

Classification code: 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development  -  483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics  -  801.1 Chemistry, General  -  804 Chemical Products Generally  -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control  -  913.3 Quality Assurance and Control  -  921 Mathematics  -  922.2 Mathematical Statistics  -  931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids

Numerical data indexing: Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e-01m

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.032

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

25. Physico-chemical characteristics and quality improvement of machine picking green tea by automatic production line

Accession number: 20192206992579

Title of translation:

Authors: Ye, Fei (1, 2); Gong, Ziming (1); Gui, Anhui (1); Teng, Jing (1); Gao, Shiwei (1)

Author affiliation: (1) Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan; 430064, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha; 410128, China

Corresponding author: Gao, Shiwei(gsw0609@126.com)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 281-286

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: The green tea primary processing has important effects on the quality, color, taste and other flavor quality of green tea. In order to enhance the quality and capacity of tea processing production, the curl-shape green tea processed by electromagnetism technology and the traditional roasted green tea were analysed. At the same time, mechanically-harvested fresh tea leaves consisted of mixed shoots and leaves, varied in sized, are obviously coarse and heterogeneous compared to the hand picking fresh tea leaves, which has negative effects on the green tea enzyme deactivation, second drying, shaping, hot rolling drying and raising fragrant processing, and it is hard to get the high quality green tea with mechanically-harvested fresh tea leaves. At present, the green tea primary processing of mechanically-harvested fresh tea leaves were traditional methods, for example, hot roller enzyme deactivation, hot air second-drying, hot roller drying and hot air raising fragrant technologies. Although the existing technologies can enhance the flavor and taste quality of tea by experienced workers, they usually have low production and thermal efficiency, inaccurate temperature controlling, uneven heat distribution and unstable quality, and other issues. For these reasons, based on the electromagnetic roller-hot air fixation, second drying with electromagnetic heating and raising fragrant with fluidized bed drying technologies, the automatic tea production line used in the article combine the advantages different equipments and manners in tea processing, in addition, electromagnetic roller-hot air fixation is heated by electromagnetic heat technology, which significantly improvements of energy efficiency and heating stability. The thermal efficiency of the machine was improved, and could easily be controlled accurately. While the heat pipe technology were applied into the tea processing line, the results indicated the thermal efficiency was increased and the effect of energy conservation was remarkable; vibration fluidized bed had good drying effect, energy conservation and so on, which was begin to be used in tea drying industry. Finally, with the technologies above and the other matching equipments, this paper had integrated a new automatic tea production line, in order to enhance the tea flavor and taste quality, obtain stable and high-quality tea, at the same time the thermal efficiency and production efficiency were enhanced. According to the results of sensory evaluation quality and biochemical composition, the production capacity of automatic production line was 1 750 kg leaves one day, and the thermal efficiency increased 100% compared to traditional roasted green tea process. The sensory quality score of curl-shape green tea made of leaves harvested by machines was 88.8, which was 2 point higher than the traditional roasted green tea, and the hue of color (a/b) of tea, tea brew and infused tea leaves were be better (P © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 30

Main heading: Drying

Controlled terms: Calcination  -  Color  -  Electromagnetism  -  Energy conservation  -  Energy efficiency  -  Enzymes  -  Fluidized bed process  -  Fluidized beds  -  Harvesting  -  Heat pipes   -  Hot rolling  -  Low temperature production  -  Processing  -  Quality control  -  Rollers (machine components)

Uncontrolled terms: Automatic production line  -  Biochemical composition  -  Electromagnetic heating  -  Green tea  -  Physico-chemical quality  -  Physicochemical characteristics  -  Production efficiency  -  Temperature controlling

Classification code: 525.2 Energy Conservation  -  535.1.2 Rolling Mill Practice  -  601.2 Machine Components  -  619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines  -  701 Electricity and Magnetism  -  741.1 Light/Optics  -  802.3 Chemical Operations  -  821.3 Agricultural Methods  -  913.3 Quality Assurance and Control  -  913.4 Manufacturing

Numerical data indexing: Mass 1.75e+03kg, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 3.75e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.035

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

26. Monitoring and classification of citrus Huanglongbing based on UAV hyperspectral remote sensing

Accession number: 20192206992556

Title of translation:

Authors: Lan, Yubin (1, 3); Zhu, Zihao (1, 3); Deng, Xiaoling (2, 3, 4); Lian, Bizhen (2, 3); Huang, Jingyi (1, 3); Huang, Zixiao (1, 3); Hu, Jie (2, 3)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviation Pesticides Spraying Technology, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (4) Research Center for Agricultural Information Monitoring Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou; 510642, China

Corresponding author: Deng, Xiaoling(dengxl@scau.edu.cn)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 92-100

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is an extremely destructive disease without cured medicine. Finding citrus trees suffering from HLB as soon as possible and eradicating the infected tree timely is an effective measure to prevent citrus from HLB. For large-scale citrus orchards, monitoring HLB is a heavy workload that requires a lot of time and effort.-Using remote sensing by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to monitor the citrus orchards is a feasible measure which could reduce a lot of work and cost. In this study, a hyperspectral image of citrus in orchard was obtained by a UAV equipped with hyperspectral camera, flying at a height of 60 m. 26 healthy trees and 26 trees infected HLB were selected from the hyperspectral image, which was radiational corrected and geometric corrected. 10 regions of interest (ROIs) were created (5×5 pixel size) on each selected citrus canopy and the mean reflectance spectra in every ROI was calculated. The abnormal spectra were removed by observing the mean reflectance spectra, and the remaining spectra were smoothed and denoised by Savitzky-Golay. The ground reflectance spectra captured by ASD FieldSpec HandHeld 2 Spectroradiometer was used as a reference to verify the effect of the spectra by hyperspectral camera in UAV and it was found that the reflectance spectra of hyperspectral camera had a same trend with the spectra from gound. The first-orderderivative reflectance spectra (FDR) and the inverse logarithmtic reflectance spectra (ILR) were obtained by spectral transformation. The dataset was divided into a training set and a test set by a ratio of 3:1, and the training set was used to train the discriminant model. In the training phase of the model, K-folds cross validation was used internally. Finally, the test data was used to predict in the discriminant model. The k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) and support vector machine (SVM) model were adopted as classifiers respectively, and 3 kinds of spectra transformed from the full-band spectra and first 3 principal components after PCA were compared as input variables to establish the discriminant model. Different input variables in different classifiers, different kernels in SVM model and different distance calculating way in the kNN were compared. The parameters of different models were gradually tried, and the parameters with the highest training accuracy were selected for modeling. Some conclusions were gotten in the paper. First, the reflectance spectra acquired by remote sensing by UAV could be used to establish the discriminant model for trees injected HLB after a series of processing. Such as the SVM classification model with the quadratic kernel had a classification accuracy of 94.7% for full-band FDR and the predictive error rate for the test data was 3.36%. Second, spectral variable obtained by spectral transformation can improve the classification accuracy of the model. For example, the classification accuracy with FDR as the input variables was the highest in each model. Third, principal component analysis (PCA) dimensionality reduction on spectral variables can significantly improve the recognition speed. We could find that the error rate had decreased for model with ILR after PCA and increased for models with other spectra after PCA. Last but not least, in the SVM classification model with the quadratic kernel, the discriminative accuracy for healthy plants was 100%, and the plants with misjudged just were plants injected HLB, the impact of this result was likely to come from part with HLB in the canopy of fruit trees. In summary, hyperspectral remote sensing by UAV was used to monitor the cultivation of orchards in large areas. It was an effective management method to monitor citrus HLB by establishing a discriminant model. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 39

Main heading: Remote sensing

Controlled terms: Antennas  -  Cameras  -  Forestry  -  Inverse problems  -  Machine components  -  Motion compensation  -  Nearest neighbor search  -  Orchards  -  Principal component analysis  -  Reflection   -  Spectroscopy  -  Statistical tests  -  Support vector machines  -  Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)

Uncontrolled terms: Citrus  -  Dimensionality reduction  -  Huanglongbing  -  HyperSpectral  -  Hyperspectral remote sensing  -  K nearest neighbor (KNN)  -  K-nearest neighbors  -  Spectral transformations

Classification code: 601.2 Machine Components  -  652.1 Aircraft, General  -  723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications  -  742.2 Photographic Equipment  -  821.3 Agricultural Methods  -  921.5 Optimization Techniques  -  922.2 Mathematical Statistics

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 3.36e+00%, Percentage 9.47e+01%, Size 6.00e+01m

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.012

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

27. Research on temperature and humidity field change during corn bulk microbiological heating

Accession number: 20192206992577

Title of translation:

Authors: Wang, Xiaomeng (1, 2); Wu, Wenfu (1); Yin, Jun (2); Zhang, Zhongjie (2); Wu, Zidan (1); Yao, Qu (2)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun; 130022, China; (2) Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing; 100037, China

Corresponding author: Wu, Zidan(wuzidan@263.net)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 268-273

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Corn is widely planted in China with high yield. It is a major source of foods and materials for industrial processing. Microbiological heating occurs easily during corn bulk storage, which seriously affects grain safety. The problem has also attracted much attention. Stored grain is mostly infected by Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp.. Fungal growth in maize is facilitated by hot and humid conditions. Warm pockets initiated by microorganisms are mainly induced by pockets of wet grain because microorganisms need larger than 0.65 water activity to multiply and develop. It has been reported by many researchers that the relationship between temperature, moisture and fungi growth. Moisture diffusion and migration from a hotspot to its surrounding was recorded by some researchers. They also found that as a hotspot develops, the grain moisture at the top of the hotspot increases while the grain moisture below decreases. Since it is difficult to estimate the production rate of heat without using mathematical models, there are a few models developed to understand the development of hotspot. These models was used to calculate the heat production rate of stored grain. However, there is little research on the quantitative change of temperature and humidity field in space. The objective of this study was to develop a method to measure changes of high temperature and high humidity zones in space during grain microbiological heating. To explore quantitative variation of temperature and relative humidity fields in space in corn heating, different moisture corn (14.0% and 18.2%, w.b.) was stored in a simulated silo in 40 d at 30 non-airtight. The simulated silo was a cylindrical iron silo with 0.54 m in internal diameter, 0.70 m in height and 0.01 m in thickness, respectively. And its inner wall was provided with insulation layer (0.02 m thickness). Two air pipes (0.08 m internal diameter) on the top and bottom of the silo were applied to exchange the gas inside and outside the silo and ensure adequate oxygen supply. In the experiment, the high moisture corn (cylinder, diameter, 0.30 m; height, 0.30 m; 18.2%, w.b.) in the silo was surrounded by low moisture corn (14.0%, w.b.). After 4 days storage, the growth of Aspergillus candidus and Aspergillus flavus caused a hot spot appears in corn bulk. In the paper, high temperature areas were temperature higher than 30, and high humidity areas were relative humidity higher than 75% due to Aspergillus candidus and Aspergillus flavus increasing greatly. During the storage, temperature and relative humidity cloud maps of the min-vertical plane were drawn. These cloud maps indicate that areas of high temperature and high humidity expanded under heat conduction. Areas of high temperature zone and high humidity zone were calculated. Then, treated these areas as circles and calculated equivalent radii (r) of high temperature zone and high humidity zone. Besides temperature difference (ΔT) were equal to the highest temperature in high temperature zone minus 30. During ΔT increasing from 3.7 to 8, equivalent radii (r) had a significant linear correlation with temperature difference (ΔT). However, no noticeable change was observed when ΔT ranged from 0 to 3.7. The corn temperature data of a squat silo during microbiological heating proved the linear relationship between the equivalent radius of high temperature area and temperature difference. But the diffusion rate of heating area in squat silo was higher than the simulated silo due to height and span of grain bulk. Height and span of grain bulk in squat silo increased heat convection which was weak in simulated silo. This study lays a foundation for the further quantitative research on the prediction of microbiological heating in grain storage. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 32

Main heading: Grain (agricultural product)

Controlled terms: Aspergillus  -  Crops  -  Digital storage  -  Heat conduction  -  Heat convection  -  Heating  -  Humidity sensors  -  Microorganisms  -  Moisture  -  Oxygen supply   -  Storage (materials)  -  Temperature  -  Temperature distribution

Uncontrolled terms: Corn  -  High temperature zones  -  Industrial processing  -  Quantitative changes  -  Quantitative research  -  Temperature and humidities  -  Temperature and relative humidity  -  Temperature differences

Classification code: 443.2 Meteorological Instrumentation  -  461.9 Biology  -  641.1 Thermodynamics  -  641.2 Heat Transfer  -  694.4 Storage  -  722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques  -  804 Chemical Products Generally  -  821.4 Agricultural Products

Numerical data indexing: Age 1.10e-02yr, Percentage 1.40e+01%, Percentage 1.82e+01%, Percentage 7.50e+01%, Size 1.00e-02m, Size 2.00e-02m, Size 5.40e-01m, Size 7.00e-01m, Size 8.00e-02m

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.033

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

28. Study on parameter selection of Ångström-Prescott in Tibet agricultural region

Accession number: 20192206992563

Title of translation: Ångström-Prescott

Authors: Luo, Hongying (1, 2); Li, Dan (2); Cui, Yuanlai (2); Tian, Zhengye (1); Luo, Yufeng (1, 2)

Author affiliation: (1) Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyching; 860000, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430072, China

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 149-155

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: In Tibet, radiation stations are scare. The radiation is important for accuracy estimation of reference evapotranspiration. In this study, the parameters of typical Ångström-Prescott (AP) equation were estimated and FAO recommended values were evaluated for its applicability in Tibet agricultural region. The data of daily solar radiation and sunshine hours from 1961 to 2016 were from all the 4 radiation stations (Lhasa, Shiquanhe, Nagchu and Chamdo stations) in Tibet. The AP parameters were fitted by nonlinear least square method. The data from the years of 1961 to 2004 were for calibration and those from the year of 2005 to 2016 were for validation. Standard deviation (SD), mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were used for model accuracy evaluation in order to find the main factor affecting parameter change. In addition, the relationships between parameters and longitude, latitude and altitude were analyzed. The stations were in 2 climatic regions of plateau temperate semi-arid zone and plateau cold arid zone. According to the Tibet Agricultural Climatic Zoning, 5 zones were classified in Tibet, which included plateau temperate semi-humid zone, plateau cold arid zone, plateau temperate semi-arid zone, plateau warm-cool semi-humid zone and plateau temperate arid zone. Representative stations were chosen for these zones. Nyingchi, Shigatse, Suo county, Shiquanhe and Nagchu were for plateau temperate semi-humid zone, plateau temperate semi-arid zone, plateau warm-cool semi-humid zone, plateau temperate arid zone and plateau cold arid zone, respectively. Based on the relationship between main factor and parameters, the parameters for the other 3 zones were estimated by using inverse distance weighted method. The deviations from FAO recommended values were used for evaluation of FAO recommendations. The results showed that the SD, MAE and MAPE were in the acceptable range and the validation results for SD and MAE were 1.75-2.80 MJ/(m2•d), 1.27-2.03 MJ/(m2•d), respectively. The MAPE was closer or slightly different from 0. It indicated that the AP model was reliable for estimation of radiation. The calibrated coefficients for these 4 stations ranged from 0.18 to 0.26 and from 0.55 to 0.64, respectively. The recommended values by FAO were not always suitable in Tibet with the deviation of -28%-28%. The coefficient of variation of coefficient recommended by past studies was 15%-20%. Compared to previous studies with shorter time period, our results were more reliable since the time duration (about 50 years) was longer. The parameters were closely correlated with latitude with the determination coefficient higher than 0.6 but they were less related with longitude and altitude with the determination coefficient less than 0.2. Based on latitude, the interpolation was conducted for Nyingchi, Shigatse and Suo county. Finally the AP coefficients for 5 different agricultural zones were obtained and they ranged from 0.18 to 0.25 and from 0.55 to 0.64, respectively. The deviation analysis showed that the FAO recommended values had a good applicability in the plateau temperate semi-humid zone, plateau cold arid zone and plateau temperate semi-arid zone. The results can provide valuable information for the calculation of solar radiation and reference evapotranpiration in the areas without measured radiation data in Tibet. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 31

Main heading: Parameter estimation

Controlled terms: Agriculture  -  Arid regions  -  Diffusers (optical)  -  Heat radiation  -  Inverse problems  -  Least squares approximations  -  Solar radiation  -  Stream flow

Uncontrolled terms: Altitude  -  Determination coefficients  -  Inverse distance weighted  -  Latitude  -  Mean absolute percentage error  -  Nonlinear least square methods  -  Reference evapotranspiration  -  Tibet

Classification code: 407.2 Waterways  -  443 Meteorology  -  444 Water Resources  -  641.2 Heat Transfer  -  657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena  -  741.3 Optical Devices and Systems  -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control  -  921.6 Numerical Methods

Numerical data indexing: Age 5.00e+01yr, Percentage -2.80e+01% to 2.80e+01%, Percentage 1.50e+01% to 2.00e+01%

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.019

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

29. Fluidization characteristics of torrefied forest waste biomass and pulverized coal mixture particles with different mixing ratios

Accession number: 20192206992572

Title of translation:

Authors: Xu, Guiling (1); Li, Menghui (1); Lu, Ping (1)

Author affiliation: (1) Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing; 210042, China

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 218-225

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Fluidized bed co-gasification of biomass and coal is a new technology for efficient and clean coal utilization, as well as an innovative method for the large-scale efficient utilization of biomass energy. The effective fluidization of gasification feedstocks can promote the heat transfer, mass transfer between gas-solid phases and increase the chemical reaction rate. Using torrefied biomass to replace raw biomass can improve the fluidization characteristics of gasification feedstocks. The investigations on fluidization characteristics of binary particle mixtures (BPMs) of torrefied biomass and pulverized coal are of great importance to the design and stable operation of fluidized bed reactors. In this paper, the fluidization experiments for the BPMs of forest waste biomass and pulverized coal were carried out with a fluidization experimental setup. The fluidization curves for the BPMs were obtained, the characteristic velocities including initial fluidization velocity, minimum fluidization velocity and complete fluidization velocity, were determined, and then “composition-characteristic velocity” phase equilibrium diagram was drawn. The effect of torrefied biomass mass fraction (0, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) on the fluidization characteristics of the BPMs were investigated. An empirical formula for predicting minimum fluidization velocity of the BPMs was proposed. The results showed that the individual fluidization curves for torrefied biomass and pulverized coal, respectively, can be divided into four regions: I fixed bed region, II transition region, III initial fluidization region, and IV complete fluidization region. The sequence of standardized bed pressure drop (Rp) in region IV for four different raw materials was as follows: anthracite 1 (0.90) > anthracite 2 (0.86) > torrefied biomass 1 (0.84) > torrefied biomass 2 (0.53), indicating the decrease of fluidization quality. The fluidization curves for the BMPs were similar to those of single-component particle system, while the gas velocity ranges corresponding to region II and region III were narrower. As torrefied biomass mass fraction increased, the values of Rp in complete fluidization region decreased, indicating that the fluidization quality became poor, meanwhile, the initial fluidization velocity first increased and then decreased, the complete fluidization velocity first decreased and then increased, the minimum fluidization velocity decreased gradually. Different characteristic velocities corresponded to the transition between different fluidization stages. Combining the fluidization gas velocity with the “Composition-characteristic velocity” phase diagram, the fluidization state for the BMPs can be pre-judged. The fluidization gas velocity can be adjusted according to the requirement of industrial application. The empirical formula obtained in this paper can predict the minimum fluidization velocity of the BPMs of torrefied biomass and pulverized coal well with errors ranging from -25% to +20%. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 38

Main heading: Fluidization

Controlled terms: Anthracite  -  Binary mixtures  -  Biomass  -  Chemical reactors  -  Coal  -  Feedstocks  -  Fluidized beds  -  Forestry  -  Gasification  -  Heat transfer   -  Mass transfer  -  Pulverized fuel  -  Velocity

Uncontrolled terms: Binary particle mixtures  -  Characteristic velocities  -  Composition characteristics  -  Fluidization characteristics  -  Fluidization velocity  -  Fluidized bed reactors  -  Minimum fluidization velocity  -  Phase equilibrium diagrams

Classification code: 524 Solid Fuels  -  641.2 Heat Transfer  -  641.3 Mass Transfer  -  802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment  -  802.3 Chemical Operations  -  804 Chemical Products Generally

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+01%

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.028

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

30. Characteristic of heat transfer for active heat storage wall with different structures in Chinese solar greenhouse

Accession number: 20192206992568

Title of translation:

Authors: Bao, Encai (1, 2); Cao, Yanfei (1); Zou, Zhirong (1); Zhang, Yong (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Key Laboratory of Protected Agriculture Engineering in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Nanjing; 210014, China

Corresponding author: Zhang, Yong(Landscape@nwsuaf.edu.cn)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 189-197

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Chinese solar greenhouse(hereafter CSG) is an efficient energy-saving greenhouse, and plays an important role in Chinese protected horticulture development. Active thermal storage back wall of CSG has excellent effect of energy storage. However, the hygrothermal performance of active thermal storage wall should be studied further. In this paper, heat transfer characteristics of active heat storage wall with different structures were studied. The CSG with traditional active heat storage wall (hereafter G1) and CSG with backfill-assembled active heat storage wall (hereafter G2) was introduced for experiment based on the operation experiments of heat loss of CSG. The humiture of inlet and outlet, the surface heat flux, temperature and humidity of experiment CSG had been tested. And the heat transfer characteristics were also studied. The results showed that the wind speed at outlet of G1 was 2.82 m/s, significantly higher than that of G2. However, the wind speed of inlet of G1 was smaller than that of G2. Under continuous sunny conditions, the average temperature difference between inlet and outlet of G1 and G2 were 10.2, 11.6, respectively, in the case of active thermal storage conditions; and the average temperature difference between inlet and outlet of G1 and G2 were 3.2 and 3.0 respectively, in the case of heat release conditions. Under continuous cloudy conditions, the average temperature difference between inlet and outlet of G1 and G2 were 1.8 and 2.3 respectively, in the case of heat release conditions; and the exothermic heat flux of G1 and G2 were 7.48 and 5.66 W/m2, respectively. The heat transfer characteristic of heat storage circulation system of active thermal storage wall were be analyzed. Research shows that the average heat exchange amount of G1 and G2 were 120.36 and 215.27 MJ, respectively, under continuous sunny conditions. And the energy efficiency ratio of G1 and G2 were 15.48 and 49.83, respectively. Therefore, the heat storage amount of G2 had a dramatic improvement compared to G1. The G2 had a better energy saving effect. Under continuous cloudy conditions, the G2 released more heat compared to G1. In the typical sunny day, the passive heat storage amount of back wall of G2 was 46.9% higher than G1 during the heat storage process and it was similar for both G1 and G2 during the heat release process. In the typical cloudy day, the passive heat storage amount of back wall of G2 was 46.4% higher than G1 during the heat storage process while the passive heat release amount of back wall of G2 was 26.2% lower than that of G1. In typical sunny day, the heat storage contributions of G1 and G2 were 30.02% and 34.32%, respectively and the heat release contributions of G1 and G2 were 27.38% and 39.35%, respectively. In typical cloudy day, the heat release contributions of G1 and G2 were 36.41% and 44.01%, respectively. Our study showed that the G2 had higher long-term heat storage capacity, and G2 would facilitate to maintain inner humiture stability of CSG under the long-term low temperature and cloudy conditions. This paper can provide a theoretical and practical guidance to thermal load design of CSG with active thermal storage system. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 35

Main heading: Heat storage

Controlled terms: Energy conservation  -  Energy efficiency  -  Greenhouses  -  Heat flux  -  Heat transfer  -  Solar heating  -  Temperature  -  Wind

Uncontrolled terms: Chinese solar greenhouse  -  Circulation systems  -  Energy efficiency ratio  -  Heat transfer characteristics  -  Hygrothermal performance  -  Temperature and humidities  -  Temperature differences  -  Walls

Classification code: 443.1 Atmospheric Properties  -  525.2 Energy Conservation  -  641.1 Thermodynamics  -  641.2 Heat Transfer  -  657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena  -  821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures

Numerical data indexing: Energy 1.20e+08J, Energy 2.15e+08J, Percentage 2.62e+01%, Percentage 2.74e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 3.43e+01%, Percentage 3.64e+01%, Percentage 3.94e+01%, Percentage 4.40e+01%, Percentage 4.64e+01%, Percentage 4.69e+01%, Surface_Power_Density 5.66e+00W/m2, Surface_Power_Density 7.48e+00W/m2, Velocity 2.82e+00m/s

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.024

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

31. Safety monitoring of sluice-pump station project based on online correlation analysis and clustering of multichannel data streams

Accession number: 20192206992557

Title of translation:

Authors: Bao, Jiatong (1); Qian, Jiang (2); Zhang, Wei (1); Tang, Hongru (1); Tang, Fangping (1)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Hydraulic, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou; 225127, China; (2) Taizhou Yinjiang Canal Administration of Jiangsu Province, Taizhou; 225321, China

Corresponding author: Tang, Hongru(hrtang@yzu.edu.cn)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 101-108

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Sluice-pump station projects usually consist of many widely distributed hydraulic structures, such as pumping stations, sluices and dams. In order to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the project, it is necessary to observe and measure the settlement, expansion joints and seepage flow of hydraulic structures regularly and accurately. In this paper, an online correlation analysis and clustering method for multichannel real-time monitoring data streams was proposed. It aimed at finding the connections between data streams from multiple interested measuring channels, and automatically discovering potential project security problems and sensor failures. Firstly, the real-time data streams were continuously collected by recording sensor data from multiple measuring channels with the same frequency and aligning them on the time axis. Secondly, 3 statistical features of the data streams were incrementally calculated. By employing the statistical features, the calculation of correlation coefficients of any 2 data streams could only run in 0(1) time. Thirdly, the clustering algorithm of density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise was used in order to automatically find grouped data streams with strong correlations and noised data streams with weak or without correlations. By analyzing the clustering results according to project related characteristics and objective laws, potential project safety risks as well as sensor failures could be identified. Based on an earlier developed safety monitoring system for Taizhou Gaogang sluice-pump station project, the experiments were carried out to analyze and cluster multichannel data streams of uplift pressure, expansion joint and temperature online. It took less than 1 s to process multiple data streams for one time. The clustering results of the water level data streams revealed that the water levels in the uplift pressure tubes installed in 5 sections of the project had strong positive relations owing to the normal action of ground water penetration. Exceptionally, the variation of water level in 1 tube was highly affected by water level change of the Yangtze River, which means there existed an abnormal seepage in that position. The failure of 1 uplift pressure sensor was also found according to the clustering results. Besides, the clustering results of the data streams of expansion joint size and temperature could be explained by thermal expansion and contraction. Especially, the expansion joint sizes of most places in the east-west direction of the horizontal plane had strong negative correlations to the environment temperature while the ones in the other directions were less affected. All the data streams classified as the noises could be directly used to discover the abnormal situations of the corresponding sensors. In conclusion, the proposed method could effectively find the connections between the online data streams from multiple interested measuring channels, and discover potential project safety problems and sensor failures. It showed to be an effective way to supplement the online data analysis methods in the hydraulic area. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 30

Main heading: Cluster analysis

Controlled terms: Clustering algorithms  -  Correlation methods  -  Data mining  -  Expansion joints  -  Groundwater  -  Hydraulic structures  -  Monitoring  -  Online systems  -  Pumps  -  Rivers   -  Seepage  -  Thermal expansion  -  Uplift pressure  -  Water levels

Uncontrolled terms: Clustering analysis  -  Density based spatial clustering of applications with noise  -  Expansion and contraction  -  Multiple data streams  -  Pump station  -  Safety monitoring  -  Safety monitoring system  -  Variation of water level

Classification code: 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes  -  444.2 Groundwater  -  618.2 Pumps  -  722.4 Digital Computers and Systems  -  723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications  -  723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing  -  903.1 Information Sources and Analysis  -  922.2 Mathematical Statistics  -  951 Materials Science

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.013

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

32. Field wheat ear counting automatically based on improved K-means clustering algorithm

Accession number: 20192206992566

Title of translation: K-means

Authors: Liu, Zhe (1); Huang, Wenzhun (1); Wang, Liping (1)

Author affiliation: (1) Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xijing University, Xi’an; 710123, China

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 174-181

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: The amount of wheat ears per unit area is an important parameter for assessing wheat yield and wheat planting density. Generally, phenotype parameters should be obtained by manual count technique which is time-consuming and needs great effort. Aiming at the traditional image segmentation method based on color feature, texture feature and Haar feature, in this paper, we proposed an improved K-means algorithm for estimating the number of wheat ears. This method established a direct mapping relationship from the low-level features of the image to the number of wheat ears in the image through the color feature so that the target did not need to be segmented or detected. This type of method was more suitable for complex lighting and dense wheat ears, and had higher computational efficiency than counting methods based on image segmentation. This method made full use of the color feature of wheat ear image, took the area feature of local region extracted from local region as the basis of wheat ear judgment, and used the number of sub-regions in clustering region as the estimation value of wheat ear number, thus avoiding the task of target detection and location, and greatly improving the accuracy of Wheat ear counting. According to classification results of K-means method, the wheat ear image was divided into three regions. The green area pixel value representing the wheat eat region was set to 255, the pixel value of other areas was set to 0, so the binary image of wheat ears was obtained. Most of the binarized areas in the image were wheat ears, and a small part of the binarized area that was too small or too large was caused by the leaves. Following the steps were used to count wheat ears: 1) extracting the connected regions of the binary image and labeling them; 2) calculating the area of each connected region, the area was represented by the number of pixels in the region; 3) using the following method to filter out the connected region where the area was too small or too large; 4) finally, the number of wheat ears was obtained by counting the retained binary regions. This method established a direct classification relation from the image color feature of the lower layer to the image containing wheat ears so that the image did not need to be segmented or detected. Based on color feature clustering, this method could estimate the number of wheat ears in local area of space, and it was more scalable without training. The average prediction precision of the total wheatear number in a wheatear image for 12 wheatear images was 94.69%. And the Statistical error of the total wheatear number was between 2.17% and 7.41%, the average statistical error was 5.31%. The statistical experiment results showed that the accuracy of this algorithm to wheat ear counting was better than the traditional method based on image color feature and texture feature. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 35

Main heading: Image texture

Controlled terms: Algorithms  -  Binary images  -  Color  -  Color image processing  -  Computational efficiency  -  Feature extraction  -  Image enhancement  -  Image processing  -  Image segmentation  -  K-means clustering   -  Pixels  -  Textures

Uncontrolled terms: Classification results  -  Clustering  -  Improved K-Means algorithm  -  Improved k-means clustering  -  K-means  -  Segmentation methods  -  Statistical experiments  -  Wheat ear counting

Classification code: 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing  -  741.1 Light/Optics

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 2.17e+00% to 7.41e+00%, Percentage 5.31e+00%, Percentage 9.47e+01%

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.022

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

33. Study on rural household energy consumption structure in rocky desertification region of Southwest China

Accession number: 20192206992573

Title of translation:

Authors: Guo, Yingjun (1); Xiong, Kangning (1); An, Yulun (2); Ying, Bin (1); Wang, Qi (1)

Author affiliation: (1) School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal Uninversity, State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Karst Mountain Ecology Environment of Guizhou Province, Guiyang; 550001, China; (2) School of Geography and Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang; 550001, China

Corresponding author: Xiong, Kangning(xiongkn@163.com)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 226-234

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: The rural household energy plays an important role in national energy consumption. The rural energy consumption has an important impact on social and economic development, ecological security and residents’ physical health. The survey was conducted based on 429 households in 25 administrative villages, 8 townships (towns), 4 counties, in Karst rocky desertification control demonstration area of Guizhou province. The correlation between rural energy consumption and a scale of karst rocky desertification in southwest China was investigated. The results show that: 1) Firewood and coal are still main energy consumption structure in study area. Due to the overall low level of economic income, farmers have to continue to use traditional firewood, resulting in the formation of firewood + commodity energy consumption model, namely, firewood + coal, firewood + electricity, firewood + petroleum, petrochemical, and other energy modes, and showing a pattern of multi-energy complementarity. 2) The rural energy using tends to be clean and efficient, but the energy consumption transformation is a slow process. Due to the influence of demographic characteristics and traditional culture, the electricity is still not the main energy in the study area. Meanwhile the influence of migrant workers, the rural population is dominated by the elderly, women and children, and “hollow villages” appears in study areas, which complicates the rural energy consumption. 3) Regional differences in energy consumption model are significant. Bijie-salaxi demonstration area have formed model of “firewood + coal” for life energy, “coal” for heating and “firewood” for production energy (cooking pig food). Guanling-huajiang demonstration area and Zhenfeng-beipanjiang have formed model of “firewood + electricity” for life energy and “electricity” for heating. In Shibing Karst demonstration area have formed model of “firewood + electricity” for life energy, “firewood + coal” for heating and “coal” for production. 4) The firewood consumption in potential rocky desertification areas is the highest, but it is within the reasonable ecological threshold and there is no risk of rocky desertification. Its firewood consumption is related to higher biomass, population characteristics, heating, resource availability, lower population density and tourism development. Although the consumption of firewood is the lowest in slight rocky desertification, it has exceeded the reasonable ecological threshold and is at the risk of aggravation and expansion of rocky desertification. Its firewood consumption is related to the abundant coal and living habits. The firewood consumption is lower in moderate-intensity karst rocky desertification, but it has exceeded the reasonable ecological threshold and is at the risk of aggravation and expansion of rocky desertification. The firewood consumption is related to the lower forest coverage, biomass and stand biomass, low income level, historical factors and loss of opportunity cost. 5) The rural energy poverty in karst rocky desertification areas is serious. The economic unaffordability is mainly found in Bijie-salaxi and Zhenfeng-beipanjiang. Indoor environmental pollution was serious in four study areas, especially in Bijie-salaxi and shibing Karst. 6) This study reveals differences in energy consumption level and structure of rural households in karst rocky desertification areas in southwest China. Through comparative analysis, it is found that energy consumption of rural households is mainly subject to the comprehensive influence of the income level of farmers, the availability of energy and resources, heating, traditional culture, industrial structure, policies and other factors. This study provides theoretical basis for understanding the current situation and development trend of household energy consumption in rural region of southwest China and formulating relevant policies of energy and environmental. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 32

Main heading: Energy utilization

Controlled terms: Agriculture  -  Biomass  -  Climatology  -  Coal  -  Demonstrations  -  Ecology  -  Economic and social effects  -  Energy policy  -  Energy resources  -  Expansion   -  Heating  -  Landforms  -  Mammals  -  Population statistics  -  Rural areas  -  Thermal processing (foods)

Uncontrolled terms: Demographic characteristics  -  Energy consumption structure  -  Household energy consumption  -  Population characteristics  -  Rocky desertification  -  Rocky desertification controls  -  Social and economic development  -  Southwest China

Classification code: 443 Meteorology  -  454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems  -  481.1 Geology  -  524 Solid Fuels  -  525 Energy Management and Conversion  -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control  -  822.2 Food Processing Operations  -  951 Materials Science  -  971 Social Sciences

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.029

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

34. Fe-Cr-C-V plasma surfacing layer improving wear resistance and impact toughness of rotary blade

Accession number: 20192206992548

Title of translation: Fe-Cr-C-V

Authors: Hao, Jianjun (1); Yang, Zeyu (1); Ma, Luping (1); Zhao, Jianguo (1); Liu, Jingchun (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071001, China

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 24-30

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: In order to solve the problems of poor wear resistance and frequent failure of agricultural machinery contact soil components, Fe-Cr-C-V plasma surfacing layer was prepared on 65Mn steel matrix by plasma surfacing welding technology. Microstructure and phase composition of surfacing layer were analyzed by means of metallographic microscope and X-ray diffraction. Microhardness, wear resistance and impact toughness of surfacing layer were analyzed by means of microhardness tester, reciprocating friction and wear tester, self-made soil-bin wear tester and impact testing machine. The results showed that the cross-section of the surfacing welding specimen showed surfacing region, bonding region and substrate region, the substrate and coating diffused with each other, showing good metallurgical bonding, the coating dilution rate was low, and there were no defects such as porosity and slag inclusion. Fe-Cr-C-V series surfacing layer was mainly composed of α-Fe,Cr7C3,M7C3([Fe,Cr]7C3), Fe-Cr solid solution, VC, etc. The microstructure and hard phase morphology of Fe-Cr-C-V surfacing layer were improved. In addition to the original coniferous and hexagonal primary carbides, the dispersed spherical carbides, columnar crystals also appeared. Composed with 65Mn hardened steel, the Vickers hardness of Fe-Cr-C-V series alloy layer was improved by 75% and the wear quality was reduced by about 67%. Compared with Fe-Cr-C series alloy, Fe-Cr-C-V series alloy had finer microstructure, higher hardness, lower wear and better impact toughness. Fe-Cr-C-V surfacing layer had smaller wear quality, more stable wear curve and better wear resistance, this is because that the carbide hard phase dispersed on 65Mn matrix play the role of anti-wear skeleton, while the toughness phase in Fe matrix bonds and solidified the carbide, and the 2 interactions jointly improved the wear resistance of the coating. The refinement and dispersion of hard phase and the appearance of new VC phase were the main reasons for the coating strengthening, while the carbide morphology improved the impact toughness of the coating. The average hardness and impact toughness of Fe-Cr-C alloy were HV0.5710 and 6.2 J/cm2 respectively. The average hardness of Fe-Cr-C-V series alloy layer was HV0.5810, and the impact toughness was 7.5 J/cm2. Fe-Cr-C-V series alloy layer had better wear resistance and impact toughness. Compared with the commonly used 65Mn subsoiler tip, the wear quality of subsoiler tip with surfacing layer was reduced by 78%. Field experiments showed that the average wear quality of the rotary blade with surfacing layer was reduced by about 50% compared with the conventional 60Si2Mn rotary blade without surfacing layer. For the rotary blades without Fe-Cr-C-V surfacing layer, there were obvious wear marks in the intersection area between the cutting edge and the side cutting edge, and the blade passivation was serious, while the surfacing layer on the blade of the rotary blade with surfacing layer remained relatively intact, without serious wear and coating peeling. The average wear quality of rotary blade with surfacing layer was 32 g, and that of ordinary rotary blade without surfacing layer was 60 g. The hardness phase of Fe-Cr-C-V coating studied was uniformly distributed and there was no obvious hardness gradient, which has important reference value for extending the life of soil contact parts of agricultural machinery. In addition, plasma surfacing welding technology was used to prepare Fe-Cr-C-V series wear-resisting coating on the surface of the soil contact parts of agricultural machinery, which has low cost, high efficiency, flexible and convenient technology and high application and promotion value. Compared with the commonly used rotary blades with 65Mn and 60Si2Mn materials, the rotary blades with Fe-Cr-C-V surfacing layer has good wear resistance and excellent comprehensive mechanical properties. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 36

Main heading: Chromium alloys

Controlled terms: Agricultural machinery  -  Agriculture  -  Binary alloys  -  Carbides  -  Chromium steel  -  Composite coatings  -  Cutting tools  -  Fracture toughness  -  Impact testing  -  Mechanical properties   -  Microhardness  -  Microstructure  -  Morphology  -  Phase composition  -  Plasma (human)  -  Silicon compounds  -  Slags  -  Soil testing  -  Soils  -  Turbomachine blades   -  Vanadium steel  -  Vickers hardness  -  Wear of materials  -  Wear resistance  -  Welding

Uncontrolled terms: Hardness and impact toughness  -  Impact testing machines  -  Metallographic microscope  -  Metallurgical bonding  -  Microhardness tester  -  Reciprocating friction  -  Rotary blades  -  Surfacing layers

Classification code: 461.9 Biology  -  483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics  -  538.2 Welding  -  543.1 Chromium and Alloys  -  603.2 Machine Tool Accessories  -  804.2 Inorganic Compounds  -  813.2 Coating Materials  -  821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control  -  821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment  -  931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids  -  951 Materials Science

Numerical data indexing: Mass 3.20e-02kg, Mass 6.00e-02kg, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 6.70e+01%, Percentage 7.50e+01%, Percentage 7.80e+01%

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.004

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

35. Effects of intense pulsed light treatment with different intensity on preservation of fresh shiitake mushrooms

Accession number: 20192206992580

Title of translation:

Authors: Qi, Xiangyang (1); Zhou, Tingting (1); Cao, Shaoqian (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo; 315100, China

Corresponding author: Cao, Shaoqian(shaoqiancao@sina.com)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 287-293

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: There is a considerable desire to maintain the nutritional compounds and sensory properties of food products which is vulnerable to traditional processing. Intense pulsed light belonging to non-thermal technology is broadly used in sterilization, enzyme inactivation because of its instantaneous, high intensity and wide spectrum light source. And it was reported in many studies that intense pulsed light could become a suitable alternative strategy to improve the food quality, but limited information exists for edible fungi. For the sake of determining the effectiveness of intense pulsed light treatment on preservation of post-harvest shiitake mushrooms, the variability of its sensory qualities, physiology and aging indices and nutrition qualities by intense pulsed light treatment with different intensity during the storage time were evaluated in this paper. For intense pulsed light treatment, the shiitake mushrooms harvested the same batch were transported back to laboratory on the same day, then removed handles and mud. The preprocessed shiitake mushrooms were divided into four groups randomly, and each was exposed to a dose of 0, 9, 15 and 21 pulses corresponding to 0, 28.8, 48.0 and 67.2 mJ•cm-2, respectively. All samples which packed with freshness protection package were stored at 25 from 0 to 12 days, while above indices were examined every three days. The results revealed that intense pulsed light treatment could maintain the colour and flavor of shiitake mushrooms to some extent, whereas the effect of 48.0 mJ•cm-2 treatment group was the best that sensory qualities could retain well until 9th day of storage. Moreover, physiology indices of shiitake mushrooms including weight loss rate, firmness and browning degree deteriorated with the prolongation of storage time. At the end of preservation period (the 12th day), however, the weight loss rate of shiitake mushrooms of intense pulsed light treatment groups was all lower than 5% but the control group attained to 9.77%. The firmness of control group was significantly lower than those of treatment groups, on the contrary, the browning degree of treatment groups were lower than control group (P-2, simultaneously. In addition, peroxidase activity, polyphenol oxidase activity and malondialdehyde mass fraction were associated with aging indices. Despite the peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity of shiitake mushrooms increased at early stage, they decreased at later period. At the end of storage time, the malondialdehyde mass fraction and the peroxidase activity treated by intense pulsed light were obviously lower than that of untreated, while the polyphenol oxidase activity of 48.0 and 67.2 mJ•cm-2 groups were lower than control group (P-2 treatment groups increased respectively 28.44%, 42.61% and 17.37% for phenol mass fraction, 68.56%, 88.45% and 63.42% for vitamin C, and 12.87%, 96.39% and 54.16% for reducing sugar after 12 days of storage. Therefore, intense pulsed light could significantly retard the decrease of weight loss rate and firmness of the shiitake mushrooms, delay the increase of browning degree and malondialdehyde mass fraction, promote the reduction of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity, and reduce the loss of total phenol, vitamin C and reducing sugar during the storage time. The effects of maintaining the nutrition qualities of shiitake mushrooms in 48.8 mJ•cm-2 treatment group was the best. The above results indicated intense pulsed light treatment could be available for extending the preservation shelf life of shiitake mushrooms, which has a potential application prospect in controlling the qualities of edible fungi. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 40

Main heading: Quality control

Controlled terms: Agricultural products  -  Aldehydes  -  Energy storage  -  Food products  -  Fungi  -  Light sources  -  Nutrition  -  Phenols  -  Physiology  -  Speed control

Uncontrolled terms: Application prospect  -  Intense pulsed light  -  Limited information  -  Non-thermal technology  -  Peroxidase activities  -  Preservation period  -  Shiitake mushrooms  -  Traditional processing

Classification code: 461.7 Health Care  -  461.9 Biology  -  525.7 Energy Storage  -  731.3 Specific Variables Control  -  804.1 Organic Compounds  -  821.4 Agricultural Products  -  822.3 Food Products  -  913.3 Quality Assurance and Control

Numerical data indexing: Age 0.00e+00yr to 3.29e-02yr, Age 3.29e-02yr, Percentage 1.29e+01%, Percentage 1.74e+01%, Percentage 2.84e+01%, Percentage 4.26e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 5.42e+01%, Percentage 6.34e+01%, Percentage 6.86e+01%, Percentage 8.85e+01%, Percentage 9.64e+01%, Percentage 9.77e+00%

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.036

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

36. Development of tip orientation and embryo side recognition device for dent corn seeds

Accession number: 20192206992551

Title of translation:

Authors: Xing, Jiejie (1); Xu, Liming (1); Ma, Shuai (1); Yuan, Quanchun (1); Chen, Chen (1); Zeng, Jian (1); Niu, Cong (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China

Corresponding author: Xu, Liming(xlmoffice@126.com)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 52-59

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Automatic directional packaging of corn seeds is the precondition for realizing mechanical directional sowing of corn. The key technology is tip orientation and embryo side facing recognition. Combined with the actual demand of directional packaging, tip orientation for dent corn seeds needs that the tip orientation success rate reaches 100% (i.e. the tip is completely directed), and the embryo side facing recognition accuracy rate is required to achieve a high level at the same time. In addition, combining the actual demand of agricultural production and popularization, the method and its dependent device used to realize the tip orientation and embryo side recognition method for corn seeds should have low requirements for the working environment and the operation cost should be reduced as far as possible. The existing methods of tip orientation and embryo recognition are difficult to fulfil practical requirement. On the basis of the available research results of the research team, taking dent corn seeds with horizontal posture and tip orientation incomplete exported by existing tip orientation device as research object, a tip orientation and embryo side recognition method for dent corn seeds based on laser switch and range theory was proposed and the tip orientation and embryo side recognition device was designed in this paper. According to the shape characteristics of the corn seeds, the corn seeds large head facing forward was removed by using the laser sensors and other components first to get the seeds tip orientation done, and then the embryo side facing direction of each corn seed was identified one by one and outputed. There were 2 main characteristics of the corn seed shape: shape characteristic and surface characteristic. The shape characteristic was that the outline of corn seed was similar to “V” shape with narrow tip and wide large head, the surface characteristic was that there was a germinal groove extending from tip to large head on the embryo side, and the germinal groove shape was approximately elliptical, and its long axis coincided with the symmetric axis of the embryo side, the reverse side was smooth. The tip orientation method was proposed based on the shape characteristics of corn seed and laser switch sensor. Referring to the shape characteristics of the corn seed, a “V” shape slot was designed, the corn seeds with tip facing forward could enter into the slot, while the corn seeds with large head facing forward could not enter the slot as the large head of seed would block the entrance, based on this difference, by means of a normally open laser switch sensor, a specific straight track and a push rod, the tip orientation of each corn seed could be identified and the corn seeds with large head facing forward were removed. When the seed’s tip was oriented, it would be stayed in the slot with tip facing forward, and then the direction of embryo side would be recognized based on the surface characteristic and laser range sensor. With the combined of designed device and existing tip orientation device, a practical test bench was built and the orientation test for dent corn seeds was carried out to verify the actual effect of tip orientation and embryo side recognition method. The result showed that: the tip orientation success rate of existing tip orientation device was 89.6%, the embryo side recognition accuracy rate of designed device was 96.4% and the tip orientation success rate of designed device was 99.1%, which increased by 9.5 percentage points comparing with the existing tip oriented devices. The orientation method proposed in this study could basically realize the tip orientation of the corn seeds, and at the same time, the embryo side recognition accuracy rate could be reached to a high level. Generally, the tip orientation and embryo side recognition method and the device proposed in this paper have low requirements for working environment and low operation cost, which could provide a reference for automatic directional packaging and mechanically directional sowing of corn. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 30

Main heading: Seed

Controlled terms: Design  -  Facings  -  Laser theory  -  Machinery  -  Mechanization  -  Operating costs

Uncontrolled terms: Agricultural productions  -  Corn seeds  -  Embryo side recognition  -  Laser sensor  -  Practical requirements  -  Recognition accuracy  -  Shape characteristics  -  Surface characteristics

Classification code: 402 Buildings and Towers  -  601 Mechanical Design  -  744.1 Lasers, General  -  821.4 Agricultural Products  -  911.1 Cost Accounting

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 8.96e+01%, Percentage 9.64e+01%, Percentage 9.91e+01%

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.007

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

37. Optimization of germination temperature and CaCl2 concentration to improve γ-amino butyric acid content in germination millet

Accession number: 20192206992582

Title of translation: CaCl2γ-

Authors: Cheng, Jianjun (1); Xu, Li (1); Ou, Caizhi (1); Guo, Liandong (1); Zhang, Gaopeng (1); Ni, Chunlei (1); Ding, Yangyue (1); Jiang, Lianzhou (1)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China

Corresponding author: Jiang, Lianzhou(jlzname@163.com)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 301-308

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Millet is an ancient crop and used as a staple food grain in many semi-arid and tropical areas of the world due to its strong vitality in drought prone areas and very poor soils where other crops fail to grow. Because of its varieties essential nutrients for the human body, and suitable ratio of nutrients, millet has been considered extensively an ideal source of nutrition. γ-amino butyric acid, a non-protein amino acid with four-carbon components, has showed many health benefits. Germination is a biochemical process that can improve effectively the nutrients in whole grains. Especially, germination can increase the content of-amino butyric acid of cereals. The germinated millet is a potential source of functional food. To improve the content of the γ-amino butyric acid in germinated millet, the optimal technological conditions was performed through the single factor experiment, Plackett-Burman experiment, steepest ascent path experiment and response surface methodology. Through the Single factor experiment, the optimum level of each factor was soaking time of 12 h, soaking temperature of 35, CaCl2 concentration of 3 mmol/L, germination time of 48 h and germination temperature of 35. On the base of the single factor experiment, soaking time, CaCl2 concentration and germination temperature which affected significantly the content of the γ-amino butyric acid were selected through the Plackett-Burman experiment. By use of Minitab software, a first-order model was fitted to the date obtained from the experiment. The effects of the five factors: soaking time (A), soaking temperature (B), CaCl2 concentration (C), germination time (D) and germination temperature (E) were calculated to be GABA=175.8-7.11A -0.680B +16.85C -0.365D + 3.894E. At the same time, the first-order linear model of all factors and the content of γ-amino butyric acid were formulated according to the results. Based on the formula and the three important effect factors above, the steepest ascent path experiment was carried out to determine the levels that affected significantly (P2 solution at 35 for 13 h and germinated at 31 for 48 h. The content of γ-amino butyric acid was obtained 251.46 mg/100 g in germinated millet under optimized condition, which was 2.90 times higher than the initial γ-amino butyric acid 86.72 mg/100 g. The maximum predicted value 254.19 mg/100 g of GABA content in germinated millet obtained by Response surface methodology was close to the actual value 249.47 mg/100 g, indicating that the formula designed by Response surface methodology was close to the actual situation and the suitability of the formula to be used in optimizing the conditions of germination for the millet. It can be seen that the Single factor experiment, Plackett-Burman experiment, Steepest ascent path experiment and Response surface methodology can effectively screen and optimize the significant factors affecting the GABA content in the germinated millet, and greatly increase the GABA content. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 32

Main heading: Butyric acid

Controlled terms: Amino acids  -  Chlorine compounds  -  Crops  -  Cultivation  -  Grain (agricultural product)  -  Nutrients  -  Soils  -  Surface properties  -  Tropics

Uncontrolled terms: Biochemical process  -  Germinated  -  Germination temperature  -  Optimized conditions  -  Plackett-Burman  -  Response surface methodology  -  Single-factor experiments  -  Technological conditions

Classification code: 443 Meteorology  -  483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics  -  804.1 Organic Compounds  -  821.3 Agricultural Methods  -  821.4 Agricultural Products  -  951 Materials Science

Numerical data indexing: Molar_Concentration 3.00e+00mol/m3, Time 1.73e+05s, Time 4.32e+04s, Time 4.68e+04s

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.038

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village

 

38. Recognition of apple targets before fruits thinning by robot based on R-FCN deep convolution neural network

Accession number: 20192206992564

Title of translation: R-FCN

Authors: Wang, Dandan (1, 2, 3); He, Dongjian (1, 2, 3)

Author affiliation: (1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Perception and Intelligent Service, Yangling; 712100, China

Corresponding author: He, Dongjian(hdj168@nwsuaf.edu.cn)

Source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abbreviated source title: Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao

Volume: 35

Issue: 3

Issue date: February 1, 2019

Publication year: 2019

Pages: 156-163

Language: Chinese

ISSN: 10026819

CODEN: NGOXEO

Document type: Journal article (JA)

Publisher: Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

Abstract: Before fruit thinning, factors such as complex background, various illumination conditions, foliage occlusion, fruit clustering, especially the extreme similarities between apples and background, made the recognition of small apple targets very difficult. To solve these problems, a recognition method based on region-based fully convolutional network (R-FCN) was proposed. Firstly, deep convolution neural network including ResNet-50 based R-FCN and ResNet-101 based R-FCN were studied and analyzed. After analyzing the framework of the 2 networks, it was obviously that the difference between these 2 networks was the ‘conv4’ block. The ‘conv4’ block of ResNet-101 based R-FCN was 51 more layers than that of ResNet-50 based R-FCN, but the recognition accuracy of the 2 networks was almost the same. By comparing the framework and recognition result of ResNet-50 based R-FCN and ResNet-101 based R-FCN, A R-FCN based on ResNet-44 was designed to improve the recognition accuracy and simplify the network. The main operation to simplify the network was to simplify the ‘conv4’ block, and the ‘conv4’ block of ResNet-44 based R-FCN was 6 layers less than that of ResNet-50 based R-FCN. The ResNet-44 based R-FCN consisted of ResNet-44 fully convolutional network, region proposal network (RPN) and region of interest (RoI) sub-network. ResNet-44 fully convolutional network, the backbone network of R-FCN, was used to extract features of image. The features were then used by RPN to generate RoIs. After that, the features extracted by ResNet-44 fully convolutional network and RoIs generated by RPN were used by RoI sub-network to recognize and locate small apple targets. A total of 3 165 images were captured in an experimental apple orchard in College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, in City of Yangling, China. After image resizing and manual annotation, 332 images, including 85 images captured under sunny direct sunlight condition, 88 images captured under sunny backlight condition, 86 images captured under cloudy direct sunlight condition, 74 images captured under cloudy backlight condition, were selected as test set, and the other 2 833 images were used to train and optimize the network. To enrich image training set, data augment, including brightness enhancement and reduction, chroma enhancement and reduction, contrast enhancement and reduction, sharpness enhancement and reduction, and adding Gaussian noise, was performed, then a total of 28 330 images were obtained with 23 591 images randomly selected as training set, and the other 4 739 images as validation set. After training, the simplified ResNet-44 based R-FCN was tested on the test set, and the experimental results indicated that the method could effectively apply to images captured under different illumination conditions. The method could recognize clustering apples, occluded apples, vague apples and apples with shadows, strong illumination and weak illumination on the surface. In addition, apples divided into parts by branched or petiole cloud also be recognized effectively. Overall, the recognition recall rate could achieve 85.7%. The recognition accuracy and false recognition rate were 95.2% and 4.9%, respectively. The average recognition time was 0.187 s per image. To further test the performance of the proposed method, the other 3 methods were compared, including Faster R-CNN, ResNet-50 based R-FCN and ResNet-101 based R-FCN. The F1 of the proposed method was increased by 16.4, 0.7 and 0.7 percentage points, respectively. The average running time of the proposed method improved by 0.010 and 0.041 s compared with that of ResNet-50 based R-FCN and ResNet-101 based R-FCN, respectively. The proposed method could achieve the recognition of small apple targets before fruits thinning which could not be realized by traditional methods. It could also be widely applied to the recognition of other small targets whose features are similar to background. © 2019, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Number of references: 38

Main heading: Image enhancement

Controlled terms: Algorithms  -  Convolution  -  Deep learning  -  Deep neural networks  -  Fruits  -  Gaussian noise (electronic)  -  Image processing  -  Image recognition  -  Image segmentation  -  Reduction

Uncontrolled terms: Convolution neural network  -  Convolutional networks  -  False recognition rate  -  Illumination conditions  -  R-FCN  -  Small apple  -  Target recognition  -  Various illumination conditions

Classification code: 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing  -  802.2 Chemical Reactions  -  821.4 Agricultural Products

Numerical data indexing: Percentage 4.90e+00%, Percentage 8.57e+01%, Percentage 9.52e+01%, Time 1.00e-02s, Time 1.87e-01s, Time 4.10e-02s

DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.03.020

Compendex references: YES

Database: Compendex

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Data Provider: Engineering Village