<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20183805830783
Title:Utilization of livestock manure in Denmark and its inspiration for planting-breeding combined circular agricultural development in China
Authors:Sui, Bin (1, 2); Meng, Haibo (1, 2); Shen, Yujun (1, 2); Ding, Jingtao (1, 2); Wang, Jian (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing; 100125, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Technologies and Models for Cyclic Utilization from Agricultural Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing; 100125, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:1-7
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Denmark is leading in advanced animal biowaste engineering and management in the world. The comprehensive system of livestock manure utilization in Denmark can achieve planting-breeding balance and the fertilize capacity requirement, which can not only protect the healthy development of animal husbandry, but also promote the development of cropping industry. This review summarized the present situation of animal biowaste utilization technologies, specially the technical proposal of the planting-breeding balance and technologies to reduce ammonia emissions from livestock production in Denmark. The main successful experience of scientific management concept, law and regulation system, advanced technologies and utilization pattern of Danish manure management were also analyzed. The scientific management concept of manure utilization in Denmark is life-cycle pollution control during the manure utilization. Fertilizers and animal manures must be applied in the proper seasons and methods to promote the absorption of nutrients. In areas of intensive animal production, nutrients in the manure may contribute all or a substantial proportion of the local or regional fertilizer demand and some manure nutrients may even be in excess of local demand, requiring the alternative utilization to avoid the environmental overload. The overall objective of the Danish regulations on the livestock production and management of animal manures is to achieve sustainable recycling of manures in order to reduce emissions of nutrients and pollutants to the environment. Since the 1980s, Danish incentives and regulations had reduced losses of nitrogen and enhanced the use efficient of manure nitrogen, which had substituted large amounts of mineral fertilizers. The livestock farms and farmers in Denmark must ensure the amount of nutrients calculated not to exceed the allowed limits for their crops according to Danish harmony rules for the nutrient management. Farms with a livestock herd in excess of this density must have written contracts with neighbouring stockless farms, where the manure could be applied. The advanced technologies and corresponding equipment of animal waste utilization were encouraged for the investigation and application, including the solid-liquid separation of animal slurry, the ammonia and malodorous gases abatement, nutrient leaching from application and measures for reduction, technologies and logistics for handling, the transport and distribution of animal manures. Also, the life cycle assessment methodology had been applied to compare alternative manure management technologies in Denmark. There are a lot of specialists in environmental technologies and management of animal wastes, in industry and consultancy work, the agricultural advisory service and the public service. The mature utilization pattern and strategies for the efficient recycling of manures as a means of reducing leaching and runoff loss of the nutrients were also established. Nowadays, the widely used fertilizer and plenty of animal manures have brought some negative environmental impacts while increasing crop yields in China. The intention of this article is to introduce the biological, physical and chemical processes controlling pollution from the animal production and technologies needed to manage animal wastes in Denmark. Those environmentally friendly technologies for managing animal waste efficiently and in a sustainable manner are worth learning and using for reference for planting-breeding combined circular agricultural development in China.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Manures
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Animals - Crops - Emission control - Engineering education - Environmental management - Environmental technology - Laws and legislation - Leaching - Life cycle - Nitrogen fertilizers - Nutrients - Recycling - Slurries - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Comprehensive system - Denmark - Environmentally-friendly technology - Fertilization - Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - Scientific management - Solid liquid separation
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 454 Environmental Engineering - 801.3 Colloid Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 901.2 Education - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20183805830801
Title:Seismic response characteristics of canal in northern cold regions
Authors:Ou, Erfeng (1); Li, Shuangyang (2); Liu, Deren (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou; 730070, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Frozen soil Engineering, CAREERI, CAS, Lanzhou; 730000, China
Corresponding author:Li, Shuangyang(lisy@lzb.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:162-170
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Because of its direct influence on the amount of unfrozen water and ice lens in a frozen soil, temperature has a significant effect on the mechanical behavior of the freeze-thaw soil. Accordingly, seismic responses of engineering structures such as canals in northern cold regions exhibit noticeable differences with seasonal alternation. To analyze the distinctive seismic characteristics of a canal in northern cold regions, a coupled water-heat-dynamics model was built based on theories of heat transfer, soil moisture dynamics, frozen soil mechanics, and soil dynamics. A well-monitored canal in northern cold regions was used to simulate seismic responses in two typical seasons in the 10th service year. The numerical results showed that the constructed canal disturbed the original thermal state and the geo-temperatures of the canal changed with seasonal alternation. In the freezing-thawing process, the unfrozen water migrated and ice lens formed in the canal soil under the forcing of temperature gradient. As a result, the unfrozen water and ice distributions of the canal exhibited obvious seasonal differences. For instance, there were little unfrozen water and much ice lens in the canal and shallow layer of soil at air temperature bellowing freezing, whereas the volumetric content of the unfrozen water was high and the ice content was equal to 0 when the temperature had its maximum during the year ( July 15). So the differential seismic responses of the canal were generated by different water-heat states in the two seasons. Among these two seasons in the 10th service year, although the general time histories of the acceleration and velocity were similar in the canal, their maximum amplitudes were relatively larger on July 15. For instance, in two different time (January 15, July 15), the accelerations of the canal bottom respectively got their maximum acceleration values which were 1.160, 1.360 m/s<sup>2</sup> in 12.165 and 2.404 s, whereas the accelerations of the canal top got their respectively in 8.995 s and 9.007 s maximum values which were 1.476, 1.785 m/s<sup>2</sup>, so the earthquake accelerations of the canal were stronger on July 15 than January 15 under the earthquake. The horizontal velocity responses of the bottom and the top of the canal were smaller on January 15, their maximum velocity was 0.145 and 0.149 m/s, respectively, while the maximum speed was 0.146 m/s and 0.150 m/s, respectively on July 15. The displacement was a direct expression of the seismic loading and also sensitive to temperature variation, the displacement responses of the canal to dynamic loading are also relatively larger on July 15 and the maximum horizontal displacement was 5.6 cm in the example. When the earthquake was over, there were still permanent differential deformations in the canal, and the residual displacement distributions of the canal were asymmetrical. In fact, the seismic response of the canal in seasonally frozen soil area was a very complicated water-heat-dynamic coupled problem, so there were few theoretical documents on the subject up to now. As a preliminary study, the numerical model proposed in this paper has some limitations. Therefore, further studies should be carried out on the subject. As a preliminary exploration, it is expected to provide theoretical basis and reference for design, construction, and maintenance of the canal in seasonally frozen regions.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Canals
Controlled terms:Acceleration - Dynamic loads - Dynamics - Earthquake engineering - Earthquakes - Freezing - Frozen soils - Heat transfer - Hydraulic structures - Ice - Numerical models - Seismic response - Soil mechanics - Soil moisture - Temperature - Thawing
Uncontrolled terms:Cold regions - Differential deformation - Earthquake acceleration - Engineering structures - Horizontal displacements - Season - Seismic response characteristics - Soil moisture dynamics
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 484 Seismology - 484.2 Secondary Earthquake Effects - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 921 Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Acceleration 1.36e+00m/s2, Acceleration 1.78e+00m/s2, Size 5.60e-02m, Time 1.22e+01s, Time 2.40e+00s, Time 8.99e+00s, Time 9.01e+00s, Velocity 1.45e-01m/s, Velocity 1.46e-01m/s, Velocity 1.49e-01m/s, Velocity 1.50e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20183805830815
Title:Layout optimization of rural settlements in mountainous areas based on farming radius analysis
Authors:Li, Xuedong (1); Yang, Yue (1); Yang, Bo (2); Zhao, Tao (2); Yu, Zhenrong (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Land and Resources Department of Sichuan Province, Chengdu; 610072, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality and Monitoring, Ministry of Land and Resource, Beijing; 100035, China
Corresponding author:Yu, Zhenrong(yuzhr@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:267-273
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rural settlements consolidation is an important way for China to optimize the layout of rural settlements, and the farming radius is one of the important factors that need to be considered in the consolidation planning of rural settlements. In this paper, taking Xichang City, Sichuan Province as a case, the layout optimization method of rural settlements in mountainous areas based on farming radius analysis was discussed. First of all, the characteristics of rural settlements and the suitable farming radii in valley-plain area, gentle-slope area, steep-slope area were analyzed respectively. Then, in order to identify the locations of central villages, the farming radii of 3 regions (slope 0-6°, ≥6°-25°, ≥25°) under 7 scenarios (current situation, only retaining rural settlements of >0.5, >1, >2, >3, >4, >5 hm<sup>2</sup>, respectively) were analyzed. The Euclidean distance analysis tool in ArcGIS 10.2 was used to analyze the farming straight-line distance, and it can obtain the specific values of the average straight-line distance and the maximum straight-line distance in the study area, as well as the service range of different rural settlements. The network analysis tool in ArcGIS 10.2 was used to analyze the farming path-distance, and it can analyze the path-distances of different farmland patches to their nearest rural settlements and the service range of different rural settlements. The results show that the patch number of rural settlements in Xichang is 24367 and the total area of rural settlements is about 7764 hm<sup>2</sup>, accounting for about 2.9% of the total area of Xichang City, the average patch area is 3186 m<sup>2</sup>, and per capita area of rural settlements is 172 m<sup>2</sup>. The number of micro- and small-scale rural settlements in Xichang City accounts for 94.8% of the total number, so it is necessary to realize the intensive use of rural residential land by rural settlements consolidation. The average farming radius of Xichang is 147 m, and the farming radii of 3 regions increase linearly with the small rural settlements gathering to larger rural settlements. The ratio of micro- and small-scale rural settlement is steep-slope area > gentle-slope area > valley-plain area, so the relocation of micro- and small-scale rural settlements has the greatest impact on the farming distance in steep-slope area, followed by the gentle-slope area, and has the lowest impact on the valley-plain area. The suitable farming radii are 3000-4000, 750-950 and 550-750 m in the valley-plain area, gentle-slope area and steep-slope area respectively. The rural settlements in the valley-plain area should be gathered to the rural settlements of more than 3 hm<sup>2</sup>, which could not only form bigger villages but also meet the farming radius requirements. Some rural settlements in the gentle-slope area can be gathered to the rural settlements of more than 1 hm<sup>2</sup> and have convenient traffic, so as to form a rural residential area with a certain scale. The consolidation of rural settlements located in the steep-slope area has little significance, and should be promoted in cooperation with the projects of "Returning farmland to forest and grassland", "Poverty alleviation and relocation in other places", "Protection and restoration of mountainous areas", and these rural settlements should be gradually migrated to the gentle-slope area and valley-plain area.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Conservation - Electric network analysis - Farms - Geographic information systems - Housing - Land use - Landforms - Slope protection
Uncontrolled terms:Euclidean distance - Farming distance - Farming radius - Forest and grassland - Layout optimization - Protection and restoration - Rural residential areas - Rural settlement
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 481.1 Geology - 703.1.1 Electric Network Analysis - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use
Numerical data indexing:Area 1.72e+02m2, Area 3.19e+03m2, Percentage 2.90e+00%, Percentage 9.48e+01%, Size 1.47e+02m, Size 5.50e+02m to 7.50e+02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20183805830795
Title:Research progress on airflow characteristics and field pesticide application system of rotary-wing UAV
Authors:Li, Jiyu (1, 2); Lan, Yubin (1, 2); Shi, Yeyin (3)
Author affiliation:(1) National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviation Pesticide Spraying Technology, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln; NE 68583, United States
Corresponding author:Lan, Yubin(ylan@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:104-118
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As an important platform in precision agricultural aerial application, automatic chemical and pollination applications using rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (RW-UAV) in real field conditions draw more attention among researchers, and become a hot research topic in crop protection. Many researches have focused on the pesticide application systems, operational parameters and operational modes based on the RW-UAVs, which contributed to the vehicle design, key technologies in the pesticide application and the accessory technologies. However, problems still exist due to a lack of in-depth understanding of the operational system and key issues in the pesticide applications based on RW-UAV. With the rapid development of RW-UAV technology in recent years, there have been more interests and studies conducted in the aerial pesticide applications using the RW-UAV platforms, especially in some Asian and European countries with small and fragmented agricultural fields. Most of the current researches in this area lack a clear and in-depth understanding of the fundamental characteristics and principles of the airflow during operation, which are the key parameters and trait in pesticide application based on RW-UAV. According to the major processes of the pesticide application protocol based on RW-UAV including loading and carrying of chemical, chemical turning into droplets, movement of droplets in the air, droplets deposition on plant canopies,, we summarized the research in terms of RW-UAV platform, chemical tank, droplet physical state, movement state, rotor airflow, deposition on targets, off-target drift, airflow and crop interaction, droplet attachment, UAV platform control, spray control and operation mode. Current pesticide application based on RW-UAV has issues in the lack of thorough and in-depth research on airflow modeling, system mechanism, correlation of spraying parameters, accurate measurement methods in field test conditions, the methods to evaluate spray efficacy, and fully making use of high-precision flight parameters for spraying control. The purpose of this review was to investigate the relationship between the various components of the RW-UAV spraying system for the guidance of fundamental and applied studies in the future. We encouraged more systematic researches in the area of rotor airflow modeling and the optimization of physical parameters of the pesticide application system based on RW-UAV, in the fundamental and applied research areas, to advance the development and application of such systems in agricultural production. At the same time, the paper pointed out some other existing problems in distribution of vehicle components and resources for large payload, physical and dynamic principles and status change of spray droplets in process, flight parameters and their relationships with spray droplets' moving status, the interaction principles between downdraft of rotors and the crop canopies, the integration of flight parameters and the spray parameters. The fundamental science problems need to have more in-depth investigations in order to fully understand and improve the performance of the pesticide applications based on RW-UAV in agriculture. The authors hope researchers pay more attention to the related research on the pesticide applications making use of the air downdraft of the RW-UAVs from the fundamental and application research aspects, and are closely associated with the current development, applications and issues in the real field conditions. More breakthroughs can be approached from understanding the intrinsic relationship between the rotor control, payload and flight and operational parameters, between the downdraft and the spray droplets, and between the downdraft and the crop canopies. The authors also call for a better collaboration between relevant engineers and scientists to bridge the gap between the engineering applications and the fundamental science in the area of agricultural aerial application and crop protection based on RW-UAV. As the development of RW-UAVs to overcome some current limitations, the authors envision an increasing demand of using them for crop protection in the future.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:170
Main heading:Pesticides
Controlled terms:Aircraft control - Antennas - Crops - Deposition - Drops - Rotors - Spraying - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Airflow - Development and applications - Engineering applications - Field - Fundamental characteristics - Operating system - Plant protection
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 652 Aircraft and Avionics - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20183805830800
Title:Crack development rule of expensive soil and its influence factors in river slope of Project of Leasing Water from Yangtze to Huai River
Authors:Li, Guowei (1, 2); Li, Yashuai (1, 3); Yuan, Junping (1, 3); Wu, Jiantao (2); Cao, Xueshan (2); Wu, Shaofu (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China; (2) Highway and Railway Research Institute, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China; (3) Geotechnical Research Institute, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China; (4) China Railway 20 Bureau Group Corporation, Xi'an; 710016, China
Corresponding author:Yuan, Junping(yuan_junph@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:154-161
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to determine reasonable measures to protect the expansive soil slope and explain the mechanism of crack development in expansive soils, it is very important and necessary to study the evolution of expansive soil under the action of climate in the field. In this thesis, based on the project of leading water from Yangtze to Huai River, an observation was conducted on the surficial and vertical crack development in the expansive soil slope exposed by excavation under climatic conditions so as to quantitatively examine the factors influencing crack development and evolution of expansive soil slope under climatic conditions. Exposure time, slope angle and degree of expansiveness of the soil are all considered in this study. The results show that the intensity of surface crack development of the expansive soil slope which is defined by the ratio of crack area to the total area is mainly controlled by the water content. The intensity of surface crack and moisture content of the soil are negatively correlated in the first drying cycle. The intensity of surface cracking increased with decreasing water content, and the gradient is related to the degree of expansiveness of soil. The higher the degree of expansiveness of the surface soil, the higher the gradient of the plot. The crack intensity factor increased over time, but the quantity of crack developed stabilized around a certain value. The time of stabilization of crack development is positively correlated with the degree of expansiveness of the soil. The non-uniform distribution of water content is the reason to crack development. The higher the degree of expansiveness of the soil, the smaller the corresponding fragment size. The process of crack growth was shortly affected by the rainfall. The maximum crack depth reached 150 cm when it was exposed for 360 days. The state of crack initiation is determined by the climate in the field. The rate of crack development of the expansive soil along the depth direction is positively correlated with atmospheric temperature and negatively correlated with atmospheric humidity, respectively. The process of crack growth in the vertical direction was divided into 3 stages, including Period I of slow development, rapid development period and Period II of slow development. Crack growth in the vertical direction in the rapid development period is approximately 96 cm, which is about 64% of the total crack depth, and the speed is 4-5 times that in the slow development period. The steepness of the slope has influence on development of the crack depth, which mainly occurs in the early stage of crack initiation. V-shaped cracks were developed along the depth of the slope, which is controlled by overburden stress and matrical suction. Under the same conditions of evaporation, deeper cracks developed in soils with higher expansive index. The cracks densely developed and intersected under the slope surface to a depth of 40 cm, but are mainly vertical and parallel when the depth exceeded 40 cm under the slope surface.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Stabilization
Controlled terms:Atmospheric humidity - Crack initiation - Crack propagation - Cracks - Humidity control - Image recognition - Rivers - Soils - Surface defects
Uncontrolled terms:Climatic conditions - Crack intensity factors - Expansive soil slope - Expansive soils - Huai rivers - Non-uniform distribution - Slope - Vertical direction
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 9.86e-01yr, Percentage 6.40e+01%, Size 1.50e+00m, Size 4.00e-01m, Size 9.60e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20183805830820
Title:Effect of temperature on color and tea pigment content of fermented tea leaves
Authors:Hua, Jinjie (1); Yuan, Haibo (1); Yao, Yuefeng (1); Jiang, Yongwen (1); Wang, Jinjin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Processing Engineer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou; 310008, China
Corresponding author:Yuan, Haibo(192168092@tricaas.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:300-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aiming to explore the effects of different fermentation temperatures on shape and liquor color index, theaflavins (TFs) and thearubigins (TRs), and the relationship among the indices, this article uses fresh Fuding Dabai tea leaves as raw materials, and sets 4 fermentation temperatures (25, 30, 35 and 40℃) to explore the dynamic change of shape brightness value (L value), shape redness value (a value), shape yellowness value (b value), and total color aberration value (▵E value), total liquor color value (LC value), liquor brightness value (LL value), liquor redness value (La value) and liquor yellowness value (Lb value), as well as TFs, TRs and theabrownins (TBs), and the correlation among 3 kinds of indices is also discussed. The results show that, along with fermentation process, the shape color L value and b value decrease, and a value increases; liquor color LC value, La value and Lb value firstly increase, then decrease, and LL value decreases. The upheaval period of all the color properties occurs in the former 90 min, and the fluctuating or stable variation happens in the later 90 min. Comparison of different temperatures shows that, low temperature (20 or 30℃) is beneficial for the maintain of L, b, LC, Lb and La value, and meanwhile high temperature (35℃) is beneficial for the increase of a and LL value. The quality of the components TFs and TRs is increased firstly and then decreased, but TRs peak appears later than TFs, and the peak time and peak height are different due to different temperatures. On the whole, the formation and accumulation of TFs are the best at 25℃, TRs accumulation is the largest at 30℃, and 40℃ is the most suitable for formation of polymer TBs. The correlation analysis showed that there is significant positive correlation between TFs and TRs, and both TFs and TRs are extremely significantly positively correlated with TFRB (P<0.01), so the TFRB value is more effective than TFR value to represent the TFs and TRs contribution for tea quality. There is an extremely significant positive correlation among LC, La and Lb value (P<0.01), and the shape color attributes and liquor color attributes have a highly significant correlation: The shape color L and b values are negatively correlated with liquor color LC, La and Lb value (P<0.01), and positively correlated with the liquor color LL value. TFs is extremely significantly positively correlated (P<0.01) with L, b and Lb value, and has the strongest correlation with the b value, and is significantly positively correlated with the LC and La value. TRs is only significantly positively correlated (P<0.01) with a value and Lb value, and negatively correlated with L and b values. Through linear regression analysis, regression model of TFs is obtained using the LL, Lb and b value as variables, the R<sup>2</sup> coefficient reaches 0.804, and regression model of TRs as the target value is not significant, so the model of TFRB value is established to explain the effects of TFs and TRs. Combined with the regression model of TFRB value, it can be seen that shape color b value is the most important among all the color indices, which is the key factor to judge suitability degree of fermentation and quality of TFs content.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Color
Controlled terms:Fermentation - Luminance - Processing - Quality control - Regression analysis - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Black tea - Color attributes - Effect of temperature - Fermentation process - Fermentation temperature - Positive correlations - Theaflavins - Thearubigins
Classification code:641.1 Thermodynamics - 741.1 Light/Optics - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 913.4 Manufacturing - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Time 5.40e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20183805830806
Title:Field rice panicle segmentation based on deep full convolutional neural network
Authors:Duan, Lingfeng (1); Xiong, Xiong (2); Liu, Qian (2); Yang, Wanneng (1, 3); Huang, Chenglong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan; 430074, China; (3) National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Chenglong(hcl@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:202-209
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Panicle traits are significant in rice yield measurement, disease detection, nutrition diagnosis and growth period assessment. Precise segmentation of panicles from the rice images is a prerequisite for panicle trait measurement and rice phenotyping. However, pancile segmentation for various accessions and growth periods in the complex field environment is a big challenge. In this paper, we proposed a robust and fast image segmentation method for rice panicles in the field based on deep full convolutional neural network. The deep full convolutional neural network for panicle segmentation, namely, PanicleNet, was based on SegNet. The architecture of PanicleNet is similar with SegNet, except that the output number of PanicleNet's last convolutional layer is set as 2, corresponding to 2 types of classification (panicle pixel/non-panicle pixel). The overall segmentation mainly consists of 2 steps: Offline training step and on-line segmentation step. At the offline training step, 50 original field rice images with a resolution of 1971×1815 pixels from different accessions and growth stages were used to train the PanicleNet. Each original image was firstly divided into 24 sub-images with a resolution of 360×480 pixels. Data were augmented by adjusting the illumination component of the sub-images to simulate the changing illumination in the field. In total, 2880 images were used for training set and 720 images for validation set. The training of the network was accomplished by Caffe. The stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with momentum algorithm was used to train the PanicleNet. The momentum was set as 0.9 and the learning rate was set as 0.001. The network was initialized by VGGNet and then fine-tuned using our data. The batch size of training set and validation set was set as 4 and 2, respectively. The network was validated every 720 epochs. The training was stopped when the error converged. Finally, the network was trained for 72000 epochs. The final training model (PanicleNet) was saved to disk, which can be called by using the Caffe C++ interface in the on-line segmentation process. At the on-line segmentation step, an original image was firstly divided into several sub-images with a resolution of 360×480 pixels. The number of sub-images depends on the size of the original image. Each sub-image was then subjected to the PanicleNet for pixel-wise classification. The segmentation images for sub-images were then jointed to get the segmentation image for the original image. Tests showed that PanicleNet was capable of dealing with the complex and irregular panicle border, cluttered background, color overlapping between panicles and leaves, and large variation in panicle color, shape, size, texture caused by difference in rice accessions, growth periods, illumination unbalance and variation. Two image datasets, namely, Dataset2016 and Dataset2017, were used to evaluate the performance of the segmentation method. The 23 images in Dataset2016 were the remaining ones in the 73 images in 2016, 50 images of which were used for training the PanicleNet. And the 22 images in Dataset2017 were taken in 2017. The rice plants in different images belonged to different varieties. In total, 50 varieties were involved in the training phase and another 45 varieties were involved in the testing phase. The growth periods of the rice plants were also varied from heading stage to mature stage. The performance of PanicleNet was compared with other 4 approaches: Panicle-SEG, HSeg, i2 hysteresis thresholding, and jointSeg. PanicleNet outperformed the other 4 approaches. For the Dataset2016, the average Qseg value and F-measure value for PanicleNet were 0.76 and 0.86, respectively. For the Dataset2017, the average Qseg value and F-measure value for PanicleNet were 0.67 and 0.80, respectively. The processing efficiency of PanicleNet was approximately 2 s for segmenting an image with a resolution of 1971×1815 pixels. The proposed method promotes the accuracy and efficiency of panicle segmentation, which provides a novel tool for rice phenotyping, rice breeding and cultivation.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Complex networks - Convolution - Crops - Deep learning - Deep neural networks - Diagnosis - Efficiency - Neural networks - Pixels - Plants (botany) - Stochastic systems
Uncontrolled terms:Cluttered backgrounds - Convolutional neural network - Field rice - Hysteresis thresholding - Illumination components - On line segmentation - Segmentation methods - Stochastic gradient descent
Classification code:461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 961 Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Time 2.00e+00s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20183805830796
Title:Modeling and estimation of field undisturbed soil salt based on hyperspectra under removal of moisture factor
Authors:Chen, Hongyan (1); Zhao, Gengxing (1); Li, Yuhuan (1); Li, Hua (2); Gai, Yuefeng (3)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an; 271018, China; (2) Shandong Heze Hydraulic Engineering Corporation, Heze; 274000, China; (3) Shandong Yitong Real Estate Appraisal and Mapping Co., LTD, Jinan; 250000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:119-125
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil moisture is one of the main reasons for the decline of predictive accuracy of soil attributes (organic carbon, salt, etc.) in using spectrum analysis method. By comparing the two methods of external parameter orthogonization (EPO) and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), the purpose of this article is to explore a method and technology route of removing the effect of soil moisture (SM) and improving the estimation precision of soil salt content (SSC) based on hyperspectra. Firstly, we used Kenli district of Dongying city in Shandong province as the research area, and took 96 soil samples in the fields. The samples' hyperspectra in situ and indoor after air-dry were measured respectively by spectra radiometer, and then transformed to the first deviation. The content of soil salinity and moisture were measured in laboratory. Then, the spectral characteristics of soil salt content and the effect of soil moisture on it were analyzed by comparison. Next, the external parameter orthogonization and non-negative matrix factorization were respectively used to correct and fuse the soil spectra in situ (Situ-spectra), and to remove the SM effect, and form the EPO correction spectra (EPO-spectra) and the NMF fusion spectra (NMF-spectra) of the Situ-spectra. Finally the estimation models of SSC were built respectively by the multiple step linear regression (MSLR) and the partial least squares regression (PLSR) based on the Situ-spectra, EPO-spectra and NMF-spectra, and were verified and compared to analyze the change of the SSC prediction precision. The results indicated that the soil salt content was high the soil salt content gradient was obvious, and the dispersion degree of soil salt content was high. However the soil moisture content was about 30 times of the soil salt content in the study area. The correlation between soil salinity and spectra is better at the band ranges of 1440-1660 nm, 1830-1860 nm, 1960-2110 nm. The soil moisture had great effect on the Situ-spectra and soil salt content spectral characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to remove soil moisture impact. The EPO method can reduce the correlation between spectra and soil moisture in most spectral regions, and at the same time weaken the correlation between spectra and soil salinity in local bands. In comparison, the NMF method can effectively reduce the correlation between spectra and soil moisture, and increase the correlation between spectra and soil salinity. Both the EPO and NMF can improve the accuracy of the soil salt content estimation based on Situ-spectra. After adoption of EPO, the validation coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) increased between 0.08 and 0.09, and the relative prediction deviation (RPD) increased between 0.08 and 0.69%. At the same time, after adoption of NMF, the validation R<sup>2</sup> increased between 0.27 and 0.38 and reached above 0.80, the RPD increased between 1.04 and 1.06, and reached above of 2.37. Thus the result of NMF was more significant than that of EPO for the removal of the SM effect. The method of EPO combined with PLSR or NMF combined with MSLR can be used as the technical route of removing the soil moisture effect and building soil salt content calibration model. The results can effectively promote the quantitative remote sensing extraction and real-time, in-situ monitoring of the saline soil information.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Soil moisture
Controlled terms:Factorization - Least squares approximations - Matrix algebra - Organic carbon - Remote sensing - Salt removal - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Non-negative matrix - Nonnegative matrix factorization - Orthogonalization - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Quantitative remote sensing - Soil salts - Spetrum analysis
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 921 Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.00e-02% to 6.90e-01%, Size 1.44e-06m to 1.66e-06m, Size 1.83e-06m to 1.86e-06m, Size 1.96e-06m to 2.11e-06m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20183805830802
Title:Spatio-temporal pattern of impacts of vegetation on controlling sand-dust weather in Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project
Authors:Cui, Xiao (1, 2); Zhao, Yuanyuan (1, 2); Ding, Guodong (1, 2); Xin, Zhongbao (1); Gao, Guanglei (1, 2); Yu, Minghan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Yanchi Ecology Research Station of the Mu Us Desert, Yanchi; 751500, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Yuanyuan(zhaoyy_bjfu@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:171-179
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sand-dust weather is a weather phenomenon where wind and dust are rolled into the air by strong winds making the air cloudy and visibility reduction. In meteorology, it is divided into three levels of dust, sand and sandstorms according to the intensity of sand-dust weather. Vegetation plays a significant role on controlling the sand-dust weather occurrence. In the past decades, sand-dust weather has a serious impact on people's lives and the socioeconomic development in cities of Beijing and Tianjin, and Hebei province. In order to improve the air quality in Beijing and Tianjin and the surrounding areas, and mitigate the hazards of wind and sand, China launched the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project in 2002. Previous studies showed that since implementation of the project, the overall ecological conditions in the region have been improved, and desertification lands and dust weather have been significantly reduced. However, how the vegetation related to the sandstorm weather in the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Region (BTSSR) is still unclear. Therefore, we took BTSSR as the study area, which covers 138 counties in six administrative regions (i.e. province, autonomous regions or municipalities) in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi Provinces. The data used in this study mainly included numbers of sand-dust weather days (SWD) from China Meteorological Data Service Center (http://data.cma.cn/) and SPOT/VGT Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) S10 data from Cold and Arid Regions Science Data Platform of Environmental and Ecological Science Data Center for West China (http://westdc.westgis.ac.cn/). We used the linear trend method to analyze the intra- and inter-annual patterns of sand-dust weather occurrence and vegetation dynamics from 2000 to 2013. The correlation analysis was utilized to explore the relationship between SWD and the monthly NDVI of concurrent/antecedent year. The spatiotemporal pattern of impacts of the vegetation on sand-dust weather was further revealed. The results showed that SWD in BTSSR was high in the west and low in the east. The average SWD of BTSSR was up to 15 days in 2000. The SWD in BTSSR were mainly occurred in spring, which accounted for up to 75.5% of the total. The maximum SWD appeared in 2001, it lasted about 25 days and after that the number of days for SWD decreased significantly till 2013. The NDVI was high in the east and low in the west. The annual NDVI in BTSSR increased smoothly from 2000 to 2013. Correlation analysis showed that the SWD had a more significant correlation with NDVI in concurrent May (R<sup>2</sup>=0.55, P<0.01) and antecedent August (R<sup>2</sup>=0.50, P<0.01). The BTSSR was classified into four sub-regions based on the lag effects of vegetation on the SWD. We found that in 19.59% of the BTSSR, the concurrent SWD was significantly correlated with NDVI of the antecedent year, which was mainly located in the sandy zones with vegetation cover of desert grassland and deciduous broad-leaved forest. In the typical steppe such as eastern part and central of typical grassland, the SWD was mainly controlled by the vegetation in the concurrent year. Vegetation, regardless of whether it is alive or withered, they can effectively block the effect of strong winds on the exposed surface, and at the same time reduce wind speed by increasing surface roughness. The main inhibitory effect of dust weather was the remnants of vegetation and withered vegetation in the antecedent year, such as that in Erdos plateau and Horqin sandy. We suggested that in the future, targeted prevention and management measures based on the time-delay characteristics of vegetation impact on sand-dust weather need to be conducted. The results are of great significance to the development and management of vegetation construction in BTSSR.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:48
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Air quality - Correlation methods - Delay control systems - Dust - Sand - Storms - Surface roughness - Transport properties - Vegetation - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation analysis - Ecological conditions - NDVI - Normalized difference vegetation index - Socio-economic development - Source region - Spatiotemporal patterns - Time-delay characteristics
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 443.3 Precipitation - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 731.1 Control Systems - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Age 4.11e-02yr, Age 6.85e-02yr, Percentage 1.96e+01%, Percentage 7.55e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20183805830816
Title:Integrated features and benefits of livelihood capital of farmers after land transfer based on livelihood transformation
Authors:Zhang, Shichao (1, 2); Zheng, Dongsheng (1); Jiang, Jiajia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing; 401331, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Land Surface and Environment Remote Sensing in Three Georges Reservoirs Area, Chongqing; 401331, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:274-281
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As land is an important livelihood resource for rural households, land transfer means that rural households intend to break inherent livelihood pattern and seek alternative livelihoods through the integration of livelihood capital to ensure their livelihood security. In this paper, we aimed to determine the livelihood capital integration characteristics of rural household, including its direction, intensity and benefit. Taking three villages of Shuangkui Town, Hechuan District, Chongqing City, China as a case study, 267 questionnaires of rural household renting their farmland were collected prior to land transfer in 2013 and after land transfer in 2017, respectively. In this paper, firstly, according to the employed industry and its change, rural households were divided into five categories: stable pure households, non-agricultural pure households, stable part-time households, non-agricultural part-time households and stable off-farm households. Secondly, based on the livelihood capital system that included six subsystems: human capital, physical capital, productive capital, living capital, financial capital and social capital, the difference of livelihood capital among different types of households was analyzed. Finally, the radar chart, livelihood capital disturbance index and growth index were applied respectively to evaluate the integration direction, intensity and benefit of households' livelihood capital before and after the land transfer. The results indicated thatthe livelihood capital totality of stable off-farm households, non-agricultural part-time households, stable part-time households, non-agricultural pure households and stable pure households were 3.248, 3.142, 2.967, 2.460 and 2.274, respectively, in 2013. Besides, non-agricultural pure households and non-agricultural part-time households had more human capital, living capital, financial capital and social capital, while stable pure households and stable part-time households dominated in physical capital and productive capital before land transfer. It was apparent that the livelihood condition is the basis of livelihood transformation of rural households. The results also showed thatthe human capital, living capital, financial capital and social capital of non-agricultural pure households and non-agricultural part-time households increased, while the physical capital of stable pure households and stable part-time households rose. Therefore, for livelihood capital intensity direction, non-agricultural pure households and non-agricultural part-time households were inclined to the integration of human capital, financial capital and social capital, while stable pure households and stable part-time households focused mainly on the integration of productive capital. But, there was no obvious difference in the intensity direction of livelihood capital for stable off-farm households. In addition, livelihood capital disturbance index from large to small were non-agricultural pure households (0.169), non-agricultural part-time households (0.144), stable pure households (0.124), stable part-time households (0.105) and stable off-farm households (0.098). It showed that livelihood capital integration intensity of non-agricultural households was higher than that of stable style households. Moreover, livelihood capital growth index from large to small were non-agricultural part-time households (0.135), non-agricultural pure households (0.120), stable part-time households (0.094), stable off-farm households (0.093) and stable pure households (0.088), respectively. Thus, it could be seen that livelihood capital integration benefit of non-agricultural households was also higher than that of stable style households. From this research, we concluded that path inertia law existed in the livelihood capital integration process of rural households. That was, certain livelihood capital pattern was able to trigger off particular livelihood strategy which solidified the corresponding livelihood capital pattern, which was positive for non-agricultural part-time households and non-agricultural pure households but not for stable part-time households and stable pure households. The results would provide references for the establishment of policies on accelerating land transfer to ensure livelihood sustainability of households. Besides, the interactive mechanism between farmer's livelihood capital integration and land transfer would be better understood.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Finance - Integration - Land use - Personnel - Rural areas - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Alternative livelihoods - Disturbance index - Integration intensity - Integration process - Land transfer - Livelihood capital - Livelihood strategies - Livelihood transformation
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912.4 Personnel - 921.2 Calculus
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20183805830811
Title:Effect of total solid content on biogas production from rape stalk and chicken manure with different mixing ratios
Authors:Ma, Xuguang (1); Jiang, Tao (1); Tang, Qiong (1); Chang, Jiali (1); Luo, Tao (2); Mei, Zili (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Chemistry, Leshan Normal University, Leshan; 614000, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu; 610041, China
Corresponding author:Mei, Zili(13880233242@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:236-244
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China has the largest cultivated area of oilseed rape in the word and only the seeds are harvested for human assumption and animal feed, resulting in the production of an estimated 30 Mt every year of stalk materials. Due to the lack if an effective utilization, most of rape stalk (RS) is burned in the open air or left in the field, which could produce carbon dioxide and solid particles, resulting in the serious environmental and safety problems. Anaerobic digestion plays an important role in transforming crop residues into green energy (bio-methane). There are some advantages of RS as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, such as concentrated geographical distribution, facilitating harvest and transport, the low sulphur content and the high cellulose content. Despite these advantages, RS has the low methane yield because of its high carbon content and imbalance C/N ratio for microbes during anaerobic digestion. Chicken manure (CM) is a well-studied co-substrate due to its high buffering capacity and high nitrogen content. Secondly, RS is hardly compatible with traditional wet anaerobic digestion technology (total solid (TS) <10%) in view of its high TS. Solid state anaerobic digestion (TS≥10%) has been claimed to be a number of advantages over wet anaerobic digestion including the minimal biogas slurry generation, the high volumetric methane production and the positive energy balance. There is no literature so far on the evaluation of methane production and anaerobic digestion stability of RS and CM with low C/N ratio with various mix ratios from wet anaerobic digestion to solid state anaerobic digestion systems. In order to obtain the optimal digestion parameters and high methane yield from RS and CM, methane production rate from co-digestion of RS and CM with balance nutrient was investigated at different total solid content (TS) in batch experiments under the temperature of (37±1)℃ condition, then anaerobic digestion stability and kinetic characteristics of co-digestion of RS and CM were evaluated in this paper. Results showed that the significant synergistic effects were found when the two mixtures at RS:CM ratios of 90:10, 85:15 and 80:20 (based on volatile solid content), and the highest specific methane production rate (SMPR) of 288.7 mL/g was obtained at RS:CM ratio of 90:10, which was 16.1% and 30.4% higher than that of pure CM and RS, respectively. SMPR of substrates were decreased with the increase of TS and the volumetric methane production rate (VMPR) of substrates in TS of 10% and 15%, which were significant higher than those in TS of 5% and 20%. The higher SMPR of 224.4 mL/g and the higher VMPR of 0.50 mL/(mL•d) was achieved in TS=10% at RS:CM ratio of 90:10. The excessive accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and the high concentration ammonia nitrogen could disrupt separately the digestion stability of substrates with high C/N ratio or low C/N ratio. VFA/TA and ammonia nitrogen content were the two important evaluation indicators for the digestion stability of substrates with different C/N ratios. Based on the dynamic results, the optimal solid retention time (SRT) was 14 d with TS=10% and RS:CM ratio 90:10 at the start-up stage of continuous anaerobic digestion in the full scale operation. The above results of this study provide useful information to improve the efficiency and stability of co-digestion of RS and CM under different anaerobic digestion conditions.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Animals - Biogas - Carbon dioxide - Fermentation - Fertilizers - Geographical distribution - Manures - Methane - Nitrogen - Seed - Stability - Straw - Substrates - Volatile fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic digestion technology - Dynamic property - High nitrogen content - Kinetic characteristics - Methane production - Solid-state anaerobic digestions - Specific methane production - Volatile fatty acids (VFAs)
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 1.61e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 3.04e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Specific_Volume 2.24e-01m3/kg, Specific_Volume 2.89e-01m3/kg
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20183805830799
Title:Single fertilization of urea in root zone improving crop yield, nutrient uptake and use efficiency in summer maize
Authors:Jiang, Chaoqiang (1, 2); Wang, Huoyan (2); Lu, Dianjun (2); Zhou, Jianmin (2); Wang, Shiji (1); Zu, Chaolong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Tobacco Research Institute/Maize Research Center, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei; 230031, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing; 210008, China
Corresponding author:Zu, Chaolong(lcz2468@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:146-153
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Appropriate fertilization practices are critical for improving crop yields and increasing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Split surface broadcasting (SSB) of nitrogen is typically practiced for summer maize (Zea Mays L.) in China. However, the SSB of nitrogen is labor intensive and causes large amount of nitrogen leaching or runoff into the environment, yet it does not substantially increase maize yields. Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizers has been widely recognized as an efficient way to solve such problems. However, limited information is available on the effect of one-time deep placement of urea on plant growth, nitrogen uptake and NUE in maize cropping system. Therefore, the object of this study was to investigate the effect of nitrogen application method on maize yield and NUE, which could not only provide an optimum one-time fertilization for summer maize, but also decrease chemical nitrogen fertilizers input to reduce environmental risks and maintain the sustainable development of maize cropping system. A two-year consecutive field experiment was conducted from 2015 to 2016 in Taihe and Dongzhi counties of Anhui province to study the effect of different nitrogen application methods on crop yield, nutrient uptake and fertilizer use efficiency in maize cropping system. There were four treatments, CK (with no N fertilizer), two-split surface broadcasting (SSB), one-time root-zone fertilization (RZF, all nitrogen fertilizers were point deep-placed at one time as a basal fertilizer into a hole 5 cm away from the seed and 12 cm under the soil surface), and one-time band deep placement (BDP, the nitrogen fertilizers were applied in a band at 5 cm from the seed and 12 cm under the soil surface as basal fertilizer). The results showed that the grain yield of different application methods was as follows: RZF>SSB≈BDP> CK. RZF achieved the highest grain yield in all treatments, which was 8.8% and 9.8% significant higher than that of the SSB and BDP, respectively. Similarly, the uptake of N, P and K by plant in RZF was the highest in all treatments. The N apparent recovery efficiency (ARE) in RZF was 50.1% to 58.9%, which was increased by 8.3 and 12.4 percentage points compared with SSB and BDP, respectively. Moreover, both the N agronomy efficiency (AE) and N partial factor productivity (PFP) were highest in RZF in all treatments. The P apparent recovery efficiency in RZF was 17.5%, which was 2.7 (increased by 18.1%) and 3.7 (increased by 27.2%) percentage points higher than that in SSB and BDP, respectively. Under the same nitrogen application rate, crop yield, biomass and nitrogen uptake by plant in Taihe were 31.5%, 25.2% and 46.3% higher than that in Dongzhi. The increase of maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency for RZF was probably due to the decreased soil volume with which the N fertilizer was mixed and reduced nitrogen release rate, thus it had an effect on slowing fertilizer release and matching the requirement of nitrogen during the plant growth period. The present study showed that there was a great potential and space for increasing crop yield and fertilizer use efficiency by optimizing fertilization methods, and the one-time RZF can achieve high yield in crop, high efficiency in fertilization, which was worth developing and applying the special root-zone fertilization machinery. In conclusion, these findings help us better understand the nitrogen uptake and use efficiency of one-time fertilization in maize cropping system, and provide references and recommendations for nitrogen management in this study area.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Crops - Efficiency - Fertilizers - Grain (agricultural product) - Machinery - Metabolism - Nutrients - Soils - Sustainable development - Urea
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental risks - Nitrogen application rates - Nitrogen-use efficiency - Partial factor productivity - Root zone - Summer maize - Use efficiency - Yield
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.75e+01%, Percentage 1.81e+01%, Percentage 2.52e+01%, Percentage 2.72e+01%, Percentage 3.15e+01%, Percentage 4.63e+01%, Percentage 5.01e+01% to 5.89e+01%, Percentage 8.80e+00%, Percentage 9.80e+00%, Size 1.20e-01m, Size 5.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20183805830791
Title:Analysis and experiment on strength and vibration characteristics of corn stubble plucking mechanism
Authors:Zhang, Jiaxi (1); Yang, Cheng (1); Zhang, Li (2); Jiang, Yongxin (2); Wang, Chunyao (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi; 830052, China; (2) Agricultural Mechanization Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi; 830091, China; (3) College of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830008, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:72-78
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The planting area of corn reached 3.71×107 hm<sup>2</sup> in China in 2016, and the acreage area of corn reached almost 9×105 hm<sup>2</sup> in Xinjiang. The mulching cultivation technology has been applied to the cultivation of maize in recent years, and it has improved the quality and yield of corn. According to the data from National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China, the yield of the maize can be increased by nearly 30% after using the plastic film mulching cultivation technique. However, the mulching film used after many years has not been recycled left in the field and aged, causing "white pollution" in rural roads and farmland, which has been seriously affected the construction of new rural areas and contaminated the farmland. At present, the recycling equipment of plastic film has been developed, but the large crop root stubble has a great influence on the recovery parts, and the large root stubble and the plastic film has been mixed up together causing plastic film recovery difficulties. As such, the recovery problem of plastic film in large-stubble crops has not been solved well. For this research on residual film collecting machine in Xinjiang, we mainly aimed at the cotton plastic film recovery, and the developed machinery that is capable to separate large stubble crops like corn, sunflower, and tobacco from the plastic residual mulch film. It has been difficult to recycle the corn film because of the bigger corn root stubble, and the roots wrapped together with the plastic film. By using the disc-type plucking mechanism, corn root stubble was firstly pulled out, then, the residual plastic film was recycled, which could effectively solve the problem of collecting corn stubble on recycling the film. However, the double-disc cutters were a little deep in the soil in the working process of plucking the roots, and the mechanism had certain vibration during the cropping process. By the vibration test and the model analysis, the field vibration characteristics of the cropping mechanism were analyzed in this paper. To begin with, the finite element modeling and model analysis were carried out as well as extracting the natural frequencies and modes of the mechanism. Secondly, the dynamic data acquisition and analysis were carried on through the whole field dynamic signal test. The frequency spectrum analysis of FFT (fast Fourier transform) was also carried out in the vibration response of each measuring point. Furthermore, the analysis of spectrum was studied at different measurement points, and the maximum displacement happened at the place where the disc touched the ground. It can be concluded that the main vibration frequency of the measuring point was 19.53 Hz at first six order vibration mode of stubble plucking device, the deformation state of the stubble mechanism was different at different frequencies. The frequencies of stubble collecting mechanism were between 38.176-82.477 Hz at six order vibration mode. The first-order natural frequency 38.176 Hz differed greatly from the model analysis, so it is not in the same frequency range, and the design safety of mechanism would not produce resonance phenomenon. According to Hooke's law, the stress is linearly proportional to the strain in a certain limit range, and the dynamic data in the field test was calculated to obtain the force of the mechanism, and the maximum stress of 4-point at the maximum force was 227.94 MPa, less than the yield strength of ordinary carbon steel 235 MPa, and the structure design met the strength needed. The research result can prevent resonance from the stubble plucking mechanism, and provide a reference to the characteristic analysis of vibration, and the strength design of agricultural machinery equipment.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Vibration analysis
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Crops - Cultivation - Data acquisition - Disks (machine components) - Farms - Fast Fourier transforms - Finite element method - Machine design - Modal analysis - Natural frequencies - Plastic films - Plastic recycling - Rural areas - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Disc cutter - FFT (fast Fourier transform) - First order natural frequency - Frequency spectrum analysis - Large root stubble - Natural frequencies and modes - Residual films - Vibrations
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 1.95e+01Hz, Frequency 3.82e+01Hz, Frequency 3.82e+01Hz to 8.25e+01Hz, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Pressure 2.28e+08Pa, Pressure 2.35e+08Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20183805830809
Title:Optimal collector angle by test on heat collection performance of solar chimney power plant system
Authors:Nie, Jing (1); Tian, Rui (1, 2); Cai, Qilong (1); Gao, Hong (1); Guo, Zirui (1); Zhang, Weiwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot; 010051, China; (2) Inner Mongolia Renewable Energy Laboratory, Hohhot; 010051, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Weiwei(zhwwg@imut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:224-229
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The solar chimney power plant (SCPP) is a natural draft device which uses solar radiation to provide upward momentum to the flowing air, thereby converting the thermal energy into kinetic energy. It is made of three parts: Collector, solar chimney and turbine. A study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of solar chimney experimentally in different collector angles of solar chimney power plant. In this study, an experimental instrument was constructed which was developed to study the effect of various parameters of the solar chimney. The effects of the collector slope angles on the solar chimney performance were studied. The distribution characteristics of the temperature field and vertical plane temperature field in the heat reservoir of different sets were analyzed. The local characteristics of the air were presented and analyzed. The results showed that the maximum temperature of the heat storage layer was kept between 71-88℃ in conditions with the same global horizontal irradiance (GHI). The non-uniformity of the thermal storage layer increased gradually as the angle of the collector slope was increased. The highest temperature and the Gr number in the vertical plane decreased gradually with the increase of collector angle. The temperature field distribution of thermal storage layer was different under different collector slope angles. The uniformity of temperature field was different. When the collector slope angle was 10°, the experimental data was optimal. The ambient temperature and the wind speed influenced the maximum temperature of thermal storage layer under the same irradiation intensity. The vertical plane temperature distribution in the collector was different under different collector slope angles. The maximum temperature in the collector outlet increased with the decrease of the collector slope angle. With the heat collector slope angle of 10°, the average temperature in the outlet of the collector shed was 53.5℃, which was the maximum value compared with that of the other sheds. And the maximum temperature deviation in vertical plane was lower. The number of Gr in collector was different under different collector slope angles. With the decrease of the collector slope angle, there was a maximum value of Gr number. The inhomogeneity of the temperature field was between 0 and 1.7. When the inclination angle of the collector shed was 10°, the non-uniformity coefficient of the temperature field was between 0.15 and 0.24. In the same collector slope angle, the change trend of Gr number was the same in different weather conditions. When the collector slope angle was 10°, temperature field distribution and homogeneity of the collector thermal storage layer, the exit temperature and Gr number in the vertical plane of the heat collector were maximum. So an optimal collector angel for solar chimney in Hohhot Inner Mongolia was determined by analyzing the temperature and its uniformity of thermal storage layer, vertical plane temperature field and Gr numbers in collector. And it can also provide experimental technical support in different parts to building solar chimney.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Solar chimneys
Controlled terms:Chimneys - Digital storage - Heat storage - Kinetic energy - Kinetics - Solar energy - Temperature - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Collector slope - Distribution characteristics - Irradiation intensity - Local characteristics - Solar chimney power plant - Solar chimney power plant system - Temperature field distribution - Thermal storage
Classification code:402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20183805830790
Title:Design and parameter optimization of earthworm-like multi-function opener
Authors:Jia, Honglei (1, 2); Zheng, Jian (1, 2); Zhao, Jiale (1, 2); Guo, Mingzhuo (1, 2); Zhuang, Jian (1, 2); Wang, Zenghui (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun; 130025, China; (2) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun; 130025, China; (3) College of Humanities & Sciences of Northeast Norm, Changchun; 130117, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Jiale(zhaojiale0313@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:62-71
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Insufficient soil moisture content and accumulated temperature of the plow layer during springtime tillage in Northeast China severely restrict soybean root growth and soybean development. Aiming at these issues, bionics structure design and theoretical analysis were methodologically combined to design an earthworm-like multi-function opener, which has the function of loosening, furrowing and compaction. This machine could simulate the movement of the earthworm to loose surface soil of plow layer and compact subsoil of seed ditch, which could build favorable seedbeds with soft surface soil and the compacted subsoil, and then significantly raise the soil temperature and soil moisture content of plow layer, which could significantly promote soybean emergence and development. Parameter optimization experiments and regression analysis methods were adopted to study how key structure parameters and operating speed of earthworm-like multi-function opener affected average soil temperature (0-100 mm), average soil moisture (0-100 mm) and emergence time of soybean. Experiment data obtained were assessed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and quadratic regression model was set up for optimization by response surface methodology with Design-Expert. Analyses showed that operating speed, scarification mechanism bump height and number of crests of corrugated disk had a significant effect (P<0.01) on average soil moisture content (0-100 mm), average soil temperature (0-100 mm) and average emergence time. Operating speed had a significant interaction with bump height and number of crests respectively and there was no interaction between bump height and number of crests. The average soil moisture content (0-100 mm) decreased with the increase of the advancing operating speed, and the decline trend gradually decreased. The average soil moisture content (0-100 mm) decreased with the increase of the bump height and the number of crests, and the decline trend gradually decreased. The average soil temperature (0-100 mm) increased with the acceleration of the operating speed, and the upward trend slowed down gradually. With the increase of bump height and the number of crests, the average soil temperature (0-100 mm) presented a rising tendency, and the rising trend decreased gradually. With the increase of operating speed, the average emergence time decreased first and then increased. The average emergence time of soybean increased after slight decrease with the increase of the height of bump. As the number of crests increased, the average emergence time decreased at first, and then rose. Earliest average emergence time was taken as main optimization index to obtain the optimal parameters by using MATLAB software based on the analysis of the test results and the model fitting. It was found that the optimal parameters of earthworm-like multi-function opener were as follows: operating speed of 8 km/h, bump height of 6 mm and number of crests of 15. Compared with traditional single disk and double-disk opener, earthworm-like multi-function opener could increase average soil water content (0-100 mm) by 5.92% and 4.86%, raise average soil temperature (0-100 mm) by 0.5 and 0.4℃, and advance soybean emergence time by 0.5 and 0.92 d, respectively. The results showed that the scarification furrowing mechanism which simulates the biological behavior of earthworms could effectively loosen the plow layer soil and increase the soil porosity in the plow layer so as to effectively improve the soil temperature. Meanwhile, pressure regulating mechanism could significantly accelerate the absorption of moisture from the soil beneath the plow layer by compacting subsoil of seed ditch, and then increase the soil moisture content of the soil in plow layer. This new machine can improve physical properties of the soil in tillage layer, and ultimately achieve the purpose of promoting soybean development. This is a powerful guarantee for production of soybean per unit area in Northeast China.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Biomimetics - Bionics - Compaction - Design - MATLAB - Moisture determination - Optimization - Porosity - Regression analysis - Software testing - Soil moisture - Soil testing - Speed - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulated temperatures - Furrow - Parameter optimization - Quadratic regression - Regression analysis methods - Response surface methodology - Scarification - Scarification mechanism
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.86e+00%, Percentage 5.92e+00%, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.00e-01m, Size 6.00e-03m, Velocity 2.22e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20183805830818
Title:Influences from tea seed storage time on production rate and quality of tea seed crude oil
Authors:Jiang, Jinzhong (1, 2); Yang, Pengming (2, 3); Luo, Jianhong (1, 2); Luo, Guangyi (1, 2); Wang, Zibu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Guizhou Education University, Guiyang; 550018, China; (2) Guizhou Yuan Heng Mountain Tea Seed Biological Technology CO, LTD., Guiyang; 550018, China; (3) Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang; 453003, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:288-293
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The fermentation process for tea seed oil production is a brand-new process for vegetable oil production, which is mainly composed of 4 parts: cleaning and soaking of tea seed, pulp refining processing of tea seed by adding water, fermenting of tea seed water slurry, and producing of crude oil by heating the top layer that floats on the surface of fermented tea seed water slurry. Compared with the traditional squeeze process, the fermentation process has the advantages of high yield and good quality of crude oil, especially for the production of tea seed oil and camellia oleosa seed oil. When the fermentation process is used to produce tea seed oil, the whole oil content of tea seed is divided into 5 parts: crude oil, oil content of filter residue, oil content of oil residue, oil content of fermentation precipitation and oil content of starch. However, only crude oil among them is our target product. The oil content increase of filter residue, oil residue, fermentation precipitation and starch will cause production rate of crude oil to reduce, and therefore, all of them are called residuum. In order to reveal the influences of tea seed storage time on production rate and quality of tea seed crude oil, tea seed was sampled once every 2 weeks from the storied tea seed, tea seed crude oil was produced from the sampled tea seed by fermentation process, and the oil contents of different residua and the important quality indices of crude oil were determined. Under conditions of natural temperature, after tea seeds were stored for 47 weeks, crude oil production rate decreased by 23.5%, acid value and peroxide value increased by 44.88% and 69.4%, respectively, and the oil color did not change significantly. The masses of filter residue and fermentation precipitation were increased by 20.27% and 23.35%, respectively. The masses of starch and oil residue were reduced by 6.13% and 3.64%, respectively. The oil contents of filter residue, fermentation precipitation, starch and oil residue were increased by 15.63%, 22.77%, 206% and 12.88%, respectively. The influence of masses of fermentation precipitation on crude oil production rate was positive, nevertheless, the ones of masses of starch, oil residue and filter residue were negative. The influence of oil content of fermentation precipitation and filter residue on crude oil production rate was positive, however, the ones of starch and oil residue were negative. The sort order according to their influence degree was: Oil residue > starch > filter residue > fermentation precipitation. The results from comprehensive analysis showed that filter residue was the major factor leading to decreased crude oil production rate with the storage time, and its negative contribution accounted for 79.28%. The tea seed stored for 47 weeks can still be used for production of tea seed crude oil. Tea seed storage is inevitable in the production process of tea seed oil. The storage time affects directly the yield of tea seed oil and economic benefits of vegetable oil production enterprise. Therefore, carrying out researches on the effects of storage time on the yield of tea seed crude oil has a realistic significance.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Well stimulation
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Crude oil - Fermentation - Petroleum analysis - Precipitation (chemical) - Process control - Pulp refining - Quality control - Refining - Starch - Thermal processing (foods) - Vegetable oils
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive analysis - Crude oil production - Economic benefits - Fermentation process - Oil quality - Production process - Seed oil - Seed storage
Classification code:512.1 Petroleum Deposits - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.1.1 Papermaking Processes - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
Numerical data indexing:Age 3.84e-02yr, Age 9.01e-01yr, Percentage 1.29e+01%, Percentage 1.56e+01%, Percentage 2.03e+01%, Percentage 2.06e+02%, Percentage 2.28e+01%, Percentage 2.34e+01%, Percentage 2.35e+01%, Percentage 3.64e+00%, Percentage 4.49e+01%, Percentage 6.13e+00%, Percentage 6.94e+01%, Percentage 7.93e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20183805830810
Title:Intelligent control of degree of superheat for direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump based on electronic expansion valve opening
Authors:Kong, Xiangqiang (1); Dong, Shandong (1); Jiang, Kailin (1); Tang, Xueshan (1); Li, Ying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao; 266590, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:230-235
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The idea of the combination of heat pump and solar energy has been proposed and developed by many researchers around the world. Solar energy can be used to heat the refrigerant in the evaporator of a heat pump, by employing a solar collector as the evaporator, which is called a direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump (DX-SAHP) system. Solar energy is intermittent and unstable, and it has significant effect on the thermal performance of a DX-SAHP system. How to develop a control strategy to match environmental parameters with operating parameters under various operating conditions is critical for the system performance. Aiming at the operation control of the system, a DX-SAHP system was designed and built in Qingdao China, which could supply domestic hot water in a whole year. The system mainly consisted of a bare solar collector/evaporator with area of 1.56 m<sup>2</sup>, a rotary-type hermetic compressor with rated power of 400 W, an electronic expansion valve (EEV), and a micro-channel aluminum flat tube condenser with single surface area of 0.435 m<sup>2</sup> surrounding a 195 L water tank. The system was charged with 800 g of R134a. The temperature was measured with the platinum resistance thermometers (PT100, with grade A accuracy). The pressure was measured by using pressure transducers with uncertainty of 0.1%. A pyranometer with sensitivity of 8.145 μV /(W/m<sup>2</sup>) was placed to measure the solar radiation intensity. The degree of superheat at the outlet of solar collector/evaporator was regulated by the EEV with full stroke of 500 steps. The control system was based on microcontroller. The opening of the EEV was regulated actively with the controller which communicated with a microcontroller. The output from the platinum resistance thermometers, the pressure transducers and the pyranometer was collected by a data acquisition logger at 5-second interval. The data acquisition logger transmitted the experimental data to the microcontroller via RS485. Based on the degree of superheat at the outlet of the solar collector/evaporator, a control strategy for the system was developed and tested over a wide range of operating conditions. The initial opening of the EEV was given with a mathematical correlation of solar radiation intensity and ambient temperature, which ensured that the degree of superheat could reach the setting range rapidly and smoothly. The control strategy of the DX-SAHP system was described completely as follows. Firstly, the average values of solar radiation intensity and ambient temperature in two minutes before the system starts were measured. Secondly, the compressor operated with the initial opening of the EEV calculated by the equation in 15 minutes. Then the degree of superheat was measured. The opening of the EEV was regulated in real time according to the presented control rules. In addition, the regulating interval was 90 seconds. It was also noted that when the discharge temperature of the compressor reached 105℃ or water temperature reached the set value, the compressor stopped at once. Experimental results showed that the control strategy could regulate the degree of superheat in the target range of 5-10℃ within 25 minutes after system start-up effectively. In the normal running stage of the system, the degree of superheat was controlled smoothly, and the maximum overshoot was below 4℃. The presented control strategy is expected to contribute to further studies and applications of DX-SAHP systems in the future. Compared with the traditional degree of superheat control method in the refrigeration system, the proposed method is convenient, stable and reliable.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Controllers
Controlled terms:Compressors - Condenser tubes - Data acquisition - Evaporators - Heat pump systems - Microcontrollers - Platinum - Pressure sensors - Pressure transducers - Pumps - Refrigeration - Solar collectors - Solar energy - Solar radiation - Temperature - Thermometers - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Control strategies - Degree of superheat - Direct expansion - Electronic expansion valves - Heat pumps
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 547.1 Precious Metals - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 618.1 Compressors - 618.2 Pumps - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 644.1 Refrigeration Methods - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 732.1 Control Equipment - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 944.3 Pressure Measuring Instruments - 944.5 Temperature Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Area 1.56e+00m2, Area 4.35e-01m2, Mass 8.00e-01kg, Percentage 1.00e-01%, Power 4.00e+02W, Time 1.50e+03s, Time 5.00e+00s, Time 9.00e+01s, Time 9.00e+02s, Volume 1.95e-01m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20183805830814
Title:Estimatioin of ecological storage and its comprehensive response evaluation to land use transformation in coal mining area
Authors:Xu, Zhanjun (1); Feng, Junfang (1); Cheng, Pan (1); Zhang, Yuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Shanxi Agricultural University, College of Resource and Environment, Jinzhong; 030801, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:258-266
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Coal is one of the main energy sources in China. However many years coal mining activities have accelerated the speed of regional land use change, which not only causes serious ecological environmental disasters, but also destroyed the structure and function of whole regional ecosystem. The response of ecological storage and conservation in the process of land use change plays an important part in guiding the exploitation of coal resources, optimizing the land resource use and protecting the ecological environment in coal mining areas. Eleven concentrated and coterminous coal mining areas in Shanxi Province, located in Changhe River Basin, were taken as a case. Based on the theory of ecological service and the data of land use of last 10 years with its related information, the area, distribution and the change direction for all the land use types in the mining area were analyzed, the ecological storage of 11 mines at different times were calculated on basis of evaluation index system, and finally the response of ecological storage to land use change in coal mining area was gained. It was found that Ecological Storage State (ESS) in the study area showed a downward trend. Not including Tian'anshenghua, the ESC of other areas exhibited varying degrees of degeneration and the degradation rate of mining areas was much higher than that of non-mining area. Ecological Storage Capacity (ESC) in the study was relatively good, and the ESC values of all regions (including 11 mining areas and 1 non-mining area) area were positive. Tian'anshenghuamine had the best ESC value. Nevertheless Tian'an Haitian mine was the worst; Ecological Storage Pattern (EP) values in all mine regions were negative, indicating that these areas have the low ecosystem diversity, and the ecosystem was under a very unstable state. Affected by coal mining in the nearby mining area, the EP value of non-mining area was also negative. In addition, the EP values of all the mining area were greater than that of thenon-mining area, which can reflect the adverse effects on the ecological environment from the coal mining. For Ecological Storage Condition (LC), Chengzhuang mine with the largest number of bare land in the study area had the highest LC. However, the mine of Tian'anweiding, Tian'anhaitian, Tian'anbiying, Tian'anshenghua and Tiantaiyuenan had LC of 0, because all land had been utilized. For the comprehensive response evaluation of the ecological storage to the land use change, more than half of the 12 regions (including 11 mining areas and 1 non-mining area) in this study had a third level of ecological storage, but all the 11 mines had higher ecological storage capacity. So there was a great possibility for them to improve ecological environment. This research could provide the basic data and application references for the ecological conservation planning in the mining area.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Coal mines
Controlled terms:Coal - Coal deposits - Coal storage - Conservation - Degradation - Digital storage - Ecosystems - Land use - Models - Natural resources management
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological conservation - Ecological environments - Ecological services - Ecosystem diversity - Environmental disasters - Evaluation index system - Harmonious development - Storage condition
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 503 Mines and Mining, Coal - 503.1 Coal Mines - 524 Solid Fuels - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 802.2 Chemical Reactions
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.00e+01yr
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20183805830813
Title:Physico-chemical properties of hyperthermophilic composting from livestock manures and its effects on growth of Chinese cabbage
Authors:Cao, Yun (1); Huang, Hongying (1); Wu, Huashan (1); Sun, Jinjin (1); Xu, Yueding (1); Chang, Zhizhou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Hongying(sfmicrolab@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:251-257
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to assess the feasibility of improving the composting efficiency of animal wastes by fast hyperthermophilic composting and to evaluate the effects of the hyperthermophilic compost application on crop growth, chicken manure (CM), pig manure (PM) and dairy manure (DM) mixed with rice husk were used as raw materials to study the physico-chemical properties of the feedstocks before and after the fast hyperthermophilic treatment (HPT) at 85℃ for 24 h. In addition, a pot experiment in greenhouse was carried out to study the effects of hyperthermophilic chicken manure compost application on the seed germination and growth of Chinese cabbage. The obtained results were listed as following. The population of fecal coliforms was significantly reduced by HPT and met the hygienic requirement for harmless disposal of animal manures. Dilution plate count showed that the numbers of the thermophilic microorganisms that could grow at 70℃ in the three kinds of animal manures were increased by two orders of magnitude using HPT. HPT significantly decreased the pH value of animal manure extracts. The contents of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) were significantly increased after HPT. Compared with those in the raw materials, the contents of DOC in PM, DM and DM were increased by 46.5%, 22.9% and 42.6%, respectively, and contents of TVFAs were increased by 37.2%, 31.2% and 56.8%, respectively. The HPT had little effect on the total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium contents in the three kinds of raw materials, but the contents of free amino acids were increased by 79.2%, 58.1% and 74.6%, and the humic substance contens were increased by 27.6%, 3.4%, 27.3% (P<0.001) in PM, DM and DM respectively. The contents of NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N were increased by 114.6% and 40.6% in CM and PM, so the seed germination index and emergence rate of Chinese cabbage treated by HPT products was reduced. Results from the pot experiment showed that the aboveground biomass of the Chinese cabbage treated by the hypothermophilic chicken manure were 20.4% and 51.9% higher than those treated by the pure inorganic fertilizers and those treated by the conventional organic fertilizer. In conclusion, it is feasible to improve the processing efficiency of animal manures by rapid thermophilic composting at 85℃ for 24 h. The obtained HPT product could be applied to the soil to reduce the use of inorganic N. However, the HTP products are not recommended to be used as nursery substrates, and a reasonable amount and the proper application method should be selected based on the soil and crop type.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Animals - Chemical properties - Composting - Crops - Cultivation - Efficiency - Feedstocks - Growth (materials) - Manures - Microorganisms - Organic carbon - Seed - Volatile fatty acids - Waste treatment - Water analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Chicken manure compost - Dissolved organic carbon - Free amino acids - Humic acid - Inorganic fertilizers - Physicochemical property - Thermophilic microorganisms - Total volatile fatty acids
Classification code:452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 461.9 Biology - 801 Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.15e+02%, Percentage 2.04e+01%, Percentage 2.29e+01%, Percentage 2.76e+01%, Percentage 3.12e+01%, Percentage 3.40e+00%, Percentage 3.72e+01%, Percentage 4.06e+01%, Percentage 4.26e+01%, Percentage 4.65e+01%, Percentage 5.19e+01%, Percentage 5.68e+01%, Percentage 5.81e+01%, Percentage 7.46e+01%, Percentage 7.92e+01%, Time 8.64e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20183805830785
Title:Parameter optimization and experiment of air-assisted centralized seed-metering device of direct seeding machine for rape and wheat
Authors:Lei, Xiaolong (1, 2); Liao, Yitao (2); Cong, Jinling (3); Wang, Lei (2); Zhang, Qingsong (2); Liao, Qingxi (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an; 625014, China; (2) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (3) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China
Corresponding author:Liao, Qingxi(liaoqx@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:16-26
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rapeseed and wheat are sown in autumn after rice is harvested in the Yangtze River basin and their seeding processes are similar. Seeding uniformity is a key index to evaluate a planter's seeding performance. The air-assisted centralized seed-metering device which can be widely used in seeding is capable of handling a wide range of seeds with different sizes and shapes with high sowing speed and large width. The typical characteristics of air-assisted centralized seed-metering device were mechanical seed feeding and uniform air-seed flow distribution. The seeding performance was affected by many key parts, such as seed-feeding device, distribution head and seed tube. The long seed tube and airflow in seed tube were typical characteristics in air-assisted centralized seed-metering device. The longer seed tube and airflow affected seed migration trajectory and seeding performance. In order to improve the seeding performance of air-assisted centralized metering device for rapeseed and wheat, the structural parameters of seed tube and working parameters affecting the seeding performance were optimized by mechanics analysis. It revealed that the drag force and gravity promoted seeds' movement and the seed dropping process was affected by airflow. The seed velocity and accelerated velocity increased under the function of drag force. The collision between seed and seed tube was enhanced when the angle between the seed tube and horizontal plane decreased. Furthermore, the airflow uniformity among different seed tubes was the basis of apiece row consistency. The impact factors included seed tube material, structure, arrangement and working parameters of air-assisted centralized seed-metering device. The structure optimization and seeding performance experiments were performed in bench test. The effects of seed tube material, diameter, length combination, and angle, seed-feeding rotational speed and airflow pressure upon seeding performance were investigated. The seeding performance evaluation indices included variation coefficient of total seeding quantity, apiece row consistency variation coefficient of seeding quantity, variation coefficient of seeding uniformity, and seed damage rate. The seeding uniformity was tested on JPS-12 test bench to simulate seeding in the field. Moreover, the seeding field experiments were carried out to verify the sowing quality of air-assisted centralized seed-metering device using the Huayouza 62 and Zhengmai 9023 as materials. The results showed that: The seed tube material, diameter, the interaction between seed tube material and diameter, and seed tube length combination affected the average seeding quantity and apiece row consistency variation coefficient of seeding mass significantly. It suggested that the PVC (polyvinyl chloride) material and the diameter of 20 mm with the consistent seed tube length were the optimal. The seed-feeding rotation speed and airflow pressure affected the piece row consistency variation coefficient of seeding mass remarkably. When seed-feeding rotational speed was within the range of 20-40 r/min, with the airflow pressure of 1 200 Pa of rape and 1 600 Pa of wheat, respectively, variation coefficient of total seeding mass and apiece row consistency variation coefficient of seeding mass were less than 1.0% and 4.0% for rape and wheat, respectively. Moreover, variation coefficient of seeding uniformity was 19.0% and 12.5%, respectively, and the seed damage rate was less than 0.1%. Field experiments indicated that the plant density was 40-68 plants per square meter with the variation coefficient of stability less than 20% for rape; and when the plant density was 129 and 252 plants per square meter, the variation coefficient of stability was 8.34% and 8.12% for wheat, respectively. It showed that the plant density and growth characteristics could meet the agronomic requirements for both rape and wheat. The results provide the basis for the structure optimization of air-assisted centralized seed-metering system and improvement of seeding performance.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Tubes (components)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Chlorine compounds - Crops - Drag - Feeding - Oilseeds - Optimization - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Polyvinyl chlorides - Shape optimization - Structural optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Metering devices - Parameter optimization - Rape - Seed metering devices - Seeding performance - Structure optimization - Variation coefficient - Wheat
Classification code:619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 1.00e-01%, Percentage 1.25e+01%, Percentage 1.90e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+00%, Percentage 8.12e+00%, Percentage 8.34e+00%, Pressure 1.20e+03Pa, Pressure 1.60e+03Pa, Rotational_Speed 2.00e+01RPM to 4.00e+01RPM, Size 2.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20183805830812
Title:Passivating effect of passivating agent on heavy metal As in biogas residues from anaerobic fermentation of pig manures
Authors:Li, Yi (1); Qu, Zhuangzhuang (1); Liu, Yanjie (1); Yu, Jiaqi (1); Lu, Danni (1); Zhang, Zhen (1); Yi, Weiming (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China; (2) College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo; 255049, China
Corresponding author:Yi, Weiming(yiweiming@sdut.syau.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:245-250
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to the extensive use of feed additives and drugs, heavy metal residues in pig manures of large-scale farms increased. In order to reduce the pollution of heavy metals in pig manures, the influence of the passivating agent on the content and morphological transformation of As in the fermentation process was clarified, so as to provide a scientific basis for the safe and rational utilization of the biogas residue. The study focused on the heavy metal As, pig manure fermentation raw materials, the anaerobic fermentation technology. The orthogonal tests with three factors and 3 levels of each factor were designed, using BCR extraction method to analyze the heavy metal morphology. Different types of passivating agents (fly ash, diatomaceous earth, activated carbon), addition ratios of passivating agents (2.5%, 5%, 7.5% in pig manures) and fermentation temperatures (25, 30, 35℃) were studied. The influence of heavy metal passivation results showed that: 1) After anaerobic fermentation of pig manures, most of the heavy metal As remained in the biogas residue, and the content range in the biogas residue was between 5.50-6.56 mg/kg. The effects of passivating agents and their adding ratio and fermentation temperature on the content of As in biogas residue were not significant. In the 9 groups of experimental treatment, under 2.5% fly ash and fermentation temperature of 25℃, the proportion of oxidizable state could be increased to the maximum, which accounted for 7.94%, and was 5.14% higher than that before fermentation. Under the conditions of activated carbon and fermentation temperature of 35℃, the residual state of As accounted for the most, which was 84.27%, and was 21.66% higher than that before fermentation. Therefore, addition of different kinds of passivating agents during anaerobic fermentation for pig manure could decrease the effectiveness of heavy metal As. 2) The order of influencing factors on the passivation effect of heavy metal As were follows: passivation agent, addition ratios of passivating agent and fermentation temperature. The passivation effect of passivating agent types on the effective state of heavy metal As in biogas residue was significant, and the passivation effects of passivation agent addition ratio and fermentation temperature were not significant. Therefore, adding passivation agent with optimal content during the anaerobic fermentation of pig manure could transform the effective state of As to a stable state. 3) The treatment with the best passivation effect of As was 7.5% activated carbon and the fermentation temperature of 30℃. According to the verification test, the passivation effect could reach 62.34%, which was not significant different with the best treatment (61.46%) in the 9th group of the orthogonal test. The addition of passivating agent during the anaerobic fermentation of pig manures can improve the passivation effect of heavy metal As in biogas residue, which can effectively promote the sustainable development of biogas project.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Fermentation
Controlled terms:Activated carbon - Biogas - Chemical contamination - Extraction - Fertilizers - Fly ash - Heavy metals - Manures - Passivation
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Chemical forms - Diatomaceous earth - Fermentation process - Fermentation temperature - Morphological transformations - Pig manure fermentations - Pollution of heavy metals
Classification code:531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 539.2.1 Protection Methods - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 822.3 Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.17e+01%, Percentage 2.50e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 5.14e+00%, Percentage 6.15e+01%, Percentage 6.23e+01%, Percentage 7.50e+00%, Percentage 7.94e+00%, Percentage 8.43e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20183805830784
Title:Effect of double seed-filling chamber structure of combined type-hole metering device on filling properties
Authors:Zhang, Minghua (1, 2); Wang, Zaiman (1, 2); Luo, Xiwen (1, 2); Jiang, Enchen (3); Dai, Yizheng (1); Xing, He (1, 2); Wang, Baolong (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha; 410128, China; (3) College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Zaiman(wangzaiman@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:8-15
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a simple and efficient rice planting technology, the precision hill-drop drilling could reach higher yield and better economic benefit in suitable areas. In China, the mechanical direct seeding area has a steady growth in recent years. Great progress has been made in studying on the pneumatic metering device, but the type-hole metering device is still the most widely used on the precision hill-drop drilling machine. The metering device is the core part of the direct seeding machine, and the stability of the seed filling process is an important link to ensure the performance of the seeding. The filling chamber is the most important area for seed-filling process. In this research, we studied the combined hole-type metering device developed by South China Agricultural University. The hole-type roll includes hole-type shell, hole-type roller and adjusting mechanism. A complete hole-type is comprised by the label through holes which are uniformly distributed on the hole-type shell and the small/big type-hole which are uniformly distributed on hole-type roller. The combined hole-type metering device can meet the sowing rate requirement of both conventional rice and hybrid rice simultaneously and it can be most wildly used on the precision rice hill-drop drilling machine. The key parameters of seed-filling initial angle and structure of double seed-filling chamber would affect the seed fluidity and seed-filling stability. In order to study the effect of filling chamber structure on seed-filling performance of combined type-hole metering device, theoretical calculation and experimental verification of seed-filling initial angle, parameters of seed flow adjusting device were carried out. The results of theoretical calculation and the single factor test with the seed-filling initial angle showed that the seed-filling initial angle of combined type-hole metering device was -40°. Using the type of type-hole, the seed-filling initial angle and the working speed of the metering device as variables, the results of the multi-factor test showed that the optimum seed-filling initial angle was -20°. Compared with -10° and 0, seed-filling initial angle at -20° made smaller differences in the average seeds number per hill and the coefficient of variation with different working speed, while there was no significant (P> 0.05) difference in the average seeds number per hill and the coefficient of variation among -20°, -30° and -40°. Without affecting the seed-filling performance of metering device, the smaller seed-filling initial angle, the larger contact area between seeds and combined type-hole roll, and in theory, the abrasion of type-hole roll would be accelerated and the breakage of the seeds would be increased. Therefore, it was most reasonable to take the seed-filling initial angle for -20°. The function of seed flow adjusting device was used to regulate the seeds flow from the first filling chamber to the second seed filling chamber, and it changed the position of seed-filling terminate angle to achieve the purpose of regulating the seeding rate. The best distance between the restriction mechanism and the seed metering wheel was 40 mm, which solved the problem that seeds were flung out by the cleaning brush. Using the type of type-hole, the variable of seeds, the position of adjusting plate and the working speed of the seed metering device as variables, the results of the multi-factor test showed that the distance between the regulating seed plate and the type-hole roll can be adjusted within the range of 0-22 mm, and further regulation of seeding rate could be achieved for different types of type-hole and varieties of rice seeds. The design of each parameter was reasonable. In general, seed-filling performance of metering device was improved in this study and the results could enrich our knowledge of the working principle of type-hole metering device.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Filling
Controlled terms:Crops - Drilling equipment - Drilling machines (machine tools) - Drops - Infill drilling - Mechanization - Optimization - Plates (structural components)
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Experimental verification - Metering devices - Precision - Rice - Seed filling - Seed metering devices - Theoretical calculations
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 511.1 Oil Field Production Operations - 601 Mechanical Design - 603.1 Machine Tools, General - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Size 0.00e+00m to 2.20e-02m, Size 4.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20183805830794
Title:Hydraulic performance of low specific-speed centrifugal pump with compound impeller during stopping period
Authors:Zhang, Yuliang (1); Zhu, Zuchao (2); Li, Wenguang (3); Zhou, Zhaozhong (1); Xiao, Junjian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Air-driven Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering Quzhou University, Quzhou; 324000, China; (2) The Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Fluid Transmission Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou; 310018, China; (3) School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow; G12 8SQ, United Kingdom
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:95-103
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Usually, centrifugal pumps run under steady working conditions, i.e. the pump rotational speed or its working point is basically steady or changes slowly in a long period of time during operation. Hereby the existing investigations into the performance of centrifugal pumps are mainly limited to the steady operating conditions. However, with the expansion of centrifugal pump applications and the increasing complexity of fluid flow systems, centrifugal pumps need to be operated in transient operating conditions, such as startup, stopping and rapid change of rotational speed etc. These transient operational conditions can result in a few remarked negative effects on electric grids and pipelines related. For example, the abrupt startup of a large-scale pump in pumping stations can cause a considerable impact on a local electric grid and induce a pressure surge in the pipeline. Nonetheless, the transient hydraulic characteristics of a centrifugal pump are very important to the safe and reliable operation of a pumping system. Furthermore, a full understanding of transient hydraulic performance of a centrifugal pump can be helpful for the optimization of pump hydraulic design and the enhancement of its reliability. As such, studying the pump hydraulic performance during transient operating periods has become a more necessary and urgent technical issue, and has drawn significant attention in the past 30 years. On one hand, centrifugal pumps with closed-type compound impeller of long and short vanes in a low specific-speed and high head are extensively used to transport a variety of liquid and are indispensable liquid conveying equipment in aerospace, petrochemical, automobile industries and other important sectors. On the other hand, however, the existing investigations are mainly associated with centrifugal pumps with closed-type ordinary impeller. In this paper, the transient performance of the centrifugal pump with a specific-speed of 45 and compound impeller was measured to reveal the transient characteristics of a low specific-speed centrifugal pump with closed-type compound impeller during stopping period due to power outage. The time-history profiles of performance parameters were obtained, such as rotational speed, static pressures at the pump inlet and outlet, pump head, flow rate, torque and shaft power at eight flow rate ratios where a stopping period starts to occur. As a reference, the transient performance of the centrifugal pump with ordinary impeller in the same specific-speed and dimensions and blade shape was tested as well. The experimental results showed that the time for the impeller stopping rotation was shorter and shorter, and the rotating speed curves become steeper with increasing flow rate ratio. Interestingly, the rotational speed time-history curves can be fitted quite well with a 4th-order polynomial function. In the initial period, the instant flow rate curve was kept constant basically. With increasing flow rate ratio, the period was extended slightly, but the time at the instant flow rate zero became longer. This behavior was completely different from that of the instant rotational speed curves. The instant pump head and outlet pressure exhibited a similar pattern as the rotational speed curves. Even though the inlet static pressure varied considerably during the stopping period, it gradually became relatively stable at about 6 s. Once again, the instant torque and shaft-power curves shared nearly identical profiles with the rotational speed. The length of characteristic time of performance parameters got longer with increasing flow rate ratio. At a flow rate ratio, the length of characteristic time of performance parameters was in the following order from the longest to the shortest: flow rate, head, rotational speed, torque and shaft-power; further, the length of characteristic time of the centrifugal pump with compound impeller was extended in comparison with the pump with ordinary impeller, especially for flow rate, head and rotational speed.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Speed
Controlled terms:Automotive industry - Centrifugal pumps - Electric power transmission networks - Flow rate - Hydraulic machinery - Impellers - Outages - Pipelines - Pumping plants - Vehicle-to-grid
Uncontrolled terms:Low specific speed - Low specific speed centrifugal pump - Performance parameters - Steady operating conditions - Stopping period - Transient characteristic - Transient operating condition - Transient periods
Classification code:446 Waterworks - 601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 631 Fluid Flow - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission
Numerical data indexing:Age 3.00e+01yr, Time 6.00e+00s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20183805830808
Title:Aerodynamic optimization and experiment of horizontal axis wind turbine for low wind speed
Authors:Tang, Xinzi (1); Sun, Songfeng (1); Li, Pengcheng (1); Lu, Xinyu (1); Peng, Ruitao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan; 411105, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:218-223
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The low wind speed area (below 6 m/s) in China is more than 85% of the total land area. For areas with poor wind resource and urgent supply demand for electricity, the wind turbine for low wind speed area is an effective complement of the centralized power generation, which has received wide attention both at home and abroad. Research on the aerodynamic performance of low speed wind turbines is of great significance for promoting the development of small-scale wind turbine technology to achieve a decentralized new energy strategy. To develop a horizontal axis wind turbine suitable for low wind speed region, taking a 100 W small horizontal axis wind turbine as the research object, the development of a horizontal axis wind turbine for low wind speed was investigated by theoretical and experimental approaches in this paper. Firstly, a small-scale wind turbine design and analysis system was established based on the modified blade element momentum (BEM) theory and validated with experiments. Secondly, considering the matching of generator parameters, the influences of designed tip speed ratios and designed attack angles on the aerodynamic performances of the wind turbine were analyzed. Thirdly, based on the local wind resource statistic characteristics, taking the designed tip speed ratio, the designed attack angle, the chord length and twist angle as designed variables, the global multi-objective aerodynamic optimization of a small wind turbine blade for both improving annual energy production and starting performance was executed using NSGA-II. The aerodynamic performances of the wind turbines before and after optimization were compared based on the modified BEM theory. Finally, a laboratory wind turbine performance test platform was built to carry out the aerodynamic performance experiment, and the wind turbine power outputs at different wind speeds before and after optimization were measured. Based on the above research, the main results are as follows: The designed tip speed ratio and angle of attack have significant effects on the performances of wind turbine. With the increase of the designed tip speed ratio, the power coefficient at low tip speed ratio decreases and the maximum reduction is about 58.17%; With the increase of the designed attack angle, the power coefficient at low tip speed ratio decreases and the maximum reduction is about 65.14%. The performance at high tip speed ratio obviously improves and the power coefficient is increased by 234.39% at the maximum. After the multi-objective aerodynamic optimization, the annual energy production is increased by 9.14% and the starting torque of the wind turbine is increased by 9.62%. Experimental results show that, the optimal blades have significantly higher power output than the initial blades under different electrical load conditions; The starting wind speed of the wind turbine is reduced from 3.84 m/s to 3.03 m/s. The feasibility of the optimal designed method was verified. Therefore, it can be concluded that, the multi-objective global optimization strategy of wind turbine blade put forward in this paper, combining the overall design parameters with the geometric parameters, avoids local optimization, presents a solution to the contradiction between low starting wind speed and high power output. This research provides references for the design and application of horizontal axis wind turbines for low wind speed areas.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Wind turbines
Controlled terms:Angle of attack - Boundary element method - Electric power generation - Global optimization - Multiobjective optimization - Optimization - Speed - Turbine components - Turbomachine blades - Wind - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms:Aero-dynamic performance - Annual energy productions - Horizontal axis wind turbines - Low wind speed - Small scale wind turbines - Small wind turbine blades - Starting performance - Statistic characteristics
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 617 Turbines and Steam Turbines - 651.1 Aerodynamics, General - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921.6 Numerical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.34e+02%, Percentage 6.51e+01%, Percentage 8.50e+01%, Percentage 9.14e+00%, Percentage 9.62e+00%, Power 1.00e+02W, Velocity 3.84e+00m/s to 3.03e+00m/s, Velocity 6.00e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20183805830798
Title:Remote sensing evaluation of drought degree based on threshold-optimized fuzzy majority voting model
Authors:Dong, Ting (1); Ren, Dong (1); Meng, Lingkui (2); Zhang, Wen (2); Shao, Pan (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Computer and Information Technology, Three Gorges University, Yichang; 443002, China; (2) School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430079, China; (3) Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Corresponding author:Shao, Pan(panshao@whu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:137-145
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Drought affects not only agriculture, but also triggers negative economic, social, and environmental impacts. This study proposes a multiple classifier fusion method, threshold-optimized fuzzy majority voting (TFMV), for agricultural drought category evaluation. The standardized precipitation index (SPI) can be flexibly designed to measure drought severity for a specific time period. The 3-month SPI (SPI-3) was computed based on the long-term monthly precipitation record. Considering that the relationship between different remote sensing drought indices and SPI varies over time, the correlation coefficients were calculated between the remote sensing drought indices of each month from April to October, and SPI-3 from 2003 to 2012 to select the input data of model. The results showed that the correlation coefficient values between the vegetation-related indices and SPI-3 varied over the different time periods. The VCI (vegetation condition index) showed the highest correlation with the SPI-3 in August because of the vegetation phenological phase. The correlation coefficient between the TCI (temperature condition index) and SPI-3 were statistically significant (P<0.01) except in May. All the correlation coefficient between soil moisture-related drought indices and SPI-3 were statistically significant (P<0.01) and all the correlation coefficients were above 0.45. The precipitation-related indices with various timescales showed high correlation coefficient with the in situ drought index, and these indices mostly have the highest correlation coefficient values with in situ drought index in the same timescales as that of the precipitation-related indices. Based on correlation analysis between remote sensing drought index and in situ drought index over the different time periods, VCI, TCI(temperature condition index), SMCI (soil moisture condition index)) and PCI-3 were selected as the input data of model. Since the distribution of the training data among drought classes is uneven, the synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) method was used to balance imbalanced training datasets. Three typical classifiers: Back-propagation neural network (BPNN), support vector machines (SVM) and classification and regression trees (CART) were applied for assessment of regional drought category. The results showed that the capability of each single classifier in drought grade classification varies along seasonal time and the overall precision of these three classifiers for all samples from April to October were 69% (BPNN), 67.49% (SVM) and 69% (CART), respectively. Considering the limitation of single classifier, two classifier ensemble methods, majority voting (MV) and threshold-optimized fuzzy majority voting (TFMV) were introduced to fuse the three single drought category results. Experimental results clearly demonstrated that: 1) Ensemble method could improve overall classification accuracy; 2) TFMV ensemble method performed the highest overall accuracy in validation dataset, which was respectively 3.6, 5.1 and 3.6 percent point higher than that of BPNN, SVM and CART classification. Additionally, compared with majority voting method, TFMV achieved more accurate classification results in all different time periods. Additionally, the spatial drought conditions of the TFMV maps were compared with the actual drought intensity using the agro-meteorological disaster data recorded and the temporal distribution of the precipitation and mean temperature data at the agro-meteorological sites. Results showed that the TFMV maps exhibited consistent variations with the in situ reference data. The practical application of TFMV demonstrated that it can provide accurate and detailed drought condition and TFMV method can be effectively used for regional agricultural drought category evaluation.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Drought
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Backpropagation - Classification (of information) - Classifiers - Environmental impact - Information fusion - Input output programs - Neural networks - Remote sensing - Soil moisture - Stream flow - Support vector machines - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Back-propagation neural networks - Classification and regression tree - Classifier ensemble methods - Majority voting - Multiple classifier fusion - Standardized precipitation index - Synthetic minority over-sampling techniques - Vegetation condition indices
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 444 Water Resources - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.50e-01yr, Percentage 3.60e+00%, Percentage 5.10e+00%, Percentage 6.75e+01%, Percentage 6.90e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20183805830792
Title:Soil amelioration by deep ploughing of different machineries and its effect on promoting crop growth and yield
Authors:Gao, Zhongchao (1); Song, Baiquan (2); Wang, Cuiling (3); Gao, Wenchao (3); Zhang, Lili (3); Sun, Lei (1); Hao, Xiaoyu (1); Liu, Feng (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Environment Resource, Harbin; 150086, China; (2) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Cold Region Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization/Key Laboratory of Sugarbeet Genetic Breeding, Heilongjiang Common College, Harbin; 150080, China; (3) Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin; 150086, China
Corresponding author:Song, Baiquan(13212929229@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:79-86
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For many years, farmers adopt a traditional cultivation method (turning, rotating, hallowing, pressing) to grow crops in China. However, improper mechanization, the nonstandard deep tillage or illogical methods of rotary tillage and subsoiling result in soil compaction, loss of soil and the plow pan formation. Consequently, the depth of tillage is shallowing, the ability of moisture conservation is weakening, and surface runoff is increasing. Improper soil tillage methods deteriorate soil quality, affect the roots to penetrate lower soil layer, limit the potential of soil production and restrain the development of modern agriculture. How to improve the production capacity of tillage soil through mechanization becomes a valuable research project, from which a better soil tillage method needs to be developed in order to improve soil properties. However, a completed technological system for subsoiling was not yet built to achieve such goal. To improve soil tillage, field experiments (block-tillage comparison) were conducted to study the effect of deep tillage mechanically on the growth of sugar beet and soybean with the help of self-developed deep pine plough (ES-210, tillage depth 40 cm) and the subsoil tillage plough (tillage depth 20 cm). Deep pine plough was used to move subsoil (20-30 cm) up to the soil layer (10-20 cm) to form a hole. At the same time, some upper soil fell in the hole becoming fertilizer grooves. These grooves allowed deep growing of roots, conserving water and promoting fertilizer use by plants. The wide head of the plow (subsoil tillage plough) can break the plow-pan to subsoil layer down to 35-40 cm deep. A comparison test was carried out with the conventional tillage (stubble chopping). Results showed that the cultivation measures improved the physical quality of the soil. Compared with the conventional tillage treatment, the solid phase ratio respectively decreased by 1.6%-3.3% and 2.8%-4.5% with deep loosening and subsoil tillage treatments. In the meanwhile, liquid phase and vapor phase increased, resulting rationalization of three phase ratio of soil. At the same time, plough pans were broken and hardness of the soil layer was reduced. For the soil depth of 20-35 cm, this was more obvious. Simultaneously, soil available water of top soil increased by 1.1%-1.2% and 0.9% for deep loosening and subsoil tillage, respectively. The irreducible water (ineffective water) decreased by 0.4%-1.1% and 0.5%-0.9%, respectively for the two tillage treatments. Compared with the conventional tillage treatment, deep loosening and subsoil tillage treatments promoted root growth and facilitated the accumulation of plant dry matter. The root growth increased by 5.1% and 2.9% of sugar beet, 11.5% and 13.2% of soybean for deep loosening and subsoiling, respectively.Dry matter accumulation increased by 2.3%-4.1% and 3.1%-4.8% of sugar beet, 7.8%-10.0% and 10.4%-13.6% of soybean, respectively for two deep tillage treatments. Mechanized soil improvement technology both increased crop production and farmers' income. For those deep loosening and subsoiling treatments, sugar beets yield increased by 8.5% and 12.6%, and soybean yield increased by 5.0% and 6.1%, respectively. Compared with the conventional tillage treatment, deep loosening and subsoil tillage increased the income by 1003.3 and 1454.4 yuan/hm<sup>2</sup>, and profit ratio was subsoil tillage > deep loosening > conventional tillage. Hence, two kinds of tillage measures improved the soil structure of arable layer, enlarged compatibilizing effect, improved root growth environment and crop yields. The research results provided the technical support for the future of farming machinery research. It provided scientific evidence to expand this technology.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Crops - Cultivation - Fertilizers - Growth (materials) - Mechanization - Moisture control - Soil mechanics - Soil testing - Soils - Sugar beets
Uncontrolled terms:Conventional tillage - Crop growth and yields - Cultivation measures - Moisture conservation - Soil available waters - Soybean - Tillage - Yield
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601 Mechanical Design - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.04e+01% to 1.36e+01%, Percentage 1.10e+00% to 1.20e+00%, Percentage 1.15e+01%, Percentage 1.26e+01%, Percentage 1.32e+01%, Percentage 1.60e+00% to 3.30e+00%, Percentage 2.30e+00% to 4.10e+00%, Percentage 2.80e+00% to 4.50e+00%, Percentage 2.90e+00%, Percentage 3.10e+00% to 4.80e+00%, Percentage 4.00e-01% to 1.10e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 5.00e-01% to 9.00e-01%, Percentage 5.10e+00%, Percentage 6.10e+00%, Percentage 7.80e+00% to 1.00e+01%, Percentage 8.50e+00%, Percentage 9.00e-01%, Size 1.00e-01m to 2.00e-01m, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 2.00e-01m to 3.00e-01m, Size 2.00e-01m to 3.50e-01m, Size 3.50e-01m to 4.00e-01m, Size 4.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20183805830788
Title:Improvement of potato harvester with two segment of vibration and wave separation
Authors:Wei, Zhongcai (1, 2); Li, Hongwen (1, 2); Sun, Chuanzhu (2, 3); Li, Xueqiang (2, 4); Liu, Wenzheng (1, 2); Su, Guoliang (2, 4); Wang, Faming (2, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Shandong Provincial Intelligent Engineering and Technology Research Center for Potato Production Equipment, Dezhou; 253600, China; (3) School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo; 255091, China; (4) Shandong Xicheng Agricultural Machinery Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Dezhou; 253600, China
Corresponding author:Li, Hongwen(lhwen@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:42-52
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Potato is typical tuber crops, which is planted widely for food and for energy uses. During the mechanical procedure section, 70% bruising and damage of potato was from harvesting, which is the comprehensive effect including multiple collision caused by static load, shear, extrusion, vibration and impulse load, repeatedly rubbing and pressure of different direction. The main technical problem of potato mechanical harvest is comprehensive control of potato's bruising and damage, including realizing potato-soil, potato-stalk and potato-impurity separating efficiently and decreasing loss caused by dynamic damage and tangent bruising. It is widely recognized that there exists some problems like higher bruising rate and damage rate during the process of mechanical potato harvest. To solve these problems, based on two segment of vibration and wave separation, a new potato harvester was improved through setting vibration separation segment and wave separation segment. As such, the movement characteristics of separating sieve and potato block was analyzed during in the process of potato-soil separating. Adjustment vibration intensity for vibration separation section can meet the various requirements of potato-soil separating. Changeable gain of wave crest-trough for wave separation section can turn over the potato-soil mixture. In that way, it can improve soil breaking ability and benefit for potato-soil separating. The field harvesting experiments were conducted, and the single factor test showed that the total bruising rate, total damage rate and obvious rate were declined by 0.73%, 0.97% and 3.2%, respectively when the harvesting speed decreased from 0.726 to 1.167 m/s. With the harvesting speed decreased, the unit-time weight of potato-soil mixture decreased, and the potato lost the protection of soil in the delivery and separation segment of harvester's rear. At the meantime, it caused cumulative fatigue damage by repeated fiction between potato block and separating sieve bar. While the higher harvesting speed, the unit-time weight of potato-soil mixture and the separating load both increased, in which the soil-impurity separating rate and obvious rate decreased. Secondly, when the separation sieve speed increased from 1.52 to 2.80 m/s, the total bruising rate and the total damage rate showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing, but the obvious rate just decreased from 99.8% to 96.4%. Thirdly, when the vibration intensity increased from level Ⅰ (non vibration) to level Ⅴ (strong vibration), the obvious rate increased by 3.3%, and bruising rate and damage rate increased by a large margin. Therefore, adjusting vibration intensity should give consideration to separating efficiency and harvest quality in the practical harvest. Besides, wave crest-trough difference increased from 40-40 mm to 200-200 mm, the obvious rate was raised from 97.2% to 99.8%, and both the bruising rate and damage rate increased. Orthogonal test showed that the effect law on bruising rate and damage rate caused by harvesting speed and vibration intensity was almost consistent. For separation sieve speed and wave crest-trough difference, the effects on bruising rate and damage rate caused by harvesting speed and vibration intensity were more significant (P<0.05); while for harvesting speed and separation sieve speed, the effects on obvious rate caused by wave crest-trough difference and vibration intensity were more significant (P<0.05). This study can provide a technical reference for development and optimization of potato harvester and comprehensive control of potato-soil separating efficiency and harvest quality.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Vibrations (mechanical)
Controlled terms:Harvesters - Harvesting - Mechanization - Mixtures - Problem solving - Quality control - Separation - Shear flow - Sieves - Soils - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Damage rate - Movement characteristics - Potato - Separation technologies - Vibrations
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601 Mechanical Design - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.20e+00%, Percentage 3.30e+00%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Percentage 7.30e-01%, Percentage 9.70e-01%, Percentage 9.72e+01% to 9.98e+01%, Percentage 9.98e+01% to 9.64e+01%, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 4.00e-02m, Velocity 1.52e+00m/s to 2.80e+00m/s, Velocity 7.26e-01m/s to 1.17e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20183805830797
Title:Soil moisture preservation and improving of crop yield in dry land under long-term wheat/maize rotation
Authors:Zhang, Yujiao (1); Wang, Hao (1); Wang, Shulan (1); Wang, Rui (1); Li, Jun (1); Wang, Xiaoli (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Li, Jun(junli@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:126-136
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Conservation tillage including no tillage and subsoiling with straw mulching can reduce soil disturbance and superfluous evaporation, reserve more soil water and enhance soil fertility, and promote the crop yield. However, applying mono tillage practices in a long term would decrease the crop yield, and bring some defects for the environment and limit the growth of crop. Tillage rotation rotated different soil tillage practices in a rational sequence, and it combined the conventional tillage, rotary tillage, no tillage, and so on. An optimal rotation can alleviate some disadvantages brought by long-term mono tillage. Now the research on tillage rotations mainly focused on rotation of no tillage with subsoiling and short term (2-5 years) tillage experiment. However, the effect of conservation tillage rotation is a long and slow process. And the research on some other tillage rotations was less. To explore the optimal tillage rotation for the winter wheat-spring maize system on Loess Plateau, a long term experiment was conducted in Heyang County, Shaanxi Province from 2007 to 2017. There were 4 tillage rotations in this experiment: rotation of no tillage with subsoiling (NS), rotation of subsoiling with conventional tillage (SC), rotation of conventional tillage with no tillage (CN), and continuous conventional tillage (CT). The effects of tillage rotations on soil water use and soil water conservation and crop yield increase were detected in 10 years, and there were 5 whole tillage cycles during this experiment. The result showed CN rotation enhanced soil physical property in 10 years, and the soil bulk density of CN rotation was 1.31 g/cm<sup>3</sup> in the soil depth of 0-60 cm. Tillage rotations can reserve more soil water in fallow period, CN rotation was the best one, and the mean soil water storage was 385.8 mm in 10 years. During crop growth season, tillage rotations can provide better soil water condition for crop growth, and CN rotation had better soil water condition during crop growth season in winter wheat - spring maize rotation. Moreover, tillage rotations can increase the crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) when compared with CT treatment. In 10 years, CN produced higher yield and WUE of winter wheat and spring maize; the average values of crop yield were 5221 and 7433 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, respectively, and the average values of WUE were 15.5 and 20.7 kg/( hm<sup>2</sup>•mm), respectively. In 2007-2017, CN rotation provided the best economic profit, and the average value was 6254 yuan/ hm<sup>2</sup>. In 2007, water deficit in key growth season of spring maize limited the crop yield, yield of NS, SC and CT treatments declined significantly, and the economic profits were all in negative values, but CN rotation produced higher crop yield and better economic profit than other tillage treatments. This illustrated that CN rotation was more suitable for the crop production in arid area and dry year. In a comprehensive consideration, the CN rotation enhances the soil property effectively, reserves more soil water and produces higher crop yield, and is the optimal tillage system for the sustainable development of dryland agriculture.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Rotation
Controlled terms:Crops - Cultivation - Landforms - Plants (botany) - Profitability - Sediments - Soil conservation - Soil moisture - Soils - Sustainable development - Water conservation - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Conventional tillage - Crop yield - Loess Plateau - Long-term experiments - Moisture preservation - Soil physical property - Soil-water conservation - Spring maize
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.00e+01yr, Age 2.00e+00yr to 5.00e+00yr, Mass_Density 1.31e+03kg/m3, Size 0.00e+00m to 6.00e-01m, Size 3.86e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20183805830793
Title:Cavitation characteristics of tip leakage vortex and suction-side-perpendicular vortices in axial flow pump
Authors:Shen, Xi (1); Zhang, Desheng (1); Liu, An (1); Jin, Yongxin (1); Chen, Jian (1); Shi, Weidong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong; 226019, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Desheng(zds@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:87-94
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The tip leakage vortex (TLV) cavitation mechanism of axial flow pump was investigated with the results of high speed photography and pressure fluctuation measurement. The tip leakage vortex cavitation morphology and the transient characteristics of the TLV-induced suction-side-perpendicular cavitating vortex (SSPCV) were analyzed under different flow rates and different cavitation numbers. The visualization experimental results were combined with the time domain spectrum of pressure fluctuation to elucidate the relationship between the tip cavitation and pressure fluctuation. The performance curves show a good agreement and the maximum error appears at 1.2 times rated flow condition, and the error value is 2.7%, which proves the reliability of the experiment and stability of the experiment apparatus. The head of the pump at different flow rates increases slightly with the decrease of cavitation number at first, and then decreases sharply. With the decrease of the flow rate, the value of incipient cavitation number increases gradually, which means cavitation is easier to occur under low flow rate. Due to that the angle between the tip leakage vortex and the back of the blade becomes larger with the decrease of the flow rate, the blockage caused by the tip vortex is enhanced. Compared with the condition of 0.8 times rated flow, the heads in 0.6 and 0.7 times rated flow condition are lower, which coincides with the performance test curves. The results of high speed photography show that cavitation inception occurs easier under low flow condition, and with the increase of the flow rate, the primary position gradually moves to the back edge of the blade tip. Reducing the cavitation number, the triangular cloud cavitating area formed in the blade tip grows gradually, and the cavitation structure becomes unstable. In addition, some vertices shed from the trailing edge of the cloud, perpendicular to the suction surface of the blade. At the same flow rate, the size of triangular cloud cavitation increases as the cavitation number decreases. Consequently, the SSPCV generates gradually rearward at the chord of blade tip, which grows in scale and intensity. With the similar cavitation numbers, the shedding of SSPCVs is more intense with the decrease of the flow rate. In the process of shedding, the width of triangular cloud cavitation area reduces sharply, while the SSPCV moves toward the adjacent blade perpendicular to the suction surface, resulting in blockage in the flow passage, accompanied with the drop in hydraulic performance of the pump. The results of the combination of the high speed photography and pressure fluctuation present that the cavitation structure is consistent with the transient pressure of the monitoring points. The corresponding relationship between the transient pressure and the cavitation images is determined by that the suction surface of the blade is the lowest pressure point at the circumference of the monitoring point. From suction side to pressure side of the adjacent blade, the pressure increases continuously. The blade tip cavitation area is the low pressure zone, and under large flow rates, the tip leakage vortex appears to be a long and narrow range of low pressure. With the decrease of flow rate and cavitation number, the tip leakage vortex and blade tip are connected to form a triangle cavitation cloud, which is a broad low pressure area. The SSPCVs shed from the trailing edge of the cloud cavitation have an important influence on the pressure field at the blade tip. The formation of the SSPCVs is at the cost of the reduction of cloud cavitation area, resulting in a decrease in the range of the low pressure. In the process of moving to the adjacent blade pressure surface, the SSPCVs are mixed with the trailing edge of the tip leakage vortex, which causes the fluctuation in the process of pressure recovery. When a SSPCV moves away from the blade tip and dissipates gradually, its influence on the pressure field at the tip of the blade is weakened and eventually it almost no longer has any effect.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:High speed photography
Controlled terms:Axial flow - Cavitation - Flow rate - Pressure - Pumps - Vortex flow
Uncontrolled terms:Cavitating - Cavitation characteristics - Cavitation mechanisms - Hydraulic performance - Pressure fluctuation measurements - Pressure pulsation - Tip leakage vortex - Transient characteristic
Classification code:618.2 Pumps - 631 Fluid Flow - 742.1 Photography - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.70e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20183805830786
Title:Plug damage detection and parameter optimization of picking up cucumber seedlings from tray cells based on Micro-CT
Authors:Liu, Yang (1, 2, 3); Mao, Hanping (1, 2); Han, Lühua (1, 2); Xu, Jingyun (1, 2); Ma, Guoxin (1, 2); Li, Yaxiong (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technolog, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) High-tech Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment & Intelligentization of Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (3) Mechanical Equipment Research Insistute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi; 832000, China
Corresponding author:Mao, Hanping(maohp@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:27-34
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The root cause for transplanting failure is the damage of plug which clamped by clamper when transplanter automatically transplants vegetable plug seedlings. To reduce the damage of plug, in this study, we prepared 128-hole plate cultivation of cucumber seedlings using the peat, perlite and vermiculite mixed in a volume ratio of 3:1:1. We used X-ray Micro-CT to test non-destructively three states of cucumber seedlings plug: pin: not inserted into the plug, pin into the plug, and pin contraction to maximum displacement. In the tomogram, root threshold was obtained as 93-102, and pore threshold was obtained as 0-16. Roots and pores were segmentation extracted and 3D reconstructed from tomogram by using threshold segmentation method. The plug was divided into six equal parts vertically and horizontally. Root distribution density was defined as the ratio of every part in the area where the root volume and volume of plug. The pore density was defined as the ratio of every part of the pore volume and volume of plug. The volume and distribution density of root and pore were calculated by SPSS18 software. It was concluded that there was no significant (P>0.05) displacement for root during the clipping, and its role was wrapping around the substrate to prevent the plug scattered. The change for pore volume and distribution density was very significant (P<0.05), new pores and cracks mainly appeared around the pin and between the pins. Pores accumulation and cracks formation were the main cause for plug damage. We then treated the increments of pore volume around the pin as the evaluation of broken seedlings indicators. For the two kinds of pins: Circular and flat, scanning tests and analyzes were carried out. When pin diameters were 2, 2.5 and 3 mm, and the initial angles of clamp were 7°, 9° and 11°, the results showed that increments of pore volume increased as the pin diameter increased, and decreased as the initial angles of clamp increased. When shrinkage of pin was 5 mm; increment of pore volume of circular pin was less than flat pin in the same condition. When clamp force equaled to the anti-stress of yield point for seeding plug as 7.31 N, shrinkage of circular and flat pins were 4.75 and 4.26, respectively; increments of pore volume were 843.7 and 786.1 mm<sup>3</sup>, the damage of plug which clamped by flat pin was less than circular pin. We set the shape, diameter, initial angle and shrinkage amount of pin as test factor, and set damage rate of seeding plug as assessment indicators. Then the test was carried out by two fingers and four pins structure seedling clawing. Plug was damaged severely when root lump weight lost more than 25%. Test result showed that damage rate of seeding lump was 6.3% which was less than test results of other parameters when the diameter of flat pin was 2 mm; clamping force and clamping initial angle were 7.31 N and 11°, respectively. The results of the test were in agreement with the results of Micro-CT scanning. Overall, this research provides a new approach to the design for automotive transplanter, the resulting optimization parameters could be used as theoretical basis for the selection of seedling clamper design and take seedling parameters.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Computerized tomography
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Damage detection - Error detection - Optimization - Shrinkage - Testing - Transplants - Yield stress
Uncontrolled terms:Cucumber seedling - Damage - Micro CT - Plug - Root
Classification code:462.4 Prosthetics - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Force 7.31e+00N, Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 6.30e+00%, Size 2.50e-03m, Size 3.00e-03m, Volume 7.86e-07m3, Volume 8.44e-07m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20183805830789
Title:Design and test of end-effector for navel orange picking robot
Authors:Xu, Liming (1); Liu, Xudong (1); Zhang, Kailiang (1); Xing, Jiejie (1); Yuan, Quanchun (1); Chen, Junwei (1); Duan, Zhuangzhuang (1); Ma, Shuai (1); Yu, Changchang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:53-61
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Navel orange is rich in nutritive value and has high edible and medicinal value, and it is loved by people. With the increase of planting area and yield of navel orange, Gannan navel orange industry has developed into an industry cluster which integrates production, logistics and deep processing. Also, mechanical and intelligent picking is an inevitable trend in modern agriculture. The picking robot is one of the important equipment of intelligent agriculture, which plays an important role in promoting the agricultural transformation and upgrading. As one of the most important parts of the picking robot, the end effector, has a direct influence on the success rate, damage rate and the work efficiency of the picking operation. In order to improve mechanical and automatic picking level, meet the requirements of non-destructive picking for navel orange and solve the shortage of labor force, a new picking end-effector was designed. It mainly consisted of 3 parts, i.e. adsorption mechanism, clamping mechanism and rotary cutting mechanism. The fruit could be quickly separated from the fruit cluster by the adsorption mechanism, and stably and non-destructively clamped by the clamping mechanism, and the rotary cutting mechanism mainly realized the separation of the fruit and the fruit stalk. At the same time, the mathematical model of navel orange was established by fruit index test, which was a standard ellipsoid. The mechanism model was established on the basis of the navel orange equatorial plane and with the horizontal diameter as the index. Each joint was designed to V type and the transverse diameter range of navel orange harvested was determined as 50-100 mm. In order to ensure the finger surface and recoverable diameter range of arbitrary navel orange have 4 tangent points in holding and the 4 sensors can feed back pressure value in real time, the parameters of the finger were simulated and optimized by CAD, finally obtaining the ideal parameters. The minimum positive pressure was determined by the static stress analysis of navel orange to 0.77 N. In the compression experiments of the equatorial surface of navel orange with different diameters at the different speeds of loading, which were 100 and 200 mm/min, the maximum deformation was determined as 5 mm and the maximum positive pressure was 25.57 N. In the friction coefficient experiment with 3 common materials which were rubber, foam and silica gel, the silica gel was chosen as buffer material and the coefficient of friction was 1.275 by comparing the results of repeated tests of each material. Through the analysis of a series of experiments above, a finger feedback system with a resistive thin-film pressure sensor was designed and a rationally designed drive motor was used to achieve stable and non-destructive picking requirements. What was more, hardware and software of the control system of end effector were designed. Hardware system mainly contained electric relay, stepper motor, motor drivers, force sensor, I/O (input/output) board, solenoid valve and embedded motion controller. Main-computer control interface was designed by MFC (microsoft foundation classes) frame. MFC frame is always used in VC++ software. Program of submitted computer was designed in Language C. Through the above design, the highly integrated hardware that could be controlled by visual software was realized. Lastly, the reliability of end effector for picking navel orange was examined though experiments after the whole platform was established. In the experiments, different stepper motor speeds were took as the influencing factors, and the picking time of single fruit, the picking success rate and the damage rate as the indices, and the experiments were carried out 105 times. The test results show that the average picking success rate is 94.28% when the speed of the stepper motor is 250 r/min, the picking time of single fruit is 1.76 s, and the fruit damage rate is 0. The end effector is proved to be useful and reliable, and provides reference for research on the development of key components of the late navel orange robotic picking.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:End effectors
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Citrus fruits - Clamping devices - Computer aided design - Computer hardware - Computer software - Control engineering - Cutting - Design - Flight control systems - Friction - Hardware - Intelligent robots - Machine design - Robots - Silica - Silica gel - Solenoid valves - Stepping motors - Stress analysis - Visual languages - Visual servoing
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of frictions - Compression experiments - Friction coefficients - Hardware and software - Microsoft foundation class - Navel orange - Non destructive - Static stress analysis
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 619 Pipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering Generally - 705.3 Electric Motors - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Size 5.00e-03m, Time 1.76e+00s, Force 2.56e+01N, Force 7.70e-01N, Percentage 9.43e+01%, Rotational_Speed 2.50e+02RPM, Size 5.00e-02m to 1.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20183805830787
Title:Plug hole positioning and seedling shortage detecting system on automatic seedling supplementing test-bed for vegetable plug seedlings
Authors:Wang, Yongwei (1); Xiao, Xize (1); Liang, Xifeng (2, 3); Wang, Jun (1); Wu, Chuanyu (3); Chen, Jiankang (4)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou; 310018, China; (3) College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou; 310018, China; (4) Yongkang Quality and Technology Supervision and Inspection Center, Yongkang; 321300, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:35-41
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The seeds cannot fully sprout owing to the seed quality, sowing precision and environmental differences. In order to get the accurate information of the null plug holes and the boundary of plug holes and provide the basis for automatic seedling supplement device, a automatic seedling supplementing test-bed was developed with seedling shortage detecting system and seedling supplementing system as core components. The seedling shortage detection system was composed of a hardware system for image processing, which include a CMOS industrial camera, a controller and a computer, and a software system programmed in MATLAB. Color images (RGB images) of Arabidopsis plug seedlings with the age of 25 and 35d was acquired with the automatic seedling supplementing test-bed. The grayscale images of seedlings and plug holes are obtained by graying the color images applying different linear transformations to three color components of R, G and B. Applying Otsu algorithm, binary images of the grayscale images of seedlings were obtained by threshold segmentation. Then the morphological corrosion operation and expansion operation of the binary images were carried out by the disk 2 × 2 type structure operator. By marking single connected domain, analyzing the characteristics of connected domain and removing the isolated area, the noise in the binary images were removed and the characteristic images of the seedlings were extracted from the background effectively. The feature images of plug tray were acquired by removing feature images of plug seedlings from that of the plug tray according to the extracted seedling information and de-noising. And then statistics on the peak value, peak width and standardizing structure of plug tray were made according to the row and column pixel of binary images of plug trays, so that the edges of plug holes were determined accurately. The statistics of the pixel of the seedling image in each plug hole were made to determine whether the hole was short of seedlings according to the feature images of the seedlings, the position, and the edge information of the plug holes. The results showed that the statistics value of the seedlings image pixel of the plug holes with the Arabidopsis plug seedlings of 25 and 35 d were 1 895 to 4 572, and 3 386 to 8 710, respectively, while the statistics value of the seedlings image pixel of the plug holes without seedlings was 0. There were significant differences in the statistics value of the seedling image pixels between the plug holes with seedlings and the null plug holes. The testing results of the missing plug tray hole were the same as the actual situation, and the statistical value of seedling pixels corresponds to the projection area of stem and leaf. According to the threshold value of seedlings at different growth stages, the undeveloped seedlings can be marked for removing, so the seedling early stage was the super time for the detection of the null plug hole and the determination of the undeveloped seedlings. The accuracy rate of judging the null plug holes and the seedling holes with the Arabidopsis plug seedlings of 25 and 35 d were all 100% applying the detection device. The accurate determination of position of the null plug hole provides basis for automatic supplementing system taking out the substrate without seedlings, removing dysplasia seedlings and supplementing the healthy seedlings with same age.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Binary images
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Color - Computer hardware - Corrosion - Equipment testing - Image processing - Image segmentation - Linear transformations - Mathematical transformations - MATLAB - Pixels - Statistics
Uncontrolled terms:Connected domains - Detecting systems - Different growth stages - Environmental difference - Gray-scale images - Plug hole positioning - Threshold segmentation - Transplanting
Classification code:722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921 Mathematics - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20183805830819
Title:Improvement on structure and adsorption of insoluble dietary fiber from garlic straw induced by ultrasound
Authors:Huang, Liurong (1); Chen, Tian (1); Zhao, Yunshu (1); Li, Xuan (1); Chen, Wenwen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:294-299
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Dietary fiber (DF) has drawn the attention of researchers due to its significant health benefits. Over the past decade greater DF materials from fruits and vegetables are being introduced in the market because of the presence of associated bioactive compounds and balanced compositions. The physicochemical and functional properties of DFs always depend on the food sources, extraction methods and structure of DF. Garlic bulb is consumed worldwide because of its widespread medicinal and nutritional value. During harvesting period, garlic bulb yields a considerable amount of straw which is simply thrown or disposed, causing a severe environmental problem. Garlic straw, with similar compounds to garlic bulb, might be used as a novel source of functional DF. Composition analysis reveals garlic straw consists of 7.15% soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and 72.20% insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), which exhibit different physiological effects on human health. The health effects exhibited by IDF are often not as good as that of SDF due to their different physicochemical and functional properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to improve the functional properties of IDF from garlic straw with ultrasonic processing technology. IDF was put into a 500 mL beaker and dispersed with 300 mL deionized water. The beaker containing the sample was placed in a thermostatic water bath at initial temperatures of 25℃ for 10 min. And then the mixture was sonicated in ultrasound processor with different liquid-sample ratios, ultrasonic powers and ultrasonic time. After the pretreatment, the mixture was stored at-20℃ and freeze-dried for later analysis. The optimum ultrasonic conditions were obtained based on the responses of glucose absorption capacity from single factor experiments and response surface methodology. The functional properties including cholesterol binding capacity, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity and water swelling capacity were determined. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to analyze the microstructure of IDF. Results suggest that liquid-sample ratio of 30:1, ultrasonic power of 700 W and ultrasonic time of 40 min were considered as the optimum ultrasonic conditions for preparation of IDF with good glucose absorption capacity. Under these conditions, the glucose absorption capacity and cholesterol binding capacity were increased by 12.8% and 45.0% compared to those without ultrasound treatment (P<0.05). Ultrasonic-treated IDF exhibited better color, functional and physicochemical properties than untreated IDF with significant difference (P<0.05). FTIR of control and ultrasonic-treated IDF was basically the same. Structural analysis from SEM indicated that ultrasonic treatment destroyed the microstructure of IDF from garlic straw. Findings from structural analysis revealed that the porosity and surface area of IDF were effectively improved by ultrasound, which proved to enhance functional and physicochemical properties of modified IDF. The positive effect of ultrasound may be useful for functional modification and utilization of DF from garlic straw.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Structural properties
Controlled terms:Bond strength (chemical) - Cholesterol - Deionized water - Fibers - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Glucose - Microstructure - Mixtures - Nutrition - Oils and fats - Scanning electron microscopy - Straw - Structural analysis - Structure (composition) - Ultrasonics
Uncontrolled terms:Dietary fibers - Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy - Functional modification - Functional properties - Insoluble dietary fibers - Physicochemical property - Response surface methodology - Single-factor experiments
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, General - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 461.7 Health Care - 753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.28e+01%, Percentage 4.50e+01%, Percentage 7.15e+00%, Percentage 7.22e+01%, Power 7.00e+02W, Time 2.40e+03s, Time 6.00e+02s, Volume 3.00e-04m3, Volume 5.00e-04m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20183805830817
Title:Design and application of ozone detoxification equipment for patulin in contaminated apple juice
Authors:Diao, Enjie (1); Liu, Wei (1); Wang, Yue (1); Hao, Jiarong (1); Wang, Fei (1); Wang, Chenlin (1); Zhou, Yue (1); Liu, Limeng (1); Li, Xiangyang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an; 223300, China; (2) College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an; 271018, China
Corresponding author:Li, Xiangyang(xiangyang_l@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:282-287
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Apple juice can be contaminated by patulin inevitably due to the improper production, processing and storage, which seriously threats the health of consumers. In order to effectively degrade patulin in apple juice, an equipment for detoxifying patulin using ozone technology is designed. The ozone detoxification equipment is made of stainless steel, and it includes 6 systems: ozone preparation system, gas delivery system, ozone concentration adjusting and detecting system, juice delivery system, detoxification system, and ozone decomposition system with heating. Patulin in apple juice is degraded based on the strong oxidation role of ozone by full contacting between juice and ozone. The degradation efficiency of patulin in artificially contaminated apple juice by ozone and its effects on main quality of juice were studied using the designed equipment. The experiments were carried out at 0-12 mg/L ozone concentration and 3 L/min ozone flow rate, and the exposure time of ozone was set from 0 to 30 min with an interval of 5 min based on the preliminary studies. The results showed that patulin in apple juice could be degraded effectively by ozone, and ozone concentration and exposure time could obviously affect the degradation efficiency of patulin (P<0.05). Patulin was significantly reduced with the increase of ozone concentration (P<0.05). When the initial concentration of patulin in apple juice was 247.13 μg/L, patulin was decreased to 87.03 μg/L after detoxification at 7 mg/L ozone concentration for 10 min of ozone exposure, with a reduction of 64.78%. When the ozone concentration increased to 12 mg/L, patulin in apple juice was decreased to 45.30 μg/L, and it was reduced by 81.67% under the other same conditions. The residual patulin in apple juice was well fitted using a power regression curve with a determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.954 3. The exposure time of ozone is also a very important factor influencing the degradation of patulin. The residual patulin was significantly reduced with the increase of ozone exposure time (P<0.05). When the patulin initial concentration, pH value and soluble solid content of apple juice were 201.60 μg/L, 3.5 and 15.0%, respectively, patulin was decreased to 49.24 μg/L at the ozone concentration of 12 mg/L and ozone flow rate of 3 L/min for 15 min of exposure, which was reduced by 75.58%. It is lower than the limit level in apple juice (50 μg/L) set by WHO (World Health Organization) and BSDA (British Soft Drinks Association). The relation between the residual patulin and ozone exposure time followed a first-order kinetic model with a determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.974 9. Ozone treatment has no significant effects on the soluble solids, pH values, and total acids of apple juice (P<0.05), while adverse effects on its transmittance rate, color, malic acid, and total phenol contents (P<0.05). The phenolic compounds and organic acids are responsible for the flavor and taste of apple juice, so the effects of ozone detoxification on the critical nutritional properties of apple juice should be considered by processors prior to its adoption as a detoxification technique. The results are helpful in the development and commercial application of the ozone detoxification equipment in fruit juice processing.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Ozone
Controlled terms:Degradation - Detoxification - Efficiency - Flavor compounds - Fruit juices - Fruits - Health risks - Image quality - pH - Phenols
Uncontrolled terms:Commercial applications - Degradation efficiency - Determination coefficients - First-order kinetic models - Fruit juice processing - Nutritional properties - Patulin - World Health Organization
Classification code:461.7 Health Care - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.3 Food Products - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 0.00e+00kg/m3 to 1.20e-02kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.20e-02kg/m3, Mass_Density 2.02e-04kg/m3, Mass_Density 2.47e-04kg/m3, Mass_Density 4.53e-05kg/m3, Mass_Density 4.92e-05kg/m3, Mass_Density 5.00e-05kg/m3, Mass_Density 7.00e-03kg/m3, Mass_Density 8.70e-05kg/m3, Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 3.50e+00%, Percentage 6.48e+01%, Percentage 7.56e+01%, Percentage 8.17e+01%, Time 0.00e+00s to 1.80e+03s, Time 3.00e+02s, Time 6.00e+02s, Time 9.00e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20183805830803
Title:Design and experiment of rice program control germination system in cold region based on internet of things
Authors:Luo, Bin (1, 2, 3); Pan, Dayu (1, 2, 3); Gao, Quan (1, 2, 3); Chen, Quan (1, 2, 3); Hou, Peichen (1, 2, 3); Song, Peng (1, 2, 3); Wang, Cheng (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Cheng(wangc@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:180-185
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rice is one of main food crops in the world, and rice yield accounts for 37.3% in total food yield in China, so the technology of rice yield increase becomes a research hot point. Seed soaking and pregermination technology is an important technology in rice cultivation, especially in cold region of China. Rice is very susceptible to frost damage, and therefore rice needs an accumulated temperature compensation to prolong rice growth stage. Rice seeds can acquire effective accumulated temperature of 100℃ through seed soaking and pregermination technology. The whole process of seed soaking and pregermination has 3 stages: Soaking seeds, seeds budding and seeds germination. The temperature range of soaking seeds stage is from 11 to 13℃, the second stage is seeds budding process which needs a temperature range from 31 to 33℃, and the third stage is seeds germination process which needs a temperature range from 26 to 28℃. However, in the present condition, there are several serious problems in large-scale rice soaking and pregermination in cold region: The upper and lower water temperatures are not uniform during the soaking process, and seeds aerobic respiration is not good in large-scale sprouting tank. These problems are easy to cause lower budding ratio of seeds or thin weak seedlings. Further, these problems will cause severe loss in yield and quality of rice. To solve these problems, the activation mechanism of seed germination was studied firstly. This mechanism included the effect of soaking temperature and time on the physiological activity of rice seeds. Secondly, temperature and humidity monitoring system of sprouting tank was introduced based on internet of things technology. This system included 3 parts: Infrastructure used for placing the seeds, electric heater, circulation pipe line, solenoid valve, and so on; intelligent monitoring system used for production data acquisition, data display, data storage and production equipment control based on sensor technology and computer technology; remote monitoring and data service system used for remote virtual control of production equipment and managing of multiple production bases based on network technology. This system could be used for automated management of sprouting tank environment parameters. Thirdly, we divided the temperature field into 3 layers: Upper layer, middle layer and under layer, and we simulated the temperature field of sprouting tank with MATLAB software. The simulation results of temperature field showed that control accuracy of system was high, and the temperature uniformity was good in the sprouting tank. The results of sprouting experiment also showed that the germination rate could reach 97.79%, the degree of buds uniformity and haleness were improved substantially, the temperature control accuracy could reach ±0.2℃, and the water level control accuracy could reach ±0.3%. This research provides a kind of new technical support for the improvement of the rice soaking and pregermination, and at the same time, this technology shows better social and economic benefits.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Computer control systems
Controlled terms:Cultivation - Data acquisition - Digital storage - Electric control equipment - Electric lines - Internet of things - MATLAB - Monitoring - Problem solving - Seed - Sensors - Solenoid valves - Tanks (containers) - Temperature - Temperature control - Water levels
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulated temperatures - Aerobic respiration - Cold regions - Germination rates - Intelligent monitoring systems - Internet of things technologies - Soaking and pregermination - Temperature and humidities
Classification code:619 Pipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering Generally - 619.2 Tanks - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 704.2 Electric Equipment - 706.2 Electric Power Lines and Equipment - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.73e+01%, Percentage 9.78e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20183805830805
Title:Segmentation method for cotton canopy image based on improved fully convolutional network model
Authors:Liu, Libo (1); Cheng, Xiaolong (1); Lai, Junchen (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China; (2) Wujiaqu Municipal Bureau of Agriculture, Wujiaqu; 831300, China
Corresponding author:Lai, Junchen(ljc-hm@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:193-201
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Using computer vision technology to monitor cotton growing state is the development trend of cotton production informatization, and is also the widely used automation technology. Cotton field canopy image segmentation under natural scenes is an important part for monitoring growth status of cotton. Since the existing methods are not good in the image segmentation of cotton fields in the environment of light and background, and the adaptive ability is not strong, an image segmentation method based on the fully convolution network and conditional random field was proposed. Firstly, fully convolutional network was used to extract the image features, and the fully convolutional network was trained by back propagation algorithm and stochastic gradient descent (SGD)to obtain the initial segmentation results; This network model is an improvement on the traditional network model convolutional neural network (CNN), which was widely used in image classification. The full connect layer is transformed into a convolution layer, so that the fully convolutional network's output image as input image size, so it can be applied in the field of image segmentation. For achieve the FCN segmentation model structure, VGG16 was chosen as a basic network structure. And for improve the accuracy of segmentation results, we design the skip structure which can combine pool3 pool4 pool5 feature pictures to combine the FCN-8s. Secondly, the initial segmentation results were input into the conditional random field, used the classification vector of image pixels and the relative relationship between the pixels to construct the energy function and train the conditional random field, obtained the best performance conditional random field; conditional random field is an undirected graph model, this model builds a graph on the relationship between image pixels and image pixels. Each pixel has different label, conditional random field improve the quality of the segmentation results and optimal segmentation results by minimizing the graph energy function. Thirdly, we through the verification process, the structure of the full convolutional network and the conditional random field model is optimized. Finally, used the trained fully convolutional network and conditional random field make inferences about input image to get the final segmentation result. In order to verify the effect of the method proposed in this paper, 625 test cotton canopy images were captured from the cotton producing areas in Xinjiang, China from April to July 2017. These images were collected by the Canon EOS6D digital camera with 1360×800, and zoomed into 850×500 pixels. The 375 images in these images are used as the training set image, and 125 images are used as the validation set images, and the 125 images are used as the test set. This method programming development environment is Python2.7, the operating system is Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, the deep learning development framework is Chainer 1.24 on an NVIDIA Quadro k5000 GPU(graphics processing unit). The experimental result show that proposed method's mean pixel accuracy is 83.24%, mean IOU is 71.02%, Compared with the traditional fully convolutional network, the performance of the proposed method is improved by 16.22 and 12.1 percentages respectively, proposed method has obvious improvement effect. Compared with the Zoom-out and conditional random field as recurrent neural networks (CRFasRNN) segmentation methods, the average pixel accuracy of fully convolutional network is improved by 4.56 and 1.69 percentages, and the average crossing ratio is improved by 7.23 and 0.83 percentages respectively. Compared with the logistic regression method and SVM method, the average pixel accuracy of fully convolutional network is improved by 3.29 and 4.01 percentages, and the average crossing ratio is improved by 2.69 and 3.55 percentages respectively. In order to verify the robustness of the method proposed in this paper, the segmentation of cotton canopy images under complex environment (plastic film), complex canopy area (leaf cover) and complex illumination condition (poor contrast in the canopy area) were carried out by different methods. Because of the GPU parallel computation technology, the proposed segmentation method is very efficient, the average processing time is 0.33s. The segmentation result show that the proposal method is less affected by environment and has better robustness. This study can provide reference for automatic monitoring of cotton growth status.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Backpropagation algorithms - Combines - Complex networks - Computer graphics - Computer graphics equipment - Convolution - Cotton - Crops - Cultivation - Deep learning - Graph theory - Graphics processing unit - Image classification - Image enhancement - Optimization - Pixels - Program processors - Random processes - Recurrent neural networks - Regression analysis - Stochastic models - Stochastic systems
Uncontrolled terms:Computer vision technology - Conditional random field - Convolutional networks - Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) - Logistic regression method - Programming development environment - Stochastic gradient descent - Undirected graph models
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 961 Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 7.10e+01%, Percentage 8.32e+01%, Time 3.30e-01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20183805830807
Title:Remote sensing identification of coastal zone mariculture modes based on association-rules object-oriented method
Authors:Wang, Fang (1); Xia, Lihua (1); Chen, Zhibin (1); Cui, Wenjun (1); Liu, Zhigen (1); Pan, Cuihong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geographical Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou; 510006, China
Corresponding author:Xia, Lihua(xialihua@gzhu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:210-217
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Marine aquaculture has developed very rapidly in China and at present, China has become the largest producer of marine aquaculture in the world. While meeting the growing demand for seafood consumption, the mariculture industry also poses serious ecological and environmental problems to the coastal zone. Remote sensing recognition of mariculture modes in coastal zone is of great significance to real-time monitoring, rational planning and orderly development of mariculture, which can help to manage the coastal aquaculture mode, aquaculture structure and aquaculture capacity in coastal zone. At present, there are four main methods for remote sensing identification in aquaculture waters: 1) Extraction by visual interpretation; 2) Extraction by spectral features; 3) Analysis by spatial morphology and structure; 4) Extraction based on Object-oriented techniques. There will have mixing problems caused by "different objects with the same spectrum", "same objects with the different spectrum" and salt-and-pepper noise in image processing, if aquaculture information is extracted by spectral information or texture information alone. In order to reduce the interference of human factors of object-oriented classification rules and improve the efficiency and automation of classification rules generation, in this paper, we combined the association rules method and Object-oriented method to build a mariculture modes classifier through automatic and intelligent acquisition for different modes classification. Taking Zhelin Bay in the east of Guangdong province as an example, the GF-1 image as data source, using the spectral, geometric and texture features and their correlations of the objects of different mariculture modes as transaction data, mariculture modes strong rules were mined by Apriori algorithm. Four kinds of mariculture modes information (pond culture, cage culture, beach aquaculture, floating raft) in bay aquaculture core area were extracted. The results showed that pond culture area in Zhelin Bay was 2 228.47 hm<sup>2</sup>, cage culture area was 111.95 hm<sup>2</sup>, beach aquaculture t area was 12.95 hm<sup>2</sup>, floating raft area was 48.34 hm<sup>2</sup>. Cages in Zhelin Bay were distributed in two regions, one was in the sea area between Suizhou Island and Xuxian Island and Xi'ao Island, the other was located between the northeast corner of Haishan Island and Xizhou Island. Ponds were mainly located in the northern part of the study area in Huanggang town. Beach aquaculture was in the innermost part of Zhelin Bay, near the south side of the pond. Floating rafts were distributed around the cages and tended to be at the side of the bay center. In order to compare the association rules mining with the object-oriented combination method and the traditional methods, K-neighboring object-oriented method and association rule mining method were used respectively for the classification and extraction of marine aquaculture modes. These two classifications were implemented in Envi5.5 and Weka3.7.12 software, respectively. The specific steps were as follows, 300 sample points in Google Earth high-resolution images and field survey samples were chosen, of them, 50% were used as training samples, and the other 50% for test samples. Then, the K-adjacent object-oriented method and association rule mining method were selected respectively for classification. Finally, the classification accuracy of the three methods was compared and evaluated. The classification accuracy of mariculture model extraction based on association-rules object-oriented method was 88.65%, which was 14.38 percent point higher than that of K-adjacent object-oriented classification, and 12.16 percent point higher than that of association rules mining classification. association-rules object-oriented method broadened the access to information in the traditional logical reasoning classification method, made the classification more intelligent, and enhanced the classification speed and algorithm reliability. This method can improve the classification accuracy remarkably, which can be an effective support method for the complex mariculture modes recognition.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Classification (of information)
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Association rules - Automation - Beaches - Coastal zones - Data mining - Image texture - Information retrieval - Lakes - Marine biology - Mining - Object oriented programming - Remote sensing
Uncontrolled terms:Association classification - Association rule mining methods - Association rules mining - Classification accuracy - GF-1 - Object oriented - Object oriented classification - Object oriented technique
Classification code:407.3 Coastal Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations - 723.1 Computer Programming - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.22e+01%, Percentage 1.44e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 8.87e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20183805830804
Title:Disease recognition system for greenhouse cucumbers based on deep convolutional neural network
Authors:Ma, Juncheng (1); Du, Keming (1); Zheng, Feixiang (1); Zhang, Lingxian (2); Sun, Zhongfu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Du, Keming(dukeming@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:186-192
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Cucumber is one of the most common vegetables in China, which is severely affected by various diseases, such as downy mildew and powdery mildew. The process of recognizing diseases is often time consuming, laborious and subjective. Most of disease damage evaluation and treatment are done by farmers in the field with guidance of plant pathologists. Incorrect diagnosis and pesticide over usage are very common. Therefore, a timely and accurate recognition method of cucumber diseases is in great demand. Convolutional neural network is one of the most popular and best performing methods for image recognition. Because convolutional neural network has been extensively applied to agriculture applications, it is feasible to use convolutional neural network as the pattern recognition method for plant disease recognition. Convolutional neural network can automatically learn appropriate features from training datasets instead of manual feature extraction. The efforts on feature extraction and optimization can be saved. This not only reduces the computation cost, but also increases the accuracy and efficiency of the recognition. In this study, the state of the art convolutional neural network and deep learning techniques were applied to the recognition of cucumber diseases using visible leaf symptoms. A disease recognition system for greenhouse cucumbers based on convolutional neural network was presented in this paper based on deep learning and image processing. The key point of effective identification and diagnosis of diseases was to acquire the disease information accurately. With the development of computer vision technology, segmenting the disease symptom images from leaf images was presently considered as the main route of disease information acquisition. Color was the most direct information to discriminate disease symptoms from the other parts in a single image captured under real field conditions. Disease images captured under real field conditions were suffering from uneven illumination and complicated background, which was a big challenge to achieve robust disease symptom image segmentation. The symptom images were segmented by a novel image processing method using color information and region growing. Firstly, combinations of color features (CCF) and its detection method were presented. The combinations of color features consisted of three color components, excess red index (ExR), H component of HSV color space and B component of CIELAB color space, which implemented powerful discrimination of disease symptoms from clutter background. Then an interactive region growing method based on the comprehensive color feature map was used to achieve disease symptom image segmentation from clutter background. Input datasets was built from the symptom images. In order to decrease the chance of overfitting, data augmentation method that was to rotate the original datasets by 90, 160, 180 and 270 degrees and flip horizontally and vertically was utilized to enlarge the input datasets, which produced 12 augmented datasets. With the augmented input datasets, the system achieved good classification performance. Experiments were conducted to test the performance of the system. Results showed that the symptom image segmentation method can achieve an overall accuracy of 97.29%, which indicated that the method was capable of obtaining accurate and robust segmentation under real field conditions. The system achieved an overall accuracy of 95.7%, 93.1% for downy mildew and 98.4% for powdery mildew respectively, which indicated that the disease recognition system was capable of recognizing cucumber downy mildew and powdery mildew.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Color image processing
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Classification (of information) - Clutter (information theory) - Color - Convolution - Deep neural networks - Diagnosis - Diseases - Extraction - Feature extraction - Fungi - Greenhouses - Image recognition - Image segmentation - Neural networks - Processing
Uncontrolled terms:Classification performance - Computer vision technology - Convolutional neural network - Deep convolutional neural networks - Image processing - methods - Information acquisitions - Pattern recognition method - Recognition
Classification code:461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 913.4 Manufacturing
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.31e+01%, Percentage 9.57e+01%, Percentage 9.73e+01%, Percentage 9.84e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.12.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
- 总编/社长 王应宽
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- Bioresource Technology
- Industrial Crops and Products
- Biomass & Bioenergy
- Biosystems Engineering
- Aquacultural Engineering
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- Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
- Paddy and Water Environment
- Journal of Agricultural Engineering
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