<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20185206305828
Title:Estimation of nitrogen nutrition index of greenhouse tomato under different water and nitrogen fertilizer treatments based on leaf SPAD
Authors:Shi, Xiaohu (1, 2); Cai, Huanjie (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan; 030024, China; (2) Chinese Arid Area Research Institute of Water-saving Agriculture, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Cai, Huanjie(caihj@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:116-126
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water and nitrogen have great influences on the production of tomato in greenhouses. This study aims to determine the applicability of the critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve model in different water conditions, and to suggest a rapid and accurate method of identifying the nitrogen condition of tomato. Greenhouse experiments with different water-nitrogen combinations were conducted in 2013-2015 in Yangling, Shaanxi. Four water treatments were investigated, i.e., full irrigation through the whole life span of tomato, deficit of 50% at seedling stage, deficit of 50% at flowering stage, and deficit of 50% through the whole life span. Three nitrogen treatments were investigated, i.e., 0, 150, and 300 kg/hm². We validated and verified the critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve model with the data in 2013-2015. We verified the applicability of the model under different water treatments of greenhouse tomato in Northwest China. We built relationship between the model parameters and the average daily water consumption of tomato during the whole growth stage, and improved the applicability of the critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve model under different water treatments. Both the parameter a and the parameter b of the critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve model decreased first and then increased with the increase of the average daily water consumption during the whole growth period of the tomato. We analyzed the relationship between SPAD (soil and plant analyzer development) values and nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) at different leaf positions with the test data in 2013-2015. There was a linear correlation between SPAD and NNI at different leaf positions of tomato under different water treatments. The fitting relationship between the SPAD values and the NNI of the upper and lower leaves was poor, and the degree of fitting was greatly affected by the year and the treatment. The fitting relationship between the median leaf's SPAD value and NNI was a significant linear positive correlation relationship and had good stability. Therefore, the tomato median leaf can be used as a suitable diagnostic leaf for nitrogen diagnosis. The results showed that: 1) The model could well estimate the critical nitrogen concentration of tomato with the absolute error of 0.13-0.34 g/ 100 g, the standard error of 0.14-0.39 g/ 100 g, and the decisive factor (R²) of 0.94-0.99. 2) At the median position of canopy, there was a good linear correlation between the SPAD value and NNI, and the SAPD values of the middle leaves can be used to determine the nitrogen conditions of tomato. 3) The SPAD values of middle leaves at the NNI of 1 can be the indicators for appropriate nitrogen fertilizing. When the SPAD value of the median leaf in the different treatments is greater than the appropriate SPAD value, it indicates that the application of nitrogen in the treatment is excessive and should be appropriately reduced. When the SPAD value of the medial leaf in the test treatment is less than the appropriate SPAD value, it indicates that the application of nitrogen should be appropriately increased. Therefore, we have determined and validated the applicability of the critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve model under different water treatments of greenhouse tomato in Northwest China and constructed a nitrogen nutrition diagnosis method based on the daily water consumption of tomato, which can support nitrogen diagnosis and nitrogen management of tomato in greenhouses in this region.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Chlorophyll - Dilution - Fruits - Greenhouses - Nutrition - Plants (botany) - Water - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Different treatments - Greenhouse experiments - Nitrogen concentrations - Nitrogen management - Nitrogen nutrition - Positive correlations - Tomato - Tomato in greenhouse
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 461.7  Health Care - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.00e-01kg, Percentage 5.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20185206305817
Title:Experiment of influence factors on sawing power consumption for natural rubber mechanical tapping
Authors:Zhang, Chunlong (1); Sheng, Xiyu (1); Zhang, Shunlu (1); Gao, Jin (1); Yuan, Ting (1); Zhang, Junxiong (1); Li, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Yuan, Ting(yuanting122@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:32-37
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Natural rubber (NR) is an important economic crop in tropical regions of China and is also an indispensable strategic resource which has excellent capability. With the growing shortage of tappers, mechanization of NR tapping becomes an inevitable trend. There are many studies on cutting characteristics of agricultural and forestry crops both at home and abroad. However, the study on the cutting power consumption of rubber mechanical harvesting is still blank, so it is necessary to carry out independent experiments on NR bark. The selection of cutting parameters is very important in mechanized harvesting. Cutting parameters will affect the cutting ability of the cutter. In order to reduce the power consumption of the NR mechanized harvesting sawing cutter and prolong the working time of the mechanical tapping equipment in the forest, the influence factors on sawing power consumption were studied. At first an experiment bench for NR tapping was developed based on the actual working conditions. The bench was mainly composed of a sawing cutter, a data acquisition module, a feeding motion module and a microcontroller. Sawing cutter was fixed on the ground, while cutting samples were mounted on feeding motion module which was able to supply cutting force. Saw blade could be replaced to change the diameter and the teeth number, and both the motor speed of the cutter and the speed of the feeding module could be adjusted through programming. The DC (direct current) stabilized voltage power supply was connected in series with the isolating transmitter and sawing cutter. The output of the isolation transmitter was connected with the microcontroller. And the microcontroller was used to collect the instantaneous current of sawing motor. Then the data were transmitted to the computer through the RS232 serial port and the computer could calculate cutter power of motor as an experiment evaluation index. All samples were taken from Xiqing Farm in Danzhou City, Hainan Province. The truncated tree was untapped and the tree bark was original. Meanwhile, all cutting samples with size of 50 mm &times; 30 mm &times; 5.5 mm (length &times; breadth &times; height) were cut from a same truncated tree and in order to simulate the actual cutting condition, the sample was pruned into trapezium. The cutting samples were tested within 2 h to prevent the biological characteristics of samples from changing. Then single factor experiments were conducted, and the effect of the diameter and the teeth number of saw blade on power consumption was tested by using different saw blades with different teeth numbers and diameters, while that of the motor speed of cutter and the feeding speed of samples was tested through changing programs. And the results showed that the diameter of saw blade had no significant influence on power consumption, and the teeth number, feeding speed and motor speed had significant influence on power consumption. Power consumption decreased with the decrease of teeth number and motor speed, while it increased with the decrease of feeding speed. Finally an orthogonal experiment with 3 factors (teeth number, feeding speed and motor speed) and 3 levels was carried out based on the single factor experiments. And the results indicated that the significant level order of the effect of different factors on power consumption from high to low was teeth number, feeding speed and motor speed. Moreover, the optimal sawing parameters for NR mechanical tapping were obtained as follows: Teeth number was 10 teeth, feeding speed was 30 mm/s, and motor speed was 500 r/min, and under the optimal condition the cutter power of motor was 2.597 J. As the selection of cutting parameters is essential for NR mechanical tapping devices, which significantly affects the working ability of the tapping devices, this study can provide a reference for the device design of NR mechanized tapping.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Sawing
Controlled terms:Controllers - Crops - Data acquisition - Electric power utilization - Feeding - Forestry - Harvesting - Machinery - Mechanization - Microcontrollers  - Optimization - Rubber - Saws - Speed - Transmitters - Turning
Uncontrolled terms:Biological characteristic - Cutting characteristics - Data acquisition modules - Instantaneous current - Mechanized harvesting - Orthogonal experiment - Orthogonal test - Single-factor experiments
Classification code:601  Mechanical Design - 604.2  Machining Operations - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 706.1  Electric Power Systems - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 732.1  Control Equipment - 818.1  Natural Rubber - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Energy 2.60e+00J, Rotational_Speed 5.00e+02RPM, Size 5.50e-03m, Velocity 3.00e-02m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20185206305826
Title:Effect of gravel-sand mulching on movements of soil water and salts under different amounts of brackish water
Authors:Tan, Junli (1, 2, 3); Wang, Xina (4); Tian, Juncang (1, 2, 3); Su, Xiaolin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China; (2) Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Modern Agricultural Water Resources High Efficiency in Arid Area, Yinchuan; 750021, China; (3) Engineering and Technology Research Center of Water-Saving and Water Resource Regulation in Ningxia, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China; (4) School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:100-108
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Gravel-sand mulching is an effective agricultural measure to restrain soil water evaporation in arid and semiarid area. Watermelon as the main crop was planted on gravel-sand mulched field in Ningxia due to high quality of fruits. However, scarcity of rainfall and deficiency of fresh water resource were the limiting factors for the development and production of watermelon. More and more farmers irrigated watermelon with ground brackish water to increase and maintain fruit yield in recent years. Therefore, understanding the distribution and transportation of water and salt under gravel-sand mulch with brackish water irrigation played an important role to rationally use brackish water. A soil-column experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of gravel-sand mulching on the distribution and movement of soil water and salts with different amounts of brackish water irrigation under the condition of simulated evaporation with an incandescent lamp as heat source. Six treatments were set in this experiment including 3 irrigation water levels with and without gravel-sand mulching. Irrigation water amount was based on planned irrigation depth and difference of air dried soil moisture between field capacity. The planning depths of low, medium and high irrigation amount treatments were 40, 60 and 80 cm respectively and the salinity of brackish water was 2 g/L, similar with local ground water. Results showed that, compared with non-mulched treatment, gravel-sand mulching increased the infiltration depth, the maximum increasing range of depth being up to 8 cm, and reduced the accumulative evaporation of soil water by 74%, 54% and 21% with low, medium and high irrigation amount respectively during the experimental period of 15 days, and the reduction of accumulative evaporation was declined with the increase of irrigation amount. Moreover, there was an evident division point in the soil profile during the process of soil water redistribution, whose soil water contents increased by 2%-5% with gravel-sand mulches as compared with no mulches. Soil water content decreased above the point and increased below it. The decreasing ranges of soil water in the upper soil layer were narrowed with gravel-sand mulching compared to no mulches. For example, it was merely 16.9% with gravel-sand mulches while 34% with no mulches in low irrigation amount. At the same time, the accumulation of soil salt in the top surface soil was evidently restrained by 92.4%-95.2% with gravel-sand mulches while the peak value of soil salt content of soil profile increased by 11.02%-37.55%. The locations of salt content peaks in the soil profiles were moving downward with the prolonging of experimental time in gravel-sand mulching treatment and were deeper than those of without mulching. The salt peak location with gravel-sand mulched treatment was 10 cm deeper than that of without mulching at the end of experiment. It indicates that gravel-sand mulching restrains salt accumulation in the top surface soil and drives soil salt to move to deeper soil layer through reducing the evaporation of the upper soil water and increasing soil water infiltration and soil water content of deep soil layer under the condition of simulated evaporation and brackish water irrigation.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Evaporation - Fruits - Gravel - Groundwater - Incandescent lamps - Irrigation - Salts - Sand - Soil moisture - Soils  - Water levels - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid areas - Brackish water - Fresh water resources - Gravel sands - Salt accumulations - Soil water - Soil water evaporation - Soil-column experiment
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 444.2  Groundwater - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 707.2  Electric Lamps - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Age 4.11e-02yr, Mass_Density 2.00e+00kg/m3, Percentage 1.10e+01% to 3.75e+01%, Percentage 1.69e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+00% to 5.00e+00%, Percentage 2.10e+01%, Percentage 3.40e+01%, Percentage 5.40e+01%, Percentage 7.40e+01%, Percentage 9.24e+01% to 9.52e+01%, Size 1.00e-01m, Size 6.00e-01m, Size 8.00e-01m, Size 8.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20185206305816
Title:Design and test of automatic leveling system of plough rotary machine
Authors:Ding, Weimin (1, 2); Sun, Yuanhao (1, 2); Zhao, Siqi (1, 2); Xiong, Jiading (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China; (2) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Intelligent Agricultural Equipment, Nanjing; 210031, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:25-31
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to solve the problem of equipment adjusting in the operation of plough rotary tiller, an automatic leveling system of plough rotary machine is designed, which includes executive mechanism, automatic leveling control module, hydraulic system and tilt sensing module. The plough rotary machine is a kind of well-behaved machine on tillage and straw returning, which combines the function of plough turning and rotary tillage. It can be used to carry out multiple work processes such as plough turning, rotary tillage and burying ground straw into soil. The soil is finely ground after ploughing, and the crop stalks and stubble are directly buried in the fields to achieve the soil preparation effect. It can also reduce the number of operations of going into soil for the machine, reduce the compaction of the soil, and improve the efficiency of farming. In the process of work, one side of tractor wheel drives on the balk, the other side drives on the cultivated furrows, causing tractor to incline to walk, and then leading to a certain inclination in horizontal direction of the plough rotary machine connected with the tractor through the three-point suspension mechanism. However, the tilting of plough rotary machine will affect the flatness and depth of the plow, so it is necessary to continuously adjust the equipment to ensure the work effect. Due to the complexity of field work condition, it needs to adjust frequently on the first 2 work routes and every route caused by the unstable work of the hydraulic system in each field. It not only is time-consuming but also has not high precision, which results in poor performance and low efficiency of work. In order to solve the problem of frequent adjustment of the plough rotary machine during work of plough, combining the characteristics of the plough rotary machine, a method to determine the angle range of leveling is put forward. The plough rotary machine as a compound tillage machine has great quality. It will cause great burden to the hydraulic system of the tractor by automatic leveling. At the same time, the downward motion will appear more severe during the downgrading process of the plough rotary mechanism. Therefore, a set of independent hydraulic system is designed in this paper. According to the actual field work situation, the soil model is established by using EDEM (enhanced discrete element method) simulation software, and the virtual simulation of field operation is carried out. The simulation results show that the surface roughness is less than 2 cm and meets the agronomic requirements. On the basis of design and simulation, field experiments were carried out to compare the operation of manual leveling plough rotary machine and the operation of automatic leveling plough rotary machine. The content of the test includes the system performance and mechanical performance of automatic leveling. The system performance is obtained by analyzing the change of the inclination angle of the tractor. The mechanical performance is obtained by analyzing ploughing depth, its stability and surface roughness after the operation. The results show that the automatic leveling plough rotary machine has a marked improvement in the stability of ploughing and surface evenness after tillage compared with the manual leveling plough rotary machine. The stability coefficient of the former tillage depth is 87.31% and the latter is 84.76%. The surface roughness of the former is 1.97 cm and the latter is 2.56 cm. It can provide reference for the design of automatic leveling system for compound agricultural machinery.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Leveling (machinery)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Computer software - Control engineering - Cultivation - Design - Efficiency - Hydraulic control equipment - Hydraulic machinery - Machine design - Rotating machinery  - Soils - Surface roughness - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck)
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic leveling - Automatic leveling controls - Automatic leveling systems - Executive mechanism - Mechanical performance - Rotary machine - Stability coefficient - Suspension mechanism
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601  Mechanical Design - 601.1  Mechanical Devices - 603.1  Machine Tools, General - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 663.1  Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 913.1  Production Engineering - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.48e+01%, Percentage 8.73e+01%, Size 1.97e-02m, Size 2.00e-02m, Size 2.56e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20185206305845
Title:Difference comparison on land intensive use of different scale farmers in rice-growing areas in Southern China
Authors:Liu, Chengwu (1); Nan, Nan (1); Huang, Limin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Public Management, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan; 430074, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Limin(huanglm@scuec.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:250-256
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, as China's government has introduced a series of policies to promote land circulation and moderate-scale operation, scattered agricultural land is constantly concentrated, land management organization is rapidly changing, moderate scale management has become the key to China's agricultural land use system innovation, and large farmers will become the main form of land use in China in the following period. Whether large farmers can develop healthily will determine the efficiency of land use in China, which will directly affect the country's food security. It is particularly important to understand the changes of farmland management organization in time, grasp the problems in the process of development of large farmers and help the formation and development of farmer organizations with moderate scale. In this context, knowing the law of framers' land intensive use and guiding farmers in the path of the sustainable intensive land utilization are of great significance to China's food security and the ecological construction. Based on the survey data of 480 households in 16 villages from 8 different towns located at 4 different counties of Jianghan Plain in Hubei Province, China, this paper firstly divides the type of peasant households, and then studies the difference of land intensive utilization between the farmers of different scales. Results show that: The farmers with "non-agricultural land use" and "non-food production" in rural areas are increased, and more than a quarter of families are no longer engaged in food production. At present, the number of small farmers is larger than that of middle and large farmers, but the number of land owned by large and medium-sized farmers has accounted for more than 80% of the total arable land. The middle and large farmers have become the most important form of land use in this area. The target and the behavioral preference of land intensive utilization for different scale farmers are significantly different. Food production of small scale farmers is mostly targeted at "household use", and the characteristics of "marketization" of food production of medium and large farmers are clearer. The intensities of agricultural land use for farmers of different sizes are different, and the intensities of large scale farmers are higher, but they are similar in terms of intensive factor input structure. In terms of the input of labor factors, small scale farmers attach importance to "labor quantity" while large farmers attach importance to "labor quality". The input mode of peasant household agricultural machinery elements is mainly to buy agricultural machinery services. There is no significant difference among farmers of different sizes in the input of fertilizer. But in terms of the input of pesticide elements, the larger the scale of land management operated by farmers, the greater the amount of pesticides invested. The labor productivity, land productivity and grain commodity rate of large scale households are higher than that of middle and small scale households. The land use scale of large farmers is in the stage of economies of scale. However, the inputs of agricultural pesticides and fertilizers in land use are excessively intensive, so it will lead to some problems such as environmental pollution and degradation of food production quality, even threat of food security. It is necessary for our government to formulate relevant policy to guide large farmers to take the path of sustainable intensification in land use.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Chemical contamination - Economics - Fertilizers - Food supply - Grain (agricultural product) - Pesticides - Productivity - Rural areas
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural pesticides - Degree of land intensive use - Ecological construction - Environmental pollutions - Farmer's behavior - Large-scale farmer - Non-agricultural lands - Rice regions
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20185206305815
Title:Design and parameter optimization of pneumatic cylinder ridge three-row close-planting seed-metering device for soybean
Authors:Chen, Haitao (1); Li, Tonghui (1); Wang, Hongfei (1); Wang, Yu (1); Wang, Xing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:16-24
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Reasonable planting pattern can increase soybean yield. At present, soybean cultivation models in the cold region of northeast China mainly include conventional ridge planting mode, three row planting pattern on big ridge and four row planting mode on big ridge. The compact planting pattern of big ridge three-row is becoming popularizing gradually. The big ridge three-row reduces the row spacing, increases plant spacing and plant density than the traditional planting pattern. This way of planting soybean increases crop yield by reducing row spacing between soybean plants to increase planting density and to increase the number of plants protected per unit area. The three-row soybean planting pattern means that three rows of soybean are planted evenly on the ridge table of 1.1 m big ridge, and the marginal effect of the ridge platform is fully utilized. The outermost two rows of soybean are 400 mm apart and the spacing of each row of soybean is 200 mm. According to the agronomic requirement and technology for the model of compact planting soybean with three rows on 1.1 m grand ridge, the problem of compact structure and poor passing ability on planting unit are caused by the matching planter that uses single-row planting unit devices in dislocation parallel. The pneumatic cylinder precision seed-metering device for soybean matching compact planting soybean with three rows on 1.1 m grand ridge is designed, combined the features of mechanical clearing and gravitational dropping. The structural parameters of the key components of the three-row soybean seed-metering device on ridge are determined. The diameter of the cylinder is 200 mm, the length of the cylinder is 500 mm, the axial hole of the cylinder is 3 rows and the distance is 200 mm, and the number of single row holes is 40. The sealing problem of the pneumatic cylinder seed-metering device is solved through the innovative design of the structure. In order to effectively remove multiple seeds adsorbed on the hole and keep only one seed in each hole, a scraper seed cleaning device is designed. In order to ensure that the seed can be planted freely in the seeding area, a pressure relief device for isolating the pressure difference inside and outside the hole is designed. In this study, the key structural parameters and the mechanical model of seed-filling process were determined through theoretical analysis. The experiment was employed through the method of quadratic orthogonal rotating center combination of three factors and five levels according to the GB6973-2005 national standard. In test, soybean seed Heinong 48 was selected as experimental material. Combining with extensive pre-experiment and theoretical analysis, the vacuum degree, forward speed and hole diameter were taken as main influencing factors, the seed qualified index, multiple index, missing index and variation coefficient of apiece row seeding mass were taken as response index. The results showed that: the order of the contribution rates on the effect of qualified index was vacuum degree, working speed, hole diameter, the order of the contribution rates on the effect of multiple index was vacuum degree, hole diameter, working speed, the order of the contribution rates on the effect of missing index was vacuum degree, working speed, hole diameter, the order of the contribution rates on the effect of variation coefficient of apiece row seeding mass was, working speed, vacuum degree, hole diameter. The optimal combination of parameters was as follows, the hole diameter was 4.5 mm, the vacuum degree was between 4.7 and 5.9 kPa, the working speed was lower than 9.1 km/h, and under the optimal combinations, the qualified index was not less than 95%, the multiple index was not more than 3%, the missing index was not more than 2%, and the variation coefficient of apiece row seeding mass was not more than 6.5%. The verification test was repeated 10 times on the JPS-12 seed-metering test beds, the results were indicated that the actual test results were in agreement with the optimization results. The results of the research laid a foundation for the development of pneumatic cylinder grand ridge three-row seed-metering device for soybean, and provided a reference for the research of soybean narrow-row and flat-dense planter.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Cylinders (shapes) - Design - Mechanization - Optimization - Pneumatic drives - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Pneumatics - Speed - Structural design
Uncontrolled terms:Pneumatic Cylinders - Seed metering devices - Seeding performance - Soybean - Three rows of big ridge
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 601  Mechanical Design - 632.3  Pneumatics - 632.4  Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.00e+00%, Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 6.50e+00%, Percentage 9.50e+01%, Pressure 4.70e+03Pa to 5.90e+03Pa, Size 1.10e+00m, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 4.00e-01m, Size 4.50e-03m, Size 5.00e-01m, Velocity 2.53e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20185206305822
Title:Monitoring of canopy temperature of maize based on UAV thermal infrared imagery and digital imagery
Authors:Yang, Wenpan (1, 2); Li, Changchun (1); Yang, Hao (2); Yang, Guijun (2); Feng, Haikuan (2); Han, Liang (2, 3); Niu, Qinglin (1, 2); Han, Dong (2, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo; 454000, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing in Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) College of Architecture and Geomatics Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong; 037009, China; (4) College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an; 710054, China
Corresponding author:Li, Changchun(lichangchun610@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:68-75
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Crop canopy temperature is one of the most important indexes for evaluating crop physiological conditions for it is closely related leaf stomatal conductance, water use, transpiration of crops. Therefore, crop canopy temperatures can be used in monitoring drought resistance traits of crop. Traditional crop canopy temperature estimates are based on artificial field measurement, which are not only time and labor consuming, but more importantly, are difficult to apply over large areas. In recent years, with the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology, UAVs have been widely used in agricultural phenotypic data acquisition. However, when using thermal infrared image data to extract crop canopy temperatures, UAV is equipped with a miniaturized thermal infrared instrument with low spatial resolution due to the limited load capacity of the UAV. Thermal infrared images often cannot effectively separate soil and crops individually, thus reducing the accuracy of extracting crop canopy temperatures. In this paper, a low-altitude UAV remote sensing system equipped with a thermal infrared imager and a RGB high-definition digital camera was adopted for remote sensing data collection. Experiments were conducted at the Xiao Tangshan National Precision Agriculture Research Center of China, which is located in Changping District of Beijing, PR China. A total of 800 maize materials with different varieties in the jointing period were collected. While UAV acquiring images, a total of 72 ground samples were measured using a hand-held thermometer portable, which was used to verify the maize canopy temperature results from thermal infrared images. The RGB high-definition digital orthophoto map (DOM) was generated and geometry was corrected using ground control points (GCPs) and digital camera images in Agisoft's PhotoScan. A RGB high-definition DOM was used as base an image for the thermal infrared images geometrical calibration to solve the problem of coordinate mismatch between thermal infrared images and digital images, facilitating the removal of the soil background in the next step. The temperature of the black and white surface of the radiant correction plate was measured by a hand-held thermometer portable before and after the flight, which was used for the radiation calibration of the thermal infrared image. A high-resolution digital image was used to calculate the red-green ratio index (RGRI), and the image was binarized after classification of maize and soil. Then the binarization result was used to generate a maize mask file for the experimental area, which was used to extract the pixels of the maize vegetation on the thermal infrared image. By doing so, the low spatial resolution thermal infrared image pixels were separate into soils and crops parts, and crop canopy temperature was extracted from the crops. Finally, the canopy temperature of maize with different characters in the experimental area was statistically analyzed. And the consistency with observations on the ground was analyzed to verify and evaluate the effect of the maize canopy temperature extraction based on thermal infrared images. Our results indicated that canopy temperature based on thermal infrared images was highly relevant with ground observations with R²=0.723 6, RMSE=0.60 &#8451;. Our results demonstrated that it was accurate and feasible to use the high spatial resolution digital images to remove the soil background pixels on low spatial resolution thermal infrared images. In addition, the new method of obtaining maize canopy temperature based on UAV thermal infrared imagery was feasible and effective. Our results also demonstrated that the canopy temperature of materials was significantly correlated with the canopy coverage with R²=0.534 5 (P&lt; 0.000 1). Canopy temperature decreased with increasing of canopy coverage.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Antennas - Calibration - Crops - Data acquisition - Digital cameras - Image resolution - Infrared imaging - Infrared radiation - Pixels - Remote sensing  - Rock mechanics - Soils - Temperature - Thermometers - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Video cameras
Uncontrolled terms:Binarizations - Coverage - Geometrical calibrations - High resolution digital images - Leaf stomatal conductance - Maize - Physiological condition - Thermal infrared imagery
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 652.1  Aircraft, General - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1  Light/Optics - 742.2  Photographic Equipment - 746  Imaging Techniques - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 944.5  Temperature Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20185206305823
Title:Effect of irrigation and straw returning on soil CO<inf>2</inf> emissions in greenhouse tomato
Authors:Wang, Yafang (1); L&uuml;, Haofeng (1); Du, Jiuyue (1); Li, Yingjie (1); Lian, Xiaojuan (2); Wang, Zhengxiang (2); Wang, Jingguo (1); Lin, Shan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Institute of Agriculture Resources and Environment Sciences, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin; 300100, China
Corresponding author:Lin, Shan(linshan@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:76-81
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The greenhouse vegetable production has become one of the most promising agricultural industry in China with a rapid increase of planting area during the last two decades. Over-fertilization combined with improper irrigation dramatically increases nutrient losses and environmental pollution. However, the absence of surface soil, high temperature and moisture usually lead to low content on soil organic carbon and rapid soil mineralization in the sunken greenhouse vegetable production, northern China. Accumulation of soil organic carbon is slow even when straw is applied for a long period with conventional flooding irrigation. Promoting the sustainability of intensive used solar greenhouse vegetable production by optimizing irrigation and straw application management may have a positive impact. Our study in this paper focused on 1) whether straw returning can decrease mineralization rate of soil organic carbon and increase its accumulation with drip irrigation; and 2) suitable sampling schedule to measure daily CO<inf>2</inf> emission flux. A two-factor field experiment with three replicates was carried out which included two irrigation methods, i.e. conventional flooding irrigation fertilization and drip irrigation. Fertilization was combined with straw application rate of 0 and 3 500 kg/hm². The four treatments are: conventional flooding irrigation with over-fertilization according to farmer's practice (CIF); CIF + maize straw (CIF+S), drip irrigation with optimizing fertilization (DIF); and DIF + maize straw (DIF+S). Each plot (6.7 m &times; 3.6 m) consisted of three raised beds (0.7 m in width) and the walk way was 0.5 m in width between the raised beds. One of the three raised beds was used for measuring the fruits yield, one for monitoring CO<inf>2</inf> emission and other one for collecting soil and plant samples. In order to minimize lateral seepage of water and nutrients, we separated the plots with impermeable film to the depth of 0.6 m. One-month-old tomato seedlings were transplanted on raised beds with a handheld transplanting tool. Four fruit clusters were retained at each growing season and each cluster reserved four fruits. Gas flux chambers were composed of a permanent frame (50 cm width &times; 50 cm length &times; 20 cm depth) that was pre-installed in each plot before transplanting, and the height of top sampling chambers was 50 cm. The CO<inf>2</inf> fluxes were on line determined daily by using of CO<inf>2</inf> infrared spectrometer over the growth period between 08:00 am and 09:00 am at 30-second intervals during the closure time of 4 min (i.e., at time 0 and after 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 240 s). The CO<inf>2</inf> gas fluxes were calculated from the slope of linear regressions of gas concentrations against the chamber closure time. The results showed that no significant difference on soil CO<inf>2</inf> emission flux was found between the measurements from 08:00-09:00 am and the daily average, and they were significant positively correlated, the coefficient of determination between was 0.987, while CO<inf>2</inf> emission measured in other time intervals were significantly different from daily average. Moreover, compared with conventional irrigation fertilization, the accumulated CO<inf>2</inf> emissions was significantly decreased in drip irrigation fertilization without reduction of the tomato fruit yield, regardless of whether straw was applied or not. In addition, the peak of CO<inf>2</inf> emission occurred during 8-15 d after transplanting, then CO<inf>2</inf> emission decreased and then stabilized. The difference of daily CO<inf>2</inf> emission flux among treatments can only be detected within 40 days after transplanting, and afterward there was no significant difference among treatments. Finally, there was a significant positive correlation between cumulative CO<inf>2</inf> emission and soil temperature. Our results demonstrated that drip irrigation fertilization can significantly reduce soil CO<inf>2</inf> emission and potentially improve the soil organic matter accumulation in the sunken solar greenhouse vegetable production.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Carbon dioxide - Emission control - Floods - Fruits - Greenhouse effect - Greenhouses - Irrigation - Low temperature production - Mineralogy - Nutrients  - Organic carbon - Plant shutdowns - Soils - Solar heating - Sustainable development - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural industries - Application management - CO2 emissions - Coefficient of determination - Environmental pollutions - Greenhouse vegetables - Soil respiration - Sunken solar greenhouse
Classification code:451  Air Pollution - 451.2  Air Pollution Control - 482  Mineralogy - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.10e-01yr, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 3.60e+00m, Size 5.00e-01m, Size 6.00e-01m, Size 7.00e-01m, Time 2.40e+02s, Time 3.00e+01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20185206305837
Title:Intelligent fault diagnosis of gearbox based on improved fireworks algorithm and probabilistic neural network
Authors:Chen, Ruqing (1); Li, Jiachun (2); Shang, Tao (1); Zhang, Jun (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing; 314001, China; (2) College of Mathematics, Physics and Information Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing; 314001, China; (3) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:192-198
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the field of agricultural machine and equipment, gearbox was a key mechanical part that was widely applied in speed regulation and power transmission. The gearbox had a high fault rate in actual operating process due to the severe working condition and its complex configuration. State monitoring and fault diagnosing were of great significance to guarantee the safety and stability of gearbox. A fault diagnosis method based on the improved fireworks algorithm (FWA) and probabilistic neural network (PNN) was proposed to overcome the shortcomings, such as the sensitivity to environmental noise and low fault recognition rate, when conducting the fault diagnosis system of gearbox under complex operating conditions. To enhance the pattern classifying performance of traditional methods based on PNN, a new similarity measure for samples was defined, which made the quality of PNN training data increase in modeling process. An improved FWA-PNN classification method was proposed by combining FWA optimization algorithm with PNN technology. The FWA was applied to optimize the smoothing parameters of PNN to determine the optimal values of network parameters, and thus in some way the pattern classification and identification accuracy of PNN could be improved. The proposed FWA-PNN classification method was applied in fault diagnosis modeling for gearbox under noisy environment, and the complex non-linear mapping relationship between fault characteristic parameters and equipment working conditions was constructed. Experiments were carried out on JZQ250 gearbox in laboratory and the process of the fault diagnosis modeling was summarized as follows: At first, 6 working states of the gearbox that included normal state and 5 typical fault states were simulated during the experiments. And then the vibration signals of the gearbox were gained by using the accelerometers of signal acquisition system under different working conditions. After the pretreatment, time and frequency domain analysis of vibration signals were carried out and 27 time and frequency parameters reflecting the working status of the gearbox were obtained. Kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) method was applied to extract the features of the original high-dimensional data, and 7 characteristic parameters were selected as the fault feature vectors of gearbox at last. As a result, the original fault samples were generated according to the fault feature vectors. Given that the fault vibration signals of gearbox were easy to be interfered by different noises in practice, the fault modeling sample sets were regenerated by adding random noises of different levels in the original fault samples. Two thirds of the samples were randomly selected as the training data and the remaining samples were as the test data to establish fault diagnosis model for gearbox based on FWA-PNN. Next, in order to validate the effectiveness and robustness of this new model, BP (back propagation) neural network (BP-NN), genetic algorithm based BP-NN (GABP-NN) and normal PNN methods were introduced to compare with the improved pattern classification method, and 4 different fault diagnosis models were built. The training results of different neural network models indicated that FWA-PNN had better performance in error convergence speed and precision than GABP-NN and BP-NN, which had an excellent fault tolerance and fault classification capability. Finally, 4 different models were applied in fault diagnosis and classification by using the noise samples as the test data. Comparison results indicated that FWA-PNN model could effectively improve the precision of fault detection due to the smooth parameters of all pattern categories optimized by FWA. Application results showed that by compared with the fault diagnosis models based on BPNN, GABPNN and traditional PNN, the FWA-PNN model had the highest fault recognition rate under different noise levels. In conclusion, a novel fault diagnosis program for nonlinear and complex mechanical systems is provided in this paper. It has good application prospects and popularized value in fault diagnosing for agricultural machinery and equipment.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Fault detection
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Algorithms - Backpropagation algorithms - Classification (of information) - Clustering algorithms - Complex networks - Computer aided diagnosis - Data mining - Explosives  - Failure analysis - Fault slips - Fault tolerance - Frequency domain analysis - Gears - Genetic algorithms - Neural networks - Parameter estimation - Principal component analysis - Program diagnostics  - Signal analysis - Vibration analysis
Uncontrolled terms:BP (back propagation) neural network - Classification and identifications - Fault diagnosis model - Intelligent fault diagnosis - Kernel principal component analyses (KPCA) - Noises - Probabilistic neural networks - Time- and frequency-domain analysis
Classification code:484.1  Earthquake Measurements and Analysis - 601.2  Machine Components - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 903.1  Information Sources and Analysis - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20185206305843
Title:Effect of solid-liquid separation on removal of total solid and pollutants from pig manure wastewater before anaerobic digestion
Authors:Wang, Ming (1); Kong, Wei (1); Yan, Shuiping (1); Ai, Ping (1); Zhang, Yanlin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agriculture Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Wuhan; 430000, China
Corresponding author:Yan, Shuiping(yanshp@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:235-240
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The content of contaminants in manures wastewater is much higher than urban domestic sewage, which leads to a high and sophistic biochemical treatment and a high cost of wastewater treatment. The high concentration of pollutants in manures wastewater mainly comes from the dissolution or decomposition of solid feces. Therefore, a solid-liquid separation is used immediately after the production of manures wastewater, which can effectively separate the solid substances from the wastewater. As a result, the content of pollutants in the wastewater also can be effectively reduced. In this study, a solid-liquid separation test was carried out to investigated the ability of centrifugation in removal of the total solid (TS), and reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the elements of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from pig manure wastewater. Besides, the economic benefits of centrifugation before anaerobic digestion (AD) treatment were also analyzed. The result showed that the centrifuge separation carried out at 1 000-3 000 r/min for 0.5 minute can effectively remove the TS, COD and N, P elements from pig manure wastewater (TS=7.3 g/L), and the removal rates of them were 50%-65%, 45%-55% and 30%-50%, respectively, and the removal rate increased as the increase of centrifugal speed from 1 000 to 3 000 r/min In addition, the separation efficiency of N and P compounds were lower than that for dry matter, which was similar to the previous reports. This was mainly because the N and P compounds were easier to dissolve in water or be decomposed by microbes than carbohydrate, the major component of solid. The biodegradable solid reduction rate (BSRR) was defined as the reduced percentage of methane potential of manure wastewater after centrifugation, which can be calculated by subtracting the ratio of waste water methane potential before and after centrifugation. The BSRR can be used as the instruction for the adjustment to the construction volume of anaerobic tank and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) in anaerobic digestion (AD) process. According to the result of biochemical methane potential (BMP) test, it was found that the content of biodegradable materials can be reduced significantly by centrifugal separation, the maximum BSRR of 57.6% was observed with 3 000 r/min, which would be able to greatly save the construction volume and HRT in AD process. For a pig farm with ten thousand pigs, the amount of wastewater produced per day was about one hundred ton, the combined treatment of centrifugation and AD can save 45% of the wastewater treatment cost compared with the sole AD mode. If the incomes of biogas and separated solid manure were taken into consideration, the total overall comprehensive income of centrifugation followed AD and the sole AD mode was positive, and the former was 50% higher than the later. However, in practice, the biogas and solid manure are hard to get a profit due to many complex factors. Therefore, the meaning of solid-liquid separation before biochemical treatment would be more important. Moreover, the costs of other treatments after AD process and energy consumption for heat preservation of pool body also can be greatly reduced due to the partial reduction of N, and P contaminants in the centrifugation process and the smaller biochemical pools matched with the centrifugal wastewater. This study can provide new design ideas and references for large and medium-sized farms to save the treatment cost of wastewater and construction investment.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Wastewater treatment
Controlled terms:Anaerobic digestion - Biodegradability - Biogas - Centrifugation - Chemical oxygen demand - Economics - Energy utilization - Fertilizers - Investments - Liquids  - Mammals - Manures - Methane - Nitrogen removal - Pollution - Separation - Sewage
Uncontrolled terms:Biochemical methane potential - Biodegra-dable materials - Centrifugal separation - Centrifugation process - Construction investments - Hydraulic retention time - Solid liquid separation - Wastewater treatment costs
Classification code:452.1  Sewage - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 801.2  Biochemistry - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.00e+01% to 5.00e+01%, Percentage 4.50e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01% to 6.50e+01%, Percentage 5.76e+01%, Rotational_Speed 1.00e+03RPM to 3.00e+03RPM, Rotational_Speed 3.00e+03RPM, Time 3.00e+01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20185206305831
Title:Characteristics of runoff and sediment yield under different rainfall intensities and slope gradients in erosive weathered granite area
Authors:Deng, Longzhou (1); Zhang, Liping (1); Fan, Xiaojuan (1); Wu, Yanhong (1); Sun, Tianyu (1); Fei, Kai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environmental &amp; Resource Sciences of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou; 310058, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Liping(lpzhang@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:143-150
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Slope gradient is not only one of the major factors affecting soil particle detachment and transport but also an important factor in universal soil loss equation. There is no unanimous conclusion about the influence of slope gradient and rainfall intensity on soil erosion at present. Soil erosion in the rainy and thin-soil area of southeast China, however, is serious and thus can not be overlooked. In order to study and solve the problem of water-soil erosion loss on the weathered granite sloping land, in this study, we investigated the erosion process of the soil developed from weathered granite parent materials under different rainfall intensities (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm/h) and slope gradients (5&deg;, 8&deg;, 15&deg; and 25&deg;) with the method of indoor artificial rainfall simulation. Stratified soil samples from different profiles including 0-60 cm were collected and then put into the soil tanks (2.0 m length &times;1.0 m breadth &times; 0.6 m height) every 5 cm respectively for controlling the original bulk density. The simulated rainfall had uniformity of above 80%, similar to natural rainfall in raindrop distribution and size. Two experiments were carried out for each treatment to ensure the test precision. Soil on the top 5 cm was replaced after each rainfall simulation and the soil moisture was monitored before the next experiment to ensure the same initial soil moisture. The total time for runoff and sediment collection on the slope was 90 min after the appearance of runoff and the mixed samples were collected every 3 min and measured for volume and then used for subsequent analysis. The rest of the sample was dried to measure the sediment yield. The erosive sediment yield equations under different cross treatment conditions were established. The critical rainfall intensity of soil erosion and the critical slope gradient where soil and water conservation should be strengthened were clarified in the study area. The results indicated that the starting time of runoff and erosive sediment occurrence on the sloping land advanced with the increasing slope gradient and rainfall intensity. There was no simple positive correlation between runoff and slope gradient, and the relationship between runoff coefficient and rainfall intensity could be expressed as a potential function. The maximum infiltration rate under 30-120 mm/h appeared at the slope gradient of about 8&deg;.The erosive sediment yield increased with the increasing slope gradient and rainfall intensity, and the relationship between slope gradient and sediment yield could be expressed by a power function with determining coefficient reaching 0.815, while the determining coefficient of the exponential relationship between rainfall intensity and sediment yield reached 0.889. Water erosion was selective for sediment as the content of silt, clay and fine sand entrained by runoff was relatively rich, and there was a boundary of erosive rainfall intensity between 60-90 mm/h in the study area. The combined effect of slope gradient and rainfall intensity on erosive sediment yield could be more accurately described by a linear correlation equation and the weighting order of sediment yield was listed as follows: sediment concentration &gt; rainfall intensity &gt; runoff coefficient &gt; slope gradient. Research on the impact of slope gradient and rainfall intensity on sloping land erosion would contribute to soil and water conservation in the erosive weathered granite area.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Erosion - Granite - Moisture control - Rain - Runoff - Sediment transport - Soil conservation - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soil testing  - Soils - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial simulated rainfall - Rainfall intensity - Sediment yields - Slope gradients - Weathered granites
Classification code:443.3  Precipitation - 444  Water Resources - 444.1  Surface Water - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 731.3  Specific Variables Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.00e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 6.00e-01m, Size 2.00e+00m, Size 5.00e-02m, Size 6.00e-01m, Time 1.80e+02s, Time 5.40e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20185206305840
Title:Daily emission characteristics of ammonia from typical industrial pig farm with manure cleaning by rising water in summer
Authors:Wang, Wenlin (1); Liu, Xiao (2); Han, Yujie (2); Du, Wei (1); Liu, Bo (2); Zeng, Jieliang (2); Tong, Yi (2); Gao, Yan (2); Guan, Lei (2); Fan, Junqi (2); Li, Wenjing (1); He, Fei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing; 210042, China; (2) School of Geography Science, Nantong University, Nantong; 226007, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Bo(lb@ntu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:214-221
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ammonia (NH<inf>3</inf>), as the only reactive alkaline gas, plays a crucial role in the neutralization of atmospheric sulfuric or nitric acid to generate ammonium salts, thereby affecting the acidity of cloud water and aerosols. At present, the ammonia emissions which is the main component of fine particulate (particulate matter equal to or less than 2.5 &mu;m in aerodynamic diameter; PM<inf>2.5</inf>), has become a global hot issue. Livestock and poultry breeding is the main emission source of ammonia, and the total amount of ammonia released by China's pig industry is much higher than that of Europe and North America. An in-depth study about ammonia emission from livestock sources may help policy-makers to develop emission reduction scheme and ease the haze. Generally, pig is considered to be the major contributor to ammonia emission. Therefore, in this study, we investigated NH<inf>3</inf> emissions from a pig farm in Yangtze River delta region which were equipped with typical mechanical ventilation system and manure collection system cleaning by rising water. It monitored the ammonia emissions from different houses at the same time which included different growth stages of the fattening pigs and sows (among them, the fattening pigs can be divided in three phases according to the weight, Nursery (&lt;24 kg), and Fattening-I (24-60 kg) and Fattening-&#8545; (60-120 kg).The sow can be divided into Gestation and Farrowing, and the ammonia emission flux was determined. Meanwhile, in this study, we analyzed the ammonia emission characteristics to explore the contribution of ammonia emissions in different growth stage. The results showed that the NH<inf>3</inf> concentrations of Nursery, Fattening-&#8544;, Fattening-&#8545;, Gestation and Farrowing were (0.97&plusmn;0.4), (3.37&plusmn;0.70) and (5.45&plusmn;2.30), (2.19&plusmn;1.06) and (1.44&plusmn;0.48) mg/m³, respectively. The ammonia emission in each column had a significant daily change process. In the morning, the ammonia discharge were fluctuated and increased, then started to decrease in the afternoon, and the value kept low at night. The ammonia emission rate was significantly positively correlated with the temperature and was negatively correlated with the humidity. The daily NH<inf>3</inf> emissions rate of Nursery, Fattening-&#8544;, Fattening-&#8545;, Gestation and Farrowing were 0.85, 6.53, 8.20, 10.39 and 13.86 g/(pig&bull;d). In fattening pigs, the contribution rate of Nursery, Fattening-&#8544;, Fattening-&#8545;were 3.64%, 26.11% and 70.25%. In sows, the contribution rate of Gestation and Farrowing was 75.32% and 24.68%. Artificial disturbance, such as feeding and defecation, increased the ammonia emission in the pig houses. The ammonia emission rate of sows was 1.87 times higher than fattening pigs. By monitoring the concentration of ammonia emission from fattened pigs and sows at different growth stages, we explored the characteristics of ammonia emission from large-scale pig farms, discriminated and analyzed the important influencing factors of ammonia emission, and discussed the contribution of fattened pigs and sows of different types to ammonia emission during growth stages to provide technical support for the accounting of ammonia emission in regional livestock and poultry breeding. These findings in this paper could be useful for estimation of ammonia emissions accurately and implementation of ammonia emission reduction measures in China.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Ammonia
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Atmospheric humidity - Cleaning - Emission control - Fertilizers - Mammals - Manures - Pollution - River pollution - Salts  - Ventilation - Water pollution control
Uncontrolled terms:Aerodynamic diameters - Collection systems - Different growth stages - Emission characteristics - Emission reduction - Mechanical ventilation system - Pig farms - Yangtze river delta
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 451.2  Air Pollution Control - 453  Water Pollution - 453.2  Water Pollution Control - 643.5  Ventilation - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes
Numerical data indexing:Mass 2.40e+01kg to 6.00e+01kg, Mass 6.00e+01kg to 1.20e+02kg, Percentage 2.47e+01%, Percentage 2.61e+01%, Percentage 3.64e+00%, Percentage 7.02e+01%, Percentage 7.53e+01%, Size 2.50e-06m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20185206305842
Title:Biogas recovery and yield improvement of acidification system by adding steel slag
Authors:Zou, Hui (1, 2); Gao, Ming (1, 2); Wang, Qunhui (1, 2); Yu, Miao (1); Ren, Yuanyuan (1); Liu, Kai (1); Wu, Chuanfu (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Qunhui(wangqh59@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:229-234
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the problems of high cost and low biogas yield in traditional acidification recovery method of anaerobic digestion (AD), the paper selected steel slag added in the biogas production recovery method, which was the by-product of steel making, and the effect of steel slag on the recovery after acidification was compared with that of alkali. The results showed that the acidification system could be restored by adding steel slag and alkali on the first day, and the cumulative biogas production rate on the 40th day was 285.33 mL/g with the steel slag adding, which was increased by 25.8% compared with the traditional method of adding alkali. At the same time, the pH values, total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), alkalinity (TA), and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) of the steel slag and alkali groups after recovering biogas production were monitored and analyzed. The TVFA was slowly decreased till exhausted and the TA was basically around 12.45 g/L in steel slag group; on the contrary, the TVFA increased in first 2 days and then decreased and the TA slowed down till 8.72 g/L in alkali group. And the t test was used to analyze the data variation of biogas yield, TA, TVFA and pH value in alkali and steel slag groups (each group had 21 samples), the significant level of the biogas yield (0.005) was less than 0.05, while the significant levels of TA, TVFA and pH value were more than 0.05. Therefore, the biogas yield in the 2 groups was significantly different, but the difference of TA, TVFA and pH value was not significant. Meanwhile, the trend of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and lactic acid was observed. The results demonstrated that the recovery rate of each kind of acid in steel slag group was 3-4 d faster than that in alkali group, and the order of recovery rate was successively butyric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid; the significant levels of acetic acid, lactic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid were 0.064, 0.068, 0.076 and 0.098, respectively, all greater than 0.05, which indicated that the differences among the 4 kinds of acids were not significant in the recovery stage. The ratio of TVFA to TA and the ratio of propionic acid to acetic acid were studied, and the results indicated the 2 ratios in 2 groups were both at the best level after recovery for 15 d, and on the 8th day the 2 ratios in steel slag group dropped to 0.38 and 0.081, respectively, and then decreased to below 0.05; there was the same trend in alkali group. The P values of the ratio of VFA to TA and the ratio of propionic acid to acetic acid between alkali treatment and steel slag treatment were 0.15 and 0.26, respectively, which were all more than 0.05, indicating that the changes of data in these 2 ratios were not significant. This showed that the 2 systems could be recovered quickly in the recovery stage. At the last, the content of heavy metals in the digestive juice after recovery was analyzed, and the results indicated that the 2 kinds of biogas producing methods fully satisfied the requirements of the technical specification of NY/T 2065-2011 biogas fertilizer application. The paper provides a way to recover biogas from the traditional regen acidification liquid, which solves the problems of the easy acidification of the actual engineering and the high cost of the recovery of biogas production.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Volatile fatty acids
Controlled terms:Acetic acid - Acidification - Alkalinity - Anaerobic digestion - Biogas - Butyric acid - Cost engineering - Heavy metals - Lactic acid - Metal recovery  - Methane - pH - Propionic acid - Saturated fatty acids - Slags - Steelmaking - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Alkali - Biogas production - Biogas production rates - Fertilizer applications - Steel slag - Technical specifications - Total volatile fatty acids - Volatile fatty acids (VFAs)
Classification code:522  Gas Fuels - 531  Metallurgy and Metallography - 545.3  Steel - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 822.2  Food Processing Operations - 911  Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
Numerical data indexing:Age 5.48e-03yr, Mass_Density 1.24e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 8.72e+00kg/m3, Percentage 2.58e+01%, Specific_Volume 2.85e-01m3/kg
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20185206305844
Title:Analysis on agricultural wastes green disposal behavior of farmers based on relational and structural embeddedness
Authors:Cheng, Linlin (1, 2); He, Ke (1, 2); Zhang, Junbiao (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Economics &amp; Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Hubei Rural Development Research Center, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:He, Ke(hekework@gmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:241-249
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:How to promote the rapid development of the agricultural economy while taking into account environmental protection and building a "community of life" between humans and nature has become an important issue that we can't avoid in promoting China's rural vitalization strategy. Different from existing studies, in this paper, we used the propensity score matching (PSM) estimation technique to overcome the endogenous nature of sample selective bias, and the "strong embeddedness" factor in sociology. As such, the impact of relational embeddedness and structural embeddedness on the green disposal behavior of farmers' agricultural materials wastes were explored. The result showed that peasant household concurrent business behavior and per capita income of farmers' household all played a significant positive role on affecting relational embeddedness. That was, the relationship strength and the quality of the relationship were more positively affected by the peasant household concurrent business behavior and the per capita income of the family. At the same time, the number of family labor, peasant household concurrent business behavior, the existing cultivated land area of the family, and the proportion of agricultural income would significantly affect the structural embeddedness. Then the K-nearest neighbor matching method was used to explore the difference between the green disposal behavior of the agricultural materials waste of the control group and the treated group. According to the propensity scores of the control group and the treated group, it was clear that the probability of occurrence of green disposal of agricultural materials waste in the farmers' households in the control group was 4.10% before the matching; after matching, the proportion increased to 6.60%. On the whole, the relational embeddedness would increase the probability of the farmers' agricultural materials waste green disposal behavior by 4.70%. Therefore, based on the survey data of this paper, we did not find that the relational embeddedness had a significant impact on the green disposal behavior of agricultural household materials waste. Similarly, K-nearest neighbor matching method was also used to explore the relationship between structural embeddedness and the green disposal behavior of agricultural household materials waste. After matching, the occurrence probability of the green disposal behavior of agricultural household materials waste increased by 10.10%. At the same time, the t-statistic of average effect of treatment on the treated (ATT) was greater than 1.96 (P&lt;0.05). This showed that there was a significant difference in the green disposal behavior of agricultural materials wastes between farmers who were in the state of structural embeddedness and those who were not in the state of structural embeddedness. In addition, in order to ensure the robustness of the research results, the "self-help method" (Bootstrap) was used in the matching process to infer the overall standard error. According to the results, average effect of treatment on the treated (ATT), average effect of treatment on the untreated (ATU) and average effect of treatment on the population (ATE) were basically consistent with the above results, whether in the state of relational embeddedness or structural embeddedness. And the results of other matching methods, including K-nearest neighbor matching method, radius matching method, kernel matching method and Mahalanobis matching method, were highly consistent with the above results, which also can identify the strong robustness of the research results. Based on this, we suggested that through the establishment of peasants' interests appeal channel and accountability supervision mechanism, farmers should be encouraged to strengthen exchanges and communication with professional farmers, and create a good social atmosphere of environmental protection to improve the green disposal behavior of farmers' agricultural materials waste, and promote the green transformation of the agricultural industry.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Environmental protection - Motion compensation - Nearest neighbor search - Probability - Robustness (control systems) - Waste disposal - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural industries - Embeddedness - Green disposal behavior - Occurrence probability - Probability of occurrence - Propensity score matching - Relational embeddedness - Supervision mechanisms
Classification code:452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 731.1  Control Systems - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.1  Probability Theory
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.01e+01%, Percentage 4.10e+00%, Percentage 4.70e+00%, Percentage 6.60e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20185206305832
Title:Effects of Artemisia gmelinii and Bothriochloa ischcemum litter mass coverage on hydrodynamic characteristics of loess overland flow
Authors:Li, Zhaosong (1); Wang, Bing (1, 2); Wang, Jianfang (1); Wang, Zhongyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Bing(bwang@ms.iswc.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:151-157
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Litter coverage maybe significantly affect hydrodynamic characteristics of overland flow. An artificially simulated rainfall experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of litter coverage of different species and mass of different levels on the overland flow hydraulic parameters with a bare slope as the control. There seven litter mass coverages and two rainfall intensities in the experiment. Typical grassland litter of Artemisia gmelinii with the composite family and Bothriochloa ischcemum (Linn.) Keng. with the grass family were selected in the Loess hilly-gully region, the north of Shaanxi province, China. Seven litter mass coverages were set to Artemisia gmelinii and Bothriochloa ischcemum (Linn.) Keng., respectively, varying from 100 to 1 000 g/m² and 50 to 600 g/m² for each of those vegetation types and subjected to simulated two rainfall intensities: 60 and 120 mm/h. A normal rainfall intensity 60 mm/h and a rainstorm rainfall intensity 120 mm/h as the simulated rainfall intensities. According the extreme rainstorm event "7&bull;26" in Zizhou and Suide, the north of Shaanxi province which the maximum hourly rainfall was 52 mm, so 60 mm was set to simulate rainfall. During the rainfall experiment, flow velocity and runoff were measured every three minutes, the water temperature was measured every fifteen minutes, and the Reynolds number, Froude number and the resistance coefficient were calculated based on flow velocity, flow discharge or water temperature. The results showed that compared with bare slope control, the flow velocity, Reynolds number and Froude number of litter coverage treatments were reduced by 77.3%, 18.5%, and 87.4%, respectively. However, the resistance coefficient was 314 times greater than the reference treatment. The average flow velocity, Reynolds number and Froude number decreased with the litter mass coverage increased as a power function (P&lt;0.01), however, the resistance coefficient increased with a power function (P&lt;0.01). As a whole, with the litter mass increased, the flow velocity, Reynolds number and Froude number of Bothriochloa ischcemum (Linn.) Keng. were larger than that the Artemisia gmelinii (P&lt;0.01), but the resistance coefficient was opposite. The stepwise regression results showed that there was a significant (P&lt;0.01) power function relationship between flow discharge, litter mass coverage, characteristic parameters of litter and the hydraulic parameters of the slope (P&lt;0.01). The R² and NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient) ranged from 0.84 to 0.92 and 0.60 to 0.91, respectively. In addition to the flow discharge and litter mass coverage, the litter density was the key parameter to affect the flow velocity. Furthermore, the projected area of litter and the flow pattern had a close relationship, and the litter surface area was the main parameter for characterizing the resistance coefficient. This study can reveal the soil and water conservation mechanism of grassland litter and correctly evaluate the soil and water conservation benefits of grassland.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Erosion - Flow patterns - Flow rate - Flow velocity - Flowmeters - Froude number - Hydrodynamics - Landforms - Rain - Reynolds number  - Sediments - Soil conservation - Storms - Temperature - Velocity - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Efficiency coefficient - Hydrodynamic characteristics - Litter mass coverage - Loess hilly gully region - Resistance coefficients - Simulated rainfall - Soil and water conservation - Typical grassland
Classification code:443.3  Precipitation - 444  Water Resources - 444.1  Surface Water - 481.1  Geology - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631  Fluid Flow - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 943.1  Mechanical Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.85e+01%, Percentage 7.73e+01%, Percentage 8.74e+01%, Size 5.20e-02m, Size 6.00e-02m, Surface_Density 1.00e-01kg/m2 to 1.00e+00kg/m2, Surface_Density 5.00e-02kg/m2 to 6.00e-01kg/m2
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20185206305820
Title:Improvement on wear resistance of citrus twig grinding hammer of 65Mn steel by laser quenching and laser cladding
Authors:Meng, Liang (1); Li, Xiong (1); Huang, Yongjun (1); Wan, Qiang (1); Li, Mingzhen (1); Li, Shanjun (1); Zhang, Yanlin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Yanlin(zhangyl@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:54-60
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the wear resistance of the citrus twig grinding hammer, the multiple surfaces of the 65Mn steel hammer are strengthened by laser quenching and laser cladding. The metallographic microscope, microhardness tester and friction tester are used to study the effect of laser treated 65Mn steel on its microhardness and friction property. The main equipment used in this experiment is GS-HL-5000 fiber laser and SX2-5-12 type electric furnace. The power used for laser quenching is 2.5 kW and the scanning speed is 300 mm/min. For laser cladding, the power is 3.2 kW, the scanning speed is 350 mm/min, and the powder feeding speed is 15-20 g/min. Ordinary heat treatment uses water quenching and medium-temperature tempering process, and the test parameters are: With the quenching temperature of 790 &deg;C, the time is 20 min; with the tempering temperature of 350 &deg;C, the time is 25 min. After the laser quenching and laser cladding of the sample, a part of the metallographic sample is cut perpendicular to the scanning speed. The metallographic sample is etched by using 10% solution of nitric acid (volume fraction), and the metallographic sample is analyzed by the metallographic microscope. The loading pressure of digital microhardness tester is set to 0.981 N for 15 s pressure-keeping time. The friction experiment is implemented by MS-T-3001 friction tester with Si<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf> grinding head, time of 20 min, 500 g loading, spindle speed of 50 r/min and 0 &#8451; testing temperature. The results show that 65Mn steel, processed by laser quenching, is composed of entire quenching zone, part quenching zone, heat affected zone and substrate with its microstructure sequences as acicular martensite + retained austenite, ferrite + tempered troostite, lamellar pearlite + granular pearlite, lamellar pearlite + ferrite from the surface to the center. The 65Mn steel, processed by laser cladding, is composed of cladding zone, entire quenching zone, part quenching zone, heat affected zone and substrate with its microstructure sequences as eutectic structure, acicular martensite + retained austenite, granular pearlite, lamellar pearlite + granular pearlite, lamellar pearlite + ferrite from the surface to the center. The microstructure of 65Mn steel processed by water quenching and medium-temperature tempering is acicular martensite. The maximum microhardness of 65Mn steel processed by laser quenching is 619.8 HV<inf>0.1</inf> while the average microhardness of 65Mn steel processed by water quenching and medium-temperature tempering is 585.6 HV<inf>0.1.</inf> The surface microhardness of 65Mn steel processed by laser quenching is slightly higher than that by water quenching and medium-temperature tempering, because the surface of 65Mn steel with laser quenching is prone to form a layer of high carbon martensite. The maximum microhardness of 65Mn steel processed by laser cladding is 1 038.4 HV<inf>0.1</inf>, far more higher than the other 2 kinds of processing ways, because not only the content of WC (tungsten carbide) in composite alloy powder is high and also the higher laser energy density and the lower scanning speed can melt the WC particles to a large extent, increasing the number of carbide strengthening phase precipitated by rapid solidification. Abrasive wear mechanism appears on the surface of 65Mn steel by laser quenching, and the average friction coefficient is 0.40. Adhesive wear mechanism appears on the surface of 65Mn steel by water quenching and medium-temperature tempering, and the average friction coefficient is 0.41. The mechanism of surface abrasive wear appears on the surface of cladding layer, when the 65Mn steel is treated by laser cladding with Ni60 + 35% WC, and the average friction coefficient is 0.36, and the wear resistance is better. Based on the above results, the surface hardness of the laser-treated 65Mn steel increases substantially and the wear resistance increases significantly. This study provides a reference for extending the service life of the hammer.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Manganese alloys
Controlled terms:Abrasion - Abrasives - Adhesives - Agricultural machinery - Austenite - Cladding (coating) - Electric furnaces - Eutectics - Ferrite - Fiber lasers  - Friction - Grinding (machining) - Hammers - Hardness testing - Heat affected zone - Laser cladding - Martensite - Materials testing apparatus - Metals - Microhardness  - Microstructure - Pearlite - Quenching - Rapid solidification - Scanning - Silicon compounds - Speed - Tempering - Tribology - Tungsten carbide  - Water treatment - Wear resistance
Uncontrolled terms:Carbide strengthening - Friction coefficients - Friction properties - Metallographic microscope - Microhardness tester - Quenching temperatures - Surface microhardness - Tempering temperature
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 531.2  Metallography - 537.1  Heat Treatment Processes - 538.2  Welding - 543.2  Manganese and Alloys - 604.2  Machining Operations - 605.2  Small Tools, Unpowered - 606.1  Abrasive Materials - 744.4  Solid State Lasers - 744.9  Laser Applications - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Force 9.81e-01N, Mass 5.00e-01kg, Mass_Flow_Rate 2.50e-04kg/s to 3.33e-04kg/s, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Power 2.50e+03W, Power 3.20e+03W, Rotational_Speed 5.00e+01RPM, Temperature 1.06e+03K, Temperature 6.23e+02K, Time 1.20e+03s, Time 1.50e+01s, Time 1.50e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20185206305827
Title:Hydrophobic degree measurement and its changes in soils modified by different hydrophobic agents
Authors:Wu, Junhua (1); Zhou, Xiaoyu (1); Lin, Hui (1); Deng, Yichao (1); Ai, Jianling (1); Dai, Jun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang; 330063, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:109-115
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to analyze the change rule of hydrophobic degree of soils with the addition of different hydrophobic agents, the sandy soils hydrophobized by sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS), silane coupling agent KH-550 (SCA KH-550) and dichlorodimethylsilane (DCDMS) were prepared respectively along with the clays hydrophobized by octadecylamine (OCT) for the soil test in this study. The hydrophobic degree of different hydrophobized soils and the relevant change laws were obtained by water drop penetration time (WDPT), the molarity of an ethanol droplet technique (MED) and the contact angle measurement method (CAM) respectively. The mixtures of sandy soils and DCDMS according to the proportion of 100 g: 3 mL were obtained, which showed an extreme hydrophobicity. The contact angle of these mixed soils was 78.33&deg;, which reached to subcritical hydrophobicity and it can be kept stable for a long time. This modification method can be an optimal way for preparing the hydrophobized sandy soils. A mixed liquid of SCA KH-550, ethanol and deionized water with the volume ratio of 3:15:2 were obtained firstly. Then the mixtures of natural sandy soils and this mixed liquid with the proportion of 100 g: 25 mL were obtained finally. The hydrophobicity of mixed soils was small initially, then was enhanced with the time increasing and reached to the highest finally. The contact angle of these mixed soils was 65.99&deg;. However, these mixed soils were easy to clump and showed a poor uniformity and dispersibility. That meant this modification method was not recommended for preparing the hydrophobized soils. A mixed liquid of SDS and pure acetone with the proportion of 1 g: 10 mL were obtained firstly. Then the mixtures of sandy soils and the liquid with the proportion of 100 g: 50 mL were obtained finally. These mixed soils showed little hydrophobicity all the time. The contact angle of mixed soils was 35.5&deg;. Moreover, the process of modification was complicated and time-consuming. Thus, this modification method was not suitable for preparing the hydrophobized sandy soils. The mixtures of clays and OCT in different ratios were prepared with deionized water together firstly. Then the hydrophobized clays were obtained finally by drying, pulverizing and sifting in an order of particle sizes. The severity ratings of hydrophobized clays were moderate, severe and extreme with 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.6% OCT contents, respectively, and all of them can be kept stable in hydrophobicity all the time. Moreover, the severity ratings of hydrophobized clays can be still high with the increasing of OCT contents. That meant the hydrophobized clays do not need high OCT content and a best content of it was 0.5% content in our test. Besides, OCT had little effect on both environment and humans. It was seen that this modification method can be used as an optimal way for preparing the hydrophobized clays. The mixtures of modified clays with 0.5% OCT content and natural sandy soils in different ratios were prepared. No hydrophobicity was shown in the mixture with less than 3% hydrophobized clays content. However, its penetration time was longer than the natural sandy soils'. That meant the hydrophobized clays played a role in hydrophobicity. The severity ratings of mixtures were moderate with 3% - 10% hydrophobized clays content and severe with 10% - 50% hydrophobized clays content. The results can provide a reference for the further analysis on hydrophobized soil and its application in engineering.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Acetone - Associative storage - Contact angle - Coupling agents - Deionized water - Ethanol - Hydrophobicity - Liquids - Mixtures - Sand  - Sodium dodecyl sulfate - Soil testing - Soils - Sulfur compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Dichlorodimethylsilane - Dispersibilities - Hydrophobic agents - Hydrophobic degrees - ITS applications - Modification methods - Silane coupling agent - Water drop penetration time
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 3.00e-01%, Percentage 5.00e-01%, Percentage 6.00e-01%, Volume 1.00e-05m3, Volume 2.50e-05m3, Volume 3.00e-06m3, Volume 5.00e-05m3, Percentage 1.00e+01% to 5.00e+01%, Percentage 2.00e-01%, Percentage 3.00e+00% to 1.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20185206305830
Title:Overland flow sediment transport capacity calculation method based on non-dimensional flow intensity index
Authors:Gao, Chenye (1); Zhang, Kuandi (1, 2); Yang, Mingyi (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering of Ministry of Education in Arid Areas, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Kuandi(zhangkuandi428@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:134-142
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Overland flow sediment transport capacity is one of the important parameters of soil erosion model, and it is also a basis for accurate prediction of soil erosion. In this paper, the typical loess with two different median diameters (median size d<inf>50</inf>=0.095 mm, d<inf>50</inf>'=0.04 mm) in the sandy and coarse sand area was used in the simulation experiment of sediment transport capacity in the sink. The slope gradient range was from 7% to 38.4% and the unit discharge range was 0.000 14-0.005 26 m²/s. After unqualified analysis, the coupling relationship between the sediment transport capacity and slope gradient, unit discharge and the flow intensity indicators (the mean flow velocity, shear stress, unit stream power, stream power, effective stream power) were analyzed. The results showed that the sediment transport capacity exhibited an increasing trend with increased slope gradient and unit discharge, and the sediment transport capacity had a power function relation with the slope gradient and the unit discharge (R²=0.955). The index of slope gradient was 1.086 and the index of unit discharge was 1.372. So, the unit discharge had more significant impact on sediment transport capacity than slope gradient. Compared with Zhang's, Wu's, and Mahoodabadi's models, Zhang's model had a basic trial of this research, and the results of Bing Wu's model were all less than the measured values in this study, while Mahmoodabadi's model was the opposite. The mean flow velocity could be predicted by a power function of slope and flow, the relation between sediment transport capacity and mean velocity was also a power function relation,with an index of 1.9072 (R²=0.857 3, Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient N<inf>SE</inf>=0.879 5). Because the mean flow velocity was affected by many factors such as hydraulic parameters and surface conditions, the relationship between mean flow velocity and sediment transport capacity could not be optimized. For example, the index was significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected by the median diameter of sediments. Shear stress could be used to predict the sediment transport capacity through power function relations and the index was 2.498 1 (R²=0.900, N<inf>SE</inf>=0.756 1), which was not closely related to the influence of soil particle viscosity. The stream power and effective stream power were better predictors than the shear stress, considering the critical stream power W<inf>0</inf>=36.5. The power function relation of steam power and sediment transport capacity was the best (R²=0.950, N<inf>SE</inf>=0.978), with an index of 0.920 8. Although the relationship between effective flow power and sediment transport capacity was not optimal, it was still a content of further research. The unit stream power prediction model got poor results for sediment transport capacity (R²=0.799 9, N<inf>SE</inf> =0.839 6), which was consistent with the results of Zhang's, Bing Wu's and others' studies. So, the unit stream power could not be used as a flow intensity to predict the sediment transport capacity. Based on the dimensionless sediment transport capacity, the formula for calculating the flow capacity of the slope was presented. This study of the sediment transport capacity in the Loess Hilly Gully Area provided a new method for the soil erosion prediction model. It is of great scientific significance to predict slope erosion and to reveal the sediment transport mechanism of slope.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Shear flow
Controlled terms:Erosion - Flow velocity - Forecasting - Runoff - Sediment transport - Sedimentation - Shear stress - Soils - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Coupling relationships - Flow intensity - Mean flow velocities - Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient - Overland flow - Sediment transport capacity - Soil erosion modeling - Stream power
Classification code:442.1  Flood Control - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631  Fluid Flow - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 802.3  Chemical Operations
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 7.00e+00% to 3.84e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20185206305850
Title:Principal component analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of fruit quality in cultivars of cherry
Authors:Wu, Peng (1); Jia, Chaoshuang (1); Fan, Suyi (1); Sun, Yugang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, Tai'an; 271018, China; (2) Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai'an; 271018, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Yugang(sds129@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:291-300
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), an economically important nutritious fruit, is popular for its attractive red colour and high antioxidant potential. Most sweet cherries are consumed fresh and a small proportion of the total sweet cherry production is valuable to make processed food products. Sweet cherry is a highly perishable product due to its high respiration rate and rapid softening process at room temperature (approximately 20&#8451;), which ultimately causes the color changes, weight loss, browning and changes of nutrients and restricts its shelf life. The objective of this study was to establish a comprehensive evaluation method for the fruit quality of sweet cherry using factor analysis, and to clarify the relations among the indices in order to select sweet cherry varieties with good quality. There were 11 quality indicators for 24 sweet cherry cultivars evaluated on the base of principal component analysis and fuzzy evaluation, including single fruit weight, hardness, edible rate, juice yield, pH value, total sugar content, reducing sugar content, titratable acid content, sugar acid ratio, vitamin C content and anthocyanin content. Principal component analysis is a mathematical tool which performs a reduction in data dimensionality and allows the visualisation of underlying structure in experimental data and relationships between data and samples. The result showed that different quality indicators and sensory evaluation among tested sweet cherries were different. There were significant correlations between single fruit weight and vitamin C, between edible rate and juice yield, titratable acid, between anthocyanin and pH value, titratable acid, and between total sugar, reducing sugar, sugar acid ratio and pH value. Five main factors were extracted by factor analysis, which included sweet taste, flavor, antioxidation, edible rate and quality, and the cumulative contribution approached to 82.948%. Total sugar, juice yield, vitamin C content, edible rate and single fruit weight were selected as key indicators to evaluate sweet cherry qualities. The scatter plot of the 5 factors showed the distribution of fruit cultivars by PAST software. The comprehensive scores of the varieties were ranked. The top 10 cherry varieties were ranked as Red (0.70), Zaolu (0.63), Red honey (0.60), Colored jade (0.47), Qinying-1 (0.44), S2S1 (0.38), Early fruit (0.35), 13-33 (0.28), Bright pearl (0.13), and Qinlin (0.07). The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of 11 analysis indicators showed that the top 10 varieties of comprehensive quality performance were Red (0.642), Red honey (0.566), Zaolu (0.545), Bright pearl (0.524), Colored jade (0.521), Qinying-1 (0.512), Qinlin (0.501), Early morning (0.491), S2S1 (0.482), and Early fruit (0.470). The score was ordered by comprehensive score and the 8 analytical indices were analyzed by fuzzy evaluation. Consistent results were obtained that the cultivars of Red, Zaolu, Red honey, Color jade, Qinying-1, S2S1, Early fruit, Bright pearl, and Qinlin were selected as the suitable sweet cherries. The cultivar Red has the highest comprehensive quality, and it can be utilized as the raw material for the breeding, refining, developing and utilization of prunus species. The result of factor analysis was consistent with that of PCA score plots. These results determined the top 9 cherry varieties for use as a breeding stock for future cherry variety development.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Anthocyanins - Antioxidants - Color - Data reduction - Factor analysis - Fruits - Fuzzy set theory - Gems - Multivariant analysis - pH  - Plants (botany) - Principal component analysis - Silicate minerals
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation - Correlation analysis - Fuzzy evaluation - Principal analysis - Varieties selection
Classification code:482.2  Minerals - 482.2.1  Gems - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1  Light/Optics - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 921.4  Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 922  Statistical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.29e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20185206305819
Title:Effect of vane angle on axial flow pump running characteristics in saddle zone
Authors:Wu, Xianfang (1); Lu, Youdong (2); Tan, Minggao (2); Liu, Houlin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:46-53
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to analyze the influence of the vane angle on the performance in saddle zone of the axial flow pump, the operation characteristics with different vane angles were tested by the axial flow pump with specific speed of 822 RPM. The research shows that with the increase of vane angle, the head, flow and efficiency of the test pump increase at the optimal working conditions at the same time, and the increase ranges are 10.4%, 26.7% and 0.87% respectively when vane angle changes from -4&deg; to +4&deg;. Under different vane angles, the head curves all present obvious saddle area. With the increase of the vane angle, the coefficient of relative head decreases gradually. It shows that the performance of saddle area is improved with the decrease of the vane angle. The absolute position in the saddle zone of the test pump deviates to the upper right, but the relative position is still mainly located in the range of 0.5Q<inf>BEP</inf>-0.6 Q<inf>BEP</inf> (Q<inf>BEP</inf> is the flow when efficiency reaches the maximum), and the head reaches a minimum at 0.55Q<inf>BEP</inf>. The pressure pulsation at monitoring point of impeller inlet under different vane angels is obvious with the feature of 4 peaks and 4 troughs in a single cycle. Under the optimal operating conditions, the pressure fluctuation curve at monitoring point of pump outlet is a regular sine wave, and there are also 4 wave peaks and 4 wave valleys in each cycle, and the peak value of pressure fluctuating peak at monitoring point of pump outlet increase with the decrease of flow rate. With the change of vane angles, the peak value of the pressure fluctuating peak in the saddle area is obviously larger than the optimal operating condition at the monitoring points of impeller inlet and pump outlet. With the increase of the vane angle, the pressure fluctuation in the 0.6Q<inf>BEP</inf> becomes intense, and the pressure fluctuation in the 0.55Q<inf>BEP</inf> increases first and then decreases. When the vane angle increases, the flow rate at monitoring point of impeller inlet decreases and when the flow changes from 1.0Q<inf>BEP</inf> to 0.6Q<inf>BEP</inf>, the peak value of the pressure fluctuating peak changes gradually, and the pressure fluctuating peak value of each angle changes violently as the flow changes from 0.6Q<inf>BEP</inf> to 0.55Q<inf>BEP</inf>. With the decrease of the relative flow, the pressure pulsation under different vane angles increases gradually. When the relative flow reached the range of saddle area, the amplitude of low frequency pulsation increases gradually, and when the flow rate continues to decrease, the broadband frequency distribution moves to the low frequency band, and the amplitude of low frequency increases. The main frequency of pressure pulsation at the pump outlet in the saddle area is basically stable at 6 APF (axial passing frequency) and the secondary frequency is stable at 4 APF. It shows that the pressure pulsation of the pump outlet is mainly influenced by the guide vane, and is also influenced by the blade passing frequency. The main frequency of the pressure pulsation at impeller inlet is the blade passing frequency, as the main frequency at the pump outlet is the guide vane passing frequency, and it moves to high frequency with the decrease of flow gradually. With the increase of the vane angle, the amplitudes of main frequency of pressure fluctuation at the impeller inlet, guide vane and pump outlet all gradually increase. At the impeller inlet, the maximum amplitudes of pressure fluctuation at 0.6Q<inf>BEP</inf> and 0.55Q<inf>BEP</inf> were 1.78 and 1.65 times respectively, and at the outlet of the pump, the amplitude of pressure pulsation at the positive angles is increased relative to the negative angles. Finally, the results of numerical simulation show that there is a backflow phenomenon at the impeller inlet under the small flow condition, and the vortex near the hub leads to the increase of the pressure fluctuation amplitude in the small flow condition.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Impellers
Controlled terms:Axial flow - Efficiency - High pressure effects - Pressure - Pumps
Uncontrolled terms:Axial flow pump - Blade passing frequency - Blades - Hydraulic performance - Low-frequency pulsations - Operation characteristic - Optimal operating conditions - Vane angle
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 618.2  Pumps - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 913.1  Production Engineering - 931.1  Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.04e+01%, Percentage 2.67e+01%, Percentage 8.70e-01%, Rotational_Speed 8.22e+02RPM
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20185206305813
Title:Comprehensive evaluation of farmland water conservancy facilities supply performance considering differential farmer income
Authors:Jia, Xiaohu (1); Ma, Hengyun (1); Zhu, Yuchun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Economics and Management, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou; 450002, China; (2) College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Hengyun(h.y.ma@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:1-8
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The evaluation index system of farmland water conservancy facilities' supply level was constructed in this paper, and the factor analysis method was adopted to evaluate the supply level. The min-max standardization process was then used to standardize the supply level and farmers' satisfaction for 180 villages investigated, the values were taken between 0 and 1, and then the mean values of the two were taken to characterize the supply performance of farmland water conservancy facilities. Finally, the hierarchical linear model was used to investigate the effect of influencing factors on farmland water conservancy facilities' supply performance from village level and farmer level, and analyze the way of influencing factors to affect irrigation facilities' supply performance, especially the farmers' agricultural income differences. Research shows that farmland water conservancy facilities' supply level in China is below the international average level, farmers' satisfaction of farmland water conservancy facilities has not reached rational expectations, and there is still great room for the farmland water conservancy facilities' supply performance to improve. The empirical analysis of the zero model suggests that there are differences in the supply performance of farmland water conservancy facilities between different villages, and the factors of villages and farmers affect the supply performance of farmland water conservancy facilities jointly, 48.8% caused by the factors of villages. Random intercept model was used to analyze the influence degree and direction of factors of villages and farmers. From the factors of villages, the number of motor-pumped wells, the length of channel and the collection rate of water fee have a significant positive effect on farmland water conservancy facilities' supply performance. The effect of agricultural income difference is significant at 5% level, and presents an inverted U-shaped relationship, and the distance away from the county doesn't have a significant influence on the farmland water conservancy facilities' supply performance. From the factors of farmers, the attention given by the government, the management of farmland water conservancy facilities, the changes of farmland water conservancy facilities in recent 5 years, comparison situation with nearby villages, convenience of irrigation and the satisfied degree to requirement of farmers have a significant positive influence on the supply performance of farmland water conservancy facilities; whether children attend school has a significant negative influence on the supply performance of farmland water conservancy facilities. Age, gender, education level, whether or not to be village cadres, the maintenance of farmland water conservancy facilities, supply mode and evaluation of water price don't have a significant influence on the supply performance of farmland water conservancy facilities. Using 3 different methods to measure farmers' income difference, the relationship between farmers' income difference and farmland water conservancy facilities' supply performance is consistent. Under the condition of no change of the direction and significance of the other variables, farmers' income differences measured by 3 indicators all keep an inverted U-shaped relationship with farmland water conservancy facilities' supply performance. This study can provide a reference for promoting the improvement of farmland water conservancy facilities' supply performance.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Factor analysis - Irrigation - Models - Rural areas - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Farmland water conservancies - Income difference - Influence factors - Rural regions - Supply performance
Classification code:821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Age 5.00e+00yr, Percentage 4.88e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20185206305821
Title:Trafficability analysis of improved forest fire engine based on crawler chassis
Authors:Sun, Shufa (1); Ren, Chunlong (1); Li, Tao (2); Chen, Jianwei (3); Ma, Wenliang (3); Chu, Jiangwei (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering &amp; Technology Northeast Forestry University, Harbin; 150040, China; (2) Inner Mongolia Daxinganling Key State Forestry Administration, Fire Office, Yakeshi; 022150, China; (3) Harbin Song Jiang Tractor Co., Ltd., Harbin; 150010, China; (4) College of Transportation, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin; 150040, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:61-67
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There are a large number of fallen trees and slopes in forest areas, which leads to complicated terrain. Most of the existing fire engines are wheeled fire engines and Caterpillar fire engines. However, the existing fire engines are limited in passage performance. A large Caterpillar forest fire engine (LF1352JP) was designed in this article. The fire engine was built on the basis of the first generation of Caterpillar forest fire engines (LY1102XFSG30) and performance optimization and transformation were carried out. The chassis of Caterpillar fire engine (LF1352JP) was modified on the basis of the chassis of the original skidding (J-50)crawler tractor, and the engine power increased from 85 to 99.3 kW. The width and length of the chassis were increased on the basis of the original chassis, and the cowcatcher and hydraulic capstan were added on the basis of the original vehicle to ensure the advantages of the existing vehicle function. It maintained the advantages of the elastic chassis of the original vehicle and the large gap from the ground. CREO three-dimensional simulation software was applied to Caterpillar forest fire engine (LF1352JP). The three-dimensional design simulation of the chassis, upper mount, barrier device and waterway system was carried out. The density of each structure was input into the CREO three-dimensional simulation software to simulate the center of gravity. The lateral and longitudinal stability of the fire engine and the performance of the vertical obstacle crossing and crossing the trench were analyzed theoretically. The results are as follows: When Caterpillar forest fire engine runs laterally, its maximum slope angle allowed on the slope at full load is 40.6&deg;, and at no load it is 45.1&deg;; when it runs longitudinally, the maximum longitudinal upslope angle is 52.0&deg; at full load, and 60.9&deg; at no load, and the maximum angle of downslope is 47.2&deg; at full load and 45.8&deg; at no load. The height of obstacle crossing is 405 mm at full load and 615 mm at no load. The width of crossing the trench is 1 248 mm at full load and 983 mm at no load. Compared with the first generation of Caterpillar forest fire engine (LY1102XFSG30), the vehicle has significant improvement in the performance including running upward and downward longitudinally, running horizontally, and crossing the trenches and vertical obstacles. The tests were performed at Yushu in Harbin, Heilongjiang and Yakeshi test site in Inner Mongolia Autonomous region. It included 4 experiments: longitudinal upslope, longitudinal downslope, crossing trenches, and 200 m velocity measurement. When the upslope experiment was carried out, the Caterpillar forest fire engine (LF1352JP) was made in different gears and different slope angles and then its upslope time was recorded, and the result showed that longitudinal upslope maximum angle was 48&deg; according to the actual measurement when the current vehicle was at full load. In the longitudinal downslope experiment, the Caterpillar forest fire engine (LF1352JP) was made in different gears and different slope angles and then its downslope time was recorded. According to the actual measurement when the current vehicle was at full load, the vehicle would show the slipping trend. The maximum span width of crossing trenches experiment was 1 300 mm, which was not enlarged because of the safety considerations of fire engines. The experiment verified the upslope performance and obstacle surmounting performance of the vehicle, and the theoretical analysis results were verified by the experimental results. The performance of LF1352JP fire engine can meet the requirements of mountain fire fighting in complex terrain in forest area. It is a kind of large forest fire engine with excellent performance.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Fires
Controlled terms:Chassis - Computer software - Convergence of numerical methods - Deforestation - Design - Emergency vehicles - Engines - Fire extinguishers - Fire hazards - Landforms  - Mechanization - Optimization - Vehicle performance
Uncontrolled terms:Crawler types - Inner Mongolia autonomous regions - Longitudinal stability - Obstacle climbing - Performance optimizations - Safety considerations - Three dimensional simulations - Three-dimensional designs
Classification code:481.1  Geology - 601  Mechanical Design - 662  Automobiles and Smaller Vehicles - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 914.2  Fires and Fire Protection - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 921.6  Numerical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Power 8.50e+04W to 9.93e+04W, Size 1.25e+00m, Size 1.30e+00m, Size 2.00e+02m, Size 4.05e-01m, Size 6.15e-01m, Size 9.83e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20185206305818
Title:Effect of VNT and EGR coupling on performance of diesel engine fueled with oxygenated fuel under different atmospheric pressures
Authors:Bi, Yuhua (1); Tang, Chengzhang (1); Shen, Lizhong (1); Wen, Wanbin (1); Wang, Jun (1); Song, Guofu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Internal Combustion Engines, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650500, China; (2) Kunming Yunnei Power Co., Ltd., Kunming; 650500, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:38-45
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to the advantages of good economy, lighter specific mass and good mobility, the internal combustion engine has become the thermal energy machinery used most widely. With the increasing exhaustion of oil resources in the world and the challenge of increasingly stringent emission regulations, the advantages of biodiesel, such as low emission, renewable and biodegradable property, have aroused widespread concern, and meanwhile, engine manufacturers around the world have adopted a wide array of VNT (variable nozzle turbocharger) and EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) technologies in order to maintain performance when downsizing their engines. The focus of diesel engine emission control is NO<inf>x</inf> (nitric oxide) and PM (particulate matter) emissions. The terrain changes in China are complex; when the diesel engine runs in the plateau areas, due to that the air pressure is reduced, the air is thin and the oxygen content of the intake charge is reduced, the combustion of the engine is deteriorated, the engine power and economy are reduced, the NO<inf>x</inf> emission is reduced, and the PM emission is increased. EGR and VNT combined with the technology of mixing fuel containing oxygen can broaden the applicable conditions of EGR, and improve the air-fuel ratio, which could resolve the conflicts between NO<inf>x</inf> and PM emissions, but also reduce the degree of deterioration of diesel engine caused by rising altitude. A high pressure common rail diesel engine coupled with EGR and VNT is selected as the research type, and biodiesel and bio-ethanol are mixed into diesel fuel to form multi-component oxygenated fuel (biodiesel-ethanol-diesel, BED) at a certain proportion. Under the atmospheric pressure environment of 100 and 80 kPa (VNT opening and EGR valve opening (control EGR rate) are adjusted by ECU(electronic control unit), ES590 and INCA calibration software), the influence of VNT and EGR on the power, economy and emission characteristics of oxygenated fuel diesel is studied by atmospheric simulation system. The results show that the power and economy of the oxygenated fuel diesel engine become worse with the increase of the VNT opening and the EGR rate and the decrease of the atmospheric pressure. Under the condition of the atmospheric pressure of 80 kPa and the speed of 2 200 r/min, the opening of VNT increases from 22% to 28%, the torque is reduced by 3.8 N&bull;m, and the average increase of oil consumption is 4.2 g/(kW&bull;h). When the EGR rate increases by 5%, the torque is reduced by 0.8 N&bull;m, and the average increase of oil consumption is 1.5 g/(kW&bull;h). When the atmospheric pressure is reduced from 100 to 80 kPa, the torque is reduced by an average of 3.4 N&bull;m, and the average increase of oil consumption is 4.9 g/(kW&bull;h). When the VNT opening increases from 22% to 28%, the average NO<inf>x</inf> decreases by 15%. When the EGR rate increases by 5%, the average NO<inf>x</inf> emission decreases by 12%. When the atmospheric pressure increases from 80 to 100 kPa, the average increase of NO<inf>x</inf> emissions is 11%. When the VNT opening increases from 22% to 28%, the average increase of smoke is 477%. When the EGR rate increases by 5%, the average increase of smoke is 331.9%. When atmospheric pressure decreases from 100 to 80 kPa, the average increase of smoke is 96.6%.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Diesel engines
Controlled terms:Air intakes - Atmospheric pressure - Biodiesel - Combustion - Computer software - Control systems - Deterioration - Emission control - Ethanol - Exhaust gas recirculation  - Fuel economy - Gases - Nitric oxide - Nitrogen oxides - Nozzles - Oxygen - Particulate emissions - Smoke - Turbomachinery
Uncontrolled terms:Atmospheric simulations - Calibration softwares - Diesel engine emissions - Ecus (electronic control unit) - Emission characteristics - High pressure common rail diesel engine - Oxygenated fuel - Variable nozzle turbocharger
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 451.2  Air Pollution Control - 523  Liquid Fuels - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 612.1.1  Internal Combustion Engine Components - 612.2  Diesel Engines - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1  Control Systems - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.10e+01%, Percentage 1.20e+01%, Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 2.20e+01% to 2.80e+01%, Percentage 3.32e+02%, Percentage 4.77e+02%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 9.66e+01%, Pressure 1.00e+05Pa, Pressure 1.00e+05Pa to 8.00e+04Pa, Pressure 8.00e+04Pa to 1.00e+05Pa, Pressure 8.00e+04Pa, Rotational_Speed 2.20e+03RPM, Torque 3.40e+00N*m, Torque 3.80e+00N*m, Torque 8.00e-01N*m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20185206305835
Title:Improvement on image detection algorithm of droplets deposition characteristics
Authors:Guo, Na (1, 2, 3); Liu, Siyao (2); Xu, Hui (1, 3); Tian, Subo (2, 3); Li, Tianlai (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China; (2) College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Ministry of Education, Shenyang; 110866, China
Corresponding author:Li, Tianlai(ltl@syau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:176-182
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Droplets deposition characteristics estimation is helpful to know the pesticides deposition distribution on crops, which is related to the crop spray quality directly, and especially the fast detection method will provide the basis for improving the pesticides spraying technology. Droplets image processing based on the water sensitive paper is one of the most common methods to detect the droplets deposition characteristics. The droplets coverage percentage and coverage density were selected to evaluate deposition distribution in this paper. With the development of science and technology, a smart phone was selected as image acquiring tool to replace the special image acquisition system, and the improved image processing algorithm of the water sensitive paper was developed. There are 3 steps in the image processing algorithm to obtain each droplet stain, which are image preprocessing, droplets area segmentation, and overlapped droplets segmentation. Firstly, the image was enhanced and calibrated by a calibration board, and then the image of water sensitive paper was segmented from the R channel and B channel image and transferred to a gray scale image. Secondly, the blue droplets stain area was segmented from yellow paper background, and the dynamic threshold method based on the pixel position was used to solve the problem of the influence of uneven brightness in this step, in which the gray mean value of an area of 25&times;25 pixels was calculated as the segmentation threshold for the middle pixel, and the droplets coverage percentage was calculated by the stains pixel number divided by the pixel number of water sensitive paper area. Thirdly, the circulatory segmentation method based on region circularity was designed to segment the multiple-droplet overlapped regions. Based on the statistical analysis, 0.6 was selected as the circularity threshold, less than 0.6 was considered to be overlapped droplets, and first erosion and then dilation based on a coefficient of corrosion and expansion r was performed; next the segmented area circularity was recalculated, the area with the circularity of less than 0.6 was selected again and segmented by the coefficient (r+1), and the erosion-dilation operation would be repeated over and over until the circularity of all stains was greater than 0.6. Finally, the identified droplets were marked as circle, and the droplets coverage density was calculated by droplets number divided by the water sensitive paper area. Experiments were conducted to test and verify the detection advancement of the proposed image processing algorithm. Experimental results showed that the dynamic threshold segmentation method is not affected by the uneven brightness and can extract 92.64% of droplets, and the droplet coverage percentage detection result is 12.57% and 8.74% greater than constant threshold and partitioned threshold method respectively. Moreover, the proposed overlapped droplets segmentation algorithm can segment successfully more than 2 droplets and the long and thin droplets, the accuracy of droplets identification is 97.2%, and the coverage density detection results showed that the relative error between the algorithm in this paper and manual counting is only 3.31%. The results indicated that the proposed image detection algorithm of droplets deposition characteristics is efficient and convenient, and can completely fulfill the demand of droplets deposition characteristics detection in the field, and the corresponding smartphone applications are in development.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Corrosion - Crops - Deposition - Drops - Erosion - Image acquisition - Image enhancement - Image processing - Luminance  - Pesticides - Pixels - Signal detection - Smartphones
Uncontrolled terms:Deposition characteristics - Development of science and technologies - Dynamic threshold - Dynamic threshold segmentations - Image processing algorithm - Region segmentation - Spray deposition - Water sensitive paper
Classification code:716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 718.1  Telephone Systems and Equipment - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.26e+01%, Percentage 3.31e+00%, Percentage 8.74e+00%, Percentage 9.26e+01%, Percentage 9.72e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20185206305833
Title:Durability of aeolian sand powder concrete under mechanism of aeolian sand blowing erosion and carbonization
Authors:Li, Genfeng (1); Shen, Xiangdong (1); Zou, Yuxiao (1); Gao, Bo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China
Corresponding author:Shen, Xiangdong(ndsxd@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:158-166
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aeolian sand (different from mechanical sand), which is widely distributed in Inner Mongolia, China, is generated from wind erosion and very easy to obtained. In this paper, we studied aeolian sand powder as the cement substitute material and tested its durability under wind sand erosion. During wind sand event, concrete can be destroyed by the sand from the air, which is also called the sand erosion of deflation. Aeolian sand blowing erosion -carbonation and carbonation-aeolian sand blowing erosion were designed as two working conditions in this study. The aeolian sand blowing erosion tester, carbonization tester, universal testing machine, ultra-deep three-dimensional microscope, nuclear magnetic resonance technology, X-ray phase analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, etc. were selected in the laboratory to determine the deterioration mechanism and durability in aeolian sand blowing erosion of deflation and carbonization environment. The results showed that when aeolian sand erosion occurred, especially in the very beginning, the impact angle of 90&deg; erosion angle dominated the impact, resulting in erosion pits which could be seen by human eyes. The effect of 45&deg; erosion angle was mainly on the cutting action of erosion action, producing erosion gullies. And aeolian sand blowing erosion destroyed the cement stone structure on the surface of the concrete, exposing the coarse aggregates that were wrapped inside, increasing the carbonation depth by up to 3 times. The carbonization mechanism of ordinary concrete and aeolian sand powder concrete in carbonization was different, which was reported before. When ordinary concrete was carbonized, decalcification reaction occurred due to calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate hydration. Aeolian sand powder concrete was decalcified due to calcium hydroxide, calcium silicate hydrate, and ettringite. However, due to the swelling effect of the carbonized product itself, the concrete became loose, and the quality loss after aeolian sand erosion was increased by more than 1.6 times. The ratio of non-hazardous pores with an inner pore diameter below 20 nm in aeolian sand powder concrete was more than 21.37 percent point of that of ordinary concrete, and the harmful pores above 200 nm were less than 13.93 percent point of ordinary concrete, and the deterioration was less obvious than ordinary concrete, which could be the essential evidence that the durability the aeolian sand powder concrete was higher than that of ordinary concrete. Compared with a single working condition, the degradation under aeolian sand erosion and carbonation coupling was significantly higher, and the deterioration of aeolian sand blowing erosion -carbonization coupling was significantly lower than that of carbonization- aeolian sand blowing erosion. Along the direction of carbonization, in the range of 10-15 mm after the aeolian sand erosion and carbonation coupling effect, the carbonized zone, the non-carbonized zone, and the mixed zone where the carbonized product changes occurred (formation of calcium sulfate). With the results, researchers could attain several laws about the aeolian sand powder concrete, which could be the basic theory for the development. Our research also provides more choice and basis for the construction of water conservancy projects, and the social and economic benefits are remarkable.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:44
Main heading:Sand
Controlled terms:Calcium silicate - Carbonation - Carbonization - Cements - Concrete aggregates - Concretes - Deterioration - Durability - Erosion - Field emission microscopes  - Hydrated lime - Hydration - Lime - Porosity - Scanning electron microscopy - Silicate minerals - Sulfur compounds - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Aeolian sand - Calcium silicate hydrate - Carbonization mechanism - Decalcification - Field emission scanning electron microscopy - Nuclear magnetic resonance technology - Universal testing machines - Water conservancy projects
Classification code:412  Concrete - 412.1  Cement - 482.2  Minerals - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 741.3  Optical Devices and Systems - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.39e+01%, Percentage 2.14e+01%, Size 1.00e-02m to 1.50e-02m, Size 2.00e-07m, Size 2.00e-08m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20185206305849
Title:Se-enrichment characteristics of Enterobacter mori and its Se strengthening effect on corn grain
Authors:Qiao, Hong (1); Yin, Jiaming (1); Jiang, Feng (1); Yuan, Hongli (2); Tan, Weiming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China
Corresponding author:Tan, Weiming(tanwm@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:284-290
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Selenium is an important trace element in humans, animals and microorganisms. In the human body, it is mainly in the form of organic selenium, which plays an important role in promoting the metabolic process. Organic selenium in the body can scavenge free radicals, resist oxidation, enhance human immunity and fight cancer. The body itself cannot synthesize selenium, and it must be consumed from the outside through diet. However, there are serious shortages of selenium in over 72% of regions in China, and the selenium content in the main crops cannot meet the human reference intake of selenium. Therefore, selenium-enriched foods have received extensive attention. Selenium plays an important role in antioxidant reactions in plants and animals. At appropriate concentrations, selenium can improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, etc. in order to reduce oxidative stress in the plant chloroplast, and enhance plant growth. In addition, exogenous application of selenium can promote the photosynthetic pigment content of various plants. In this study, a strain IX+2 2 was previously selected from plant endophytes for transforming inorganic selenium into organic selenium with higher bioavailability. By determining its 16S rRNA gene sequence, the strain was identified as Enterobacter mori. This paper studied the effect of different selenium content, selenium addition time and different culture collection time on intracellular selenium content and selenium conversion rate of strain IX+2 2. The results showed that the selenium content in the medium had a great influence on the growth and selenium conversion ability of strain IX+2 2. With the increase of selenium content in the medium, the intracellular selenium content and selenium conversion rate gradually increased, but after reaching a certain peak, they begins to decline again. When the selenium content was 200 &mu;g/L, the conversion rate was the highest, reaching 70.84%. When the selenium content was 250 &mu;g/L, the selenium content in the cells reached the maximum, which was 163.45 &mu;g/L, but the growth of the strain was significantly inhibited, and the conversion rate also decreased, It shows that the selenium content in the medium will show a high selenium conversion ability in a suitable range. The addition of selenium in the logarithmic phase favors the growth of strain IX+2 2 and the conversion of inorganic selenium. Sodium selenite addition time had little effect on the growth of strain IX+2 2 in the time range of 0-12 h, however, the selenium-enrichment efficiency of strains first increased and then decreased with the addition time. Sodium selenite was added to the strains at 3 h, and the intracellular selenium content of the strains rapidly increased to 49.93 &mu;g/L, selenium conversion was the best, and the conversion rate could reach 66.57%. After that, with the increase of culture time, the intracellular selenium content of the cells gradually decreased, and the conversion rate of selenium also gradually decreased to 40.20%. The selenium conversion rate of the strain was highest when sodium selenite was added at 3 h, which may be due to the growth of the strain in logarithmic phase and the vigorous growth of the bacteria. When the strain was cultured for 24 h, the selenium conversion rate was best, and the growth of the cultured cells continued to decrease, with the increase of culture time, the selenium conversion rate of strain IX+2 2 increased first and then decreased. The highest transformation efficiency was 72.10% at 24 hours of culture. As the culture time increased, the growth of the bacteria decreased and some of the bacteria autolyzed, and the transformation efficiency also decreased. Simultaneously, the ability of the strain to strengthen selenium in corn kernel shows that the selenium transformation efficiency of the selenium enriched inoculate solution is better than application of sodium selenite with foliage spray. The corn kernel selenium content were noted 228.58 &mu;g/kg when equal quantity of sodium selenite was applied with foliage spray while the microorganisms agent get to378.89 &mu;g/kg, the latter was 1.66 times higher than the former.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Selenium
Controlled terms:Animals - Antioxidants - Bacteria - Biochemistry - Crops - Efficiency - Enzymes - Free radicals - Oxidation resistance - RNA  - Sodium - Strain rate - Trace elements
Uncontrolled terms:16S rRNA gene sequence - Bacteria identifications - Enrichment characteristics - Inorganic seleniums - Photosynthetic pigment contents - Strengthening effect - Super oxide dismutase - Transformation efficiency
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 539.1  Metals Corrosion - 549.1  Alkali Metals - 549.3  Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 801.2  Biochemistry - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.63e-04kg/m3, Mass_Density 2.00e-04kg/m3, Mass_Density 2.50e-04kg/m3, Mass_Density 4.99e-05kg/m3, Percentage 4.02e+01%, Percentage 6.66e+01%, Percentage 7.08e+01%, Percentage 7.20e+01%, Percentage 7.21e+01%, Time 0.00e+00s to 4.32e+04s, Time 1.08e+04s, Time 8.64e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20185206305829
Title:Wide-range sowing improving yield and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat sown at different dates
Authors:Shi, Yuhua (1, 2); Chu, Jinpeng (1); Yin, Lijun (1); He, Mingrong (1); Deng, Shuzhen (3); Zhang, Liang (3); Sun, Xiaole (3); Tian, Qizhuo (1); Dai, Xinglong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University/National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Key Lab. of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture, Tai'an; 271018, China; (2) Yanzhou Agriculture Bureau of Jining City, Jining; 272000, China; (3) Feicheng Agriculture Bureau of Tai'an City, Tai'an; 271600, China
Corresponding author:Dai, Xinglong(adaisdny@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:127-133
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the diversification of the regional crop farming structure, different harvest times for diverse summer crops have prolonged the sowing duration of winter wheat, which significantly affects the stability of grain yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization. Two sowing patterns (wide-range and drilling sowing) and four sowing dates (3, 10, 17, and 24 Oct., designated as D1, D2, D3, and D4, respectively) were used to investigate the effects of sowing pattern and sowing date on the yield and nitrogen-use efficiency (yield per unit available N, NUE), and to identify a suitable sowing pattern within the prolonged sowing dates, and its theoretical basis. The results showed that, compared with the drilling sowing pattern, wide-range sowing resulted in an average 16.68% greater yield by increasing the numbers of tillers and spikes per unit area. Furthermore, wide-range sowing resulted in an average 16.64% greater NUE by significantly (P&lt;0.05) improving the N uptake efficiency (the ratio of absorbed N to available N, UPE), maintaining or improving the N utilization efficiency (yield per unit absorbed N, UTE). Within each sowing pattern, the spikes per unit area were significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased and the grain weight per spike was significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased, as the sowing date was delayed. Compared with D1 and D2, the number of spikes per unit area at D3 and D4 with wide-range sowing decreased by 4.26% and 8.46%, respectively, which was much lower than with drilling sowing (6.48% and 14.20%, respectively) (P&lt;0.05). The improved kernel weight per spike at D3 and D4 with wide-range sowing offset the decreased number of spikes per unit area and a stable grain yield was obtained (around 9.00 t/hm²). However, the significant (P&lt;0.05) reduction in number of spikes per unit area with drilling sowing on D3 and D4 resulted in a reduced yield, by an average of 0.34 t/hm². Within each sowing pattern, the UPE was significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased and the UTE was significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased, as the sowing date was delayed. Compared with D1 and D2, the UTE at D3 and D4 with wide-range sowing was increased by 9.79% and 19.16%, respectively, which offset the reduced UPE (by 9.98% and 18.47%, respectively); therefore, the NUE was maintained. However, the significant (P&lt;0.05) reduction of UPE at D3 and D4 with drilling sowing resulted in a reduced NUE by an average of 1.01 kg/kg. Compared to the drilling, the wide-range sowing pattern maintained a high grain yield and NUE when sowing relatively late.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Crops - Efficiency - Grain (agricultural product) - Infill drilling - Information dissemination - Nitrogen
Uncontrolled terms:Nitrogen-use efficiency - Sowing date - Wheat - Wide-range sowing - Yield
Classification code:511.1  Oil Field Production Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 903.2  Information Dissemination - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.42e+01%, Percentage 1.66e+01%, Percentage 1.67e+01%, Percentage 1.85e+01%, Percentage 1.92e+01%, Percentage 4.26e+00%, Percentage 6.48e+00%, Percentage 8.46e+00%, Percentage 9.79e+00%, Percentage 9.98e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20185206305814
Title:Design and test of pushing device for dent corn seeds directional sowing
Authors:Xing, Jiejie (1); Xu, Liming (1); Yuan, Quanchun (1); Ma, Shuai (1); Yu, Changchang (1); Duan, Zhuangzhuang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Liming(xlmoffice@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:9-15
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The method of regarding corn seed as bullet to sow is a new way, which can realize mechanically directional sowing of corn. The concrete realization process is as follows: Firstly, it needs to make directional corn seed bullet clip, and then the corn seed in the bullet clip is inserted into the soil by specific equipment. The key technology of making directional corn seed bullet clip is directionally pushing corn seeds. In order to realize directionally the pushing of corn seeds, taking dent corn seeds with horizontal posture as research object, most tip orientation of which had been oriented by existing directional device, in this paper, a directional push device for dent corn seeds was designed. Those dent corn seeds could be directionally received, then directionally moved and pushed by the device. The device consisted of 3 parts: directional receiving and moving mechanism, directional pushing mechanism, and power unit. Among them, the directional receiving and moving mechanism was mainly composed of a turntable, 4 seed holders, a turntable base and other components. The directional pushing mechanism mainly consisted of a cam, a linear push rod and some others. And the power unit was a simple stepper motor system. There were 2 kinds of stations when corn seeds with horizontal posture got into the seed notch on seed holder: tip facing forward or main part facing forward. The working process of directional push device for corn seeds was as follows: The turntable started to rotate after corn seeds got into the seed notch, taking seed holders and corn seeds turning together on the turntable base. The corn seeds with main part facing forward would be eliminated when the seed holder passed through the sorting notch, and the corn seeds with tip facing forward could be passed through smoothly, thus completing the directional receiving of the corn seeds. The turntable continued to rotate, and the corn seeds held were kept relatively fixed with the seed holder under the constraint of guard board, and the turntable stopped after turning 90&deg;, thus completing the directional moving of the corn seeds. At last, the linear push rod would push each seed in seed holder outward to complete the directional pushing function. Among the 3 functions of the directional push device for corn seeds, the directional receiving function was the most critical, as it provided a basis for directionally moving and pushing. The analysis of the principle of directional receiving function showed that the shape parameters of the sorting notch had great influence on the process of directionally receiving. Taking arc angle and depth of sorting notch as factors, and respectively taking holding success rate of corn seeds with tip facing forward and elimination success rate of corn seeds with main part facing forward as test index, 2 simulation tests were carried out with corn seeds of 2 different stations. The best parameters of the sorting notch were obtained: Arc angle was 14&deg; and the depth was 3 mm. Under this condition, the holding success rate and elimination success rate respectively reached 94% and 100%. In order to verify the accuracy and reliability of simulation optimization result and test the performance of the device, the practical directional push device for corn seeds was constructed. A performance experiment was performed with 600 corn seeds whose most tip orientation had been oriented. The results show that the device works stably, and the 3 functions of directional receiving, moving and pushing perform well. For directional receiving function, the holding success rate of corn seeds with tip facing forward and elimination success rate of corn seeds with main part facing forward are respectively 93.8% and 100%, which coincide with simulation very well. Generally, this research provides a reference for mechanically making directional corn seed bullet clip subsequently and mechanically directional sowing of corn.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Facings
Controlled terms:Crops - Design - Mechanization - Stepping motors
Uncontrolled terms:ADAMS - Corn seeds - Directionally moving - Directionally pushing - Directionally receiving
Classification code:402  Buildings and Towers - 601  Mechanical Design - 705.3  Electric Motors - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 9.38e+01%, Percentage 9.40e+01%, Size 3.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20185206305839
Title:Roof insulation improving thermal environment and laying performance of poultry houses in summer
Authors:Wang, Yang (1, 2, 3); Zheng, Weichao (1, 2, 3); Shi, Haipeng (1, 2, 3); Tu, Jiang (1, 2, 3); Li, Baoming (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Beijing Engineering Research Center for Animal Healthy Environment, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Li, Baoming(libm@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:207-213
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In confined poultry buildings, the thermal insulation performance of poultry building construction can have positive impacts on the housing comfortable temperature environment. The ceiling as the main part of poultry house building envelope receives the most radiant heat under high solar insolation. Stronger convection heat transfer between roof inner surface and air increased temperature variations along vertical directions in poultry houses, and higher temperature occurs near the roof of poultry house, resulting in heat stress for the birds near the ceiling. Heat stress usually negatively influences the poultry health, welfare of layers and their production performance. Heat stress has resulted in significant economic losses in large-scale egg productions due to the decrease of egg production rate, the increase of hen mortality and the cost of thermal environment control. Experiments were conducted in 2 poultry houses with different roof types, to determine the effects of roof insulation on thermal environment of poultry houses and egg production rate in hot weather. And the relationship between the roof input cost and the economic benefits of the egg production was discussed. The results showed that: 1) Temperature and humidity fluctuations in experimental poultry house were smaller than that in control poultry house, and temperature in control poultry house was 2.3 &#8451; higher than that in experimental poultry house. Temperature was in vertical distribution on the space, and the temperature rose gradually from the ground to the roof. At the height of 3.2 m above the ground air temperature difference was significant (P&lt;0.01), and the vertical temperature difference was greater than 3 &#8451;. The air temperature also showed vertical distribution in experimental house, but the air temperature difference was not significant at the altitude of 1.6, 2.4 and 3.2 m (P&gt;0.05). 2) Heat stress degree in control poultry house was serious than that in experimental poultry house, and the normal level of temperature and humid in the former was lower by 15.7% compared with that in the latter, alert level was higher by 12.1%, danger level was higher by 1.7% and emergency level was higher by 0.9%. There was no emergency heat stress in experiment poultry house. But the control poultry house was suffered from different degrees of heat stress, and the emergency thermal stress accounted for 2.5% at the altitude of 3.2 m. 3) The average egg production rates in control poultry house and experimental poultry house were 92.5% and 94.0%, respectively, and the average egg weight in control poultry house was 1.9 g less than that in experimental poultry house. Egg production rate at the 3.2 m level was significantly reduced to various degrees compared with the level of 0.8, 1.6 and 2.4 m, respectively (P&lt;0.01), and the mortality rate was very significantly different (P&lt;0.05). There was significant difference of average egg weight between bottom level and other levels (P&lt;0.01), but no significant difference of broken egg rate (P&gt;0.05), and at the bottom level, there was the highest average egg weight. 4) The peak cooling load in control poultry house roof was 2.1 times that in experimental poultry house roof, and the temperature of roof inner surface in the former was 3 &#8451; higher than that in the latter. The period of recovery of input cost was 1-1.5 years with insulated roof of experimental poultry house, effectively raising the income of the farmers. This study is expected to provide the theory basis for environmental control and energy saving measures.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Heating
Controlled terms:Air conditioning - Altitude control - Atmospheric humidity - Atmospheric temperature - Costs - Economics - Energy conservation - Environmental management - Heat convection - Heat radiation  - Houses - Humidity control - Losses - Population statistics - Roofs - Temperature - Thermal insulation - Thermal stress
Uncontrolled terms:Comfortable temperature - Cooling load - Heat stress - Insulation performance - Laying performance - Mortality - Temperature and humidities - Vertical temperature differences
Classification code:402.3  Residences - 413.2  Heat Insulating Materials - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 454.1  Environmental Engineering, General - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 643.3  Air Conditioning - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 911  Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.00e+00yr to 1.50e+00yr, Mass 1.90e-03kg, Percentage 1.21e+01%, Percentage 1.57e+01%, Percentage 1.70e+00%, Percentage 2.50e+00%, Percentage 9.00e-01%, Percentage 9.25e+01%, Percentage 9.40e+01%, Size 1.60e+00m, Size 2.40e+00m, Size 3.20e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20185206305838
Title:Optimal regulation of nutrient solution formula and concentrations for virus-free seed potato breeding in plant factory
Authors:Xu, Zhigang (1); Wang, Xiaoxiao (1); Chen, Song (1); Gan, Lijun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Agriculture College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210095, China; (2) Life Science College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210095, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:199-206
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Virus-free seed potato is the basis for potato production in field. Nutrient solution cultivation technology for virus-free seed potato can maximize the potential of seed multiplication and avoid bacterial infection. It is now deficient in the systematic research on the management of the nutrient solution for the virus-free potato cultivation in the LED (light emitting diode) plant factory, and the effective guidance for the whole growth duration of potato has not been put forward. This research tried to investigate the influence of nutrient solution management on the whole growth and tuberization of virus-free potato plantlets. The virus-free plantlets were acclimatized for 7 d, and then the plantlets with the height of 6-8 cm were transplanted into vermiculite. The light intensity was set at 300 &mu;mol/(m²&bull;s^-1) and the daytime and night temperature were (22&plusmn;1) &#8451; and (16&plusmn;1) &#8451; respectively. Three different tests were performed, and in the first test 3 different formulas of nutrient solution were set up: Hoagland nutrition solution (H), mixed nutrition solution (MX) and Japanese garden test nutrition solution (J). In the second test, for 3 stages i.e. seedling stage, tuber formation and expansion period and mature stage, different combinations of nutrition solution concentration were set up: 0.8MX+0.8MX+0.8MX (A), 0.8MX+MX+0.6MX (B) and 0.8MX+1.2MX+0.6MX (C). In the third test, different combinations of nutrition formula and concentration were set up: H+MX+0.6MX (D), 0.8MX+MX+0.6MX (E) and 0.8MX+MX+0.7MX (F). Different nutrient solutions were watered at seedling stage, tuber formation and swelling stage, and mature stage. The results showed that the leaf area of H treatment were significantly higher than MX treatment at seedling stage, indicating that Hoagland nutrient solution had more advantages on the early growth of potato plants. Tuber number per plant, effective tuber number per plant and the ratio of plants whose effective tuber number was more than 3 treated by MX were 3.2, 2.8 and 83.33%, respectively, which were significantly higher than J and H treatment. At tuber formation and swelling stage, 0.8MX caused the plant to grow thinly and 1.2MX inhibited the plant height elongation, and the 1.0MX treatment was beneficial to plant morphological development. At mature stage, tuber number, effective tuber number, tuber mass, effective tuber mass per plant and the ratio of plants whose effective tuber number was more than 3 under the B treatment were 4.0, 3.5, 23.66 g, 23.18 g and 100% respectively, which were significantly higher than A and C. The plant height, shoot dry mass, leaf area and tuber mass of the 0.6MX treatment were higher than the 0.7MX, indicating that the 0.6MX was conducive to the formation of the yield. Tuber mass, and effective tuber mass per plant under the D treatment were both 29.78 g, which were significantly higher than E and F. Taking into account the convenience of management and control in nutrition solution in the plant factory, the reliability in management and the stability of system, the management of H+MX+0.6MX nutrition solution for the production of virus-free potato tubers has more advantages in LED plant factory.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Chlorophyll - Crops - Greenhouses - Growth (materials) - Light emitting diodes - Nutrients - Nutrition - Plants (botany) - Swelling - Testing  - Tubes (components) - Viruses
Uncontrolled terms:Bacterial infections - Management and controls - Nutrient solution - Plant factory - Potato virus - Solution concentration - Systematic research - Tuberization
Classification code:461.7  Health Care - 461.9  Biology - 619.1  Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 714.2  Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass 2.32e-02kg, Mass 2.37e-02kg, Mass 2.98e-02kg, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 2.80e+00%, Percentage 8.33e+01%, Size 6.00e-02m to 8.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20185206305834
Title:Dynamic monitoring of grape leaf disease based on sequential images tracking
Authors:Qiao, Hong (1); Feng, Quan (1); Zhang, Rui (2); Liu, Tianyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou; 730070, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou; 730070, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Quan(fquan@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:167-175
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, disease becomes one of the important factors that restrict the production and quality of wine grape. At present, most of disease recognition of plant is actually carried out with static image. Some blobs, arising from soil spots, bird shits, pesticide stains, and so on, are often similar in color or shape with scab caused by diseases, and may be misclassified as disease. To accurately judge the illness of a leaf for online surveillance, it is important to consider the time factor. The strategy of continuously monitoring the variation of blobs on a leaf over time helps to improve accuracy of disease recognition under natural conditions. In this paper, we presented a dynamic disease monitoring method for wine grape, which inferred whether the disease had existed not only by the disease classifier but also by the status changing observed over time from sequential images. We firstly detected the grape leaves in the first frame of the video by Faster R-CNN (region-based convolution neural network) every day, and then tracked them in the following frames to find out the frontal snaps of leaves. These snaps were intercepted from the bounding boxes in the frame, which were stored in a database as leaf images. In terms of tracking, an algorithm was proposed, which combined cosine distance metric of movement with appearance information, to solve the problem that a leaf could not be tracked due to occlusion. We built a wide residual network which was used to extract the apparent characteristics when performing surface matching in this paper. Since the blades detected in the first frame of the monitoring video were not correct, we tracked these leaves over a period of time, and then intercepted the image with bounding box when the posture was the best. To recognize the same leaf from sequential images over days, SIFT (scale-invariant feature transform) based matching was performed. If the matching rate of the 2 blades exceeded a predetermined threshold and is the highest among all the blade pairs, the 2 images are considered as the same leaf. For the image sequence of a leaf, a process of disease detection is then carried out to detect whether diseases exist. The detector of disease also adopts Faster R-CNN framework. Interception of frontal leaf was good, which removed most background, and the accuracy of detection was improved remarkably. When the detector outputted a bounding box which indicated a disease scab, a process of automatic segmentation based on graph cut was implemented to segment the scab from the image. The goal of the process was estimate the area of scab on an image. We further compared the area of scabs and the number of scabs from the same leaf on the images if the detector asserted that there had existed disease. Once the area or the number was increased over time, we could confirm the assertion. If not, we believed that misrecognition occurred. We conducted experiments to evaluate the performance of our method. For leaf tracking, the experimental results showed that the average multiple-object tracking accuracy (MOTA) of the proposed tracking algorithm is 73.6% and the multiple-object tracking precision (MOTP) is 74.6%, surpassing the algorithm for comparison. For leaf matching, the accuracy of our SIFT-based method achieved 90.9%, which could meet the requirement in practice. In short, besides scabs detected from a static image, our method introduced time factor to judge the developing trend of the scabs from sequential images, which eliminated false alarm and improved the accuracy and robustness of grape disease diagnosis. With the proposed method, we can realize the online monitoring of grape leaf in natural environment. At present, the method can only estimate the scab area of the leaf with positive posture. In the future study, we should solve the problem of scab area estimation which is irrelevant to the angle of view.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Image enhancement
Controlled terms:Diagnosis - Diseases - Graphic methods - Image processing - Image segmentation - Monitoring - Plants (botany) - Surface discharges - Tracking (position) - Wine
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic segmentations - Convolution neural network - Dynamic monitoring - Faster R-CNN - Leaf match - Multiple object tracking - Natural environments - Scale invariant feature transforms
Classification code:461.6  Medicine and Pharmacology - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 822.3  Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 7.36e+01%, Percentage 7.46e+01%, Percentage 9.09e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20185206305846
Title:Construction of urban ecological security pattern and construction land development based on MCR Model
Authors:Qiu, Shuo (1, 2); Wang, Yuxin (1); Wang, Pingzhi (1); Lin, Cong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources &amp; Civil Engineering, China Agriculture University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Xianghe Housing and Urban-Rural Construction Bureau, Langfang; 065400, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Yuxin(Wangyuxin@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:257-265
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, the importance of ecological space has been emphasized in the top-level design of urban land development in China. China is now in the stage of fast urbanization and the pace of industrial structure adjustment, the expansion of the construction land space is the most obvious sign of the transformation of the urban land landscape, and contradiction between cities and towns' competition and control of regional space is becoming more and more prominent. Identifying the urban ecological security pattern and discussing the spatial expansion pattern of construction land have become an urgent need for the implementation of the policy for delineating the red line of ecological protection, determining the boundaries of urban development and the "Three-planning united" spatial control. Using Tangshan City as a case, this paper was based on the theory of "Ecological process-Pattern" and the functions of spatial correlation, distance and superposition analysis of GIS. In this study, we integrated geostatistics analysis, spatial correlation analysis, distance analysis and overlay analysis. It obtained comprehensive ecological security pattern of Tangshan City by 5 single ecological security patterns: comprehensive hydrology security pattern, geological disaster pre-warning security pattern, biological habitat protection security pattern, soil and water conservation security pattern, and recreational security pattern. The integrated ecological security pattern under 3 different levels accounted for 15.31%, 50.08% and 12.70% of the total area respectively. In this paper, we built and improved MCR (minimal cumulative resistance) model, from which the weight coefficient of different levels of "source" was introduced. This paper took full account of the expansion capability of different extended sources. By using comprehensive ecological security pattern, attractiveness of the center of town and the main road and policy adjustment factor as resistance, and then the resistance surface of the regional space under different constraint conditions was obtained to determine the urban development scope under the condition of "Ecological security constraint pattern", "Economic dominance pattern" and "Ecology &amp; Economy win-win pattern of urban spatial expansion", respectively. The spatial expansion of urban land was restricted by many factors, not only to consider the regional ecological and environmental factors, but also to pay special attention to the regional social and economic conditions and policy oriented factors. Through multi-scheme comparison, we found that the spatial expansion pattern driven by the conditions of "Ecology &amp; Economy win-win pattern of urban spatial expansion" development model was the best model for the healthy and orderly development of cities and towns in the future, and was of great significance for optimizing the layout of land use and the protection of the ecological environment, moreover, which can effectively predict the scope of urban space development.On the basis of all above, considering the influence factors of urban development, the improved MCR was used to analyze the spatial expansion pattern of urban construction land use under different patterns, and to explore the appropriate ecological security pattern of urban development, which reduced the land conflict between urban development and environmental protection caused by large-scale and high-intensity urbanization and industrialization process, and put forward a scientific basis and reference for urban land layout planning and ecological red line delineation.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Ecology
Controlled terms:Competition - Expansion - Land use - Remote sensing - Soil conservation - Spatial variables measurement - Surface resistance - Urban growth - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Construction land - Ecological environments - Ecological security - Industrial structure adjustments - Resistance modeling - Soil and water conservation - Spatial correlation analysis - Tangshan City
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1  Urban Planning and Development - 444  Water Resources - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 943.2  Mechanical Variables Measurements - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.27e+01%, Percentage 1.53e+01%, Percentage 5.01e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20185206305824
Title:Analysis of water and heat flux over rice-wheat rotation field and influencing factors
Authors:Qiu, Rangjian (1); Yang, Zaiqiang (1); Jing, Yuanshu (1); Liu, Chunwei (1); Wang, Zhenchang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing; 210044, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Chunwei(liu-chunwei@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:82-88
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rice and wheat are two primary food crops, while rice-wheat rotation is one of the largest crop rotational systems with planting area of 24-26 million hm² in the world. In China, the planting area accounts for about 34%-50% of the world's total planting area, mainly distribute in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Sichuan, Anhui, Guigzhou and Yunnan Province. The studies on water and heat flux over rice-wheat rotation field continue to draw research attention. The research on the characteristic of water and heat flux and influencing factors over rice-wheat rotation field can provide basic information for field irrigation management and crop water use efficiency. In this study, the water and heat fluxes over rice-wheat rotation were determined by a Bowen ratio energy balance system at Agro-Meteorology Research Station, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, located in Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province in China (32.21&deg; N, 118.68&deg; E, altitude 14.4 m). The purpose of the research is to explore the characteristic of water and heat flux and influencing factors over these two different fields based on these data and path analysis method. Results showed that the diurnal variations of water and heat fluxes over rice-wheat rotation field were single-peak curves. The average peak values of latent heat flux over rice field at noon were higher than those over winter wheat field. The energy was mainly consumed by latent heat flux. The ratio between latent heat flux and availably energy was 71% over winter wheat field, while was 106% and 122%, respectively for 2016 and 2017 seasons over rice field during the whole growth stage. This result indicated that the rice canopy absorbed sensible heat flux for water consumption. The latent heat flux over rice field was higher than the availably energy during 66% and 81% of the growth season for two seasons, respectively. The daily average surface soil heat fluxes over rice-wheat rotation and water surface heat fluxes over rice field can be neglected due to the small differences. The value of Bowen ratio was positive for wheat, while negative for rice. The order of correlation coefficient between latent heat flux over rice and wheat rotation field and influencing factor was net radiation &gt; vapour pressure deficit &gt; air temperature at 1.5 m height above ground &gt; wind speed. The direct path coefficient followed the same order. The effect of net radiation on latent heat flux over rice-wheat rotation field was primarily on direct effect. While the effect of air temperature at 1.5 m height, vapour pressure deficit and wind speed on latent heat flux was mainly on indirect effect through the interaction between them and net radiation. Decision coefficient results showed that the net radiation was the dominate environment factors affected latent heat flux at short time, followed by vapour pressure deficit. The decision coefficient was negative between air temperature at 1.5 m height above ground and latent heat flux, indicating that high air temperature in summer during rice growth period or low air temperature in winter during wheat growth period inhibited latent heat flux over rice or wheat field. The direct effect of net radiation on latent heat flux over rice field was higher, while vapour pressure deficit was lower than that over winter wheat field. The indirect effect of these factors on latent heat flux over rice field was higher than that over winter wheat field.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Heat flux
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Crops - Energy balance - Factor analysis - Heat radiation - Heating - Latent heat - Pressure effects - Radiation - Regression analysis  - Rotation - Vapor pressure - Water - Water supply - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Bowen ratio energy balances - Bowen ration energy balance system - Correlation coefficient - Path analysis - Rice-wheat rotations - Science and Technology - Sensible heat flux - Vapour pressure deficits
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1  Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.06e+02%, Percentage 1.22e+02%, Percentage 3.40e+01% to 5.00e+01%, Percentage 6.60e+01%, Percentage 7.10e+01%, Percentage 8.10e+01%, Size 1.44e+01m, Size 1.50e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20185206305841
Title:Catalytic biomass gasification for hydrogen rich gas production in decoupled-triple-bed gasification system
Authors:Yalkunjan, Tursun (1); Pan, Yue (1); Bieerdehan, Watihan (1); Dilinuer, Talifu (1); Abulikemu, Abulizi (1); Ma, Fengyun (1); Xu, Shaoping (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion &amp; Chemical Engineering Process, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Chemical Engineering Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian; 116024, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:222-228
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biomass steam gasification is a promising technology for hydrogen-rich gas production. In this paper the decoupled triple bed gasification (DTBG) system has been proposed. The system is composed of 3 decoupled reactors, i.e., gas-solid countercurrent moving bed pyrolyzer, radial-flow moving bed reformer and riser-type combustor. The steam was used as gasifying agent and the calcined olivine was used as circulating heat carrier and in-situ tar destruction catalyst as well. Experiments have been conducted at a pyrolyzer temperature of 700&#8451;, a combustor temperature of 850&#8451; and the ratio of steam mass to biomass mass (S/B) of 0.65. The influences of biomass type on the gasification performance were investigated with saw dust, rice husk, wheat straw and cotton stalk as biomass feedstock at the reformer temperature of 800&#8451;. The effects of reformer temperature (700-850&#8451;) and biomass feeding rate (120-220 g/h) on gas yield, tar content, gas composition, carbon conversion as well as gasification efficiency were investigated with saw dust as feedstock. Besides, the characteristics of gasification tar at the varied reformer temperatures were investigated using gas chromatograph. The results indicated that the volatiles of biomass have great effect on the gasification performance. The gas yield, carbon conversion, the concentration of H<inf>2</inf> and CO increased and CO<inf>2</inf> concentration decreased with increasing volatile matter content of biomass. In the DTBG system, the pyrolyzer and reformer are separated and the volatiles released from pyrolyzer were the main source of the product gas. Therefore, a secondary reaction of volatiles in reformer with the presence of the olivine, such as steam reforming reaction, tar creaking reaction, plays a critical role in determining product gas composition as well as gas yield. The saw dust was found to be preferable biomass type for hydrogen-rich gas production. Gas yield increased from 0.91 to 1.08 m³/kg while tar content decreased from 19.1 to 7.3 g/m³ at the reformer temperature range of 750-850&#8451;. At the same time, carbon conversion and gasification efficiency were dramatically increased from 71.4% to 81.4% and from 56.4% to 65.2%, respectively, with increasing reformer temperature from 750 to 850&#8451;. The H<inf>2</inf> concentration increased and CO<inf>2</inf> concentration decreased with the increasing biomass feeding rate, which yet had little impact on tar content. Specifically, product gas with the H<inf>2</inf> concentration of 42.2%, CO concentration of 14.6% and the tar content of 10.1 g/m³ has been obtained at the reformer temperature of 800&#8451; and biomass feeding rate of 220 g/h. The gasification tar was basically composed of naphthalene, biphenyl, acenaphthene, dibenzofuran, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene, in which naphthalene was found to be the dominate component. Single ring hydrocarbons were totally destructed and 3-4 ring PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) decreased, while the concentration of naphthalene was dramatically increased from 54.7% to 75.6% at the reformer temperature range of 750-850&#8451;. It can be demonstrated that the novel design of reformer in the DTBG system with olivine not only is favorable to increase tar reforming/cracking reactions which favors tar removal, but also appears as a feasible technology for hydrogen-rich gas production. This work is expected to be helpful for the design, operation and optimization of large-scale gasification plant.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Steam reforming
Controlled terms:Biomass - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Combustors - Dust - Efficiency - Feeding - Feedstocks - Gasification - Hydrocarbons  - Hydrogen production - Naphthalene - Olivine - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - Radial flow - Silicate minerals - Steam - Tar
Uncontrolled terms:Biomass Gasification - Catalytic - Countercurrent moving bed - Decoupled triple bed - Gasification efficiency - Gasification plants - Secondary reactions - Tar destructions
Classification code:451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 482.2  Minerals - 521.2  Combustors - 522  Gas Fuels - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.01e-02kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.91e-02kg/m3 to 7.30e-03kg/m3, Mass_Flow_Rate 3.33e-05kg/s to 6.11e-05kg/s, Mass_Flow_Rate 6.11e-05kg/s, Percentage 1.46e+01%, Percentage 4.22e+01%, Percentage 5.47e+01% to 7.56e+01%, Percentage 5.64e+01% to 6.52e+01%, Percentage 7.14e+01% to 8.14e+01%, Specific_Volume 9.10e-01m3/kg to 1.08e+00m3/kg
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20185206305847
Title:Determination of suitable harvest period of kiwifruit and its storage performance
Authors:Zhang, Cheng (1, 2); Wang, Qiuping (3); Ran, Fei (1); Chen, Peng (1); Wu, Xiaomao (1); Long, Youhua (1); Tang, Jingwen (4); Huang, Yaxin (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang; 550025, China; (2) College of Agricultural Equipment and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (3) Guizhou Vocational College of Agriculture, Qingzhen; 551400, China; (4) Kiwifruit Industry Development Bureau of Xiuwen County, Xiuwen; 550200, China
Corresponding author:Long, Youhua(gzlyh126@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:266-275
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This study aimed to investigate the growth and development pattern of 'Guichang' kiwi fruit and its suitable harvest period, the growth parameters (longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, lateral diameter, single fruit volume and single fruit weight) and development parameters (firmness, dry matter, soluble solid, soluble total sugar, titratable acid, chlorophyll, soluble protein, total phenol and total flavonoids ) of 'Guichang' kiwi fruit from 9 - 128 d after the flower-fading, as well as the changes of fruit quality ( dry matter, soluble solid, soluble total sugar, titratable acid, chlorophyll, soluble protein, total phenol and total flavonoids ) and storage performance (firmness, soften rate, weight loss, decay rate ) during postharvest storage were surveyed by the treatment of non dipped and 10 mg/L forchlorfenuron dipped fruit. The results indicated that the fruit growth (longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, lateral diameter, single fruit volume and single fruit weight) of 'Guichang' kiwifruit could be divided into three periods. Firstly, the faster increasing period that it was from 9 - 23 d after the flower-fading, and the duration period was 14 d. Secondly, the slow increasing period that it was from 23 - 100 d after the flower-fading, and the duration period was 77 d. Thirdly, the mild increasing period that it was from 100 - 128 d after the flower-fading, and the duration period was 28 d. During the growth period, the fruit firmness of 'Guichang' kiwi fruit increased at first and then slowly decreased, the content of dry matter and titratable acid of 'Guichang' kiwi fruit increased fast at first and then slowly increased, the content of soluble solid, soluble total sugar, chlorophyll and soluble protein of 'Guichang' kiwi fruit faster increased gradually, and the content of total phenol and total flavonoids of 'Guichang' kiwi fruit showed a fluctuating increase. The dipped fruit by 10 mg/L forchlorfenuron could effectively increase the growth rate and growth amount of 'Guichang' kiwifruit, and reduce the firmness of 'Guichang' kiwi fruit during the growth period. Moreover, 10 mg/L forchlorfenuron could increase the contents of dry matter and soluble protein of 'Guichang' kiwi fruit in the growth and storage period, and reduce the content of titratable acid, total phenols and flavonoids of 'Guichang' kiwi fruit, also increase the contents of soluble solids, soluble total sugar and chlorophyll of 'Guichang' kiwi fruit from 58 - 128 d after the flower-fading and storage period. However, 10 mg/L forchlorfenuron could accelerate the occurrence of the sugar peak and titratable acid loss, and reduce storage the performance. In addition, the fruit softening, firmness reducing, quality and nutrient substance loss of 'Guichang' kiwifruit could be accelerated at the early harvest, late harvest or dipped fruit of 10 mg/L forchlorfenuron, and significantly (P&lt;0.01) increased the fruit decay rate of 'Guichang' kiwifruit. The suitable harvest period for 'Guichang' kiwifruit was from 125-132 d after the flower-fading, when the dry matter and soluble solids content of 'Guichang' kiwifruit were 16.5%-17.5% and 6.5%-7.5%, respectively. Collectively, the results from this study provide a scientific basis for the high-quality cultivation, determination of the suitable harvest period of 'Guichang' kiwifruit.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Birds - Chlorophyll - Decay (organic) - Flavonoids - Growth (materials) - Harvesting - Phenols - Proteins
Uncontrolled terms:Development - Forchlorfenuron - Growth and development - Growth parameters - Kiwifruits - Post-harvest storage - Soluble solids content - Storage performance
Classification code:801.2  Biochemistry - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.00e-02kg/m3, Percentage 1.65e+01% to 1.75e+01%, Percentage 6.50e+00% to 7.50e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20185206305848
Title:Analysis on water absorption of rice seeds during germination process under polyethylene glycol solution using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors:Yang, Hongwei (1, 2, 3); Zhang, Liying (4); Ji, Jianwei (1); Wang, Cheng (2, 3); Wang, Xiaodong (2, 3); Song, Ping (1); Song, Peng (2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (4) Liaoning Rice Research Institute, Shenyang; 110161, China
Corresponding author:Ji, Jianwei(jianweiji7879@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:276-283
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water absorption is one of the major factors limiting rice seeds germination rate. It is very important to study the drought-tolerance mechanism of rice under drought stress, in order to improve the drought-tolerance capacity of rice and thereby increase the yield. In this paper, 2 varieties of rice seeds were placed in 10%, 20% PEG (polyethylene glycol) 6000 solution and control solution respectively, and moisture variation was analyzed with T<inf>2</inf> relaxation spectrum and proton density weighted image of low field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 0, 6, 22, 48, and 72 h later after seed germination. The influence of PEG solution on water absorption was studied, and the regression equation was deduced between relative moisture content and total signal amplitude of nuclear magnetic signal in this paper. The proton density weighted images obtained by the magnetic resonance imaging system can show the absorption and flow patterns of water during the germination of rice seeds directly. The germination test results showed that the drought resistance of H9710 is higher than that of LX1. The proton density weighted image results showed that water molecules enter the seed directly through cracks on the seed surface, and embryo absorbs water molecules and expands downwards firstly. After 24 h, the nutrient in the seeds flows to the seeds embryo to provide adequate nutrition for the growth of the radicle and germ. The seeds absorbed less water and the germination process was inhibited obviously under PEG stress, and the higher the PEG mass fraction, the less the water absorption and the slower the germination process. This is consistent with the results of T<inf>2</inf> relaxation spectrum detection. Based on the theory of NMR and multicomponent characteristics of T<inf>2</inf> relaxation spectrum, when inversion frequency was 10000 times, the water in rice seeds during germination was categorized into 2 phases, which were short relaxation time standing for bound water and long relaxation time standing for free water. The T<inf>2</inf> relaxation spectrum results suggested that the amplitude of NMR signals of the bound water, that of the free water and the total amplitude all increased gradually. The drought tolerance of rice seeds is closely related to the relative water absorption rate after 24 h, and PEG solution inhibits the absorption of water; the higher the PEG mass fraction, the stronger the inhibition. The relative water absorption rate of rice varieties with stronger drought resistance was higher than that with weaker drought resistance. The change of NMR signals directly reflects the moisture distribution and water absorption of rice seeds during germination. In addition, the moisture content of the seeds and the total amplitude of NMR signals were positively correlated(R²=0.983). This indicated that the data obtained by NMR technique were consistent with those obtained by the conventional dry-weight weighing method. Therefore it is a proper method to detect the moisture content in seeds during germination with NMR technique. By this regression equation, the moisture content of each state of water during seed germination can be calculated. These empirical data offer a reference for the study of rice seeds' response mechanism under drought stress during seed germination and the screening of germplasm resources, and also develop a new nondestructive detecting technology of moisture for plants under stress.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Water absorption
Controlled terms:Agronomy - Conservation - Cultivation - Drought - Magnetic resonance imaging - Magnetism - Moisture - Moisture determination - Molecules - Nuclear magnetic resonance  - Polyethylene glycols - Polyethylenes - Relaxation time - Seed
Uncontrolled terms:Detecting technology - Drought stress - Germination of rice seeds - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance - Moisture distribution - Regression equation - Response mechanisms - Water absorption rates
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 701.2  Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.3  Atomic and Molecular Physics - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Time 2.59e+05s, Time 8.64e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20185206305836
Title:Principal component analysis and long short-term memory neural network for predicting dissolved oxygen in water for aquaculture
Authors:Chen, Yingyi (1, 2); Cheng, Qianqian (1, 3); Fang, Xiaomin (1, 3); Yu, Huihui (1, 3); Li, Daoliang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Internet of Things in Agriculture, Beijing; 100083, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:183-191
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China has the largest aquaculture industry, accounting for almost 70% of the aquaculture production in the world. The dissolved oxygen in aquaculture directly affects the quality and safety of aquatic products. The dissolved oxygen is susceptible to many factors such as temperature, wind speed, wind direction, etc. So it is significant to understand timely and accurately the change of the dissolved oxygen content which can prevent water quality deterioration, disease outbreaks and optimize aquaculture management. The traditional methods in dissolved oxygen prediction have problems such as low prediction accuracy and poor robustness, with shortcomings like limited ability to express complex functions under limited amount of sample data as well as poor generalization ability for complicated problems. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of the dissolved oxygen in aquaculture, a hybrid model based on principal component analysis (PCA) and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network was proposed to forecast the dissolved oxygen content in aquaculture. First, the key impact factors of dissolved oxygen in aquaculture were extracted by PCA, which can eliminate the correlations of original variable and reduce the input dimension. Therefore, the key impact factors selected were water temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, wind direction, soil temperature and soil moisture, respectively. Then, a LSTM network model was built based on Tensorflow deep learning framework to construct the nonlinear prediction model between the dissolved oxygen and these key impact factors. Finally, based on the presented prediction model of PCA-LSTM, the dissolved oxygen content was predicted for an experimental pond during July 8th, 2017 to August 8th, 2017 in the Research Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Zhejiang province. In the model accuracy analysis process, a 5-fold cross validation method was used to evaluate the approximation accuracy. The experimental results showed that the proposed prediction model of PCA-LSTM had better prediction performance than BP neural network (BPNN), particle swarm optimization BP neural network (PSO-BP), extreme learning machine (ELM) and least squares support vector machine (LSSVM). In the case of the same data set, the MAE, MAPE and RMSE of the PCA-LSTM were 0.274, 0.089 and 0.147, respectively; the MAE, MAPE and RMSE of LSTM were 0.354, 0.103 and 0.288, respectively; the MAE, MAPE and RMSE of PCA-LSSVM were 0.338, 0.100 and 0.297, respectively; the relative MAE, MAPE and RMSE of PCA-ELM were 0.419, 0.130 and 0.343, respectively; the relative MAE, MAPE and RMSE of PCA-PSO-BP were 0.377, 0.133 and 0.280, respectively; and the relative MAE, MAPE and RMSE of PCA-BP were 0.414, 0.141 and 0.335, respectively. It was clear that the presented prediction model was more accurate than BP algorithm, PSO-BP algorithm and ELM algorithm, slightly higher than LSSVM algorithm. The dissolved oxygen prediction model based on PCA-LSTM network exhibited best prediction accuracy and generalization performance when compared with other traditional forecasting models. Therefore, the presented model based on PCA-LSTM network can meet the actual demand of accurate forecasting of dissolved oxygen and provide a reference for water quality control in aquaculture. As well as it also can help farmers make decisions and reduce farming risks.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Dissolved oxygen
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Backpropagation algorithms - Biochemical oxygen demand - Brain - Deep learning - Deterioration - Dissolution - Forecasting - Long short-term memory - Particle swarm optimization (PSO)  - Principal component analysis - Quality control - Recurrent neural networks - Soil moisture - Temperature - Water quality - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:5-fold cross validation method - Dissolved oxygen contents - Extreme learning machine - Generalization performance - Least squares support vector machines - Nonlinear prediction model - Prediction performance - Water quality deterioration
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 445.2  Water Analysis - 461.1  Biomedical Engineering - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4  Artificial Intelligence - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 7.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20185206305825
Title:Monitoring and regulation management system of water, nutrient and salinity in farmland based on WebGIS
Authors:Gao, Mingxiu (1, 2); Zhang, Zhi (3); Zhao, Gengxing (1, 2); Li, Junhan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an; 271018, China; (2) National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer, Tai'an; 271018, China; (3) State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430072, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Gengxing(zhaogx@sdau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:89-99
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Monitoring the dynamic changes information of water, nutrient and salinity, analyzing and diagnosing, and putting forward regulation and control plan, are the basement of improving the production management level of saline alkali farmland. This paper developed a monitoring and regulation management system of water-nutrient-salt in saline alkali farmland based on WebGIS platform, Silverlight 5 and WCF (windows communication foundation) technology. And the technologies of point data monitoring, spatial analysis, and visualization were fused in the system. A series of models that included 15 models (3 kinds) for characteristics analysis, diagnosis and early warning, and control decision of farmland soil water, fertilizer, saline and alkali were set up. And the models were constructed based on the principle of statistics, the principle of water, fertilizer, salt and alkali balance of crop, and the stress response principle of crop to soil water, nutrient, salt and alkali. The system and the models were integrated and applied. The results showed that a whole process optimization management system of "integration of six aspects" was formed, providing an effective assistant decision-making tool for the production management of saline alkali farmland. The system integrated data collection, data management, statistical analysis, diagnosis and early warning, control and decision-making technology and implementation management measures. The results of data processing and analysis of the models were proved to be scientific and effective, and the system application decision was proved to be realistic. The system was applied in Wudi County, Shandong Province, China. The application results showed that the management plan proposed by the system effectively alleviated the salt and water restriction, and the desalination rate of soil salt reached 12.86% in 3 years. The scheme promoted the role of nutrient regulation and fertilizer reduction decision-making measures, and soil nutrient tended to be stable and balanced in space in general. The input-output benefits and production decision efficiency of agricultural production had been significantly improved. The comprehensive water saving rate in the years of 2014-2016 was up to 31.02%, and the nutrient saving rates of N (nitrogen), P (phosphorus) and K (potassium) were 28.69%-63.14%, 10.07%-67.98%, and 97.98%-100% respectively. Wheat and corn yield increased respectively by 10.60% and 16.36% annually, which were close to the expected. The study also found that soil salinity and pH value showed a phenomenon of "salt lowering and alkali rising". Soil moisture had a negative correlation with pH value, but it was not a simple functional relationship. The organic matter increased under the effect of applying organic manure, especially the double-season crop straw returning to field, but its later growth rate was slowed down rapidly, which was related to the raising of corn silage and the decrease of organic matter returning to field. The effective nutrient was affected by the amount of fertilizer, the way of fertilization and the absorption and loss of crops, and the fluctuation was large. So regulatory intention in short term was difficult to be realized. All these phenomena need to be further studied and discussed. In addition, due to the low reliability of the Yellow River's water sources, the role of the system was limited. It is suggested that reservoirs or river interception should be used to store water. The research is helpful to explore the dynamic rule of water, nutrient and salinity in saline alkali soil by means of information technology and improve the precision management in the field.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Decision making
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Crops - Data acquisition - Data handling - Data visualization - Desalination - Farms - Fertilizers - Growth rate  - Industrial management - Information management - Information systems - Management - Monitoring - Nutrients - Optimization - Organic compounds - pH - Reservoirs (water)  - Saline water - Soil moisture - Water conservation - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Characteristics analysis - Data processing and analysis - Early warning - Implementation managements - Optimization managements - Production management levels - Web-GIS
Classification code:441.2  Reservoirs - 444  Water Resources - 445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 801.2  Biochemistry - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 903.2  Information Dissemination - 912.2  Management - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Age 3.00e+00yr, Percentage 1.06e+01%, Percentage 1.29e+01%, Percentage 1.64e+01%, Percentage 2.87e+01% to 6.31e+01%, Percentage 3.10e+01%, Percentage 9.80e+01% to 1.00e+02%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.17.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.