<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20191306691590
Title:Producing substrate by fermentation of rural river sludge mixed with compost and roseite and its seedling effect
Authors:Chen, Lihua (1, 2); Yao, Yutian (2); Shang, Hui (3); Liu, Juan (4); Pan, Defeng (4); Chang, Yijun (5); Xu, Youwen (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Efficient Irrigation-Drainage and Agricultural Soil-Water Environment in Southern China, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China; (2) Jiangsu Province Costal Development Co. Ltd, Nanjing; 210013, China; (3) Jiangsu Province Costal Development (Dongtai) Co. Ltd, Dongtai; 224200, China; (4) Coastal Water Conservancy Science Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Dongtai; 224200, China; (5) Nanjing Junhui Biology Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing; 211155, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Lihua(chenlihua@hhu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:228-234
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The sludge produced by rural rivers desilting is large in volume and high in organic matter content, which causes significant pollution if not well disposed. Industrialized agricultural seedling raising requires a large amount of nutritional soil, which leads to the degradation of cultivated land if those soil are from the farmland. In this study, the microorganisms were used for fermenting sludge to produce the seedling raising substrate, instead of using nutritional farm soil. By changing temperature and water content in the fermentation process of the sludge, physical and biological features of the substrate produced by fermentation, and the biological characters, physiological feature and resistance of the watermelon seedlings raised by the substrate were assayed for determine best microbial strains for fermenting substrate. The results showed that, compared to control treatment, the microbial treatments increased the fermentation temperature and decreased water content of the substrate (P<0.05), but no statistical difference was found between microbial treatments. The highest temperatures assayed in the piles in fermentation process all were lower than 60℃, and the duration when temperature higher than 50℃ all were shorter than 9 days. The substrates were well fermented while the piles temperature decreased to room temperature. Assaying the physical features of the substrates demonstrated that the microbial fermentation improved the physical and biological properties of the substrate. Among the microorganisms, Trichoderma harzianum T83 (T83) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IAE (BIAE) showed the best performance. Compared to the control treatment, bulk density, maximum water holding capacity, total porosity, capillary porosity and aeration porosity of the T83 treatment decreased by 25.52% and increased by 95.50%, 52.65%, 45.05% and 56.11%, respectively, while in BIAE treatment decreased by 27.78% and increased by 101.17%, 45.43%, 61.43% and 38.14%, respectively (P<0.05). Populations of total bacteria and fungi were found 1.94 times and 4.55 times respectively higher than control treatment in T83 treatment (P<0.05), and populations of total bacteria was 2.33 times higher than control treatment in BIAE treatment (P<0.05). Populations of Fusarium spp. and intestinal flora, compared to control treatment, were decreased by 70.97% and 82.31%, respectively in T83 treatment, and decreased by 81.29% and 77.70% in BIAE treatment (P<0.05). Compared to the control treatment, the height, ground fresh weight, root fresh weight, ground dry weight, root dry weight, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, root activity, population of the rhizospheric fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes of watermelon seedlings of the T83 treatment increased by 66.85%, 38.12%, 65.38%, 69.64%, 77.78%, 34.23%, 43.13%, 54.93%, 110.62 times, 1.63 times and 4.38 times, respectively and for BIAE treatment, the increases were by 80.40%, 38.49%, 64.74%, 76.19%, 100.00%, 54.88%, 46.40%, 67.26%, 67.26%, 1.59 times, 2.94 times and 5.66 times, respectively (P<0.05). Contents of malondialdehyde in roots were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and decreased of 70.62% and 61.86% were respectively found in T83 and BIAE treatments as compared to control treatment. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in watermelon seedlings leaves were significantly increased (P<0.05) as compared to control treatment. The sludge could be fermented with the fungus T. harzianum T83 and bacteria B. amyloliquefaciens IAE to produce watermelon seedling raising substrate. The two microbial strains can significantly increase properties and the quality of sludge substrate, improve physiological features and resistance of raised seedling, and promote growth of watermelon seedlings, which provide a high added value way for the sludge agricultural utilization.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Bacteria
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Bacteriology - Composting - Enzymes - Fermentation - Fungi - Physiology - Piles - Porosity - Process control - River pollution - Rural areas - Sludge disposal - Soils - Substrates
Uncontrolled terms:Bacillus amyloliquefaciens - Bacillus spp - Fermentation temperature - Microbial fermentation - Organic matter content - Physiological features - Statistical differences - Trichoderma spp
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 452.2 Sewage Treatment - 453 Water Pollution - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 7.78e+01%, Percentage 8.04e+01%, Percentage 8.13e+01%, Percentage 8.23e+01%, Percentage 9.55e+01%, Age 2.47e-02yr, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 1.01e+02%, Percentage 2.55e+01%, Percentage 2.78e+01%, Percentage 3.42e+01%, Percentage 3.81e+01%, Percentage 3.85e+01%, Percentage 4.31e+01%, Percentage 4.50e+01%, Percentage 4.54e+01%, Percentage 4.64e+01%, Percentage 5.26e+01%, Percentage 5.49e+01%, Percentage 5.61e+01%, Percentage 6.14e+01%, Percentage 6.19e+01%, Percentage 6.47e+01%, Percentage 6.54e+01%, Percentage 6.68e+01%, Percentage 6.73e+01%, Percentage 6.96e+01%, Percentage 7.06e+01%, Percentage 7.10e+01%, Percentage 7.62e+01%, Percentage 7.77e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20191306691592
Title:Evaluation on rationality of land use at poverty alleviation relocation project area
Authors:Zhang, Bosheng (1); Yang, Zisheng (2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Economics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming; 650221, China; (2) Institute of Land & Resources and Sustainable Development, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming; 650221, China; (3) Institute of Targeted Poverty Alleviation and Development, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming; 650221, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Zisheng(yangzisheng@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:246-255
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It was an inherent requirement for rational utilization of land resources to the implementation of Poverty Alleviation Reallocation. In this paper, we analyzed characteristics, causes and rationality of land use at three poverty alleviation reallocation project area in Xundian which is a typical mountainous poverty county in Yunnan province located at southwest of China, with help of field surveying(random sampling for door to door questionnaire survey), GIS technology (coordinate conversion, geometric Correction, pattern vectorizaton and spatial overlay analysis, etc.) and other technical methods, so as to finding out rationality and constraints of land use and define directions for rational utilization of land resource for those project areas. Results showed that limited by the fragile physical environment and low input, resettlement area increased a large number of new construction land which mainly transferred from cultivated land and the other transferred from forest land and grassland in poor mountainous area. Those new added construction lands mainly located at slope area among 6° to 25°, few construction land even located in the areas above 25°. The results also showed that it was significantly lagged for land reclamation from homestead and reforestation from steep slope cropland at the out-migration area restricted by shortage of necessities, challenges of existing industries, traditional cultural habits and life styles. In addition, reasonability indexes were above 0.50 for the three studied project areas. Shanglongtanqing and Yilangku had reached low-rationality level with 0.642 6 and 0.605 3, respectively, Damoqing had the low-irrationality level with 0.530 9. The common factors which affected land use rationality included slope at the resettlement area (I<inf>1</inf>), reclamation rate from homestead (I<inf>6</inf>) and reforestation rate from steep slope cropland (I<inf>7</inf>) at the out-migration area. The other factors such as resettlement area dispersion (I<inf>3</inf>) and land-use type transferred into new added construction land at the resettlement area (I<inf>9</inf>) had some extent influences on land use rationality. Moreover, our results showed that the main impact factors which influenced land use rationality for the whole Xundian county included slope of resettlement area (I<inf>1</inf>), reclamation rate from homestead at out-migration area (I<inf>6</inf>), reforestation from steep slope cropland at out-migration area (I<inf>7</inf>), and land-use type transferred into new added construction land at the resettlement area(I<inf>9</inf>). It was necessary to implementing the policy strictly, taking full account of both regional land resources and environmental conditions, planning spatial layout for project land properly for the further poverty alleviation reallocation project. Measures should be implemented such as reclamation from homestead and reforestation from steep slope cropland at out-migration area without delay, and improve living environment practical at poor mountain areas.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Land reclamation
Controlled terms:Geographic information systems - Land use - Natural resources - Reclamation - Reforestation - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Evaluation - Poverty alleviation - Poverty county - Rationality - Xundian County
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20191306691575
Title:Environmental sensitive variable optimization and machine learning algorithm using in soil salt prediction at oasis
Authors:Wang, Fei (1, 2); Yang, Shengtian (1, 2); Ding, Jianli (1, 2); Wei, Yang (1, 2); Ge, Xiangyu (1, 2); Liang, Jing (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Xinjiang Common University Key Lab of Smart City and Environmental Stimulation, College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China; (2) College of Resource and Environmental Science, Xinjiang University/Laboratory of Oasis Ecosystems, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Jianli(watarid@xju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:102-110
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The salt-affected cultivated land in Xinjiang accounts for about 37.72% of the irrigated area, which seriously restricts local economic development and ecological stability. In order to evaluate the distribution and severity of soil salinization, many scholars establish a corresponding soil salinity prediction model based on ground sampling data and environmental variables. The research on predicting soil salinity in arid areas (such as Xinjiang) based on machine learning is less involved. And the screening of sensitive variables needs to be further explored. Sensitive variables contribute to reduce the uncertainty of machine learning algorithms, and thus improve the prediction accuracy. The study aims to compare 1) Performance of five machine learning algorithms (The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator-LASSO; multivariate adaptive regression spline function, Multiple Adaptive Regression Splines-MARS; Classification and Regression Tree, Classification and Regression Trees-CART; Random Forest, Random Forest-RF; Stochastic Gradient Treeboost-SGT) in three different geographic regions (Qitai oasis, Kuqa oasis and Yutian oasis); 2) The variables involved are divided into five groups: bands, vegetation-related variable dataset, soil-related variable dataset, digital elevation model (DEM) derived variable dataset, full variable group, optimized variables group(screening in full variable group by algorithm to show salinity-sensitive variables in different study areas). Then, the performance of the algorithm is judged by the results of each dataset. According to R<sup>2</sup> and RMSE, the prediction accuracy of the five variable groups is ranked as follows: optimized variable group > vegetation index variable group > soil related variable group > bands > DEM derived variable group. Among all variables, vegetation index (EEVI, ENDVI, EVI2, CSRI, GDVI) and soil salinity index (SIT, SI2 and SAIO) are more correlated with soil salinity than other variables. When the number of variables involved is scarce, the difference in verification accuracy of each algorithm is not obvious. When the number of variables increases and the correlation with soil salinity is low, such as the DEM derived variable group, SGT and RF have higher ability to mine useful information from complex environments than other algorithms. Based on the algorithm selected, the prediction results of Lasso and MARS have extreme abnormal values, although they basically show the distribution of soil salinity. The results of CART showed that the distribution of soil salinity in irrigation and non-irrigation areas can be clearly distinguished, but there is not much change inside. The results of RF and SGT show that soil salinity range and spatial distribution of soil salinity in the three oases are similar, and the texture information is more abundant than the other three algorithms. More importantly, the results of this these 2 algorithms in each region are relatively stable. Among 5 algorithms, SGT verification accuracy is highest, followed by RF.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Learning algorithms
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Decision trees - Digital instruments - Forecasting - Forestry - Geomorphology - Irrigation - Learning systems - Machine learning - Regression analysis - Soils - Splines - Stochastic models - Stochastic systems - Surveying - Textures - Vegetation - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Digital elevation model - LANDSAT - Oasis - Remote senseing - Soil salts - Xinjiang
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 481.1.1 Geomorphology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.2 Machine Components - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 961 Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.77e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20191306691570
Title:Design of real-time kinematic multi-functional binocular stereo-photogrammetric dendrometer
Authors:Liu, Jincheng (1, 2); Feng, Zhongke (1, 2); Yang, Liyan (3); Mannan, Abdul (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Precision Forestry Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Center for Surveying and Mapping & 3S Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) School of Land Resources and Urban and Rural Planning, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang; 050031, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Zhongke(fengzhongke@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:61-68
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The construction of green ecological civilization is the key to ecologically sustainable development. The quick and accurate acquisition of multivariate forest resource factors is of great significance for the prompt understanding of forest ecosystem and its changing patterns. With the development of science and technology in the forestry survey, a variety of multifunctional dendrometers have been constructed, which basically solved the technical problems of forestry observation. However, there are still many deficiencies in existing forestry equipment, such as low integration degree, insufficient functions, high cost and low measurement accuracy. Currently, there is no dendrometer capable of obtaining accurate geographic location of trees. In this research, we designed a multi-function, high-precision and real-time positioning RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) binocular photogrammetric dendrometer. The main hardware components of the equipment included RTK module, CCD (Charge Coupled Device) image acquisition module, MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) sensor position module, main control storage module-portable PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), while the auxiliary components included fixed cloud platform, lithium battery, and telescoping mast. The software was developed by a modular structure compiled in Android Studio 2.2 development environment based on the Java language. The equipment's basic operating principle was based on multifunctional photogrammetry, GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) spatial positioning technology, trigonometric function principle, binocular photogrammetry principle and SfM (Structure from Motion) vision algorithm. The equipment had the capability to perform many functions such as the real-time position of trees, downsizing of sample trees in a forest stand, DBH (Diameter at Breast Height) measurement, tree height measurement, tree density measurement, and forest stand spatial structure parameter measurement. For the single tree measurement model, the real-time positioning of single trees, tree DBH and tree height measurement function was designed and implemented. And for forest stand measurement model, we proposed and implemented the "imitation route method". The experiment was carried out on 30 test trees (including both coniferous and broad-leaved trees) of 4 different tree species we selected in Haidian district, Beijing, with single tree measurement mode. Our equipment measured the real-time tree position, DBH, and height of trees in the study area. This equipment had an advantage in measuring ancient trees, precious tree species, or trees that were difficult to measure manually. The results showed the accuracy of DBH measurement was 97.11%, and the accuracy of tree height measurement was 94.72%. To find the forest stand measurement, a relatively flat artificial forest in Haidian district of Beijing was selected as the experimental area, after considering the influence of topographic factors on measurement results. According to the terrain conditions, growth and distribution of trees, the scheme of "imitation route" was designed to obtain forest stand images. The pix4D commercial software was used for quick and accurate establishment of the three-dimensional point cloud model of the forest stand. Our results showed that the average DBH was 17.9 cm, while the average tree height was 18.26 m, density was 928 trees/hm<sup>2</sup>, angular scale was 0.675, size ratio was 0.625, and mingling intensity was 0.200. The accuracy in the measurement of the forest stand DBH was 97.18%, which was consistent with the measurement accuracy of 97.11% of the single tree measurement mode. The preliminary test verified that the RTK tree-meter had unique advantages in real-time measurement of the sample tree position and three-dimensional point cloud restoration of the stand. The forest stands investigation factors such as the position of trees, average DBH, average height, tree density and the spatial structure parameters of forest stand such as angle scale, size ratio and mixed degree were extracted efficiently, which had a positive effect on the research of small and medium-sized forest plots. The precision of this equipment was in the range specified in China's national forest resources continuous inventory technical regulations (2014 edition) and meets with the requirements of forest survey.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Forestry
Controlled terms:Auxiliary equipment - Binoculars - Charge coupled devices - Computer software - Design - Digital image storage - Ecosystems - Fixed platforms - Global positioning system - Kinematics - Lithium batteries - Measurement - Mechanical control equipment - MEMS - Personal digital assistants - Photogrammetry - Surveys - Sustainable development - Timber
Uncontrolled terms:Forest measurement - Measuring instruments - Point cloud - Spatial positioning - Stereophotogrammetry
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 511.2 Oil Field Equipment - 702.1.1 Primary Batteries - 704.2 Electric Equipment - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 901 Engineering Profession - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.47e+01%, Percentage 9.71e+01%, Percentage 9.72e+01%, Size 1.79e-01m, Size 1.83e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20191306691572
Title:Numerical simulation of velocity field of sand grains in backwashing process of sand filter layer in micro-irrigation based on granular flows theory
Authors:Li, Jinghai (1); Liu, Qingxia (1); Zhai, Guoliang (2); Cai, Jiumao (2); Zhang, Wenzheng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang; 455000, China; (2) Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang; 453002, China
Corresponding author:Zhai, Guoliang(275580557@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:78-83
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The velocity distribution of sand grains in the backwashing flow field is key to the backwashing performance of sand filter layer, such as the expansion height, distribution uniformity and the stability of fluidized state. To analyze the velocity distribution of sand grains in the backwashing process and find out the optimal backwashing speed, numerical simulation was used in this paper. Moreover, a geometric model of sand filter was established and the mesh division of the geometric model was carried out through Gambit software. Because the backwashing process of quartz sand filter layer is a solid-liquid multiphase flow system composed of water and quartz sand, we can conclude that the Eulerian model is suitable for the numerical simulation of the velocity field of sand grains by comparing the applicability of the current multiphase flow numerical simulation models such as Eulerian model, Mixture model and VOF(volume of fluid) model. At the same time, because the backwashing process of quartz sand filter layer is both a dynamic and a stable process, the transient simulation solver was adopted. Additionally, the granular flow theory was used to seal the momentum equation of the model, because of the formation of granular flows in the backwashing process. The simulation objects was the quartz sand filter layer whose thickness was 400 mm, and the equivalent grain diameter was 1.06 mm. In order to verify the reliability of simulation results, laboratory experiments of backwashing were conducted in Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, China. The parameters such as the backwashing speed and the total height of the filter layer were measured during the experiments. And the simulation results were compared with the experimental results. Comparison results showed that the maximum simulation error of the sand grains velocity was 9.8%. So the numerical simulation results were proved to be reliable. On this basis, three cross-sections, with the height of 15, 25 and 35 cm, were selected in the filter layer and the axial velocity distribution of sand grains was analyzed. The fluidization ratio of backwashing for this simulation was 1.3, 1.5, 1.7 and 1.9 respectively. Based on the magnitude and direction of the velocity of sand grains in the three cross-sections, we can figure out whether the sand filter layer is completely fluidized or not. The stability of the fluidization state of the filter layer can be estimated by the consistency of the movement trend of sand grains in the three cross-sections and the stability of the rising zone of granular flows. The results showed that the bigger the fluidization ratio of backwashing is, the less time needed for completely fluidizing the filter layer. As a consequence, only if the fluidization ratio of backwashing is not less than 1.7, the filter layer might reach a stable state of fluidization. In a stable flow, the rising zone and the descending zone formed a stable circulation in the filter layer. As the grains swarm moved along a relatively fixed path, the ideal backwashing effect was achieved. It can be seen from the above that the optimal fluidization ratio of backwashing of the filter layer is 1.7. The research provide not only a theoretical basis and technical support for the study of the sand filter but also a reference for the determination of performance parameters for the backwashing.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Granular materials
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Confined flow - Fluidization - Geometry - Grain (agricultural product) - Irrigation - Models - Multiphase flow - Numerical models - Quartz - Sand - Stability criteria - Velocity - Velocity distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Axial-velocity distribution - Back washing - Distribution uniformity - Laboratory experiments - Multi-phase flow systems - Performance parameters - Quartz sand - VOF (volume of fluid)
Classification code:482.2 Minerals - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 723.5 Computer Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.80e+00%, Size 1.06e-03m, Size 2.50e-01m, Size 3.50e-01m, Size 4.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20191306691582
Title:Evaluation for urban and rural low-voltage distribution operation state based on loop resistance model
Authors:Yin, Zili (1); Zhang, Wei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Grid Fujian Electric Power Company, Fuzhou; 350003, China; (2) Jicheng Electrocics Corporation, Jinan; 250100, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Wei(532455711@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:162-168
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The operation state assessment can evaluate and analyze the real-time and historical operation state of the power grid, and predict the future power grid operation situation, screen the weak link of the power grid, and eliminate the power grid stealth fault in the bud, which is one of the important means to improve the power supply reliability of the power grid. In current urban and rural low-voltage distribution network, due to the lack of graphics and model data, small measurement configuration and poor data quality, it is of great practical significance to use the widely configured low-voltage user smart meter as far as possible to realize the operation state evaluation of the low-voltage distribution network. Each smart meter forms a loop through the live line, neutral line, T-connected line, load and distribution transformer. The impedance of the load varies according to the quantity and power of the electrical equipment. However, the loop resistance formed by the live line, the neutral line, the T-connected line, and the distribution transformer in the upstream of the smart meter does not change in a short time. If the loop resistance is abrupt, it indicates that the operating state of the loop is abnormal. According to this principle, the operating state of the low-voltage distribution network can be evaluated. When the voltage value of the equivalent power supply in the upper main network of the distribution transformer is almost invariable or cannot be collected, the loop resistance can be approximately determined by the change rate of the voltage and current measured by the smart meter. The demand side real-time voltage data matrix is set up to record the real-time voltage measurement information collected by the smart meters on the low-voltage demand side of a distribution transformer. The demand side real-time current data matrix is set up to record the real-time current measurement information collected by the smart meters on the low-voltage demand side of a distribution transformer. The demand side real-time loop resistance data matrix is set up to record the real-time loop resistance information of all low-voltage demand side smart meters on the distribution transformer. The method of generating the demand side real-time loop resistance data matrix from the demand side real-time voltage data matrix and the demand side real-time current data matrix are discussed in detail. Finally, the evaluation method of the operating state of the low-voltage distribution network is discussed in detail based on the loop resistance data matrix. Many cases such as line broken line, line fault blackout, line plan blackout, load unstarted, user uninhabited, electricity stealing, smart meter damage, line aging alarm and line aging fault were analyzed in detail. The feasibility of the proposed method was analyzed by taking a low-voltage distribution network with four smart meters as an example. The maximum error of the approximate value and the actual value of the low-voltage loop resistance of each smart meter was not more than 81%, the minimum error was not more than 11%, and the average error was not more than 22%. The error was far less than the set line aging alarm limit L<inf>A</inf> and line aging fault limit L<inf>B</inf>. Therefore, in the actual calculation, when the power supply voltage of the main network upstream of the distribution transformer is not changed or cannot be obtained, the approximate value of the loop resistance can be used to express the change trend of the upstream loop resistance of the smart meter. The method proposed in this paper can meet the actual needs of field engineering.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Voltage distribution measurement
Controlled terms:Ammeters - Electric power measurement - Electric power systems - Electric power transmission networks - Electric transformers - Errors - Matrix algebra - Models - Outages - Quality control - Smart meters
Uncontrolled terms:Distribution transformer - Low voltage distribution network - Low-voltage distributions - Measurement configuration - Measurement information - Power grid operations - Power supply reliability - State evaluation
Classification code:706.1 Electric Power Systems - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.1 Algebra - 942 Electric and Electronic Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.10e+01%, Percentage 2.20e+01%, Percentage 8.10e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20191306691564
Title:Design and validation of in situ micro root observation system for tomato and pepper
Authors:Lu, Wei (1); Wang, Xiaochan (1, 2); Wang, Fengjie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China; (2) Jiangsu Province Engineering Laboratory for Modern Facilities Agricultural Technology and Equipment, Nanjing; 210031, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Xiaochan(wangxiaochan@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:12-18
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Being the principle organ to absorb water and nutrition, root system plays a very important role in the growth of plants. Since roots usually grow in soil that is invisible to us, it is very difficult to detect root morphology in real time or to study on it over a long period of time, especially for shallow root plants. In order to acquire root morphological characteristics in real time, a kind of in situ micro root observation system was proposed and designed. The system was composed mainly of micro camera, optical amplifiers and adjustable lighting device, and its whole volume was only 1.5cm<sup>3</sup>. The captured images were sent to the terminal (mobile-phone or personal computer) via the wireless module for later image processing. Images of root were always with low quality affected by complicated soil environment (soil pores, obstacles, and moisture), which could not be eliminated by simple image processing method such as median filter and mean filter algorithm. In order to filter out these interferes to the image, method of regional growth was used to extract roots image. First, the image was corroded and expanded by 3×3 structural element to acquire the start point and the end point of the algorithm, where the corrosion image was determined as the start point, and the expansion image as the end point. Then the process of regional growth was carried out by similarity criteria (grayscale difference less than 20), and regions including soil pore structure, moisture and other obstacles were formed. These regions were marked and numbered, and distinguished by the threshold (the threshold 50 pixel was determined by trial and error). At last, root regions were kept, and soil pore structure, moisture and other obstacles were deleted by filtering. The kept root regions were further processed by skeleton extraction based on maximum circle to calculate root length, diameter and other parameters. Non-in-situ test was carried out to test the accuracy of the designed system. The result showed that the system was able to capture images with high accuracy (maximum absolute errors of root length and average diameter were less than 1.5 mm and 0.09 mm respectively, and maximum relative errors of root length and average diameter were less than5.3% and 6.7% respectively). In situ experiment was then carried out by arranging micro root observation systems in different positions and depths into soil around root system. Calibration of micro root observation system was made by comparing with soil samples. The results of in-situ monitoring showed that the micro root observation system can dynamically observe the growth of shallow root in multi points. The determination coefficient of average diameter was more than 0.87 in all soil depths (0-10, >10-20, >20-30 and >30-40 cm; relative error less than 10.4%); and the determination coefficient of root length density within 30 cm was over 0.81 (relative error less than 13.5%). This micro root observation system could dynamically acquire root morphology in multiple spots fast and accurate, which would provide reliable data for plant nutrition, plant physiology and ecology.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Corrosion - Errors - Light amplifiers - Measurement - Median filters - Moisture - Morphology - Nutrition - Optical data processing - Personal computers - Plants (botany) - Point contacts - Pore structure - Processing - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Growth algorithms - Multi-points - Observation systems - Real time acquisition - Root morphology
Classification code:461.7 Health Care - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 703.2 Electric Filters - 704.1 Electric Components - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 913.4 Manufacturing - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.04e+01%, Percentage 1.35e+01%, Percentage 6.70e+00%, Size 1.50e-03m, Size 3.00e-01m, Size 9.00e-05m, Volume 1.50e-06m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20191306691568
Title:Design of combination sieve for hammer feed mill to improve crushing performance
Authors:Tian, Haiqing (1); Wang, Haiqing (1); Huang, Tao (1); Wang, Di (1); Liu, Fei (1); Han, Baosheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:45-52
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The ring-sieve hammer feed mill is widely used, but the problems of low productivity, high energy consumption and circulation layer also exist. In order to improve the performance of ring-sieve hammer feed mill and crush materials with high efficiency and quality, a kind of combination sieve was designed for the CPS-280 hammer feed mill in this paper. First, according to the change of the attack angle of the material against the sieve, the influence of combination sieve on the crushing performance of the mill was analyzed. The air flow field of the mill with the circular flat sieve and the combination sieve (A3 sieve) were numerical simulated by computational fluid dynamics software (Fluent). Design parameters of A3 sieve are as follows: Equal division number is 3, Center angle of airfoil arc is 60º,Front arc radius of airfoil arc is 52 mm, Rear arc radius of airfoil arc is 196 mm, Equilateral angle is 120º,Center angle of equilateral angle is 16º,Center angle of arc is 37º. The velocity and pressure distribution of air flow field in crushing chamber were compared between the 2 sieves. Through the simulation analysis, it was found that the pressure of the air flow field gradually increased from the center of the rotor to the end of the hammer when the mill adopted the circular flat sieve. The maximum pressure reached 2 210 Pa at the end of the hammer. At the same time, the air flow formed a high-speed circulation layer in the interval between the hammer and the sieve. The maximum velocity was 60.9 m/s. When the hammer mill was operated with the combination sieve, the air flow field of the crushing chamber produced a violent vortex motion, which made the air flow disorderly and chaotic. In addition, this violent vortex movement constantly consumed energy, making the flow field of the crushing chamber pressure and velocity lower, and the maximum pressure was 542 Pa which was-1/4 of the circular flat sieve. The above results verified that the air flow field characteristics of the crushing chamber could be effectively improved by using the combination sieve. In order to verify the accuracy of the numerical simulation of the hammer feed mill airflow field, the velocity of the air flow field of the hammer feed mill with the circular flat sieve and the combination sieve (A3 sieve) was tested. Compared with the measurement results, the simulation results showed that the error was within 8.62%. In the same working condition, the hammer feed mill equipped with the circular flat sieve or combination sieve was used for crushing performance test, and the actual crushing effect of different sieves on the material particle of the corn was analyzed. Compared with the circular flat sieve, the productivity was increased by average 22.15% and electrical output per kW•h was increased by average 25.88%, respectively, and the temperature rise of the corn was decreased by 2.5℃ on average. This showed the use of a combination sieve could increase productivity and improve the quality of materials. The material crushing performance was better than the circular flat sieve, especially when the sieve equal division number was 4, the front arc radius of the airfoil arc was 26 mm, the rear arc radius of the airfoil arc was 200 mm, and the equilateral angle was 120°, respectively. The productivity and electrical output per kW•h were increased by 28.98% and 35.84%, respectively, and the temperature rise of the corn was decreased 2℃. The particle size of the corn was more uniform and the over crushing phenomenon was improved. The distribution variance was decreased by 40.62%. The theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experimental results showed that the air flow field characteristics of the hammer feed mill using the combination sieve were better than the circular flat sieve, which was more conducive to improve the performance of the mill. This study provides theoretical basis and implementation method for the design of new sieves.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Sieves
Controlled terms:Air - Airfoils - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer simulation - Crushers - Crushing - Design - Energy utilization - Flow fields - Hammers - Mechanization - Numerical models - Particle size - Productivity - Velocity - Vortex flow
Uncontrolled terms:Computational Fluid Dynamics software - Crushing performance - Feed mill - High energy consumption - Material particles - Numerical simulated - Quality of materials - Simulation analysis
Classification code:525.3 Energy Utilization - 601 Mechanical Design - 605.2 Small Tools, Unpowered - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 723.5 Computer Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 921 Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.21e+01%, Percentage 2.59e+01%, Percentage 2.90e+01%, Percentage 3.58e+01%, Percentage 4.06e+01%, Percentage 8.62e+00%, Pressure 2.21e+03Pa, Pressure 5.42e+02Pa, Size 1.96e-01m, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 2.60e-02m, Size 5.20e-02m, Velocity 6.09e+01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20191306691574
Title:Monitoring of soil water content in Haloxylon ammodendron plantation using electrical resistivity tomography
Authors:Gao, Junliang (1); Luo, Fengmin (1); Ma, Yingbin (1); Zhang, Ge (1); Hao, Yuguang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Research Station of Inner Mongolia Dengkou Desert Ecosystem, Experimental Center of Desert Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dengkou; 015200, China
Corresponding author:Hao, Yuguang(hyuguang@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:92-101
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil water plays an important role in the plant growth in the arid and semiarid areas, and it is a factor influencing the distribution and quantity of vegetation in arid and semiarid areas. Through long-term and continuous monitoring and assessing soil moisture rapidly and accurately, it can provide guidance for vegetation construction and ecological restoration in the arid and semiarid areas. Haloxylon ammodendron is an endemic tree, and also a main species for sand fixation in Ulan Buh desert. The main aim of the study was to test the usefulness of such geoelectrical method for the assessment of spatial and temporal variability of soil water content in Haloxylon ammodendron plantation. For that purpose, five sample lines were set up in Haloxylon ammodendron plantation, three geoelectrical measurement campaigns were performed in 19 August, 2 September, and 12 October 2016. For each campaign, 5 two-dimensional (2-D) geoelectrical tomographies were carried out in the wenner array using a fixed electrode spacing of 0.5 m. After each campaigns the ERT were followed by soil samplings carried out with auger directly below the respective geoelectrical profiles. Direct measurements of soil electrical conductivity and soil water content were conducted on the soil samples in situ and in the laboratory. The results showed that soil water content was significantly related to soil electrical resistivity data, by the power model y=81.09x<sup>-0.65</sup>(R<sup>2</sup>=0.72, P<0.01, n=187). A reliable linear relationship between the calculated and measured soil water content data was found (R<sup>2</sup>=0.80, P<0.01, ME=-0.54%, RMSE=2.38%, n=190). Five sampling lines of the soil electrical resistivity at three times gradually decreased with the increase of soil depth, while soil water content was the opposite. After the heavy rain event, the spatial distribution pattern of soil water in 2-D profile changed apparently due to rainfall interception by trees, root water uptake and preferential infiltration associated with stem flow. Soil water content was in an increasing tendency after two days of the rain event. As the time continuing, soil water content of soil surface between 0-50 cm showed a significant decrease due to the evaporation and root water uptake. Soil water content of at the depth of 100 cm below the ground had a tendency to increase because of infiltration, indicating that continuous heavy rainfall can effectively supply soil water in the soil surface below one meter. The analysis and monitoring result of the temporal and spatial variation of the soil water content showed that ERT can monitor soil water content quickly and accurately in the field over a long time scale, and moreover, it was not intrusive. It also can provide large-scale and high resolution image of soil water content and water infiltration process. From the analysis and monitoring result of the temporal and spatial variation of the soil water content, we conclude that ERT can be an effective method for monitoring and assessing soil water content and reserves, and thus it allowed us to understand the hydrological processes in sand dune environments.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:46
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Electric conductivity - Evaporation - Forestry - Infiltration - Landforms - Precipitation (chemical) - Rain - Soil moisture - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Electrical resistivity tomography - Root-water uptake - Soil evaporations - Soil resistivity - Soil water - Ulan Buh Desert
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 802.3 Chemical Operations
Numerical data indexing:Size 0.00e+00m to 5.00e-01m, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 5.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20191306691569
Title:Effect of silt diameter on abrasion performance of hydraulic mechanical materials
Authors:Lu, Jinling (1); Zhang, Xin (1); Wang, Wei (1); Feng, Jianjun (1); Guo, Pengcheng (1); Luo, Xingqi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:53-60
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The abrasion problem is inevitable for hydraulic machineries which operate in sediment-laden rivers. Abrasion can induce serious wear damage such as material weight loss and distortion in hydro-equipment. The wear damage can lower the efficiency of hydraulic machineries, shorten the maintenance period, and increase maintenance cost. Therefore, it is necessary to study the abrasion mechanism to avoid the abrasion. The mechanism of abrasion failure has not been well understood at the present time, and there are still some arguments about the mechanism. Thus, in this research, a rotating abrasion test device was utilized to study the material abrasion of hydraulic machineries with different particle sizes. The test device was composed of a mixing tank, a speed-regulating motor, a diaphragm pump, a constant voltage system, a cooling system, a turntable room and a control cabinet. The turntable was driven by the speed-regulating motor at a high speed, and the test specimens were placed on the rotary table around the annulus. The same cavitation-induced holes were opened on the surface of the different specimens, and the cavitation would happen behind the cavitation-induced holes. Meanwhile, the test specimens were jetted with silt carrying flow which came from four nozzles. The nozzles with a diameter of 2.5 mm were equally distributed in the circumferential direction. Thus, both the cavitation and the impact wear could be observed on the test specimen surface. Four kinds of common materials used in hydraulic machineries were tested for 24 h, and the weight loss of specimens was weighed every 3 h with electronic scales. Two specimens with the same material were diagonally placed on the rotary table around the annulus. A total of 8 specimens were placed on the table. The averaged value of the same test specimens was recorded before and after the test. The change of the averaged value was defined as the weight loss of abrasion. The irregular massive sand came from Yellow River Garden Estuary. The used five particle sizes of sand were obtained with screen mesh. According to the wear condition of sand grains, the sand was changed regularly during the test to ensure the same geometric shape of sand grains. The sand was changed every 6 h in this test. The surface morphology observation of specimens was one of the most effective and intuitive methods for abrasion analysis. With the help of Search Engine Marketing (SEM) and Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM), the 2D and 3D surface morphology of the specimens were observed after the abrasion test. The mechanism and influence law of the effect of particle sizes on the material abrasion failure behavior of hydraulic machinery were obtained by observing the surface abrasion morphology and the number of cavitation pits. The results showed that there was a linear relationship between the abrasive weight loss of specimens and the test time when the sand size was 0.043, 0.147 and 0.248 mm. However, when the particle size was 0.349 and 0.449 mm, the relationship of the weight loss and the test time matched the Gauss function. Meanwhile, the variation of sand particle size changed the character of specimen abrasion. When the sand particle size was 0.043 mm, the surface abrasion damage of specimens was mainly composed of vertical impact wear of sand particles and cavitation, and there was no obvious cutting wear in the horizontal direction. Nevertheless, when the sand particles were 0.147, 0.248, 0.349 and 0.449 mm, the abrasion failure on the surface of specimens contained cutting wear in the horizontal direction and cavitation damage. A certain amount of vertical impact wear can also be observed. A strong correlation region and a weak correlation region between the weight loss of specimen abrasion and the sand particle sizes were separated based on the analysis of the four materials abrasion characteristics.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Hydraulic machinery
Controlled terms:Abrasion - Abrasives - Cavitation - Electronic equipment testing - Electronic scales - Mechanisms - Morphology - Nozzles - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Sand - Search engines - Silt - Speed regulators - Surface morphology - Surface testing - Wear resistance
Uncontrolled terms:Abrasion mechanism - Circumferential direction - Different particle sizes - Hydraulic mechanicals - Laser scanning confocal microscopes - Linear relationships - Maintenance periods - Search engine marketings
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.3 Mechanisms - 606.1 Abrasive Materials - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.47e-04m, Size 2.48e-04m, Size 2.50e-03m, Size 3.49e-04m, Size 4.30e-05m, Size 4.49e-04m, Time 1.08e+04s, Time 2.16e+04s, Time 8.64e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20191306691595
Title:Effects of pre-slaughtering holding with water-misting sprays and forced ventilation on meat quality of broiler after summer transport
Authors:Wang, Peng (1); Chen, Lin (1, 3); Xu, Xinglian (1); Zhao, Yingying (2); Li, Ke (2); Jiang, Nannan (1); Xing, Tong (1); Wang, Xiaoming (1, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210095, China; (2) College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou; 450002, China; (3) Jiangsu Food Group Co., Ltd, Nanjing; 210031, China; (4) Shandong New hope Liuhe Food Co., Ltd, Qingdao; 266061, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Xinglian(xlxus@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:275-281
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The effects of novel holding treatment after summer transport of broilers on meat quality were investigated. 2 groups were studied: 1) TR group, which underwent 45 min transport followed by 1h rest (TR); 2) TWFR group, which underwent 45 min transport followed by 15 min water-misting sprays with three-dimensional forced ventilation and 45 min rest (TWFR). Compared with TR, TWFR treatment significantly increased pH<inf>24</inf> value (24 h)of meat (P<0.05). TWFR treatment was also found to have significantly reduced 2.02% drip loss and 3.92% cook loss (P<0.05), which were associated with a clear shift toward lower relaxation times of nuclear magnetic resonance T<inf>21</inf> position and significantly higher Raman spectrum tyrosine doublet ratio (I850/I830) (P<0.05). The significant difference in Raman spectrum indicates protein function diversity between raw TWFR and TR meats (P<0.05) on α-helix and β-sheet content, respectively. The diversity may be attributed to the difference of the protein conformation caused by pre-slaughter treatment. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that TWFR is an effective pre-slaughtering method to assure meat protein function during summer.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Fog dispersal
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Meats - Nuclear magnetic resonance - Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy - Proteins - Raman scattering - Raman spectroscopy - Ventilation
Uncontrolled terms:Alpha helix - Beta-sheet - Broiler - Forced ventilation - Meat proteins - Meat quality - Protein conformation - Protein functions
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 643.5 Ventilation - 741.1 Light/Optics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.3 Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.02e+00%, Percentage 3.92e+00%, Time 2.70e+03s, Time 3.60e+03s, Time 8.64e+04s, Time 9.00e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.034
Funding details: Number: 31571769, Acronym: -, Sponsor: National Natural Science Foundation of China;
Funding text:National Natural Science Foundation (31571769);China Agriculture Research System (CARS-42).
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20191306691589
Title:Thermal energy loss distribution and energy saving ways of biogas engineering in cold regions
Authors:Liu, Jianyu (1, 2); Yang, Shengming (1); He, Jiabei (1); Deng, Siwen (1); Sui, Xin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Pig Breeding Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin; 150030, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:220-227
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Thermal loss is a bottleneck problem that restricts the development of biogas engineering in the cold areas of the north. A comprehensive and systematic analysis of biogas project annual thermal loss and exploring its distribution rule is the basis and premise of realizing the energy conservation and consumption of biogas projects. It is also the basis for the comprehensively and scientifically evaluating the reasonable and effective energy use for the biogas engineering heating system and improving the utilization rate of energy. The thermal energy loss of biogas projects mainly includes the heat consumption required for the temperature rise of the newly invested fermentation raw materials and the heat transfer heat consumption of anaerobic fermentation reactor. This paper establishes a monthly calculation model for thermal energy loss of biogas projects, and applies it to a middle temperature anaerobic fermentation biogas project in Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, and obtains the thermal energy loss of the biogas project in each month. The results show that heat transfer heat consumption of the anaerobic fermentation reactor envelope structure accounts for 70% to 90% of the total heat consumption in the total heat loss of the anaerobic fermentation reactor, the key to energy saving of anaerobic fermentation reactors is the energy conservation of the envelope structure. Reducing the body shape coefficient of the reactor and increasing the thermal resistance of the envelope structure can effectively reduce the energy consumption of the anaerobic fermentation reactor. In the total heat loss of biogas projects in each month, the energy consumption of fermentation raw materials accounts for 85% to 95% of the total energy consumption of biogas projects, it is a weak link in the energy consumption of the heating system for biogas projects, so recover waste heat from biogas slurry is an effective way to achieve energy conservation and consumption reduction of biogas projects. The loss of thermal energy in biogas projects accounts for 15% to 37% of the energy production through a comparative analysis of the monthly production capacity of biogas projects and the total heat loss. In the case of normal anaerobic fermentation, the energy production of biogas projects is far greater than the loss of thermal energy. Therefore, it is possible to achieve the output of biogas engineering in the cold regions of the north. The results of this study can provide a reference for the future comprehensive scientific and rational evaluation of the energy status of the biogas projects, reducing loss and waste in the process of energy use, and achieving low energy consumption and high productivity of biogas projects.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Biogas
Controlled terms:Arctic engineering - Energy conservation - Energy utilization - Enthalpy - Fermentation - Heat losses - Heat transfer - Heating equipment - Thermal energy - Thermal Engineering - Waste heat
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Biogas projects - Body shape coefficient - Capacity - Consumption reductions - Energy loss distributions - Low energy consumption - Total energy consumption
Classification code:522 Gas Fuels - 525 Energy Management and Conversion - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.50e+01% to 3.70e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+01% to 9.00e+01%, Percentage 8.50e+01% to 9.50e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20191306691563
Title:Design of air suction high speed precision maize seed metering device with assistant seed filling plate
Authors:Ding, Li (1, 2); Yang, Li (1, 2); Liu, Shourong (1); Yan, Bingxin (1, 2); He, Xiantao (1, 2); Zhang, Dongxing (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Soil-Machine-Plant System Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Shourong(lsr@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:1-11
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aiming at the increase of working speed, the seed filling of air suction precision maize seed metering device is not good, which leads to the serious missing seeding and high demand for wind pressure. A new type of air suction high speed precision maize seed metering device with assistant seed filling plate was designed. The seed metering device could use the type hole embossement to disturb the seeds in the filling area, and play the assistant filling effect. In the clearing and carrying areas, the seeds could be held to reduce the possible falling from the seed plate; the seeds in the seed unloading area could be planted evenly under the power of the type hole luge. The design of type holes must ensure adequate seed filling, effective seed cleaning and smooth seed metering. To realize the assistant filling of the air suction seed plate by using the type hole embossment to disturb and support the seeds, the working area of seed metering device was analyzed, and the key structural parameters of seed metering device were calculated. It is necessary to increase the seeds disturbance with the assistant filling. The rotation of the seed plate is faster under the high speed condition, the contact time of seeds with type hole is short, the seeds are not easy to be adsorbed, and the disturbance of the seed is beneficial to the contact of the single seed with type hole, so the disturbance performance of the seed plate will directly affect the seed filling performance of the seed plate. The simulation analysis of seeds disturbance was carried out by using EDEM (engineering discrete element method) software. A three-dimensional model was established in SolidWorks based on the shape characteristics of 1000 seeds, and then a multi spherical composite filling method was used in EDEM to make it stacked into particles close to the outline of the seed, as the simulated particle body of the maize seed. The average distance of the two seeds, the average speed of the seeds and the mean velocities of the seeds under different angular velocities were evaluated as three indexes. The results showed that the designed seed plate could effectively enhance the seeds dispersion and play the role of disturbing the seeds. And then the laboratory tests were carried out. The Zheng Dan 958 was selected, its weight was 351 g, and the water content was 12.8%. The performance detector of the seed metering device, which was developed by China Agricultural University was selected, and the theoretical spacing of the plant was set to 25 cm. The 4 kinds of seed plates used in the simulation were tried and made. The three factors orthogonal test is carried out with the factors of speed, wind pressure and type of seed plate. The key factors that affect the qualified index, multiple index and missing index were determined by the difference analysis and analysis of variance. The regression analysis was taken to select the better results, and the regression equation is obtained. The test results showed that the designed seed plate working index was better than other kinds of seed plate. Using the design expert 8.0.6 software to process the data, the regression model between the performance index of the seed metering device and the speed, and the wind pressure were established. Through the response surface analysis test, factors influence on the response index were analyzed, the multi-objective optimization method is adopted, and the qualified index, the missing index and the multiple index were used as the evaluation indexes. The response surface of the qualified index and missing index under different speed and wind pressure were obtained, and the order of influence of each factor were analyzed intuitively. The optimum operating parameters of the designed seed metering device at the speed 8, 10, 12, 14 km/h are obtained. The results showed that the design plate could effectively improve the intensity of the seeds disturbance and reduce the missing index of high speed operation, and under the operating speed of 8 to 14 km/h. The negative pressure value is between-3.21--3.71 kPa, the qualified index was more than 91.3%, the missing index was less than 5.1% and the multiple index was less than 3.6%.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Computer software - Factor analysis - Filling - Multiobjective optimization - Plates (structural components) - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Regression analysis - Speed - Structural dynamics - Surface analysis - Surface properties - Unloading - Wind effects
Uncontrolled terms:Corn - EDEM - Negative pressure value - Response surface analysis - Seed filling - Seed metering devices - Shape characteristics - Three-dimensional model
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass 3.51e-01kg, Percentage 1.28e+01%, Percentage 3.60e+00%, Percentage 5.10e+00%, Percentage 9.13e+01%, Size 2.50e-01m, Velocity 2.22e+00m/s to 3.89e+00m/s, Velocity 3.89e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20191306691596
Title:Effect of vacuum freeze-drying methods on retention of volatile flavor compounds of lemon
Authors:Xie, Huanxiong (1); Hu, Zhichao (1); Wang, Haiou (2); Chen, Shoujiang (2); Fu, Qingquan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China; (2) School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing; 211171, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Haiou(who1978@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:282-290
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Volatile flavor compounds are the main factors that constitute the flavor characteristics of foods. Vacuum freeze-drying (FD) is internationally recognized as the best method of producing high-quality dehydrated foods. However, the retention of volatile flavor compounds by FD cannot meet our expectation. It had been verified by many researchers that volatile flavor compounds in food materials would lost in freeze-drying process, depending on the material type and the processing parameters. Lemon is a citrus fruit with extremely high nutritional and medicinal value. It is rich in volatile flavor compounds such as terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, esters and ketones. Lemon slice or powder products made by freeze-drying are popular with lots of consumers. In order to explore the effect of FD methods on the retention characteristics of volatile flavor compounds in lemon, two different process methods including the integrated FD method and the conventional FD method were employed to dry lemon slice for comparing the distribution of volatile flavor compounds.The previous research results showed that nearly one-third of the initial moisture in lemon slices was removed during the vacuum freezing process in the method of the integrated FD method, which contribute 2.5 h to saving time of pre-freezing process and 2 h to saving time of sublimation drying process in contrast to the conventional FD method, respectively. Smaller and denser porous network structure were formed in the dried lemon tissue after the integrated FD, and their cell wall chambers were more complete without broken or cracked piece. The monoterpene compounds were predominate among all the volatile flavor compounds in the raw lemon materials, mainly including D-limonene, terpinenes, L-β-pinene, β-pinene. The main sesquiterpene flavor compounds in raw lemon materials were 1-caryophyllene, valencian eneene, β-windproofene. The main aldehyde compounds were citral, dimethyl-octendialdehyde, nonanal, decanal, hexanal. The main alcohol compounds were α-terpineol, nerol, 4-nonenol, linalool, geraniol. The main ester compounds were nerol acetate and 5-methyl-2-4-hexen-1-ol acetate. The retention rates of all major volatile flavor compounds in the two FD lemons were very low, and most of them migrated out from the FD lemon and were captured by the cold trap or discharged outside by the vacuum pumping machine. The content of all above volatile flavor compounds in the integrated FD lemon was significantly higher than that in the conventional FD lemon (P<0.05), which showed that the integrated FD method had significant advantages in the retention of volatile flavor compounds. The content of the main monoterpene-flavor compounds in cold trap ice of the conventional FD method was significantly higher than that of integrated FD method (P<0.05), while the opposite result was tested for the main sesquiterpene compounds, aldehyde compounds, alcohol compounds and lipid compounds in the cold trap ice of two FD methods (P<0.05). The difference in the retention characteristics of the main volatile flavor compounds in two kinds of FD lemon may be related to their freeze-drying process time and micro-structure morphology. In general, the retention rates of the above-mentioned main volatile flavor compounds in the freeze-dried lemon slices with the two FD methods are both relatively low, most of them were lost in the cold trap ice and discharged into the environment. However, the integrated FD method had significant advantages for the retention of major flavor compounds in lemon slices in contrast to the conventional FD method. The results of this study can provide some references for the improvement of fragrant quality in fruits and vegetables during the freeze drying process.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Flavor compounds
Controlled terms:Aldehydes - Citrus fruits - Drying - Esters - Finite difference method - Freezing - Gas chromatography - Ice - Ketones - Low temperature drying - Monoterpenes - Vacuum
Uncontrolled terms:Freeze drying - Freeze-drying process - Lemon - Porous network structures - Processing parameters - Retention - Retention characteristics - Volatile flavor compounds
Classification code:633 Vacuum Technology - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.3 Food Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20191306691576
Title:Effects of irrigation and fertilization levels on grain yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency of drip-fertigation spring maize in Ningxia
Authors:Zhang, Fucang (1); Yan, Fulai (1); Fan, Xingke (2); Li, Guodong (1); Liu, Xiang (1); Lu, Junsheng (1); Wang, Ying (1); Ma, Weiqing (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:111-120
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To explore the effects of different drip irrigation and fertilization levels on spring maize yield as well as water-fertilizer use efficiency, a 2-yr field experiment was carried out in the Water-saving Science and Technology District of Ningxia in 2016 to 2017. The spring maize variety of "Xianyu 335" was planted. There were 4 irrigation levels (75%ET<inf>c</inf>, 90%ET<inf>c</inf>, 105%ET<inf>c</inf> and 120%ET<inf>c</inf>, where ET<inf>c</inf> is the crop evapotranspiration) and 4 N-P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>-K<inf>2</inf>O fertilization levels including 60-30-30 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, 120-60-60 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, 180-90-90 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, 240-120-120 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> in 2016, and 150-70-70 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, 225-110-110 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, 300-150-150 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, 375-180-180 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> in 2017. A control treatment with fully irrigated (120%ET<inf>c</inf>) with no fertilization was also set up. There were 17 treatments in total. The plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index (LAI), aboveground biomass and grain yield of spring maize were measured. The water use efficiency (WUE), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and partial factor productivity of fertilizer (PFP) were also calculated. The 2-yr results showed that the single factor of irrigation and fertilization had significant or extremely significant effects on the plant height, stem diameter and LAI. Irrigation and fertilization had a significant coupling effect on the plant height of spring maize. The effects of irrigation and fertilization on the aboveground biomass at maturity varied with the fertilizer gradients. With low fertilizer application rate in 2016, the irrigation and fertilization treatments had significant effects on the aboveground biomass, with the maximum of 12 691 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> in the treatment of irrigation 120%ET<inf>c</inf> and N-P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>-K<inf>2</inf>O application rate of 180-90-90 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>. With the high fertilizer application rate in 2017, the aboveground biomass of 75%ET<inf>c</inf> and 105%ET<inf>c</inf> were first increased and then decreased with the increase in the irrigation amount and fertilizer application rate, reaching the maximum of 14 912 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> in the treatment of 90%ET<inf>c</inf> and N-P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>-K<inf>2</inf>O application rate of 300-150-150 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>. Irrigation and fertilization had a significant effect on the grain yield of spring maize in 2016, with the maximum of 14 400 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> in the treatment of 120%ET<inf>c</inf> and N-P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>-K<inf>2</inf>O application rate of 240-120-120 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>. The grain yield in 2017 reached the maximum of 16 884 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> in the treatment of 90%ET<inf>c</inf> and N-P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>-K<inf>2</inf>O application rate of 300-150-150 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>. In 2016, the WUE and IWUE were the highest in the treatment of 75%ET<inf>c</inf> and N-P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>-K<inf>2</inf>O application rate of 180-90-90 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> but the PFP was the highest in the treatment of 120%ET<inf>c</inf> and N-P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>-K<inf>2</inf>O application rate of 60-90-90 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>. In 2017, the IWUE were the highest in the treatment of 75%ET<inf>c</inf> and N-P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>-K<inf>2</inf>O application rate of 300-150-150 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> but the PFP was the highest in the treatment of 90%ET<inf>c</inf> and N-P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>-K<inf>2</inf>O application rate of 150-70-70 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>. By multiple regression, the treatments of irrigation and fertilizer application rate were different when the maximal yield, WUE and PFP were obtained. When the irrigation amount was 323-446 mm and the N-P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>-K<inf>2</inf>O application rate was between 210-104-104 kg/hm<sup>2</sup> and 325-163-163 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, the yield and WUE could reach 95% confidence interval of maximal yield and maximal WUE while the PFP under the this combined treatment was only about 30% of maximal PFP. The results could provide guidance to field irrigation and fertilizer application in the field in Ningxia.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Biomass - Efficiency - Irrigation - Productivity - Subirrigation - Water conservation - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Evapotranpiration - Partial factor productivity - Spring maize - Water use efficiency - Yield
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.00e+00yr, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 9.50e+01%, Size 3.23e-01m to 4.46e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20191306691586
Title:Effect of precipitation on wet deposition flux and content of nitrogen and phosphorus in Erhai lake basin in rice season
Authors:Gao, Rong (1); Han, Huanhao (1); Cui, Yuanlai (1); Wang, Shupeng (2); Huang, Ying (2); Zhang, Lei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) State key Labortory of Water Rosource and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan; 430072, China; (2) Yunnan Institute of Water Resource and Hydropower Research, Kunming; 650228, China
Corresponding author:Cui, Yuanlai(YLCui@whu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:191-198
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to explore the regularity of nitrogen and phosphorous wet deposition during the rice-planting season in the Erhai lake basin, wet deposition samples were collected at the Dali Environment Comprehensive Monitoring Station of the Ministry of Agriculture, Xizhou, Dali, during the 2016 and 2017 rice-planting seasons. The contents of deposition samples, such as TP (total phosphorus), TN (total nitrogen), NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>-N, NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N, and their changes were analyzed. The results showed that the wet deposition fluxes of TN and TP in the 2016 rice season were 2 250.21 and 133.87 kg/km<sup>2</sup>, respectively, and the wet deposition fluxes of TN and TP in the 2017 rice season were 1 034.26 and 73.37 kg/km<sup>2</sup>, respectively. In the 2016 and 2017 rice seasons, the amount of TN wet deposition which descended directly to the surface of Erhai lake accounted for 16.7% and 7.7% of the annual TN lake load, and that of TP was 11.0% and 6.0%. July and August in 2016 and 2017 had the largest wet deposition flux in the rice season, which had the highest rainfall. In 2016, the precipitation was 486.8 mm larger than in 2017. Correspondingly, the wet deposition fluxes of TN and TP in 2016 were 1 216 and 60.6 kg/km<sup>2</sup> higher than those in 2017 respectively. The wet deposition fluxes of TN and TP were mainly controlled by precipitation. The TN and TP wet deposition fluxes of single rainfall in 2016 and 2017 rice season showed a significant linear positive correlation with precipitation. The wet settlement concentration of TN and TP decreased with the increase of rainfall, and it was related to whether there was continuous rainfall and large-scale fertilization. Taking the wet deposition of nitrogen of the 2017 rice-planting season as an example, we could find that the correlation analysis of nutrient concentration and precipitation in the wet deposition showed that TP, TN, NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>-N, NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N and precipitation were all weakly negative correlation at the 0.05 level, and there was a strong correlation between TN, NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>-N and NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N at the 0.01 level. The ratios of wet deposition of NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N and NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>-N to TN were 53.1% and 20.6%, so NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N was the main wet deposition. The ratio of DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) to TN decreased with the increase of precipitation and increased with the continuity of precipitation. Ammonia volatilization was one of the main sources of atmospheric nitrogen wet deposition, but the change of nitrogen wet deposition flux in Erhai Lake basin did not change with the change of ammonia volatilization rate in paddy fields. This was related to the complex planting structure and special three-dimensional climate in the basin. The randomness of precipitation and the uncertainty of the basin's wind direction determined that the changes of wet deposition fluxes were more complex. The wet deposition TN concentrations in the rice season in 2016 and 2017 were 0.87-4.03 and 0.90-6.85 mg/L, respectively, much higher than the 0.20 mg/L threshold for eutrophication. The mass ratio of N and P in wet deposition was low N/P ratios (16.82 and 14.09, respectively), which was in favor of rapid growth of cyanobacteria, therefore, wet deposition in the rice season would have an adverse effect on the aquatic ecosystem in Erhai lake basin.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Deposition
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Ammonia - Aquatic ecosystems - Eutrophication - Lakes - Nitrogen - Phosphorus - Precipitation (chemical) - Rain
Uncontrolled terms:Ammonia volatilization - Comprehensive monitoring - Dissolved inorganic nitrogens - Erhai lake basins - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Nutrient concentrations - Positive correlations - Wet deposition
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 2.00e-04kg/m3, Mass_Density 9.00e-04kg/m3 to 6.85e-03kg/m3, Percentage 1.10e+01%, Percentage 1.67e+01%, Percentage 2.06e+01%, Percentage 5.31e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+00%, Percentage 7.70e+00%, Size 4.87e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20191306691591
Title:Space differentiation and its influence factor analysis of rural multidimensional poverty in Chongqing
Authors:Cai, Jin (1); Yu, Yangchun (2); Luo, Dongqi (3); Qiu, Jiqin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Tourism and Land Resource, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing; 400067, China; (2) College of Business Planning, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing; 400067, China; (3) Research Center of the Economy of the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River of the Key Research Base of Humanities, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing; 400067, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:235-245
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With years of large-scale poverty alleviation and development, the severe poverty population in China's rural areas has declined sharply and the situation of poverty has been effectively relieved. However, because of the large cardinal number in poverty population, the task of poverty alleviation and development is still arduous. At present, the research on rural poverty problem has transformed into multi-dimensional poverty constituted by income level, education & medical treatment, public service and development environment from single-dimensional poverty, which is based on standard income level. Therefore, exploring the spatial differentiation characteristics and influential factors of multi-dimensional poverty in rural areas of a region is targeted to conduct strategies of anti-poverty and development and also promote to increase the farmers' income and get them out of poverty. Based on comprehending the connotation of rural multi-dimensional poverty, In this paper, we increased the dimension of rural development environment, and selected 20 indicators, such as per capita GDP, per capita education funds, per capita medical expenses and automobile country numbers, to construct the evaluation index system of rural multi-dimensional poverty. With application of the whole arrangement of polygon comprehensive graphic method and exploratory spatial analysis, this paper has analyzed the multi-dimensional poverty level and its spatial distribution and spatial correlation pattern. Moreover, this paper, selecting eight indexes from the aspects of topography, location, resources, economy and culture, constructed the evaluation index system of influencing factors of rural multi-dimensional poverty spatial differentiation, to explore the dominant factors of spatial differentiation of rural multi-dimensional poverty in Chongqing and the various regions. The result showed that the degree of rural area in Chongqing has a high level multi-dimensional rural poverty and the difference between districts and counties is relatively large. In terms of spatial distribution characteristics, the high-level poverty in districts and countries were mainly located in northeast Chongqing and southeastern Chongqing, and the low-level poverty districts and countries were mainly located in metropolitan area and metropolitan periphery, which were primarily influenced by the geographical gradient, the distance of Chongqing government, farmland quality and so on. Different regions are affected by different leading factors. Spatial correlation distribution is characterized by the marked gathered effect of multi-dimensional poverty in rural areas in space. The districts and countries were mainly HH-type and LL-type positive correlation spatial distribution which was related to spatial pattern. HH-type districts and counties were mainly concentrated on northeast Chongqing and LL-type districts and counties were mainly concentrated on metropolitan area. In order to alleviate the multi-dimensional poverty and regional disparity in rural areas, targeted multi-dimensional poverty management approaches needs to be put forward from the aspects such as the specific characteristics of different regions, poverty-causing factors and development history as follows: Firstly, the government should play a leading role in strengthening investment in medical care, education and housing in rural areas. Also the government should be determined to strive to solve the problem of "two no worries, three guarantees" problem, and improve the living standards of farmers in poor areas; Secondly, we should coordinate the flow of resources and alleviate the gap of rural areas between regions; Thirdly, we should vigorously promote the poverty alleviation and reallocation in poor areas and improve the environment of rural development. Finally, we need to rely on the advantages of regional featured resources to strengthen the construction of featured industries and raising the income level of farmers.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Economics - Farms - Problem solving - Regional planning - Spatial distribution - Urban planning
Uncontrolled terms:Chongqing cities - Development environment - Distribution characteristics - Evaluation index system - Farmland use - Influence factor analysis - Multidimensional poverty - Spatial differentiation
Classification code:403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20191306691594
Title:Strength properties of solidified expansive soil with coal gangue and its pore structure characterization under condition of optimum dosage
Authors:Zhang, Yan (1); Yin, Xiaoxiao (1); Liu, Tong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Energy and Transportation Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:267-274
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Expansive soil is a kind of clay with high plasticity and sensitivity. It has strong characteristics of water-absorbing expansion and water-losing contraction, so its strength is easily affected by dry and wet circulation. Under the condition of dry-wet cycle, expansive soil tends to show certain softening characteristics, and its deformation resistance and strength will gradually decline, which will easily lead to the instability of slope, subsidence of roadbed, damage of irrigation and water conservancy facilities, aggravation of soil erosion, and impact on the agricultural ecological environment. In order to weaken damages to civil engineering facilities and ecological environment induced by expansive soils, the experimental study on the expansive soil mixed with coal gangue powder was carried out. The purpose of this paper was to study strength properties of solidified expansive soil with coal gangue powder and microscopic pore characteristics. Expansive soil and coal gangue used for testing were collected from Gao miaozi township, Xinghe county, Inner Mongolia, China. The combination of different ratios of coal gangue was used to treat expansive soil. The optimum dosage of coal gangue powder was determined according to the no-load swelling test, the loaded swelling test, and the contraction test. And then, we conducted the drying and wetting cycle test on expansive soil with the optimum dosage of coal gangue. In addition, the index of shear strength, including cohesion and internal friction angle, obtained from the shear strength test, and pore characteristic values, consisting of porosity, total pore volume, cumulative pore volume and pore density, achieved from the mercury intrusion test. We revealed the strength change mechanism in the view of microcosmic level. The test results showed that the expansion and contraction decreased after mixing coal gangue powder. The optimal dosage of coal gangue powder was 6%. Compared with unmixed soil sample, the no-load expansion rate, loaded expansion rate and shrinkage rate of improved soil sample were reduced by 7.7%, 36% and 40%, respectively. The dry-wet cycle reduced the cohesion and the angle of internal friction of expansive soil and decreases with the increase of dry-wet cycles. The cohesive force and the attenuation of internal friction angle of coal gangue powder soil were all smaller than that of plain expansive soil. While shear strength attenuation restrained by adding coal gangue powder. The pore density-aperture curves were bimodal distribution. With the increase of dry-wet cycle, pore diameters gathered to big pore of diameter, and granular structure emerged, which depressed the strength indexes. The pore density of big pore in samples with coal gangue powder decreased by about 35% compared with expansive soil without coal gangue, after the fifth dry-wet cycle. As the number of dry-wet cycle increased, the porosity and total pore volume increased, and the big pores also gradually increased. The expansive soil sample mixed with coal gangue powder restricts the formation of large pores, inhibits the damage of dry-wet cycle to the pore of expansive soil, and thus reduces the effect on the strength of expansive soil sample. In conclusion, coal gangue powder can prevent strength of expansive soil from reducing via restraining pores in samples.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Soil testing
Controlled terms:Coal - Coal tailings - Coal tar - Internal friction - Pore structure - Porosity - Shear strength - Soil surveys - Soils - Swelling - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Angle of internal friction - Coal gangues - Dry-wet cycle - Expansion and contraction - Expansive soils - Irrigation and water conservancies - Mercury intrusion methods - Pore structure characterizations
Classification code:411.2 Coal Tar - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 524 Solid Fuels - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.50e+01%, Percentage 3.60e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+00%, Percentage 7.70e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20191306691578
Title:Effects of tillage patterns on soil moisture and soybean yield in sloping fields
Authors:Qiu, Ye (1); Wang, Xuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110161, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Xuan(xuanw11@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:128-137
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to the differences in farming habits, geographic and climatic environment, there are great discrepancies in the cultivation methods in different rainfed agricultural areas of China. In order to study the effect of different tillage patterns on soil moisture characteristics and crop yields in sloping field of the low hilly areas in northern China. 12 standard experimental plots were set as 12 m ×5 m in the soybean fields with sloping field of 10 degree. The long sides of each plot were perpendicular to the contour lines, and the slopes were facing the same direction. In this paper, we set up four treatments: traditional tillage (CT), no-tillage (ZT), no-tillage straw mulch (NT) and Cross Ridge (CR). The bottom of each plot was equipped with a runoff pool. The vertical and horizontal variations of soil moisture content at 0-100 cm depth under different treatmentsat different growth stages of soybean were monitored. The runoff, yield and water use efficiency of soybean in different slopes were measured. The results showed that: 1) in different growth stages of soybean, the soil moisture content of each treatment in 0-40 cm was NT > ZT > CR > CT. When the soil depth exceeded 40 cm, the relationship among different treatments in soil moisture content fluctuated. Compared with the CT treatment, ZT and NT treatments could obviously increased soil moisture content by 25.34% to 35.57% in 0-50 cm. 2) The relationship between CT and ZT treatments in soil water content was slightly affected by the total rainfall during soybean growth period, which showed as follows: downhill position > midslope position > uphill position, and downhill position ≈ middle slope position > uphill position, and the relationship between NT and CR treatments in soil moisture content slightly varied with the total rainfall during the soybean growth period. 3) The spatial distribution of soil moisture in profile of each treatment showed the characters of upper wetting and down drying. The wet soil layers (volumetric moisture content ≥11.6%) in CT and CR treatment were located at 40-100 cm from the bottom of slope and 40-100 cm from the top of slope, respectively, while dry soil layers (volumetric moisture content ≤ 8.6%) were located at 10-30 cm from the top of slope and 10-20 cm from the bottom of slope, respectively. The wet soil layer (volume moisture content ≥ 12%) in ZT treatment was poorly distributed, and wet soil layer in NT treatment has centralized distribution with the largest range, occupying the 40-100 cm depth range of the whole slope. 4) The effects of three factors on soil water content were as follows: tillage pattern > depth of profile > slope position. 5) During the 2yr's experiment, compared with the CT treatment, soybean yield in CR, ZT and NT treatments increased by 8.77%, 15.68% and 26.74%, respectively, and water use efficiency increased by 6.32%, 11.6% and 20.61%, respectively. Therefore, NT cultivation mode should be preferred in soybean cultivation in the study area.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Crops - Cultivation - Efficiency - Moisture determination - Rain - Runoff - Soil moisture - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Centralized distribution - Different growth stages - Different treatments - Soybean - Tillage - Volumetric moisture content - Water use efficiency - Yield
Classification code:442.1 Flood Control - 443.3 Precipitation - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.16e+01%, Percentage 1.20e+01%, Percentage 1.57e+01%, Percentage 2.06e+01%, Percentage 2.53e+01% to 3.56e+01%, Percentage 2.67e+01%, Percentage 6.32e+00%, Percentage 8.60e+00%, Percentage 8.77e+00%, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.00e+00m, Size 0.00e+00m to 4.00e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 5.00e-01m, Size 1.00e-01m to 2.00e-01m, Size 1.00e-01m to 3.00e-01m, Size 4.00e-01m to 1.00e+00m, Size 4.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20191306691566
Title:Design and parameter optimization of removing coconut fiber device by bionic steel wire roller brush based on characteristics of claw-toe
Authors:Ru, Shaofeng (1); Wang, Jufei (1); Fan, Junqing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou; 570228, China
Corresponding author:Fan, Junqing(junqing666@139.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:27-35
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to solve the problems such as low processing efficiency and vulnerable to injury in the manual peeling of coconut fiber, a device for removing coconut by bionic steel wire roller brush based on the characteristics of claw-toe was designed. Bionics studies show that many animals in nature have very perfect soil excavation and nut peeling organs after a long period of evolution, and gradually form an optimized geometric structure and excellent mechanical properties, so that they can obtain large cutting force during the digging and feeding process without damaging themselves. For example, the claw-toe can plane the soil surface easily, and the outer edge of claw-toe is curved blade structure and has certain elastic toughness. Because of the similarity between the removal process of coconut fiber and the action of digging soil and gnawing nuts, a mechanical method of removing coconut fiber by using steel wire roller brush was designed with claw-toe as the bionic prototype in this study. On the one hand, the working performance of coconut fiber removal mechanism is affected by the mechanical structure parameters, on the other hand, it is influenced by the irregular shape of coconut. The study was based on the technological requirements of coconut fiber removal and the natural characteristics of coconut. In this paper, a scheme of removing coconut fiber by bionic steel wire roller brush was put forward, and a device for removing coconut fiber was developed. The device was mainly composed of a steel wire roller brush, a coconut clamping mechanism and a feeding mechanism, which can realize the removal, clamping, fixing and feeding of the coconut. In the work, it relied on the cutting edge of steel wire section to brush the coconut fiber, and combined the elastic toughness of the steel wire to achieve no damage to the coconut shell after removing the coconut fiber. According to the preliminary test and analysis of mechanical data in the process of coconut fiber removal in the reference project, there were many factors affecting the performance of coconut fiber removal, such as moisture content of coconut, material of the executive end of coconut fiber removal and outer diameter size, etc. In this study, clothes removal was carried out for coconut of the same quality within a certain range of moisture content, and the influence law of coconut fiber removal device on removal performance was emphatically analyzed. Three factors including the rotational speed of the roller brush, the diameter of the bristles and the spacing of the bristles were taken as the objects for experimental analysis and research. The synchronous coconut was selected as the experimental raw material, and the equatorial outer diameter range was controlled at 175 to 185 mm, and it was a matured coconut of non-coconut green. The parameter optimization experiment was carried out by using the bionic steel wire roller brush device to remove the coconut fiber, and the Design Expert software was used to carry out the test plan design and the result data analysis. The test results showed that the rotational speed of the roller brush had the greatest influence on the thickness of the coconut fiber, the influence of the spacing of the bristles was second, and the influence of the diameter of the bristles was the smallest. When the rotational speed of the roller brush was constant, the thickness of the coconut fiber increases first and then decreases with the increase of the spacing of the bristles. However, when the rotational speed of the roller brush increased, the variation of the thickness of the coconut fiber was not obvious. When the spacing of the bristles was fixed, the thickness of the coconut fiber removal would gradually increase with the increase of the rotational speed of the roller brush. The influence of the diameter of the bristles on the thickness of the coconut fiber is significant; when the diameter of the bristles was constant, the bristles were planted. The spacing had little effect on the thickness of the coconut fiber. The regression analysis results of the test data showed that the optimal combination parameters of the device were as follows: the rotational speed of the roller brush was 970 rad/min, the bristles diameter was 6 mm, the bristles planting distance was 10 mm, and the optimal combination parameters were predicted to be 31.24 mm. Repeated tests proved that the optimal combination parameters can reach the specified thickness of the undressing, and did not damage the inner coconut shell, which met the needs of deep processing of coconut.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Steel fibers
Controlled terms:Biomimetics - Bionics - Design - Factor analysis - Feeding - Mechanical properties - Mechanisms - Mechanization - Moisture - Moisture determination - Quality control - Regression analysis - Rollers (machine components) - Software testing - Soil testing - Soils - Speed - Wire
Uncontrolled terms:Coconut - Coconut fiber - Experimental analysis - Mechanical structure parameters - Parameter optimization - Removal performance - Steel wire - Working performance
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 535.2 Metal Forming - 601 Mechanical Design - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 723.5 Computer Applications - 819.4 Fiber Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.00e-02m, Size 1.75e-01m to 1.85e-01m, Size 3.12e-02m, Size 6.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20191306691580
Title:Shadow removal method of fruits recognized by picking robot under natural environment
Authors:Xiong, Juntao (1); Bu, Rongbin (1); Guo, Wentao (1); Chen, Shumian (1); Yang, Zhengang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Zhengang(yzg@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:147-154
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the visual system of picking robot, the recognition and orientation of fruit is the key technology. In the natural environment, there is complex light and the shadows are ubiquitous physical phenomena in the natural world. The light would be blocked by branches, leaves, fruit, etc., resulting in shadow casting on fruits. Shadow makes it more difficult for machine vision to identify and locate fruit, so it is significant to detect and remove shadows in the application of picking robot. In this paper, the shadow detection and removal method for fruit recognition by picking robot in the natural environment was studied to avoid the effect of light changes during the day, and the experiments were designed to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm. In this study, we used bounding box manually to circumscribe and tag the branches, leaves, fruit, ground and sky of the citrus, litchi and longana images. The classification labels of the bounding box were set to shadow and no shadow firstly. The shadow region and the no shadow region of the orchard image under natural light were compared and analyzed. According to the characteristics of shadows, 8 regional features, including average pixel value of regional grayscale, normalization of the feature, regional feature based on MSRCR transformation, regional feature based on MSRCR transformation, regional feature based on MSRCR transformation, reegional feature based on MSRCR transformation, regional feature based on MSRCR transformation and regional feature based on MSRCR transformation were studied and proved to be the effective features for shadow detection. The 8 self-explored custom features were extracted based on MSRCR and the classification labels of the above regions and trained by using the SVM. K-fold cross validation method was used to optimize the parameters of the SVM, and finally the optimal classification model was obtained. Secondly, the method of superpixel segmentation was used to divide an image into multiple small regions. Based on the superpixel segmentation of the image, the 8 self-explored custom features were extracted, and each small segment of the superpixel segmentation in the image was detected, and it was determined whether each small region was in the shadow. According to the strategy of Finlayson's two-dimensional integration algorithm, the shadow removal was performed on each detected shadow region, and the natural light image was obtained after removal of the shadow. Finally, the accuracy of shadow detection was tested. The experimental results showed that the average accuracy of the shadow detection algorithm in this study was 83.16%. In order to verify the effect of litchi recognition after shadow removal, some methods, including Otsu, K-means and FCM, were implemented to recognize litchis using Cr component of YCbCr color model. The results showed that the litchis were recognized more intactly from the images after shadow removal, shadow removal can improve the recognition effect of fruits. This study provides a technical support for the robots to identify fruits and other industrial and agricultural application scenarios in the natural environment.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:56
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Citrus fruits - Feature extraction - Image enhancement - Image processing - Pixels - Robots - Superpixels
Uncontrolled terms:Classification labels - K fold cross validations - Optimal classification - Shadow detection and removals - Shadow removal - Superpixel segmentations - Target recognition - Two-dimensional integrations
Classification code:731.5 Robotics - 821.4 Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.32e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20191306691599
Title:Amylases enzymolysis of tuber starch granules for surface and internal structure observation under scanning electron microscopy
Authors:Fang, Chenlu (1); Huang, Junrong (1); Ren, Ruizhen (1); Yang, Qi (1); Pu, Huayin (1); Liu, Shuxing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an; 710021, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Junrong(huangjunrong@sust.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:306-312
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Research on starch structure can provide a theoretical basis for the modification reaction and application of starch. The surface blocklets and shell structure of starch granules determine their enzymolysis and swelling characteristics. At room temperature, three kinds of amylase (α-amylase, β-amylase and pullulanase) were used alone or in compound for three tuber starch (potato, sweet potato and cassava starch) hydrolysis respectively. The enzymolysis rate of starch granules was calculated, gelatinization enthalpy and relative crystallinity of three tuber starch granules before and after limited enzymolysis were calculated by differential scanning calorimetry and X-rays diffraction, respectively. The surface blocklets and shell structure of the enzymolyzed starch granules was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the enzymolysis rate of α-amylase was higher than β-amylase and pullulanase. The non-reducing end and α-1,6 glucoside bond located mainly inside, while α-1,4 glucosidic bond located mainly in surface of starch granules. The gelatinization enthalpy and relative crystallinity of the enzymolyzed starch granules increased slightly, these physicochemical properties were close to those of the native starches. The results indicated that the structure of starch granules after enzymolysis was similar to that of native starch granules. Potato starch showed much lower enzymolysis rate (1.1%) than the other two starches (14.1%, 16.3%), and it had the strongest resistance to enzymolysis.In the reaction of single amylase, α-amylase could make the surface of three tuber starch granules appear scratches and cracks, and expose surface blocklets (diameter 29-73 nm) and inner shell structure (thickness 150-400 nm). The surface blocklets of potato starch granules were tightly packed; while those of sweet potato starch granules were loosely arranged with holes, and those of cassava starch granules showed collapses and cracks. The enzymolysis rate of potato starch was much lower than that of the other two starches. Potato starch had strong resistance to enzymes. The results indicated that structure of surface blocklets determined the enzymolysis characteristics of starch granules. Compared with sweet potato and cassava starches, the shell structure of potato starch was dense and orderly. This was consistent with the results of peak viscosity measurement. The pasting properties of three tuber starches (5%, w/w) were measured by using rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA), and the peak viscosity of potato starch (2216 mPa•s) was significantly higher than those of sweet potato and cassava starches (593 and 740 mPa•s). Potato starch granules swelled to a larger degree, indicating that the shell structure determines the expansion characteristics of starch.After β-amylase hydrolysis, only surface bolcklets of granules was observed. After pullulanase treatment, there was no obvious change for granules and no surface blocklets or shell were observed. When hydrolyzed with mixed amylase, the composite reaction of α-amylase was similar to that of single reaction. For example, after hydrolysis with combination of α-amylase and β-amylase, surface blocklets with sizes of 36-65, 32-61 and 32-52 nm appeared on the surface of potato, sweet potato and cassava starches, respectively. Potato and sweet potato starch showed shell structure (thickness 300-400 nm and 100-150 nm, respectively). Sweet potato and cassava starch appeared hollow shell structure (thickness 100-150 nm and 100-200 nm, respectively). Treatment with β-amylase or pullulanase, alone or mixed, could not show shell or outer shell structure for three tuber starch granules. Therefore, the single amylase hydrolysis of α-amylase (80 U/mL, room temperature, 12 h) could be used as a method to study surface blocklets and shell structure of starch granules simultaneously.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Starch
Controlled terms:Amylases - Crystallinity - Differential scanning calorimetry - Enthalpy - Enzymes - Gelation - Granulation - Hydrolysis - Physicochemical properties - Plants (botany) - Scanning electron microscopy - Shells (structures) - Structure (composition) - Swelling - Tubes (components) - Viscosity - Viscosity measurement
Uncontrolled terms:Composite reactions - Granule - Modification reactions - Potato starch granules - Relative crystallinity - Structure of surfaces - Swelling characteristics - X-rays diffraction
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 944.6 Temperature Measurements - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.10e+00%, Percentage 1.41e+01%, Percentage 1.63e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Size 1.00e-07m to 1.50e-07m, Size 1.00e-07m to 2.00e-07m, Size 1.50e-07m to 4.00e-07m, Size 2.90e-08m to 7.30e-08m, Size 3.00e-07m to 4.00e-07m, Size 3.20e-08m to 5.20e-08m, Time 4.32e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20191306691593
Title:Compensation for cultivated land protection of Shaanxi province based on calculation of cultivated land development rights
Authors:Zhang, Hao (1); Jin, Yaya (2); Wang, Bo (1); Feng, Shuyi (1); Qu, Futian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) China Centre for Land Policy Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210095, China; (2) Land Academy for National Development, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Shuyi(shuyifeng@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:256-266
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Calculating compensation value in terms of cultivated land development rights value and building the compensation mechanism of cultivated land protection are beneficial for clarifying the rights and responsibilities of cultivated land protection, incentivizing the stakeholder to protect cultivated land, and facilitating the equilibrium between the development of regional economy and the protection of cultivated land. Hence, in order to accurately measure the value of cultivated land development rights and establish the compensation mechanism of cultivated land protection, based on the perspective of cultivated land development rights value calculation and taking Shaanxi Province as a case study, in this paper, we constructed the measuring system of the value of cultivated land development rights and calculated the surplus or deficit of cultivated land as well as the value of cultivated land development rights, and further divided the compensation zoning of cultivated land protection. Our results indicated that in terms of surplus and deficit of cultivated land, Shaanxi Province was in general in cultivated land deficit in 2015. The total deficit area was 39.52×10<sup>4</sup> hm<sup>2</sup>. Cultivated land deficit area per capita was 0.0136 hm<sup>2</sup>, and the deficit rate was as high as 9.89%. To be specific, four cities in Shaanxi province were in cultivated land surplus, namely Yulin, Weinan, Baoji and Xianyang Cities. The remaining six cities were in cultivated land deficit. Cultivated land deficit in Xi'an was the most serious, with a deficit of 23.43×10<sup>4</sup> hm<sup>2</sup>. Our results also showed that for the value of cultivated land development rights, the actual value of cultivated land development rights in Shaanxi Province was 505.7 thousand yuan/hm<sup>2</sup>. It is worth noting that the value of cultivated land development rights in Xi'an, Ankang, Yan'an and Weinan cities (i.e. 657.6, 586.9, 550.5 and 510.4 thousand yuan/hm<sup>2</sup>, respectively) were higher than the average level in Shaanxi Province. Benchmarking land Price was the core factor influencing the value of cultivated land development rights. The economic value of cultivated land caused the differences in the value of cultivated land development rights in different cities. In addition, in the aspect of "payment-compensation" about the value of cultivated land development rights, the overall value of cultivated land development rights in Shaanxi Province was in deficit, and it was obviously different among 10 cities. In the absence of state preferential policies, Shaanxi Province needed to pay 199.85 billion yuan of cultivated land development rights funds. At the municipal level, Xi'an, Hanzhong, Shangluo, Yan'an, Ankang, and Tongchuan cities (ranking from serious to minor in terms of deficit) were in payment areas of the value of cultivated land development rights, and Yulin, Weinan, Baoji and Xianyang cities (ranking from high to low in terms of surplus) were in compensation areas of the value of cultivated land development rights. Among the six cities, Xi'an city should pay the highest value of cultivated land development rights, reaching 154.034 billion yuan, which was more than 1/4 of the GDP of Xi'an in 2015. Hanzhong City, Shangluo City and Ankang City in the southern Shaanxi region should pay relatively high value of cultivated land development rights, accounting for 47.255, 45.287 and 31.169 billion yuan, respectively. Yan'an City in the northern Shaanxi region should pay 35.518 billion yuan. Based on the above analysis and taking into account of the specific conditions of Shaanxi Province, we put forward some policy recommendations: 1) establishing the cultivated land protection institution to compensate the cultivated land surplus area; 2) fully considering the economic development of the payment areas to ensure the compensation realization of the value of cultivated land development rights; and 3) building a long-term and effective compensation mechanism to realize the compensation sustainability of the value of cultivated land development rights.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Economic and social effects - Economics - Regional planning
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture products - Compensation mechanism - Cultivated lands - Economic development - Policy recommendations - Preferential policies - Rights and responsibilities - Shaanxi province
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 971 Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.89e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20191306691597
Title:Process optimization and structure characterization of calcium-fortified recombinant rice prepared by extrusion
Authors:Yu, Dianyu (1); Wang, Tong (1); Tang, Honglin (1); Chen, Jun (1); Jiang, Lianzhou (1); Han, Fujiang (2); Wu, Fei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) Heilongjiang Hanxiangyu Rice Industry Co., Ltd., Harbin; 150030, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Fei(wfneau@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:291-298
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Calcium is the most abundant element in the human body's inorganic elements. It is an important component of human bones and teeth that has important physiological functions. Calcium has the functions of strengthening the soft tissue springness and toughness, reducing the excitability of nerve cells, promoting the activities of various enzymes in the body, maintaining the acid-base balance, and participating in blood coagulation. The calcium deficiency can cause rickets, osteoporosis and many other diseases. However, at present, our people's intake of calcium is still far from enough. Rice is the most important staple food in people's daily life. It is rich in nutrients and can provide the body with the daily energy needed. However, the protein content in rice is low, and the proportion of amino acids is unreasonable. With the improvement of rice processing, many valuable nutrients are lost during the grinding and polishing process. At present, the main methods of rice nutrition enhancement include soaking, surface coating and extrusion. Due to large losses of nutrients, incomplete impregnation, and high cost, soaking and surface coating methods are rarely used for nutrition enhanced rice production. Extrusion is a high-temperature, short-term treatment process that combines mixing, stirring, crushing, heating, sterilizing, extrusion, and forming as a whole. It is widely used in the food industry. Due to the high temperature, high pressure, and high shear forces during the extrusion process, macromolecular substances such as starch and proteins in rice are cut into small molecules. The broken glutinous rice was used as raw material, calcium acetate was added as a nutritional enhancer, and the extrusion method was used to prepare a recombinant nutrient-fortified rice rich in calcium. In the experiment, the texture of calcium fortified rice was used as an index to optimize the process parameters of the extrusion process. The optimum process parameters were as follows: barrel temperature 100℃, screw speed 85 r/min, and water content 20.0%. Under the optimum process conditions, the calcium-fortified rice had a hardness of 13.38 N, an springness of 0.67 mm, an adhesiveness of 0.64 mJ, and a chewiness of 851.51 mJ, which was close to the texture characteristics of ordinary glutinous rice. In order to test the reliability of the results obtained under the optimized conditions of the response surface, the hardness obtained by parallel test was 13.24 N, the springness was 0.65 mm, the adhesiveness was 0.63 mJ, the chewiness was 855.21 mJ. the fit between the predicted value of the response surface and the experimental value was good, which confirmed the validity of the model. By measuring the texture of commercially available glutinous rice, the hardness was 11.90 N, the springness was 0.78 mm, the adhesiveness was 0.72 mJ, and the chewiness was 798.50 mJ. The texture characteristics of calcium-fortified recombinant rice were close to that of glutinous rice. The calcium content of the fortified rice was 108.2 mg/(100 g), which is much higher than 10.5 mg/(100 g) of common glutinous rice. Studies have shown that the calcium content of calcium fortified rice prepared by the extrusion method was much more than that of normal glutinous rice, and its hardness, springness, chewiness and adhesiveness were superior to those of normal rice. The X-ray diffraction showed that the crystallinity of the fortified rice was significantly reduced and the fortified rice had a strong diffraction peak near the diffraction angle 2θ of 29°, indicating that the calcium content in the fortified rice was improved. It was found by scanning electron microscopy that the outer surface of the fortified rice was rough and irregular, the aggregation phenomenon occurred, and the gelatinization temperature decreased. The extrusion process had a significant effect on the gelatinization characteristics of rice and the viscosity of rice after extrusion was not significantly changed with time, indicating that its starch stability was better. Adding it to glutinous rice with a ratio of 1:12, the rice had a good appearance with a calcium content of 18.02 mg/100g, which was favorable for industrial production and solving the problem of insufficient calcium intake.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Extrusion
Controlled terms:Adhesives - Calcium carbide - Calcium compounds - Calcium fluoride - Chemical water treatment - Coatings - Crystallinity - Gelation - Grinding (machining) - Hardness - Macromolecules - Neurons - Nutrients - Nutrition - Proteins - Scanning electron microscopy - Starch - Structural optimization - Surface properties - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Calcium acetate - Fortified rice - Gelatinization characteristics - Gelatinization temperature - Optimum process conditions - Rice - Structure characterization - Texture characteristics
Classification code:461.7 Health Care - 461.9 Biology - 604.2 Machining Operations - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 813.2 Coating Materials - 815.1 Polymeric Materials - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Energy 6.30e-04J, Energy 6.40e-04J, Energy 7.20e-04J, Energy 7.98e-01J, Energy 8.52e-01J, Energy 8.55e-01J, Force 1.19e+01N, Force 1.32e+01N, Force 1.34e+01N, Mass 1.00e-01kg, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Rotational_Speed 8.50e+01RPM, Size 6.50e-04m, Size 6.70e-04m, Size 7.80e-04m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20191306691565
Title:Design of chained pneumatic punching automatic dried jujube pit removing machine
Authors:Kang, Ningbo (1); Shang, Mengyu (2); He, Jianguo (1, 3); Liu, Guishan (3); Wang, Songlei (1, 3); Wu, Longguo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Construction and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China; (2) School of Physics and Electronic-Electrical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China; (3) School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China
Corresponding author:He, Jianguo(hejg@nxu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:19-26
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Jujube pit removing is the key technology of dried jujube deep processing. Currently, it is very common that the dried jujube pit extractor has a lot of defects. We designed a chained pneumatic punching automatic dried jujube pit removing machine to solve the existing technical problems. The whole machine was composed of a chain roller for feeding, a camera for collecting the images of jujubes transmitted on the conveyor, locating mechanism, and a jujube pit mechanism with spinning inserting rod driven by an intermittent cylinder. All of them were controlled by an embedded microchip. The feeding mechanism was mainly supported by a rolling conveyor chain. The locating mechanism worked in conjunction with the feeding mechanism. The lower conveyor chain of the feeding mechanism and the upper roller of the locating mechanism consisted of a synchronous clamping and a locating roller device. The dried jujube pit removing machine was made up of a magnetic valve, a driving damping cylinder, sets of rotary inserting rods and knockout rods, a speed-regulating rotary driven motor, a sliding table, and an air compressor. The embedded microchip controlling the whole jujube pit removing system was formed by STM32F407 image processor, STM32F103 coprocessor, Shanghai LJ12A3-4-Z/BX 3-way NPN sensor and HBS860H stepping motor. The whole structure could be divided into 3 parts according to the operating process, which included the jujube feeding area, the detecting area, and the clamping and jujube pit removing area. Under the programmatic control of microcontroller, the jujubes were transported by the chain roller. The elastic strip was fixed at the bottom of the feeding hopper, and the rubbing roller rotated to realize the individual directional arrangement of the jujube. The camera was adopted for image detection of the automatic alignment of the jujubes, and collected synchronous information from the camera was transmitted to the coprocessor and analyzed timely. The jujube with location information was conveyed to the jujube pit removing area, and the jujube was clamped by the synchronous roller. The coprocessor controlled the stepper motor to achieve directional intermittent stop and realize accurate alignment of the jujube in the jujube pit removing area. The inserted rods were launched and completed the jujube pit removing promptly in the transitory pause. Dried jujube pits were carried unceasingly by the roller conveyor chain and output directly. And the whole operating circle of the automatic jujube pit removing was completed. The dried jujubes used in the test were those whose diameter ranged from 20-30 mm and longitudinal ranges from 35-45 mm. The result showed that the average directional ratio was 98.3%, jujube pit removing rate was at least 93.75%, and the average crushing rate was 1.46%. In this paper, the automatic feeding jujube pit extractor achieved high efficiency of feeding jujubes one by one, meeting the demand of accurate detection and location. And it realized fast and efficient dried jujube pit removing and smooth unloading. According to the test results, the chained pneumatic punching automatic dried jujube pit removing machine adopted the chained roller conveying mechanism to realize the automatic orientation and feeding of the jujubes individually. The elastic bump roller which fit the size, shape and other characteristics of the dried jujube reduced the central height error of different sizes. The image detection working with the upper and lower roller clamping device were controlled by the embedded microchip to achieve high precision of locating and reduce the probability of invalid jujube pit removing operation at the same time. The whole machine realized the purpose of automatic feeding, accurate location and effective jujube pit removing.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Rollers (machine components)
Controlled terms:Automation - Cameras - Conveyors - Coprocessor - Cylinders (shapes) - Design - Feeding - Gas compressors - Image processing - Integrated circuit design - Location - Mechanization - Pneumatics - Stepping motors - Unloading
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic alignment - Conveying mechanisms - Directional arrangements - Jujube - Location information - Roller conveyors - Single chips - Synchronous information
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 618.1 Compressors - 632.3 Pneumatics - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 692.1 Conveyors - 705.3 Electric Motors - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 742.2 Photographic Equipment
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.46e+00%, Percentage 9.38e+01%, Percentage 9.83e+01%, Size 2.00e-02m to 3.00e-02m, Size 3.50e-02m to 4.50e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20191306691579
Title:Effect of natural vegetation restoration age on slope soil anti-scourability in gully region of Loess Plateau
Authors:Guo, Mingming (1); Wang, Wenlong (1, 2); Kang, Hongliang (1); Yang, Bo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Wenlong(wlwang@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:138-146
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Some water and soil conservation projects were continuously conducted on the Loess Plateau since 1970s. Especially, in the gully region, some targeted measures were implemented in different geomorphic positions (gully heads, hill slopes and gully channel) to control soil and water loss. To investigate the effect of vegetation restoration age on soil anti-scourability, an in-situ runoff scouring experiment was carried out in grasslands of five natural vegetation restoration ages with the slope farmland as CK. This study explored the variations in soil anti-scourability (ANS) with vegetation restoration years and its relationships with soil properties and root characteristics. In this study, soil properties of soil bulk density (SBD), saturated hydraulic conductivity (SHC), soil organic matter content (OMC), soil disintegration rate (SDR), soil particle size distribution and water-stable aggregate (WSA) and root mass densities (RD) of different root diameters (<0.5, 0.5-1.0, 1.0-2.0, >2.0 mm) were sampled and measured in each site. Each soil property and root index was repeated three times for each sampling site. The scouring experimental plot size was set as 2.0 m×0.25 m to test soil anti-scourability, which included flow transition section (0.5 m length) and soil test section (1.5 m length). The flow discharge was determined as 10 L/min. The results indicated that 1) Vegetation restoration could significantly improve soil properties. The SBD generally decreased after 3 years restoration, and the SDR decreased 28.85%~88.22% compared with the CK (slope farmland). The SBD and SDR exponentially decreased with the increase of restoration time (P<0.01). The SHC, OMC, WSA and MWD were 0.85-4.25 times, 1.12-5.61 times, 13.36%-91.82% and 10.18%-145.16% greater than those of the CK, respectively, and the four indicators linearly increased with the restoration time increasing (P<0.01). Moreover, the RD of different root diameters (<0.5, 0.5-1.0, 1.0-2.0, >2.0 mm) also exponentially increased with the increase of restoration time (P<0.01). 2) Vegetation restoration could create more stable soil structure by improving the effect of root physical consolidation and the biochemical effect of root exudate matters, and thus improves the soil resistance to flow scouring. Soil anti-scourability after 3 years restoration was greater than that of the CK, but had no significant difference with the CK. While the ANS significantly increased by 1.98-9.82 times when the restoration time was higher than 3 years. Regression analysis showed that the ANS increased linearly with the increase of restoration time (R<sup>2</sup>=0.98, P<0.01). 3) Partial correlation analysis showed that the ANS had a negative related with SBD and SDR (P<0.05), but positive related with SHC, OMC, WSA and MWD (P<0.01). The degree of correlation between ANS and OMC and MWD was higher than other soil property parameters. The Hill curve function could simulate well the relationships between ANS and RD of different root diameters (R<sup>2</sup>=0.913-0.978, P<0.01). The root diameter level of <0.5 mm was the optimal root diameter in improving ANS. 4) The enhancement of soil anti-scourability was closely related with the improvement of soil properties and the increase of root mass density. The SBD, MWD and RD of <0.5 mm were the key factors influencing ANS. The results could improve scientific reference for the assessment of soil and water conservation benefits and the optimization of vegetation measures.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Soil testing
Controlled terms:Correlation methods - Disintegration - Erosion - Farms - Hydraulic conductivity - Landforms - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Regression analysis - Restoration - Sediments - Soil conservation - Soils - Vegetation - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-scourability - Loess Plateau - Root mass - Saturated hydraulic conductivity - Soil and water conservation - Soil organic matter contents - Vegetation restoration - Water and soil conservations
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 3.00e+00yr, Percentage 1.02e+01% to 1.45e+02%, Percentage 1.34e+01% to 9.18e+01%, Size 1.50e+00m, Size 5.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20191306691581
Title:Influence of hub height difference or upstream wind turbine yaw angle on wind turbines total power output
Authors:Yang, Congxin (1, 2); He, Pan (1); Zhang, Xuyao (1); Zhang, Yaguang (1); Jin, Rui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Fluid Machinery and Systems, Lanzhou; 730050, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:155-161
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this paper, in order to obtain a method of increasing the power output of the downstream wind turbine by reducing the wake effect of the upstream wind turbine, NREL 5 MW wind turbines were used as research objects, and we coupled large-eddy simulation with an actuator line technique based on OpenFOAM open-source software as our numerical method. Firstly, the Gaussian width (Ε) in the actuator line model was studied at the rated wind speed, we found that the error of the calculation result was the smallest when there were 50 mesh nodes along the direction of rotor diameter and Ε was 1.6 times grid scale; Secondly, numerical simulations were carried out for a single wind turbine with tip-speed ratios (λ) of 15, 10, 8 and 7, respectively (corresponding to inflow wind speeds was 3, 5, 7, 11.4 m/s). It was found that the wake velocity distribution was "W" type in the near-wake of the wind turbine, and with the development of the wake, the wake velocity distribution was "inverted bell" type in the far-wake of the wind turbine. The wake velocity distribution of wind turbine was related to λ. When λ was larger, the velocity loss in the near-wake field was larger, and the velocity of the wake field recovers faster. λ was smaller, the velocity loss in the near wake region was small, and the velocity recovery in the wake field was relatively slow. When λ was 15, 10, 8, and 7, respectively, the average speed loss at a position of 1 times rotor diameter (D) after the wind turbine was 45.7%, 42.4%, 38.8%, and 33.8%, respectively. When the wake developed to 18D, compared to the 1D position, the velocity recovered by 35.4%, 32.4%, 29.6% and 18.6% in order. Finally, through the numerical simulation of two wind turbines in tandem, two strategies by reducing the wake effect of upstream wind turbine to increase the output power of downstream wind turbine were studied. During the simulation, the distance between the two wind turbines was six times of the rotor diameter, and the inflow speeds was 5 m/s, 7 m/s and 11.4 m/s, respectively. It was found that when the hub heights of the two wind turbines were different or the upstream wind turbine had a yaw angle, the power output of the downstream wind turbine can be increased. Under the condition that the inflow velocity was 7 m/s, when the difference between the hub heights of the upstream and downstream wind turbines was 0.25D, 0.5D and 0.75D, respectively, compared with the situation of 0D,the power output of the downstream wind turbine increased by 1.36, 2.50, 4.50 times and the total power of the two wind turbines increased by 20%, 56% and 66%, respectively. When the yaw angles of the upstream wind turbines were 15°, 30° and 45°, respectively, compared with the situation of 0°, the power outputs of the downstream wind turbines increased by 1.58, 3.36, 4.26 times and the total rate of the two wind turbines increased by 18%, 30% and 22%, respectively. The above research results can provide reference for wind turbine selection in wind farms and increase wind farm power output by controlling operating conditions of upstream wind turbine.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Wind turbines
Controlled terms:Actuators - Computational fluid dynamics - Electric utilities - Electromagnetic wave propagation in plasma - Large eddy simulation - Numerical analysis - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Open source software - Open systems - Thermoelectric power - Turbine components - Velocity - Velocity distribution - Wakes - Wind - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms:Actuator line technique - Calculation results - Hub height - OpenFOAM - Operating condition - Output power - Wake velocity distributions - Yaw angles
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 617 Turbines and Steam Turbines - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 711.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.80e+01%, Percentage 1.86e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 2.20e+01%, Percentage 2.96e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 3.24e+01%, Percentage 3.38e+01%, Percentage 3.54e+01%, Percentage 3.88e+01%, Percentage 4.24e+01%, Percentage 4.57e+01%, Percentage 5.60e+01%, Percentage 6.60e+01%, Power 5.00e+06W, Velocity 1.14e+01m/s, Velocity 5.00e+00m/s, Velocity 7.00e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20191306691583
Title:CFD simulation of heat transfer in back-wall of active thermal-storage solar greenhouse with different airflow directions
Authors:Bao, Encai (1, 2); Zou, Zhirong (1); Zhang, Yong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Key Laboratory of Protected Agriculture Engineering in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Yong(Landscape@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:169-177
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China solar greenhouse (CSG) is efficient energy-saving greenhouse, and plays an important role in Chinese protected horticulture development. The biggest difference between solar greenhouse and other types of greenhouse is the back-wall, which works as load-bearing, thermal-storage and heat preservation. Presently, there are many researches on the material and structure of solar greenhouse. In terms of structure, many scholars have studied the appropriate thickness of wall and developed efficient active thermal storage wall structure. Active thermal storage structure of solar greenhouse is the research hotspot in the CSG field recently. However, it also has some disadvantages, such as unscientific air flow mode and lower thermal storage efficiency. To solve the research problem of active thermal-storage structure of solar greenhouse, this paper developed three types active thermal-storage back-wall with different air circulation mode. Three modes were inflated from the top of the back-wall and outflow from the top of the back-wall (W1 operating mode), inflated from the side edge of the back-wall and outflow from the side edge (W2 operating mode), and inflated from the side edge of the back-wall and outflow from the top of the back-wall (W3 operating mode) respectively. By using the business CFD software of Fluent, the model was computed with RNG k-Ε turbulent model. Then internal airflow and air temperature distribution was forecasted. With the results of simulation compared with experimental data, the feasibility and veracity of numerical simulation by software of Fluent to active thermal-storage CSG was validated. In this dissertation, CFD numerical simulations of three-dimensional turbulent flow in heat exchange pipes of CSG back-wall were conducted. And the temperature distribution of the back-wall thermal-storage system of CSG was measured at the same time to analyse the distribution of airflow velocity within heat exchange pipes and heat saving performance of the back-wall thermal-storage system in CSG. The results showed that the measured data was the same as the numerical simulation results, the mean relative error was 6.7%, and maximum relative error was 13.4% under the W1 operating mode. Analysis shows the reliable consistency between the numerical simulation results and measured data. Further analysis showed that the effective thermal storage range of W1, W2, W3 under the same inlet condition were 700-800, 500-600, 600-700 mm respectively. The Nu of internal air flow under W1, W2, W3 were 40.95, 35.25, 35.30 respectively. The convection heat transfer between the hot airflow and duct wall of W1 was greater than W3 and W2. In summary, the thermal performance between W2 and W3 was not obvious, but both lower than W1, which can meet the production of warm crop in greenhouse. The assembled active thermal storage wall with W1 mode was feasible, and had a certain popularization value in the some suitable greenhouse area. This paper on the basis of the effective experiment, simulates and analyses the microclimate under different inlet and outlet conditions of the CSG, and predicts energy consumption. This research provides a theoretical basis and experimental reference of scientific design of air circulation mode of active thermal-storage CSG.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Air - Atmospheric temperature - Computer simulation - Computer software - Design - Digital storage - Energy conservation - Energy utilization - Greenhouses - Heat convection - Heat exchangers - Heat storage - Numerical models - Solar heating - Storage (materials) - Temperature - Temperature distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Airflow distribution - CFD numerical simulations - Maximum relative errors - Solar greenhouse - Thermal storage - Thermal storage system - Three-dimensional turbulent flow - Walls
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 694.4 Storage - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 921 Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.34e+01%, Percentage 6.70e+00%, Size 6.00e-01m to 7.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20191306691585
Title:Sponge iron reliefing nitrate accumulation in wastewater anaerobic ammonium oxide reactor
Authors:Yang, Shidong (1); Tao, Wenxin (1); Cui, Xinxin (1); Kong, Long (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin; 132012, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:185-190
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) is a process in which ammonia, as the electron donor, is oxidized by nitrite. Nitrate is accumulated as the main production in addition to N<inf>2</inf> in the solution, causing incomplete removal of total nitrogen in water. Some processes, such as oxic denitrification, anaerobic denitrification or dozing of chemicals, can be used to achieve partial denitrification (reduction of nitrate to nitrite). The reduction of nitrate to nitrite can couple with ANAMMOX process, achieving complete removal of nitrogen. In this paper, sponge iron was added into an ANAMMOX sequencing batch reactor (SBR) to decrease nitrate accumulation. Sponge iron is a kind of special zero-valence iron (ZVI) which has a larger specific surface than that of the normal scrap iron, and is cheaper than nano-ZVI. The sponge iron can react with oxidants, such as oxygen and nitrate, immediately in solution and produce Fe<sup>2+</sup> or Fe<sup>3+</sup>. The reactions between sponge iron with nitrite and nitrate were studied in a static state, in which the nitrite and nitrate were reduced into ammonia by sponge iron in solutions. Several factors affecting the reactions between sponge iron with nitrite and nitrate were investigated, such as the dose and particle size of sponge iron, solution pH value and dissolved oxygen (DO). The results showed that small sponge iron particle size and high DO concentration were favorable for nitrite and nitrate removal. Low solution pH value had slight enhancement in nitrate and nitrite removal. In the dynamic experiments, two ANAMMOX SBRs (marked as A and B, both with an effective volume of 2 L) acclimatized with the municipal wastewater plant anaerobic sludge were operated about 20 days, then the reactor B was added with 300 g sponge iron with diameter of 5-8 mm, and the reactor A was used as control. The nitrate concentration in the outlet of reactor B dosed with sponge iron could be kept around 25-30 mg/L, while in reactor A without sponge iron, it could reach 55 mg/L, solving the problem of large quantity of nitrate accumulation. In the reactor A without sponge iron, the nitrate concentration was increasing, showing obvious nitrate accumulation. The mitigation of nitrate may come from the reaction of iron with nitrate, providing the reducing product nitrite to couple with ANAMMOX. Obvious red granule sludge could be seen in the reactor with sponge iron, which suggested that the ferric and ferrous ions may be beneficial for the production of granule sludge. High-throughput sequencing showed that the proportion of ANAMMOX bacteria in the SBR with sponge iron (22.55%) was three times of that (8.85%) in the SBR without sponge iron, proving that the sponge iron was favorable for the start-up of the ANAMMOX SBR. Also the ferric and ferrous ions produced from oxidation of sponge iron by nitrate may also provide necessary element demand of the microorganisms, for example, the ANAMMOX bacteria.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Iron compounds
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Bacteria - Batch reactors - Chemicals removal (water treatment) - Denitrification - Dissolved oxygen - Granulation - Iron scrap - Nitrates - Nitrogen - Nitrogen removal - Oxidation - Particle size - pH - Sponge iron - Throughput - Wastewater - Wastewater treatment
Uncontrolled terms:ANAMMOX - ASBR - High-throughput sequencing - Municipal wastewaters - Nitrate and nitrite removals - Nitrate concentration - Nitrite - Sequencing batch reactors
Classification code:452.3 Industrial Wastes - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 545.1 Iron - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802 Chemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit Processes - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds
Numerical data indexing:Age 5.48e-02yr, Mass 3.00e-01kg, Mass_Density 2.50e-02kg/m3 to 3.00e-02kg/m3, Mass_Density 5.50e-02kg/m3, Percentage 2.26e+01%, Percentage 8.85e+00%, Size 5.00e-03m to 8.00e-03m, Volume 2.00e-03m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20191306691587
Title:H<inf>2</inf>S removal from biomass gasification syngas using high alkali molten salts
Authors:Wang, Xiaobo (1, 2, 3); Liu, Anqi (1, 2, 3); Zhao, Zengli (1, 2, 3); Li, Haibin (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, CAS, Guangzhou; 510640, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou; 510640, China; (3) Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou; 510640, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Zengli(zhaozl@ms.giec.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:206-211
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biomass energy is currently the fourth largest energy source in the world. The S content in plants is usually between 0.05% and 0.29%. Biomass gasification technology is one of the important and preferred methods for efficient biomass utilization. During the gasification process, S in the biomass is converted into an S-containing compound represented by H<inf>2</inf>S into the crude syngas. It is necessary to remove H<inf>2</inf>S in the biomass gasification crude syngas to meet the needs of the follow-up synthesis process. In order to study the removal characteristics of acid-polluted gases from biomass gasification syngas by high alkali molten salts, experiments were carried out in a small fixed-bed reactor with 8.3% Na<inf>2</inf>CO<inf>3</inf>-91.7% NaOH to remove H<inf>2</inf>S from simulated crude syngas. And then model of H<inf>2</inf>S removal was built by ignoring H<inf>2</inf>S concentration gradient in molten liquid. The results showed that high alkali molten salts had excellent effect on H<inf>2</inf>S removal. In most case, more than 99.9% of H<inf>2</inf>S was absorbed under the experiment conditions. The H<inf>2</inf>S content in the purified syngas could meet the requirements of the conventional synthetic process. When superficial gas velocity variation between 0.87×10<sup>-3</sup>-4.3×10<sup>-3</sup> m/s, and the reaction temperature increased from 350 to 500℃, H<inf>2</inf>S absorption rate remained higher than 99.96%. Molten salts temperature, superficial gas velocity had no significant effect on H<inf>2</inf>S removal process. While molten salts static liquid height, bubble size increased the residence time of bubbles in the molten salts and the mass transfer efficiency between the molten salts, and the bubbles had greater effect on H<inf>2</inf>S removal. When the molten salt static liquid heights increased from-70 mm to 40 mm, the H<inf>2</inf>S absorption rate increased from 99.32% to 99.99%. After been absorbed, S stabilized in molten salts mainly in forms of Na<inf>2</inf>S, Na<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>3</inf> and Na<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> with a uniform radial distributions and a slight increase in the concentration from the top layer to the bottom layer in the axial direction which may be due to the coarse aeration of the molten salt through the molten syngas. By ignoring H<inf>2</inf>S concentration gradient in gas bubble, mathematical model between H<inf>2</inf>S removal rate and reaction condition was established from gas-liquid mass transfer equation from spherical coordinate system. The model showed that when the physical property of molten salts and syngas were fixed value, bubbles diameter, molten salts static liquid height were the main factor that affects H<inf>2</inf>S absorption. Function of H<inf>2</inf>S concentration in gas bubble was in inverse proportion to the cube of the diameter, and proportional to the height of the static liquid heights of molten salts. This model can reliably predict the H<inf>2</inf>S removal process, and it can provide a theoretical basis for the practical application of H<inf>2</inf>S removal from crude synthesis gas using molten salt. In principle, the model can also be used for calculation in other similar chemical processes.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Fused salts
Controlled terms:Air purification - Biomass - Bubbles (in fluids) - Chemical reactors - Gasification - Liquids - Mass transfer - Models - Purification - Residence time distribution - Salt removal - Sodium Carbonate - Sodium hydroxide - Sodium sulfate - Sodium sulfide - Sodium sulfite - Synthesis gas
Uncontrolled terms:Concentration gradients - Gas-liquid mass transfer - Mass transfer efficiency - Molten salt - Removal characteristics - Spherical coordinate systems - Superficial gas velocities - Syn gas
Classification code:631.1.2 Gas Dynamics - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 643 Space Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 922.1 Probability Theory
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 5.00e-02% to 2.90e-01%, Percentage 9.93e+01% to 1.00e+02%, Percentage 9.99e+01%, Size 4.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20191306691573
Title:Portable detection device of soil moisture for precision irrigation decision system
Authors:Yang, Chunxi (1); Liu, Hua (1); Xie, Kexin (1); Yang, Qiliang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650500, China; (2) Faculty of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650500, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:84-91
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Precision irrigation by applying state-of-the-art techniques is an unavoidable trend for modern agriculture, but the dilemma is faced for predicting the soil moisture of a given crop area: Arranging limited number of soil detection sensors may not able to capture the whole information well, but adding sensors means increased investment costs. Hence, in this paper, a new soil moisture decision system by using portable detection device was designed and put into field-testing. The detection system can be decomposed into the portable soil moisture detection device and the host computer decision software. And the portable soil moisture detection device was designed with the soil moisture sensor MS-10 which follows the FDR principle, the C8051F410 low power consumption Micro-controller, the Bluetooth wireless transmission module, the data display module and the peripheral circuit. This hardware owns several useful functions such as time recording, data storage, data transmission and real-time display by LED. All these units are well organized to reduce the volume and weight of the device, which makes it easier to operate in the field. After experimental calibration and the field tests, the maximum allowable error and the design accuracy of this portable detection device were 2.2% and 95%, respectively. Meanwhile the software in PC is composed of the data receiving module, the distributed binary consensus algorithm module and the system operation interface. These sub-modules are developed by Visual Basic, Matlab and Matlab GUI, respectively. For the data collected by the portable device, firstly, it can be transmitted from the portable device to the upper computer through the data receiving module with wireless Bluetooth transmission mode; Then, it can be normalized as two states (state "0" and "1") by the normalization method through compared with the set irrigation low limit; The third, the distributed binary consensus algorithm module is used to compute the total and the local decision results according to these data which comes from at the same time; and finally, the decision results can be displayed on the system operation interface as pictures and symbols. In addition, this software can obtain multi-scale and adjustable decision results with higher estimation accuracy if several key parameters in the distributed binary consensus algorithm are optimized by the genetic algorithm (GA). By using the bio-inspired operators such as mutation, crossover and selection, high-quality solutions can be generated efficiently for the optimization and searching problems encountered in our application. Several field tests for the designed decision system are implemented on a 30 m×30 m lawn, the results showed that the system had several advantages, such as high accurate predication (the average accuracy rate of simulation test is about 98% when data is more than 63 and the average accuracy rate of experiment tests is above 90%), lower power cost and strong extendibility. In addition, this system not only can be used independently, but also can be used as an effective complement for the classical fixed detection method. Consequently, this system improves the utilization rate of water resources effectively by means of measuring the soil moisture content accurately, reliable data wireless transmission and fast parallel computation.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Data communication systems
Controlled terms:Bluetooth - Digital storage - Display devices - Distributed computer systems - Genetic algorithms - Interface states - Investments - Irrigation - Low power electronics - MATLAB - Moisture control - Moisture determination - Portable equipment - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soil testing - Temperature - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Decision systems - Detection device - Distributed binary consensus - Experimental calibration - Portable - Precision irrigation - State-of-the-art techniques - Wireless transmi-ssion modules
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921 Mathematics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 932 High Energy Physics; Nuclear Physics; Plasma Physics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.50e+01%, Percentage 9.80e+01%, Percentage 2.20e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20191306691598
Title:Ultrasonic treatment improving physical and chemical properties of soybean-whey mixed protein in different proportions
Authors:Wang, Xibo (1); Cui, Qiang (1); Zhang, Anqi (1); Wang, Yuying (1); Sun, Hongrui (2); Zhu, Dandan (3); Liu, Yuefeng (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun; 130000, China; (3) Heilongjiang Provincial Public Security Fire Corps, Harbin; 150090, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:299-305
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Proteins are widely used in food ingredients because of their excellent nutritional and functional values. We investigated the effect of ultrasound on the functional properties of different ratios of soybean-whey mixed protein. In the experiment, we used soy protein and whey protein as raw materials, use the particle size, ζ-potential, endogenous fluorescence spectrum, their indices from scanning electron microscope, as well as the emulsification activity, emulsion stability, texture, water holding capacity were studied for physico-chemical properties and functional properties. The results showed that when the mass ratio of SPI-WPI mixture was 5:5, the emulsification activity and emulsion stability reach highest (65.5 m<sup>2</sup>/g, 16.3min), and the particle size distribution changed from double peak to single peak, the volume average particle size reached the minimum value (205.6 nm), and the absolute value of the ζ-potential reached the maximum (21.4 mV), the mixed system had the best stability at this time. The endogenous fluorescence spectrum showed that fluorescent substances released and the fluorescence intensity continued increasing, which indicated the protein structure of the mixed system was changed in ultrasonic treatment. After ultrasonic treatment, the mass ratio of mixed protein at 5:5 had the best gel properties, the highest hardness (475.61N) and the maximum water holding capacity (85.32%), the gel has a dense network structure, consistent with the results of the scanning electron microscope, which indicated the gel structure of the mixed protein system was uniform. In recent years, mixed proteins foods are more conducive to human health and have been acquired new texture, especially the mixture of plant proteins and animal proteins, which have received increasing attention. Whey Protein Isolate (WPI) and Soy Protein Isolate (SPI) are widely used in the food industry. However, the application of expanded protein in food and non-food field has been limited by poor gelation of WPI and poor emulsification of SPI, which lead to seriously restrict to the application of mixed protein in food. Research on mixed protein systems mainly focuses on improving the physical-chemical properties of mixed proteins and exploring the effects of different treatments on the interaction between mixed proteins. However, research on the functional properties of the SPI-WPI mixed protein system by ultrasonic has not been reported. We mainly explored the effects of the emulsification and gel property after the ultrasonic treatment (450 W, 30 min) of different mass ratios (1:9, 3:7, 5:5, 7:3, 9:1). The different mass ratios of without ultrasonic SPI-WPI mixed protein were designed as a control to explore the mechanism of ultrasonic treatment on the functional properties of mixed proteins. Our studies showed that the complementary effects of mixed proteins were mainly reflected in the interaction between soy protein isolate and casein or whey protein in milk forms a "key cluster" to promote efficient use of amino acids. This essay study aimed to prepare a high-emulsification and gelatinous mixed protein food to provide a theoretical basis for the development of new biprotein foods.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Proteins
Controlled terms:Chemical contamination - Chemical stability - Emulsification - Fluorescence - Gelation - Mixtures - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Scanning electron microscopy - Textures - Ultrasonic equipment - Ultrasonics - Zeta potential
Uncontrolled terms:Dense network structures - Endogenous fluorescence - Fluorescence intensities - Physical and chemical properties - Physical chemical property - Soy protein isolates - Water holding capacity - Whey protein isolate
Classification code:741.1 Light/Optics - 753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 753.2 Ultrasonic Devices - 801 Chemistry - 801.3 Colloid Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.3 Food Products - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Force 4.76e+02N, Percentage 8.53e+01%, Power 4.50e+02W, Size 2.06e-07m, Specific_Surface_Area 6.55e+04m2/kg, Time 1.80e+03s, Time 9.78e+02s, Voltage 2.14e-02V
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20191306691588
Title:Effects of holding time and particle size on physicochemical properties and energy conversion of pyrolysis product conponent of rice straw and cotton stalk
Authors:Niu, Wenjuan (1); Ruan, Zhen (1); Zhong, Fei (2); Hong, Ziyu (1); Liu, Jiazheng (1); Niu, Zhiyou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan; 432000, China
Corresponding author:Niu, Zhiyou(nzhy@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:212-219
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The development of pyrolysis technology has great significances for using crop residue resources and relieving energy crisis. Physicochemical properties and energy conversion of gases and biochar obtained from the pyrolysis with different particle sizes of rice straw and cotton stalk were investigated under different holding time. The results showed that the biochar yields firstly decreased from 0 to 90 min and then slightly increased, and the gas yields gradually increased. With the increase of holding time, the proportions of CO<inf>2</inf> and CO in bio-gas decreased, while the proportions of CH<inf>4</inf>, C<inf>n</inf>H<inf>m</inf> and H<inf>2</inf> in bio-gas increased. With the increase of holding time, the contents of the ash, fixed carbon, C, pH value and electrical conductivity with different particle sizes of biochar increased from 0 to 120 min, while the contents of volatile matter, H, O and N of the biochar decreased. The higher heating values of gases and biochar with different particle sizes of crop residues gradually increased with the increasing holding time, and the energy conversion efficiency in the gas increased, however, the energy conversion efficiency in the biochar decreased. The carbon conversion efficiency in the biochar was significantly higher than that in gas (P<0.05). 1.5%-5.4% energy of crop residue was remained in the bio-gas, and 50%-57% energy of crop residue was remained in the biochar. The biochar produced at the holding time of 90 min had good carbonization degree and can be used as fuels. Different crop residues and different particle sizes had great significant influences on the physicochemical properties of pyrolysis gases and biochar (P<0.05). Comparing the three different particle sizes of crop residues, the biochar yield of the coarse grinding crop residue was the highest and the tar yield was the lowest, while the biochar yield and gas yield of the ultrafine grinding crop residue were the lowest and the tar yield was the highest. The proportions of CO and CH<inf>4</inf>, higher heating value and the energy conversion efficiency of the pyrolysis gases of the fine grinding crop residue were the highest. The contents of volatile matter, H, O, N and the carbon conversion efficiency of the coarse grinding crop residue biochar were the highest, and the contents of S, electrical conductivity and energy conversion efficiency of the fine grinding crop residue biochar were the highest, while the contents of ash, C, pH value of the ultrafine power crop residue biochar were the highest. Comparing the different types of crop residues, the gas yield, carbon conversion efficiency, higher heating value and energy conversion efficiency of the pyrolysis gases of rice straw were higher than those of cotton stalk, while the proportions of CO<inf>2</inf>, CH<inf>4</inf>, C<inf>n</inf>H<inf>m</inf> and H<inf>2</inf> produced by the pyrolysis of cotton stalk were higher than those of rice straw. The ash content and electrical conductivity of rice straw biochar were higher than those of cotton stalk biochar, while the volatile matter, fixed carbon, pH value, C, H, N, S, carbon conversion efficiency, higher heating value and energy conversion efficiency of the cotton stalk were higher than those of rice straw biochar. The maximum higher heating values of gases and biochar of rice straw and cotton stalk were 7.33, 6.62 MJ/m<sup>3</sup> and 20.22, 23.58 MJ/kg, respectively. Cotton stalk is more suitable for pyrolysis carbonization, and the biochar of cotton stalk is more suitable to be applied as fuels.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Energy efficiency
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Biogas - Calorific value - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Carbonization - Conversion efficiency - Cotton - Crops - Electric conductivity - Energy conversion - Energy policy - Gases - Grinding (machining) - Heating - Particle size - pH - Physicochemical properties - Pyrolysis - Straw - Tar
Uncontrolled terms:Bio chars - Carbon conversions - Different particle sizes - Electrical conductivity - Higher heating value - Holding time - Pyrolysis products - Ultra-fine grinding
Classification code:525 Energy Management and Conversion - 604.2 Machining Operations - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.50e+00% to 5.40e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+01% to 5.70e+01%, Specific_Energy 2.36e+07J/kg, Time 0.00e+00s to 5.40e+03s, Time 0.00e+00s to 7.20e+03s, Time 5.40e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20191306691567
Title:Harvest performance test and parameter optimization of comb-type safflower-filaments picking head at same height
Authors:Cao, Weibin (1, 2); Lian, Guodang (1, 2); Niu, Chi (1, 2); An, Liangliang (1, 2); Yang, Shuangping (1, 2); Chen, Bangbang (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Northwest Agricultural Equipment of Ministry of Agriculture, Shihezi; 832000, China; (3) Institute of Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Akesu; 843000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:36-44
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Safflower is difficult to be harvested mechanically because of its growth characteristics in Xinjiang. Considering that the picking-mouth must be aligned with the flower-ball when harvesting, present technology has not fundamentally improved the efficiency of harvesting, which has increased the labor intensity to a certain extent. Meanwhile, the pattern of mechanized harvesting has not been promoted and applied due to the poor harvesting effect, high dropping rate and broken rate. In view of this, we proposed the picking head of comb-type safflower-filaments. This head could intermittently close and open by moving comb and fixing comb to clip filaments via the interaction of terminal face cam and the return spring. And finally, the clipped filaments were pulled down through the spindle rotation. Given that a single picking head was installed 3 sets of comb, safflower-filaments could be harvested 3 times in one rotation. The working stroke of terminal face-cam could be divided into 4 working strokes, including filaments grip segment, picking segment, collecting segment, and buffer running segment. By simulating the pulling action of the human hand to realize the extraction of the safflower, this device effectively solved the main issues in the process of mechanized harvesting of safflower, including low efficiency and severe broken safflower filaments. To further study the safflower picking device of comb-type and improve its working quality, we designed a test-bed of comb-type harvesting performance. Due to the irregular distribution of safflower flower balls, this test device only performed the picking test at a certain height. The test-bed was mainly composed of a comb-type picking head, power transmission system, frame and petals collect-box. The picking head was driven by electric motor. The experiment chose the safflower of "Yu Min stingless" as the test object. In order to further verify the rationality of the comb-type head design and improve its working performance, comb length, comb clearance and comb speed were considered as the influencing factors, and the collect rate, dropping rate and broken rate were taken as the response indicators. We carried out a test of quadratic rotation-orthogonal combination with 3 factors and 5 levels on the picking test-bed with comb type. Quadratic orthogonal rotary regressive experimental design was employed to develop the second order polynomial regression model, which explained the relationship between influencing factors and response indicators parameters. A mathematical model between response indicators and influencing factors was established by data optimization software Design-Expert 8.6.0. The influence of significant factors on the quality of operation was analyzed, and model parameters were optimized based on response surface methodology. The best combination parameters were as follows: the comb length was 39.71 mm; the comb speed was 78.68 r/min, and the comb clearance was 3.42 mm. In this condition, the collect rate, dropping rate and broken rate were 82.42%, 2.30% and 2.53%, respectively. When the comb length was 40 mm, the comb speed was 80 r/min, and the comb clearance was 3.5 mm, the repeated bench test results showed that the collect rate, dropping rate and broken rate were 82%, 2.29% and 2.45%, respectively. Because of the different distributed positions of safflower balls, it was necessary to arrange multiple picking heads in space according to distributed of balls, but most of the balls was distributed at the top. Therefore, this paper took the top safflowers as the test object for field experiment. The results of field experiment showed that the collect rate, dropping rate and broken rate were 81.88%, 2.25% and 2.43% under the same rounded optimization parameter combination, respectively. These results demonstrated that the comb-type head could perform well in the picking of safflower filaments. And it can offer a lot for improving the comb-type safflower picking device as well as the mechanized picking process for safflower.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Harvesting
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Cams - Efficiency - Electric power transmission - Equipment testing - Optimization - Regression analysis - Software design
Uncontrolled terms:Comb-type - Optimization parameter - Parameter optimization - Picking heads - Picking performance - Power transmission systems - Response surface methodology - Second-order polynomial
Classification code:601.3 Mechanisms - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 723.1 Computer Programming - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.25e+00%, Percentage 2.29e+00%, Percentage 2.30e+00%, Percentage 2.43e+00%, Percentage 2.45e+00%, Percentage 2.53e+00%, Percentage 8.19e+01%, Percentage 8.20e+01%, Percentage 8.24e+01%, Rotational_Speed 7.87e+01RPM, Rotational_Speed 8.00e+01RPM, Size 3.42e-03m, Size 3.50e-03m, Size 4.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20191306691577
Title:Effect of growing season drought on spring maize yields in Northeast China based on standardized precipitation index
Authors:Liu, Wei (1); Li, Yijun (1); He, Liang (1); Song, Yingbo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Meteorological Center of China, Beijing; 100081, China
Corresponding author:Song, Yingbo(songyb@cma.gov.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:121-127
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study the influence mechanism of drought change on spring maize yields in Northeast China, the standard precipitation index (SPI) was selected as the drought evaluation index. The relative meteorological standardized yield residuals series (SYRS) was computed by using the series of spring maize yields in Northeast China and combined with drought disaster rate of spring maize to analyze the variation characteristics of drought and the yields, and the variation characteristics of the effect of growing season drought on spring maize yields. The research showed that: 1) The fluctuation of yields was caused by the fluctuation of precipitation in the interannual changes. The spring maize output per unit area was separated into trend yield and meteorological yield, and the separation efficiency was in a high level. The average of relative meteorological yield μ was less than 0.0028 and the standard deviation of relative meteorological yield σ was less than 0.16. Degree of drought and the years of drought in Liaoning and Inner Mongolia province were more than that in Heilongjiang and Jilin province. There was a negative correlation coefficient between the percentages of precipitation departure and suffering disaster rate by drought. The suffering disaster rate by drought during 2000 to 2010 were much heavy than any other periods in the four province. 2) There were few drought years from the 1980s to the mid 1990s while the more drought years from the late 1990s to 2015, and the variation trend of SPI6 was the same as the percentage of precipitation departure from April to September. The correlation coefficient between SPI and the percentage of precipitation was larger than 0.99 in the five years during 1999 to 2004. 3) The relative meteorological standardized yield residuals series from low values (less than-2.0) to high values (larger than 2.0) in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Inner Mongolia before 2000, which was high in the middle and later 1990s. And the SYRS was in a normal to higher level from 2010 to 2015 in Northeast China. The variation amplitude of SYRS in Liaoning was larger than that of other three provinces. 4) The correlation coefficient between SPI and the suffering disaster rate by drought was negative. Especially, the slope fitting by SPI less than or equal to-0.5 was much high than that fitting by all SPI6. The SPI6 and relative meteorological standardized yield residuals series were conformed to the downward quadratic parabola trend in the Northeast China. The largest suffering disaster rate by drought in Heilongjiang province was approximately 30%, which was much less than other three provinces, while the suffering disaster rate by drought was exceed 60% in Jilin and Liaoning. When there was normal or more precipitation, the yield would reach a high level; while the SPI6 was drought or wet, the yield would reach a low level. There was eight years of standardized yield residuals series less than-0.5, and the percentage of precipitation departure was 17% more than normal in all these eight years. Meanwhile, ≥10℃ accumulated temperature departure was-38 to-185 (℃•d) less than normal in seven years. It means more precipitation and less accumulated temperature would decrease yield loss.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Drought
Controlled terms:Crops - Disasters - Stream flow
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulated temperatures - Correlation coefficient - Northeast China - Spring maize - Standard precipitation indices - Standardized precipitation index - Variation characteristics - Yield
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 444 Water Resources - 821.4 Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.70e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20191306691584
Title:Emission characteristic of greenhouse gases and ammonia from open lot of scale dairy farm in spring
Authors:Liu, Yu (1, 2); Liu, Jie (4); Wang, Chaoyuan (1, 2, 3); Shi, Zhengxiang (1, 2, 3); Li, Baoming (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Beijing Engineering Research Center on Animal Healthy Environment, Beijing; 100083, China; (4) Shandong Yantai Haiyang Zhaohushan Provincial Nature Reserve Management Office, Yantai; 265100, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Chaoyuan(gotowchy@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:178-184
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Climate change is currently a global concern, which is mainly caused by excessive emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, in particular the emission of CH<inf>4</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O and CO<inf>2</inf> from agricultural production process. Greenhouse gas produced from manure management in livestock and poultry production is an important source of greenhouse gas emission. Besides, fermentation process of animal manure may generate large amount of NH<inf>3</inf>, which is considered as an important contaminant gas to the environmental and ecological system. Among agricultural sector, dairy farm is a big source of greenhouse gas and NH<inf>3</inf> emission. In China, a barn with a fully open lot, where the cows are freely accessible, is a typical operation for dairy cattle. Manure on the surface of the open lots is typically removed from days to weeks depending the climate and management in the farms, while the remained manure, liquid penetration and the cows on the lot are important sources of contaminated gas emissions. However, there are few field studies on the emissions from the lot because of its open characterization, relative low gas concentration and the potential impact on the daily management of the farms. In this paper, an integrated horizontal flux method, based on the mass balance principle, was used to calculate the emission fluxes of CH<inf>4</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O, CO<inf>2</inf> and NH<inf>3</inf> from a typical dairy open lot in Beijing in spring season by continuous measurement of their concentrations with the purpose to provide fundamental information on the emissions. As the emission source, the open lot, which was 40 m in length by 27 m in width and kept with 52 milking cows, was divided into upwind boundary and downwind boundary according to the dominating wind directions. The emission rate was calculated based on the concentration differences of the target gases continuously measured from the upwind and downwind boundaries at three different heights of 1, 2 and 3 m by a photoacoustic field gas-monitor (INNOVA 1412i) and self-developed multiplexer. The results showed the overall emission rates of CH<inf>4</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O, CO<inf>2</inf> and NH<inf>3</inf> from the dairy open lot were 155.59, 3.60, 4 869.37 and 66.27 mg/(m<sup>2</sup>•h) during the field measurement, respectively. The emissions of all the gases reached their daily peaks after manure removal in late afternoon. The emissions of CH<inf>4</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O and CO<inf>2</inf>(based on CO<inf>2</inf> equivalents) of the open lot accounted for 42.79%, 9.37% and 47.83% of the total greenhouse gases emissions, respectively; and their proportions were related to the climate, manure management strategies of the lot, and feed in gredients as well. Additionally, CH<inf>4</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O and NH<inf>3</inf> emission rates were significantly and positively affected by ambient temperature (P<0.05). CH<inf>4</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O and NH<inf>3</inf> emission rates could also be enhanced by wind speed within some limits. When the surface wind speed was around 5.16 m/s, which was measured on the point 1 m above the ground, the emissions of the three gases were significantly differed from those under 4.05 and 4.75 m/s (P<0.05). While, when the wind speed was at 18.85 m/s, the emission rates were decreased, which could be explained by the crust formed on the manure surface due to the drying process under much higher wind speed and its prevention on the emissions. Besides, manure removal activity increased the emissions of gases, and the impacts of ambient temperature and wind speed on the gas emission may also be altered to some extent.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Gas emissions
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Carbon dioxide - Climate change - Emission control - Farms - Fertilizers - Greenhouse gases - Manures - Particulate emissions - Speed - Temperature - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Agricultural sector - Continuous measurements - Ecological systems - Emission characteristics - Fermentation process - Greenhouse gases emissions - Horizontal fluxes
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.28e+01%, Percentage 4.78e+01%, Percentage 9.37e+00%, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 2.00e+00m, Size 2.70e+01m, Size 3.00e+00m, Size 4.00e+01m, Velocity 1.89e+01m/s, Velocity 5.16e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20191306691571
Title:Extraction of maize seedling number information based on UAV imagery
Authors:Liu, Shuaibing (1, 2); Yang, Guijun (2, 3); Zhou, Chengquan (2, 3, 4); Jing, Haitao (1); Feng, Haikuan (2, 3, 4); Xu, Bo (2, 3); Yang, Hao (3, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Surveying and Land Information Engineer, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo; 454000, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing in Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture P.R. China, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agricultural, Beijing; 100097, China; (4) Beijing Agricultural Internet of Things Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing; 100097, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Guijun(yanggj@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:22
Issue date:November 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:69-77
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Accurate and rapid acquisition of maize seedling number plays an important role in early decision-making of breeding. The aim of this work was to use the UAV images collected in Xiaotang mountain, Beijing in June 2017, to recognize and extract the number of maize at seedling stage by establishing a set of digital morphological process. The UAV was flying at a height of about 40 m, and the image data were collected under clear and wind-free conditions. Four color space transformation models (RGB, HSV, YCbCr and L*A*B) were compared and analyzed. The model which showed minimum noise and maintains more pixels was selected to divide image. The foreground (crop) and background (soil) were separated to obtain binary graph. Based on the image scale transformation principle, the images were divided into two types according to the number of leaves. According to the experimental design requirements, different maize breeding materials were growing naturally under the same water and fertilizer conditions. However, it was difficult to control the growth situation of the material area accurately, so there was obvious growth difference between different varieties. When the UAV digital image data were processed, the number of plants was extracted at the same scale, but the result was not ideal, and the recognition rate was only 90.6%. In order to improve the recognition rate, maize breeding materials were classified into two leaf type and multi leaf type according to different growth potential. The skeleton extraction algorithm and multiple deburring processes were utilized to extract crop shape skeleton with high accuracy. Finally, the corner detection results of Harris, Moravec and Fast were compared regarding recognition rate, the leakage recognition rate, the error recognition rate and the operation efficiency. Finally, the Harris corner detection algorithm was used to better extract the number of the maize seedling. Considering that there would be some overlapping leaves in the images, this study showed a comparison between computer identification and actual plant growth. The results showed that this method was still reliable under leaf overlapping conditions. At the same time, the possible errors were analyzed: 1) the influence of the wind during UAV flight; 2) the impact of weeds in the field; 3) the wrongful identification of a single plant as two, but the overall accuracy was still reliable. Through accuracy verification, the leaf recognition rate reached 96.3%, the multi-leaf recognition rate reached 99%, and the overall recognition rate was 97.8%, which proved that it was feasible and reliable to extract corn seedlings from UAV images. This research adopted the principle of mathematical morphology, obtained the binary image by HSV color space transform, recognized and extracted the maize seedling morphological information of UAV images, removed most of the material in the cell skeleton recognition accuracy optimization noise by using image zoom scale transform. By using image zoom scale transform, the recognition accuracy was greatly improved, directly distinguished the specific number of maize materials within the UAV image. This method saved the manpower and material resources and provided strong support for the field of large area determination of germination rate and final yield.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Image enhancement
Controlled terms:Aircraft detection - Binary images - Color - Crops - Deburring - Decision making - Edge detection - Extraction - Mathematical morphology - Mathematical transformations - Musculoskeletal system - Plants (botany) - Remote sensing - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Uncontrolled terms:Color space - Corner detection - Maize - Plant number - Skeleton extraction
Classification code:461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 604.2 Machining Operations - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 912.2 Management - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.06e+01%, Percentage 9.63e+01%, Percentage 9.78e+01%, Percentage 9.90e+01%, Size 4.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.22.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
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- 主编 朱明
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