2018年5月第34卷第9期

2018年5月第34卷第9期

Accession number:20182405309180
Title:Modification mechanism of soy adhesives based on furfuryl alcohol and protein modelcompound
Authors:Wu, Zhigang (1); Liang, Jiankun (2); Zhang, Bengang (2); Zhang, Jun (2); Lei, Hong (2); Yu, Liping (1); Du, Guanben (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang; 550025, China; (2) Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming; 650224, China
Corresponding author:Lei, Hong(lfxgirl@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:299-305
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nowadays, formaldehyde-based adhesives are still widely used in wood industry, such as urea formaldehyde resin, phenol formaldehyde resin, melamine formaldehyde resin. Emission of toxic formaldehyde is still one of the biggest problems for these formaldehyde-based adhesives in recent years for the development of wood adhesives. Lately, there has been a considerable industrial interest in the development of natural or green wood adhesives, such as lignin, tannin, protein, starch, and polysaccharides, to substitute synthetic thermosetting resins as adhesives for wood panels because of the mounting environmental pressure worldwide. As one kind of bio-based adhesives, soy protein-based adhesive has been always a hot topic since 1990s. As it is well-known that the soy-based adhesive with no modification cannot be used directly for wood panels for its poor bonding strength and water resistance especially, and the latter one is so bad. Cross-linking modification has been proved to be an effective modification method to improve the water resistance of soy-based adhesive. Some cross-linkers have to be used for this modification, such as formaldehyde-based resins, polyacrylic ester, epoxy. As a biomass material, furfuryl alcohol is more friendly than formaldehyde-based crosslinkers for protein-based adhesive. To guide the preparation of protein-based adhesive, especially the soy-based adhesive, the reaction between a simple dipeptide N-(2)-L-alanyl-L-glutamine (AG), used as a model compound of protein, and its cross-linker furfuryl alcohol was studied in this paper. The products prepared with furfuryl alcohol and AG under different pHs were analyzed by ESI-MS (electrospray ionization mass spectrometer),13C-NMR (carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance) and FT-IR. It was found that the medium environment had great effects on the competition of the co-condensation reaction between furfuryl alcohol and AG and self-condensation reaction of furfuryl alcohol molecules in the mixing system with furfuryl alcohol and AG. Under alkaline conditions, both co-condensation and self-condensation were not obviously detected. Only when the value of pH was higher than 11, a few co-condensation reaction products were gotten. The reaction occurred mainly between furfuryl alcohol and the primary amido groups of AG. Under acid conditions, both co-condensation and self-condensation were observed. The more acid the preparation conditions, the easier to be observed the self-condensation of furfuryl alcohol molecules than the co-condensation between furfuryl alcohol and AG. And when the value of pH was higher than 5, both co-condensation and self-condensation were not outstanding. In this study, under pH value 3, the co-condensation and self-condensation found equilibrium. There was a great possibility for the primary amido and aliphatic amino groups of AG molecules to react with furfuryl alcohol molecules. No reaction was detected between the secondary amido groups of AG and furfuryl alcohol. Besides, the reaction mechanism between furfuryl alcohol and model compounds of soy protein had correspondence with the performance of plywood with soy protein-based adhesive, namely, soy protein-based adhesive crosslinked by furfuryl alcohol showed better bonding performance and water resistance under the pH value of 3 than that of others. In conclusion, the research has great significance to realize the scientific use and improve the market competitiveness of soy protein-based adhesives. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Condensation reactions
Controlled terms:Adhesives - Alkalinity - Amino acids - Biomass - Condensation - Crosslinking - Electrospray ionization - Formaldehyde - Melamine formaldehyde resins - Molecules - Nuclear magnetic resonance - pH - Plywood - Proteins - Synthetic resins - Urea - Urea formaldehyde resins - Wood products
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental pressures - Furfuryl alcohol - Modelcompound - Modification mechanism - Modification methods - Phenol formaldehyde resins - Preparation conditions - Soy protein
Classification code:801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309160
Title:Response of water use efficiency of Central Asia ecosystem to drought based on remote sensing data
Authors:Zou, Jie (1, 2, 3); Ding, Jianli (1, 2, 3); Qin, Yan (1, 2, 3); Wang, Fei (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China; (2) Xinjiang Common University, Key Lab of Smart City and Environment Simulation, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology under Ministry of Education, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Jianli(watarid@xju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:145-152
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ecosystem water-use efficiency plays an important role in carbon and water cycles. Drought is a natural phenomenon that occurs when water availability is significantly below normal levels over a long period and the supply cannot meet the existing demand. The intensity and frequency of global drought events will continually increase, and heavily affects the terrestrial carbon cycle. However, to our knowledge, the potential response of ecosystems to this drying trend still remains unclear, especially in arid ecosystem. The studies on the impact of drought on ecosystem water-use efficiency have been the research hotspot and difficulties at regional and global scales. In this study, we analyzed the response of water use efficiency of Central Asia to drought. The data were obtained from the well-established products from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS). The data of gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) were from the MOD17A3. The resolution of data was 1 km. The duration was from the year of 2000 to 2010. The data had been validated. Temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) was calculated based on the land surface temperature (LST) of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The WUE was the ratio of GPP and ET. Land coverage was classified by CMG products (MCD12C1) with resolution of 1 km. The desert and water body where the ET was almost 0 was ruled out. The relationship between ecosystem WUE and the TVDI at the arid-land ecosystems scale were analyzed. The results showed that about 60.74% of the Central Asia had a drying trend from the year of 2000 to 2014 but the trend was not significant (P>0.05). About 20.01% of the area had significant drying trend from the year of 2000 to 2014, which was mainly distributed in the northwest of Kazakhstan, Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang and oasis in the southern Xinjiang. The response of WUE to drought was greatly different among various regions and biomes. Severe arid ecosystems had the highest WUE, followed by drought and slight drought ecosystems. The lowest WUE was observed for humid ecosystems; the correlation between annual WUE and TVDI in drought stress period and post drought stress period showed different patterns over Central Asia, both of which had large spatial heterogeneity. The WUE for arid ecosystems was negatively correlated with drought; during the drought stress, the WUE and TVDI showed the negative correlation in over 63.57% of lands. In post drought stress period, the WUE was positively correlated with TVDI in approximately 66.7% of Central Asia lands. During the drought stress, the correlation between WUE and previous year TVDI was higher than that between WUE and the current year TVDI, showing obvious lag effects of drought on ecosystem WUE. However, there was not apparent lag effect after drought stress. In addition, the arid ecosystem WUE showed a sensitive response to abrupt changes in the dry-wet environment. In post drought period, the WUE of the closed shrubland, cropland, forest, grassland and open shrubland approximately increased by 30.03%, 49.57%, 18.39%, 54.71% and 49.28% respectively compared to that of the drought stress period. A rapid increase in the ecosystem WUE occurred when the environment shifts from dryness to wetness. This indicates that the arid ecosystems in the region have relatively stable resilience against the disturbance of drought. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Ecosystems
Controlled terms:Carbon - Drought - Drying - Ecology - Efficiency - Radiometers - Remote sensing - Satellite imagery - Vegetation - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Central Asian - Gross primary productivity - Lag effects - Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer - Normalized difference vegetation index - Response - Temperature-vegetation dryness indices - Water use efficiency
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 655.2 Satellites - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 913.1 Production Engineering - 944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.84e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 4.93e+01%, Percentage 4.96e+01%, Percentage 5.47e+01%, Percentage 6.07e+01%, Percentage 6.36e+01%, Percentage 6.67e+01%, Size 1.00e+03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309178
Title:Ball milling and homogenization improving physicochemical and functional properties of Osmunda Japonica Thunb
Authors:Fu, Qun (1); Li, Hui (1); Wang, Lu (2); Wang, Zhenyu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin; 150040, China; (2) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin; 150090, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:285-291
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Osmunda japonica Thunb is an important source of edible plants in China and is also an important export earner. In order to study the effect of ultrafine grinding methods on Osmunda japonica Thunb's physical properties, main component contents and retention of active substances, planetary ball milling method and high-pressure homogenization method were used to ultrafine grinding. Ball mill material tank was added with the conventionally crushed Osmunda japonica Thunb sample of 10 g and corundum ball with mass of 100 g and diameter of 9 mm; ratio of ball mass to material mass was 10: 1, and rotation speed was 500 r/min. Crushing time was 1 h, and the resulting Osmunda japonica Thunb powder passed through 200-mesh sieve and then was placed in the dryer for spare. For the treatment of high-pressure homogenization, 16 g powder was accurately weighed after conventional treatment, and water was added to make the mass concentration lower; after colloid mill processed 10 min, and material circulation of Osmunda japonica Thunb was conducted 13 times, the high-pressure homogenization was performed. The homogenization pressure was 25 MPa and the time was 15 min. The inlet temperature of spray drying was 190℃, the outlet air temperature was 80℃, the feeding rate was 12.5 mL/min and the feeding temperature was 60℃. The superfine grinding powder's particle size, angle of repose, powder expansive force, holding water and oil force, and other physical properties were analyzed, and the total protein, crude fat, polysaccharides, total flavonoids, total polyphenols and other major components were detected. The hypoglycemic activity of 2 kinds of Osmunda japonica Thunb superfine powder was preliminarily investigated according to the inhibition ability of the extract of Osmunda japonica Thunb to α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The results showed that due to the treatment of planetary ball milling method and high-pressure homogenization, the particle size of the powder decreased by 48 and 65 times, respectively. Scanning electron micrograph observation of the ultrastructure of Osmunda japonica Thunb after ultrafine pulverization revealed that most of the fiber structure was destroyed, the particle size was more uniform, the specific surface area of the powder increased, and the angle of repose was slightly larger than that of the conventional powder. Osmunda's power expansive force decreased significantly, and water solubility increased, indicating that after ultrafine pulverization, long chain cellulose significantly reduced and short chain increased, resulting in the lower bound force on water and the decreased powder expansive force. And this change in physical properties is conducive to the exposure of water-soluble components and they are easier to be fully dissolved, and high-pressure homogenization in the higher temperature makes the powder group more exposed to improve the water solubility. The change of physical properties of the superfine pulverized Osmunda japonica Thunb powder helps to improve the processing properties of the Osmunda foods and produce the high value-added products. The main component contents from high to low were high-pressure homogenization crushing > planetary ball milling > conventional crushing. The inhibition ability to α-glucosidase and α-amylase from high to low was high-pressure homogenization crushing > planetary ball milling > conventional crushing. The above results show that both methods of ultrafine grinding have an effect on improving the physical properties of the powder, and the fiber tissue of the Osmunda powder is destructed more completely by the high-pressure homogenization, and main components are easier to be eluted. The micropowder treatment promotes the hypoglycemic physiological function of the powder. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Ball milling
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Amylases - Ball mills - Chains - Corundum - Crushing - Expansive cellulose - High pressure effects - High pressure engineering - Homogenization method - Milling (machining) - Oils and fats - Particle size - Processing - Scanning electron microscopy - Solubility - Tungsten ore treatment - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Functional ingredient - High pressure homogenization - Homogenization pressures - Osmunda japonica Thunb - Physical characteristics - Properties of the powders - Scanning electron micrographs - Ultra-fine grinding
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 482.2 Minerals - 533.1 Ore Treatment - 602.1 Mechanical Drives - 604.2 Machining Operations - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921 Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.00e-01kg, Mass 1.00e-02kg, Mass 1.60e-02kg, Pressure 2.50e+07Pa, Rotational_Speed 5.00e+02RPM, Time 3.60e+03s, Time 6.00e+02s, Time 9.00e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309173
Title:Classification of wetland based on object-oriented method in coal mining subsidence area using GF-1 remote sensing image
Authors:Cheng, Linlin (1); Dong, Xuemei (1); Zhan, Jiaqi (1); Zhang, Ye (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing; 100083, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:240-247
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Wetland plays an important role in the diversity maintenance of species, supplements of groundwater, regulation of climate, purification and degradation of pollutants, and so on. In recent years, due to the irrational exploitation and utilization of wetland, wetland resources have been gradually dried up, and how to develop and utilize wetlands has become an important issue. Classification of wetland has also become a hot topic for scholars both at home and abroad. Because of the special geographical position, it is difficult to obtain and monitor wetland by traditional surveying techniques. Therefore, remote sensing has been applied broadly in the classification of wetland. But most researches mainly focus on classification of the natural wetlands, classification of wetland in mining subsidence area, a kind of artificial wetland, is rarely involved. Therefore, this paper discussed classification of wetland in mining subsidence area using GF-1 remote sensing images and object-oriented method with Yanzhou coal field as an example.In order to improve the accuracy of classification, segmentation and classification were based on vector data. The vectors of river wetlands and landscape wetlands (Area 1) were obtained through the map of present land use, and the vectors of other areas (Area 2) were obtained by the erasure of the study area with river wetland and landscape wetland (Area 1). Images of river wetland and landscape wetland were treated with chessboard segmentation based on the vector of Area 1 and the nearest neighbour method was used for classification. Ratio of length to width was selected as the image feature and the threshold value was set to differentiate the 2 types of wetlands. Images of aquaculture wetland, vegetation type wetland, non-reclaimed perennially waterlogged wetlands and non-reclaimed seasonal water-accumulation wetland were processed with multi-scale segmentation based on the vector of Area 2. The relative optimal segmentation parameters were obtained by repeated tests. The main parameters for segmentation were segmentation scale and weights of heterogeneity factors. The segmentation scale determined for vegetation type wetland was 180, the weight of the shape factor was 0.2, and the weight of degree of compact was 0.1. Segmentation scale of non-reclaimed perennially waterlogged wetland was 250, the weight of the shape factor was 0.6, and the weight of degree of compact was 0.7. For non-reclaimed seasonal water-accumulation wetland and aquaculture wetland, the 3 parameters were 170, 0.2, 0.1 and 230, 0.7, 0.9 respectively. Local optimal segmentation parameters were further determined through comparison and analysis of segmentation parameters in several typical regions. After analyzing the segmentation parameters corresponding to different types of wetlands, 3 classification levels were established. The non-reclaimed perennially waterlogged wetland was deemed as L1 layer, and the aquaculture wetland was L2 layer. The vegetation type wetland and the non-reclaimed seasonal water-accumulation wetland with similar segmentation parameters were at the same classification level as the L3 layer. Bottom-up rules were used for classification, which meant it started from the L3 layer with a small segmentation scale, then L2 layer, and finally the L1 layer with the largest segmentation scale. The image features selected for aquaculture wetland were the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the ratio of length to width, and area, those for non-reclaimed perennially waterlogged wetland were NDVI and area, those for vegetation type wetland were the mean of gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM mean), the mean of near infrared band and NDVI, and those for non-reclaimed seasonal water-accumulation wetland were spectral brightness and GLCM mean. The classification rules were established according to the particularly selected image features. The fuzzy classification method was adopted to classify the wetland in Area 2. Accuracy evaluation was carried out by field survey and confusion matrix. There were 141 sample spots selected to verify the results. It indicated that the classification accuracy of river wetland and landscape wetland was 100%, total accuracy was 96.95%, and Kappa index was 0.9584. Therefore, the classification method put forward in this paper is suitable for classification of wetland in mining subsidence area. The study provides a reference for other similar areas, and provides a scientific basis for reclamation, planning and management of wetland in coal mining subsidence area. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Wetlands
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Classification (of information) - Coal - Coal deposits - Coal mines - Coal reclamation - Cutting machines (mining) - Groundwater - Groundwater pollution - Image classification - Image enhancement - Image segmentation - Infrared devices - Land reclamation - Land use - Reclamation - Remote sensing - Rivers - Scales (weighing instruments) - Subsidence - Surveys - Vectors - Vegetation - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy of classifications - Degradation of pollutants - Fuzzy classification methods - Gray level co-occurrence matrix - Multiscale segmentation - Normalized difference vegetation index - Ratio of length to widths - Subsidence areas
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 444.2 Groundwater - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 502.2 Mine and Quarry Equipment - 503 Mines and Mining, Coal - 503.1 Coal Mines - 524 Solid Fuels - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921.1 Algebra - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 9.70e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309152
Title:Design and operating parameter optimization of comb brush vibratory harvesting device for wolfberry
Authors:Xu, Liming (1); Chen, Junwei (1); Wu, Gang (1); Yuan, Quanchun (1); Ma, Shuai (1); Yu, Changchang (1); Duan, Zhuangzhuang (1); Xing, Jiejie (1); Liu, Xudong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:75-82
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Wolfberry belongs to Solanaceae, Lycium. Studies have shown that the LBP has many effects, such as delaying aging, anti-tumor, anti-fatigue, controlling blood sugar, preventing glaucoma and so on. The main producing areas of wolfberry are Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Hebei, Qinghai, Hubei and Tibet. In recent years, wolfberry acreage increased by 11% annually. Wolfberry is infinite inflorescence, and the end of June to early October is the picking period of wolfberry. Wolfberry is in continuous flowering during the picking period, and the average picking cycle is 7 days. Wolfberry picking is still dependent on artificial, so low efficiency and high labor cost are the most prominent issues. The efficiency of artificial picking wolfberry is only 3~5 kg/h, while the cost is up to 34500 yuan/hm2, accounting for more than 50% of production costs. With the growing area of wolfberry, the labor force will be in short supply, so the picking problem has become the bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of wolfberry industry. Wolfberry is less cultivated abroad, so there are few researches on large-scale cultivation and mechanized picking of wolfberry in foreign countries. The domestic research on wolfberry picking machinery began in the early 21st century and was carried out mainly in several major producing areas. At present, according to the different principles of picking, wolfberry picking machinery can be divided into 4 main types: shear, brush comb, vibration and air flow. However, the current various picking machinery has obvious defects. This study designs a vibrating wolfberry harvesting device with comb brush bases on combing vibration method and tests it. The device consists of harvesting unit and lifting mobile unit. Harvesting unit includes: comb brush vibration mechanism, DC motor, timing pulley, support frame, baffle. Among them, the comb brush vibration mechanism is the key component, which including left input shaft, right input shaft, harvesting rob, T reducer, disc, connecting rob, coupling, slider and sliding shell. The 4 rows of harvesting poles and the shell are fixed by bolts. The shell and the slide are also fixed by bolts. The slide block and the slider are matched with each other so as to make linear motion along the slider. The 2 ends of the connecting rod are respectively hinged with the shell and the disc. Harvesting unit is used to achieve the recovery of wolfberry fruit. Lifting mobile unit is a hydraulic lift trolley. The harvesting unit is fixed on the lifting mobile unit, and the whole harvesting device can move horizontally and vertically. Based on ADAMS software, the model of Lycium barbarum fruit and branch, the model of comb vibration are established by parameterized modeling. The connecting force between fruit and fruit stem is connected by generalized force. The sensor is used to monitor the fruit stem breakage condition, which realizes the process control of separation of fruit and stem of wolfberry. Through the simulation analysis, it is determined that the brushing speed, the disc speed (vibration frequency) and the vibration amplitude of the harvesting device have a significant effect on shedding of wolfberry fruit. The field experiment is carried out to evaluate the harvest efficiency, the harvest rate of mature wolfberry, the shedding rate of immature and the damage rate of mature wolfberry. Test results showed that the best combination was that the comb brush speed is 80 r/min, disc rotation speed is 100 r/min, vibration amplitude is 80 mm. Based on the combination of the factor level, the harvest efficiency is 13.12 kg/h, the harvest rate of mature wolfberry is 87.46%, the shedding rate of immature is 13.81%, the damage rate of mature wolfberry is 2.82%. Compared with other single-principle harvest mechanisms, the device not only achieves harvest efficiency and higher mature harvest rate, but also guarantees relatively low shedding rate of immature and damage rate of mature wolfberry. This studdy can provide theoretical basis and data support for the design of the mechanized harvesting machinery of wolfberry. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Harvesting
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Cost accounting - Costs - Cultivation - DC motors - Disks (machine components) - Efficiency - Fruits - Hydraulic machinery - Machine design - Mechanisms - Oil field development - Optimization - Shear flow - Shells (structures) - Vibration analysis - Wages
Uncontrolled terms:Large scale cultivations - Mechanized harvesting - Operating parameters - Parameterized model - Vibration amplitude - Vibration mechanisms - Vibrations - Wolfberry
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 512.1.2 Petroleum Deposits : Development Operations - 601 Mechanical Design - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 705.3.2 DC Motors - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.1 Cost Accounting - 912.4 Personnel - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.92e-02yr, Mass_Flow_Rate 3.64e-03kg/s, Mass_Flow_Rate 8.33e-04kg/s to 1.39e-03kg/s, Percentage 1.10e+01%, Percentage 1.38e+01%, Percentage 2.82e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 8.75e+01%, Rotational_Speed 1.00e+02RPM, Rotational_Speed 8.00e+01RPM, Size 8.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309169
Title:Greenhouse gas emission from covered wastewater storage tank on dairy farm in summer
Authors:Cui, Xiaodong (1); Ren, Kang (1); Zhu, Fajiang (1); Lan, Bihao (1); Chen, Jingyuan (1); Lu, Yongqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing; 100107, China
Corresponding author:Lu, Yongqiang(luyongqiang@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:210-215
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Global warming is mainly caused by emission of greenhouse gases such as CO<inf>2</inf>, CH<inf>4</inf>and N<inf>2</inf>O to the atmosphere. Agriculture plays an important role in the increasing of global greenhouse gases emission with large numbers of livestock and poultry industries. This study focuses on investigating the emission dynamics of CO<inf>2</inf>, CH<inf>4</inf>and N<inf>2</inf>O in covered storage process of manure slurry. The experiment was carried out during summer, in a dairy farm in Beijing, with a population of 3400 cows. On this farm, dairy manure is cleaned by scrapers, and later solid-liquid separated. After separation, the liquid part is directly fed into the covered storage lagoon for anaerobic fermentation, while the solid part is used to produce organic fertilizer. A storage tank was built in the dairy processing area of the dairy farm with a floating film and a base membrane to prevent leaching and pollution of groundwater. The cover film kept floating on the surface and served to reduce on the smell nuisance and ammonia loss. After a certain storage period and stabilization in the covered storage tank, the digested sludge could be used onto the farm as fertilizer. The storage tank was 200 m in length, 25 m in width and 3 m in depth. There were 14 ventilation holes (5 cm inner diameter) on both sides along the length and width of the tank. Based on the enclosed condition, the amount of exhausted gas from this storage tank could be calculated. The test was conducted for 7 days from July 28th to August 3rd. The emitted gases were collected every 3 hours for the further composition analysis. Similarly, at every 3 h, slurry samples were also collected and analyzed for pH value, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand(COD)and ammonium. The environmental condition was also recorded by parameters of humidity, pressure and air temperature. Results showed that, under this covered storage tank, the emitted concentration of CO<inf>2</inf>, CH<inf>4</inf>and N<inf>2</inf>O were (634.01 ± 81.54) g/m3, (215.33 ± 18.59) g/m3and (0.19 ± 0.07) mg/m3, respectively. The emission were (4.18 ± 0.53) g/(m2·h), (1.42 ± 0.12) g/(m2·h) and (0.0013±0.0005) mg/(m2·h), respectively. The CO<inf>2</inf>equivalent of emitted CH<inf>4</inf>and N<inf>2</inf>O were 35.50 and 0.0004 g/(m2·h), respectively. The contribution rates of emitted CO<inf>2</inf>, CH<inf>4</inf>and N<inf>2</inf>O were 10.53%, 89.46% and 0, respectively. During this experiment, the emission of the CO<inf>2</inf>and CH<inf>4</inf>showed clearly positive correlation tendency with temperature, however, the relationships were not significant (P>0.05). It may due to the test period of the experiment was only during the summer, the seasonal change with a bigger temperature range may cause the more clear positive correlations, which need to be studied in future. With a low emission of N<inf>2</inf>O under anaerobic condition, the emission of CH<inf>4</inf>plays the main role and should be well controlled. Thus, the appropriate method to effectively utilize the CH<inf>4</inf>produced from the covered storage tank in the dairy factory has become the key issue for the environmental protection and renewable energy utilization. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Carbon dioxide - Chemical oxygen demand - Dissolved oxygen - Emission control - Energy utilization - Fertilizers - Global warming - Greenhouse gases - Groundwater - Groundwater pollution - Manures - Tanks (containers) - Wastewater
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic conditions - Anaerobic fermentation - Composition analysis - Dairy farms - Environmental conditions - Greenhouse gases emissions - Positive correlations - Storage tank
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444.2 Groundwater - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 619.2 Tanks - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.92e-02yr, Percentage 1.05e+01%, Percentage 8.95e+01%, Size 2.00e+02m, Size 2.50e+01m, Size 3.00e+00m, Size 5.00e-02m, Time 1.08e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309161
Title:Effect of straw pulverization and concentrated deep-buried into field on growth and yield of maize
Authors:Wang, Qiuju (1, 2); Jiao, Feng (3); Liu, Feng (1); Chang, Benchao (1); Jiang, Hui (4); Jiang, Yu (5); Mi, Gang (5); Zhou, Xin (5)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Environment Resources, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin; 150086, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Soil Environment and Plant Nutrient, Harbin; 150086, China; (3) College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163319, China; (4) Office of Academic Research of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin; 150086, China; (5) Heihe Branch Academy of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Heihe; 164300, China
Corresponding author:Jiao, Feng(jiaofeng1980@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:153-159
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, the environmental pollution caused by straw burning is becoming more and more serious. Therefore, straw utilization is concerned by all walks of life. From the present situation of the 70%-90% of straw returning in developed countries, the most effective way to use straw is to return the soil. The amount of straw returning in China is low. At present, the model of straw returning to the field is mainly divided into three major categories, including covering the field, the return of straw to the plough layer, and returning straw into the field through deep ploughing. Covering soil with straw has the effect of maintaining soil moisture, but it reduces the temperature of the ground and cause the delay of crop emergence. The return of straw to the plough layer can improve soil nutrients and change the physical structure of soil, but it can cause the soil to be fluffy and reduce water-retaining property. The straw is often accumulated in the plough layer, which leads to the poor quality of mechanical sowing and the low emergence rate. As the two returning approaches have some drawbacks, our group proposed the technology of returning straw to subsoil. This technique can avoid the problem of low ground temperature and postponing the sowing date in spring in the cold area and avoid the problem of low quality of mechanical sowing and low emergence rate. Meanwhile, it could improve the physical and chemical properties of soil. Dou Sen and other studies also show that straw depth can also effectively improve soil organic matter, promote the formation of aggregates, and change the overall environment of the soil to the direction that is beneficial to the growth of the crops. Although returning straw into the field through deep ploughing can also overcome the unfavorable factors of covering the field, the return of straw to the plough layer, the popularization of straw returning technology is still limited. The main reason is that the corresponding machinery has not been developed. In this paper, in order to solve the problem of mechanical and technical non matching and the low ratio of straw returning to the field, on the basis of the concept of returning straw into the field through deep ploughing, the technology of straw concentrated into a strip returning was developed. According to the idea of this technology, the supporting machinery of straw concentrated into a strip lateral returning, and supporting five plow tillage synchronizations, were designed and developed, which realized the corresponding field operation. A field comparative experiment was conducted with three treatments: normal tillage (control CK), the return of straw to the plough layer, two steps straw concentrated into a strip returning for three years. The results showed that straw concentrated into a strip returning did not reduce the seed emergence rate compared with CK. The seedling rate of the return of straw to the plough layer was reduced by 3.3%-3.5%, and the difference was significant (P< 0.05). Compared with CK and straw concentrated into a strip returning, the corn height of the return of straw to the plough layer at seedling stage decreased by 3.1-4.5 cm, stem diameter decreased by 2.3-2.5 mm, dry matter quality decreased by 15.8%-17.2%, plant height decreased by 13.3-17.9 cm at maturity, stem diameter decreased 3.1-4.0 mm, dry matter quality decreased 8.0%-10.8%, total root length and total root length decreased, and there was no difference (P > 0.05) between CK and straw concentrated into a strip returning. Compared with CK, the three year yield of straw concentrated into a strip returning increased by-0.64%-2.45%, and the yield increased with the number of years of returning to the field. The yield of the return of straw to the plough layer for three years was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced, the yield reduction was 3.95%-8.84%, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The two steps straw concentrated into a strip returning can overcome the problems of the return of straw to the plough layer and not reduce the yield, which can make the straw return to the soil effectively. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Concentration (process) - Crops - Cultivation - Grain (agricultural product) - Problem solving - Soil moisture - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Comparative experiments - Developed countries - Environmental pollutions - Ground temperature - Physical and chemical properties - Physical structures - Soil organic matters - Yield
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.58e+01% to 1.72e+01%, Percentage 3.30e+00% to 3.50e+00%, Percentage 3.95e+00% to 8.84e+00%, Percentage 7.00e+01% to 9.00e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+00% to 1.08e+01%, Size 1.33e-01m to 1.79e-01m, Size 2.30e-03m to 2.50e-03m, Size 3.10e-02m to 4.50e-02m, Size 3.10e-03m to 4.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309166
Title:Lactating sow postures recognition from depth image of videos based on improved Faster R-CNN
Authors:Xue, Yueju (1, 2, 3); Zhu, Xunmu (1); Zheng, Chan (4); Mao, Liang (1); Yang, Aqing (1); Tu, Shuqin (4); Huang, Ning (1); Yang, Xiaofan (1); Chen, Pengfei (1); Zhang, Nanfeng (5)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Datamation of Modern Pig Production, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Information Monitoring in Agriculture, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (4) College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (5) Guangzhou Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou; 510623, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:189-196
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The maternal behaviors reflect the health and welfare of the sows, which directly affect the economic benefit of the pig farm. Computer vision provides an effective, low-cost and non-contact method for monitoring the behavior of animal for precision farming. Under the scene of piggery, it is a challenge for 24-hour automatic recognition of lactating sow postures due to the daily illumination variations, influence of heat lamp, and adhesion between piglets and sows. This paper proposed an automatic recognition algorithm of lactating sow postures based on improved Faster R-CNN (convolutional neural network) using depth video images. To improve the recognition accuracy and satisfy the real-time need, we designed a ZF-D2R (ZF with deeper layers and 2 residual learning frameworks) network by introducing residual learning frameworks into ZF network. First, 3 convolutional layers were added in the ZF network to design ZF-D (ZF with deeper layers). Then, in ZF-D network, shortcut connections were used to form 2 residual learning frameworks. The whole network made up the ZF-D2R network. Moreover, the Center Loss was introduced to Fast R-CNN detector to construct a joint classification loss function. With the joint supervision signals of F-SoftmaxLoss and Center Loss in Fast R-CNN detector, a robust model was trained to obtain the deep feature representations with the 2 key learning objectives, which led to intra-class compactness and inter-class dispersion as much as possible. So, the joint supervision of F-SoftmaxLoss and Center Loss could reduce recognition errors caused by the similar features between different postures. By taking ZF-D2R as basic net and adding the Center Loss to Fast R-CNN detector, the improved Faster R-CNN was built. Experiments to obtain the actual data set of lactating sow posture from the depth video of sows in the 28 pens were performed. The data set included 2451 standing images, 2461 sitting images, 2 488 sternal recumbency images, 2519 ventral recumbency images and 2658 lateral recumbency images. And 5000 images were randomly chosen as the testing set. The rest of the images were used as training set. To enhance the diversity of training data, dataset augmentation including rotating and mirroring was employed. Based on the Caffe deep learning framework, our improved Faster R-CNN was trained with end-to-end approximate joint methods. By adding 2 residual learning frameworks to ZF-D, the ZF-D2R model improved the MAP (mean of average precision) by 1.28 percentage points. After introducing the Center Loss supervision signal, the MAP of the optimal model reached 93.25%, obtaining an increase of 1.3 percentage points, and the MAP of the method proposed achieved 93.25%. And APs (average precisions) of the 5 classes of postures i.e. standing, sitting, sternal recumbency, ventral recumbency and lateral recumbency were 96.73%, 94.62%, 86.28%, 89.57% and 99.04%, respectively. The MAP of our approach was 3.86 and 1.24 percentage points higher than that of Faster R-CNN based on ZF basic net and Faster RCNN based on the deeper VGG16 basic net, respectively. Our method processed images at a speed of 0.058 s per frame, 0.034 s faster than Faster R-CNN based on VGG16. Our proposed method could improve the recognition accuracy and simultaneously ensure the real-time performance. Compared with DPM (deformable part model) detector plus CNN posture classifier, the MAP of the end-to-end recognition method proposed in this paper was increased by 37.87 percentage points, and the speed was raised by 0.855 s per frame. Our method can be used for the 24-hour recognition of sow behaviors and lays the foundation for the analysis of sow dynamic behavior by video. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Image enhancement
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Behavioral research - Convolution - Deep learning - Economic and social effects - Image recognition - Models - Neural networks
Uncontrolled terms:Convolutional neural network - Deformable part models - Faster R-CNN - Feature representation - Illumination variation - Lactating sow - Learning frameworks - Posture recognition
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 971 Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.63e+01%, Percentage 8.96e+01%, Percentage 9.32e+01%, Percentage 9.46e+01%, Percentage 9.67e+01%, Percentage 9.90e+01%, Time 3.40e-02s, Time 5.80e-02s, Time 8.55e-01s, Time 8.64e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309175
Title:Farmland consolidation partitioning by clustering analysis of density graph based on dimension reduction processing
Authors:Zhu, Jiawei (1); Zhou, Linlin (1); Xie, Xiaotong (1); Jia, Aihua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou; 450002, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:258-266
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For the factors affecting cultivated land quality vary with regions, classifying of land consolidation regions is the groundwork for farmland consolidation, which has great significance to improve the pertinence and effectiveness of the consolidation project. However, there exists some problems with the classification of large sample with multidimensional variable space, such as the classifying parameters being difficult to give and the result lacking visualization. In this paper, a new method called the graphical method of density diagram was put forward based on principal component analysis to improve the objectivity, visibility and interpretation of the classification. The processes were as follows: At the first, the method of principal component analysis was used to get the principal components from multiple factors, and then the values of first principal component (F<inf>1</inf>) and the second one (F<inf>2</inf>) of all the samples of Xinzheng City, Henan Province were calculated. Secondly, land consolidation regions were classified using cluster analysis method by making a scatter diagram of the samples in a two-dimensional plane of F<inf>1</inf>-F<inf>2</inf>to create a scatter density figure. Finally, the types of land consolidation regions were subdivided by the method of parsing with the qualitative factors, such as landform type and soil texture. The study was performed in Xinzheng City, and the results showed that: 1) F<inf>1</inf>and F<inf>2</inf>contained 85.55% of the total information of the original factors including organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium of soil and irrigation rate, which could take the place of all of the original factors to classify land consolidation regions. 2) In the scatter density diagram of F<inf>1</inf>-F<inf>2</inf>, the obvious cluster feature was presented, by which different types of land consolidation regions could be classified effectively and objectively, and the types had clear connotations for F<inf>1</inf>and F<inf>2</inf>were well correlated with grain yield. 3) By cluster and analysis, the 315 administrative villages in Xinzheng City were divided into 6 types of land consolidation regions: the comprehensive factors limiting region, the available phosphorus-irrigation rate limiting region, and the available potassium and organic matter-irrigation rate limiting region with low grain yields; the potassium and organic matter-irrigation rate limiting region with medium grain yields; irrigation rate limiting region, and the unlimited region with a medium-high grain yield. The grain yield and factors features of the different types differed from each other. The conclusion can be given that the classification method put forward in this paper is suitable for farmland consolidation partition of large sample with multidimensional variable space, and the classification can be used in farmland consolidation in Xinzheng City. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Classification (of information) - Cluster analysis - Factor analysis - Farms - Graphic methods - Irrigation - Land use - Organic compounds - Phosphorus - Potassium - Quality control
Uncontrolled terms:Cluster analysis methods - Consolidation projects - Cultivated land qualities - Farmland consolidations - First principal components - Henan Province - Multidimensional variable space - Rural regions
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 481.2 Geochemistry - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.55e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309168
Title:Analysis on thermal response test of soil in desert area and operation scheme of desert source heat pump system
Authors:Song, Wei (1); Zheng, Tuanfeng (1); Zhang, Huabei (2); Chen, Xiangyan (2); Liu, Cheng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing; 100144, China; (2) Jiangsu Shengshi Energy-Saving Technology Co., LTD, Lianyungang; 222022, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:204-209
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The "Thirteenth Five-year Plan for Geothermal Energy Development and Utilization" sets forth the guidelines and targets for the development and utilization of geothermal energy, and that becomes the basis of Chinese geothermal energy development and utilization during the "13th Five-Year" period. Due to the impacts of geological conditions, the use of geothermal energy is limited. Light and heat are abundant in the desert, however, because of its harsh conditions, shallow geothermal energy has not been effectively utilized. At present, China has actively explored the development of modern and sci-tech agriculture in the desert region. The application of shallow geothermal energy provides a better opportunity for the development of desert agriculture, especially the greenhouse. Ground source heat pump technology as an important way to apply shallow geothermal energy in China has been widely used. Geothermal conductivity has a great influence on the determination of the number and depth of boreholes, thus it affects the initial investment of the system. At the same time, inaccuracy of geothermal thermal and physical parameters lead to mismatches between the designed system and the actual load, so that they cannot give full play to their energy-saving advantages. Therefore, determining the geothermal thermal properties of accurately is the basis for the design of ground source heat pump system. In this paper, a desert source heat pump project in Ningxia desert area was used to carry out geothermal thermal response test. There were large sandstorms and no stable water source in the test area. The testing process in this project was designed according to the unique geomorphology and climatic conditions of the desert area. The heat transfer coefficient of ground heat exchanger in this desert area was tested by analyzing the average geothermal coefficient. The testing data were as follow: The soil temperature was 16.52℃; The average thermal conductivity of the soil was 1.12 W/(m·℃) by using the theory of linear heat source. In the cooling mode, the ground heat transfer was 40.94 W/m; and the heat transfer of the ground heat exchanger in the heating mode was 25.28 W/m. By comparing with the data of the related tests in the eastern part of China and combining with the operation scheme of the climatic conditions analysis system in the desert area, the operation scheme considers adding heat source in winter to assist heating, and a hybrid energy storage desert source heat pump system suitable for summer operation in the desert area was proposed, which could provide a solution for the limited use of shallow geothermal energy in desert areas. The results can provide a reference for the thermal response experiment in the desert area and the application of desert source heat pump system. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Geothermal heat pumps
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Digital storage - Energy conservation - Energy storage - Geothermal energy - Heat pump systems - Heat transfer - Investments - Landforms - Pumps - Soil testing - Soils - Storms - Sustainable development - Thermal conductivity - Thermal energy
Uncontrolled terms:Climatic conditions - Development and utilizations - Energy storage systems - Geological conditions - Ground heat exchangers - Hybrid energy storage - Shallow geothermal energies - Thermal response test
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 481.1 Geology - 481.3.1 Geothermal Phenomena - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.7 Energy Storage - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 618.2 Pumps - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309145
Title:Research progress on application of soft robotic gripper in fruit and vegetable picking
Authors:Peng, Yan (1); Liu, Yonggan (1); Yang, Yang (1); Yang, Yi (1); Liu, Na (1); Sun, Yi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai; 200072, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Yang(yangyang_shu@shu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:11-20
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fruit and vegetable picking grippers are important technology to achieve rapid and labor-saving harvest. However, most of the existing fruit and vegetable picking grippers still use traditional rigid or underactuated grippers, which often cause fruits and vegetables damage by the heavy mass and lack of high-precision control, and have poor compliance in the operation process. In recent years, inspired by soft creature's tentacles, soft robotic grippers have appeared and been used in robotics due to the emergence of soft robots. Soft robotic gripper, which is made of flexible material, is a new type of gripper for general purposes with grasping and holding capabilities enabled by a simple control scheme. Under the infinite degrees of freedom, the soft robotic gripper can change its shape and size corresponding to the load in a large range. These advantages overcome the defects of traditional fruit and vegetable picking robots, such as rigidity and poor adaptability. Moreover, soft robotic gripper is easy to manufacture and can be integrated with manual operation without any large-scale safe requirement. This paper gives a research on limitations of the traditional grippers and summarizes the characteristics of ideal picking grippers of fruit and vegetable. In addition, the concept of soft robotic grippers is introduced in detail, and the current development status about soft robotic grippers is described. The manuscript also summarizes the progress and superiority of soft robotic grippers in fruit and vegetable picking as well as strong adaptability to the environment. The characteristics of the soft robotic grippers driven by the common driving mode including pneumatic, cable, shape memory alloy and electroactive polymer mode have been analyzed in the process of fruit and vegetable grasping and picking. Compared with the rigid grippers, in addition to the simple control and mechanism, the soft robotic grippers have high-degree flexibility, adaptability and versatility. Based on the related work, the problems of modeling and control of fruit and vegetable picking devices have been discussed, and possible solutions of soft robotic grippers are also summarized by means of analysis and classification. We can choose the appropriate control methods according to the surface characteristics of picked fruits and vegetables. Finally, we conclude that multi-sensing, variable stiffness, multi-functional composite materials, as well as control strategies of fusion intelligence will be future development directions of fruit and vegetable picking grippers with the progress of micro-sensors and biomaterials. This research will provide theoretical and technical guidance for the development of fruit and vegetable picking grippers. It is expected that more fruit and vegetable picking operations could be carried out by soft robotic grippers, and the application will effectively reduce the damage rate of fruit and vegetable picking. As a new-generation operating device, the soft robotic grippers involve the development of materials, chemistry, machinery and other multidiscipline. Further studies are required to improve its design, controllability, manipulating methods, and so on. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:104
Main heading:Grippers
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Biomaterials - Compliance control - Conducting polymers - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Fruits - Harvesting - Microsensors - Robotics - Robots - Shape memory effect - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Appropriate control methods - Development directions - Electro-active polymers - Fruits and vegetables - High precision control - Modeling and control - Robotic grippers - Surface characteristics
Classification code:462.5 Biomaterials (including synthetics) - 708.2 Conducting Materials - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 731.5 Robotics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309171
Title:Improving pig manure aerobic composting quality by using carbonaceous amendment with different particle sizes
Authors:Wang, Haihou (1); He, Xu (2); Tao, Yueyue (1); Jin, Meijuan (1); Lu, Changying (1); Shi, Linlin (1); Zhou, Xinwei (1); Shen, Mingxing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Taihu Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Key Scientific Observation & Experiment Station for Paddy Field Eco-environment, Suzhou, Ministry of Agriculture, Suzhou; 215155, China; (2) Jiangsu Anfeng Biological Pesticides Engineering Center Company LTD, Taicang; 215400, China
Corresponding author:Shen, Mingxing(smxwwj@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:224-232
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aerobic composting is an important technical approach to the harmless and resource utilization of livestock and poultry waste. In actual composting, a certain amount of auxiliary materials should be added to promote the effective operation of aerobic composting. At present, the auxiliary materials are divided into activity and inertia from the angle of participating in the fermentation process, while the effect of active auxiliary materials on improving the structure of the reactor is not obvious, and the disadvantage of inert auxiliary material was that it could not regulate the carbon nitrogen ratio of the material. In order to realize the auxiliary material with diversity of function such as regulating the chemical properties of compost material, improving the heap structure, etc. Woodland waste such as branches, were used in this study, and non-sufficiently carbonized by biomass carbonization equipment, which was used as carbonaceous amendment (CA) to improve the quality and technology of manure aerobic composting. The granule surface of CA material was carbon, and the interior was still wood structure. The feedstocks for composting were mainly pig manure and edible fungus residues. Three treatments included the CK (pig manure and edible fungus residue compost), B1 and B2 (60% of edible fungus residue (volume ratio) in the CK treatment was replaced by the CA with particle size of 1-2 and 6-7 cm, respectively). The composting treatments were in triplicate and lasted for 30 days. The changes of parameters such as temperature, ammonia volatilization, nitrous oxide emission, pH value and EC value were monitored. Days heating up to 55℃ for the first time, nitrogen loss rate, C/N change rate, seed germination index and the recovery rate of auxiliary materials were selected as the evaluation indexes, the application effect of CA in composting was analyzed by the fuzzy evaluation method. The results showed that, compared with control, CA could obviously promote the rapid increase of the heap temperature, reduce the days heating up to 55℃ for the first time by 4 to 11 days, significantly raise compost accumulated temperature. The heating and warming effect of B2 treatment was better than that of B1 treatment. After 30 days of composting, the total ammonia volatilization amount of three treatments (CK, B1, B2) were 605.41, 374.94, 303.68 mg/kg, and the accumulated amount of nitrous oxide emission was 35.80, 49.53, 74.94 mg/kg, respectively. The nitrogen loss rates of B1 and B2 treatments were decreased by 16.13% and 22.81%. The decrease of nitrogen loss in composting was mainly due to the effective control of NH<inf>3</inf>volatilization. The CA auxiliary materials reduced the EC value of the compost, significantly improved the C/N change rate and the seed germination index. By the comprehensive comparison of various parameters and fuzzy evaluation results, the composting effect of B2 treatment was better than that of B1 treatment. CA could effectively promote the decomposition of pig manure and improve the quality of compost products, the suitable particle size for aerobic composting process with high temperature was 6-7 cm. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Waste treatment
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Auxiliary equipment - Carbon - Carbonization - Chemical equipment - Composting - Cultivation - Degradation - Fertilizers - Manures - Nitrogen - Nitrogen oxides - Particle size - Seed - Wooden buildings
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulated temperatures - Ammonia volatilization - Carbonaceous amendment - Comprehensive comparisons - Different particle sizes - Fuzzy evaluation method - Nitrogen loss - Nitrous oxide emissions
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901 Engineering Profession
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.10e-02yr to 3.01e-02yr, Age 8.22e-02yr, Percentage 1.61e+01%, Percentage 2.28e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+01%, Size 6.00e-02m to 7.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309163
Title:Prediction of bark beetles pests based on temperature vegetation dryness index
Authors:Shen, Qin (1); Deng, Jin (1); Liu, Xusheng (2); Huang, Huaguo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Academy of Forestry Inventory and Planning of State Forestry Administration of China, Beijing; 100714, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Huaguo(huaguo_huang@bjfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:167-174
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Bark beetles (Scolytidae) are widely distributed in the world. In Yunnan Province, the southwest of China, Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensis) has been seriously damaged by bark beetles. Because Yunnan pine is one of the most important afforestation tree species in Yunnan Province, the government has implemented a series of measures to protect Yunnan pine from being damaged by bark beetles. However, it is very difficult to identify the bark beetle pest in the early stage due to the hysteresis symptoms. Based on the hypothesis of delay effect between drought and insect pests, one of the remote sensing drought indices TVDI (temperature vegetation dryness index) was proposed to predict the damage of bark beetles. TVDI was estimated by NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and brightness temperature in Shilin County where large area was damaged by drought and bark beetles. NDVI and brightness temperature were derived from long-term Landsat images from 2009 to 2014. The damage rating of Yunnan pine forests attacked by bark beetles was divided into 4 categories, including the healthy forests, lightly damaged forests, moderately damaged forests and severely damaged forests. TVDI was related to different damage ratings, and the relationship between TVDI and the difference of NDVI (dNDVI) before and after the Yunnan pine forest attacked by bark beetles was analyzed to effectively predict the possible occurrence of pests in the future. The dNDVI was used to stand for the real damage degree of Yunnan pine forests. To evaluate the relationship, lightly damaged forest polygons were selected in this study. However, only the pixels with dNDVI greater than 0 were extracted to eliminate those areas without being affected by insects in each polygon, and the larger polygon was split into many small polygons. In order to eliminate the difference of dNDVI range between different years, the maximum and minimum normalization method was used to normalize dNDVI. Results showed that the area and the number of attacked forest patches by beetles were declining from 2010 to 2015. TVDI in the healthy forest patches (0.657±0.114) was higher than that in the pest infected forest patches. Whereas, the value of TVDI (0.530±0.112) of the lightly damaged Yunnan pine forest patches was not significantly higher than that of the moderately damaged Yunnan pine forest patches (0.498±0.097) (P>0.05), but it was significantly higher than that of the severely damaged Yunnan pine forest patches (0.449±0.113) (P<0.05). And no significant difference was found between moderately and severely damaged Yunnan pine forests (P>0.05). Smaller TVDI generally corresponded to more serious degree of pest damages. The time series of TVDI spatial distribution also showed that TVDI was gradually increasing in recent years, while the pest infected area and the mean damage degree declined. Furthermore, TVDI was negatively correlated with dNDVI during the period of 2011, and a linear regression model could successfully express the relationship between them with the R2of 0.322. The linear model could predict the dNDVI in 2012 with the root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.237. However, the regression line deviated from 1: 1 line, and other factors should be considered in the future, including site conditions, stand structure, and forest growth. Overall, the relatively humid areas were more likely to have bark beetle pests during the drought periods. According to the spatial distribution of TVDI, the area with lower TVDI would be prone to be infected by insect pests. However, the prediction of the spatial distribution of bark beetles pest still needs further study. Other than TVDI, the model should involve other factors. This study proposes constructive suggestion on the timely releasing pest monitoring information. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:49
Main heading:Spatial distribution
Controlled terms:Drought - Forecasting - Geometry - Linear regression - Luminance - Mean square error - Pest control - Reforestation - Remote sensing - Temperature - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Bark beetle - Brightness temperatures - Linear regression models - Monitoring information - Normalization methods - Normalized difference vegetation index - Root mean square errors - Temperature-vegetation dryness indices
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309156
Title:Comparison test on drip irrigation tape hydraulic performance under low-pressure between subsurface drip system and surface drip system
Authors:Liu, Yang (1); Huang, Xiuqiao (1); Li, Jinshan (1); Sun, Xiulu (1); Yu, Hongbin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Water-saving Agriculture of Henan Province, Xinxiang; 453003, China; (2) College of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang; 453007, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Xiuqiao(huangxq626@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:114-122
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the wide spread of drip irrigation, low-pressure subsurface drip system has come into notice as it can reduce the operation cost and improve water and fertilizer use efficiency, and it has become an emerging trend in drip technology development. A field experiment was carried out in Xinjiang to investigate the variation law of hydraulic performance and irrigation uniformity in subsurface drip system under low pressure. We chose lateral capillary from the head and end of the main branch to be the representatives, as well as the middle ones. The inlet pressure of branch pipe was set between 1.40 and 6.55 m; then we compared subsurface drip system with surface drip system under the same conditions in relation to flow rate, working pressure, and total head loss. The results indicate that: 1) The operation status of laterals can be monitored by working pressure and flow rate in the drip irrigation system. 2) When the emitter outflow is driven by the soil matric potential, the flowrate of underground laterals is larger than that of the surface laterals, and the coefficient of flow variation is increasing by 0.12 to 0.9, and it keeps increasing with the decrease of working pressure. 3) When comparing the working pressure of subsurface drip system with that of the surface drip system, 90% of subsurface drip laterals are less than that in the surface drip irrigation system, and the variation coefficient of working pressure is from-10% to 0 with the probability of 70%. 4) The increasing coefficient considering local head loss of laterals (ICCLHLL) is calculated by using the total head loss, the Blasius formula, and the flow from multiple outlets, and the value of surface drip system is within the range of 1.32-5.94, while range between 1.37 and 2.18 for subsurface drip system, and the ICCLHLL increases with the decrease of working pressure. The flow rate of subsurface laterals keeps increasing under the influence of the soil matric potential, which leads to the decrease of ICCLHLL in surface drip laterals. 5) When decreasing working pressure, the irrigation uniformity of surface drip system will also decline. The soil matrix potential improves the irrigation uniformity of subsurface drip system. The deviation rates of working pressure and flow rate in the subsurface drip system are 0.62%-3.44% and 8.15%-22.4% lower than those in the surface drip system, respectively. The research can provide a scientific basis for design and management of low-pressure subsurface drip irrigation. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Subirrigation
Controlled terms:Flow rate - Irrigation - Pressure - Soil moisture
Uncontrolled terms:Drip irrigation - Hydraulic performance - Lateral pipes - Low pressures - Uniformity
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631 Fluid Flow - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 6.20e-01% to 3.44e+00%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Percentage 8.15e+00% to 2.24e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309172
Title:Effect of gradually raising feeding total solid on methane production during continuous mesophilic fermentation of chicken manures
Authors:Qiao, Wei (1, 2); Xiong, Linpeng (1, 2); Bi, Shaojie (1, 2); Ren, Zhengran (1, 2); Yin, Dongmin (1, 2); Dong, Renjie (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) R&D Center for Efficient Production and Comprehensive Utilization of Biobased Gaseous Fuels, Energy Authority, National Development and Reform Committee (BGFeuls), Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Dong, Renjie(rjdong@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:233-239
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Along with the rapid development of large-scale and intensive poultry breeding industry in China, the output of chicken manure shows a rapid increasing trend. And a total of 130 million tons was produced in 2010. This huge number of chicken manure will cause serious harms to the environment and human beings if no effective treatment. Due to the highly degradable organic matter in the chicken manure, methane fermentation is considered as one of the best method to minimize waste and recover energy. Organic nitrogen and urate in chicken manure are high, which leads to a toxic and inhibitory effect on anaerobic microbial activity, and it failures to produce more methane from chicken with high solids. Some studies had confirmed that long-term domestication of ammonia nitrogen can improve the ability of microorganisms to adapt ammonia nitrogen. For this purpose, a long-term experiment of chicken manure continuous fermentation under the mesophilic condition was carried out to explore its fermentation characteristics and evaluate the stability of the process. A 12 L continuous stirring tank reactor (CSTR) was operated for 330 days. Performance included volume methane production, methane yield, ammonia, volatilized fatty acids(VFAs)and pH value were investigated under different feeding concentration (5%, 7.5%, 10% and 15% based on total solids(TS)) and organic load rate (2.5, 3.75, 5.0 and 7.5 g/(L·d)). Sludge special methane production activity was evaluated by batch test with sodium acetate as substrates. During the 330 days operation, feeding concentration increased from 5% to 7.5%, 10% and 15%, ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were increased from (2110±370) to (6890±220) mg/L and from (360±100) to (8800±500) mg/L, when methane yield dropped from (253±9) to (173±22) mL/g. A high ammonia concentration of (6510±300) mg/L was achieved with TS 10%. When TS changed to 10%, the methane production decreased to (203±13) mg/L, 20% lower than that with TS 5%. The biogas production would be decreased when the feeding TS was greater than 10%. The effect of ammonia accumulation on biogas production rate and VFAs accumulation was analyzed using the method of linear cumulative effect. The initial ammonia concentration of 5500 mg/L will inhibit the mesophilic digestion of chicken manure. Ammonia accumulation resulted in the decrease of the ability for using acetic acid to produce methane. Compared with that under 2500 mg/L ammonia concentration, the sludge methane production activity was decreased with a reduction efficiency of 59% and 98% when the ammonia concentration was increase to 6500 and 7000 mg/L, respectively. Chicken manure mesophilic methane fermentation temperature can stable operation under feeding TS of 5% and 7.5%, when the feeding TS reached 10%, hydrolysis and acidification and methane-producing process will be suppressed, which reduced the conversion rate of organic matter. This study suggests that feeding TS of chicken manure mesophilic methane fermentation is not more than 10%. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Volatile fatty acids
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Anaerobic digestion - Animals - Biogas - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Feeding - Fermentation - Fertilizers - Manures - Methane - Nitrogen - pH - Sodium compounds - Substrates
Uncontrolled terms:Ammonia concentrations - Biogas production rates - Continuous fermentation - Continuous stirring tank reactor - Hydrolysis and acidifications - Mesophilic - Total solids - Volatile fatty acids (VFAs)
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 801.2 Biochemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
Numerical data indexing:Age 9.04e-01yr, Mass_Density 2.50e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 5.50e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 6.50e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 7.00e+00kg/m3, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00% to 7.50e+00%, Percentage 5.90e+01%, Percentage 7.50e+00%, Percentage 9.80e+01%, Volume 1.20e-02m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309174
Title:Driving factors on winter wheat abandonment by farmers in North China Plain and its policy implication
Authors:Wang, Xue (1); Li, Xiubin (1, 2); Xin, Liangjie (1); Tan, Minghong (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100101, China; (2) College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100190, China; (3) International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100190, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:248-257
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The North China Plain (NCP) is the major wheat production area in China, providing about two thirds of China's wheat. However, it suffers severe water scarcity and groundwater over-exploitation problems, and irrigation for winter wheat is regarded as the major cause. Since the late 1990s, it has been found that in large and spatially continuous areas in the NCPwinter wheat has been abandoned by farmers, and the traditional winter wheat and summer maize double cropping system is being replaced by spring corns; this has been termed "the spring corn planting belt phenomenon". In this study, a theoretical household land-use decision model and an empirical multilevel binomial Logit model are constructed, using household survey data from a case study area, named Cangxian County in Hebei Province, so as to analyze the status of winter wheat abandonment and to reveal its driving forcesin the NCP. The results are as follows: 1) Farmers' winter wheat abandonment is widespread in the case study area, and the ratio of area suffering winter wheat abandonment to total farmland area amounts for 28.18%. 2) Farmers' land use decisions are influenced by multiple variables at 3 levels, including the land parcel level, the household level and the village level, and for the farmers' land use decisions, 52.1% and 30.4% can be explained at the land parcel level and the village level, respectively, while the remaining17.5% can be explained at the household level. 3) At the land parcel level, soil quality, irrigation water source and plot area are all the factors affecting the winter wheat abandonmentdecision significantly at the level of 1% or 5%, and land parcels with poor soil quality, unstable supply of irrigation water and small plot area are more likely to suffer winter wheat abandonment. 4) At the household level, the average off-farm income, agricultural labor availability, educational level, farming equipment and land fragmentation all play significant influences at the level of 5% or 10%, and households with fewer agricultural labor forces, high off-farm income and land fragmentation, high educated agricultural decision makers and meanwhile without farming equipment usually show high probabilities of winter wheat abandonment. 5) At the county level, electricity price for irrigation significantly influences farmers' land use decisions, which passes the 5% significance test, and winter wheat is more likely to be abandoned in households suffering higher electricity price for irrigation.According to the results of this study, policy implications are given as follows: 1) Under the background of farmers' winter wheat abandonment, land fallow policy should be implemented efficiently, and detailed surveys of winter wheat area should be carried out in advance. Development of rural collective new industries, as well as reform of agricultural water prices should also be initiated, so as to advance the implementation of land fallow policy. 2) Surface water in the NCP should be rationally allocated and managed, so as to keep the steady and moderate development of area of winter wheat irrigated by surface water; this is meaningful for the win-win goal of land fallow and food security policies in China. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Costs - Crops - Decision making - Food supply - Groundwater - Irrigation - Land use - Landforms - Public policy - Regression analysis - Surface waters - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural labors - Educational levels - Land fragmentations - Multilevel model - North China Plain - Policy implications - Rural regions - Winter wheat
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444.1 Surface Water - 444.2 Groundwater - 481.1 Geology - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.3 Food Products - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912.2 Management - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 2.82e+01%, Percentage 3.04e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 5.21e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309177
Title:Preparation of cellulose nanofibrils from bamboo pulp by cellulase pretreatment combined with ultrasound method
Authors:Wang, Xueqin (1); Lu, Qilin (1); Lin, Fengcai (1); Yang, Xuan (1); Zhang, Songhua (1); Huang, Biao (1); Tang, Lirong (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou; 350002, China; (2) Jinshan College of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou; 350002, China
Corresponding author:Tang, Lirong(tanglr0201@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:276-284
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Cellulase enzymatic hydrolysis uses cellulase to selectively enzymatic hydrolyze the amorphous and imperfect crystalline region of cellulose, and finally obtains cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). During the process of cellulase pretreatment, the fiber surface is corroded, and the fiber is cut and shortened, which leads to the degradation of the cellulose macromolecule into the segments of low degree of polymerization, which is further degraded into CNF under the action of mechanical force. In this study, CNF were achieved from bleached sulphate bamboo pulp by cellulase pretreatment combined with ultrasonic treatment, which is a green and efficient method. The effects of enzyme dosage, enzymolysis temperature, enzymolysis time and ultrasonic time on the yield of CNF were investigated to obtain the optimum process condition of CNF. The morphology, spectra properties, rheology properties, crystal properties and thermal stable properties of CNF were characterized by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), rotary rheometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Under the optimal conditions, i.e. cellulase dosage of 8% (the mass ratio of cellulase to raw material), enzymolysis temperature of 50℃, enzymolysis time of 10 h, and ultrasonic time treatment of 6 h, the yield of CNF could reach 62.6%, and the light transmittance could reach the lowest value, which is due to the best dispersion, the maximum crystallinity, and the most regular arrangement intensity of CNF. The prepared CNF have a diameter of 2-24 nm, a length of 50-450 nm, the crystallinity of 73.05% and have good dispersibility in water. The rheological behavior shows that the CNF colloid is a kind of shear thinning pseudo plastic fluid. With the increase of temperature, the viscosity of CNF colloid gradually decreases and finally becomes gentle, indicating that the CNF colloid has good stability. The XRD suggests that the prepared nanocellulose still belong to cellulose of Type I. The TGA analysis shows that both the initial degradation temperature and the maximum weight loss rate temperature of CNF are lower than that of the bamboo pulp fiber, but the residual mass of the CNF is larger than that of the bamboo pulp fiber at the end of the thermal decomposition and shows different thermal stability in different temperature ranges. The residual mass fraction is still up to 15.3% even at temperature of 700℃, which indicates that under cellulase pretreatment combined with ultrasonic cavitation, the preparation conditions of CNF are mild and the damage to the crystalline area is low. The crystallinity of the sample after ultrasonic treatment for 4 h increased from 63.7% to 69.21% compared with the raw materials of fiber. After the ultrasonic time was increased to 6 h, the crystallinity reached 73.05%. The CNF prepared in this paper is suitable for assembling functional stable cellulose-based nanomaterials and have potential application value in the fields of food and medical packaging materials, and might have a promising application prospect in the field of heat resistant biomass-based composites attributing to its good thermal stability. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Cellulose
Controlled terms:Bamboo - Colloids - Crystalline materials - Enzymatic hydrolysis - Enzymes - Fibers - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - High resolution transmission electron microscopy - Nanofibers - Optimization - Packaging materials - Shear thinning - Sulfur compounds - Thermodynamic stability - Transmission electron microscopy - Ultrasonic equipment - Ultrasonics - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Cellulose macromolecules - Degradation temperatures - Optimum process conditions - Preparation conditions - Residual mass fractions - Scale-up - Thermogravimetric analyzers - Ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer
Classification code:631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 694.2 Packaging Materials - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 753.2 Ultrasonic Devices - 761 Nanotechnology - 801 Chemistry - 811.1 Pulp and Paper - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 933 Solid State Physics - 933.1 Crystalline Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.53e+01%, Percentage 6.26e+01%, Percentage 6.37e+01% to 6.92e+01%, Percentage 7.30e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+00%, Size 2.00e-09m to 2.40e-08m, Size 5.00e-08m to 4.50e-07m, Time 1.44e+04s, Time 2.16e+04s, Time 3.60e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309162
Title:Effects of tillage and straw mulching on soil total nitrogen and its components in north China plain
Authors:Pu, Chao (1); Liu, Peng (1); Kan, Zhengrong (1); Qi, Jianying (1); Ma, Shoutian (1); Zhao, Xin (1); Zhang, Hailin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Beijing; 100193, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Hailin(hailin@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:160-166
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Growing concerns about environmental conservation and sustainable intensification have raised interests in enhancing soil nitrogen pools. To estimate the effects of different tillage systems on soil nitrogen pools, a field experiment initiated from 2008 with 4 tillage systems (plow tillage without residue retention, PT; plow tillage with residue retention, PTS; no-till with residue retention, NTS; rotary tillage with residue retention, RTS) was conducted in a winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system at China Agricultural Experimental Station in Wuqiao on the North China Plain (NCP). After 7 years of experiment, soil total nitrogen (TN), particulate organic matter nitrogen (POM-N) and mineral-associated organic matter nitrogen (MAOM-N) were determined from 5 soil depths increments. This study observed that concentrations of TN under NTS and RTS were significantly higher than that under PTS in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers (25.05% and 23.39% higher in the 0-5 cm layer, and 8.16% and 19.60% higher in the 5-10 cm layer, respectively), but trends reversed in the 10-20 and 20-30 cm soil layers (7.72% and 6.66% lower in the 10-20 cm layer, and 26.76% and 27.20% lower in the 20-30 cm layer, respectively). Furthermore, no significant differences in total nitrogen stocks of either 0-30 or 0-50 cm soil layer were observed among tillage treatments with residue retention, but all of them were higher than that of PT treatment. POM-N showed the highest sensitivity among soil total nitrogen and its fractions. Concentration of POM-N under NTS increased by 51.79% in the 0-5 cm topsoil when compared with PTS, but decreased by 18.35% and 53.11% in the 10-20 and 20-30 cm subsoils, respectively. The proportion of POM-N in TN under NTS was also higher than that under PTS in the 0-5 cm layer, but lower in the 5-10 and 20-30 cm layers. Similarly, RTS increased both POM-N concentration and the proportion of POM-N in TN in the 0-5 cm layer when compared with PTS, but decreased the two in the 20-30 cm layer. However, when compared with PT, treatments with residue retention increased both POM-N concentrations and the proportions of POM-N in TN in the upper layers of soil. Concentration of MAOM-N showed a trend similar to TN concentration on the conditions with residue retention. As a result of the accumulation of soil organic materials in the topsoil, NTS and RTS showed relatively higher values of stratification ratio of soil total nitrogen and its fractions as compared with PTS and PT. Compared with PT, NTS and RTS significantly increased concentrations of TN, POM-N and MAOM-N in the 0-10 cm soil layer synchronously. However, PTS only increased TN and POM-N concentrations in the 0-20 cm soil layer compared with PT. In addition, a significantly positive correlation between variation of POM-N and variation of MAOM-N has been observed under NTS and RTS, but not under PTS, when compared with PT. When adopting plow tillage, soil nitrogen increased by residue retention was mainly distributed with the particulate fractions, rarely transferred to the mineral-associated fractions, which might accelerate the depletion of soil nitrogen, and then increase environmental risks. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Cultivation - Forestry - Minerals - Nitrogen - Organic compounds - Soil conservation - Soils - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Conservation tillage - Environmental conservation - Experimental stations - No tillage - Particulate organic matters - Positive correlations - Total nitrogen - Winter wheat-summer maize double cropping systems
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 481.2 Geochemistry - 482.2 Minerals - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Age 7.00e+00yr, Percentage 1.84e+01%, Percentage 1.96e+01%, Percentage 2.34e+01%, Percentage 2.51e+01%, Percentage 2.68e+01%, Percentage 2.72e+01%, Percentage 5.18e+01%, Percentage 5.31e+01%, Percentage 6.66e+00%, Percentage 7.72e+00%, Percentage 8.16e+00%, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.00e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 5.00e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 5.00e-02m, Size 1.00e-01m to 2.00e-01m, Size 2.00e-01m to 3.00e-01m, Size 5.00e-02m to 1.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309151
Title:Design and test of mechanism of push-out separating seedling for maize pot seedling
Authors:Yin, Daqing (1); Zhang, Shuo (1); Xin, Liang (1); Zhang, Xinyu (2); Zhao, Yun (1); Zhou, Maile (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) ARBIOS Technology Center, LOVOL Heavy Industry Co. Ltd., Tianjin; 300402, China
Corresponding author:Xin, Liang(xinliang@neau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:68-74
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Because of the shortage of land resources in China, the increase of maize yield could only depend on increasing the unit yield. The bowl seedling transplanting of maize can prolong crop growth period and improve yield and quality greatly. The advanced transplanting machinery in the world with complex structure, high cost and low efficiency, can only be used in cash crops. The automatic maize transplanter with simple structure, low cost and high efficiency is urgently needed in China. In order to improve the working efficiency, the lever ejection mechanism for transplanting the seedlings of maize that adopted the longitudinal feeding method of continuous conveying was put forward. The structural design, important parameters and working principle of the mechanism were proposed as follow. The 8 driving levers were arranged horizontally on the driving lever shaft, and the phase angle between the adjacent driving levers was 45°. Each driving levers corresponds to 8 levers, and 8 ejector pins correspond to 8 potted seedlings. When the shaft rotated 1 circle, the seedling tray moved down 40 mm, and the height difference between the 2 ejector pins was 5 mm. The shaft spacing of the ejector pins was determined according to the distance between the seeding. The driving shaft of the lever drove the rod to rotate at a constant speed, and the lever swung by the lever. The lever pushed the top rod out of the bowl seedling, and the ejector pin reset under the action of the spring. The related structural parameters were determined firstly. The involute inversion method was used to design the lever contour curve. The rotation angle of cam and the displacement of follower were divided into equal parts by envelope method. The curve enveloped by the axis perpendicular to the end of the follower was the contour curve required by the cam. The lever contour curve was obtained by analytic method, and the intermediate results of all the curves were taken as the lever contour curve. In order to analyse and verify the theoretical design, the force and vibration of the frame during the operation of the mechanism, the virtual prototype model of the lever ejection seedling splitting mechanism was established and imported into ADAMS to simulate the kinematics and dynamic characteristics. The simulation results showed that the simulation was consistent with the theoretical design, and the force changes of the top rod in the process of ejecting bowl seedling were uniform, which fully verified the correctness of the lever design based on the cam contour curve of the maximum effective force. The movement state of the potted seedling is directly related to the weight of the soil bowl and the size of the seedling, so an experiment was carried out to find out the conditions for the potted seedling to meet the performance requirements. The results showed that the weight of soil bowl was 10 g and the height of seedling was 160 mm. The high-speed photographic test was designed to measure the time interval of the seedlings reaching the same height from the ground after the seedlings were pushed out. The results showed that the bowl seedling of maize was orderly and the time interval basically met the requirements. When the working efficiency was higher than 240 times per minute, the interval error was less than 4.07%. In order to verify the performance indexes of the designed prototype, the machine prototype was processed to carry out the field transplanting experiment. The success rate of transplanting was 90.4%, which met the standard of dryland planting. The establishment of the theory and technology laid the research foundation for the development of pop-up bowl seedlings transplanting of maize machine. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Structural design
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Cams - Crops - Design - Efficiency - Ejectors (pumps) - Machine design - Mechanisms - Transplants - Vibration analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Kinematics and dynamics - Maize seedlings - Performance requirements - Push-out - Seedling transplanting - Seedlings transplanting - Structural parameter - Virtual prototype models
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, General - 462.4 Prosthetics - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.3 Mechanisms - 618.2 Pumps - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.00e-02kg, Percentage 4.07e+00%, Percentage 9.04e+01%, Size 1.60e-01m, Size 4.00e-02m, Size 5.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309181
Title:Optimization of rapid fermentation processing of paste produced with shrimp head by adding mixed strains
Authors:Xie, Wancui (1); Yin, Chao (1); Song, Lin (1); Xu, Zhiying (1); Jia, Juntao (2); Zhang, Junyi (3); Li, Yujin (4); Lian, Xin (5); Yang, Xihong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mairine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao; 266042, China; (2) Shandong Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Qingdao; 266002, China; (3) Qingdao Xinheyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Qingdao; 266002, China; (4) Rongcheng Taixiang Food Co., Ltd, Weihai; 264303, China; (5) College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang; 524088, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Xihong(yangxihong63@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:306-312
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Shrimp paste is a kind of traditional fermented aquatic product seasoning with delicious taste, and it contains various nutrients and is popular in coastal areas and Southeast Asian countries, and it is one of the commonly used seasonings. Shrimp paste is rich in protein, calcium, carotenoids and chitin. It has antioxidant activity, cholesterol lowering, blood pressure lowering and organism immunity enhancement, and it has a wide application space in the functional food field. However, the shrimp paste industry in China has the problems of long fermentation cycle and high salinity, which restricts the development of its industrialization. In this paper, shrimp head paste was prepared by inoculation with mixed strains, and the parameters of rapid fermentation process were optimized by response surface method (RSM), so as to achieve the goal of increasing the production rate and stable production. Microorganisms isolated from the traditional shrimp paste, such as saccharomycetes Pichia gilliermondii and mold fungus Aspergillus niger and the standard microorganisms Lactobacillus planticola purchased, were added as mixed strain to improve the flavor of shrimp head paste. Based on the sensory evaluation value and amino nitrogen content, the effect of different sterilization processes on shrimp head paste was compared, and the result showed the highest content of amino nitrogen and sensory evaluation value in shrimp head paste fermented after pasteurization. It shows that the fermentation degree is higher; based on the amino nitrogen content, the mixing ratios of the 3 kinds of microorganisms were investigated, and the results showed that the optimal mixing ratio of yeast, mold and lactic acid bacteria was 1:5:3. The conditions of shrimp head pasta fermented by mixed strains were optimized through the single factor experiment, and factors included fermentation temperature, fermentation time, and mixed strains inoculation. The result showed that fermentation temperature, fermentation time, and mixed strains inoculation had significant influence on the fermentation of shrimp head paste by mixed strains. And the suitable conditions in the fermentation of shrimp head paste were fermentation temperature of 50℃, fermentation time of 12 d, and mixed strains inoculation of 3 mL/100g. The conditions of shrimp head paste fermented by mixed strains were optimized through Box-Benhnken central composite experimental design based on the indicators of the sensory evaluation, and the optimized technological conditions were: fermentation temperature of 53.6℃, fermentation time of 13.46 d, and mixed strains inoculation of 2.69 mL/100g. These 3 factors affecting the sensory evaluation value in descending order were fermentation time, fermentation temperature, and mixed strains inoculation. The sensory evaluation value of shrimp head paste prepared under the optimum conditions was 7.64, and the relative error was 0.521% between predictive sensory evaluation value (7.68) and true sensory evaluation value. By comparing the changes in the flavor and amino nitrogen content between fast fermented shrimp head paste and traditional fermented shrimp paste, it can be found that the rapid fermentation process can make the product mature in a relatively short period of time to form a better flavor of shrimp head paste. This study provides an industrial basis for the rapid fermentation of shrimp head paste and effectively improves the high-value utilization of shrimp by-products. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Fermentation
Controlled terms:Aspergillus - Blood pressure - Lactic acid - Microorganisms - Mixing - Molds - Nitrogen - Optimization - Process control - Processing - Sensory analysis - Shellfish - Strain
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-oxidant activities - Fermentation temperature - Mixed strain - Response surface method - Shrimp heads - Single-factor experiments - Sterilization process - Technological conditions
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.21e-01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309158
Title:Influence of soil banding moisture uniformity on growth and water use efficiency of drip irrigated cotton under mulch
Authors:Li, Dongwei (1); Li, Mingsi (2); Zhou, Xinguo (1); Shen, Xiaojun (1); Zhao, Yulong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang; 453002, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Architecture Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China
Corresponding author:Li, Mingsi(leemince-709@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:130-137
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the design of drip irrigation under mulch, it is usually concerned with the point source or line source wetting uniformity of drip irrigation. However, because of the wide soil wetting area controlled by drip tape, the soil wetting uniformity is needed not only along the crop row, but also between the rows, so that the crops grow uniformly between the lines. Therefore, the proper design of the soil banding wetting uniformity under mulch can regulate cotton roots growth in the row, which plays a key role in improving the yield and water use efficiency, and is also unique design requirement of mulch drip irrigation technology in Xinjiang arid region. This problem should be paid more attention. To verify the importance of soil banding wetting uniformity under mulch drip irrigation technology, an experiment was carried out with 3 treatments, i.e. dripper flow of 1.69 (W169), 3.46 (W346) and 6.33 L/h (W633), respectively, to study uniformity influences on soil matrix potential, plant height, leaf area, root growth, cotton seed yield and water use efficiency of cotton rows. The results showed that the banding uniformity under mulch has a great influence on growth, water consumption and yield of cotton planted in each row, resulting in obvious differences of water use efficiency among cotton lines. As the wetting area of soil is transited from narrow-deep type (W169) to wide-shallow type (W633), the soil matric potential decreased more and the water stress of the cotton root became smaller, the uniformity of the soil moist under mulch turned higher, and the root distribution and plant growth of cotton were more uniform in the row. The differences of average cotton leaf area and average plant height between the inside and border rows under mulch were respectively 143 cm2and 7.04 cm in narrow-deep type soil wetting area. The root length density, the theoretical and the practical yield difference values of seed cotton were respectively 386.3 m/m3, 976 and 509.3 kg/hm2, and their water use efficiency were respectively 7.2 and 14.8 kg/(mm·hm2). The differences of average cotton leaf area and average plant height between the inside and border rows under mulch were respectively 9 cm2and 3.74 cm in wide-shallow type soil wetting area. The root length density, the theoretical and the practical yield difference values of inside and border row under film in wide-shallow type soil wetting area were respectively 142.01 m/m3, 171 and 190.6 kg/hm2, and their water use efficiency were respectively 9.2 and 11.0 kg/(mm·hm2). The results proved that the cotton yield could be significantly improved under wide-shallow soil wetting area, and the water use efficiency would not decrease. Thus, the soil banding wetting uniformity should be focused in the design of drip irrigation under mulch when the standard and design method of drip irrigation were issued. We should not only consider the linear wetting uniformity of single row crops, but also consider the problem of soil wetting uniformity in the whole mulch width. And it's the basis to confirm the spacing between drip tapes. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Cotton
Controlled terms:Crops - Efficiency - Irrigation - Plants (botany) - Seed - Soil moisture - Soils - Subirrigation - Water supply - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Drip irrigation under mulches - Irrigated cotton - Root distribution - Root length density - Soil matric potential - Water consumption - Water use efficiency - Yield differences
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Area 1.43e-02m2, Area 9.00e-04m2, Size 3.74e-02m, Size 7.04e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309150
Title:Structural optimization of duckbilled transplanter based on dynamic model of pot seedling movement
Authors:Jin, Xin (1, 2); Ji, Jiangtao (1, 2); Liu, Weixiang (3); He, Yakai (4); Du, Xinwu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang; 471003, China; (2) Collaborative Innovation Center of Machinery Equipment Advanced Manufacturing of Henan Province, Luoyang; 471003, China; (3) Henan Forestry Vocational College, Luoyang; 471002, China; (4) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Ji, Jiangtao(jjt0907@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:58-67
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the working process of duckbilled transplanter, leakage and seedling lodging happen frequently when the transplanting speed is too fast. Aiming at analyzing the reason of that and providing a solution, transparent PMMA and high speed video camera were used to record the motion process of pot seedling in duckbilled planter in this study. Based on the results of the experiment, the interaction characteristics between the pot seedling and the duckbilled planter were studied and analyzed. Planting mechanism of pot seedling under high speed operation was studied to demonstrate the fundamental cause of the increase of seedling lodging rate and leakage rate. This study provided a theoretical basis for the optimal design of speed and structure of duckbilled planter. First of all, the rotation planting mechanism of planetary gear train was developed in this paper. There were four duckbilled planters made of pure plexiglass on the mechanism. After that, a high speed camera was used to analyze the movement of the pot seedling falling from the seedling cup to the bottom of the planter. According to the results of the experiment, the moving process of the pot seedling in the duckbill planter was divided into six stages, which were 1) free dropping stage, 2) colliding with the planter wall, 3) slanting motion in the planter, 4) collision with the duckbill wall, 5) plan motion in duckbill, and 6) sliding along with the duckbill planter wall. The dynamic model of each movement stage was established. The equation of motion force between the pot seedling and the duckbill planter during the falling stage was obtained. Pepper seedlings at age of 40 d were used to conduct the experiment. The seedlings were cultivated in the growth medium made of peat, vermiculite, and perlite with ratio of 3∶1∶2. The moisture content of the medium was 55%. The optimum initial position and structural parameters of the planter were obtained by optimizing the moving time of the seedling and optimizing the kinetic model of the seedling movement. By analyzing the result, a series of optimal parameters were obtained. The optimal initial position of the pot seedling was 40 and 350 mm for the x-and y-axis, respectively. The optimal angle between the vertical surface and the wall of the seedling cup on the duckbill planter was 40°. The optimal tilting angle of the duckbill on the planter was 82°. Maximum rotation speed of planting mechanism was under 80 r/min. The optimal initial phase angle of the planter was 25°. The motion time of pot seedling in the improved planter was analyzed by using a high speed camera. From the high speed camera test, it was found that when the rotation speed of planting mechanism was 80 r/min, the pot seedling had already left the planter before the planter moved to the lowest point. The time of the seedling falling was less than the time from the seedling beginning falling to the planting mechanism moving to the lowest point. It showed that the optimized planter was feasible to complete the seedling transplanting successfully. The improvement of the planting mechanism design was verified. A high speed post-processing software, PCC, was used to obtain the time of seedling beginning to fall and the time of leaving the planter. Under the optimum initial seedling drop position, the optimum initial phase angle of the planter and the optimum structural parameters of the planter, the drop time of the seedling was obtained. It was concluded that the time from the beginning falling to leaving the planter was basically consistent with the theoretical value. The seedling fell to the bottom of the planter before the planter moved to the planting position. The correctness of the theoretical model and the rationality of parameter optimization were verified. The research can provide reference for structure design and optimization of the high speed duckbilled transplanter. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Drops - Dynamic models - Equations of motion - Experiments - High speed cameras - Machine design - Machinery - Mechanization - Optimization - Rotation - Shape optimization - Speed - Structural optimization - Transplants - Video cameras
Uncontrolled terms:Duckbilled planter - High speed video cameras - Interaction characteristics - Kinematic Analysis - Parameter optimization - Plant device - Post processing software - Pot seedling
Classification code:462.4 Prosthetics - 601 Mechanical Design - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.50e+01%, Rotational_Speed 8.00e+01RPM, Size 3.50e-01m, Size 4.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309144
Title:Mechanism of factor substitution during rapid development of China's agricultural mechanization
Authors:Pan, Biao (1); Tian, Zhihong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Tian, Zhihong(cautzh@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:1-10
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Since 2004, with the rapid rise of labor prices, the application of agricultural machinery in China's agricultural production has increased and the process of agricultural mechanization has been rapidly advancing in the "golden decade". It is a research subject with both theoretical significance and policy reference value to explore the substitution of labor by agricultural machinery during this period, and to study the phased characteristics and continuity of factor substitution. Based on the provincial panel data from 2004 to 2016, this paper uses the translog cost function to calculate the substitution elasticity between machinery and labor in the production of 3 major grain crops i. e. wheat, maize and rice, focusing on the difference between crops and between regions, and their spatial and temporal variations. The data used in this paper come from National Agricultural Product Cost And Income Data Compilation, and China Statistical Yearbook (2002-2017). The results showed that: 1) The development of China's agricultural mechanization experiences a "golden decade", mainly due to the widespread, effective, and sustained replacement of labor by agricultural machinery, the substitution elasticity between agricultural machinery and labor for wheat, maize and rice was 0.581, 1.324 and 1.153, respectively, and the mechanization of maize and rice at key production link is remarkable. 2) The substitution elasticity of wheat was stable at around 0.6 during 2004-2016, while the substitution elasticity of maize and rice showed a long-term downward trend, which decreased from 1.545 and 1.224 to 1.225 and 1.152 respectively. It means that when agricultural mechanization reached a higher level, the difficulty of factor substitution gradually increased and the substitution elasticity tended to decline, and it is much more difficult to increase the mechanization level of grain crops in the future. 3) Affected by factors such as the topography of operations, the development of agricultural mechanization in various provinces is at different stages, and there is a clear difference of the substitution elasticity between agricultural machinery and labor in grain production. The substitution elasticity of the southern low-lying hilly region, and the hilly and mountainous area in the southwest is generally higher than that in other regions, and there is a large space to increase the agricultural mechanization level in these regions, which might keep a remarkable increase. 4) With the general increase of mechanization level, the substitution elasticity shows the characteristics of temporal and spatial convergence, and the regional differences are gradually reduced and the whole tends to be stable. This can be used to explain the slowdown of the speed of China's agricultural mechanization, and it also means that relying solely on the mechanization of food crops to stimulate the overall level of agriculture mechanization has become a thing of the past. In the future, the rapid growth of agricultural mechanization in China is faced with unprecedented difficulties and challenges, and it needs 5 aspects of measures to deal with this situation, such as enhancing the mechanization level of hilly and mountainous areas, promoting the mechanization toward whole and entire development, promoting the using of new multi-machinery and information-based smart machinery through machinery purchase subsidy policy, and reducing operational links and labor force participation directly. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Cost accounting - Cost functions - Costs - Crops - Economic analysis - Elasticity - Mechanization - Wages
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural mechanization - Agricultural productions - Golden decade - Hilly and mountainous areas - Labor costs - Spatial and temporal variation - Temporal and spatial - Translog cost functions
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912.4 Personnel - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309149
Title:Design and experiment on pot-seedling supplementing end-effector for vegetables in cotyledon phase
Authors:Liang, Xifeng (1, 3); Xiao, Xize (2); Zhu, Yuhao (2); Wang, Yongwei (2); Wu, Chuanyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechinery and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou; 310018, China; (2) School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China; (3) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou; 310018, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Yongwei(wywzju@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:49-57
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The seeds cannot fully sprout owing to the seed quality and environmental differences. So it is difficult to provide seedling pots without empty seedling holes for automatic transplanting. In order to reduce the number of seedling shortage and the manual labor intensity of seedling supplement, and to improve transplanting quality, a method for supplementing seedlings in cotyledon phase was presented in the paper. According to the delicate seedling, undeveloped root system and the unconsolidated substrate in pot, a new type of end-effector for supplementing pot-seedling in cotyledon phase with 4 seedling shovels was designed. The 4 angular seedling shovels were synchronously driven up and down by stepper motor moving the X-shaped press rod. They can shape enveloping surface when they are inserted into the lower limit position of the whole pot and surrounded the seedlings from the 4 sides of seedling substrates during seedling. And then the pot seedling was taken out from seedling hole and transplanted to the target hole. The seedling supplementing was finished while the pot seedling was left in the target pot hole and the seedling spades lifted it up along the inclined guide. The 3 factor and 3 level orthogonal tests were conducted respectively with the Zheza809 tomato pot seedlings in cotyledon phase with the seedling age of 16, 21 and 26 d cultivated in standard seedling tray with 72 holes. In the test, the velocities of inserting and taking out of matrix for the shovels were measured by speedtro-50 laser velometer, and the average velocities were 29.85 and 31.12 m/s respectively. The mixture ratio of peat, vermiculite and perlite in nursery matrix, the moisture content of the substrate and the seedling age were chosen as factors. The matrix net rate, which is the percentage of the weight of pot seedling taken out from the pot holes by the end-effector in the total mass of the pot seedling in the pot hole, was set as index. The results indicate that the net rate of taking out the free substrate without seedlings or the pot seedlings in cotyledon phase is affected significantly by the pot seedling age and the mixture ratio of peat, vermiculite and perlite in nursery matrix. The net rate increases with the seedling age, which reaches the highest value at the end of cotyledon phase and the mixture ratio of peat, vermiculite and perlite in nursery matrix of 2: 2: 1. The effect of matrix water content from 67.1% to 79.2% on the net rate is not significant, while the net rate keeps a high value owing to good cohesive force and plasticity of the substrate when the moisture content of the substrate is 74.1%. When the growth age is 26 d, the mixture ratio of peat, vermiculite and perlite in nursery matrix is 2: 2: 1 and the moisture content of the substrate is 74.1%, the average net rate reaches the maximum of 89.5% and the shape and volume of the seedling pot keep complete. To further verify the optimal combination obtained by the test, the experiments of seedling taking out and supplementing were carried out with tomato pot seedlings with the age of 26 d, the mixture ratio of peat, vermiculite and perlite in nursery matrix of 2: 2: 1 and suitable substrate moisture content. The results show that the success rates for the free substrate without seedlings and pot seedlings are both 100%, which can take out the pot seedlings in cotyledon phase with crisp plant and loose matrix as a whole and fill them into target hole on the seedling pot completely. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - End effectors - Experiments - Fruits - Mixtures - Moisture determination - Peat - Shovels - Stepping motors - Substrates - Transplants - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Average velocity - Cotyledon phase - Enveloping surface - Environmental difference - Optimal combination - Orthogonal test - Seedling supplementing - Substrate moisture contents
Classification code:462.4 Prosthetics - 524 Solid Fuels - 705.3 Electric Motors - 731.5 Robotics - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 6.71e+01% to 7.92e+01%, Percentage 7.41e+01%, Percentage 8.95e+01%, Velocity 2.99e+01m/s, Velocity 3.11e+01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309157
Title:Influence of drip irrigation uniformity on buried position of soil moisture sensor
Authors:Zhao, Weixia (1); Li, Jiusheng (1); Wang, Zhen (1); Li, Yanfeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100038, China
Corresponding author:Li, Jiusheng(lijs@iwhr.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:123-129
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Prior to adopting the wireless sensor network system to schedule the irrigation, one of the key problems needing to be resolved is developing the placement criteria for soil moisture sensors to decrease the measurement density and investment. In this study, the temporal stability of soil water content was used to guide the sensors to be placed in the positions directly representing the plot-average soil water content. The influences of drip irrigation uniformity on spatial distribution uniformity and temporal stability of soil water content were also investigated to analyze the choosing probability of buried locations for soil moisture sensors with different drip irrigation uniformity. This field study was conducted at the experimental station of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research in Daxing District, Beijing City in 2011 and 2012. During the growing season of spring maize, the effective rainfall was 356 and 381 mm in 2011 and 2012, respectively, and irrigation was applied 4 times in each year. The low, medium and high drip irrigation uniformity, corresponding to the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (Cu) of 0.60, 0.80 and 0.97, respectively, were used in the irrigation of the spring maize. The low and medium Cu values were obtained by randomly assembling segments of drip tubes with 5 different nominal discharge values (1.05, 1.4, 1.65, 2.3, and 2.6 L/h at 0.1 MPa) along the entire length of the line. A temporal stability analysis of soil water content was conducted by regularly measuring soil water contents at 54 locations in the field during the growing season of maize. Results indicated that the uniformity coefficient of soil water content was bigger than 0.81 in all treatments and it decreased with the decreasing of drip irrigation uniformity. The average Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was significant at the probability level of 0.05 in all treatments, while the structure similarity of soil water content distribution decreased with the increasing of irrigation uniformity. The soil water content in all measurement points has great temporal stability within and between experimental years. In the high drip irrigation uniformity treatment, the percentage of positions directly representing the mean soil water content was 83%, 78%, 53%, and 86% in layer of 0-0.2, >0.2-0.4, >0.4-0.6, and >0.6-0.8 m, respectively, and it decreased with the decreasing of drip irrigation uniformity. The experimental results demonstrated that the buried locations for soil moisture sensors can be determined only through one-year study, and its choosing probability is lowered with the decreasing of drip irrigation uniformity. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Irrigation - Location - Moisture - Moisture control - Moisture meters - Probability distributions - Sensors - Soil moisture - Soils - Stability - Water content - Water resources - Wireless sensor networks
Uncontrolled terms:Buried position - Distribution uniformity - Experimental stations - Irrigation uniformity - Soil moisture sensors - Spearman's rank correlation coefficients - Structure similarity - Uniformity coefficient
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 922.1 Probability Theory - 944.1 Moisture Measuring Instruments - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.30e+01%, Percentage 7.80e+01%, Percentage 8.30e+01%, Percentage 8.60e+01%, Pressure 1.00e+05Pa, Size 3.56e-01m, Size 3.81e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309154
Title:Pressure pulsation and vibration characteristics of large cube-type pump device under different working conditions
Authors:Shi, Lijian (1); Tang, Fangping (1); Wang, Xuan (1); Zhang, Wenpeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Hydraulic Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou; 225009, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Lijian(yzdxslj@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:95-103
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study the characteristics of pressure pulsation and vibration under the different operation conditions, four pressure pulsation sensors on the inflow part and two vibration sensors on the top of the box were arranged to measure the pressure pulsation characteristics and vibration characteristics in this paper. The pressure pulsation and vibration characteristics of the axial flow pump inlet part under the different conditions were revealed. The model pump impeller diameter was 0.3 m, the speed was 1 150 r/min, the design flow rate was 253 L/s, the design head was 1.16 m, and the nD value was 345. The model test was divided into three parts: 1)the pressure pulsation test of five flow condition points (126, 153, 203, 253, and 285 L/s) based on the entire submerged state of the outflow passage and non-cavitation state of the axial-flow blade; 2) the open flow pressure pulsation test of four flow condition points (153, 203, 253, and 285 L/s) by controlling the pressure of the water tank to ensure the water level was 30 cm from the top of the outflow passage; 3) pressure pulsation test of four flow condition points (153, 203, 253, and 285 L/s) under the cavitation condition. The pulsating pressure under the condition of cavitation was determined based on the 1% drop in efficiency of the pump device. The experimental results showed that the pressure pulsation peak value of the impeller chamber inlet was larger. This was because the inlet of the impeller was mainly affected by the positive and negative pressure. A large low-pressure zone was formed on the suction surface of the blade and a high-pressure zone was formed on the pressure surface of the blade, resulting in the large velocity gradient and pressure gradient. The pressure gradient showed a large pressure pulsation at the inlet of the impeller. In the case of small flow conditions, the pressure pulsation amplitude was greater than the designed condition and the large flow conditions. In order to ensure the safe and stable operation of the pump station and reduce the vibration and noise of the unit, operation in the small flow area for a long-time should be avoided. The main frequency of the impeller chamber monitoring points equaled to the blade frequency. In addition to the low frequency pulsation of the inlet flare tube, the main frequency was mainly distributed in the position of leaf frequency and rotation frequency. The pressure fluctuation on the impeller chamber inlet was symmetrical, but not symmetrical on both sides of the inlet flare tube. This was due to the incomplete symmetry of the flow in the same section. The pressure pulsation peak value in the impeller chamber decreased with the increase of the flow rate. In the non-cavitation conditions, the unit's hydraulic vibration was the only vibration caused by the fluid's basic pressure pulsation. Under the open and the cavitation conditions, compared with the absence of cavitation, the law of the frequency distribution was basically anastomotic and the main frequency value was larger. The vertical vibration value was smaller than the horizontal vibration value. The horizontal vibration displacement was within 10 μm and the vertical vibration displacement was larger, indicating that the vertical vibration of the pump device was more obvious. Under cavitation conditions, the vibration displacement increased by 2.4-8.6 μm compared with non-cavitation, and the smaller the flow rate, the greater increase of vertical vibration displacement. Therefore, in the application projects, operation in the cavitation conditions should be avoided as much as possible. The experiment on the inlet pressure pulsation of the tank-type pump device can provide the reference for the optimization design of the similar pump system. At the same time, it can provide guidance for safe and stable operation of tank-type pumping stations. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Cavitation
Controlled terms:Axial flow - Experiments - Impellers - Pressure - Pressure gradient - Pumps - Vibration analysis - Water levels - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Cavitation conditions - Characteristics of pressures - Cube-type - Frequency distributions - Low-frequency pulsations - Vibration characteristics - Vibration displacements - Vibrations
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 931.1 Mechanics - 944.4 Pressure Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+00%, Rotational_Speed 1.15e+03RPM, Size 1.00e-05m, Size 1.16e+00m, Size 2.40e-06m to 8.60e-06m, Size 3.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309170
Title:Source spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in Yiyuan county of Shandong province
Authors:Xu, Xibo (1); Lü, Jianshu (1, 2); Xu, Ruru (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan; 250358, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai; 200062, China
Corresponding author:Lü, Jianshu(lvjianshu@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:216-223
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Mountainous and hilly regions are important part of agricultural production regions, where massive heavy metals continuously accumulate in soils due to anthropogenic inputs. Soil contamination will threaten human health when it is brought into agricultural production, so accurate assessment of soil heavy metal contamination is crucial for building high standard arable land and ensuring food safety. In this paper, Yiyuan County, Shandong Province was selected as the study area about typical mountain county. The contents of heavy metals of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Hg, Zn and Mn were determined from 427 surface soil samples (0-20 cm). The multivariate statistical analysis, including principal component analysis and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis, and geostatistical analysis were used to evaluate the pollution characteristics on the heavy metals in soils that were affected by the natural parent materials and human activities. The results show: 1) The average contents of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mn were 9.08, 0.15, 15.32, 73.54, 33.84, 0.04, 33.64, 34.92, 84.72 and 668.17 mg/kg, respectively, and these values were slightly higher than natural background values, but did not exceed the values of national secondary soil standard, which revealed the slight level of heavy metals enrichment that would not endanger the human health. 2) The sources of heavy metals were mainly classified into 3 categories through principal component analysis: As, Co, Cu and Mn, which belonged to PC1, originated from natural parent material and belonging to natural source; Hg, Cd, Zn and Pb, classified into PC2, mainly controlled by soil parent material and industrial and agricultural pollution; Cr and Ni were regarded as natural factor under the influence of natural parent materials. The one-way ANOVA analysis further validated the source of hazardous elements in soils. Heavy metal content was significantly different among different types of land use in this region, especially Hg, Pb and Zn values had the most obvious difference in urban construction land, and their accumulation rates were 141.3%, 74.1% and 69.4% higher than natural background values, respectively, suggesting that the land had been affected by industrial production activities. The other elements mainly belonged to natural sources and they were not significantly different among land use types. 3) The high-value areas of heavy metals with natural sources were mainly consistent with the parental material of limestone. The high-value areas of heavy metals with anthropogenic input were basically the same as the distribution of industrial areas. 4) Through the evaluation of potential ecological risk index in the study area, the index values of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn were 14.42, 40.92, 6.96, 2.62, 8.63, 60.88, 1.21, 7.16, 6.87 and 1.51, respectively. The values of these elements suggested only a slight ecological risk in Yiyuan County, except Hg and Cd with moderate potential ecological risk level. risk index (RI) in Yiyuan County was 151.8, which was currently at a moderate ecological potential risk level. The multivariate statistics-geostatistical simulation analysis method established in the research effectively reveals the characteristics of the source-sink of heavy metal contamination in soils, which can be used as an important basis for assessing the status of soil pollution and is vital in controlling heavy metal pollution in soil for the mountainous and hilly areas. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:46
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Analysis of variance (ANOVA) - Chemical contamination - Heavy metals - Land use - Lime - Metal analysis - Multivariant analysis - Principal component analysis - Risk assessment - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Geostatistical simulation - Heavy metal contamination - Hilly areas - Multivariate statistical analysis - Multivariate statistics - Potential ecological risk - Source identification
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.3 Food Products - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.41e+02%, Percentage 6.94e+01%, Percentage 7.41e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309148
Title:Experimental study on relationship of seeding precision and germination rate in field of pneumatic rice hill-drop drilling planter
Authors:Xing, He (1, 2); Wang, Zaiman (1, 2); Luo, Xiwen (1, 2); Zang, Ying (1, 2); Zhang, Minghua (1, 2); Yang, Wenwu (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Zaiman(wangzaiman@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:42-48
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rice is the staple food for more than half of the global population, and the rice production, especially planting, needs a lot of labor force, material and financial resources. At present, the rice mechanized planting level is low in China. According to statistics, the mechanization level of rice planting in China was only 44.45% in 2015. The main ways of planting are artificial seeding and transplanting. The mechanization of rice direct seeding technology mainly includes mechanical seeding, mechanical drilling, and hill-direct-seeding. Compared to mechanical transplanting, mechanical direct seeding can avoid the process of raising rice seedlings, reduce the input of prophase cost, and does not affect yield. It is expected to be the developing trend in mechanized rice planting in the future. Normally, it is difficult to control the precision of mechanical sowing and mechanical drilling. This leads to uneven seedling distribution and affects the growth and field management of rice. In recent years, due to the increase of labor cost, the cost of rice planting has also increased. It is imperative to develop the mechanized planting of rice. The mechanization of rice direct seeding can eliminate rice seedlings process and save the labor and material consumption. Super hybrid rice has stronger tillering ability than ordinary hybrid rice. By using direct seeding technology, the high yield population structure can be formed with only 1-3 seeds per hill. The pneumatic rice precision direct seeding technique is a combination of machinery and air flow. This technique has the advantages of high seeding precision, low seed damage rate, and strong adaptability and can satisfy the seeding demands of many kinds of seeds. However, existing pneumatic seed metering devices are mainly for soybean, corn, wheat, rape and other crops. Seed metering devices have been widely used in actual production, and theoretical research is also relatively mature. In this study, the relationship between emergence rate in the field and seeding precision are studied with the pneumatic rice direct seeder seeding super hybrid rice. The relation formula between the germination rate of rice seed and the precision of seeding was established. The field experiments were conducted using pneumatic rice seeder with 10 seed metering devices. 3 kinds of super hybrid rice, which named "Y-2 You", "Chao you 1000" and "Wu feng you 615" respectively, were selected as the research objects. The tests of germination rate in the laboratory and the precision of seeding in the field were carried out. The germination rate was 94%, 91% and 92%, respectively. The seeding qualified rate (the probabilities of 1-3 seeds per hill) was 94.98%, 95.07% and 95.21%, respectively. The probability of empty hill was 1.78%, 2.03% and 1.95%, respectively. The relation formula established in this study was used to calculate theoretical seedling survival rate. The theoretical seedling survival rate were 96.85%, 95.79% and 96.07%, respectively. The actual seedling survival rate in the field were 94.22%, 93.94% and 93.76%, respectively, which were lower than those calculated by theoretical calculation. The main factors that affect the seedling survival rate in the field were analysed. In order to improve the seedling survival rate in the field, 1) the precision of seeder should be further improved, the probability of empty hill and the probabilities of 1 seed per hill should be reduced, and the probabilities of 2 seeds per hill in the agricultural machinery should be increased, 2) the germination rate of rice should be further improved in the agronomy. The results of this study provided a basis for the application of the pneumatic seed metering technology to the precision direct seeding of super hybrid rice. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Cloud seeding - Costs - Crops - Cultivation - Experiments - Infill drilling - Mechanization - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Pneumatics - Probability - Wages
Uncontrolled terms:Germination rates - Hybrid rice - Material consumption - Population structures - Precision direct seeder - Seed metering devices - Theoretical calculations - Theoretical research
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 511.1 Oil Field Production Operations - 601 Mechanical Design - 632.3 Pneumatics - 632.4 Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912.4 Personnel - 922.1 Probability Theory
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.78e+00%, Percentage 1.95e+00%, Percentage 2.03e+00%, Percentage 4.45e+01%, Percentage 9.10e+01%, Percentage 9.20e+01%, Percentage 9.38e+01%, Percentage 9.39e+01%, Percentage 9.40e+01%, Percentage 9.42e+01%, Percentage 9.50e+01%, Percentage 9.51e+01%, Percentage 9.52e+01%, Percentage 9.58e+01%, Percentage 9.61e+01%, Percentage 9.68e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20182405309146
Title:Research progress of intelligent obstacle detection methods of vehicles and their application on agriculture
Authors:He, Yong (1); Jiang, Hao (1); Fang, Hui (1); Wang, Yu (1); Liu, Yufei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China
Corresponding author:Fang, Hui(hfang@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:21-32
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The application of automatic navigation technology can improve the accuracy and safety of agricultural operation, and obstacle detection is an important part. According to different sensor measurement technologies, the detection methods of farmland obstacles in intelligent agricultural vehicles are reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are analyzed. The single sensor measurement technologies include: 1) Ultrasonic measurement technology. This technology has the advantages of simple operation and low cost when used in obstacle detection; what's more, under certain conditions, it can detect obstacles in dark, dust, smoke, electromagnetic interference, toxic and other harsh environments. But it is easily affected by the surface condition of different kinds of obstacles, so this technology can be applied to the scene which includes only one kind of obstacle. 2) Laser radar measurement technology. Laser radar can be divided into 2 kinds: three-dimensional laser radar and two-dimensional laser radar. When used in obstacle detection, three-dimensional laser radar has the advantages of high accuracy and long detection distance, but has the disadvantage of high cost, while two-dimensional laser radar with low price has small perspective. Recently, researchers begin to convert two-dimensional laser radar into three-dimensional laser radar and have done some experiments in simple outdoor environment, but no experiment was done in farmland. 3) Machine vision measurement technology. This technology can get comprehensive image information when used in obstacle detection in farmland, but needs high computing power of computers and long detection distance of cameras. Recently, researchers mainly focus on the use of new image segmentation algorithm and stereo matching algorithm and many experiments were done in farmland obstacle detection. Meanwhile, aiming at the problem that single sensor measurement technologies cannot meet the needs of complex farmland environments, several kinds of multi-sensor fusion technologies applied in farmland obstacle detection are summarized, including the fusion of vision measurement technology and LIDAR (light detection and ranging) measurement technology, the fusion of vision measurement technology and ultrasonic measurement technology, and Kinect sensor measurement technology which combines depth and color image information. Finally, the existing technologies are analyzed and the future research is prospected, including the application of new method (equipment) and the improvements of existing methods. The application of new methods can be concluded as follows: 1) ZED stereo camera (detection distance ranges from 0.4 to 20 m) and low cost laser radar. 2) Use new algorithm (like deep learning) in obstacle detection and recognition. 3) Agricultural unmanned aerial vehicles. And the improvements include: 1) Improve obstacle detection algorithm to find the balance between accuracy and processing time. 2) Use some technologies, like hyperspectral image technology, to classify different kinds of obstacles before detecting. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:113
Main heading:Radar measurement
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Antennas - Cameras - Costs - Deep learning - Electromagnetic pulse - Farms - Image segmentation - Intelligent control - Nondestructive examination - Obstacle detectors - Optical radar - Spectroscopy - Stereo image processing - Stereo vision - Ultrasonic measurement - Ultrasonic testing - Ultrasonics - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural operations - Agricultural vehicles - Image segmentation algorithm - LIDAR (light detection and ranging) - Measurement technologies - Multi-sensor fusion - Obstacle detection - Stereo matching algorithm
Classification code:701 Electricity and Magnetism - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 753.3 Ultrasonic Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
Numerical data indexing:Size 4.00e-01m to 2.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.003

Accession number:20182405309164
Title:Spatial distribution of high temperature risk on summer maize in Huang-huai-hai Plain based on MODIS data
Authors:Liu, Zhe (1); Wang, Xueying (1); Liu, Diyou (1); Zan, Xuli (1); Zhao, Zuliang (1); Li, Shaoming (1); Zhang, Xiaodong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Xiaodong(zhangxd@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:175-181
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Maize is one of the major crops and widely cultivated in china. Because maize is thermophilic crop, temperature has a huge influence during the maize growth, and become a significant meteorological factor in agriculture. High temperature will inhibit the growth of maize. In recent years, high temperature disasters occurred frequently in China, which has caused serious impact on maize production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. The detection and monitoring of maize high temperature damage has become an important part of agricultural production management. At present, most of the high temperature risk studies use point source data from weather stations. The distribution of meteorological sites is limited due to the complexity of the terrain. Moreover, the temperature obtained by meteorological site is the temperature in the shade box at a height of 1.5 m above the ground. Therefore, the temperature of the weather station cannot represent the temperature of a wide area. In order to obtain those temperature data in the continuous regions, interpolation algorithm is usually used. But, the accuracy of interpolation algorithm is low. Remote sensing temperature measurement technology can obtain the surface temperature, and the precision can reach the pixel level. This technique can explore the spatial and temporal distribution of high temperature risk with land parcel accuracy and better express the temperature response of the plant canopy. The previous experimental data show that there is a close correlation between the temperature of the meteorological station and the temperature of MODIS LST inversion. In addition, the mobile window algorithm was used to obtain the spatial distribution of high temperature risk in the summer maize growing area in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, and combined with the geographical and environmental factors such as elevation and water body distribution to analyze the reasons for the formation of high temperature risk. Data from July to August during 2011-2014 have been analyzed, which is at the flowering stage of summer maize and is the key growth period of maize. The analysis of remote sensing image data shows that it can accurately obtain the spatial distribution of high temperature risk and provide support for agricultural high temperature risk assessment. In this study, we used the meteorological highest temperature as a benchmark to perform correlation analysis on the MYD11A1 remote sensing temperature data, and we analyzed the degree of correlation between the 2 kinds of data by decisive factor and root mean square error. By significance test, the correlation between the meteorological highest temperature and the remote sensing temperature data is significant, and P value is less than 0.001. Through remote sensing temperature calculation, it can be found that the high temperature risk area in recent years is mainly distributed in the northern part of the Qinling Mountains and other parts of cities and villages, consistent with the actual situation. Among them, mountains and inhabitant communities are the main reasons to the formation of high temperature anomalies. The reason is that the water has played a role in regulating the temperature of surrounding environment. The study can provide a reference for large-scale high temperature risk research and corn production management. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Atmospheric temperature
Controlled terms:Crops - Cultivation - Damage detection - Industrial management - Interpolation - Landforms - Mean square error - Radiometers - Remote sensing - Risk assessment - Spatial distribution - Temperature measurement - Weather information services
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural production management - High temperature - High-temperature anomalies - Highest temperature - Interpolation algorithms - Measurement technologies - Spatial and temporal distribution - Summer maize
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 481.1 Geology - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 912.2 Management - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.6 Temperature Measurements - 944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.50e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.021

Accession number:20182405309155
Title:Application and prospect on obstacle avoidance technology for agricultural UAV
Authors:Lan, Yubin (1, 2); Wang, Linlin (1, 2); Zhang, Yali (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviation Pesticides Spraying Technology, Guangzhou; 510642, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:104-113
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the steady progress of China's agricultural modernization, broad demands of agricultural machinery for production are growing extensively. Agricultural unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), an important part of agricultural aircraft, have become a new force in the field of China Precision Agricultural Aviation. Used in agricultural areas where ground-based machinery has difficulty in cultivating, agricultural UAVs have shown obvious characteristics and advantages in farming, application and popularization. With the further development of precision agricultural aviation technology, one of the inevitable trends of intelligent development is to realize the autonomous identification of obstacles and real-time obstacle avoidance for agricultural UAVs. The ideal obstacle avoidance system can automatically and promptly avoid all kinds of obstacles in the flight path, avoiding accidents due to operational errors, failures of autonomous flight or other unexpected failures. Thus, it can effectively reduce unnecessary loss of property and casualties. However, the complex operating environment of farmland and the changing types of obstacles both increase the complexity of obstacle avoidance research. When operating during the outbreak of pests, at night or in an environmental with low visibility, many factors will limit the work efficiency and increase the risk of crash if the UAVs mainly rely on pilots to observe and make judgement. Therefore, much progress needs to be made to realize real-time obstacle avoidance of agricultural UAVs. To improve the safety of aviation operations, in this paper, we classified the farmland obstacles in two ways and puts forward the obstacle avoidance zone and related avoidance tactics. The distance between obstacles and the movement of agricultural UAVs was relative. However, the obstacle avoidance zone of its main field of view was fixed and absolute. In execution area (<5 m), the obstacle avoidance motion commands shall be executed to avoid short-range obstacles. In warning region (5-15 m), early warning shall be automatically performed on the medium-long-distance obstacles, and follow-up shall be carried out to prevent unexpected accidents. The obstacles in safe region (>15 m) can be ignored temporarily until they entered the warning region, then it should start the obstacle avoidance pretreatment. Because large, small and medium-sized obstacles had obvious features, they can be totally or partially detected by obstacle avoidance sensors in the safe area. When entering the warning area or execution area, it was relatively easy for drones to avoid them. As for micro and visually-distorting obstacles, it was difficult to identify and evade them even when they got into the warning and execution areas. At present, apart from improper manual operation or sudden failure of the machine, the main reason for most UAV crash accident was obstacle avoidance failure, such as failing to avoid wires, branches and other tiny obstacles. Although the rate of crash accidents caused by tiny obstacles was relatively low, the property loss rate and the casualty rate were extremely high. Therefore, how to avoid tiny obstacles should be the priority of agricultural UAV obstacle avoidance research. Through comparative analysis of domestic and foreign application situation of agricultural UAV obstacle avoidance technology and various obstacle avoidance sensors, in this paper, we analyzed the deficiency of China's agricultural UAV obstacle avoidance problem. With the further development of precision agricultural aviation technology, avoidance system with multi-sensor fusion would become the mainstream of real-time obstacle avoidance system for agricultural UAVs. The combination of visual and non-visual sensors provided a variety of possibilities for the implementation of autonomous spraying and intelligent navigation. Finally, in this paper, we proposed several forecasts to the UAV obstacle avoidance system construction, including development of real-time active obstacle avoidance technology, the agricultural UAV obstacle avoidance process and an obstacle avoidance method to identify the substitutes of tiny obstructions, in order to provide a reference for the orderly development of agricultural UAV's obstacle avoidance technology in China. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:57
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Aircraft accidents - Antennas - Aviation - Collision avoidance - Cultivation - Farms - Fighter aircraft - Modernization - Operations research - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural aircraft - Agricultural modernizations - Avoidance technology - Intelligent navigation - Obstacle classification - Obstacle-avoidance system - Operating environment - Real time obstacle avoidance
Classification code:431.1 Air Transportation, General - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 652.1.2 Military Aircraft - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912.3 Operations Research - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention
Numerical data indexing:Size 5.00e+00m to 1.50e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.012

Accession number:20182405309147
Title:Design of control system of maize precision seeding based on double closed loop PID fuzzy algorithm
Authors:Chen, Liqing (1, 2); Xie, Binbin (1, 2); Li, Zhaodong (1, 2); Yang, Lu (1, 2); Chen, Yongxin (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei; 230036, China; (2) Anhui Intelligent Agricultural Machinery Equipment Engineering Laboratory, Hefei; 230036, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Yongxin(cyx_zcz@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:33-41
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Under the full amount of straw returning mode for wheat-maize rotation cropping areas in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China, not only the wheat straw mulch in the field is large, but also it has good toughness, and the effect of straw grinding is poor. In addition, the soil is more viscous. When the field operation is driven by the traditional wheel drive, it is easy to have straw winding and congestion, which is easy to break when seeding. At present, the corn seeder mainly adopts the ground wheel driving seeder and pneumatic seeder, and the land wheel driving seeder is transmitted by the earth wheel, driving the seed row shaft to rotate and arrange seeds, When the field soil viscosity and straw coverage are large, the driving part can not work normally. Pneumatic corn planter is mostly used in large farms, which are more expensive and not suitable for domestic use. In order to reduce the rate of missed seeding and improve the precision of maize sowing, it is necessary to develop a reliable and active corn precision seed metering control system. To solve these problems effectively, this paper takes a common spoon-wheel corn seeding device in the market as the research object, and a kind of active electronic control corn seeding meter system is designed. This electronic control system consists of control box, touch display interface, rotary encoder, GPS speed sensor, brushless DC motor, driver and commutator reducer. When the system works, the USART HMI four-wire touch serial port man-machine interface is used to input the theoretical expectation of the controller to the controller, using the GPS speed sensor to collect the working speed of the machine, in combination with rotary encoder, and the operation speed of the feeder is collected in real time. To ensure the quality of work and improve the ability to resist interference, based on the double closed-loop fuzzy algorithm, the PID parameters are self-adjusted to get the target speed of seed metering device. The corresponding PWM duty cycle of the controller is adjusted to achieve the real-time control of the motor speed through machine operation speed and achieve precise seed metering. The results of bench test showed that the variation coefficient of the actual rotational speed was less than 10.0% when the theoretical rotation speed was 6~54 r/min, and the actual rotational speed was small in the vicinity of the theoretical rotational speed, which met the control requirements. When the speed was 3~5 km/h under the set spacing value, the plant distance qualified index was > 94.0%, and the leakage index was < 3.0%. When the vehicle speed was 6~8 km/h, the plant distance was greater than 90.0%, and the seeding index was less than 4.5%. Field validation results showed: under the full amount of straw returning mode for wheat-maize rotation cropping areas in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, when the maize row control system was in operation, the qualified index was greater than 87.75%, and the average was 90.89%, and the seeding index was less than 4%, with an average value of 2.54%. In comparison with the common spoon-wheel corn seeding device in the market, the qualified index was increased by 2.12 percentage points, and the seeding index was decreased by 4.32 percentage points, and the seeding performance was good, which met the requirements of corn agronomic planting. Under the full amount of straw returning mode for wheat-maize rotation cropping areas in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China, not only the wheat straw mulch in the field is large, but also it has good toughness, and the effect of straw grinding is poor, and in addition, the soil is more viscous. In this paper, the research of electronic control system for seed meters for maize planting can effectively improve the quality of the row and provide a reference for the development of high speed actuator control system. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Brushless DC motors - Computer control systems - Controllers - Electric machine control - Experiments - Fuzzy sets - Grinding (machining) - Industrial electronics - Landforms - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Pneumatics - Quality control - Real time control - Rotation - Servomechanisms - Signal encoding - Soils - Speed - Straw - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Control requirements - Design of control system - Electronic control systems - Man machine interface - Precise seed-metering - Precision seed-metering devices - Seed metering devices - Variation coefficient
Classification code:481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.2 Machine Components - 604.2 Machining Operations - 632.3 Pneumatics - 632.4 Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 705.3.2 DC Motors - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 2.54e+00%, Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 4.00e+00%, Percentage 4.50e+00%, Percentage 8.78e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.09e+01%, Percentage 9.40e+01%, Rotational_Speed 6.00e+00RPM to 5.40e+01RPM, Velocity 1.67e+00m/s to 2.22e+00m/s, Velocity 8.33e-01m/s to 1.39e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.004

Accession number:20182405309159
Title:Cause analysis of exfoliation of side walls for Karez tunnel and seepage control reinforcement
Authors:An, Peng (1); Xing, Yichuan (2); Wang, Songhe (3); Cheng, Dawei (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geology Engineering & Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an; 710054, China; (2) China Institute of WaterResources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100048, China; (3) Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China; (4) School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an; 710054, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:138-144
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The Karez is one of the ancient water conservancy projects with advanced technology, which well adapts to the unique climatic conditions, geomorphology and engineering geological conditions in piedmont basin of arid areas. The Karez is mainly distributed in the Turpan Basin in China, which has been decaying at an alarming rate of about 20 each year in the last few decades. Exfoliation collapse of kanat and tunnel is one of main reasons to the declining of the number of Karez. The water distribution characteristics, moisture sources and soil parameters of Karez's wall were obtained by field measurement. The main causes for exfoliation of the Karez wall were discussed through the failure characteristics and soil moisture distribution of wall in Karez tunnel. The finite element analysis of unsaturated steady-state seepage was carried out based on GEO-SEEP/W calculation module, and the wetting soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) obtained by the filter paper method was utilized. In the meanwhile, the effect of groundwater level on the unsaturated seepage characteristics was analyzed by using the identical method. The results show that the main source of soil moisture in the Karez's wall is capillary water that was migrated from the culverts canal and also was regarded as the primary cause for exfoliation damage. A zone significantly affected by capillary water was observed at a depth of 0-0.6 m at the side walls of the Karez. The sum of silt and clay content is 68.3% of the total mass for the Karez soil, which is far greater than the critical proportion of 10% that is generally taken to classify whether or not soil is the frost heaving soil. When the underground water level is shallow, the water is fully recharged by the Karez, but there is no significant direct recharging relationship between the Karez and the groundwater when the groundwater level is below 10.0 m. Groundwater level has larger influence on soil volumetric water content below the free water surface of the Karez, but the effect on that above the free water surface of the Karez was minor or even negligible. The wetting SWCC is more suitable for unsaturated flow analysis of the Karez tunnel, which is in line with the moistening process of the Karez wall. The extent of the exfoliation in wall is much greater than that of the vault of the Karez, and even a lot of Karez vaults can still maintain the initial outline. The characteristic height of 1.0-1.5 m corresponding to the serious exfoliation section is basically the same as the height of 1.1 m for the initial water content of frost-heaving. However, the above features do not exist in the deeper kanat and the effective cohesion of low confining pressure decreases significantly after freeze-thaw cycling. So it is clear that freeze-thaw is the main cause for the exfoliation of the Karez wall. Because the exfoliation damage of the side walls occurs at the initial stage of the tunnel collapse, preventing the exfoliation of the Karez wall is the most practical method for protecting the Karez tunnel. The surveying results indicate that the depth of the negative temperature section is about 8.0-10.0 m for the typical Karez section. Both the impervious sections of 11.16 and 1.04 m are laid out both inside and outside the kanat outlet, which can play an effective anti-frost heaving function for a typical Karez section. Finally, the engineering reinforcement measures of local impervious lining were put forward for the negative temperature section of the tunnel. This method has the advantages of anti-frost heave of wall, convenient construction and maintenance, and effective protection of the historical original appearance of the Karez. Meanwhile, the work carried out here has certain theoretical and technical value in preserving similar historical heritages. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Recharging (underground waters)
Controlled terms:Canals - Freezing - Frost protection - Frozen soils - Hydraulic structures - Lasers - Masers - Moisture - Moisture control - Reinforcement - Seepage - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Temperature - Thawing - Wall flow - Water levels - Water management - Water supply systems - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Exfoliation - Freeze-thaw - Karez - Seepage control - Unsaturated flows
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 444.2 Groundwater - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 714 Electronic Components and Tubes - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 744.1 Lasers, General - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 6.83e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 6.00e-01m, Size 1.00e+00m to 1.50e+00m, Size 1.00e+01m, Size 1.04e+00m, Size 1.10e+00m, Size 1.12e+01m, Size 8.00e+00m to 1.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.016

Accession number:20182405309179
Title:Influence of heat treatment on function characteristics of tartary buckwheat protein
Authors:Zhou, Xiaoli (1); Shi, Ronghua (1); Zhou, Yiming (1); Xia, Ke (1); Xiao, Ying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai; 201418, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Yiming(zhouymsit@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:292-298
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Tartary buckwheat protein is the main bioactive substance in tartary buckwheat. It has the advantages of antibacterial activity, anti-tumor, lowering blood pressure, and inhibiting serine protease and other physiological activities. It is an ideal healthy food raw material. At present, the heating treatment methods are wet-heat, dry-heat and microwave method. In order to maximize the maintenance of food functional characteristics, it is very important to study the effect of different heating treatment methods on the tartary buckwheat products. Wet-heat treatment: Tartary buckwheat protein were mixed with water according to the ratio of solid to liquid 1: 10, the temperature of water bath was 80, 100℃, the treatment time was 20 min, 40 min, 60 min, freeze-dried. Dry heat treatment: the tartary buckwheat protein tile on the enamel plate, placed in the oven, the temperature 80, 100℃, treatment time was 20 min, 40 min, 60 min. Microwave heating treatment: the tartary buckwheat protein placed in a microwave oven (700 W), treatment time was 2 min, 4 min, 6 min. In this paper, tartary buckwheat seeds were crushed, degreased, with flavonoids removed, then the supernatant was taken and the pH value was adjusted to the isoelectric point, and the precipitate was freezing-dried in vacuo to give tartary buckwheat protein. The tartary buckwheat protein was prepared by wet-heat, dry-heat, microwave treatment. The changes in physical and chemical properties and functional properties of tartary buckwheat protein, such as hydration properties, emulsifying activity, foaming activity, in vitro digestibility, antioxidant activity and bile salt adsorption capacity were measured. The experimental results show that the traditional heating methods (wet-heat, dry-heat) and short-term microwave treatment have a certain improvement on the functional properties of tartary buckwheat protein. Among them, the wet-heat treatment has positive effects, especially for emulsification, emulsifying stability, foaming property, foam stability, hydroxyl radical (·OH) scavenging ability, and sodium taurocholic acid adsorption ability, which were increased by 28%, 22%, 22%, 23%, 9.75% and 28%, respectively. Dry-heat treatment can improve the water holding capacity and the reducing power of tartary buckwheat protein, which are 31% and 16.34% higher than that of untreated tartary buckwheat protein. For short-term microwave treatment (2 min), the water holding capacity of tartary buckwheat protein was increased by 51%. And long-term microwave treatment (4, 6 min) has a greater negative impact on the tartary buckwheat protein performance, especially for emulsification, emulsifying stability, foaming ability, and foam stability, which were reduced by 62%, 77%, 66% and 54%, respectively; ABTS radical scavenging ability,·OH scavenging ability, and reducing power were reduced by 48.79%, 63.49% and 49.18%, respectively; adsorption ability of sodium bile acid, sodium deoxycholic acid and sodium taurocholic acid was reduced by 64%, 55% and 41% respectively. In summary, in the process of tartary buckwheat protein processing, you can choose the traditional heating method or strictly control the microwave time to avoid the damage of long-term microwave heating to the buckwheat protein functional characteristics. The results can provide theoretical and experimental basis for the further study of the application of tartary buckwheat protein in functional food. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Water treatment
Controlled terms:Adsorption - Amino acids - Blood pressure - Body fluids - Crops - Emulsification - Free radicals - Functional assessment - Functional food - Heat resistance - Heat treatment - Microwave heating - Microwaves - Oxidation resistance - Proteins - Sodium - Stability - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Adsorption capacities - Anti-bacterial activity - Anti-oxidant activities - Emulsifying stabilities - Function characteristic - Functional characteristics - Physical and chemical properties - Water holding capacity
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 711.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 822.3 Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.63e+01%, Percentage 2.20e+01%, Percentage 2.30e+01%, Percentage 2.80e+01%, Percentage 3.10e+01%, Percentage 4.10e+01%, Percentage 4.88e+01%, Percentage 4.92e+01%, Percentage 5.10e+01%, Percentage 5.40e+01%, Percentage 5.50e+01%, Percentage 6.20e+01%, Percentage 6.35e+01%, Percentage 6.40e+01%, Percentage 6.60e+01%, Percentage 7.70e+01%, Percentage 9.75e+00%, Power 7.00e+02W, Time 1.20e+02s, Time 1.20e+03s, Time 2.40e+02s, Time 2.40e+03s, Time 3.60e+02s, Time 3.60e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.036

Accession number:20182405309167
Title:Moving object detection of Ochotona curzoniae based on spatio-temporal imformation
Authors:Zhang, Aihua (1, 3, 4); Wang, Fan (2); Chen, Haiyan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (2) School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Gansu Advanced Control for Industrial Processes, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (4) National Demonstration Center for Experimental Electrical and Control Engineering Education, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:197-203
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ochotona curzoniae is an endemic species and key species in the alpine meadow of the Tibetan Plateau and also it is a main kind of organism that destroys the grassland ecology of the plateau. In order to prevent the dangers of the ochotona curzoniae, we need to study the living habits of ochotona curzoniae and investigate the degree of harm of ochotona curzoniae, and then we can control the number of ochotona curzoniae through the effective preventive measures. With the development of sensing technology and image processing, we can provide an objective basis through intelligent monitoring system to control the damage of ochotona curzoniae. The object detection of ochotona curzoniae is a key technology in the intelligent monitoring equipment because it can provide the object contour feature for behavior analysis of ochotona curzoniae. The object detection of ochotona curzoniae is very difficult, because the ochotona curzoniae video possesses the characteristics of complex background, low contrast, the object color with intensity inhomogeneity, diversity and mutability. The traditional object detection method cannot extract the object contours accurately. This paper presents a fast object detection method based on space-time domain. Firstly, the centroid position of the object in the current frame image is determined by the background subtraction, and then the rough segmented image and the initial contour are obtained based on the centroid position. The rough segmented image is segmented by the improved Chan-Vese model, and then we can obtain the object contours. In view of the fact that the level set function needs to be initialized in the process of improved Chan-Vese model, and the initialized computation is enhanced with the increase of the image scale, the centroid of the object is taken as the center to intercept the image containing the object as the roughly segmented image. Then, the improved Chan-Vese model is used to segment the roughly segmented image, so as to reduce the time consumption of Chan-Vese model segmentation. In addition, as Chan-Vese model can't fully segment the image of object whose color is diverse and mutable, we use the improved Chan-Vese model to segment the roughly segmented image. The internal pixels of image evolution contours were processed by K-means clustering, and the clustering center point values were obtained. The internal fitting values of Chan-Vese model were constructed by the clustering center point values and the image mean filtered intensity information, thereby improving the adaptability of Chan-Vese model for complex object image segmentation. In addition, rectangular Dirac function was used to replace regularized Dirac function in the energy function of Chan-Vese model, and the calculation of level set evolution equation could be limited to the zero level set so as to avoid the influence of the image background disturbance on the segmentation result. In this paper, the video processing with 50 frames of images shows that the time consumption of this method is only 15.25 s, the average value of Dice similarity coefficient is 0.852929, and the average value of Jaccard index is 0.74457. In summary, the object detection method proposed in this paper can accurately extract the object contour and has a high real-time performance. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Ecology - Image enhancement - Image processing - Information filtering - Object detection - Object recognition - Time domain analysis - Vegetation - Video signal processing
Uncontrolled terms:Background subtraction - Chan-Vese model - Intelligent monitoring systems - Level set evolution equations - Object detection method - Ochotona curzoniae - Similarity coefficients - Spatio temporal
Classification code:454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 716.4 Television Systems and Equipment - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 921 Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Time 1.52e+01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.024

Accession number:20182405309176
Title:Design and experiment on grading system for online non-destructive detection of internal and external quality of apple
Authors:Li, Long (1); Peng, Yankun (1); Li, Yongyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National R&D Center for Agro-processing Equipment, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Peng, Yankun(ypeng@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:267-275
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, grading machinery for quality inspection of apple has the disadvantages of complex structure, expensive price and unbalanced internal and external qualities. However, both the internal and external qualities are vital to its value. The grading device for online non-destructive testing of internal and external quality of apple is thus designed in this research pursuant to the experimental analysis under static conditions. The device is composed of dumbbell roller, chain conveyor module, belt drive module, machine vision system module for detection of external quality, near-infrared internal quality testing module, grading module and control system. In the design of machine vision system module for detection of external quality, in order to increase the contrast ratio between the bruised and non-bruised parts of apple, the reflectivity spectra of bruised and non-bruised parts were collected, and it was determined that the largest difference of the reflectivity between the two parts is at the position of 730 nm, and thus a red LED (light emitting diode) light source with a wavelength of 730 nm is selected as the light source of vision module. In order to get the integrated surface information, apple completed the rotation in the process of forward movement, and the self-designed segmentation and synthesis algorithm was utilized to extract and synthesize the images of a single apple under 3 states of motion. Then the images were processed by Gaussian filtering, QTSU binarization and contour extraction. When the apple is judged to have bruising, a rejection instruction is directly sent. When it is determined that there is no bump, the contour extraction image is subjected to circle fitting processing, and the size of the apple is obtained by fitting the circle diameter. The near-infrared internal quality testing module is mainly used to detect the soluble solids of apple, and the modelling effects of arranging the probe respectively on the upper part and the lower part were contrasted so as to determine the best modelling method under static condition. Experiments show that it will be better to arrange the probe at the lower part. Finally, the on-line detection performance of the device was verified by experiments. The accuracy of the device for detection of bumps on apples was 94%, the correlation coefficient for size detection was 0.9646, and the root mean square error was 2.281 mm. Then, an on-line model was established for measuring the content of soluble solids in apple. The correlative coefficient of the calibration set was 0.9508, the root mean square error of the correction set was 0.3426%, the correlation coefficient of the prediction set was 0.9492, and the root mean square error of the prediction set was 0.4487%. The detection time for a single apple was 0.71 s. The device has the advantages of small size, simple structure and low cost, which is suitable for the needs of farmers and middle-sized and small-sized enterprises. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Mean square error
Controlled terms:Belt drives - Chain conveyors - Computer vision - Errors - Extraction - Fruits - Image segmentation - Infrared devices - Light sources - Near infrared spectroscopy - Nondestructive examination - Probes - Quality control - Reflection - Structural design
Uncontrolled terms:Apple - Correlation coefficient - Correlative coefficients - Near infrared spectra - Non destructive testing - Nondestructive detection - Root mean square errors - Small sized enterprise
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, General - 602.1 Mechanical Drives - 692.1 Conveyors - 723.5 Computer Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.43e-01%, Percentage 4.49e-01%, Percentage 9.40e+01%, Size 2.28e-03m, Size 7.30e-07m, Time 7.10e-01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.033

Accession number:20182405309165
Title:Estimation of total yield of different grassland types in Tianshan pastoral area based on vegetation index
Authors:Liu, Yan (1, 2); Nie, Lei (3); Yang, Yun (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi; 830002, China; (2) Center of Central Asia Atmospheric Science Research, Urumqi; 830002, China; (3) State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430079, China; (4) College of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an; 710054, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:182-188
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The rapid and precise estimation model of herbage yield using remote sensing technology is of great significance to maintain grassland ecological balance, reasonably manage the yield of animal husbandry and determine carrying capacity. Taking the Tianshan pastoral area of Xinjiang into account, the vegetation index NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index), the vegetation index EVI (enhanced vegetation index), the soil conditioning index SAVI (soil adjusted vegetation index) and the difference index DVI (soil adjusted vegetation index) were calculated using the MODIS/MOD13Q1 data with 250 m spatial resolution. And the 4 indices and their different combinations were used to establish a regression model related to total herbage yield (fresh weight) of grassland for each subregion divided by herbage use type. Then the leave-one-out cross validation method was used to evaluate the precision of the model and the difference in simulation of different vegetation indices in the same pastoral area so as to obtain the pasture herbage yield-optimal vegetation index estimation model in the cases of different pasture use types. So, spatial distribution and difference of the herbage yield (fresh weight) in Tianshan mountainous area could be estimated. The results showed that estimation precision using nonlinear regression equation with respect to single vegetation index is higher than that of the linear regression equation. There is a nonlinear relationship between the herbage yield and the vegetation index derived from remote sensing image. Secondly, the precision of grass yield estimation model based on the combination of multiple vegetation indices is higher than that of the model based on one vegetation index in that the use of the combination of complementary information from different vegetation indices is preferred to improve the estimation precision of grass yield with the remote sensing technology. Additionally, the 4 indices including NDVI, EVI, DVI and SAVI were correlated to the herbage yield of pasture and could be used to estimate the herbage yield. However, there is a difference in estimation precision for different vegetation indices, the maximum of RMSE (root mean square error) when fitting with quadratic polynomial and SAVI occurs in the Subregion I, which is 5857 kg/hm2, and the minimum of RMSE when fitting with quadratic polynomial and NDVI occurs in the Subregion III, which is 616.487 kg/hm2. It is noteworthy that both DVI and SAVI considering environment factors especially like vegetation cover circumstance in the study area are most suitable for herbage yield monitoring. The work can provide significant suggestion for the estimation of total production of herbage in Tianshan Mountains. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Vegetation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Mean square error - Models - Nonlinear equations - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Herbage yield of pasture - Regression equation - Tianshan - Vegetation index - Yield estimation
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Size 2.50e+02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.022

Accession number:20182405309153
Title:Operating modal analysis and test of harvester induced by mass-varying process
Authors:Yao, Yanchun (1); Zhao, Xueyan (1); Du, Yuefeng (1); Song, Zhenghe (1); Yin, Yiyong (1); Mao, Enrong (1); Liu, Fan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimized Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Agricultural Equipment Research Institute of Shandong Wuzheng Group, Rizhao; 276825, China
Corresponding author:Song, Zhenghe(songzhenghe@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:9
Issue date:May 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:83-94
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Harvesting machinery is a typical off-road vehicle, which is exposed to vibrations caused by soil, machine and plant under complex operating environment and conditions. Harvester vibration characteristics have an important influence not only on harvester structure's lifetime and working precision, but also on driver's comfort and grain loss. There is a common characteristic in agricultural harvesting machine that mass of the whole machine is increasing with time-varying, which reflects the crucial structural dynamics characteristics. Unfortunately, the mechanism and influence rule of vibration are not well known to people, especially in operating modal analysis and test method of harvester induced by mass-varying process were rarely studied. At the same time, operational modal analysis method and test technology are most important methods and techniques to realize optimization design of agricultural harvesting machinery equipment and improve reliability. In order to study operational modal characteristics and vibration behavior of harvester induced by mass-varying process, firstly, SSI (stochastic subspace identification) algorithm and EFDD (enhanced frequency domain decomposition) algorithm were derived, which are the bases of modal identification algorithm. Secondly, taking 4YZP-4HA corn combine harvester with 122 kW as a research object, according to the structure characteristics of corn combine frame, an operational mode test system was designed in field operating condition, which is convenient to install and has a high reliability. Thirdly, an operational modal measuring point model of harvester frame is established, and soil-machine-plant system boundary conditions were measured for operational modal test, the boundary condition including soil, machine and plant parameters, by means of time domain and frequency domain analysis method, time domain statistical characteristics and frequency domain distribution regulation of different measuring points were obtained. On this foundation, using 16 channels 24-bit 3062V dynamic test acquisition instrument, the response data of vibration was acquired. Finally, only through vibration response data (transportation condition and operating condition), using method of SSI and EFDD identify modal parameter (natural frequency, mode shape and damping ratio) induced by time-varying (field operation condition) and non-time varying (transportation condition) process, and comparison of frequency results of 2 algorithms to identify operating modes of harvester frame structure. The results showed that, the vibration intensity of field operating condition was higher than that of transportation condition, and the frequency distribution was concentrated between 20~150 Hz, and the frequency distribution of different measuring points was more consistent, and the main reason for difference is gradient change of stiffness of different measuring point after assembly. Vibration modal frequency parameters and rule of deformation of harvester frame in the field operation were identified by SSI and EFDD method, the result of fourier transform method are compared and analyzed, and it can be more accurate to determine the modal frequency, furthermore, identify modal shape of harvester frame, the modal shape are mainly characterized by bending, torsion and local modal shape, at the same time, the 1 order torsional vibration frequency is about 29 Hz (SSI method, 29.578 Hz; EFDD method, 29.300 Hz). The result of this paper provides reference for vibration characteristic and operational modal analysis approach which harvester machinery works in complex condition, and offers guidance and service for development, design and optimization of new harvest machinery, and improves working method and working reliability. © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Time domain analysis
Controlled terms:Air navigation - Boundary conditions - Domain decomposition methods - Frequency domain analysis - Harvesters - Harvesting - Identification (control systems) - Machine design - Modal analysis - Off road vehicles - Parameter estimation - Reliability analysis - Soils - Stochastic systems - Structural dynamics - Vibration analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Enhanced frequency domain decompositions - Frequency domains - Operational modal analysis - Statistical characteristics - Stochastic subspace identification - Time domain - Vibration - Vibration characteristics
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 431.5 Air Navigation and Traffic Control - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601 Mechanical Design - 731.1 Control Systems - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921 Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 2.00e+01Hz to 1.50e+02Hz, Frequency 2.90e+01Hz, Frequency 2.93e+01Hz, Power 1.22e+05W, Voltage 3.06e+03V
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.09.010

期刊信息

下载专区

微信公众号

二维码

期刊信息

下载专区

微信公众号

二维码

友情链接