2018年7月第34卷第13期

2018年7月第34卷第13期

Accession number:20184406012561
Title:Mechanical and optical properties of broadband UV-to-red conversion plastic films and its improving effect on tomato yield and quality
Title of translation:宽谱带转光棚膜力学与光学特性及其提高番茄产量和品质
Authors:Yan, Yan (1); Yu, Xianchang (1); Lian, Shixun (2); Li, Yansu (1); He, Chaoxing (1); Sun, Tianzhi (3); Wang, Xiaobin (4); Liu, Hong (4); Wang, Huijun (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Vegetables and Flowers (CAAS), Beijing; 100081, China; (2) College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha; 410081, China; (3) Shandongtianhe Plastic Inc., Shandong; 255400, China; (4) Seed Control Station of Shizuishan City, Shizuishan; 753000, China
Corresponding author:Yu, Xianchang(yuxianchang@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:255-262
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The light conversion agent VTR-660 has many benefit characteristics. For example, its band coverage area is larger and it has a higher match between the emission spectrum of high red light and the chlorophyll absorption spectrum compared with other light conversion agents. And broadband ultraviolet-to-red light conversion plastic film added with VTR-660 (F3) has similar characteristics such as a higher match between the emission spectrum of high red light and the chlorophyll absorption spectrum. Moreover, the bandwidth of its emission spectrum is increased in high red light, and it has a higher rate of infrared transmission and a lower rate of ultraviolet transmission than the traditional inner-added EVA (polyethylene-polyvinyl acetate copolymer) anti-fog film (F1) and coated persistent drip anti-aging anti-fog film (F2). Moreover, the broadband ultraviolet-to-red light conversion plastic film can improve the temperature and light environment in the greenhouse, increase the yield per hectare and improve the quality of the tomato crop. In this work, the optical properties and the mechanical characteristics and heat preservation properties of the broadband ultraviolet-to-red light conversion plastic film added with VTR-660 were studied. The effect of the broadband ultraviolet-to-red light conversion plastic film on the yield and quality of tomato in the solar greenhouse was also investigated. The experiment in the greenhouse was conducted from November, 2016 to June, 2017 at the Agriculture Research and Demonstration Station, Shizuishan Village, Yinchuan County, Ningxia. The tomato cultivar (Meifen 869) and full steel frame unsupported winter-warm solar greenhouse (length of 90 m, inner span of 9 m, ridge height of 4 m) were selected as the test cultivar and greenhouse type, respectively. The treatments included solar greenhouse covered with traditional inner-added EVA anti-fog film as control (T1), solar greenhouse covered with coated persistent drip anti-aging anti-fog film (T2) and solar greenhouse covered with broadband ultraviolet-to-red light conversion plastic film added with VTR-660 (T3). The mechanical properties of the laminate (tensile, longitudinal/transverse elongating, and right-angle tearing strength), the transmittance of ultraviolet, visible and infrared light of the laminate, the temperature (average air temperature for day and month and 10-cm deep soil temperature), and the light intensity were measured in the solar greenhouse, and the yield and quality of tomato were considered under the different sample films and treatments. In comparison with F1, the tensile strength and right-angle tearing strength (vertical) of F3 were significantly (P<0.05) increased by 30.72% and 7.20%, respectively; the ultraviolet transmittance rate of F3 was significantly (P<0.05) decreased by 49.21%, and the infrared transmittance rates of the 4000-1430, 1430-770 and 770-400 cm-1 bands of F3 were significantly (P<0.05) increased by 13.69%, 61.78% and 41.83%, respectively. In comparison with T1, the tomato yield of T3 was significantly (P<0.05) increased by 25.71% and the vitamin C and lycopene of the fruit were increased by 11.11% and 33.04%, respectively. The nitrite content of tomato under T3 treatment was significantly (P<0.05) decreased by 51.35%. Overall, the broadband ultraviolet-to-red light conversion plastic film added with VTR-660 was found to improve the rate of infrared transmission, and covering this film could improve the temperature, and increase tomato yield and fruit quality in the solar greenhouse. The research can provide an important theoretical basis for the development of light conversion plastic film in the production of tomato in the future. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Greenhouses
Controlled terms:Absorption spectroscopy - Chlorophyll - Electromagnetic wave absorption - Emission spectroscopy - Fog - Fruits - Greenhouse effect - Infrared transmission - Light - Mechanical properties - Optical properties - Plasma diagnostics - Plastic coatings - Plastic films - Polyvinyl acetates - Soil testing - Solar heating - Tensile strength - Transmissions
Uncontrolled terms:Average air temperature - Light conversion - Mechanical characteristics - Solar greenhouse - Tomato - Ultraviolet transmission - Ultraviolet transmittances - Yield
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 741.1 Light/Optics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 817.1 Polymer Products - 817.2 Polymer Applications - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 932.3 Plasma Physics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.11e+01%, Percentage 1.37e+01%, Percentage 2.57e+01%, Percentage 3.07e+01%, Percentage 3.30e+01%, Percentage 4.18e+01%, Percentage 4.92e+01%, Percentage 5.14e+01%, Percentage 6.18e+01%, Percentage 7.20e+00%, Size 1.00e-01m, Size 4.00e+00m, Size 9.00e+00m, Size 9.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012534
Title:Design of monitoring system for wheat precision seeding-fertilizing machine based on variable distance photoelectric sensor
Title of translation:基于变距光电传感器的小麦精播施肥一体机监测系统设计
Authors:Zhao, Lixin (1); Zhang, Zenghui (1); Wang, Chengyi (2); Jian, Shichun (3); Liu, Tong (1); Cui, Dongyun (1); Ding, Xiaoling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Mechanical & Electronic Engineering College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an; 271018, China; (2) College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an; 271018, China; (3) Shandong Academy of Agricultural Machinery Science, Ji'nan; 250100, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Xiaoling(xld@sdau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:27-34
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Precision seeding has become the main developing direction of the modern seeding technology, and the quality of seeding machine's operation will directly affect the growth and yield of wheat. Facing complex field moisture, machine vibration, noise and other unfavorable factors as well as the fully closed environment of seeds' tubes and fertilizer's tubes, only using audio-visual method is difficult to know the running status of seeder in real time. When the seeds' tubes and fertilizer's tubes are plugged or the seeds and fertilizer are lacked, it will cause the question of seedling absence in large areas, and result in yield reduction. Therefore, researching and developing the monitoring system of seeding-fertilizing machine has important significance and benefits both in producing and economy. In the early research stage of the laboratory, an electronically controlled wide wheat fertilization precision seeder was designed to achieve wide precision seeding. In order to realize the real-time monitoring of the process of wheat precision seeding-fertilizing machine and ensure the operation quality, a monitoring system with variable distance photoelectric sensor, which can realize the function of wheat precision seeding-fertilizing machine, was designed based on the previous research. The monitoring system takes the STM32 MCU (micro control unit) hardware detection system as the lower computer, and transmits the information by Modbus communication protocol to man-machine interface of MCGS (Monitor and Control Generated System) touch screen displaying real-time operation status. The lower computer uses a reflective photocell as a monitoring sensor, and determines the malfunction type by combining the information of seeds' and fertilizer's flow and shaft rotation measured by master system's rotary encoder and transferred by Modbus communication. The monitoring sensors of wheat and fertilizer were adopt OH-1021 reflective photoelectric sensor which transmitting terminal and receiving terminal distributed on the same side. When there are particles blocking infrared light, the sensors output low level; when there are no particles, the sensors output high level. The sensor output experiences a high-low-high level change process when the infrared light is reflected while the particles flow through the photoelectric sensor. It is easier to determine the operating status of the fertilizing according to the fertilizer shaft speed and the output of fertilizer sensor data collected by MCU, since the fertilizing sensor was installed under the row fertilizer device. But the seed tube with sensor was installed above the seeding device, in which the wheat particles were full and flowing slowly. The initial detection distance of the seed sensor is set as 5 mm, which is the sum of the short diameter (3 mm) of single wheat particle and the tube thickness (2 mm). In normal operation, the wheat particles reflect the infrared light when flowing through the position of seed sensor, and the sensor output experiences a high-low-high level change process. The MCU determines the operating status of the seeding according to the sensor output and seed shaft speed. During the monitoring of seeding, the type of malfunction cannot be distinguished when the infrared light is located on the gap between 2 particles on the wall of the seed tube. The MCU controls the conduction of the triode via changing the IO (Input /Output) port output by activating the variable pitch task function, and thereby controls the detection distance of the sensor. When the output of the MCU is high, the triode is turned on, then voltage of the sensor is increased, resulting in the increase of detection distance, and therefore the type of malfunctions is determined by further understanding on the seed-reserve in the seed tube. The circuit simulation test results of the lower computer's seeds' tube show that the detection distance of the photoelectric sensor of the seeds' tube is changed by 4-7 mm under the amplifier circuit; monitoring system prototype test results show that the accuracy of fault alarm at least reaches 92.5%, and the response time of lacking seeds and fertilization, blockage and leakage is less than or equal to 0.2, 0.3 and 0.3 s, respectively. The monitoring system realizes high-precision real-time monitoring of wheat seeding and it can improve the quality of wheat seeding. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Audio acoustics - Circuit simulation - Computer control systems - Data communication systems - Design - Fertilizers - Microcontrollers - Photoelectricity - Sensors - Touch screens - Triodes - Tubes (components)
Uncontrolled terms:Hardware detections - Man machine interface - Monitor and control generated systems - Photoelectric sensors - Precision seeding - Real time monitoring - Real-time operation - Variable distances
Classification code:619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 703.1.1 Electric Network Analysis - 714.1 Electron Tubes - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 723.5 Computer Applications - 751.1 Acoustic Waves - 804 Chemical Products Generally
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.25e+01%, Size 2.00e-03m, Size 3.00e-03m, Size 4.00e-03m to 7.00e-03m, Size 5.00e-03m, Time 3.00e-01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012533
Title:Design of stratified and depth-fixed application device of base-fertilizer for winter wheat based on soil-covering rotary tillage
Title of translation:基于旋耕覆土的冬小麦基肥分层定深施用装置设计
Authors:Zhu, Qingzhen (1, 2); Wu, Guangwei (2); Chen, Liping (3); Meng, Zhijun (3); Shi, Jiangtao (4); Zhao, Chunjiang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Beijing Agricultural Information Technology Research Center, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (4) Xi'an Yaao Agricultural Machinery Co. Ltd., Xi'an; 710300, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Chunjiang(zhaocj@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:18-26
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Winter wheat is the most important crop for Huanghe-Huaihe-Haihe (H-H-H) region of China, which has the characteristics of large planting area, high yield per unit area and high total yield and so on. Base-fertilizer application is an important process of winter wheat production, which directly affects the yield of winter wheat. At present, base-fertilizer of winter wheat is applied to the surface of farmland by manure spreader or laborers in the H-H-H region of China, and the moldboard plow or rotary tiller is used to bury the base-fertilizer underground, but these methods have the shortcomings of disorderly application of fertilizer, and have caused great harm to the agricultural environment because of excessive application of fertilizer and low utilization efficiency. The precisely stratified and depth-fixed application method of base-fertilizer for winter wheat is a perfect way to improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizer. On the stratified and depth-fixed application method of agronomic research in the base-fertilizer, a stratified and depth-fixed application method of base-fertilizer for winter wheat based on soil-covering rotary tillage was proposed in this paper, and the application device was set up. The device could implement rotary tillage, separated layer fertilization and compacting at the same time. The device was mainly composed of 8 parts: frame, deep fertilizer box, shallow fertilizer box, precise fertilizer control system, compacting device, mechanism of complete fertilizer layered device, rotary tilling device, depth-controlled component. The rotary tilling device was equipped with variable speed gearbox, which could convert between between high, medium and low rotate speed. National standard IT245 rotary blade was selected for the rotary tilling device and was arranged on the knife roller by a symmetrical spiral line. Through kinematic analysis of rotary blade and soil block, the mathematical model of the positions of fertilizer outlet orifice of the deep and shallow fertilizer tube and the depth of fertilization target was established. The mechanism of complete fertilizer layered device was designed and manufactured based on the mathematical model. The fertilizer layered mechanism could be adjusted longitudinally and laterally according to the requirements of the fertilize depth. In order to test the performance of stratified and depth-fixed application device, an experiment was designed and conducted at the National Experiment Station for Precision Agriculture located in Xiaotangshan Town, Beijing City on October 2017. The maximum rotary tillage depth error of the device is 5 mm, and the minimum coefficient of rotary tillage depth stability is 93.84% under 3 kinds of target rotary tillage working condition of 120, 150 and 180 mm. The result indicated that the rotary tilling device could meet the technical requirements of national standard. When the target application depth of the shallow and deep fertilizer was 80 and 150 mm, the coefficient of the shallow and deep actual fertilizer depth stability was 92.38% and 95.11% respectively, and the qualified rates of the shallow and deep actual fertilizer depth were 83.33% and 90% respectively. The result indicated that the stratified and depth-fixed application device could meet the technical requirements of rotary tillage and fertilizing. The research can provide equipment support for the mechanization of precisely stratified and depth-fixed application of base-fertilizer for winter wheat and improve the application efficiency of base-fertilizer in H-H-H region of China. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agronomy - Crops - Design - Efficiency - Machine design - Soils - Turbomachine blades
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural environments - Application of fertilizers - Fertilizer applications - Rotary tillages - Separated layer - Target application - Technical requirement - Utilization efficiency
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601 Mechanical Design - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.33e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.24e+01%, Percentage 9.38e+01%, Percentage 9.51e+01%, Size 1.50e-01m, Size 1.80e-01m, Size 5.00e-03m, Size 8.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012540
Title:Path planning algorithm for plant protection robots in vineyard
Title of translation:葡萄园植保机器人路径规划算法
Authors:Ai, Changsheng (1); Lin, Hongchuan (1); Wu, Delin (2); Feng, Zhiquan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering, Jinan University, Jinan; 250022, China; (2) Zhonghe Agricultureal Equipment Technology Co. Ltd. Of Shandong Province, Qixia; 264000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:77-85
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To meet the requirements of accuracy and reliability of plant protection robot in ridge identification and route planning, also improve the working conditions of farmers, and achieve an unmanned operation purpose, an algorithm based on multi-support-vector proportioning weight of SVM (support vector machine) to identify the ridge line of vineyards, and the path planning of plant protection robots were proposed. The strategy first uses Kalman filter to pre-process coarse orchard data information obtained by Lidar scanning. According to the principle that Kalman filter complies with Gaussian distribution, the prior point between 2 adjacent points was taken as the prior state, and the latter point was used as the observed point to obtain posteriori state estimation, so as to realize data integration and analysis. With its good system state estimation characteristics, the collected data can be used to judge the trend of the ridge line, so as to correct the noise outliers in the data and improve the readability of the data. Then according to the characteristics of the vineyard branch ridge and the characteristics of ridges line with clearly separable spacing, and corresponding to the situation that the ridge line on both sides can be completely separated, the method was combined with SVM linear classification. With the unique advantages of the classification and due to that SVM can search the unique segmentation hyperplane, the maximum interval and segmentation hyperplane, classification margins in the ridge environment could be gotten. The split hyperplane obtained at this time would be between ridge lines. However, there was a big deviation from the angle of the direction of the ridge line and the horizontal distance. It could not meet the precise operation requirements of plant protection robots. It needed further data processing and analysis. In order to obtain accurate position of the center of ridge line, finally, the relative weights were assigned to the sample points of each ridge based on the geometric interval relationship between the sample points on both sides of the ridge and the corresponding SVM classification marginal line. The classification marginal line was reformed according to the number of sample points and the relative weights. According to the condition of the product of the interval relationship between each sample point and the classification margin, their relative weight must be consistent with the quality value of classification margin. The random sampling consistency iteration method (RANSAC) would avoid the error of cost estimate, and could estimate the parameters of the mathematical model from a group of observed data with outliers, so as to obtain the predicted safety location of the ridge. Although the pre-estimated security location of ridge line was not necessarily consistent with the actual location of the vineyard ridge, navigation line could be obtained indirectly by the security ridge line on both sides and the principle of angle bisector which could meet the requirements of precision operation of plant protection robot. Operation guidance line for plant protection robot could be acquired. After a number of actual samples were tested, the average angular deviation between the fitted navigation line and the actual ridge centerline was 0.72°, and the average distance deviation of the relative plant protection robot was 4.22 mm. Experimental results showed that this algorithm could effectively identify and locate the navigation route needed by the plant protection robot. The fitted navigation line could meet the requirements of accurate operation of the plant protection robot in the vineyard. However, the redundancy of the algorithm was relatively large, and the time required to process data in a single time was about 2.05 s. With the accelerated calculation speed of the processor in the future, the algorithm provided in the article can provide a reference solution for such a problem. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Robots
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Cost estimating - Data integration - Estimation - Geometry - Iterative methods - Kalman filters - Location - Motion planning - Navigation - Optical radar - Radar - Robot programming - State estimation - Statistics - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Accelerated calculation - Angular deviations - Classification margins - Data processing and analysis - Linear classification - Path-planning algorithm - Ridge recognition - SVM(support vector machine)
Classification code:716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.5 Robotics - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Size 4.22e-03m, Time 2.05e+00s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012548
Title:MIKE coupling model simulating effect of check dam construction on storm flood process in small watershed
Title of translation:MIKE耦合模型模拟淤地坝对小流域暴雨洪水过程的影响
Authors:Yuan, Shuilong (1); Li, Zhanbin (1, 2); Li, Peng (1); Gao, Haidong (1); Wang, Dan (1); Zhang, Zeyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dry-land Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Science and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Li, Zhanbin(zhanbinli@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:152-159
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Check dam is a kind of channel management engineering measure for channel erosion control, sediment retention, reduction of flood and sediment disasters. According to the "Check Dam Planning of Soil and Water Conservation on the Loess Plateau" of the Ministry of Water Resources, 160 thousand check dams will be built on the Loess Plateau region by 2020. The construction of such a large number of check dams leads to so extremely severe a flood control situation of check dam that if there is any carelessness, the safe operation and benefit of check dam will be affected. Based on the coupling of distributed hydrological model MIKE SHE and one dimensional hydrodynamic model MIKE 11, a torrential rain flood model in Wangmaogou watershed was established in this paper and the runoff process measured at the outlet of the basin was selected as the calibration parameter. At the same time, 2 typical rainstorm and flood processes in the observed years were used to calibrate the model, and the other 2 single storms were used to verify. The results showed that the model had high precision and could be used to analyze the working conditions. By simulating the rainstorm flood process of small watershed under different combinations of dam types and different dam system cascade modes, the results were obtained as follows: 1) The torrential rain flood model of Wangmaogou watershed based on the coupling of MIKE SHE and MIKE 11 had a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient of higher than 0.8 and a determination coefficient (R2) of higher than 0.85 during the calibration period, while higher than 0.6 and 0.7 respectively during the verification period, which indicated that the model could be used to simulate the single rainstorm flood process in small watershed on the Loess Plateau. 2) The construction of check dam system would obviously cut the flood peak and flood volume of the watershed, among which the amplitude reduction of the key dam was the least, the medium dam was the second and the small dam was the largest. The flood peak and flood volume were significantly reduced under 3 cascading modes, i.e. series, parallel and hybrid connection of check dam system, in which the hybrid connection of dam system had the largest decrease amplitude, the parallel dam system took the second place and the series dam system was the last. 3) The dam construction changed the flood duration. The key dam and the medium dam made it increased while the small dam decreased. 4) Check dam construction obviously reduced the channel connectivity. There was a good correlation between the channel connectivity index and the flood peak as well as the flood volume with the correlation coefficient of 0.97 and 0.89 respectively, which meant that check dam system regulated the rainstorm and flood process of small watershed by changing the channel connectivity. The research results are expected to optimize the dam system layout of the check dam in small watershed and provide scientific basis for the construction and safe operation of check dam on the Loess Plateau. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Dams
Controlled terms:Calibration - Flood control - Floods - Landforms - Rain - Sediments - Soil conservation - Storms - Water conservation - Water resources - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Calibration parameters - Check dam - Correlation coefficient - Determination coefficients - Distributed hydrological model - Loess Plateau - One-dimensional hydrodynamic model - Soil and water conservation
Classification code:441.1 Dams - 442.1 Flood Control - 443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012549
Title:Effects of reverse-slope terrace on nitrogen and phosphorus loss in sloping farmland of red loam under different rainfall patterns
Title of translation:不同雨型下反坡台阶减少红壤坡耕地氮磷流失的效果
Authors:Wang, Shuaibing (1); Song, Yali (2); Wang, Keqin (2); Zhao, Yangyi (2); Zhang, Jihui (2); Yan, Tengyun (2); Chen, Yu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Forestry College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin; 150040, China; (2) College of Ecological and Soil & Water Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming; 650224, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Keqin(wangkeqin7389@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:160-169
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to reveal the different effects and benefits of reverse-slope terrace on controlling nitrogen and phosphorus loss on sloping farmland, the loss of runoff, sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus after rainfall was observed in 2 sloping farmland standard runoff plots (1# and 2#) in central Yunnan Province from 2011 to 2016. The 1# plot is the original sloping farmland, and the 2# plot is the sloping farmland with reverse-slope terrace. The effects of early rainfall were eliminated; finally the data of 45 typical rainfalls were selected. Based on these data, 4 rainfall patterns were classified according to the amount, intensity and erosivity of rainfall with 2 methods including quick clustering and discriminant clustering: Type A (great amount, strong intensity and high erosivity of rainfall), Type B (low amount, minor intensity, small erosivity of rainfall), Type C (low amount, low medium intensity and erosivity of rainfall), Type D (high medium amount, intensity and erosivity of rainfall). Type B was the most frequent rainfall type in the study area, but soil and water loss in the red soil sloping farmland was mainly caused by Type A and Type D. Moreover, the reduction effect for runoff and sediment of reverse-slope terrace was extremely significant (P<0.01), the reduction rate of runoff was 52.11% and the reduction rate of sediment was 71.30%, and the reduction rate of sediment was significantly greater than that of runoff (P<0.01); the reduction rate of runoff was presented as Type C > Type B > Type D > Type A, and the reduction rate of sediment was presented as Type D > Type A > Type C > Type B; the reduction rate of runoff by reverse-slope terrace in Type C and Type B was significantly higher than that of Type D and Type A (P<0.05), while the sediment reduction rate was significantly lower than that of Type D and Type A (P<0.05). The reduction rates of reverse-slope terrace for total nitrogen, NO<inf>3</inf>--N, NH<inf>4</inf>+-N in runoff were 68.10%, 69.81% and 69.81%, respectively, and the reduction rates of total phosphorus, dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP )in runoff were 71.52% and 72.77%, respectively. It was presented that the reduction rates of reverse-slope terrace for total nitrogen, NO<inf>3</inf>--N, NH<inf>4</inf>+-N, total phosphorus, and DIP in runoff were reduced with the increase of the rainfall amount and intensity in different rainfall patterns. In addition, reverse-slope terrace could cut 57.32% of total nitrogen, 54.22% of hydrolyzable nitrogen (HN), 67.38% of total phosphorus total phosphorus and 63.69% of available phosphorus (AP), and the reduction rates of total nitrogen, HN, total phosphorus, and AP in sediment were increased as the rainfall amount and intensity rose under different rainfall patterns. In conclusion, this study is very helpful both in revealing the mechanism and evaluating the efficiency of reverse-slope terrace to control non-point source pollution in sloping farmland. It also provides technical support for water and soil conservation and controlling agricultural non-point source pollution in mountainous areas from the source. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Rain
Controlled terms:Erosion - Farms - Nitrogen - Pollution control - Reduction - Runoff - Sediments - Soil conservation - Soils - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Nitrogen and phosphorus loss - Rainfall patterns - Reverse-slope terrace - Sediment production - Sloping farmlands
Classification code:442.1 Flood Control - 443.3 Precipitation - 453 Water Pollution - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.21e+01%, Percentage 5.42e+01%, Percentage 5.73e+01%, Percentage 6.37e+01%, Percentage 6.74e+01%, Percentage 6.81e+01%, Percentage 6.98e+01%, Percentage 7.13e+01%, Percentage 7.15e+01%, Percentage 7.28e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012564
Title:Applicability analysis of indices in assessment on effect of land consolidation on cultivated land fragmentation
Title of translation:土地整治对耕地细碎化影响评价指标适用性分析
Authors:Sun, Rui (1); Jin, Xiaobin (1, 2, 3); Xiang, Xiaomin (1); Cao, Shuai (1); Xu, Cuilan (4); Sui, Xueyan (4); Liu, Min (4); Zhou, Yinkang (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing; 210023, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Land and Resources, Nanjing University, Nanjing; 210023, China; (3) Jiangsu Land Development and Consolidation Technology Engineering Center, Nanjing; 210023, China; (4) Jiangsu Province Land Development and Consolidation Center, Nanjing; 210024, China
Corresponding author:Jin, Xiaobin(jinxb@nju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:279-287
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Land consolidation is an important measure for solving land use problems in the process of socio-economic development in many countries (regions) in the world. But cultivated land fragmentation has a negative effect on raising agricultural productivity, promoting agricultural mechanization and developing agricultural modernization for many years. Land consolidation is regarded as an effective mode to control the fragmentation of cultivated land, which has achieved remarkable results. As for the applicability of the index in the impact assessment of land consolidation on cultivated land fragmentation, the integrated existing research results found that landscape index is a quantitative research method that can highly concentrate landscape pattern information, and reflect some aspects of its structure composition and spatial configuration. And using landscape index to evaluate the impact of land fragmentation by land consolidation is helpful to highlight the improvement of land consolidation on land fragmentation in the scale of time and space. Landscape index is the main source for selecting evaluation index of cultivated land fragmentation. This paper adopted the general idea of "integrating index system, quantitatively evaluating index, statistical analysis and extracting index". This study used land use data and village land ownership information, selected 27 evaluation indices based on the view of landscape index, and analyzed the fine fragmentation of cultivated land before and after land consolidation under different data sources, data types and granularity levels. By using ArcGIS and FRAGSTATS software, all alternative indices under different grid granularity levels were calculated. A statistical analysis was made on the significance, sensitivity, and difference of the calculation results of the indicators. Finally, according to the characteristics of the results, the evaluation indicators that can effectively represent the fragmentation status of the cultivated land were screened from the aspects of index connotation, method, and granularity. The results are as follows: 1) Evaluation results of cultivated land fragmentation under the project area scale are quite different from each other, which are affected by the basis data, the selected analysis methods and different grid granularity levels. If the land use data are directly used for evaluation like this, it is difficult to fully reflect the changes in the fragmentation of cultivated land, and at the same time, the impact of land consolidation on improving the fragmentation of cultivated land will also be underestimated. 2) In the terms of data types and grid granularity levels, vector landscape indices have a strong ability to characterize the cultivated land fragmentation. However, considering the comprehensiveness of evaluation indices, it is still necessary to calculate with grid data. No matter which data type is taken, the analysis results show that in the project area the suitable grain size is 10 m. 3) The common landscape indices are applied to the problems of cultivated land fragmentation evaluation, such as connotation repetition, method dependence, granularity sensitivity and result ambiguity, and the indicators which can effectively represent the fragmentation of cultivated land include the number of patches, mean patch size, edge density, patch density, patch size's coefficient of variation, Shannon evenness index, and so on. 4) Land consolidation has obvious effect on improving the fragmentation of cultivated land. The number of patches and the degree of shape irregularity indices were decreased, NP, PD and ED were respectively decreased by 997, 0.16 and 141.73. While the indices representing patch scale and spatial distribution equilibrium were increased, MPS, PSCOV and SHEI were respectively increased by 0.118 hm2, 23.56 and 0.004.These results provide an important guide for deeply understanding the impact of land consolidation on the cultivated land fragmentation, and effectively analyzing and evaluating the status and problems of cultivated land fragmentation in project area. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Economics - Forestry - Machinery - Problem solving - Productivity - Rural areas - Sensitivity analysis - Statistical methods
Uncontrolled terms:Cultivated lands - Effectiveness - Evaluation - Land consolidations - Landscape index
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012556
Title:Comparison of heating energy consumption and economy of pig house with different energy saving renovation measures
Title of translation:不同节能改造方式猪舍的供暖能耗和经济性比较
Authors:Wang, Meizhi (1, 2); Xue, Xiaoliu (1); Liu, Jijun (1, 2); Yi, Lu (1); Chen, Zhaohui (1, 2); Wu, Zhonghong (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing; 100193, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Zhonghong(wuzhh@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:218-224
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is forbidden to use coal to heat pig house in "2+26" cities in Northern China at present, and the cost of alternative energy sources like electricity and gas used to heat pig house will increase. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and analyze the effect of different pig house envelope insulation renovation measures and ventilation modes in winter on energy consumption of space heating and cost. This paper covers theoretical and experimental methods. A natural ventilated and natural lighted farrowing house with 12 farrowing sows was selected to be an experimental pig house and the wall was made of bricks with the thickness of 240 mm and had no ceiling. In this experiment, the weight of sow was 238 kg, ventilation rate of the farrowing house was set to be 600 m3/h, and indoor temperature was set to be 18 ℃. The CO<inf>2</inf> concentration indoors was less than 2 414 ppm when the ventilation rate was 600 m3/h, and it was thought the ventilation rate was enough in heating periods to save ventilation energy. The renovation measures were divided into 4 types or stages: uninsulated (the original farrowing house), wall insulated (Step 1, renovated in 2015), wall and ceiling insulated with ventilation inlet on the windows and doors (Step 2, renovated in 2017), wall and ceiling insulated with ventilation inlet on the ceiling (Step 3, renovated in 2017). Temperatures at the inlet on the ceiling, outdoors and indoors were measured and analyzed. Energy consumption of space heating and cost of different renovation types were calculated and compared. The results indicated that temperature at the inlet on the ceiling was 13.2 ℃ when the temperature outdoors was 0.1 ℃ and the temperature indoors was 18 ℃. Which part of the envelopes of the farrowing house used to be renovated would be more effective in energy saving depended on the values of heat transfer coefficients, air temperature at the inlet of ventilation, ventilation rate, and so on. Energy consumption in environmental control of farrowing house was divided into spacing heating and ventilation and localized heating in Beijing, China. Energy consumption of space heating in winter for uninsulated, wall insulated, wall and ceiling insulated with ventilation inlet on the windows and doors and wall and ceiling insulated with ventilation inlet on the ceiling was 118.2, 45.2, 35.3 and 0.2 kW•h/m2, respectively. Renovation cost of unit energy saving for Step 1, Step 2 and Step 3 was 1.2, 40.4 and 9.0 Yuan/(kW•h), respectively. Payback period of Step 1, Step 2 and Step 3 was 2.0, 67.3 and 15.0 a, respectively. For space heating of uninsulated, wall insulated, wall and ceiling insulated with ventilation inlet on the windows and doors, wall and ceiling insulated with ventilation inlet on the ceiling of the farrowing house, the time with no need for heating in winter was 284, 811, 952 and 2 785 h, respectively, the percentage of the time with no need for heating in 2 904 h was 10%, 28%, 33% and 96%, respectively. Ventilation and localized heating of farrowing house was calculated to be 43.7 kW•h/m2 in the whole year for the 4 types of energy efficiency renovation farrowing houses. Wall insulation was the best renovation measure on basis of least renovation cost of saving unit energy consumption, whereas wall and ceiling insulated with ventilation inlet on the ceiling was the best renovation measure on basis of least total energy consumption. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Heating
Controlled terms:Ceilings - Costs - Energy conservation - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Environmental management - Facilities - Houses - Insulation - Investments - Mammals - Space heating - Ventilation
Uncontrolled terms:Alternative energy source - Electricity and gas - Energy-saving renovation - Envelope - Environmental control - Experimental methods - Heating energy consumption - Total energy consumption
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 402.3 Residences - 413 Insulating Materials - 454.1 Environmental Engineering, General - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 643.1 Space Heating - 643.5 Ventilation - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
Numerical data indexing:Mass 2.38e+02kg, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 2.80e+01%, Percentage 3.30e+01%, Percentage 9.60e+01%, Size 2.40e-01m, Time 1.00e+07s, Time 1.05e+07s, Time 3.43e+06s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012554
Title:Moisture quantitative analysis with small sample set of maize grain in filling stage based on near infrared spectroscopy
Title of translation:基于近红外光谱的灌浆期玉米籽粒水分小样本定量分析
Authors:Wang, Xue (1, 2); Ma, Tiemin (2, 3); Yang, Tao (1); Song, Ping (1); Xie, Qiuju (2); Chen, Zhengguang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China; (2) College of Electrical and Information, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163319, China; (3) School of Computer Science And Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang; 110819, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Tao(328748306@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:203-210
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and its analytical techniques are increasingly used for the rapid quantitative and qualitative analysis in the field of agriculture, food, industry, and so on. Generally, the sample size in most research is between 100 and 200. In maize breeding, the sampling quantity and its cost for maize grain moisture measurement in filling stage are limited due to some objective limitations of the planting area of new varieties, the maize plants number per square meter, the effective experimental spikes number and other conditions. However, the filling period is a critical stage for maize grain variety changes and breeding test. In the traditional measurement method for moisture drying, 150-250 grains are taken for the moisture measurement, which are a large number of samples. Therefore, it is one of the urgent problems to provide a high efficient moisture measurement method using small sample size in maize breeding process. In NIRS research field, the size of sample set is a key factor for the performance and prediction ability of the algorithm. In general, the smaller the size of sample set, the lower the efficiency of model, so it is very important to find a critical value for the small sample set in practical applications. In recent years, data analysis methods for small sample set based on Bootstrap were proposed, and most of them were considered reliable for the small sample set data validation. In order to reduce sample size and measure the moisture content of maize grainin filling period quickly and accurately, a quantitative analysis model of moisture was presented based on sample set optimized selection and partial least squares (PLS) algorithm using NIRS. The method of sample set optimized selection was on the basis of Bootstrap resampling strategy and sample set partitioning based on joint x-y distances (SPXY). The models were evaluated by correlation coefficient of prediction and root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) in different resampling times and the sizes of sample set. Firstly, the full spectrum and wavelength selection spectrum were resampled for 100-800 times at the sample size of 5, 10, 20 and 50, respectively, using Bootstrap algorithm. Secondly, the resampled set was selected for the calculation of SPXY samples to optimize selection to form modeling sample set. Thirdly, the modeling sample set was divided into multiple subsets and PLS sub-models were constructed using these subsets respectively, and multiple predictive values were obtained by using the PLS sub-models regression analysis. Finally, the predictive values of maize grain moisture in filling period were obtained by the weighted mean of multiple predictive values. It is shown that a model with stable performance is gotten when the number of Bootstrap resampling is 500 and resampling size is greater than 10, and the number of resampled samples decreases with the increasing of sample size. When the sample size is 10 and 50, the RMSEP mean values of full spectrum Bootstrap-SPXY-PLS model are 0.38% and 0.40% respectively, the correlation coefficients of prediction are 0.975 1 and 0.968 5 respectively, and the determination coefficients (R2) of the calibration are 0.999 9 and 0.993 6 respectively; the RMSEP mean values of CARS-Bootstrap-PLS are 0.36% and 0.35% respectively, the correlation coefficients of prediction are 0.973 6 and 0.975 0 respectively, and the R2 values were 0.924 5 and 0.918 0 respectively. Therefore, the 2 models of full-spectrum Bootstrap-SPXY-PLS and the CARS-Bootstrap-PLS both have good prediction ability and can provide a new stable and efficient method for maize grain moisture determination in filling stage in breeding process. It is helpful for maize breeding research, and also provides a new idea for quantitative analysis of NIR spectra in small sample set. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Sampling
Controlled terms:Chemical analysis - Coherent scattering - Filling - Forecasting - Grain (agricultural product) - Infrared devices - Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Models - Moisture - Moisture determination - Moisture meters - Near infrared spectroscopy - Regression analysis - Spectrum analysis - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Filling stage - Optimized selection - Partial least square (PLS) - Quantitative analysis model - Quantitative and qualitative analysis - Resamples - Root-mean-square error of predictions - Small samples
Classification code:691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.1 Moisture Measuring Instruments - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.50e-01%, Percentage 3.60e-01%, Percentage 3.80e-01%, Percentage 4.00e-01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012532
Title:Relationship model of fertilizer outlet location and fertilizer application depth of depth-fixed application device of base-fertilizer
Title of translation:基肥定深施用装置排肥口位置与施肥深度关系模型
Authors:Zhu, Qingzhen (1, 2); Wu, Guangwei (2); An, Xiaofei (2); Chen, Liping (3); Meng, Zhijun (3); Zhao, Chunjiang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Beijing Agricultural Information Technology Research Center, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Chunjiang(zhaocj@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:8-17
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Winter wheat is the most important crop in China, which has a large planting area, a high per unit area yield and a high total output. This is important to the maintenance of national food security. Base-fertilizer application is an important process of winter wheat production, which directly affects the yield of crops, and reasonable and effective use of chemical fertilizer can improve the yield of crops. At present, base-fertilizer of winter wheat is applied to the surface of farmland by manure spreader or laborers. Then the rotary tiller or moldboard plow is used to bury the fertilizer underground. The method has the problems of disordered fertilizer, excessive fertilizer delivery and low utilization efficiency. The depth-setting fertilizer application for winter wheat is an ideal way of fertilization. It can carry out a uniform fertilization to the winter wheat's underside position with a certain depth, which can reduce fertilizer amount compared with the traditional fertilization operation. It is a fertilization technique with high output, stable yield and low cost. Combined with the characteristics of rotary tillage fertilizing of winter wheat in Huanghe-Huaihe-Haihe (HHH) zone of China, this paper proposes a precise depth-setting fertilizer application method based on principle of rotary tillage. From the kinematics analysis of rotary blade and soil block respectively, the mathematical model of the positions of fertilizer outlet orifice of steel pipe and the target depth of fertilization was established. In order to validate this mathematical model, a precision rotary tillage fertilization test platform was set up. The test platform includes tractor, depth-controlled component, rotary tillage device, fertilizer ejecting device, precision hydraulic control system and press device. The fertilizer ejecting device is the key part of the test platform. It includes longitudinal beam, fastening bolt, steel pipe of fertilizer ejecting, U-shaped bolt and sleeve. The steel pipe of fertilizer ejecting can be adjusted longitudinally and laterally according to the requirements of the test. In order to accurately validate the mathematical model, 2 groups of progressive experiments were designed and conducted at the National Experiment Station for Precision Agriculture in Xiaotangshan Town, Beijing City in October 2017. After testing, the hardness, humidity and temperature of soil in the test area at the depth of 0-10 cm were 615.0 kPa, 10.9% and 17.6℃, respectively. In the experiment, the IT245 rotary blade cutting operation parts were selected, and power transfer mechanism used John Deal 1204 tractor. The tractor was controlled at the speed of 1.5 m/s, the rotational speed of rotary blade was stable at 180 r/min, and the rotary tillage depth was set to 200 mm in the verification test. The experiment selected blue fertilizer as the application object. Target fertilization depth was set as 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160 mm, respectively, for the precision fertilization field test, and the actual depth of fertilization was 73, 92, 111, 132 and 151 mm, respectively. The maximum offset deviation of fertilization depth was 9 mm, and the maximum deviation ratio of fertilization depth was 8.75%, which could meet the requirement of the actual production. The results of these experiments show that the mathematical model of the positions of fertilizer outlet orifice of steel pipe and the target depth of fertilization established is trustworthy. The results can be a theoretical basis for design and development of rotary tillage and fertilization equipment. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Automobile testing - Crops - Energy transfer - Food supply - Hydraulic machinery - Mathematical models - Mechanization - Models - Orifices - Soil testing - Steel pipe - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck) - Turbomachine blades
Uncontrolled terms:Design and Development - Fertilizer applications - Humidity and temperatures - Hydraulic control systems - Located fertilization - Precision fertilizations - Rotary tillages - Utilization efficiency
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 545.3 Steel - 601 Mechanical Design - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 662 Automobiles and Smaller Vehicles - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.3 Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.09e+01%, Percentage 8.75e+00%, Pressure 6.15e+05Pa, Rotational_Speed 1.80e+02RPM, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.00e-01m, Size 1.32e-01m, Size 1.51e-01m, Size 1.60e-01m, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 9.00e-03m, Velocity 1.50e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012538
Title:Experimental study on particle distribution of exhaust emission of heavy-duty diesel engine
Title of translation:重型柴油机颗粒物分布规律的试验研究
Authors:Zhou, Xiaobo (1, 2); Hu, Qinghua (1); Yan, Feng (3); Su, Wanhua (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin; 300350, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin; 300072, China; (3) China Automotive Technology & Research Center Co., Ltd, Tianjin; 300300, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Qinghua(huqinghua@tju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:62-69
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, smog has emerged in most of major cities in China. Epidemiological and toxicological studies showed that the ultrafine particles in the atmosphere adhere to a large number of toxic substances, which can cause serious harm to human respiratory and cardiovascular and other organs after they enter the human body through the respiratory tract. and the data indicated that it had a significant correlation with human morbidity and mortality. Particulate emissions from diesel engines are an important source of ultrafine particles in urban atmosphere. The researchers found that the weighing method of particulate matter detection cannot accurately reflect the emission levels of internal combustion engines. This new method for measuring the number of particulate matter emissions after removing volatile matter from the method has been widely recognized and included in the scope of regulatory investigation. However, there are few studies on the number and size distribution of particles in the transient process of diesel engine. In order to simultaneously control the quality and quantity of particulate matter emitted from heavy duty diesel engines, the particle distribution of exhaust particulates from diesel engines under steady and transient conditions was studied. The test bench is a 12 L heavy duty diesel engine and an electric dynamometer. The test bench is a prototype with no post-processor and meets the Euro IV regulations. It has been certified by China Automotive Technology Research Center (CATRC). The engine intake system consists of a two-stage turbocharging system with variable geometry section turbine (VGT), a high-pressure EGR system and an intake valve late closing system (IVCT system, which is developed by the research group independently). Cambustion DMS500 fast particle spectrometer was used to analyze the particle size distribution of diesel engine under transient conditions. The experimental results showed that, in the steady state, with the increase of load or speed, the concentration of accumulated particles showed an upward trend, corresponding to the increase of count median diameter (CMD), the surface area and mass of accumulated particles showed an increasing trend, and the peak value shifted to the direction of large particle size. In this study, the total number concentration of particles during the steady state is 1.5×106-4.5×106/cm3, and accumulation mode particle was 2×106-1×107/cm3, nucleation mode particle was 1×107-3×107/cm3 which account for 65%-96%. In the steady state, the number of nucleation mode particles is the main source of the total number of particles. The equivalent ratio of all steady state conditions is less than 0.7. The effect of equivalent ratio on particle distribution is obvious at middle and low rotational speed, but weakens at high rotational speed, especially at high load. The European Transient Cycle (ETC) was used for the transient test. In transient condition, the spikes also appear in the number concentration of particles which similar to that of quality of particulate matter, and the number concentration peak even reaches 2×108-7×108 /cm3, which is 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the corresponding steady state operation. The number concentration of nucleation mode particle increases significantly in the spikes, but the proportion of the number concentration of nucleation mode particle in the total particles is reduced. The number concentration of accumulation mode particle is the main part of the spikes which is different from the steady state condition. The particle size peak is mainly concentrated in the 50-200 nm range at accumulation mode, the 6-8 nm and 20-50 nm at nucleation mode, this mainly because that the equivalent ratio in the transient process appears to exceed the critical equivalent ratio of 0.8 working conditions. The equivalent ratio does not exceed 0.7 in steady state operation, but the condition corresponding to the emission peak appears to exceed the critical equivalent ratio 0.8. The results are of great significance for particulate emission control and generation mechanism of heavy-duty diesel engine, and can provide data support for matching calculation of post-exhaust processor. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Particles (particulate matter)
Controlled terms:Air pollution - Diesel engines - Distribution functions - Emission control - Exhaust gases - Nucleation - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Particulate emissions - Quality control - Size distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulation modes - Heavy-duty diesel engine - Nucleation mode particles - Particulate Matter - Particulate matter emissions - Steady-state condition - Total number concentrations - Transient conditions
Classification code:451 Air Pollution - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 933.1.2 Crystal Growth - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 6.50e+01% to 9.60e+01%, Size 2.00e-08m to 5.00e-08m, Size 5.00e-08m to 2.00e-07m, Size 6.00e-09m to 8.00e-09m, Volume 1.20e-02m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012547
Title:Numerical simulation and verification on impact damage mechanical property of drift ice on diversion tunnel
Title of translation:流冰对引水隧洞撞击破坏力学特性数值分析与验证
Authors:Gong, Li (1); Li, Yaxian (1); Jin, Chunling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou; 730070, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:144-151
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In high latitude region of western China, the environment is in harsh condition that it is cold and dry in winter and has long ice period, which causes many water resource problems. In order to relieve the serious water shortage condition in cold and dry region, a large number of long distance water diversion projects were established to improve the water resource condition, such as increasing farm irrigation, human and animal drinking. While the ice damage occurs frequently under severe ice conditions in cold and dry region, especially in ice period in winter and thawing period in spring, it is easy to form drift ice with different velocities, different plan sizes and different thicknesses, which produces different extrusion forces or impact forces to damage tunnel lining, causing project failure. The failure project could not realize the original planning and construction goal, giving rise to the water allocation pressure. The water allocation would cause water shortage which influences diversion irrigation and farming production in spring. Based on the intense researches on the collision simulation problem of the interaction between drift ice and diversion tunnel, this paper used the symmetric penalty function in the finite element contact-impact algorithm to conduct the theoretical study on collision simulation problem between drift ice and water diversion tunnel. ANSYS/LS-DYNA was adopted as the platform to establish tunnel model and drift ice model. LS-DYNA SOLVER was used as the solver to solve and analyze the damage degrees of drift ice on tunnel. The physical model tests were conducted to verify and reveal the impact damage mechanism of drift ice on diversion tunnel. The physical model was constructed by the geometric scale of 28, which is the ratio of the experiment facility to the prototype in the test. The results show that tunnel lining surface will form varying degrees of deformation and failure when the tunnel lining is impacted by the drift ice with different velocities, different plane sizes and different thicknesses. It is also discovered that the impact stress increases with the flow velocity and their relationship presents linear variation. The impact stress also increases with the drift ice's plane size and their relationship presents nonlinear variation. The impact stress increases with the drift ice thickness when the drift ice thickness is less than 0.5 m. While the drift ice thickness is greater than 0.5 m, the maximum stress value shows little change. The relationship between drift ice's plane size and maximum stress shows approximately linear variation. Meanwhile, the software simulation and test observation results are almost the same. The impact of drift ice on the tunnel lining would cause the deformation of lining, but the deformation has little influence on the tunnel stability. The drift ice's long time erosion would cause the tunnel lining surface to fall off, and further break the strength and stability of the tunnel structures. The study supplies theoretical support and technical guarantee for water diversion project security in cold and dry region of western China. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Tunnel linings
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Deformation - Flood control - Flow velocity - Ice problems - Irrigation - Linings - Models - Numerical models - Potable water - Sea ice - Software testing - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Deformation and failures - Diversion tunnel - High-latitude regions - Impact force - Mechanical performance - Non-linear variation - Physical model test - Water diversion project
Classification code:401.2 Tunnels and Tunneling - 442.1 Flood Control - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 471.1 Oceanography, General - 631 Fluid Flow - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921 Mathematics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Size 5.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012539
Title:Vehicle distance measurement with implementation of vehicle attitude angle estimation and inverse perspective mapping based on monocular vision
Title of translation:基于单目视觉车辆姿态角估计和逆透视变换的车距测量
Authors:Liu, Jun (1); Hou, Shihao (1); Zhang, Kai (1); Yan, Xiaojuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:70-76
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to the change of vehicle steering attitude caused by road conditions and driver's intention during driving, location information of detected vehicles relative to the host vehicle is also changed. Aiming at the problem that the method of monocular vision ranging ignores changes in attitude angle in the process of driving, this paper presents a monocular vision ranging model based on inverse perspective mapping (IPM) of variable parameters and road vanishing point detection, which achieves a real-time measurement of longitudinal and horizontal distance during vehicle relative movement by taking advantage of location information of vehicle detection so that it can locate and detect the vehicle on the ground plane as well as provide a good environment perception for advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) and intelligent vehicle system. Firstly, owing to the relationship between changes in attitude angle and the coordinates of road vanishing point, the yaw angle and pitch angle of vehicle motion are calculated in real time through the algorithm for road vanishing point detection, which is based on texture orientation estimation. The algorithm, which possesses a better robustness under different light and road conditions, estimates dominant texture orientation of pixels according to joint activities and confidence measure of Gabor filter with 4 directions, and vanishing point candidates are confirmed by the modified locally adaptive soft voting and particle filter tracking algorithm. On account of the yaw angle which leads to a certain degree of rotation in the top view of IPM and the existence of the pitch angle which leaves the top view of IPM unable to restore the parallel relationship of the top view of actual road, IPM of variable parameters based on the coordinate of road vanishing point is used to compensate for the pitch angle to eliminate the influence of inverse perspective distortion, thereby restoring the parallel relationship of road plane and measuring longitudinal distance between the detected vehicle and the host vehicle using calibrated longitudinal scale factor. Then a modeling analysis of the yaw angle of vehicle motion during the process of IPM is made and the effects of the shape and size of the detected vehicle on ranging model are considered. When the horizontal axis in the lower-right bounding box of detected vehicle is less than half of the number of horizontal pixels in the imaging plane, the detected vehicle would be on the left of the host vehicle and its longitudinal and horizontal distance are calculated in accordance with the coordinate in the lower-right bounding box, while the horizontal axis in the lower-left bounding box of detected vehicle is greater than half of the number of horizontal pixels in the imaging plane, the detected vehicle would be on the right of the host vehicle and its longitudinal and horizontal distance are calculated in accordance with the coordinate in the lower-left bounding box; otherwise, it would be directly in front of the host vehicle with the horizontal distance being zero, and its longitudinal distance is calculated in accordance with the coordinate in the middle base of bounding box. Finally, the vehicle ranging model on the basis of location information of vehicle detection is established to consider compensating for attitude angle. The feasibility and effectiveness of this method are analyzed from 2 groups of contrast experiments on different road environments and ranging methods, and the results show that the proposed ranging model can effectively measure the distance of detected vehicles within about 70 m in the longitudinal direction and 4 m in the horizontal direction, having a measurement error of less than 5%; and the better the road environment, the smaller the error; the ranging error of a good flat road is within 3%, and the average processing speed of this algorithm reaches 40 frames/s. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Inverse problems
Controlled terms:Advanced driver assistance systems - Algorithms - Automobile drivers - Errors - Gabor filters - Location - Mapping - Models - Pixels - Roads and streets - Steering - Vehicles - Vision
Uncontrolled terms:Environment perceptions - Intelligent vehicle systems - Inverse perspective mappings - Monocular vision - Particle filter tracking - Perspective distortion - Real time measurements - Vanishing point detection
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 406.2 Roads and Streets - 432 Highway Transportation - 703.2 Electric Filters - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.00e+00%, Size 4.00e+00m, Size 7.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012563
Title:Land consolidation mode based on radiation model and potential model for dividing urban and rural zone functions
Title of translation:基于辐射模型及潜力模型划分城乡地域功能的土地整治模式
Authors:Wang, Dan (1, 2); Fang, Bin (1); Chen, Zhengfu (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing; 210023, China; (2) Department of Resource & Environment Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou; 225009, China; (3) Jiangsu E-Map Geographic Information Engineering Co. Ltd., Yangzhou; 225009, China
Corresponding author:Fang, Bin(wenyanfang731@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:270-278
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Land consolidation based on local condition and regional functions of rural and urban areas needs to be integrated under the "Rural Revitalization Strategy". This integration requires land consolidation to transfer from a single-target project to a tool for reshaping "Production-Living-Ecology" and optimizing population structure. This study used 619 villages of Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province as an example to extend the land consolidation space from rural areas to combined rural and urban areas, and to replace the space reconstruction with reconstructing the human-land relationship during the land consolidation process. The urban and rural areas of Yangzhou were firstly assigned to different functions using the radiation and potential models. According to these functions, the areas were then divided into land regulation zones featured with different transformation targets. The results showed that: 1) The 619 villages were divided into 4 functional zones: the urban core zone, the urban expansion zone, the central village zone, and the ecological-agricultural zone, which accounted for 7.76%, 27.62%, 6.55% and 58.07% of the study area, respectively. Therefore, taking the village (community) as the unit, Yangzhou could be divided into the urban core area, the urban expansion area, the central village area and the ecological-agricultural area. 2) 4 land regulation zones were generated, and the urban expansion zone was located in the Yangtze River Plain, the town expansion zone was distributed along traffic arteries, the central villages were clustered in the core of ecological-agricultural area, and the ecological agriculture zone was scattered in the Nanjing-Zhenjiang-Yangzhou hilly area and Lixiahe Plain. According to the zoning setting, the land consolidation area of Yangzhou was divided into the 4 zones. Therefore, the land consolidation space was expanded from the rural area to the total urban and rural area, the land consolidation process was transformed from the space reconstruction to the human-land relationship reconstruction, and the land consolidation of spatial relations was transformed from the functional fragmentation to the organic integration. 3) The land consolidation goal of urban and town expansion area is reshaping the space of industrial production + living + public service, while the land consolidation goal of the central village area is reshaping the space of living + public service, and ecological-agricultural area is reshaping the space of ecology + agricultural production. 4) The measures to deal with demographic transition in the 4 land regulation zones are achieving the transition of the concurrent producers to the urban producers, achieving the transition of the agricultural producers to the concurrent producers, achieving the enhancement of the ability of the concurrent producer integrating elements, and achieving the transition of the concurrent producers to the high-quality agricultural producers, respectively. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Ecology - Expansion - Land use - Landforms - Models - Urban planning
Uncontrolled terms:Land consolidations - Population transformation - Potential Model - Radiation modeling - Spatial transformation - Urban and rural - Yangzhou
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.76e+01%, Percentage 5.81e+01%, Percentage 6.55e+00%, Percentage 7.76e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012531
Title:Analysis on temporal-spatial difference of cultivated land pressure at multiple scales in China from 1978 to 2015
Title of translation:1978-2015年中国多尺度耕地压力时空差异分析
Authors:Zhang, Yajie (1); Yan, Xiaoshuang (1); Zhang, Feng (2); Xiao, Zhanchun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430000, China; (2) School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430000, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Feng(7570056@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:1-7
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This paper aims to investigate the spatial distribution, temporal change and policy proposal of the cultivated land pressure in China. Considering the relationship between the quantity of cultivated land and population, the model of cultivated land pressure index put forward by Professor Cai Yunlong, can quantitatively measure the tension of cultivated land resources in a region. But the difference of cultivated land quality and utilization in different regions was not considered in this model. Therefore, this paper adopted the quality coefficient to expand the cultivated land pressure index, which can reflect both the quantity and quality of cultivated land. Moreover, most of the existing relating studies focused on shorter time series or smaller research fields, few studies have been conducted with long time series data like the years of 1978-2015 in this paper, and little research about spatial-temporal change of cultivated land pressure has been done at different scales across the whole China. So, this paper used the modified model to calculate the cultivated land pressure index at different levels i.e. the whole country, 4 major economic regions and 31 provincial administrative regions from 1978 to 2015. And based on the above-mentioned research data, by using the methods of comparative analysis, clustering analysis and barycenter analysis, this paper analyzed the temporal changes and spatial distribution differences of cultivated land pressure index at the 3 spatial scales and put forward some proposals for cultivated land protection. The study showed that: 1) The changing trend of the cultivated land pressure index in China can be approximately divided into 4 stages: fluctuant declining period from 1978 to 1984, relatively stable period from 1985 to 1997, rapidly rising period from 1998 to 2003 and rapidly declining period from 2004 to 2015. 2) The regional difference of cultivated land pressure is very obvious. In more detail, the cultivated land pressure in the eastern region of China increases gradually, and in the western region of China, the cultivated land pressure is always high, while it is basically stable at a safe state in the middle and northeastern regions of China. 3) The barycenter of cultivated land pressure in China gradually moves to the southeast over time. 4) Thirty-one provincial administrative regions can be divided into 4 types by using the hierarchical clustering method, namely high-pressure type, medium-pressure type, low-pressure type and non-pressure type. 5) Finally, aiming at different types or degrees of cultivated land pressure, suitable countermeasures should be taken to alleviate the cultivated land pressure effectively so as to guarantee the grain supply in all regions of China, such as purchasing the indicators of cultivated land compensation in other provinces or controlling the population inflow moderately for economically developed provinces of high pressure, carrying out land consolidation and rehabilitation actively or increasing agricultural investment for ecologically fragile provinces of high or medium pressure, improving farmland infrastructure or transporting grain to the food shortage areas or offering the indicators of cultivated land compensation to other provinces with insufficient cultivated land reserve resources for low-pressure or non-pressure provinces located in major grain producing areas, and so on. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Cluster analysis - Economics - Grain (agricultural product) - Investments - Models - Spatial distribution - Time series
Uncontrolled terms:Cultivated land qualities - Cultivated lands - Grain security - Hierarchical clustering methods - Pressure index - Regional differences - Spatial-temporal changes - Western region of chinas
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012566
Title:Experimental study on boundary pressure and wall friction under static grain storage in silo
Title of translation:筒仓静态储粮的边界压力及仓壁摩擦力试验研究
Authors:Han, Yang (1); Li, Dongqiao (1); Chen, Jiahao (1); Jing, Hang (1); Duan, Junfeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou; 450001, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:296-302
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The authors participated in the design of the silo model test facility, which can be used to measure the storage force of the grain heap, such as the bottom pressure, the side wall pressure and the friction force of the bulk grain heap. The self-designed silo model was 480 mm in diameter and 2 102 mm high. The silo wall, constructed of organic glass, was composed of 3 separate parts. There is a 1-mm thick gap between each part of the walls to prevent the outflow of grain. The 3 parts of the wall were named Top Wall (l 000 mm high, fixed on the steel frame), Middle Wall (100 mm high) and Upper Wall (1 000 mm high). The silo bottom, which can be raised and lowered, was divided into 4 parts (1 concentric circle and 3 concentric rings). The Top Wall, the Middle Wall and each parts of silo bottom were supported on three force sensors to measure the wall friction as well as the vertical pressure on the floor. Three earth pressure cells were embedded in the middle line of the Middle Wall to measure the wall lateral pressure. Two experimental schemes were carried out. No.1 scheme is that: Fill the silo model with wheat to a height of 100 mm at each time until the height of the wheat reached 1 000 mm. Record the data obtained from each of the force sensors supported under each part of the silo bottom as well as the force sensors supported under the Upper Wall of each grain height. This scheme is designed to measure the radial distribution of bottom pressure under different grain heights. The No.2 scheme is that: Fill the silo model with wheat to a height of 1 000 mm and then raise the flat bottom to the lower edge of the Middle Wall. Drop the bottom by 50 mm at each time. Meanwhile, record the data obtained from the earth pressure cells embedded in the Middle Wall and the data obtained from the force sensors supported under the Middle Wall at difficult depths of wheat. The distribution of the storage force at the boundary was measured in the experiment. The rationality of the model test data is verified by compared with the classic theory. Combined with the experimental data, it is found that the bottom pressure of silo grain heap presents the uneven distribution characteristics of "large in middle and small on sides", and the uneven distribution degree is gradually obvious with the increase of grain loading height. The lateral pressure of silo wall is slightly larger than that of Janssen formula when the depth is more than 0.5 m. The friction of the side wall is larger than that of Janssen formula along the whole depth of wheat. And the value of the friction coefficient between the grain and the silo wall is smaller than external friction coefficient measured by directly sheared tests along the whole depth of wheat. It proved that the value of wall friction calculated by Janssen formula is larger than what it really is and the state between the wheat and silo wall haven't reach the limit equilibrium. The lateral pressure coefficient measured by experiment is closed to Rankine's main dynamic and is less than active earth pressure coefficient. The experiment results show that the model silo test device has good repeatability, and it can provide a simple and feasible technical support for the theory of storage pressure. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Walls (structural partitions)
Controlled terms:Digital storage - Experiments - Friction - Grain (agricultural product) - Pressure - Pressure distribution - Retaining walls - Silos (agricultural) - Test facilities
Uncontrolled terms:Active earth pressure - Distribution characteristics - Experimental scheme - Friction coefficients - Lateral pressure coefficient - Lateral pressures - Radial distributions - Vertical pressure
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 901.3 Engineering Research - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Size 0.00e+00m, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 1.00e-01m, Size 1.00e-03m, Size 2.10e+00m, Size 4.80e-01m, Size 5.00e-01m, Size 5.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012559
Title:Stair-heating characteristics of solar heat pump system in strawberry greenhouse
Title of translation:草莓温室太阳能热泵系统阶梯式供暖特性
Authors:Tang, Yilian (1); Li, Ming (1); Ma, Xun (1); Emam, Reda Hassanien (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Solar Energy Research Institute, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming; 650500, China; (2) Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo; 12613, Egypt
Corresponding author:Li, Ming(lmllldy@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:239-245
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Greenhouse cultivation can provide a good planting environment for strawberry growth. Using solar heat pump system to heat strawberry greenhouse in winter can not only utilize new energy effectively, but also encourage strawberries to be marketed early and increase their yield and quality. Stereoscopic planting in greenhouse can improve the utilization of space. In order to explore the optimal height of the multistoried heating in the greenhouse, and to match the coefficient of performance (COP) values of the solar heat pump system, a stair-heating mode was designed in this paper. Two greenhouses with the same size were built in Yunnan Normal University, with 20 strawberry plants grown in each greenhouse, using the "Jingzangxiang" strawberry variety as experimental material. One of the greenhouses was heated by solar heat pump system, which consisted of evacuated tube solar collector, heat pump, water tank and stair-heating system, another one was normal greenhouse without heating system. Strawberries were planted in potted substrates, and the strawberry pots were placed on the steps in the solar greenhouse, while the other strawberry pots were placed on the ground in the normal greenhouse. In this experiment, the temperature and humidity in two greenhouses were analyzed. The temperatures in solar greenhouse in sunny and cloudy days were analyzed separately. In the solar greenhouse, the air temperatures were measured at the height of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m above the ground, and the temperature measurements were carried out separately in sunny days and cloudy days. Furthermore, the quality and yield of strawberry were also compared in the solar greenhouse with stair-heating and the normal greenhouse. In addition, the COP values of the solar heat pump system were measured in sunny days and cloudy days. The results showed that the COP value of solar heat pump system was between 3.02-5.15 in winter in the monsoon climate area of the northern subtropical low latitude plateau. When the weather was sunny, the temperature curves at different spatial altitudes were also different because of the influence of solar radiation. The maximum air temperature at 2.0 m in heated greenhouse was as high as 40.4 ℃ in sunny days, which exceeded the temperature range required for strawberry growth, and the maximum air temperature at the height of 1.0 and 1.5 m was 31.6 and 34.2 ℃, respectively, which were within the temperature range required for strawberry growth. The highest night-time heating efficiency was located at 1.5 m. When the average ambient temperature was 8.4 ℃ in cloudy day, the daily average air temperature ranges of 1.0 and 1.5 m were 14.1 and 16.9 ℃ in solar greenhouse. In the case of the same COP value provided by the heating system, the stair- heating characteristics of the solar greenhouse showed that heating at heights of 1.0 m to 1.5 m from the ground could obtain a temperature environment with a daily average air temperature of 15.5 ℃, and the heating effect was good. Strawberry production in solar greenhouse was 1.56 times of that in normal greenhouses. The average soluble solids content of strawberries grown in solar greenhouse was 10.5% which was higher than that in normal greenhouse. Therefore, the yield and quality of strawberries grown in solar greenhouse are higher than those in normal greenhouse. In addition, the yield and quality of strawberry located at the 1.0 m stair was best with the maximum of the single fruit being 32.3 g and the soluble solid content being 12.5%. In general, when 55 ℃ water circulating cascade heating system is used, the temperature in the heights of 1.0 m from the ground is more suitable for strawberry growth. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Greenhouses
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Fruits - Greenhouse effect - Heat pump systems - Heating equipment - Pumps - Solar energy - Solar heating - Stairs - Stereo image processing - Temperature measurement - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Average air temperature - Coefficient of Performance - Evacuated tube solar collector - Experimental materials - Heat pumps - Strawberry - Temperature and humidities - Temperature environments
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 618.2 Pumps - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 944.6 Temperature Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Mass 3.23e-02kg, Percentage 1.05e+01%, Percentage 1.25e+01%, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 1.00e+00m to 1.50e+00m, Size 1.50e+00m, Size 2.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012557
Title:Effect of perch provision in rearing cages on pullets' adaptability to perch system before and after transfer
Title of translation:育成笼增设栖杆对转群前后鸡群适应性的影响
Authors:Zheng, Hongya (1); Yang, Liu (1); Li, Baoming (1); Zhou, Baogui (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture for Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Animal Healthy Environment, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Beijing Huadu Yukou Poultry Co., Ltd., Beijing; 101206, China
Corresponding author:Li, Baoming(libm@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:225-232
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As people pay more attention on animal welfare, the alternative systems, like perch systems, usually with multi tiers, are increasingly used for poultry production. Pullets need good spatial capabilities to utilize resources distributed on different tiers and display certain behaviour in such systems. However, the majority of pullets in China are housed in conventional cage systems which are considered adverse for the development of spatial skill since the performance of behaviour like perching, jumping and flying are restricted. A lack of such exercises weakens pullets' ability to negotiate the level changes and results in poor adaptability in multi-tier systems, which contributes to problems of behaviour, such as disproportionate distribution in different space, high ratio of floor laying and injures. 240 Jingfen No.2 parent layer breeders were used in present study to investigate the effect of perch provision during rearing period on pullets' adaptability before and after transfer into the multi-tier perch system, aimed at improving pullets' adaptability in such cage-free system from traditional rearing cage system. Each rearing cage accommodates 8 pullets, providing each pullet with 487.5 cm2 cage floor area. 2 factors including manipulation time (age of 63 days and 73 days) and positions of perch addition (along the width of the cage and along the depth of the cage) were taken into account. Each treatment was replicated in 6 cages and the rest 6 cages were used as control groups. Altogether 30 cages were used. All pullets were transferred into the perch system on the ages of 83 days and pullets from 5 different cages were put together and put on the system floor. The number of roosting pullets after light off and individual behaviours during the daytime were observed in cages. Distributions of pullets and individual behaviours during the daytime in perch unit were compared. The results showed that: 1. the addition of perches in rearing cages significantly affected on the number of roosting pullets at the first night (P<inf>time*position</inf><0.01). Utilization of width perches on the age of 63 days was significantly higher than that on the age of 73 days (P<0.01) and higher than that of depth perches (P<0.01). Averaged 4.5-5.3 pullets roosted on the perches on the 10th night with the ratio of perch use ranging from 75% to 88%, and no significant difference was found among treatments. 2. The accumulative frequency of standing, lying and preening on the cage floor decreased in perch cages, along with increased feeding and locomotion and decreased pecking behaviours of the whole group. The proportion of perching behaviour during the daytime was 12.8%-21.6%, and more pullets preferred to stay on perch, with heads toward to the wire mesh of the cage. 3. In the ramp perch units, the proportions of pullets from perch groups were 74.2% and 65.6% respectively on elevated platforms in the perch system for the 2 ages during the initial 5 days after transfer, and it is 59.2% for the control group, which is significant difference compared with perch group of 63 days age (P<0.05). However, perch utilization was rare in 2 modified perch units. Overall, the results indicated that the provision of perches in rearing cages is advantageous for pullets' adaptability to the stereo space in the perch system after transfer, and earlier experience of perch during rearing period is better. It is suggested that perches should be provided in pullet rearing cages as early as possible in order to improve the adaptability of pullets after being transfered to perch system. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Behavioral research
Controlled terms:Animals - Floors
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptation - Alternative systems - Individual behaviour - Multi-tier system - Perch system - Poultry production - Rearing period - Transfer
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 971 Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.37e-02yr, Age 1.73e-01yr, Age 2.00e-01yr, Age 2.27e-01yr, Area 4.88e-02m2, Percentage 1.28e+01% to 2.16e+01%, Percentage 5.92e+01%, Percentage 6.56e+01%, Percentage 7.42e+01%, Percentage 7.50e+01% to 8.80e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012565
Title:Working parameter optimization and experiment of key components of coix lacryma-jobi sheller
Title of translation:薏苡脱壳机关键部件作业参数优化与试验
Authors:Wang, Jiannan (1); Liu, Minji (1); Cao, Mingzhu (1); Yan, Jianchun (1); Peng, Baoliang (1); Hu, Zhichao (1); Xie, Huanxiong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding author:Xie, Huanxiong(nfzhongzi@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:288-295
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the shelling rate and reduce the breakage rate, the central composite experiments were conducted to optimize the working parameters. Firstly, the physical properties of coix lacryma-jobi were studied, and the study object was "White shell coix lacryma-jobi" planted widely in Guizhou Province, the shape of which was irregular, and the thousand kernel weight was 86.5g. Proportion of thickness δ≤5 mm was 25%, 5<δ≤5.5 was 58%, and others were δ>5.5. The weight ratio of shell and kernel was 1:2.5. The moisture content of shell and kernel was 11.6% and 12.7% respectively. The crushing force of coix lacryma-jobi was 45 N≤F≤95 N, 60% of which was about 65 N. The flow angle of coix lacryma-jobi tested by inclined surface device was 14.5°. Based on composite experiment methods of quadratic orthogonal rotation, the effects of key components' main working parameters of coix lacryma-jobi sheller on shelling rate and breakage rate were analyzed, the parameters include rotation speed of rotary plate, distance between rotary and stationary plate, working face width of stationary plate, and the data were analyzed based on the Design-Expert software. The mathematical regression models of shelling rate and breakage rate were built, and corresponding variance analysis were conducted. A regression equation of the relationship between variation coefficient of 3 main working parameters was obtained. Through the analysis of variance, the results showed that the most influential factor for shelling rate was the rotation speed of rotary plate, and the minimum impact factor was the distance between rotary and stationary plate; regarding to the breakage rate, the most influential factor was working face width of stationary plate, and the minimum impact factor was the rotation speed of rotary plate. The response surface method was utilized to analyze the effects of factors' interaction on shelling rate and breakage rate, and the multi-objective optimizations were conducted for the regression models to obtain the working parameters for the best shelling rate and the lowest breakage rate. The optimal combination working parameters of key components of coix lacryma-jobi sheller were the speed of rotary plate was 1 076.02 r/min, the distance between rotary and stationary plate is 4.91 mm, and the working face width of stationary plate of 7.63 mm. Under the condition of the optimal combination working parameters, the shelling rate and breakage rate was 50.49% and 3.02%, respectively. The production verification test was conducted in factory. With the optimal parameters of coix lacryma-jobi sheller, the shelling rate was improved greatly, and the shelling rate and breakage rate was 51.1% and 3.6%, respectively, which close to the results obtained from the previous model. The study provides the scientific basis for key components' working parameters optimization of coix lacryma-jobi sheller. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Regression analysis
Controlled terms:Crops - Multiobjective optimization - Optimization - Physical properties - Rotation - Surface properties
Uncontrolled terms:Coix lacryma-jobi - Key component - Response surface methodology - Sheller - Working parameters
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Force 6.50e+01N, Mass 8.65e-02kg, Percentage 1.16e+01%, Percentage 1.27e+01%, Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 3.02e+00%, Percentage 3.60e+00%, Percentage 5.05e+01%, Percentage 5.11e+01%, Percentage 5.80e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+01%, Rotational_Speed 7.60e+01RPM, Size 4.91e-03m, Size 7.63e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012551
Title:Early season crop type recognition based on historical EVI time series
Title of translation:基于历史增强型植被指数时序的农作物类型早期识别
Authors:Hao, Pengyu (1); Tang, Huajun (1); Chen, Zhongxin (1); Niu, Zheng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agri-Informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) The State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100101, China
Corresponding author:Tang, Huajun(tanghuajun@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:179-186
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Timely and accurate crop distribution maps derived from satellite observations could assist crop growth monitoring. Although crop mapping methodologies have been widely studied, there are still some drawbacks, such as the limitation of ground reference data and low efficiency of crop type mapping caused by using time series data of the entire year. The objectives of this study are: (1) to develop a new method, which can identify crop types using the crop records of the previous years; (2) to evaluate the performance of the method with different time series length, and try to acquire the crop type map at 30 m spatial resolution. The study area of this paper was the ASD30 of Kansas State, USA. We firstly used the cropland data layer (CDL) data and MODIS EVI(enhanced vegetation index) time series between 2006 and 2013 to generate reference EVI time series with the ABNet algorithm for the major crops in the study area, i.e. alfalfa, corn, sorghum and winter wheat. Then, we acquired the "possible" training samples in 2014 using the CDL records between 2006 and 2013. If a pixel was labeled as "Crop A" more than 4 times among the 8-year CDL records, the pixel was labeled as "possible Crop A" in 2014. Next, we compared the MODIS EVI of the "possible crop A" pixels and the reference EVI time series of Crop A, if the 2 profiles were matched, the "possible Crop A" was confirmed as a training sample of "Crop A". Finally, we used these training samples and monthly composited Landsat NDVI (normalized differential vegetation index) to identify crop types at 30 m resolution. To analyze the effect of time series length on crop type identification performance, we tried 7 time series lengths (April, April-May, April-June, April-July, April-August, April-September and April-October), used MODIS EVI time series to acquire training samples for each time series length, and then identified crop types using the corresponding training samples and Landsat NDVI time series. Several metrics derived from the confusion matrix, such as overall accuracy, Kappa coefficient, were used to evaluate the classification performance. Results showed that when only time series data in April were used, we acquired 5 088 samples, and 91.86% among these samples had the same crop label with the CDL data. When longer time series data were used, more training samples in 2014 were acquired with higher accuracy. When entire EVI time series data were applied, 10 803 samples were acquired and 10 317 samples had same crop label with CDL data. When using these training samples and monthly composted Landsat NDVI to identify crop types at 30 m resolution, classification accuracies were low if April or April-May time series data were used, and overall accuracies were 66.12% and 52.51%, respectively. When time series length was April-October, overall classification was 94.89%. April-August time series achieved good classification performance, as 10 183 training samples were acquired, 96.32% samples had same label to CDL data, overall classification accuracy was 94.02%, and acreage of major crops was similar to CDL data. Finally, we could conclude: (1) The method proposed in this study can acquire train samples in the classification year when the ground reference data are absent. Using these training samples, we can obtain crop type distribution maps with high accuracy (better than 90%). (2) We can acquire the crop type map of the study area in August with the high classification accuracy which is similar to the result derived from the entire EVI time series, and has the similar crop acreage with CDL data for each crop. In the future, we can enhance this method by improving the previous-year training samples with CDL crop confidence layer. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Image resolution - Mapping - Pixels - Radiometers - Remote sensing - Sampling - Satellite imagery - Time series - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Classification accuracy - Classification performance - Crop type classification - Data layer - Enhanced vegetation index - Normalized differential vegetation indices - Recognition - Training sample
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 655.2 Satellites - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Age 8.00e+00yr, Percentage 5.25e+01%, Percentage 6.61e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.19e+01%, Percentage 9.40e+01%, Percentage 9.49e+01%, Percentage 9.63e+01%, Size 3.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012552
Title:Online recognition method of impurities and broken paddy grains based on machine vision
Title of translation:基于机器视觉的水稻杂质及破碎籽粒在线识别方法
Authors:Chen, Jin (1); Gu, Yan (1); Lian, Yi (1); Han, Mengna (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:187-194
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The status of grains, including impurity and breakage, is one of the key criteria for the assessment of combine harvester, whereas the on-line monitoring system for grain impurity and breakage is not yet well understood. In this paper a method of image capturing and processing for rice impurity and breakage based on machine vision was presented. The machine vision system designed was mainly composed of grain collection device, embedded processor, industrial camera, light source and display module. One hundred paddy images were collected when the combine harvester was working. The image resolution was set to 1 600×1 200 pixels, and the image format was jpg. There were lots of phenomena of grain stacking and adhesion in the rice images collected from this experiment. It was necessary to recognize MOG (material other than grain) and broken paddy grains from an image in complex background. HSV (hue, saturation, value) color space is closer to human perception of color and is more suitable for color expression based on machine vision than RGB (red, green, blue) color space. The interval ranges of hue channel and saturation channel of whole grains, impurities and broken grains were analyzed from 20 images sampled randomly from 100 images, and the boundaries between intact rice, impurities and broken grains were found. Among them, the saturation value of broken grain was between 0 and 60, while the saturation values of intact rice and impurity were mainly between 60 and 255. From the hue value as a whole, the hue value of intact rice was smaller than that of stem impurities, and the hue value of stem impurities was less than that of branch impurities. But mere color feature was not enough to recognize the accurate recognition, and the shape characteristics of impurities and grains such as length, width and area were also needed to eliminate the interference part. On the embedded processor, the computer vision library OpenCV was used to design the image processing algorithm. The multi-scale Retinex with color recovery algorithm was used to enhance the original image and then different thresholds were set up in the hue and saturation channel of the HSV color model for image segmentation respectively. Then the shape features of impurity and broken paddy grains were used to obtain the detection results. The comprehensive evaluation index F1-score was used on the detection results for the quantitative evaluation. F1 is a comprehensive consideration of precision and recall rate. It was showed that the F1 of detected stem of impurity reached 86.92%, the F1-score of detected small branch of impurity was 85.07%, the F1 of detected broken paddy grain was 84.74%, and the average time for the detection of an image was 3.24 s. The proposed technology can effectively recognize the impurities and broken paddy grains from the captured images, which provides a solid foundation for monitoring impurity and breakage rate of paddy grain during harvesting, and also provides a reference for future research on the identification methods of wheat images containing impurities and broken grains. Later, this recognition method can be combined with a variety of color models for image recognition, which can further improve the accuracy of recognition. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Color image processing
Controlled terms:Color - Color codes - Combines - Computer vision - Display devices - Grain (agricultural product) - Harvesters - Image enhancement - Image processing - Image recognition - Image resolution - Image segmentation - Impurities - Light sources
Uncontrolled terms:Color modeling - Comprehensive evaluation index - Computer vision library - Image processing algorithm - On-line monitoring system - On-line recognition - Paddy - Quantitative evaluation
Classification code:722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.2 Vision - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.47e+01%, Percentage 8.51e+01%, Percentage 8.69e+01%, Time 3.24e+00s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012536
Title:Experimental study on characteristics of creep and stress relaxation for rice seedling stem raised in cell tray
Title of translation:穴盘水稻秧苗茎秆蠕变与应力松弛特性的试验研究
Authors:Ma, Ruijun (1, 2); Xiao, Jinqing (1, 2); Zheng, Pufeng (1, 2); Zhang, Yali (1, 2); Chen, Yu (1); Qiu, Zhi (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Engineering Research Center of Guangdong for Rice Transplanting Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou; 510642, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:43-53
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to understand the mechanical property of rice seedlings stem raised in cell tray in the stretching process, the general tensile, creep and stress relaxation property of rice seedlings stem were tested with JK-100KE micro-control electronic universal testing machine (UTM) and analyzed. The test variety of rice was Huahang No.31, planting in plastic cell tray in the field in Qilin North of South China Agricultural University. After growing for 25 days in the field, the seedlings had 3 to 5 leaves, and the seedlings with straight stalks and good growth were selected for the experiment. In experiment process, two ends of seedling stem samples were fixed in upper and lower clamps of the UTM respectively, and the original distance between 2 clamps was 20 mm. The frequency of data acquisition was 1/s. In the general tensile test, the loading rates were 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mm/min, respectively, and 20 repetitions were carried out under each loading rate. In the creep test, the loading speed was 0.1 N/s. When the stress reached about 1.5 MPa, the stress began to be maintained, the test was ended after being maintained for 1 200 s, and the tensile creep curve of the seedling stem was obtained. The creep test was repeated 20 times. In the stress relaxation test, the loading speed was 0.6 mm/min. When the strain reached about 2.5%, the strain began to be maintained. The test was ended after being maintained for 1 200 s, and the tensile stress relaxation curve of the seedling stem was obtained. The stress relaxation test was repeated 20 times. The results of general tensile test showed that the seedling stalks usually ruptured 2 times due to the structural features of the covering leaf sheath. And before the first rupture, the stress-strain curve was linear. The fracture strain was 5.2%-9.6%, the fracture stress was 3.1-7.3 MPa, and the modulus of elasticity was 0.46-0.93 MPa. And the average fracture stress increased linearly with the increase of loading rate. In this study, the tension creep and stress relaxation process were described by the Burgers 4-element model and the Maxwell 5-element model, respectively. The tensile creep and stress relaxation testing data were fitted with MATLAB curve fitting tool, and the relevant rheological parameters were obtained, and the constitutive equations of creep and stress relaxation of rice seedling stems raised in cell trays were established. The creep model fitting parameters were that: delay elastic modulus E<inf>k</inf> was 2.893-6.115 MPa, delay viscosity coefficient η<inf>k</inf> was 308-817 MPa•s, delay time T<inf>k</inf> was 106-175 s, instant elastic modulus E<inf>k0</inf> was 0.5-1.0 MPa, viscosity coefficient η<inf>kv</inf> was 5 329-13 750 MPa. The stress relaxation model fitting parameters were that: decay elastic modulus E<inf>m1</inf> and E<inf>m2</inf> were respectively 0.066-0.144 MPa and 0.051-0.120 MPa, decay viscosity coefficients η<inf>m1</inf> and η<inf>m2</inf> were 1.71-5.19 MPa•s and 16.29-63.89 MPa•s respectively, relaxation time T<inf>m1</inf> and T<inf>m2</inf> were 26.03-41.95 s and 260.1-534.2 s respectively, instant elastic modulus E<inf>m0</inf> was 0.335-0.601 MPa. Based on the selected rheological models and constitutive equations, and considering biological characteristics of the seedling stems, the parameters, including the creep rate, creep compliance, stress relaxation rate, stress relaxation time, were analyzed. The results showed that there are 2 kinds of tissue structure in seedling stem, that is, tender and strong, which could be reflected by the Maxwell bodies with 2 different stress relaxation times. And the processes of creep and stress relaxation were both the process of the transition from unbalanced structure and matter structure to the balance state in rice seedling stem, and also the process of mutual containment of elastic dynamic force and viscous resistance to achieve the equilibrium state. In the creep process, the unrecoverable plastic strain was generated, and under the same conditions, it was increased with the increase of initial stress and creep time, and the proportion of the plastic strain with the total strain increased with creep time, which had no relationship with the initial stress size. What's more, the stress relaxation process resulted in microscopic damage, including the broken or extended macromolecular chains, increased or decreased bond angle and so on. This research provide a reference for damage assessment and simulation analysis of seedlings pulled up from plastic cell trays. In the future, the relationship between the rheological properties of rice seedlings stem and the levels of stress and strain should be further studied. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Stress relaxation
Controlled terms:Biomechanics - Cells - Constitutive equations - Creep - Creep testing - Curve fitting - Cytology - Damage detection - Data acquisition - Elastic moduli - Fits and tolerances - Fracture - Loads (forces) - MATLAB - Plastic deformation - Relaxation time - Rheology - Stress-strain curves - Tensile testing - Viscoelasticity - Viscosity
Uncontrolled terms:Biological characteristic - General tensile - Rheological parameter - Stress relaxation rate - Stress relaxation tests - Unbalanced structures - Universal testing machines - Viscosity coefficient
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 6.85e-02yr, Percentage 2.50e+00%, Percentage 5.20e+00% to 9.60e+00%, Pressure 1.50e+06Pa, Pressure 2.89e+06Pa to 6.12e+06Pa, Pressure 3.10e+06Pa to 7.30e+06Pa, Pressure 3.35e+05Pa to 6.01e+05Pa, Pressure 4.60e+05Pa to 9.30e+05Pa, Pressure 5.00e+05Pa to 1.00e+06Pa, Pressure 5.10e+04Pa to 1.20e+05Pa, Pressure 5.33e+09Pa to 1.38e+10Pa, Pressure 6.60e+04Pa to 1.44e+05Pa, Size 2.00e-02m, Time 1.06e+02s to 1.75e+02s, Time 1.20e+03s, Time 2.60e+01s to 4.20e+01s, Time 2.60e+02s to 5.34e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012535
Title:Design and experiment on intelligent reseeding devices for rice tray nursing seedling based on machine vision
Title of translation:基于机器视觉的水稻秧盘育秧智能补种装置设计与试验
Authors:Wang, Guilian (1); Liu, Weichao (1); Wang, An (2); Bai, Kaikai (1); Zhou, Haibo (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education (Tianjin University of Technology), Tianjin; 300384, China; (2) College of Information Electronic Technology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi; 154007, China; (3) College of Mechanical Engineering, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi; 154007, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Haibo(haibo_zhou@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:35-42
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Super hybrid rice is a kind of rice variety that provides excellent quality and high yield. Super hybrid rice is very popular as a large-scale rice crop in China. The precision seeding of tray nursing seedling requires (2±1) seeds per hole. At present, the performance of seed metering devices can reach 1-4 seeds per hole, but the rate of single seed is high (more than 20%), and there are cavities. Due to the factors such as the germination rate, survival rate, characteristics of blanket and injured seedling rate, the seeding results cannot reach 1-2 plants per hole. Therefore, seeding target should be raised to 2-3 seeds per hole, which will reduce single-grain rate and eliminate the presence of cavities. When the seedlings for planting rice, vegetables, flowers, and so on, especially the super hybrid rice were used to mechanized seeding, the situation of cavity and single seed commonly exists. In order to achieve the goal of digital and intellectual precision seeding, which is difficult to achieve by the traditional seeding device or seed metering device, focusing on imitating the manual sowing principle with the monocular camera as eyes, the vision inspection systems as the brain, and the hill-drop device performing hand movements, this paper presents a new method of intelligent reseeding based on machine vision technology, and develops an intelligent reseeding devices, which is mainly used for quality detection and compensating seeds of the super hybrid rice. Firstly, the image of seedling tray was collected by CCD (charge coupled device) camera, the positions of cavities and the holes of single seed were obtained by image processing and analysis, and then the positioning mechanism and reseeding mechanism were used to realize the function of picking up the seed from seed groove and dynamically reseeding on the designated location. Applying LabVIEW graphical programming software, on-line testing and motion control system of seedling planting quality was developed to realize the task of intelligent reseeding. According to the statistics of the test results, the hill-drop machine can meet the production requirements of 450 trays per hour and the average reseeding time per hole was about 2.48 s when the reseeding rate was less than 2%. The average processing time of an image was about 0.518 s, and the accuracy was more than 95%. The paper achieves the intelligent reseeding according to the required number of seeds per hole. As a new precision seeding technology, the method will raise the level of planting accuracy, and have important scientific significance and application prospects. However, in the practical application of intelligent reseeding, considering the single dibbler's working efficiency is still relatively low, the integrated design method can be used with 2-3 seeding devices according to reseeding rate and productivity, or the lightweight, fast reseeding mechanism, such as SCARA, parallel or serial manipulator, which can play a better advantage of intelligent reseeding. In addition, with the rapid development of robot technology, the cost of intelligent dibbler will become lower and lower, and the efficiency will be higher and higher. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Computer vision
Controlled terms:Cameras - Charge coupled devices - Computer graphics - Computer programming languages - Crops - Design - Digital devices - Drops - Efficiency - Eye movements - Intelligent robots - Manipulators - Motion control - Nursing - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Quality control - Robotic arms - Seed - Software testing - Visual servoing
Uncontrolled terms:Intelligent reseeding - Intelligent reseeding devices - Precision seeding - Quality detection - Rise
Classification code:461.7 Health Care - 632.4 Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.00e+00%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 9.50e+01%, Time 2.48e+00s, Time 5.18e-01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012545
Title:Plastic film and straw combined mulchingimproving water and salt characteristics of Takyr Solonetzs and yield of oil sunflower
Title of translation:地膜秸秆复合覆盖改善龟裂碱土水盐特性提高油葵产量
Authors:Lü, Wen (1, 2, 3); Sun, Zhaojun (2, 3); Chen, Xiaoli (4); Zhao, Xining (1); Gao, Xiaodong (1); Wu, Pute (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Environmental Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China; (3) Ningxia (China-Arab) Key Laboratory of Resources Assessment and Environmental Regulation in Arid Regions, Yinchuan; 750021, China; (4) College of Architecture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Pute(gjzwpt@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:125-133
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Saline alkali wasteland and low-yield fields are important reserve of cultivated land in China. The chemical methods of industrial waste desulphurization gypsum (CaSO<inf>4</inf>•2H<inf>2</inf>O) have achieved certain results and good environmental protection benefits at the aspect of improving alkaline soil. Scarce water resource, soil hardening and salt concentration in early improvement are still the key factors that restrict the development of agricultural production in chapped alkali soil by using waste desulfurization gypsum from power plant. In order to improve rainfall utilization efficiency, and restrain the problems of salt aggregation on soil surface and soil compaction in the process of chemical improvement of alkaline soil, a field experiment was conducted, which included 3 soil surface mulching methods: combined mulching of plastic film and straw (the straw was firstly used, then covered with mulching film, and later seeding was conducted artificially; the aperture was 4 cm, and the straw mulch was restored at the orifice after sowing), plastic film mulching (white transparent polyethylene film, width of 2 m, thickness of 0.02 mm), and straw mulching (spring wheat straw, length of 8-12 cm, coverage amount of 0.6 kg/m2). The experiment included 4 treatments: plastic film and straw combined mulching (PSM), plastic film mulching (PM), straw mulching (SM) and conventional tillage (CK), which were designed to explore the dynamic structure characteristics of soil water salt and its effect on yield of oil sunflower (Helianthus annuus) at Pingluo saline-soil Experimental Station in Ningxia. The soil moisture contents at the depth of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 cm were measured; soil salt contents and soil bulk densities of different soil depth profiles (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 cm) were measured for different treatments. And the results showed that: The PSM treatment effectively improved the water storage and water holding capacity of 30-100 cm soil layer. It delayed the time of oil sunflower consuming the moisture in 60-100 cm soil depth. The water activity in the 30-90 cm soil layer under PSM treatment was higher than that of other single coverage models. Salt accumulation on soil surface was delayed to the later stage of crop growth, and its level was significantly lower than the other 3 treatments, reducing the toxicity of soil salinity in early salt-sensitive growth period of crops compared with single coverage and conventional planting. The combined mulch promoted the improvement of soil structure with relatively low soil bulk density and higher soil porosity, which is beneficial to improve soil effective water storage capacity and accelerate the process of leaching. The PSM treatment improved survival rate and yield of oil sunflower in seedling stage. The precipitation use efficiency under the PSM treatment was increased by 14.71%, 86.45% and 59.05% respectively compared with the PM, SM and CK treatments, and the water use efficiency was increased by 10.80% and 32.71%, respectively, compared with the SM and CK treatments. Therefore, the plastic film and straw combined mulch can improve soil structure, which is beneficial to enhance soil effective water storage capacity and accelerate the process of leaching. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Alkalinity - Crops - Cultivation - Desulfurization - Efficiency - Gypsum - Leaching - Plants (botany) - Plastic films - Porosity - Saline water - Soil mechanics - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils - Straw - Sunflower oil - Water supply - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Combined mulch - Desulfurization gypsums - Precipitation use efficiencies - Soil water - Utilization efficiency - Water holding capacity - Yield
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 482.2 Minerals - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.08e+01%, Percentage 1.47e+01%, Percentage 3.27e+01%, Percentage 5.90e+01%, Percentage 8.65e+01%, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 2.00e+00m, Size 2.00e-05m, Size 3.00e-01m to 1.00e+00m, Size 3.00e-01m to 9.00e-01m, Size 4.00e-02m, Size 6.00e-01m to 1.00e+00m, Size 6.00e-01m, Size 8.00e-02m to 1.20e-01m, Size 9.00e-01m, Surface_Density 6.00e-01kg/m2
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012558
Title:Thermal performance of solar greenhouse with composite wall using wheat shell-mortar block filling with heat storage material in north Xinjiang
Title of translation:北疆麦壳砂浆砌块填充蓄热材料复合墙体日光温室热性能
Authors:Ma, Yuehong (1, 2); Li, Baoming (1); Zhang, Jiafa (1); Zhang, Yaowen (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Mechanization Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi; 830091, China
Corresponding author:Li, Baoming(libm@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:233-238
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The greenhouse in the Gobi Desert region of Xinjiang is under severe conditions in winter. The problem is that the traditional wall can not meet the demand of thermal environment for crop growth at night. The main structure of the wall is made of wheat shell and mortar block. The main factors affecting the compressive strength and thermal conductivity of the block are cement content, binder content and wheat shell content. Three-element and three-level orthogonal test is designed to determine the ratio of wheat shell to mortar block. Finally, it is determined that the reasonable level is 35% cement, 4% adhesive, 2.5% wheat shell, fine sand and moderate amount of water. The wheat shell-mortar block sample was prepared and the tests of compressive strength and thermal conductivity were carried out. Solar greenhouse was built with composite wall of wheat shell-mortar block and filling material. A solar greenhouse was 37 cm ordinary brick wall together with 10 cm benzene panel. Each greenhouse has 24 measuring points, and the mean temperature and ground temperature were measured. The thermal insulation and heat storage performance of 2 kinds of solar greenhouses with different walls at winter night were compared, and the middle space of the block was filled with slag and quicklime which both have small thermal conductivity and are stable. The data in the coldest 8 days from January 14 to January 21, 2017 were selected as the comparative study object. The results show that: In the same external environment, when the minimum temperature at winter night is -12.8℃, the indoor temperature of wheat shell-mortar block composite wall is 9.5℃, while the temperature of brick wall in solar greenhouse is 4.4℃. The temperature of the greenhouse of compound wall is 5.1℃ higher than that of brick wall. When the temperature at winter night is -20.8℃, the indoor temperature of wheat shell-mortar block composite wall is 7.5℃, while the temperature of brick wall in solar greenhouse is 3.2℃. The temperature of the greenhouse of compound wall is 4.3℃ higher than that of brick wall. The minimum room temperature at night in the solar greenhouse of masonry compound wall occurs 42 min later than normal brick masonry wall. For the tomato planted under the same conditions in 2 kinds of wall greenhouses, the flowering time of tomato in compound wall greenhouse is 7 d earlier, and the harvest time of tomato was 16 d earlier. The tomato yield during the first month in composite wall solar greenhouse is 1 768 kg, and the yield in brick wall solar greenhouse is 1 493 kg. The yield of single shed in composite wall solar greenhouse is increased by 18.4%. It is verified that the thermal insulation and heat storage performance of the composite wall solar greenhouse with wheat shell-mortar block and filling material are obviously superior to brick wall solar greenhouse. It can accumulate more heat energy and the rate of heat dissipation is stable. The compound wall solar greenhouse can effectively improve the growing environment of crops in the greenhouse, which meets the growth requirement of the fruits and vegetables for good temperature and good light. And it is suitable for the accumulation of dry matter in fruits and vegetables, so crops can be harvested in advance and production increases. The research provides a theoretical reference for the design and application of mortar block composite wall in solar greenhouse © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Greenhouses
Controlled terms:Adhesives - Brick - Cements - Compressive strength - Crops - Digital storage - Filling - Fruits - Heat storage - Lime - Mortar - Shells (structures) - Slags - Solar heating - Space heating - Storage (materials) - Temperature - Thermal conductivity - Thermal insulation - Vegetables - Walls (structural partitions)
Uncontrolled terms:Design and application - External environments - Fruits and vegetables - Growing environments - Minimum temperatures - Thermal Performance - Walls - Wheat shell-mortar block
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 412.1 Cement - 413.2 Heat Insulating Materials - 414.2 Brick Materials - 414.3 Mortar (Before 1993, use code 412) - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 643.1 Space Heating - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 694.4 Storage - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.19e-02yr, Mass 1.49e+03kg, Mass 1.77e+03kg, Percentage 1.84e+01%, Percentage 2.50e+00%, Percentage 3.50e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+00%, Size 1.00e-01m, Size 3.70e-01m, Time 2.52e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012543
Title:Elimination of hump in axial pump characteristic curve by adopting axial grooves on wall of inlet pipe
Title of translation:进口管壁面轴向开槽消除轴流泵特性曲线驼峰
Authors:Feng, Jianjun (1); Yang, Koufan (1); Zhu, Guojun (1); Luo, Xingqi (1); Li, Wenfeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:105-112
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Axial flow pumps are widely utilized for transporting fluid with large flow rates. The internal flow field is extremely complex and fully turbulent. When an axial flow pump operates at small flow rate, the incidence angle at the impeller leading edge will increase because of the decreasing meridional velocity. Rotating stall may occur when the incidence angle reaches a threshold, which will reduce greatly the delivery head of the pump and produce a hump in the pump performance curve. The hump phenomenon is a source of instability for the pump operation, which will normally limit the safe operating range of an axial flow pump. Therefore, it is very important to understand the flow behavior inside the pump during the range corresponding to the hump, so as to find a way to improve the flow condition. In this paper, the commercial software ANSYS CFX-16 was adopted to calculate the three-dimensional turbulent flow in an axial flow pump with a specific speed of 610 at different flow conditions. The pump impeller has an outer diameter of 0.3 m, with 6 three-dimensional blades, and the diffuser has 11 two-dimensional vanes. The computational meshes were created by ICEM-CFD (integrated computer engineering and manufacturing code for computational fluid dynamics) in structured format, and k-ω SST turbulence model was chosen for the unsteady simulations. The obtained results show that there is an obvious hump in the performance curve of the axial flow pump, occurring in the flow range of between 30% and 61% design flow rate. In the critical stall condition (61% design flow rate), flow separations have been observed at the leading edge of the impeller blade near the shroud and at the blade trailing edge near the hub. Under a deep stall condition (45% design flow rate), the flow is seriously developed and combined with the incoming flow to form a stable vortex structure that blocks the whole flow passage. In order to improve the hydraulic performance of the axial flow pump under small flow conditions, axial grooves were applied to the wall of the pump inlet pipe. The effects of axial grooves on the internal flow field and pump performance curves have been examined in detail, and different configurations of the grooves have also been tested, in order to find the best one for improving the pump performance. The results show that under the condition of small flow rates, the axial grooves can effectively reduce the inlet circulation and the attack angle at the leading edge of the impeller as well. As a result, the back flow on the suction side of the impeller has been reduced. Consequently, the unstable hump phenomenon in the performance curve of the axial flow pump has been eliminated. At the same time, it is found that the relative groove depth is one of the most important factors to improve the stability in performance curves for the axial flow pump under small flow rate conditions. When the groove depth reaches 1/50 of the impeller diameter with the axial length being 2/3 of the impeller diameter, the axial grooves increase the axial velocity and the relative flow angle near the shroud of the impeller. As a consequence, both the inlet circulation and the attack angle of the inlet of impeller have been greatly reduced. The backflow occurring near the impeller leading edge is obviously eliminated, the channel vortex is almost eliminated, and the hump phenomenon of the axial flow pump has been removed. However, the pressure fluctuation in the impeller has been magnified by the axial grooves, caused by the rotor-stator interaction effects between the rotating impeller blades and stationary axial grooves. In addition, the introduction of axial grooves has introduced some high-order harmonics of the impeller rotation frequency and depressed low-order harmonics to the frequency spectrum of unsteady pressure fluctuations. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Axial flow - Computer integrated manufacturing - Computer simulation - Flow fields - Flow rate - Impellers - Pumps - Turbulence models - Vortex flow
Uncontrolled terms:Axial flow pump - Axial grooves - Hump - Meridional velocities - Performance - Rotating impeller blades - Rotor-stator interactions - Three-dimensional turbulent flow
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 723.5 Computer Applications
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.00e+01% to 6.10e+01%, Percentage 4.50e+01%, Percentage 6.10e+01%, Size 3.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012567
Title:Evaluation of effects of heating temperature and time on tenderness of beef based on principal component analysis
Title of translation:加热温度和时间对牛肉嫩度影响的主成分分析评价
Authors:Wan, Hongbing (1); Qi, Xinglei (2); Li, Haipeng (1); Wang, Huan (1); Lei, Yuanhua (1); Zhang, Songshan (1); Xie, Peng (1); Liu, Xuan (1); Sun, Baozhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Biyang Xianan Cattle Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd, Zhumadian; 463700, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Baozhong(baozhongsun@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:303-310
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Thermal processing of meat is an essential step in meat industry, which turns raw meat into edible meat. Beef with high degree of doneness is the main form of beef consumption in China. In order to solve the problem that the cooking temperature and central temperature of beef with high degree of doneness are not consistent with the shear force method (NY/T 1180-2006), in this study, a comprehensive evaluation method of tenderness of beef with high degree of doneness was proposed based on principal component analysis (PCA), taking 3 parts of Xianan cattle i.e. shoulder, strip loin and topside as examples, representing the meat of front, middle and hindquarters of cattle, respectively. Nine texture indices including cooking loss, shear force, hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and resilience were studied by PCA to evaluate the tenderness quality of the shoulder, strip loin, and topside parts of 6 Xianan cattle, treated at different temperatures (70, 80, 90 and 100℃) and time (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min) by using SAS (statistical analysis system) software. Three principal components were extracted, and the contribution rates of variance were 56.53%, 24.43%, 8.62% respectively, which represented the mastication, compression and shear characteristics of beef, respectively. The cumulative contribution rate of variance was 89.58%, and a comprehensive evaluation model was established. The results showed that the third principal component with shear force as the main load accounted for only a small proportion in the comprehensive evaluation of meat tenderness, which did not represent all the information of meat tenderness in the tenderness evaluation process of beef with high degree of doneness. Therefore, the shear force should not be regarded as the main variable for evaluating the tenderness of beef with high degree of doneness. The indices related to the texture of meat should be comprehensively considered in the evaluation process. The comprehensive score results showed that the heating temperature and time significantly affected the comprehensive score. When the center temperature of meat was less than 80℃, with the extension of time, the score of beef tenderness was stable, and when the center temperature was more than 80 ℃, the score decreased. And for the same meat, the higher the center temperature, the longer the duration, the lower the score. The use of PCA can reduce the number of texture indices, and make the evaluation process simplified, and it provides theoretical reference for the tenderness evaluation of beef with high degree of doneness. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Adhesives - Beef - Cooking - Quality control - Supply chains - Temperature - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation - Comprehensive evaluation model - Compression and shear - Evaluation - Heating temperatures - Principal Components - Statistical analysis systems - Tenderness
Classification code:641.1 Thermodynamics - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 822.3 Food Products - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.44e+01%, Percentage 5.65e+01%, Percentage 8.62e+00%, Percentage 8.96e+01%, Time 1.08e+04s, Time 7.20e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012546
Title:Analysis of interaction of sowing date, irrigation and nitrogen application on yield of oil sunflower based on APSIM model
Title of translation:基于APSIM模型分析播期和水氮耦合对油葵产量的影响
Authors:Huang, Mingxia (1); Wang, Jing (1); Tang, Jianzhao (1); Fang, Quanxiao (2); Zhang, Jianping (3); Bai, Huiqing (1); Wang, Na (1); Li, Yang (1); Wu, Bingjie (1); Zheng, Junqing (1); Pan, Xuebiao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Chongqing Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Chongqing; 401147, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Jing(wangj@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:134-143
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Oil sunflower is a staple oil-bearing crop with increasing plant area in recent years in the APE (agro-pastoral ecotone of North China). However, the shortage of water resources is a serious threat to oil sunflower production. Adjusting sowing date and applying supplemental irrigation are effective measures to increase the yield and ensure the stability of the yield of oil sunflower. However, the impacts of interaction of sowing date with irrigation and nitrogen fertilization are still unclear. In this study, the suitability of APSIM-Sunflower in the agro-pastoral ecotone of North China was evaluated based on 2 years serial sowing experiments, trial-and-error method was used for model calibration. The validated APSIM-Sunflower model was used to investigate the impacts of the interaction of sowing date with irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on oil sunflower yield. 4 irrigation scenarios were designed including rainfed, 1 irrigation (60 mm), 2 irrigations (120 mm) and 3 irrigations (180 mm). Nitrogen application rate was set between 0 to 120 kg/hm2 at an interval of 10 kg/hm2 under 4 irrigation conditions. The suitable nitrogen application rate was defined as minimum nitrogen application rate when yield change slowly with increasing of nitrogen application rate. 9 sowing dates between 29-Apr to 8-Jun at an interval of 5 days were used to explore the interaction of sowing dates with 4 irrigation scenarios and the suitable nitrogen application rate. The study results showed that the root mean squared error (RMSE) between simulated and observed growth period was less than 2.4 d, and normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) between simulated and observed above-ground biomass and yields was 21.9% and 5.5% respectively, which suggested that APSIM-Sunflower model performed well in simulating the growth period, above-ground biomass and yield. However, NRMSE of LAI is more than 30%, which suggested that the precision of simulated LAI needs to be improved. Under the condition of 1 irrigation, irrigating at floral initiation produced higher yield than that at floral initiation and start grain-filling. Under the condition of 2 irrigations, irrigating at floral initiation and grain-filling produced higher yield than that at sowing and floral initiation or at sowing and grain-filling. The suitable nitrogen application rate increased with the increasing irrigation. Under the condition of no-irrigation, 1 irrigation, 2 irrigations, and 3 irrigations condition, the suitable nitrogen application rate should be applied by 40, 60, 60 and 70 kg/hm2 respectively at dry years, 50, 70, 80 and 90 kg/hm2 respectively at normal years, and 50, 80, 80 and 90 kg/hm2 respectively at wet years. Comparing yields of different sowing dates under 3 precipitation year types with suitable nitrogen application rate showed that for wet and normal years, sowing at middle May enhanced yield by 6.9% and 11.6%, 9.3% and 12.0%, 9.3% and 16.4% respectively compared to other sowing dates under the condition of no-irrigation, 1 irrigation and 2 irrigations, and decreased variation coefficient of yield by 41.9% and 8.9% under the condition of 1 irrigation, 38.5% and 12.5% under the condition of 2 irrigations. However, the yield of sowing at early May produced higher yield compared to other sowing dates under the condition of 3 irrigations for wet and normal years, and early sowing reduced variation coefficient of yield but had little effect on average yield for dry years. This study provides references for sowing date, irrigation and nitrogen management in the agro-pastoral ecotone of North China. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Ecology - Errors - Filling - Grain (agricultural product) - Mean square error - Models - Nitrogen - Sunflower oil - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Agro-pastoral ecotones - APSIM-Sunflower - Nitrogen application rates - Nitrogen fertilization - Root mean squared errors - Sowing date - Supplemental irrigation - Trial-and-error method
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.37e-02yr, Age 2.00e+00yr, Percentage 1.16e+01%, Percentage 1.20e+01%, Percentage 1.25e+01%, Percentage 1.64e+01%, Percentage 2.19e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 3.85e+01%, Percentage 4.19e+01%, Percentage 5.50e+00%, Percentage 6.90e+00%, Percentage 8.90e+00%, Percentage 9.30e+00%, Size 1.20e-01m, Size 1.80e-01m, Size 6.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20184406012542
Title:Experimental study on mechanical properties of multi-function bamboo skeleton composite members sprayed with composite material
Title of translation:原竹骨架喷涂复合材料多功能组合构件力学性能试验研究
Authors:Tian, Limin (1); Jin, Beibei (1); Hao, Jiping (1); Kou, Yuefeng (1); Sun, Guigui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an; 710055, China
Corresponding author:Hao, Jiping(hao-jp168@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:95-104
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Bamboo is a high-quality material that is light, strong, and grows quickly. Bamboo structures have the advantages of environmental protection, ecology, low carbon and so on. It is a renewable and environmentally friendly biomass building material that is easy to obtain. However, full culm bamboo is often used to construct rural low-rise houses and temporary structures such as scaffolding or pavilions. This is because the irregular geometry of bamboo causes problems in building form and component connection, while the traditional bamboo architecture has poor performance in fireproofing, heat insulation, sound insulation and so on. Bamboo is difficult to use in buildings to meet the requirements of comfort. In order to fully exploit the natural advantages of bamboo and overcome its deficiencies, a new type of multifunctional composite members which combines bamboo skeleton and composite material was presented. The composite material was mainly composed of a combination of mortar, polystyrene particles, and mineral adhesives. It is wrapped on the surface of the bamboo skeleton. Through the full-scale tests of multifunctional composite members, the process of force transfer, bearing capacity, failure mode and enhancement function of composite material were observed. The results showed that composite material provided a good binding effect and greatly improved the axial compressive bearing capacity of the composite members. However, there was still a gap between the above-mentioned ultimate bearing capacity and the strength failure result. The failure mode of the composite members was cracking of composite material on the side elevation. Because of slippage between composite material and bamboo studs, the restraint effect of the composite material on the studs was weakened, and the ultimate failure of the composite members was caused by instability. Analysis of finite element parameters showed that when the number of studs is less than 6, the axial bearing capacity of each composite members stud increased with the increase of the number of studs. Conversely, the axial bearing capacity of each composite members stud was reduced. When the spacing of the composite members studs were in the range of 200-500 mm, the average bearing capacity of the stud increased with the increase of spacing. When the composite members was loaded uniformly, the composite members was in a state of global buckling failure, but when the middle single composite members stud was loaded, the top of the stud appeared the phenomenon of local crushing. The failure mode of the bamboo skeleton sprayed with composite material was bending failure at joining of concentrated load, accompanied by slippage between bamboo and composite material, and the pressure was borne by composite material before 30 kN, with the increase of load, the pressure was borne by the top of bamboo. When the allowable deflection and peak deflection of the composite member are achieved, the bearing capacity of the composite member is about 7 and 4 times as much as that of the bamboo skeleton member, the composite material can greatly increase stiffness of the bamboo skeleton member, the proteiform disadvantage of bamboo subjected to bending can be overcome. The multifunctional bamboo skeleton member sprayed composite material has good performance, the results provided a reasonable basis for the theory and engineering application of composite member. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Scaffolds
Controlled terms:Adhesives - Bamboo - Bearing capacity - Composite materials - Experiments - Failure modes - Finite element method - Fireproofing - Heating - Mechanical properties - Musculoskeletal system - Sound insulation - Studs (fasteners) - Studs (structural members)
Uncontrolled terms:Axial compression behavior - Axial compressive bearing capacities - Bending behavior - Engineering applications - High-quality materials - Member - Multifunctional composites - Ultimate bearing capacity
Classification code:405.1 Construction Equipment - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 413.3 Sound Insulating Materials - 461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 605.2 Small Tools, Unpowered - 811.1 Pulp and Paper - 901.3 Engineering Research - 914.2 Fires and Fire Protection - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Force 3.00e+04N, Size 2.00e-01m to 5.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.012

Accession number:20184406012550
Title:Inhibiting effect of riparian vegetation on erosion and sediment yield of slope runoff
Title of translation:河岸植被对坡面径流侵蚀产沙的阻控效果
Authors:Zhao, Qinghe (1, 2); Ji, Xiaoyu (1, 2); Xu, Shanshan (1, 2); Wu, Changsong (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng; 475004, China; (2) Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Kaifeng; 475004, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:170-178
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Riparian vegetation plays a vital role in maintaining multiple ecosystem functions and providing various ecosystem services for human society. Especially, riparian vegetation acts as a buffer for the stream by intercepting and retaining sediment, nutrients, and pollutants carried in surface runoff before they enter the stream. However, the buffering effects of riparian vegetation are sometimes limited by different factors, such as soil type, slope gradient, rainfall and scouring intensities, and vegetation coverage. Therefore, the upstream of the Beijiang River in Guangdong Province of southern China was selected as a case, and the characteristics of riparian vegetation in inhibiting runoff and sediment in erosion process of red soil slope were explored in this paper. Specifically, using the runoff scouring experiments in situ, the characteristics of riparian vegetation in inhibiting slope erosion along Beijiang River were explored, which aimed to further clarify the effects of riparian vegetation on relationship between overland flow and sediment yield as well as the response of inhibiting effect of vegetation to slope gradient and scouring intensity. The results show that the time of runoff initiation and duration of runoff recession on riparian slope along the Beijiang River exhibited obvious rule under the condition of runoff scouring, namely, the existence of vegetation can delay the time of runoff initiation under the same condition of slope gradient and scouring intensity, and the greater slope gradient and scouring intensity can result in the earlier runoff generation. Vegetation can reduce the runoff coefficient of riparian slope, while the trapping effects of riparian vegetation on runoff amount can be decreased in spite of the fact that the runoff coefficient increases with the increasing slope gradient and scouring intensity. The inhibiting effect of vegetation to slope runoff is more significant under lower slope gradient and scouring intensity. The inhibiting effect of vegetation to runoff coefficient at different slope gradients is 3.35%, 3.36%, 4.28%, and 3.17%, respectively, while under different scouring intensities it is 21.69%, 17.40%, and 10.01%, respectively. Riparian vegetation can reduce runoff erosivity in slope soil erosion process, and greater slope gradient and scouring intensity can result in lower inhibiting effect of vegetation to runoff erosivity. The inhibiting effect of vegetation to runoff erosivity at different slope gradients is 60.00%, 32.23%, 27.29%, and 22.76%, respectively. Riparian vegetation can effectively improve the resistance ability of soil and reduce the yield and median particle size of sediment. The effect of vegetation in inhibiting sediment, which is 60.14%, 32.83%, 24.19%, and 20.86% respectively, is larger than that in inhibiting runoff. Correlation analysis showed that the time of runoff initiation is significantly and negatively correlated with accumulation of sediment yield and sediment particle size, and vegetation can alter relationship between the duration of runoff recession and accumulation of sediment yield and sediment particle size. Runoff coefficient and runoff erosivity both are significantly and positively correlated with the accumulation of sediment yield and sediment particle size, and the effect of vegetation in inhibiting the accumulation of sediment yield and runoff erosivity reduces with the increasing slope gradient and scouring intensity. In conclusion, effect of riparian vegetation in inhibiting erosion sediment is larger than that in inhibiting slope runoff, and is significantly influenced by slope gradient and scouring intensity. Results from the present study can provide the basis for watershed soil and water conservation as well as the restoration and reestablishment of riparian vegetation. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Ecosystems - Erosion - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Rivers - Sediments - Soil conservation - Soils - Vegetation - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Beijiang rivers - Correlation analysis - Median particle size - Riparian zones - Scouring experiments - Sediment particle size - Slope - Soil and water conservation
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.74e+01%, Percentage 2.09e+01%, Percentage 2.17e+01%, Percentage 2.28e+01%, Percentage 2.42e+01%, Percentage 2.73e+01%, Percentage 3.17e+00%, Percentage 3.22e+01%, Percentage 3.28e+01%, Percentage 3.35e+00%, Percentage 3.36e+00%, Percentage 4.28e+00%, Percentage 6.00e+01%, Percentage 6.01e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.020

Accession number:20184406012544
Title:Development situation and spraying decision of spray nozzle for plant protection UAV
Title of translation:植保无人机施药喷嘴的发展现状及其施药决策
Authors:He, Yong (1); Xiao, Shupei (1); Fang, Hui (1); Dong, Tao (1); Tang, Yu (2); Nie, Pengcheng (1); Wu, Jianjian (1); Luo, Shaoming (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China; (2) College of Automation, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou; 510225, China
Corresponding author:Fang, Hui(hfang@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:113-124
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The low utilization rate of pesticides is one of the important factors that affect the agricultural ecological environment as well as the quality and safety of agricultural products, while optimizing pesticide spraying technology is an effective means to improve the pesticide utilization rate. As one of the most important components in the aerial pesticide application in the field, UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) spraying has developed rapidly with advantages of strong flexibility, high spraying efficiency and fast operation speed. As a key component of aviation spraying system, nozzle for UAV plant protection is mainly divided into 2 categories, i.e. the hydraulic atomization nozzle and the centrifugal atomization nozzle. The common used hydraulic atomization nozzle mainly contains fan nozzle and cone nozzle, and fan nozzle has various types and has been applied more widely. The centrifugal atomization nozzle has an adjustable droplet size with better anti-blocking performance, but the high price and low droplet penetration have restrained its fast development. Besides, the good performance of nozzle can greatly improve the uniformity of the aerial spraying and reduce droplet drift, enhancing the pesticide utilization efficiency. Thus this paper put forward the nozzle performance evaluation index, which included the nozzle type, spray angle, volume median diameter (VMD), features and applications. Beyond this, the amount of droplet deposition, coverage rate and droplet distribution are important indices to evaluate the spray performance. Therefore, the measuring methods of droplets were summarized from 3 aspects, including droplet collection method, droplet deposition test method and instrument test method. Among them, the droplet collection method included magnesium oxide plate method, silicon oil method and test paper method; the droplet deposition test method included colorant method and fluorescent particle tracing method; the instrument test method included phase Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA), particle/droplet image analyzer (PDIA) and laser diffraction analyzer. The traditional droplet size measurement methods such as magnesium oxide plate method and silicon oil method are gradually replaced by paper card method, which is widely used in the measurement of droplet coverage and distribution. The colorant method and fluorescent particle tracing method are widely used in the measurement of droplet deposition, and the instrument measurement method has the advantages of high precision and large amount of information, which can play a great role in indoor experiment. However, the nozzle selection for UAV plant protection often refers to the ground machinery, which lacks standard and professional guidance. The problems of droplet drift and pesticide loss exist in the application of UAV spray, and the utilization rate of pesticides needs to be improved. On this basis, this paper proposed that the rational spray decision should be based on the comprehensive analysis of target crop, spraying demand and spraying environment condition. The target crops information covers crop growth, leaf surface properties and leaf inclination; the spraying demands mainly refer to the determination of appropriate pesticides, dosage forms and adjuvants according to the control objectives of disease control, pest control or weeding; the influence of environmental factors mainly refers to the evaporation and drift of droplets caused by the changes of temperature, humidity, wind speed and wind direction. As the field environment is an uncontrollable environment, it is necessary to develop a selection scheme for the spraying characteristics of high concentration and low capacity for UAV, aiming at the best deposition effect and least droplet drift. Under the influence of spray equipment, target crops and pesticide application environment, the interaction between those factors determines the selection of optimal nozzle and spraying parameters. In this paper, spray angle, anti-blocking requirement, optimum droplet size, nozzle pressure and flow rate are the crucial points for nozzle selection. Finally, the further research is prospected from 2 aspects: the establishment of the specialized nozzle determination system and the research and development of the specialized nozzle for plant protection of UAV. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:86
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Antennas - Atomization - Centrifugation - Classification (of information) - Crops - Deposition - Disease control - Drops - Efficiency - Fluorescence - Humidity control - Hydraulic machinery - Magnesia - Magnesium printing plates - Nozzles - Pesticides - Two phase flow - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Centrifugal atomization - Droplet size measurement - Leaf surface properties - Nozzle selection - Performance evaluation index - Phase Doppler particle analyzer - Research and development - UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle)
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 741.1 Light/Optics - 745.1.1 Printing Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.014

Accession number:20184406012553
Title:Assembly line variety test method and system for corn ears based on panoramic surface image
Title of translation:基于全景图像的玉米果穗流水线考种方法及系统
Authors:Du, Jianjun (1, 2); Guo, Xinyu (1, 2); Wang, Chuanyu (1, 2); Xiao, Boxiang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing; 100097, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Xinyu(guoxy@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:195-202
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The phenotypic traits of corn ear are important quantitative data in maize breeding and variety identification. In tradition, breeding workers are employed to deal with lots of corn ears by means of manual measurement and visual count, however this process is seriously labor-consuming and time-costing, and the measured traits are prone to be subjective and incomplete. In recent years, some semi-automatic systems based on machine vision and image analysis have been developed and applied to the maize variety test, however fully automated test system is still a challenge task owing to the strict high-throughput and high-precision requirements in large-scale maize breeding. To balance efficiency and accuracy of variety test for corn ears, in this paper, a high-throughput phenotypic measurement method and system based on panoramic surface image is proposed. Firstly, a novel mechanic system is proposed, which automatically conveys corn ears above a chain-roller structure, while the rolling corn ears are continuously imaged by a fixed industrial camera that is perpendicular to the moving plane of corn ear. In only several seconds, dozens of side images in which corn ears are in different positions can be collected to generate the image dataset of single corn ear. By analyzing the movement state of corn ear, a transformation model which describes the relationship among ear roll, camera imaging and surface position is then built to bridge the image sequence and the panoramic surface image of corn ear. Corn ears in the image sequence are respectively segmented and the center axes are dynamically determined by figuring out the shape and bounding box. This model always extracts the most appropriate sub regions of corn ear from image sequence, and then stitches them to the calculated positions on the panoramic surface image. As a result, the panoramic image of corn ear demonstrates the three-dimensional surface information in a two-dimensional image, and thus provides more intuitive and complete way for phenotyping calculation of corn ear. The valid surface region of corn ear in the panoramic image is further determined by the boundary detection technique that is performed by evaluating the perimeters of corn ear in the image sequence. Robust kernel segmentation based on hierarchical threshold method is also utilized to extract all candidate kernels which satisfy area and shape constraint, and some more restrictive filters based on machine learning methods, such as SVM (support vector machine), can also be taken to evaluate the validation of kernels. The segmented kernels in the panoramic image are used to calculate the total kernels, number of ear rows and kernels per row. The experimental results show that the proposed method and system can achieve optimized efficiency and accuracy balance. High-throughput convey mechanism improves the efficiency of image acquisition to 15 ears per minute. Compared with the methods based on single and multiple images, the variety test method based on panoramic surface image can make full use of the entire surface information of corn ear and reveal its individual phenotypic traits. The computation accuracies of ear length, ear diameter, number of ear rows, kernels per row and total kernels are up to 99%, 91.84%, 97.15%, 98.89% and 95.37% respectively. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Cameras - Computer vision - Computerized tomography - Efficiency - Image analysis - Image enhancement - Image processing - Support vector machines - Surface testing - Throughput
Uncontrolled terms:Corn ear - Image mosaic - Panoramic images - Phenotypic traits - Semi-automatic systems - SVM(support vector machine) - Three-dimensional surface - Variety identification
Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.18e+01%, Percentage 9.54e+01%, Percentage 9.72e+01%, Percentage 9.89e+01%, Percentage 9.90e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.023

Accession number:20184406012555
Title:Non-contact sow body condition scoring method based on Kinect sensor
Title of translation:基于Kinect传感器的无接触式母猪体况评分方法
Authors:Teng, Guanghui (1); Shen, Zhijie (1); Zhang, Jianlong (1); Shi, Chen (1); Yu, Jionghua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture Facility Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing; 100083, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:211-217
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The body condition scoring (BCS) is an important tool of assessment method on body condition for sow raising and management. It has been divided into 5 grades that from emaciated to overly fat grade and each grade had a score. The traditional method has negative effect on animals and farmers, and the process is complex with excessive contact. The body size and shape of sows are correlated with their reproductive performance but are difficult to measure manually. There is subjective uncertainty in the process of manual measurement. The Kinect's 3D reconstruction technology was used to estimate and analyze the buttock shape of sows. A total of 108 images of Large White sows were manually acquired by Kinect camera during the feeding process at Feng Ning Animal Experimental Building in Chengde, Hebei Province of China, from July 25, 2017 to August 15, 2017. The hip height and hip width were measured by using tape and the back fat thickness was measured by using back fat measuring instrument. The hip height, hip width and area of buttock were obtained by analyzing the key points of 48 images. In order to obtain the measurement points of the livestock, several processing steps were taken, and the steps were as follow: 1) The sow stall was removed manually by Geomagic, and the target pig was acquired. In order to improve post-processing speed, the vertex culling algorithm was used to simplify the Three-dimensional model. 2) Since the models acquired were from different angles, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used to acquire new coordinate system. By using the geometrical relationship among the coordinate axes, standard measuring coordinate system was defined in this paper. 3) According to the geometric feature of the measurement points, the hip height, hip width and area of buttock were obtained. The results showed that the root mean square error of estimated body size was less than 2.1 cm, which meet the requirements of precision. The slice method was used to draw a curve at the highest point of the area of buttock based on the point cloud data. The least square fitting method was used to get the curve of hip contour. The hip radius of curvature was calculated by derivation formula. The results showed that the height-width ratio, area and radius of curvature of the sow's hip had the correlation with the back fat thickness. The correlation coefficients were 0.567, 0.502 and 0.951 respectively. With radius of curvature as the main parameter, the sow body condition estimation model was built based on the experience of hip morphology. 60 images were selected for validation. By comparing the measured and the estimated values of back fat thickness, the maximum absolute error of back fat detection is 1.3 mm and the average relative error is 3.7%. The accuracy of body condition assessment was 91.7% compared with the traditional methods. All the results mentioned above indicate that this study provides a non-contact body condition assessment method based on 3D reconstruction technology and has certain application potential in the real livestock productive. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Three dimensional computer graphics
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Anthropometry - Curve fitting - Errors - Image processing - Image reconstruction - Least squares approximations - Mammals - Mean square error - Models - Principal component analysis - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Body condition score - Correlation coefficient - Geometrical relationship - Height width ratio - Kinect - Least square fitting method - Reproductive performance - Three-dimensional model
Classification code:461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.70e+00%, Percentage 9.17e+01%, Size 1.30e-03m, Size 2.10e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.025

Accession number:20184406012541
Title:Trajectory tracking algorithm of autonomous mobile platform for animal husbandry environment information monitoring
Title of translation:畜牧养殖环境监测自主移动平台轨迹跟踪控制算法
Authors:Lü, Enli (1, 2); Wei, Jianfeng (1); Wang, Yu (1, 2); Zhao, Junhong (1); Wang, Feiren (1); Liu, Yanhua (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) Engineering Fundamental Teaching and Training Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Yanhua(cynthial@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:86-94
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to achieve all-round monitoring of livestock environment, an autonomous mobile monitoring platform for trajectory tracking was developed. The trajectory tracking control problem of autonomous mobile platform was studied. According to the structure of the platform, the system structure and function of the autonomous mobile platform were introduced, including all kinds of sensors that the platform itself needs to perceive, and the measurement sensors needed for animal environment monitoring. And in the structure based autonomous mobile platform, combined with the autonomous mobile platform of four wheel model characteristics and kinematics principle of the simplified two DOF bicycle model, through the analysis of two degree of freedom model to obtain the kinematics model of the bicycle, so as to obtain the platform of steering wheel angle and moving between speed and wheelbase. According to the position and posture relationship between the current point and the desired point of the platform, the error model and the error differential model were obtained by using the geometric method, and it was proved that the platform would eventually converge to the desired trajectory as long as the platform speed and steering wheel angle were accurately controlled. In addition, according to the characteristics of the nonholonomic constraints of the platform, the choice of the expected point was determined by the arc tangent point method. Based on the platform error differential model, a time-varying state feedback control algorithm based on Lyapunov function and Backstepping was proposed, and the trajectory tracking control rate was obtained to achieve the control of steering wheel angle and speed of autonomous mobile platform. The rate was simulated on the platform of Matla2015a software, using the obtained control. The simulation results show that when the initial error is large, the rate control algorithm can make the platform converge to the desired trajectory, the error over time tends to zero. When choosing the platform the maximum speed (v<inf>max</inf>,γ<inf>max</inf>)=(0.18 m/s,0.49 rad), maximum acceleration (v<inf>max</inf>, ṙ<inf>max</inf>)=(0.25 m/s2,0.5 rad/s), the tracking stability, in the control parameters (k<inf>1</inf>, k<inf>2</inf>, k<inf>3</inf>, k<inf>4</inf>)=(0.1,0.2,0.15,0.3), linear tracking error is x<inf>e</inf>=±7 mm, y<inf>e</inf>=±9.8 mm, θ<inf>e</inf>=±4.2°, arc trajectory tracking error is x<inf>e</inf>=±6.2 mm, y<inf>e</inf> =±8.3 mm, θ<inf>e</inf>=±5.8°. The results show that the proposed platform trajectory tracking algorithm can make the convergence of the autonomous mobile platform better on the desired trajectory, and achieved good control accuracy and stability of tracking. The study provides a reference for the overall monitoring of the track tracking control of the autonomous mobile platform in the animal environment. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Four wheel steering
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Animals - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Drilling platforms - Errors - Kinematics - Lyapunov functions - Mobile phones - Models - Monitoring - Navigation - State feedback - Tracking (position) - Trajectories - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Autonomous mobile platforms - Beckstepping - Environmental Monitoring - Kinematic model - Trajectory tracking
Classification code:511.2 Oil Field Equipment - 601.2 Machine Components - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 731.1 Control Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Velocity 1.80e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.011

Accession number:20184406012562
Title:Properties of methane production process of municipal solid wastes by anaerobic bioreactor landfill
Title of translation:生物反应器模拟生活垃圾填埋降解产甲烷性能
Authors:Zeng, Yunmin (1, 2); Wang, Li'ao (1, 2); Xu, Tengtun (2); Song, Xue (2); Hu, Chaochao (2); Li, Tong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing; 400044, China; (2) College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing; 400044, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Li'ao(wangliao@cqu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:263-269
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this paper, bioreactor was used to simulate the municipal solid waste (MSW) biodegradation process of landfill, tracing and testing trash methanogenic process and characteristics of leachate during anaerobic digestion, exploring the relationship between the two processes, aiming to screen out the indicators that can predict the methane production process of anaerobic digestion. The results observed at the end of 250 days prevailed that the cumulative biogas production was 1 850.38 L. The MSW anaerobic digestion gas production rate exponentially declines, measured values were basically consistent with the curve fitting with 0.78 of correlation coefficient. The nonlinear regression of the biogas production rates and digestion time showed that Scholl Canyon model fitted the results well, and the biogas production rate constants and waste gas potential were 0.0149 d-1 and 66.36 L/kg, respectively. Determination of leachate characteristics showed that the peaks of total organic carbon (TOC) concentration in leachate appeared two times, which corresponded to the hydrolysis of sugar and protein in MSW. The concentration of TN in leachate continued to increase, showing the trend of nitrogen accumulation. The pH value, total organic carbon/total nitrogen (TOC/TN), acetic acid/valeric acid (HAc/HVa) of leachate changed in the system of methane production process, which has some instructions for stability. At the initial stage of methane production from digestive system, the pH value of leachate stabilized at 5.77-5.91. During the peak of methanogenic period, the pH value of leachate rapidly rose to its peak. In the late stage of methane production, the pH value continued to decrease and was less than 5.8. When the TOC/TN value of leachate was larger than 11, the anaerobic fermentation system was stable and methanogenic was normal. However, when TOC/TN value of leachate was lower than 11, the fermentation system was unstable due to ammonia accumulation, biogas production was small. The concentration of volatile fatty acids in leachate was HBu>HAc>HPr>HVa during the test period. The synthesis and transformation of valerate in waste anaerobic digestion process was relatively active. The HAc/HVa ratio changed greatly and had a significant inflection point, which was corresponding to the initial stage of methane production by anaerobic digestion. In addition, this paper also studied the leachate samples from different reaction periods (hydrolytic acidification A (50th day), methane production peak B(190th day), methane production end C(250th)), and solid samples at end-state MSW and cover were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene tag pyrosequencing for microbial community assessment. Cluster tree analysis showed that MSW samples and leachate samples were relatively close in microbial species and abundance with close genetic relationship, and the longer the reaction period, the higher the similarity. The lack of Nitrospira in the anaerobic digestion system led to the interruption of ammonia nitrogen/nitrate/nitrite cycle, which caused environmental degradation and was not conducive to system gas production. The cover layer was the main site of nitrification. The cover layer can be used as a biochemical reaction active layer, which can promote methane production in the anaerobic digestion system. The ammonia poisoning inhibited the activity of methanogenic bacteria, which was the main reason for the decrease of methane production capacity of the anaerobic digestion system. The inoculation of Nitrospira biological bacteria in the phase of MSW oxygen consumption can strengthen the NH<inf>3</inf>-N nitrification reaction at the initial stage of waste fermentation, reduce the accumulation of ammonia in the late digestive system and enhance the stability of the MSW anaerobic digestion. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Bacteria - Biodegradation - Biogas - Bioreactors - Curve fitting - Degradation - Digestive system - Fermentation - Leachate treatment - Methane - Municipal solid waste - Nitrification - Organic carbon - pH - Rate constants - RNA - System stability - Volatile fatty acids - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic digestion process - Bioreactor landfill - Correlation coefficient - Hydrolytic acidification - Leachates - Methane production - Microbial communities - Municipal solid waste (MSW)
Classification code:452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.8 Biotechnology - 522 Gas Fuels - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 961 Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 6.85e-01yr, Specific_Volume 6.64e-02m3/kg, Volume 8.50e-01m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.032

Accession number:20184406012560
Title:Heat exchange scheme simulation optimization for ground source heat pump system with buried pipes by thermal equilibrium analysis
Title of translation:基于热平衡分析的地埋管地源热泵换热方案模拟优化
Authors:Luo, Zujiang (1); Du, Jingjing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing; 211100, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:246-254
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Since the 21st century, the development and utilization of ground source heat pump in shallow geothermal energy is carried out in China successively. But it is still in its infancy, and there is a general lack of scientific design and planning, the problem of heat accumulation occurred in the process of application of ground source heat pump system, seriously affecting the sustainable development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy. In order to guarantee shallow geothermal energy sustainable development and utilization and avoid the problem of heat accumulation during the running period of ground-source heat pump in the downtown of Danyang, a three-dimensional coupled numerical model of groundwater unsteady seepage and heat transfer was established and applied to the demonstration project of the buried pipe heat pump system in Danyang, Jiangsu Province. The model was based on the principle of groundwater seepage and heat transport, combined with future ground-source heat pump system operating conditions, forecasting the thermal equilibrium development trend of underground temperature field. Three schemes were designed on this basis. Scheme 1 is to adjust heat transfer hole spacing. By simulation and calculation, we changed the minimum heat transfer 5 m hole spacing to 18, 23,17, 20, 20 m inⅠ-Ⅴarea respectively, and results showed that due to the increase of heat transfer hole spacing through mining buried pipe shallow geothermal energy for ten years, the rise in formation temperature decreased. Scheme 2 is to keep the heat exchange hole spacing constant, and heating spring and autumn living water. The total area of heating domestic water in study area was 173.23 km2, single hole heat exchange was calculated with 5% heat loss and heating water from 15 to 50 ℃. By the simulation and calculation, keeping 5 m transfer hole spacing, the heating water amount reach 1 447 826.19 m3/d in spring and autumn with the development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy. Mining 10 years, due to increasing heating water in spring and autumn, there is little increase in formation temperature during the year. The temperature of soil in winter, autumn and spring increases slowly, the problem of heat accumulation is alleviated. Scheme 3 is to keep the heat exchange hole spacing constant and add the cooling tower auxiliary heat exchange hole for summer heat discharge. The cooling tower is in accordance with the number of heat exchange holes in buried pipes and keeping 5 m transfer hole spacing, running 10 hours a day, let water through cooling towers of different cooling temperatures. Mining 10 years, the mixed heat transfer system with cooling tower and buried pipe can eliminate the heat accumulation caused by separate buried pipe system, ensure a good temperature recovery. Due to the limit of ground source heat pump engineering site, Scheme 1 can't be used, heating water in spring and autumn or adding cooling tower auxiliary heat exchange hole for summer heat discharge can be adopted in the actual project. The three-dimensional coupled numerical model of groundwater unsteady seepage and heat pump is an effective way to optimize and determine the sustainable development and utilization plan of ground source heat pump for shallow geothermal energy. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Geothermal heat pumps
Controlled terms:Cooling - Cooling towers - Design - Geothermal energy - Groundwater - Heat pump systems - Heating - Models - Numerical models - Planning - Pumps - Seepage - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Coupled numerical models - Development and utilizations - Heat accumulation - Heat balance - Shallow geothermal energies - Simulation and calculations - Simulation optimization - Underground temperature field
Classification code:444.2 Groundwater - 481.3.1 Geothermal Phenomena - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 618.2 Pumps - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 912.2 Management - 921 Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.00e+01yr, Area 1.73e+08m2, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Size 2.00e+01m, Size 5.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.030

Accession number:20184406012537
Title:Design and experiment of semi-automatic transplanter for watermelon seedlings raised on compression substrate
Title of translation:半自动压缩基质型西瓜钵苗移栽机设计与试验
Authors:Han, Changjie (1); Xu, Yang (1); Zhang, Jing (1); You, Jia (1); Guo, Hui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi; 830052, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:54-61
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to solve the problem that seedlings cultivated by pie-shaped compression matrix can not be planted by the existing transplanter, a semi-automatic compression matrix seedling transplanter was designed in this paper by mimicking the artificially transplanting method of putting seedlings after punching a hole. The compression matrix type seedling transplanter mainly consists of a ground wheel, a swing mechanism, a ratchet wheel, a hole puncher, a displacement mechanism, a seedling clamping mechanism, a conveying device, a transmission system, a rack, and so on. The physical dimensions and mechanical properties of the compression matrix type seedling are the key basis for the design of the seedling planting schemes and structures. Taking watermelon seedlings as the research object, the dimensions of the seedlings were measured, and the friction coefficient of the compression matrix with different water contents and the compressive strength of the compression matrix were determined. The coefficients of friction between the slideways and the flanks of watermelon seedlings with 2 groups of different water contents were determined to be 0.755 and 0.634 respectively by single-factor tests. The relationship between the compression load and the compression amount of the 2 groups was also analyzed. When the load is 0-5 N, as the surface of the seedling is in point contact with the semi-circular thin metal at the initial stage of compression, the compression load increases evenly and the amount increases rapidly. When the load is between 5 and 20 N, as the surface of the seedling is in surface contact with the semi-circular thin metal, the compression load increases evenly with less impact on compression. When the load is greater than 25 N, some external cracks are observed on the surface of the seeding during the test. Comparing the 2 tests, it can be seen that the seedling with high water content is not easily destroyed. The swing mechanism is optimized according to the known movement law of the initial angle of the crank and the output angle of the driven rod. The dimensions of optimized parts are 57, 161, 79 and 170 mm, respectively. When the crank rotates one revolution of 360°, the reciprocating swing angle of the driven rod is 92.3°, which satisfies the working requirements of the four-equal-part ratchet wheel mechanism. The structure and specific size parameters of the hole puncher are determined according to the measurement size and planting depth requirements of the watermelon seedling. The width of the edge surface is 1.5 mm. The inner diameter of the small end is 64 mm, and the height of the tapered part of the hole puncher is 65 mm, and when the incision angle is 21°, the inner diameter of the big end is about 114 mm. The structure parameters of the seedling clamping mechanism are determined according to the mechanical properties and the dimension of watermelon seedling. And it is also concluded that the seedling's matrix can overcome the self-gravity of the seedling, which ensures that the seedling clamping mechanism can securely grip the seedlings when transplanting with a clamping force of 26 N. The seedling conveying device and the planting holding device are driven by the same power source, ensuring that the feeding speed of the seedlings is synchronized with taking seedling action of the planting holding device. The conveyor belt is used to transport the seedlings, and the conveyor belt was designed to send seedlings at a speed of 40 plants per minute. Using a compression matrix for field planting functional verification tests, the average plant spacing is 98.6 cm when the transplanter moves at a stable speed of 2.1-2.6 km/h. The pass rate of the plant spacing is 90.62% and the lodging rate is 21.9% which is slightly higher. In the follow-up study, dual-ground-wheel driving would be used to improve the reliability of the transmission and obtain uniform spacing; a hole shape with the same level and the same depth should be acquired, and the lodging rate after the landing of pie-shaped matrix would be reduced by increasing the copying mechanism and optimizing the shape and structural parameters of the hole puncher. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Belt conveyors - Clamping devices - Compressive strength - Design - Electric power transmission - Friction - Loads (forces) - Mechanical properties - Mechanisms - Mechanization - Point contacts - Testing - Transplants - Water content - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficients of friction - Different water contents - Displacement mechanisms - Friction coefficients - Functional verification - Seedlings - Structural parameter - Transmission systems
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 462.4 Prosthetics - 601 Mechanical Design - 692.1 Conveyors - 704.1 Electric Components - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Force 0.00e+00N to 5.00e+00N, Force 2.50e+01N, Force 2.60e+01N, Force 5.00e+00N to 2.00e+01N, Percentage 2.19e+01%, Percentage 9.06e+01%, Size 1.14e-01m, Size 1.50e-03m, Size 1.70e-01m, Size 6.40e-02m, Size 6.50e-02m, Size 7.90e-02m, Size 9.86e-01m, Velocity 5.83e-01m/s to 7.22e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.007

Accession number:20184406012568
Title:Review on effects of pectin on digestion of lipid and carotenoids
Title of translation:果胶对脂类和类胡萝卜素消化利用影响研究进展
Authors:Liu, Xuan (1); Liu, Jianing (1); Bi, Jinfeng (1); Zhou, Mo (1); Lü, Jian (1); Peng, Jian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100193, China
Corresponding author:Bi, Jinfeng(bijinfeng2010@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:311-318
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pectin is a family of galacturonic acid-rich polysaccharides, which mostly exists in plant cell walls. Pectin structure determines its properties, and the structure characteristics usually refer to the molecular weight, degree of methoxylation and acetylation, galacturonic acid content, neutral sugar composition. The texture and rheological properties of raw fruit and vegetable and their products are dependent on the structure of pectin. Carotenoids are lipophilic pigments responsible for the yellow, orange, and red colors of many fruits and vegetables, which have beneficial health effects. Carotenoid bioavailability is usually considered as the fraction of the ingested carotenoids that are accessible for utilization in normal physiological functions or for storage in the human body. A prerequisite for carotenoid bioavailability is its bioaccessibility in the small intestine. Carotenoid bioaccessibility is defined as the amount of carotenoids that are released from its food matrix during digestion and made available for absorption into intestinal mucosa. A number of studies suggested that certain types of dietary fiber such as pectin could inhibit the digestion and absorption of lipids. Therefore, pectin has a potential impact on the digestion and absorption of carotenoids, since carotenoids might be encapsulated in lipid droplet in stomach phase. The present review summarized recent studies about the effects of pectin on lipid digestion and carotenoid bioavailability in order to provide theoretical basis for further improving the bioavailability of carotenoids in fruit and vegetable-based food products. Additionally, future research challenges in this review are identified. Structure and properties of pectin were summarized at first, and the specific processes of lipid digestion and carotenoid absorption were also elucidated. On one hand, pectin is an important component of plant cell wall, and the presence of cell wall restricts the release of carotenoids from the matrix. On the other hand, pectin may interfere with the the processes of lipid digestion and carotenoid absorption in a variety of different ways, and these could be summarized as 5 aspects. 1) Pectin could change the viscosity of the digestive juice, which would alter the magnitude of the shear forces operating on the chyme, increase the duration in the stomach and small intestinal phase and decrease the transport efficiency. 2) Pectin could act as a physical barrier between substrates and digestive enzymes. Pectin could compete with the substrate for the active site of the enzyme, protonate the enzyme active site through the participation of the carboxylic acid residues and generate direct molecular interactions between pectin and enzymes. 3) Galacturonic and galuronic acid residues of pectin could form gels with calcium ions. These pectin-calcium complexes reduce lipid digestion by reducing the surface area of the lipid droplets where lipase exerts its activity as a consequence of lipid flocculation or microgel formation. Besides gel formation, the binding between calcium ions and pectin might also affect carotenoid absorption in another way. The levels of free calcium in the gastrointestinal medium can be reduced in the presence of pectin, causing accumulation of free fatty acids on the lipid droplet surfaces and reducing lipid droplet digestion. 4) Pectin may bind bile salts in the small intestine, and affect the lipid digestion and the efficiency of carotenoid incorporation into mixed micelles. 5) Pectin may be adsorbed to the surfaces of the emulsified lipids and form a protective coating, which may prevent the lipase from being adsorbed to the droplet surfaces and getting access to the lipids inside the droplets. The effects of pectin on the digestive pathways and digestive efficiency of lipid and carotenoids depend on pectin structure, especially molecular mass, degree of methylesterification and acetylation, and neutral sugars composition. At present, most studies used emulsion system containing carotenoids, and added exogenous pectin to explore the influence of pectin on digestion and absorption of carotenoids. Thus, the results they found in the simulation system might be different in fruit and vegetable-based food products, and the effect of endogenous pectin on the bioavailability of carotenoids in the fruits and vegetables needs further verification. In addition, the effect of pectin on the absorption of lipid and carotenoids is also manifold. Pectin may inhibit digestion and absorption of lipid and carotenoids through the above 5 ways and also form a coating around the carotenoids and thus increase the stability of carotenoids during the processing, storage and further digestion. For fruit and vegetable materials, processing method is the important factor to determine its physicochemical properties, and some crushing and refining treatments, such as colloid mill and high pressure homogenization, can improve the release rate and pathway of carotenoids from the raw materials. Thus, it is worthy to be studied whether these crushing and refining treatments can improve the structural characteristics of pectin and make it play a positive role in carotenoid bioavailability. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:65
Main heading:Pigments
Controlled terms:Acetylation - Biochemistry - Calcium compounds - Crushing - Drops - Efficiency - Emulsification - Enzymes - Fatty acids - Fruits - Gels - High pressure engineering - Homogenization method - Ions - Lipids - Mesoporous materials - Micelles - Plant cell culture - Protective coatings - Refining - Salts - Sludge digestion - Structural properties - Substrates - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Bioavailability - Carotenoids - High pressure homogenization - Neutral sugar compositions - Pectin - Physicochemical property - Structural characteristics - Structure and properties
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 452.2 Sewage Treatment - 801.2 Biochemistry - 801.3 Colloid Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.13.038

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