<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20182405309072
Title:Design and experiment of key assorted device based on factory production of Agaricus bisporus
Authors:Dai, Fei (1); Yang, Jie (2); Zhao, Wuyun (1); Li, Zhigang (3); Xin, Shanglong (1); Zhang, Fengwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou; 730070, China; (2) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Lanzhou Ketai Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Development Co., LTD, Lanzhou; 730070, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Wuyun(zhaowy@gsau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:43-51
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Abstract: China's factory production of edible fungi is relatively late compared with that of developed countries in Europe and America. The production of the Agaricus bisporus is mainly the traditional seasonal cultivation assisted with the annual production of factory in China. Due to that the research of factory production technology and equipment is relatively backward, the most of the Agaricus bisporus production still mainly remains in the family small-scale artificial cultivation and the supporting equipment is seriously insufficient. Therefore, the low level of factory production technology and equipment of the Agaricus bisporus has restricted the production development of Chinese Agaricus bisporus. Aiming at part of the operation steps in the factory production (the fill plate-put plate with second-phase compost, the compost pallet putting and recycling, the picking) of Agaricus bisporus, the key assorted device was designed, which includes the device of continuous fill plate-put plate with second-phase compost, compost pallet putting and recycling device, mechanical nurture bed and movable trolley of picking agaricus bisporus. Combined with the cultivation technique requirement of Agaricus bisporus, the key design parameters were determined and the performance tests were carried out. When the lifting capacity of the loading elevator was 26.31 kg/s, the maximum operation pressure of controllable compaction device was guaranteed at 900 Pa and the elevator motor power of movable trolley of picking Agaricus bisporus was 200 W, which were able to ensure the feasibility of the factory production of Agaricus bisporus with the two-zone cultivation. The device performance test showed that the related key assorted device was reliable and stable, the compaction thickness of the compost was kept at 269.8-281.5 mm, the average compactness of compost was 491.4 kg/m³and the compaction uniformity of compost was between 97.38% and 99.62%. So the compaction effect of compost was satisfied with the subsequent factory production demand of Agaricus bisporus. The basic operation time of the key assorted device involved in the 3 sections did not exceed 5 min; the time of elevation of empty plate was 8-10 s, the time of automatic feeding was 18-20 s, the time of mechanical compactness was 15-18 s, the time of descent of putting plate was 10-12 s, the time of transport time between sections was 45-55 s, the time of compost pallet putting and recycling device with putting pallet was 90-120 s, and the time of movable trolley of picking Agaricus bisporus was 55-60 s; and the factory production efficiency of Agaricus bisporus was improved. The yield effect of the design device was remarkable, and the Agaricus bisporus pileus diameter was 51.8 mm, the pileus thickness was 25.6 mm, the stipe length was 17.3 mm and the single quality was 26.25 g. The plot yield of Agaricus bisporus with the key assorted device was 17.61 kg/m²and it increased by 5.79 kg/m²compared with the traditional artificial cultivation. The results of the study provide reference for the design of key assorted device based on factory production technique for Agaricus bisporus.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Fungi
Controlled terms:Compaction - Composting - Design - Elevators - Experiments - Industrial plants - Pallets - Production - Recycling
Uncontrolled terms:Agaricus bisporus - Assorted device - Developed countries - Key design parameters - Production development - Production efficiency - Production techniques - Production technology
Classification code:452.3  Industrial Wastes - 691.1  Materials Handling Equipment - 692.2  Elevators - 901.3  Engineering Research
Numerical data indexing:Mass 2.62e-02kg, Mass_Density 4.91e+02kg/m3, Mass_Flow_Rate 2.63e+01kg/s, Percentage 9.74e+01% to 9.96e+01%, Power 2.00e+02W, Pressure 9.00e+02Pa, Size 1.73e-02m, Size 2.56e-02m, Size 2.70e-01m to 2.82e-01m, Size 5.18e-02m, Surface_Density 1.76e+01kg/m2, Surface_Density 5.79e+00kg/m2, Time 1.00e+01s to 1.20e+01s, Time 1.50e+01s to 1.80e+01s, Time 1.80e+01s to 2.00e+01s, Time 4.50e+01s to 5.50e+01s, Time 8.00e+00s to 1.00e+01s, Time 9.00e+01s to 1.20e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20182405309070
Title:Design and experiment of hob-type joint operation machine for silage corn root stubble plucking and residual plastic film collecting
Authors:Zhang, Jiaxi (1); Yang, Cheng (1); Guo, Junxian (1); Jiang, Yongxin (2); Zhang, Haichun (2); Zhang, Li (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi; 830052, China; (2) Agricultural Mechanization Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi; 830091, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Junxian(junxianguo@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:25-34
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agricultural film has many advantages, such as raising ground temperature, saving water and improving yield per hectare. For some northwestern Chinese regions like Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Gansu, the climate is dry and cold, and temperature difference between day and night is large, and thus the traditional agricultural production has wasted a mass of resources. With the use of agricultural film, and the planting structure in these areas has been improved, which has accelerated the development of agriculture in northwest China. However, it is difficult to degrade the films because most of the used films are PE (polyethylene) and PVC (polyvinyl chloride), and thus they accumulate in the field and cause the "white pollution", which can do great harm to the agriculture production. Especially in the corn filed, the corn fibrous roots are stuck in the film during growing up, and the stubble is entwined with the plastic film, which has great impacts on the recovery of residual film. Corn was one of the major grain crops in China, and the issue that needs to be resolved is directly related to fundamental interests of the millions of farmers. Nowadays, a variety of plastic film recycling equipment have been developed in China, and most of residual film recovery machines in Xinjiang are designed for wide, large cotton field, while residual film recovery machine for corn field is relatively less. In order to improve the mechanization recovery level of Xinjiang silage corn residue membrane, To study the effect of large root stubble on mechanized recovery of remnant membrane, and solve the problems of machine work such as low recovery of residual membrane and easy blockage of membrane stubble, we designed a hob-type joint operation machine for silage corn root stubble plucking and residual film collecting, which can be used to recycle silage corn root stubble and residual film. The key components of the machine are hob cutting device, drum collecting device, and film-stripping roller device. In this job, the hob cutting device can pull up silage corn root stubble from field, which can reduce their impacts on the residual film recovery. Then drum collecting device can pick up the residual film, and film stripping roller will send the film to box. Stubble extracting rate and residual film recovery rate are the main indicators of evaluating the machine and its operating characteristics. The Design Expert was used to design a three-factor three-level two-time regression center combination test, and the three-dimensional model of response surface with the depth of hob buried, the forward velocity of machine and the velocity of knife shaft as influence factors was established. The result shows that the depth of hob buried and the forward velocity of machine have evident influences on film recovery, while the depth of hob buried and the velocity of knife shaft have evident influences on stubbles recovery. According to the equations, we found out the optimal working parameters of the machine: The depth of hob buried is 18.5 mm, the forward velocity of machine is 4.57 km/h, and the velocity of hob shaft is 906.43 r/min. During the actual field test, when the forward velocity is 4.5 km/h, the depth of hob buried is 20 mm and the velocity of cutter shaft is 900 r/min, the residual film recovery rate can reach 84.62% and the root stubble cut rate is up to 88.25%. The test results show that the theoretical results are coincident with the measuring results, and the error between them is less than 4%. The hob-type film recovery machine can solve the impacts of silage corn root stubbles on residual film recovery. The results can provide some useful information for the further study on film recovery machines which are used in corn field and other large-stubble plants.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Polyvinyl chlorides
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural wastes - Chlorine compounds - Crops - Design - Machine components - Machine design - Plastic films - Plastic recycling - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Field test - Hobs - Large root stubble - Residual films - Silage corn
Classification code:601  Mechanical Design - 601.2  Machine Components - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers - 817.1  Polymer Products - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.00e+00%, Percentage 8.46e+01%, Percentage 8.82e+01%, Rotational_Speed 9.00e+02RPM, Rotational_Speed 9.06e+02RPM, Size 1.85e-02m, Size 2.00e-02m, Velocity 1.25e+00m/s, Velocity 1.27e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20182405309102
Title:Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction parameter for unsaturated fatty acids in raw potato flours and its application
Authors:Wu, Wenfu (1); Chen, Junyi (1); Cheng, Rongmin (2); Bi, Hongda (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biology and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun; 130022, China; (2) College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun; 130012, China; (3) College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun; 130062, China
Corresponding author:Cheng, Rongmin(chengrm@jlu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:278-284
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In 2015, the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China formally put forward the strategy of using potatoes as the staple food. Potato is one of the most productive crops in China. However, fresh potato is easy to go moldy in storage. Fatty acid is an important component for quality of food. Most of the fatty acid in potato is unsaturated fatty acid which is the necessary nutrient of the human body and has an important physiological function. In this research, we have conducted an orthogonal experiment to determine extraction temperature, extraction time, the proportion of acetone and the solid-liquid ratio for microwave-assisted extraction of unsaturated fatty acid from raw potato flours. The content of unsaturated fatty acid in each group of experiment was tested by the gas chromatographic method. After all the data were acquired, the microwave-assisted extraction process of the unsaturated fatty acid in the raw potato flours was optimized by virtue of Design-Expert 8.05 Analysis and Response Surface Method. Then the optimized program was used for studying the influence of the hot air drying temperature on the content of unsaturated fatty acid of potato. The results allowed us to develop the extraction model (P=0.000 1&lt;0.01, R²=0.939 8) of unsaturated fatty acids in raw potato flours. By use of the model, the optimum extraction technology of unsaturated fatty acids in raw potato flours was obtained and they were, the extraction temperature was 81&#8451;, the extraction time was 11 min, the volume ratio of acetone in the extraction solvent was 0.802 5, and the solid-liquid ratio was 3.25: 1. The effects of various factors on the content of the unsaturated fatty acids were as follows: the volume ratio of acetone &gt; the solid-liquid ratio &gt; the extraction temperature &gt; the extraction time, and the predicted value of the content of unsaturated fatty acid in the raw potato flours was 1.084 mg/mL. After getting the average value from three replicated tests for the optimal extraction process, the actual value of the content of the unsaturated fatty acid in the raw potato flours was 1.081 mg/g, which confirmed the predicted response value. In the application of optimization scheme, the drying of raw potato flours was operated by making use of different temperature (50, 60, 70, 80 and 90&#8451;), and the determination showed that, with the increase of the drying temperature, the content of total unsaturated fatty acids had been increased (P&lt;0.05), therein, the content of linoleic acids had also been increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05), and the content of oleic acids and linolenic acids had been also increased, which has been not increased significantly by comparing with the content of linoleic acids. Such change can be attributed to two reasons: on the one hand, the lipolysis had produced the glycerol and fatty acid, on the other hand, the fatty acid has constantly been biosynthesized. Through the research on the influence of hot air drying temperature on the quality of raw potato flours, the optimal hot air drying temperature was obtained according to the index of content of unsaturated fatty acid to realize the optimal quality of raw potato flours after drying so as to promote the strategy of taking potato as the staple food.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Unsaturated fatty acids
Controlled terms:Acetone - Agriculture - Chromatographic analysis - Digital storage - Drying - Extraction - Food storage - Gas chromatography - Linoleic acid - Liquids  - Microwaves - Optimization - Partitions (building) - Solar dryers - Surface properties - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Chromatographic methods - Methyl esterification - Microwave-assisted extraction - Microwave-assisted extraction process - People's Republic of China - Raw potatoes - Response surface - Response surface method
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 711  Electromagnetic Waves - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 802.1  Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.1  Food Products Plants and Equipment - 822.2  Food Processing Operations - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.08e+00kg/m3, Time 6.60e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20182405309079
Title:Spatial-temporal variation characteristics of water-salt movement in coastal saline soil improved by flooding and subsurface drainage
Authors:Zhang, Jinlong (1, 2); Liu, Ming (2); Qian, Hong (2); Zhang, Qing (1, 2); Wang, Zhenyu (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Tianjin Engineering Center of Saline-alkali Soil Eco-landscaping, Tianjin; 300457, China; (2) Tianjin TEDA Greening Group Limited Company, Tianjin; 300457, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:98-103
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Flooding the field and leaching salts from the soil through a subsurface drainage is a typical method for reclaiming saline soil. However, water-salt movement is non-uniform in the drained region under flooding, which affects leaching efficiency. In the paper, the spatial-temporal variations of water-salt movement in coastal saline soil under flooding with subsurface drainage were simulated with Vedernikov infiltration equation and van der Molen leaching equation. The subsurface drainage systems for a drainpipe depth (1.2 m) and various spacing (3, 6 and 9 m) were laid in 3 simulated field trial plots respectively, and leaching water volumes were the same in the trial plots. Furthermore, it was assumed that the soil was homogeneous and isotropic, and the flooding head was negligible in the simulation study. The results showed that, the stable infiltration rate in the regions with 3, 6 and 9 m spacing varied between 3.14-4.26, 1.19-3.68 and 0.58-3.55 cm/d respectively, and soil water moved more quickly in areas near the drainpipes than in the midway between drainpipes, and the greater the drainpipe spacing, the more obvious the spatial variation of the infiltration rate in the drained region. In several zones between drainpipes, the spatial variation of infiltration rate was obviously different too, and was apparently greater in the zone near the drainpipe. The spatial distribution of leaching water volume was extremely uneven in the drained region, and the more water was allocated for the area closer to the drainpipes. Comparison between 3 subsurface drainage systems showed that, the greater the spacing of the drainpipes, the more the flooding water that was allocated above the lines of the drainpipes, and the amount of water allocated above the lines of the drainpipes with 9 m spacing was 1.39 and 2.00 times that above the lines of the drainpipes with 6 and 3 m spacing respectively. The apparent spatial difference of infiltration rate resulted in spatial uneven distribution of flooding water in the drained region, and accordingly the changes of soil salinity were greatly non-uniform, and the salts moved more quickly in areas near the drainpipes than in the midway areas between drainpipes, too. After flooding for 20 days, only in the 0-0.6 m area away from the drainpipes with 9 m spacing, salinity content of the 0-60 cm soil layer decreased to 3.00 g/kg. After flooding for 40 days continuously, only in the 0-1.6 m area close to the drainpipe, the salinity content of the 0-60 cm soil layer decreased to 3.00 g/kg. In order to make the salinity content of 0-60 cm soil layer dropped to 3.00 g/kg completely in the whole area between the drainpipes, it was necessary to flood the surface for 100 days, which would cause a large proportion of the irrigation water volume to flow away from the vicinity of the drainpipe, thereby wasting water resource and reducing leaching efficiency. The research provides a simple and feasible method for simulating water-salt movement in drained region under flooding for reclaiming saline soil, which can guide the design of irrigation and drainage to achieve effective improvement of saline soil.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Drainage - Efficiency - Floods - Groundwater flow - Irrigation - Leaching - Saline water - Salts - Soil moisture - Soils  - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Coastal saline soils - Homogeneous and isotropic - Simulation studies - Spatial differences - Spatial temporals - Spatial variations - Subsurface drainage system - Subsurface drainages
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 444.2  Groundwater - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.10e-01yr, Age 2.74e-01yr, Age 5.48e-02yr, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.60e+00m, Size 0.00e+00m to 6.00e-01m, Size 1.20e+00m, Size 3.00e+00m, Size 6.00e+00m, Size 9.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20182405309089
Title:Maize leaf area index continuous monitoring based on time-series infrared images
Authors:Wang, Chuanyu (1, 2); Guo, Xinyu (1, 2); Du, Jianjun (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing; 100097, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Xinyu(guoxy@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:175-181
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In situ measurements of leaf area index (LAI) are needed for monitoring crop growth conditions at the site level. In this study, we investigated the use of an infrared digital camera for canopy structural information extraction. Firstly, the camera (JAI industry camera, model AD-080CL, resolution: 1024&times;768, sensor size: 1/3 CCD, FPS: 30, focal length: 12 mm) was placed 6 m above the canopy, which was equipped with an infrared/color imaging switcher. Digital images were taken every 30 mins from above the canopy looking downward vertically. A Gaussian distribution based threshold technique was used to separate green vegetation tissues from background soil and residue materials in order to derive the canopy vertical gap fraction from the digital photos. The distribution of intensity for the background pixels was narrow compared to that of green plant pixels, The rising side of the background elements distribution on the histogram could be well-fitted with a Gaussian distribution function. However, the falling side overlapped the rising side of the green leaf distribution, which made it deviate from a Gaussian distribution at the junction of the two population distributions, the intensity of shaded leaves was generally smaller than that of sunlit leaves, which may cause confusion between shaded leaves and background elements. In this process, one of the challenges was how to overcome various natural light conditions which sometimes strongly affect the profile of the crop images taken from outdoor. In order to eliminate ambiguity which sometimes strongly affects the segmentation of the crop images taken outdoor, we adopted infrared images instead of color images, reflectance of healthy green plants in infrared images (760 nm) was higher than soil background due to red-edge phenomenon, which enhanced the intensity of shaded leaves. The intensity value&mu;in histogram represents the value at which the frequency of the background elements was maximal (the first peak from the left side of the histogram), and TL represented the intensity value below which the proportion of pixels was not more than 2.5% of the total number of pixels. The threshold TR was the mirror of TL with respect to&mu;, assuming a Gaussian distribution for background pixels. The use of 2.5% to determine the width of distribution of background pixels was to exclude pixels with exceptional low intensity while keeping the error below an acceptable level. In canopy structure parameter analysis phase, assuming the foliage was azimuthally uniform and spatially randomly distributed, the relationship between canopy gap fraction and LAI was given by the Poisson distribution. A spherical leaf inclination distribution function (LIDF) was considered a good first-order approximation for crop canopies, in which case foliage projection coefficient for the plane perpendicular to solar zenith angle was equal to 0.5 at any direction. LAI was estimated from the vertical gap fraction obtained from digital photography looking vertically downward. The experiment was conducted in 2016, two varieties in different decades (60s and 90s), density was 45 000 plants/hm², normal water and fertilizer management. The LAI of two varieties varied greatly during the whole growth period, especially after grain filling, LAI of 60s variety decreased rapidly, however modern variety had an excellent "stay-green" characteristic, which maintained LAI at a certain high extent. A performance comparison of AccuPAR and our method was carried out, 18 samples were collected with two methods, the results showed that the LAI obtained using digital photography was linearly related with the AccuPAR method, the coefficient of determination between two methods hit 0.94. Our method provides a whole growth period automatic LAI monitoring solution.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Image enhancement
Controlled terms:Color photography - Crops - Digital cameras - Distribution functions - Gaussian distribution - Grain (agricultural product) - Grain growth - Graphic methods - Image segmentation - Infrared imaging  - Monitoring - Pixels - Plants (botany) - Poisson distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Canopy gap fractions - Coefficient of determination - First-order approximations - Leaf Area Index - Maize - Performance comparison - Projection coefficients - Structural information extractions
Classification code:742.1  Photography - 742.2  Photographic Equipment - 746  Imaging Techniques - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.1  Probability Theory - 933.1.2  Crystal Growth
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.50e+00%, Size 1.20e-02m, Size 6.00e+00m, Size 7.60e-07m, Time 1.80e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20182405309080
Title:Characteristics of water and salt migration in process of improving saline alkali soil with bacillus subtilis
Authors:Zhou, Beibei (1); Hou, Yaling (1); Wang, Quanjiu (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:104-110
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Bacillus subtilis has great effects on soil water and salt movement. In this paper, 5 different contents of Bacillus subtilis (0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 g/kg) were set, aiming to study the soil water cumulative infiltration, infiltration rate, wetting front, soil water contents and salt contents in each profile, as well as water-stable aggregate contents. The results showed that with the applying of Bacillus subtilis, the cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate in saline-alkali soil decreased obviously, compared to that in the control of soil columns, due to the water retention properties of Bacillus subtilis, especially after the initial 300 min. Moreover, with the increase of Bacillus subtilis content, the cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate first decreased and then increased. When the Bacillus subtilis content was 3 g/kg, the cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate of soil water tended to be the smallest in a certain time, and the variations between the treatments were significant (P&lt;0.01). At the end of the infiltration, the cumulative infiltration with the Bacillus subtilis content of 1, 3, 5 and 7 g/kg was decreased by 18.49%, 21.85%, 12.18% and 3.78% respectively compared with that without Bacillus subtilis. With the applying of Bacillus subtilis, the wetting front decreased as well. At the initial time, there were no significant differences between different treatments. With the infiltration time increasing, the effect of Bacillus subtilis on wetting front in each treatment was significant (P&lt;0.01). The wetting front took 3 700, 7 260, 7 700, 5 100 and 4 320 min to reached the bottom of the soil column with Bacillus subtilis content of 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 g/kg, respectively, and the migration rates were 7.84&times;10^-3, 4.00&times;10^-3, 3.77&times;10^-3, 5.69&times;10^-3, and 6.71&times;10^-3cm/min, accordingly. When the content was 3 g/kg, the migration rate of wetting front was the smallest. Both Philip and Green-Ampt model could fit soil infiltration process well with different Bacillus subtilis contents. For Green-Ampt infiltration model, with the increase of Bacillus subtilis contents, soil water saturated hydraulic conductivity first decreased and then increased, and the wetting front suction showed an opposite trend compared with control treatment (P&lt;0.05). For the Philip infiltration model, with the increase of Bacillus subtilis contents, the soil sorptivity and stable infiltration rate first decreased and then increased, which were obviously less than that without Bacillus subtilis (P&lt;0.05). When the Bacillus subtilis was 3 g/kg, the minimum values of soil sorptivity, soil water saturated hydraulic conductivity and stable infiltration rate were obtained, and the maximum value of wetting front suction was obtained, which further confirmed that Bacillus subtilis could increase soil water holding capacity. When the Bacillus subtilis contents were 1, 3, 5 and 7 g/kg, the water contents were greater than that in control. At the depth of 27 cm, the water content in the treatments with Bacillus subtilis of 1, 3, 5 and 7 g/kg increased by 17.65%, 31.76%, 11.76% and 7.06% respectively, compared with that in control. Soil salt contents were also significantly decreased with the application of Bacillus subtilis. The salt content in the treatments with Bacillus subtilis of 1, 3, 5 and 7 g/kg decreased by 22.37%, 31.29%, 17.78% and 10.67% respectively, compared to that in control. After applying Bacillus subtilis, soil water-stable aggregate also increased. In the whole soil layer, the water-stable aggregates in the treatment with Bacillus subtilis of 1, 3, 5 and 7 g/kg were greater than those in control, and increased by 13.02%, 17.59%, 9.68% and 5.24%, respectively. This study can provide a theoretical support for the microorganism application in saline-alkali soil amendment.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Bacteriology - Hydraulic conductivity - Organic carbon - Saline water - Soil moisture - Water content - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Bacillus Subtilis - Cumulative infiltrations - Green-ampt infiltration models - Saline-alkali soils - Saltness - Saturated hydraulic conductivity - Soil water-stable aggregates - Water retention properties
Classification code:406  Highway Engineering - 444  Water Resources - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 632.1  Hydraulics - 804.1  Organic Compounds
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.07e+01%, Percentage 1.18e+01%, Percentage 1.22e+01%, Percentage 1.30e+01%, Percentage 1.76e+01%, Percentage 1.78e+01%, Percentage 1.85e+01%, Percentage 2.19e+01%, Percentage 2.24e+01%, Percentage 3.13e+01%, Percentage 3.18e+01%, Percentage 3.78e+00%, Percentage 5.24e+00%, Percentage 7.06e+00%, Percentage 9.68e+00%, Size 2.70e-01m, Time 1.80e+04s, Time 2.59e+05s, Time 3.06e+05s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20182405309094
Title:Total content of heavy metals and their chemical form changes in multilevel wastewater treatment system in intensive swine farm
Authors:Guo, Ruihua (1, 2); Jin, Hongmei (1, 2); Wu, Huashan (1, 2); Huang, Hongying (1, 2); Ye, Xiaomei (1, 2); Xu, Yueding (1, 2); Zheng, Mengjie (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Circular Agriculture Research Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing; 210014, China; (2) East China Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Development and Utilization of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China; (3) College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China
Corresponding author:Jin, Hongmei(hmjin@jaas.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:210-216
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Anaerobic digestion (AD) plant is an effective way to treat animal manures, which has been largely applied in China. As the main by-product of biogas, more than 1 billion tons of liquid digestate (i.e., digested slurry) have been produced by AD plants. Applying digestate to land is the most attractive and effective option in terms of environmental issues, because it allows nutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) to be recycled and, hence, increases the organic matter in soils. However, high levels of heavy metals, such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) in swine manure could result in high risk of land application. The AD plant is conservative for heavy metals, which results in high total concentrations of heavy metals in digested slurries. Furthermore, heavy metals may be highly leachable and soluble because of their inorganic forms during AD treatment; they can even shift from stable fractions to more bioavailability/toxic fractions after water addition and decomposition, especially for variable valence metalloid As. In addition, AD treatment effectively degrades the organic matter and causes obvious variations in physical and chemical properties, such as water content, pH value, oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and microbial activities. These changes may influence the chemical fraction of heavy metals, which is a critical factor in predicting their mobility and eco-toxicity (especially for As). However, there was no study dealing with the distribution of heavy metal contents and chemical fractions in digested slurries and follow-up processing steps, e.g. multilevel sedimentation pond, aquatic plant pond, etc., from farm-based AD plant. In this study, we chose an intensive swine farm in southern part of Jiangsu Province as a model to study the changes of total and dissolved contents of Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Cr in primary digested slurry and follow-up processing effluent. The objective of this study was to provide scientific support for safety investigate concentrations of the main heavy metals and their morphologic changes characteristics in wastewater during the processes of treating the wastewater (anaerobic digestion, multistage precipitation, aquatic plant treatment) in an intensive swine farm typical of the region of South Jiangsu in winter and summer. Results showed that the total heavy metal content was increased after anaerobic fermentation. The total contents of Cu, Zn, As, Pb and Cr in the primary digested slurry were 4 024.9, 6 656.0, 22.9, 193.8, 319.6 &mu;g/L, respectively in summer, and 6 490.3, 1 1687.9, 89.3, 152.0, 351.7 &mu;g/L respectively in winter. Except As in summer, all of the heavy metals were above national farmland irrigation water quality standard. The total heavy metal concentrations were significantly decreased after the last treatments. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, As, Pb and Cr from the biological pond were 15.7, 60.7, 8.8, 13.7, 34.8 &mu;g/L in summer, respectively; while those were 10.9, 80.4, 6.0, 13.6, 43.2 &mu;g/L in winter, respectively, which met the national farmland irrigation standard. The multistage precipitation wastewater treatment system could remove total Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Cr with 99.5%, 99.2%, 62.2%, 88.7%, 91.6% in summer and 99.8%, 99.0%, 91.0%, 90.1%, 87.9% in winter, respectively. The changes of dissolved heavy metal concentrations were complex, while in general, multilevel sedimentation combined with aquatic plant treatment could reduce the bio-availability to the heavy metal, while the effects in summer was lower than that in winter. The relationship analysis showed that total and dissolved heavy metals negatively correlated with the pH values of wastewater, except the total As in summer; whereas the positive correlation with EC was found in wastewater. Multilevel sedimentation combined with aquatic plant treatment was a meaningful treatment for the intensive swine farms, which had limited land resources around the farm.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Chemicals removal (water treatment)
Controlled terms:Anaerobic digestion - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Chromium - Dissolution - Effluents - Farms - Fertilizers - Heavy metals - Irrigation  - Lakes - Lead removal (water treatment) - Manures - Organic compounds - pH effects - Redox reactions - Sedimentation - Slurries - Wastewater - Wastewater treatment  - Water quality - Water recycling
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical forms - Heavy metal concentration - Irrigation water quality - Multilevel treatment - Oxidation reduction potential - Physical and chemical properties - Swine farm - Wastewater treatment system
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 445.2  Water Analysis - 452.3  Industrial Wastes - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 531  Metallurgy and Metallography - 543.1  Chromium and Alloys - 801  Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 3.20e-04kg/m3, Mass_Density 3.48e-05kg/m3, Mass_Density 3.52e-04kg/m3, Mass_Density 4.32e-05kg/m3, Percentage 6.22e+01%, Percentage 8.79e+01%, Percentage 8.87e+01%, Percentage 9.01e+01%, Percentage 9.10e+01%, Percentage 9.16e+01%, Percentage 9.90e+01%, Percentage 9.92e+01%, Percentage 9.95e+01%, Percentage 9.98e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20182405309105
Title:Effect of compaction on nutritional quality and aerobic stability of silage corn after opening silos
Authors:Wang, Xuzhe (1); Zhang, Fanfan (1); Ma, Chunhui (1); Li, Feifei (1); Wang, Shulin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Chunhui(chunhuima@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:300-306
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Compaction level is one of the major factors determining the nutritive value of silage. The low porosity of tightly compacted silage reduces O<inf>2</inf>diffusion, thus limiting aerobic deterioration. If the silo is rapidly filled and densely packed with fresh forage, available O<inf>2</inf>is quickly utilized and depleted by aerobic and facultative microorganisms as well as by the ensiling material through respiration with minimal loss of water soluble carbohydrates. Although compaction of the ensiled material is important, it is also necessary to seal silage quickly and carefully. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different compaction levels on the nutritive value, fermentation characteristics, and aerobic stability of corn (Zea mays L. cv. Xinsiyu 10) silage so as to provide reference for establishing multiple linear regression models for silage production practice, as well as predict the silage quality quickly after the silos were opened according to the known conditions (opening time, compaction degree, temperature). The corn was sown on April 10, 2015 and harvested at the late milk stage (July 20, 101 d after planting). The corn was chopped into 1-2 cm segments in the field. The chopped corn was taken to the laboratory where mini-silos were filled and compacted. The mini-silos had a capacity of 30.2 L (height, 1020 mm; diameter, 194 mm). The corn was ensiled at 5 bulk densities (350, 400, 500, 600 and 700 kg/m³) and then fermented for 50 d. Silage samples were collected after 0, 12, 14, 36, 60 and 108 h after the silos were opened and then analyzed to determine pH value, dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, water soluble carbohydrates, lactic acid, acetic acid, and NH<inf>3</inf>-N, and the aerobic stability was evaluated by using an online multi-channel temperature recorder. Curve fitting between compaction and silage quality was performed, and multiple linear regression analysis between the silage quality and the silo opening time, compaction, and silage temperature was carried out. The results showed that dry matter and crude protein concentrations in the 350 kg/m³treatment were respectively 2.6%-11.9% and 22.8%-37.0% lower than that in the 600 and 700 kg/m³treatments (P&lt;0.05); but neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, NH<inf>3</inf>-N concentrations and pH value in the 350 kg/m³treatment were respectively 1.2%-4.6%, 6.2%-14.1%, 14.1%-37.4% and 3.1%-39.9% greater than that in the 500, 600 and 700 kg/m³treatments (P&lt;0.05). The increase of 2&#8451; above room temperature was considered a break of aerobic stability. The silage aerobic stability increased as silage density increased. The 600 kg/m³treatment also showed the highest stability among the treatments (100 h in air; P&lt;0.05). And the fitting degree of the multiple linear regression models between the above indices and the silo opening time, compaction, silage temperature reached 76.8%-92.3%, and the R²reached 0.590-0.853. Among them, the model fitting degree and R²of crude protein were the highest, and using this model to predict, the fitting degree was 92.3%. Therefore nutritive values and fermentation characteristics increased, and aerobic stability improved as silage compaction increased. In summary, 600 kg/m³is the best density for producing corn silage with high fermentation quality and aerobic stability. This is of great significance to guide the production practice.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Carbohydrates - Compaction - Curve fitting - Fermentation - Fibers - Lactic acid - Linear regression - pH - Proteins - Stability
Uncontrolled terms:Corn silage - Fermentation qualities - Forage - Multiple linear regression analysis - Multiple linear regression models - Neutral detergent fiber - Nutritional qualities - Water-soluble carbohydrates
Classification code:801.1  Chemistry, General - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 3.50e+02kg/m3, Mass_Density 6.00e+02kg/m3, Mass_Density 7.00e+02kg/m3, Percentage 1.20e+00% to 4.60e+00%, Percentage 2.28e+01% to 3.70e+01%, Percentage 2.60e+00% to 1.19e+01%, Percentage 3.10e+00% to 3.99e+01%, Percentage 7.68e+01% to 9.23e+01%, Percentage 9.23e+01%, Size 1.00e-02m to 2.00e-02m, Size 1.94e-01m, Time 2.16e+05s, Time 3.60e+05s, Time 3.89e+05s, Volume 3.02e-02m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20182405309095
Title:CLC-St-PAM flocculant purifying bagasse soda pulping black liquor and recycling lignin
Authors:Li, Yanming (1); Wu, Xuezhong (2); Du, Fangli (1); Long, Siyu (1); Huang, Hualin (1); Tang, Peiduo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning; 530007, China; (2) Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai; 200433, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:217-223
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Lignin is mainly obtained as a byproduct from pulp industry, which is the only renewable aromatic carbon source generated in nature, containing 3 major structures, 4-hydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl, and syringyl structures. Lignin can be efficiently transformed into highly value-added fine chemicals such as phenolic monomers and other high-grade biofuels such as alkanes through catalytic depolymerization methods. With the growing concern over the excessive emission of greenhouse gases and the depleting stocks of fossil fuels, the lignin conversion has become an important part of the renewable energy strategy for the governments. In chemical pulping, black liquor is a process stream containing both organic and inorganic components. One of those organic components is lignin which can be separated effectively by using acidification-flocculation. This present study describes the precipitation of lignin by acidification-flocculation of black liquor produced by soda pulping of bagasse. Firstly, the cross-linked cationic starch (CLC-St) was obtained by the cross linking reaction and etherification reaction with cassava starch, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 3-Chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium as raw material. Then cross-linked cationic starch grafted by polyacrylamide (CLC-St-PAM) flocculant was prepared using the CLC-St as backbone through the graft copolymerization reaction with acrylamide. The structures of CLC-St-PAM were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM). The results showed that PAM was grafted into the base of CLC-St successfully, the grafting copolymerization reaction occurred on the surface of the starch particle, which was in agreement with the SEM micrographs, and the aggregation phase of CLC-St-PAM was changed to amorphous aggregation state. The CLC-St-PAM flocculant was added to the black liquor of bagasse soda pulping to form lignin-rich precipitate under different pH value conditions (varying from 7 to 2). The effects of selective important factors, such as dosage of CLC-St-PAM flocculant, pH value of black liquor, on the obtained lignin mass precipitated, the concentration of acid soluble lignin, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in filtrate were studied systematically. It showed that organic matter and COD in black liquor had been efficiently removed under suitable flocculating conditions. When the pH value was 2 and the dosage of CLC-St-PAM was 0.015 g/L, the lignin recovery rate reached 89.02%&plusmn;0.54% and the COD removal rate reached 69.06%&plusmn;1.42%; meanwhile, the concentration of acid soluble lignin was reduced from (0.561&plusmn;0.021) to (0.187&plusmn;0.008) g/100 mL, and the color of the liquor was strongly modified from dark brown to pale yellow. The recovered lignin was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (¹HNMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results indicated that the recovered lignin consisted of syringyl and guaiacyl units and was connected together by C-O and C-C linkages. There was large variation among the molecular weight of the recovered lignin molecules, the GPC spectrum of recovered lignin contained 2 continuous peaks, and the number-average molecular weights of these 2 peaks were 105 691 and 11 270 g/mol, respectively. In the acid-flocculation process, pure lignin molecules were precipitated in high pH value, and with the further decrease of the pH value, more lignin-hemicellulose complexes were formed and precipitated.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Lignin
Controlled terms:Acidification - Acrylic monomers - Amides - Bagasse - Biological materials - Chemical oxygen demand - Copolymerization - Crosslinking - Filtration - Flocculation  - Fossil fuels - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Gel permeation chromatography - Grafting (chemical) - Greenhouse gases - Molecular weight - Molecules - pH - Polyacrylates - Recovery  - Starch - Surface reactions - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Catalytic depolymerization - Cross-linked cationic starches - Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) - Grafting copolymerization reaction - Number average molecular weight - Pulping black liquor - Renewable energy strategies - Scanning electronic microscopes
Classification code:451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 801  Chemistry - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 811.3  Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers - 815.2  Polymerization - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 822.2  Food Processing Operations - 931.3  Atomic and Molecular Physics
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.50e-02kg/m3, Molar_Mass 1.06e+05g/mol, Molar_Mass 1.13e+04g/mol
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20182405309084
Title:Construction of draught estimation model with combination of improved TOPMODEL and PDSI
Authors:Gong, Xinglong (1); Fu, Qiang (1); Wang, Bin (1); Guan, Yinghong (1); Xing, Zhenxiang (1); Li, Heng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China
Corresponding author:Fu, Qiang(fuqiang@neau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:137-144
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The frequent occurrence of drought for the semiarid region in spring period in recent years seriously influences the grain production. Distributed hydrological model and draught estimation model for semiarid region are not well developed, and they are not physically-based and universal. In this study, grid hydrological model and draught estimation model for semiarid region were established based on the data of typical northern semiarid region of Songnen Plain. The runoff process was estimated by saturated and unsaturated zone flow model, which was established based on LBM method. For the flow confluence process, flow confluence numerical model was constructed by solving the slope and river flow equation with LBM method, and furthermore, LBMGTOPMODEL was built by means of loose coupling for each module in the grid areas. From the respective of hydrologic cycle, combining with hydrological model LBMGTOPMODEL and Palmer Drought Index (PDSI), draught estimation model for semiarid region was formed by simulating the temporal and spatial variation of parameters in the water circulation process of Taoer River, which is located in a typical semiarid region. The results showed that the average absolute value of the relative error of the 10-field flood simulation runoff was 4.45%, the average absolute value of the relative error of the flood peak flow was 5%, and the mean value of the deterministic coefficient was 0.76. It could be seen that the established LBMGTOPMODEL hydrological model could simulate the process of rainfall and runoff with a high accuracy. Meteorological hydrological constants such as meteorology, water supplement, runoff, water loss and climate characteristics showed a certain spatial distribution state. Among the meteorological hydrological constants, the spatial distribution of climatic characteristic constants was 0-7.23, which showed the most obvious difference. The average values of meteorological hydrological constants changed with the variation of selected computational time period. When the established draught estimation model was used to assess the draught condition of investigated area, the model estimation results were in accordance with the actual conditions of Taoer River basin. When the draught conditions estimated by the established draught estimation model were compared with the draught conditions evaluated by rainfall deviation index of single factor drought index and draught conditions of the actual situation, it could be concluded that PDSI index evaluated by the distributed hydrological model could well reflect the effects of various factors in the hydrological process on the drought and the temporal and spatial evolution process of drought. PDSI index evaluated by the distributed hydrological model could provide guidance for the draught condition assessment.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Climate models - Drought - Flood control - Floods - Models - Numerical methods - Precipitation (chemical) - Rain - Rivers  - Solute transport - Spatial distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Climate characteristics - Distributed hydrological model - Draught - Hydrometeorological constant - LBMGTOPMODEL - PDSI - Temporal and spatial evolutions - Temporal and spatial variation
Classification code:442.1  Flood Control - 443  Meteorology - 443.3  Precipitation - 444  Water Resources - 444.1  Surface Water - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 921  Mathematics - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.45e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20182405309090
Title:Estimation of chlorophyll content in apple leaves base on spectral feature parameters
Authors:Feng, Haikuan (1, 2, 3, 4); Yang, Fuqin (1, 2, 5); Yang, Guijun (1, 2, 3, 4); Li, Zhenhai (1, 2, 3, 4); Pei, Haojie (1, 2); Xing, Huimin (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) Key Laboratory for Information Technologies in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (4) Beijing Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Internet of Things, Beijing; 100097, China; (5) College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou; 451191, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Fuqin(yangfuqin0202@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:182-188
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Chlorophyll content is an important parameter for evaluating the growth status using spectral reflectance feature. The rapid, non-destructive and accurate monitoring of chlorophyll content using hyperspectral reflectance has become an important research content for monitoring the growth of fruit trees. The object of this study was to analyze the relevance of chlorophyll content and the original spectrum of apple leaves and its transformation forms and to select optimum spectral parameters. Chlorophyll content model was built and verified by random forest (RF), partial least square (PLS), back propagation (BP) neural network and support vector machine (SVM). Parameters of samples including spectral reflectance of leaves and the concurrent apple leaves chlorophyll content were acquired in Tai'an, Shandong, China during apple growth seasons in 2012 and 2013. The result showed: 1) The optimum spectral parameters between chlorophyll content and the original spectrum reflectance (R) of apple leaves were 554 and 708 nm, and the correlation coefficients of that were-0.46 and-0.66 respectively. The optimum spectral parameters between the chlorophyll content and the logarithm of reciprocal of spectra of apple leaves were 554 and 708 nm, and the correlation coefficients of that were 0.46 and 0.66 respectively. The optimum spectral parameters between chlorophyll content and the first order differential (D) reflectance spectra of apple leaves were 535 (trough), 569 (peak), 700 (trough) and 749 nm (peak), and the correlation coefficients of that were-0.66, 0.64, -0.69 and 0.76 respectively. The optimum spectral parameters between chlorophyll content and the continuum removal (CR) reflectance spectra of apple leaves were 557 (trough) and 708 nm (trough), and the correlation coefficients of that were-0.35 and-0.73, respectively. 2) The out-of-bag importance between chlorophyll content and reflectance spectra was analyzed using out-of-bag data of RF, the size order of out-of-bag data was D749 &gt; CR708 &gt; D569 &gt; D700&gt;D535 &gt; CR557 &gt; log(1/708) &gt; log(1/554) &gt; R554 &gt; R708, the maximum and minimum were D749 and R708, respectively, and the corresponding values were 166.28 and 7.34, respectively. Based on out-of-bag data analysis, the D749, CR708, D569, D700 and D535 were chosen to build chlorophyll content estimation model using RF, PLS, BP, and SVM. The result showed that the R², RMSE (root mean square error) and RE (relative error) were 0.94, 0.34 mg/dm²and 0.08% respectively for RF-estimation model; the R², RMSE and RE were 0.61, 0.78 mg/dm²and 0 respectively for PLS-estimation model; the R², RMSE and RE were 0.66, 0.75 mg/dm²and 0.25% respectively according to BP-estimation model; the R², RMSE and RE were 0.60, 0.81 mg/dm²and 0.70% respectively according to SVM-estimation model. The accuracies of RF, PLS, BP and SVM validation model were compared. The R²of RF, PLS, BP and SVM model was 0.86, 0.91, 0.60 and 0.66, respectively; the RMSE of RF, PLS, BP and SVM model was 0.79, 0.75, 1.18 and 1.20 mg/dm², respectively; the RE of RF, PLS, BP and SVM model was 1.31%, 6.68%, 3.19% and 0.46%, respectively. The study showed that the accuracy of RF estimation model is much higher than PLS, BP and SVM. The stability of the RF validation model is also higher than that of the PLS and BP validation model, which is close to the PLS regression. Overall, the RF algorithm has better performance than PLS, BP and SVM algorithm. Therefore, using hyperspectral technology with RF algorithm can estimate apple leaf chlorophyll content more rapidly and accurately and provide a theoretical basis for rapid nutrition diagnosis and growth monitoring.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Chlorophyll
Controlled terms:Backpropagation - Decision trees - Fruits - Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Neural networks - Orchards - Principal component analysis - Reflection - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Apple leaves - BP neural networks - HyperSpectral - Partial least square (PLS) - Random forests - Spetrum analysis
Classification code:723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4  Artificial Intelligence - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.31e+00%, Percentage 2.50e-01%, Percentage 3.19e+00%, Percentage 4.60e-01%, Percentage 6.68e+00%, Percentage 7.00e-01%, Percentage 8.00e-02%, Size 5.54e-07m, Size 7.08e-07m, Size 7.49e-07m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20182405309069
Title:Optimization of gas explosion subsoiling parameters based on soil fissure trace equation and soil disturbance model
Authors:Xi, Xiaobo (1, 2); Zhang, Ruihong (1); Shan, Xiang (1); Ye, Weiwei (1); Shi, Yangjie (1); Ma, Guoliang (1); Tao, Deqing (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou; 225127, China; (2) School of Hydraulic Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou; 225127, China; (3) Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou; 225300, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Ruihong(zhang-rh@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:15-24
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil subsoiling is currently the most widely used method for soil loosening, which can break the hard bottom of soil. At present, soil subsoiling operations mainly use shovel subsoiler, which has common problems like poor subsoiling effect, uneven soil disturbance and high energy consumption. In this context, a new subsoiling technology, gas explosion subsoiling, is studied in this paper, which injects high pressure gas into the soil to cause fissures, thereby breaking the bottom soil and achieving the purpose of subsoiling. In order to clarify the subsoiling effect of gas explosion on soil, an orthogonal test with the gas explosion parameters like pressure, depth and volume was designed. The soil block used in test was in standard size of 100 cm &times; 50 cm (diameter &times; height). The soil fissures and disturbance situation on the soil section were observed through the cross-sectional treatment method, and the influence of gas explosion parameters on soil fissure extension was analyzed. Then, the soil fissure trace equation and soil disturbance model were established based on the 9 orthogonal test results calculated by OriginPro software and Auto2Fit software. The effect of soil damage form on the impact of soil subsoiling was discussed based on Mohr-Coulomb soil strength theory and Rankine's earth pressure theory. The orthogonal experiment results showed that the greater the gas explosion pressure, the deeper the gas explosion depth; the more the gas volume, the better the soil subsoiling effect. The soil fissure trace equation was a quadratic function and the soil disturbance area was parabolic. This research provided a model and method for studying the soil fissure trace equation, and the soil hardness in the equation could be used as a variable for the soil type, so the soil fissure trace equation was applicable to most types of soils. The soil was mainly subjected to pulling damage when the gas explosion depth was less than 25 cm, the soil surface tended to rise at the gas splitting force of 0.17 MPa and the disturbance coefficient of 50%, and the center of soil fissure was the gas explosion center. The soil was mainly subjected to shear damage when the gas explosion depth was more than 25 cm, the soil surface elevation was not obvious at the gas splitting force of 0.39 MPa and the soil disturbance coefficient of more than 50%, and meanwhile the center of soil fissure moved downward, and the downward displacement increased with the increase of gas explosion pressure. What was more, the effect of shear damage on soil subsoiling was better than that of pulling damage. Therefore, soil shear damage should occur as much as possible in design of gas explosion technological parameters, which played a significant role in promoting the expansion of soil fissures and increasing the degree of soil loosening. When the gas explosion depth was 25 cm, the soil damage would be the joint action of pulling and shear, and the degrees of these 2 kinds of damages were equivalent, which was conducive to the horizontal expansion of soil fissures. In addition, the gas explosion pressure was not as high as possible, and higher pressure gas source had a higher technical requirement on gas storage and booster device, and also a longer time for gas collection, which was not conducive to long-term working operation. The data optimization results showed that 1 MPa gas explosion pressure and 30 cm gas explosion depth were more appropriate, and under the condition the soil subsoiling effect was remarkable with the soil disturbance coefficient of 79.5%. The results can provide theoretical basis for the optimization of gas explosion subsoiling parameters.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Digital storage - Energy utilization - Explosions - Gases - Models - Porosity - Pressure effects - Shear flow - Software testing
Uncontrolled terms:Gas explosions - High energy consumption - Orthogonal experiment - Pneumatic fracturing - Rankine's earth pressure theories - Soil disturbances - Technical requirement - Technological parameters
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.5  Computer Applications - 931.1  Mechanics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 7.95e+01%, Pressure 1.00e+06Pa, Pressure 1.70e+05Pa, Pressure 3.90e+05Pa, Size 2.50e-01m, Size 3.00e-01m, Size 5.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20182405309100
Title:Determination of mechanical characteristic parameters and extrusion crushing characteristics test for lotus seed kernel
Authors:Ma, Qiucheng (1); Guo, Gengjun (1); Ma, Jie (2); Lei, Lintao (1); Liu, Kun (1); Long, Hui (1); Li, Junxiong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan; 411105, China; (2) Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster; LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:263-271
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this paper, an innovative compression technology is developed to study and analyze the mechanical properties of lotus seed kernel with regard to elastic modulus, compression strength and ultimate load when the whole lotus seed kernel is under the pressure. The objectives of this paper are to study the damage and crushing characteristics of lotus seed kernel under the condition of squeezing the load and reducing the crushing rate in the processing and transportation. Firstly, the universal testing machine is utilized to implement tests of elastic modulus and compression strength for lotus seed kernel samples. A series of the mechanical properties are measured for the lotus seed kernel with varied moisture content (5.52%, 7.78%, 10.29%, 12.47%, and 15.06%) in terms of vertical elastic modulus, horizontal elastic modulus, longitudinal compression strength and transverse compression strength. The corresponding transverse stress-strain curve and longitudinal stress-strain curve are figured out. The measurement results indicate the vertical and horizontal elastic modulus and compression strength of lotus seed kernel decrease with the increase of moisture content. The longitudinal values are higher than transverse values as to samples with same level of moisture content. Therefore, lotus seed kernel belongs to a kind of anisotropic material. It is much easier to cause lotus seed kernel broken when it suffers horizontal compression. When the moisture content is relatively low (5.52%, 7.78%, 10.29%), there is a linear relationship between stress and strain. Lotus seed kernel shows brittleness. If the moisture content is much higher (12.47%, 15.06%), strain becomes larger, which means lotus seed kernel has great toughness. The regression equation is established for the sake of carrying out regression analysis based on test results of elastic modulus and compression strength. It is obtained that the minimum compression strength and minimum elastic modulus of qualified lotus seed kernel with moisture content smaller than 11% are 5.12 and 37.12 MPa respectively. Furthermore, the crack caused by compression is also discussed on the basis of varied moisture contents and different compression methods. It is measured that the ultimate loads under the flat pressure for 5 experimental samples are 103.52, 89.87, 72.21, 59.60 and 51.73 N, respectively. Similarly, the ultimate loads under the side pressure are 88.19, 72.78, 57.80, 45.58 and 39.16 N, respectively. From the measurement data, the moisture content and compression method of lotus seed kernel have great influence on ultimate loads. The ultimate loads increase with the decrease of moisture content, no matter it suffers side pressure or flat pressure. Furthermore, the ultimate load of side pressure is less than that of flat pressure in terms of same level of moisture content. Therefore, side pressure is much easier to make the lotus seed kernel broken. The first crack positions are the load position, parting surface and area around the drilled hole in flat pressure test. As to the side pressure test, the first crack positions are on the both sides of parting surface. Based on the test results of ultimate loads of lotus seed kernels, a regression model of ultimate loads and moisture content is established. It is calculated that the maximum compression load of the qualified lotus seed kernel (moisture content is less than 11%) should be less than 53.60 N. In practical cases, the compression load should be less than this limit value. Lastly, a dynamic model of lotus seed kernel compression is developed with the finite element method. The stress distribution of pressure states of lotus seed kernel is figured out. The analysis results demonstrate the stress at load position, parting surface and area around the drilled hole is larger in flat and side pressure tests. The parting surface is the weak part of lotus seed kernel. It expresses that the simulation results well fit the crack position and direction in the compression test, which identifies the correctness of measurement parameters. The study results provide a reliable evidence for determining process parameters of processing and conveying equipment in the lotus seed kernel production.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Compressive strength
Controlled terms:Compression testing - Cracks - Crushing - Elastic moduli - Fracture mechanics - Infill drilling - Mechanical properties - Models - Moisture - Moisture determination  - Regression analysis - Stress-strain curves
Uncontrolled terms:Compression strength - Compression technologies - Longitudinal compression - Lotus seeds - Measurement parameters - Mechanical characteristic parameters - Transverse compression - Universal testing machines
Classification code:511.1  Oil Field Production Operations - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.1  Mechanics - 944.2  Moisture Measurements - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Force 3.92e+01N, Force 4.56e+01N, Force 5.17e+01N, Force 5.36e+01N, Force 5.96e+01N, Percentage 1.03e+01%, Percentage 1.10e+01%, Percentage 1.25e+01%, Percentage 1.51e+01%, Percentage 5.52e+00%, Percentage 7.78e+00%, Pressure 3.71e+07Pa, Pressure 5.12e+06Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20182405309068
Title:Research progress of thermal storage technology in energy-saving solar greenhouse
Authors:Bao, Encai (1); Cao, Yanfei (1); Zou, Zhirong (1); Shen, Tingting (1); Zhang, Yong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Horticulture, Northwest A&amp;F University, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Zou, Zhirong(zouzhirong2005@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:1-14
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Chinese energy-saving solar greenhouse originated from the southern of Liaoning Province, which had fully independent intellectual property right, and played an important role in protected horticulture. Although Chinese solar greenhouse has rapidly developed more than 30 years, insufficient heat preservation and thermal storage and poor environment control ability caused by unreasonable greenhouse structure still exist in Chinese solar greenhouse. Therefore, to optimize the energy conservation of Chinese solar greenhouse is needed urgently. Soil, wall and skeleton in Chinese solar greenhouse can realize the thermal storage during the day and thermal release during the night. Compared to passive storage, the thermal storage of Chinese energy-saving solar greenhouse can provide more heat energy for greenhouse through the transformation of sunlight by materials, structures and equipment. Based on solar energy source, by means of mechanical power equipment, active heat storage uses indoor soil, wall, frame structure, and phase change materials as heat absorbing medium to accumulate heat, and the opposite is passive heat storage. The heat of active/passive storage all comes from the sunlight, and there are 2 ways to use the heat. One is to maximize the use of the indoor captured solar energy or indoor surplus heat, and the other is to use outdoor solar energy. Currently there are many thermal storage forms, such as active lighting thermal storage, air circulation thermal storage, water circulation thermal storage, phase change material thermal storage, pebble thermal storage, heat pump thermal storage, combined thermal storage. Through the adjustment of the tilting roof angle in active lighting thermal storage greenhouse, more solar energy is gotten indoors, so that the indoor heat accumulates more. Air circulation thermal storage means excess thermal energy is stored into the underground soil or wall, including underground air circulation storage and wall air circulation storage. Water circulation thermal storage uses water as the thermal storage body, and the water accumulates heat during the day, and releases heat during the night, including water curtain heat storage and pipeline water heat storage. Phase change material thermal storage uses phase change material as the thermal storage body, and its strong thermal storage capacity is used to provide indoor heating. Pebble thermal storage uses pebble as the thermal storage body, and its strong thermal storage capacity is used to provide indoor heating. Heat pump thermal storage uses electricity to convert the low-grade heat energy extracted from air, water or soil into high-grade heat energy for indoor heating. The heat pump is divided into 3 types: water source heat pump, air source heat pump and soil source heat pump. Combined thermal storage is the combination of 2 or more thermal storage methods for indoor heating. This paper reviewed the relevant research results of heat storage technology in solar greenhouse, analyzed the main technical problems and research emphasis, prospected the future development direction and the research content from 4 aspects, i.e. traditional solar greenhouse transformation, new structure development, technology integration of the research method in heat storage and application of heat storage greenhouse, and provided reference for the heat storage research of energy-saving solar greenhouse in China.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:124
Main heading:Air source heat pumps
Controlled terms:Air - Energy conservation - Greenhouses - Heat storage - Heat transfer - Heating equipment - Intellectual property - Lighting - Phase change materials - Pumps  - Soils - Solar energy - Solar heating - Storage (materials)
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese solar greenhouse - Development trends - Intellectual property rights - Research status quo - Solar greenhouse - Thermal storage - Thermal storage methods - Thermal storage technology
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 618.2  Pumps - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 694.4  Storage - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 902.3  Legal Aspects
Numerical data indexing:Age 3.00e+01yr
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20182405309078
Title:Monitoring system of subsurface pipe drainage for improving saline-alkaline soil based on wireless sensor network
Authors:Zhou, Liming (1, 2); Wei, Chongfeng (1); Yuan, Yanwei (2); Zhou, Qiangbing (1); Zhao, Bo (1); Zhang, Junning (2); Wang, Fengzhu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) The State Key Laboratory of Soil, Plant and Machine System Technology, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Yuan, Yanwei(yyw215@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:89-97
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil salinization is a serious environment problem. The subsurface pipe drainage technology is a physical method used to reduce soil salinity in the coastal saline regions. At present, there is a problem that the application effect of subsurface pipe drainage technology is difficult to be evaluated because of the lack of scientific experimental data. In order to solve the problem, a monitoring system of water quality of drainage water was provided based on wireless sensor network to obtain the water quality information on line. The system mainly consisted of 9 sensor nodes, a control node and a central node. The water sensor node was composed of a water conductive sensor, pH sensor, flow meter, power module and wireless network connection module. The control node was used to drive the relay to control the water pump. The sensor nodes of the system could collect information of water conductivity, pH value and pipe drainage flow and send the data to center node. The center node sent the data to computer by RS232 interface. Meanwhile, the information of water level of reservoir was collected on line by using the level sensor and sent to the center node through the wireless transmission module. In order to improve the water level measurement accuracy, the first order inertial filtering algorithm was adopted. The control decision was made based on the acquired water level information and sent to the control node to realize the remote control of the water level of the reservoir. The desired level of reservoir is set at point. At the same time, the upper layer test software was developed based on Labwindows/CVI. The advantages of this software were presented by the process of modular design, including parameters setup, water quality and flow information acquisition and processing, parameter curves real-time display, data storage and replay. The outdoor monitoring nodes were using solar power. In order to obtain an optimal capacity of the solar cell array and lead-acid battery, photovoltaic capacity of the power system was designed. In order to verify the overall performance of the system, practical application experiment for the monitoring system had been taken for more than 8 months. Firstly, the water level control experiments were carried out, and the experiment results showed that the reservoir water level was well controlled between the upper and lower limits. The water quality measurement results showed that the sensors had the high accuracy, and the relative errors of pH value and conductivity were less than 1.81% and 1.89%, respectively. At the same time, the influence of transmission distance and packet loss was studied. According to the experiment data, when the distance exceeded 125 m, the packet loss rate increased significantly. The experiment results provided an effective reference for the layout of wireless nodes. We also tested the communication performance of the whole system, and the maximum relative error of packet loss was less than 2.6%. The system can accurately obtain the information of the water quality and migration change in the alkali dark pipe, and provide favorable data support for the evaluation of the effect of subsurface pipe drainage technology.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Alkalinity - Digital storage - Electric conductivity - Lead acid batteries - Level control - Monitoring - Packet loss - pH - pH sensors - Problem solving  - Remote control - Reservoirs (water) - Sensor nodes - Software testing - Soils - Solar cells - Solar energy - Solar power generation - Water levels - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Communication performance - Maximum relative errors - Saline -Alkaline soils - Water quality information - Water quality measurement - Water quality parameters - Wireless sensor - Wireless transmi-ssion modules
Classification code:441.2  Reservoirs - 445.2  Water Analysis - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 615.2  Solar Power - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 702.1.2  Secondary Batteries - 702.3  Solar Cells - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.5  Computer Applications - 731.1  Control Systems - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control
Numerical data indexing:Age 6.67e-01yr, Percentage 1.81e+00%, Percentage 1.89e+00%, Percentage 2.60e+00%, Size 1.25e+02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20182405309091
Title:Method for remote sensing survey and mapping of soil types and subtypes in semi-arid sand region
Authors:Li, Chao (1, 2); Wen, Tiansheng (1, 2); Zhang, Fengrong (1, 2); Xu, Yan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing; 100193, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Fengrong(frzhang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:189-196
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the most basic soil data, soil map plays an important role in the development and utilization of soil resources and in the construction of agricultural production. The soil map of the second national soil survey in China has been used as the basic data of soil in resources and environment management, global change research, eco hydrological simulation and other fields. But it is found that the classification accuracy of the second national soil survey on soil types and subtypes is not high. Moreover, with the continuous progress of the society, the more requirements for the accuracy and timeliness of soil maps are put forward by various undertakings, such as precision agriculture, environmental management, land management, eco hydrological simulation and so on. With the continuous development of remote sensing technology, remote sensing survey and mapping has gradually replaced some conventional soil surveys, and it has become one of the universal soil digital mapping methods. All the methods on remote sensing survey and mapping of soil types are based on the relationship between soil and environment, but the characteristics of soil environment in different regions and its extraction methods on remote sensing are different. In recent years, domestic and foreign experts have launched a lot of researches on remote sensing survey and mapping methods, but the research on the model and method for remote sensing survey and mapping of soil types and subtypes in semi-arid sand region have rarely reported. The purpose of this paper is to solve the problem of remote sensing survey and mapping of soil types and subtypes in semi-arid sand region. Based upon soil genesis theory and soil environment condition in semi-arid sand region, we took Horqin Left Back Banner as an example, analyzed the relationship between soil type distribution and environmental factors in semi-arid sand region with the method of field survey and expert knowledges. And then put forward a method for remote sensing survey and mapping of soil types or subtypes in semi-arid sand region based upon multi-temporal Landsat 8 OLI remote sensing images. The results indicated that remote sensing survey and mapping of major soil types or subtypes in semi-arid sand region, for example swamp soil, saline-alkali soil, meadow soil, aeolian sandy soil and their subtypes, could be realized with the help of the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI), salt index (SI), normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) extracting from multitemporal Landsat 8 OLI remote sensing images. Using the proposed method survey and mapping soil types and subtypes in Horqin Left Back Banner, and then used statistical methods to check the accuracy of digital mapping results by soil type data observed in the field. The results showed that the overall accuracy of digital mapping results took percentages of 72.84% and the Kappa coefficient was 0.6678. This study provides approaches and references for digital soil mapping in semi-arid sand region, and provides possibilities to solve the problem of low aging and low precision on sudden basic data in semi-arid sand area by using the method of digital soil mapping.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Computer graphics - Environmental management - Information management - Mapping - Remote sensing - Saline water - Sand - Soils - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy - Development and utilizations - Digital soil mappings - Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) - Normalized difference moisture indices - Normalized difference vegetation index - Remote sensing technology - Semi arid
Classification code:405.3  Surveying - 444  Water Resources - 454.1  Environmental Engineering, General - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 723.5  Computer Applications - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 7.28e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20182405309081
Title:Rice suitability zoning of alternative wetting and drying irrigation mode in three provinces of Northeast China
Authors:Wang, Xiaoyu (1); Yang, Xiaoguang (1); Tao, Li (2); Zhang, Tianyi (3); Liu, Tao (1); Xiang, Hongtao (4); Sun, Yichen (5); Liu, Zhijuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) International Rice Research Institute, Manila; 777, Philippines; (3) Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100029, China; (4) Crop Tillage and Cultivation Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin; 150086, China; (5) University of Sydney, Sydney; 2006, Australia
Corresponding author:Yang, Xiaoguang(yangxg@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:111-120
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Northeast China (NEC) is an important japonica rice production region, wherein rice production accounts for more than 50% of the national total japonica rice production. On the other hand, NEC region is one of the areas in China most susceptible to climate change, and the average temperature in NEC increased by 0.38&deg;C per decade during the past five decades, while the precipitation decreased. The rice is produced under flood irrigation conditions (FL) in NEC which is facing a severe problem of scarcity in water resources. There is an urgent need for reducing water consumption for rice production by developing water-saving irrigation technologies. Therefore, to study the water consumption characteristics and rice consumption water use efficiency (WUE<inf>C</inf>) of rice under water-saving irrigation and FL patterns, and discuss the suitability of water-saving irrigation pattern, will provide a scientific basis for regional water-saving irrigation and play a vital role in rice production safety in Northeast China. Here, our goal is to examine the rice AWD (alternate wet and dry) suitability patterns based on a comprehensive assessment of rice yield and WUE<inf>C</inf>throughout NEC over the 36-year period from 1981 to 2016. In this paper, the agro-meteorological experiment station data which included weather, soil, phenology and management data were used to calibrate and validate the model based on nine cultivars selected for each region by using DRATES calibration program and trial-and-error method. The cultivar selected in the ORYZA simulation was the cultivar with the greatest number of years of cultivation during 1981 to 2007 within each province, and simulation with the longest-planted cultivar was more realistic and provided information for this study. The modeling was set up with the selected cultivar using the daily weather data from 1981 to 2016 for the 134 counties, rice crop data and soil data under FL and AWD management to simulate rice yield and water consumption. Based on model outputs, the WUE<inf>C</inf>was calculated for each weather station during the past 36 years and assessed at three province regional scales across NEC (Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang Province). Then, combined with the yield and WUE<inf>C</inf>, the distribution patterns of rice AWD suitability were studied. The results indicated that, the rice yield decreased from southwest to northeast and showed a significant increasing trend during the period 1981 to 2016 under two irrigation patterns. The rice water consumption decreased significantly in the past 36 years and showed a decreasing trend from west to east. WUE<inf>C</inf>had increased significantly, with a decreasing distribution form north to south under FL and from east to west under AWD. Compared with FL, the rice yield under AWD decreased by 11% and varied considerably among locations (1%-19%). However, the water consumption of rice decreased by 3%-26%, with an average of 15%, and the averaged WUE<inf>C</inf>increased by 8%. The very suitable zone for AWD concentrated in southern Liaohe Plain of Liaoning Province, Fuyu-Jiaohe and Yanji region of Jilin Province, Southeastern Songnen Plain of Heilongjiang Province; suitable zone was in Linghai and Haicheng region in southern Liaohe plain of Liaoning Province, Yongji-Panshi-Liuhekou of central Jilin Province, Fangzheng and Fujin of central and eastern Heilongjiang Province; moderately suitable zone located in Dengta and Kaiyuan of the eastern Liaoning Province, Zhenlai and Shuangliao of Jilin province and Tieli and Raohe region of central and eastern Heilongjiang province; marginally suitable zone concentrated in Tieling and Qingyuan region of northeastern Liaoning Province, Changbai and Taonan of Jilin Province, and Fuyu-Lindian-Anda region of western Heilongjiang Province. It is of great significance to study AWD for saving water resources and ensuring high yield and high efficiency for rice in the research region.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Climate change - Cultivation - Efficiency - Irrigation - Models - Soil moisture - Water conservation - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Northeast China - Rice yield - Suitability - Water consumption - Water use efficiency
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Age 3.60e+01yr, Percentage 1.00e+00% to 1.90e+01%, Percentage 1.10e+01%, Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+00% to 2.60e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+00%, Temperature 2.74e+02K
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20182405309097
Title:Spatial-temporal pattern of net carbon sink of farmland vegetation in Jiangsu Province
Authors:Weng, Lingyan (1); Zhu, Zhenyu (1); Han, Xugao (2); Tan, Junzhong (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing University Jinling College, Nanjing; 210089, China; (2) Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing; 210023, China; (3) School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing; 210023, China
Corresponding author:Tan, Junzhong(jzhtan@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:233-241
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Scientific research on net carbon sink and its spatial-temporal pattern of regional farmland vegetation is of great significance to take reasonable agricultural management measures and to achieve the goal of reducing carbon source and increasing carbon sink of farmland ecosystem. Taking 13 prefecture-level cities in Jiangsu Province as the research areas, we estimated the net carbon sink of farmland vegetation by using relevant statistical data such as crop yields and farmland investments from 2000 to 2015. By the aid of migration of gravity center and spatial autocorrelation methods, we also analyzed the spatial-temporal pattern of net carbon sink. The results showed that: 1) The total net carbon sink of the farmland vegetation within all cities in Jiangsu was positive, and the total net carbon sink in northern and central Jiangsu Province showed an upward trend while that in southern Jiangsu was in a downward trend. The amount of net carbon sink of farmland vegetation was shown as northern Jiangsu &gt; central Jiangsu &gt; southern Jiangsu. The net carbon sink intensity of farmland vegetation had a rising trend, and in terms of spatial distribution the highest area was central Jiangsu, the moderate was northern Jiangsu, and the lowest was southern Jiangsu. In the past 16 years, the gravity center of net carbon sink of farmland vegetation was basically located in Baoying County, Jiangsu Province, and moved northwestward in general with a distance of 27.68 km. The overall pattern of net carbon sink of farmland vegetation remained relatively stable, with the spatial characteristics of "north hot and south cold", indicating an obvious geographical agglomeration phenomenon. The total net carbon sink of farmland vegetation in coastal areas and inland areas of Jiangsu Province was significantly higher than those areas along the Yangtze River. The proportion of hot spots increased from 30.77% in 2000 to 38.46% in 2015, while the cold area decreased from 30.77% in 2000 to 23.08% in 2015. In conclusion, the farmland vegetation in Jiangsu Province showed a strong capacity of carbon sink in the past 16 years. Northern Jiangsu and central Jiangsu will be the main potential areas of net carbon sinks in farmland vegetation of Jiangsu Province in the future. Different cities in Jiangsu Province can formulate different measures of agricultural management in order to function as the ecological barrier of the farmland ecosystem.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Carbon - Ecosystems - Spatial variables measurement - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural management - Farmland ecosystem - Fields - Jiangsu province - Scientific researches - Spatial autocorrelation methods - Spatial characteristics - Spatial temporals
Classification code:454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 943.2  Mechanical Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.60e+01yr, Percentage 2.00e+03% to 2.31e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+03% to 3.85e+01%, Percentage 3.08e+01%, Size 2.77e+04m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20182405309085
Title:Characteristics of overland flow resistance under interaction of rainfall intensity and unit discharge and surface roughness
Authors:Yang, Pingping (1); Wang, Yunqi (1, 2); Zhang, Huilan (1, 2); Wang, Yujie (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Jinyun Forest Ecosystem Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Beijing Engineering Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Yunqi(wangyunqi@bjfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:145-151
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Overland flow resistance is one of key parameters to study the feature of eroding process on the slope. Grain resistance mainly exerted by soil particle and rainfall resistance exerted by precipitation are the common resistance types in the wild. However, few attentions were focused on the characteristics and mechanism of overland flow resistance under interaction of grain resistance and rainfall resistance. Therefore, artificial precipitation was conducted to simulate rainfall resistance in Jinyun Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Chongqing. This research conducted fixed bed scouring experiments at slope gradient of 15&deg;. In this study, 9 different unit discharges varying from 0.397 to 2.049 L/(m&middot;s) are set as water inflow, 4 different grain sizes of waterproof of 0.009, 0.18, 0.25 and 0.425 mm are selected to simulated surface grain roughness, and 4 different rainfall intensities of 0, 60, 90 and 120 mm/h are selected, based on the conditions of the Loess Plateau where water erosion dramatically occurs on slope. The flow depths of 3 cross-sections along flume were measured, and afterwards, velocity and Darcy-Weisbach resistance would be calculated. Results show that the velocity of overland flow is positively correlated with rainfall intensity while negatively with surface roughness. The major form of energy consumption is transforming to kinetic energy based on flow-state indicator (it is smaller than 0.5 in all cases). Darcy-Weisbach resistance varies from 0 to 3.0 while the Reynolds number varies from 300 to 2300. Overland flow resistance is positively correlated with surface roughness while is negatively with rainfall intensity as well as Re. Effect of rainfall and surface roughness on overland flow resistance becomes slight as the increasing of flow depth. There are many doubts about the role of rainfall resistance on overland flow resistance, such as rainfall resistance reducing or enhancing overland flow resistance, even having no effect on overland flow resistance. In this research, rainfall resistance would reduce the total resistance, which may be attributed to component of rain with positive gradient slope more than with reverse gradient slope. Superposition principle that sum of resistance elements is usually applied to estimate the composite resistance of overland flow. However, this method is still doubted for overland flow due to that the flow depth of overland flow is significantly less than open channel flow; herein, limitations may exist for overland flow. Here, the discrepancy between sum of rainfall resistance and grain resistance and composite resistance is verified through t-test (P=0.003, P&lt;0.05), and the results indicate that the discrepancy is significant and composite resistance is larger than sum of rainfall resistance and grain resistance. Therefore, there is the limitation for using superposition principle in calculation of overland flow resistances under the combined effect of rainfall and surface roughness. Because of low flow depth of the overland flow, the region impact of surface roughness is overlapped with region impact of rainfall. Hence, these 2 types of resistances interfere with each other and enhance the total resistance. In addition, according to non-superposition principle, an equation is summarized to calculate the composite resistance (R²=0.79). This research is helpful to understand the characteristics of overland flow resistance and provide support for building soil erosion model.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Open channel flow
Controlled terms:Ecosystems - Energy utilization - Erosion - Kinetic energy - Kinetics - Precipitation (chemical) - Rain - Reynolds number - Surface discharges - Surface roughness
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristics and mechanisms - Flow - Overland flow - Rainfall intensity - Scouring experiments - Soil erosion modeling - Superposition principle - Total resistance
Classification code:443.3  Precipitation - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Size 2.50e-04m, Size 4.25e-04m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20182405309087
Title:Quantitative research of rill head advancing process on loessial hillslope
Authors:Qin, Chao (1, 2, 3); He, Chao (1, 2); Zheng, Fenli (1, 2); Han, Linfeng (4); Zeng, Chuangshuo (5)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loessial Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) MWR Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Loss Process and Control in the Loess Plateau, Zhengzhou; 450003, China; (3) National Center for Computational Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Mississippi, Oxford; 38677, United States; (4) School of River &amp; Ocean Engineering, Chongqing JiaoTong Univerisity, Chongqing; 400074, China; (5) School of Engineering, University of Mississippi, Oxford; 38677, United States
Corresponding author:Zheng, Fenli(flzh@ms.iswc.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:160-167
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Headcut erosion constitutes more than 60% of hillslope soil loss. Quantitative research on rill headcut erosion processes provides fundamental information for process-based erosion modeling. Due to the complicated headcut morphologies and flow regimes near a headcut, it is hard to accurately predict the erosion rate of a headcut in some soil erosion prediction models. Current knowledge on the impacts of headcut height, headcut advancing rate and secondary headcuts developed on well-formed rill channel on soil loss is limited. Thus, simulation experiments with pre-made initial headcuts (5 cm high) were designed to investigate the effects of inflow rate, slope gradient, headcut height and headcut number on rill head advancing process. Soil boxes (2.0 m long, 0.3 m wide and 0.5 m deep) with 2 slope gradients (15&deg; and 20&deg;) and 4 inflow rates (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 L/min) were subjected to upland concentrated flow. At slope lengths of 70 and 120 cm, 2 cameras were mounted 1.5 m over the soil box and were controlled by an infrared remote control to photograph simultaneously. High precision DEMs (digital elevation models) obtained by photogrammetry were used to detect changes of hillslope morphology and headcut advancing process. The results showed that sediment delivery and headcut advancing rate increased while initial headcut height and secondary headcut number did not strictly increase with the increase of inflow rate and slope gradient. Sediment delivery increased by 0.59-5.34 times and 14.0%-89.7% when inflow rate increased by 1 L/min and slope gradient increased from 15&deg; to 20&deg;, respectively. When inflow rate was equal to or smaller than 2 L/min, sediment delivery increased fast at the beginning and kept stable later. When inflow rate was greater than 2 L/min, sediment delivery kept increasing during the whole experiment. So, 2 L/min was a threshold of inflow rate that may cause rill head advancing rate to increase significantly. Compared to the treatments at 1 L/min inflow rate, the duration for a headcut retreating by a certain length (100 cm) was shortened by more than 12 min when inflow rate was greater than 2 L/min. The effects of slope gradient on rill head advancing decreased with the increase of inflow rate. Linear equation which included unit flow rate and slope gradient was used to predict the rill length time series. Relative errors between predicted values and observed values were smaller than 16% and both the R²and the Nash coefficient values were greater than 0.95. Soil loss on the hillslope dominated by rill head advance was determined by headcut advancing rate, headcut height and the number of secondary headcuts developed below the initial headcut. Soil loss increased with the increase of headcut advancing rate or headcut height in a power function while showed a linear correlation with the number of secondary headcuts. Soil loss can be modeled with a non-linear regression equation with a determination coefficient of 0.932. Results of this study provide new knowledge on rill headcut modeling. It is recommended that upslope runoff should be intercepted and concentrated rill flow velocity should be reduced when soil and water conservation practices are designed on steep loessial hillslope.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Soil conservation
Controlled terms:Erosion - Flow velocity - Forecasting - Photogrammetry - Remote control - Runoff - Sediments - Soil structure interactions - Soils - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - Digital elevation model - Headcuts - Infrared remote control - Loess Plateau - Quantitative research - Rill - Soil and water conservation
Classification code:405.3  Surveying - 444  Water Resources - 444.1  Surface Water - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 631  Fluid Flow - 731.1  Control Systems
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.40e+01% to 8.97e+01%, Percentage 1.60e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+01%, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 1.20e+00m, Size 1.50e+00m, Size 2.00e+00m, Size 3.00e-01m, Size 5.00e-01m, Size 5.00e-02m, Size 7.00e-01m, Time 7.20e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20182405309093
Title:Heavy metal pollution characteristics and its response of source-sink relationship in agricultural soil at field scale
Authors:Li, Baojie (1); Wang, Siyu (2); Zhou, Shenglu (1); Chen, Lian (1); Li, Yan (1); Liu, Ruicheng (1); Wu, Shaohua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing; 210023, China; (2) Yixing Real Estate Registration Center, Wuxi; 214200, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Shenglu(zhousl@nju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:204-209
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As one of the most important resources about assuring food security and human development, the agricultural soil and its pollution has been widely reported these years. A certain field in Yangtze River Delta was selected as our study area to analyze the agricultural soil heavy metal pollution characteristics and its main influence factors in case of the same pollution sources. We collected 30 soil samples to analyze their heavy metal concentration (Cd, Pb, Cr, As, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn) and soil physico-chemical properties (i.e. EC, CEC, pH, OC, clay content). The results showed that the average Cd concentration in this field was 3.74 mg/kg soil, which exceeded the China Tier II environmental standard value by 12.5 times. The highest value of Cd even exceeded the Tier II environmental standard value by 44.7 times. The Cd was mainly accumulated at the top soil. The mean concentrations of Cd at the top and down soil were 4.44 mg/kg soil and 2.09 mg/kg soil, respectively. The high values of Cd were mainly distributed at the area nearby the water inlet and outlet. The Pb of soil samples that exceeded the soil background value accounted for 90%, but the Pb concentrations of all soil samples did not exceed the China Environmental Quality Standard (Tier II). The mean Pb concentration of top and lower soil were 33.98, 26.29 mg/kg soil. All soil samples of Cr, As, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn had no pollution. The CV of Cd at the top soil was 64%, which was extremely higher than that of other heavy metals (about 6% of Zn, and about 15% of As). Ni, Cu, Zn had small spatial variation, which indicated that the filed had similar sources. Three pollution evaluation method: geo-accumulation index (I<inf>geo</inf>), Hakanson potential ecological index (EI), and Nemerow pollution index (NPI) were used to evaluate the heavy metal pollution level. We found that most of the soil samplers had high Cd I<inf>geo</inf>(mean: 5.82), which were identified as "severe contamination". The mean EI of soil samples were 2 566.97, which exceeded 4.3 times of the lowest value of "highest ecological risk". Moreover, the NPI ranged from 2.99-217.02 (mean value: 60.58). All these evaluation showed that the extremely serious soil Cd pollution caused the highest pollution level in this field. Moreover, we used the correlation analysis and path analysis to identify the main influence factors of Cd pollution in a situation of similar sources at a filed scale. The Cd did not significantly correlate with every index of soil physicochemical properties. It can be indicated that the Cd through soil adsorption were extremely lower than the Cd through external source import. The distance from the water inlet and outlet was the most direct and determinant factor at the field scale. The north of this field was drainage outlet. The Cd can flow into the field with water through water inlet. So Cd concentration of the northern field decreased with the distance of water inlet. And water flow velocity slowed down when the water in the field reached the surrounding of water outlet, which caused accumulation of Cd nearby the outlet. Decreasing the Cd of persistent external source import and improving the irrigation and drainage facilities were the efficient way to reduce the severe Cd pollution.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cadmium - Flow of water - Flow velocity - Food supply - Heavy metals - Metal analysis - Nickel - pH - Pollution  - Pollution control - Regression analysis - River pollution - Soil surveys - Soils - Zinc
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental quality standards - Environmental standards - Field scale - Geo-accumulation index - Heavy metal concentration - Path analysis - Soil physico-chemical properties - Source-sink relationships
Classification code:453  Water Pollution - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531  Metallurgy and Metallography - 546.3  Zinc and Alloys - 548.1  Nickel - 549.3  Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 631  Fluid Flow - 631.1.1  Liquid Dynamics - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.3  Food Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+00%, Percentage 6.40e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20182405309099
Title:Land reclamation zoning of Chaohu Lake Basin based on GIS and grey constellation clustering
Authors:L&uuml;, Xuejiao (1); Xiao, Wu (2); Li, Sucui (1); Wang, Qiyuan (1); Zhang, Chunmeng (1); Zhang, Miaomiao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Rehabilitation, China University of Mining &amp; Technology, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China
Corresponding author:Xiao, Wu(xiaowuwx@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:253-262
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Land reclamation zoning is the premise and foundation for comprehensive land consolidation and planning. It can provide effective guarantee for the work of scientific land renovation. This paper takes Chaohu Lake Basin as an example, based on the analysis of basic conditions of the local conditions, status of land renovation and land use, the principle and the basis for the selection of the evaluating indices are combined. Drawing lessons from previous land regulation indicators and considering the accessibility of index data, 4 factors are considered including natural conditions, location advantages, social economy and land use, and the land consolidation zoning index system includes 13 elements. In order to eliminate the difference between the various index units, the values of the 13 indices are normalized. The entropy method is used to determine the weight for avoiding the influence of subjective factors, and the relevant experts are consulted on the appropriate adjustment of the weight of the index. GIS (geographic information system) platform was employed to build thematic data layers, and spatial distribution characteristics of index system were analyzed using spatial data visualization. Finally, the grey constellation clustering method was used to delineate different land consolidation zones, and 232 villages and towns in the study area were categorized into the semicircle coordinate system of 0-180&deg;. According to the high aggregation degree of X and Y coordinates, different villages and towns were divided into one class, which is called "constellation". According to the results, the Chaohu Lake Basin is divided into 4 types of land consolidation areas. And considering the continuity of spatial distribution, according to the comprehensive index value ranking and the maximum similarity principle, the natural spatial continuity is used to adjust the regional results, and the results of the adjustment and merging are proofed and the results of the clustering are proofed. It shows that the grey constellation clustering method is feasible for the zoning in the Chaohu Lake Basin. Finally, the 232 villages were categorized into 4 land consolidation types, which were: Zone I (area of ecological conservation type), including 21 villages and towns, accounting for 12.49% of the study area, the development and utilization of low hill gentle slope should be emphasized; Zone II (area of urban development type), including 42 villages and towns, accounting for 1.08% of the study area, ecological land consolidation model was recommended, which could serve for the urban area via county park construction; Zone III (area of basic farmland type), including 86 villages and towns, accounting for 42.95% of the study area, high standard prime farmland construction mode was recommended, which was implemented by raising the quantity of cultivated land and improving the quality; Zone IV (area of comprehensive regulation type), including 82 villages and towns, accounting for 43.48% of the study area, land consolidation should be carried out mainly by the relocation of villages, improving the rural agriculture and economy, and reducing the phenomena of the hollow village and land abandonment. The research results can provide a scientific and reasonable basis for making land consolidation plan in the Chaohu Lake Basin, and provide scientific reference for the regulation and control of land consolidation in Chaohu Lake Basin.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Land reclamation
Controlled terms:Cluster analysis - Conservation - Data visualization - Ecology - Economics - Farms - Geographic information systems - Information systems - Information use - Lakes  - Land use - Rural areas - Spatial distribution - Urban growth - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Chaohu lakes - Clustering - Development and utilizations - Distribution characteristics - Ecological conservation - GIS (geographic information system) - Land consolidations - Regulation and control
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1  Urban Planning and Development - 442.2  Land Reclamation - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.3  Information Retrieval and Use - 921  Mathematics - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.08e+00%, Percentage 1.25e+01%, Percentage 4.30e+01%, Percentage 4.35e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20182405309088
Title:Obtaining and denoising method of three-dimensional point cloud data of plants based on TOF depth sensor
Authors:Xia, Chunhua (1, 2); Shi, Ying (3); Yin, Wenqing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China; (2) Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China; (3) Zijin College, Nanjing University of Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing; 210023, China
Corresponding author:Yin, Wenqing(yinwq@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:168-174
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Digital plant is the key of technology for agricultural digitization and informatization, and it has become a hot research field both at home and abroad. This technology can analyze the morphological structure and growth process of plants with the aid of the digital and visual three-dimensional (3D) model. The technology can analyze growth and development status for plants and evaluate the type characteristics of plants in real time, and hence guide agricultural production. It can provide powerful conditions for agricultural mechanization and automation production. Obtaining 3D point cloud data of plants is the difficulty and key for the plant digital and visual modeling. Domestic and foreign research focused on 3D laser scanning to obtain 3D point cloud data of plant, and achieved some results. High-precision 3D laser scanning can obtain accurate 3D point cloud data for the reconstruction of plants and realize the digitization of plants, but this method needs expensive equipment. This processing algorithm is complex and has poor real-time performance, because of a large amount of data. This method is unfavorable to the application and popularization. To design a low cost and good practicability method for obtaining plant 3D point cloud data had important research value and significance. TOF (time of flight) depth sensor was a new method for depth information acquisition based on the principle of time of flight. The method could quickly acquire the depth information of the image, the depth calculated was not affected by surface gray level and characteristics, and the calculation accuracy did not change with distance. There were few researches on the application of TOF depth sensor in plant digitalization and visualization, and the research field abroad was just in its infancy. In order to improve the accuracy of 3D reconstruction for plants and realize the digitization of plants, the obtaining and denoising method of plants 3D point cloud data was proposed based on TOF depth sensor. This method possessed the advantages of low cost and good practicability. Firstly, the plant point cloud data were obtained through TOF depth sensor, and then pretreated by direct pass filter in order to reduce the background noise. Secondly, the improved outlier denoising algorithm based on density analysis was combined with neighboring average distance and neighborhood point number, and these were 2 characteristic parameters. The algorithm of outlier could detect and denoise the outliers of point cloud data. Finally, small-size noise in the point cloud was detected and denoised by bilateral filtering algorithm. Tomato plants were selected to carry out experiment. Compared with the traditional bilateral filtering algorithm, experiments showed that the maximum error was reduced by 11.2%, and the average error was reduced by 23.2%. Compared with the Laplace filtering algorithm, experiments showed that the maximum error was reduced by 20.6%, and the average error was reduced by 39.2%. It showed that the proposed algorithm could simply and effectively denoise noise with different scales in 3D point cloud data under the condition of keeping the characteristics of point cloud. The point cloud data are large for 3D reconstruction process, and therefore the artificial intelligence method can analyze the point cloud data in the further study.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Image reconstruction
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Errors - Laser applications - Machinery - Nonlinear filtering - Scanning - Statistics - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:3D point cloud - Bilateral filtering - De-noising - Depth sensors - Plants
Classification code:716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 744.9  Laser Applications - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.12e+01%, Percentage 2.06e+01%, Percentage 2.32e+01%, Percentage 3.92e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20182405309098
Title:Driving mechanism of rural land use change based on multi-agent system and cellular automata
Authors:Liu, Jingjie (1); Xia, Min (1); Liu, Youzhao (1); Zhang, Kailiang (1); Zhang, Zihong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210095, China
Corresponding author:Xia, Min(xm@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:242-252
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Abstract: The research on driving mechanism of the small-scale rural land use change has vast importance to make overall arrangements about the scale, the layout, and the time sequence of rural land. Taking Guanlin Town, Yixing City, Jiangsu Province as a case, and using remote sensing images, questionnaire survey and socioeconomic data, this study built a model based on multi-agent system and cellular automata to quantitatively analyze the influence of the natural and locational factors and agents' decision-making behaviors on area and space change of rural land and their driving mechanism. The results showed that: 1) Rural land use change was influenced by natural environment factors, social environment factors and distance variables. The concrete factors had varied influences on different types of rural land use changes. Arable land change was mainly influenced by soil pH value, per capita annual net income of farmers and distance to waters. The change probabilities would increase by 1.161 and 1.313 times respectively with soil pH value and per capita annual net income of farmers increasing by one unit, while the change probabilities would decrease by 0.780 time with one unit increasing in distance to waters. Aquiculture water surface change was mainly influenced by slope, per capita annual net income of farmers and distance to waters. The change probabilities would increase by 1.065 and 1.067 times respectively with one unit increasing in slope and distance to waters, while the change probabilities would decrease by 0.761 time with per capita annual net income of farmers increasing by one unit. Rural residential land change was mainly influenced by surface soil texture, counterpart funds of public welfare and distance to roads. The change probabilities would increase by 1.995, 1.380 and 1.179 times respectively with one unit increasing in surface soil texture, counterpart funds of public welfare and distance to roads. Enterprise land change was mainly influenced by slope, gross industrial output value and distance to roads. The change probabilities would increase by 1.064 and 1.130 times respectively with one unit increasing in slope and distance to roads, while the change probabilities would decrease by 0.300 time with one unit increasing in gross industrial output value. Ecological land change was mainly influenced by output value of agriculture, fishery and industry. The change probabilities would increase by 1.093, 1.017 and 1.371 times respectively with one unit increasing in output value of agriculture, fishery and industry. 2) The rural land use agents consisted of government, enterprises and farmers. Different types of rural land use changes were influenced by different agents' decision-making behaviors. Agents' decision-making behaviors of land use expansion were affected by their individual characteristics, economic characteristics and family characteristics, which could lead to area change of rural land. Relocation decision-making behaviors were affected by regional traffic factors such as distance to waters, roads, and markets, which resulted in spatial change of rural land. As for the planner and decision maker of rural land use, decision-making behaviors of government had substantial influence on change of each land use type. Area and space distribution changes of enterprise land were mainly influenced by decision-making behaviors of enterprises, with a weight of 0.41. Enterprise agents' decision-making behaviors of land use expansion were influenced by their individual characteristics and economic conditions such as total assets, age and academic composition of employees, idle land area. Relocation decision-making behaviors were influenced by zonal and traffic factors such as distance to markets and distance to roads. Area and space distribution changes of arable land, aquiculture water surface and rural residential land were mainly influenced by decision-making behaviors of farmers, with the weights of up to 0.30. Farmers' decision-making behaviors of land use expansion were influenced by their individual characteristics such as age and academic qualification, and domestic characteristics such as population and income. Relocation decision-making behaviors were influenced by arable land quality, water quality and distance to roads. Rural land use change was driven by the comprehensive effect of natural and locational factors and agents' decision-making behaviors. It is feasible to simulate rural land use change with the model combining cellular automata and multi-agent system. The Kappa coefficient of the model was 0.8087, which indicated that simulation results had high reliability. The research can provide scientific basis for the systematic study of rural land use change, and for the more accurate analysis of its driving mechanism.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cellular automata - Decision making - Expansion - Fisheries - Housing - Models - Multi agent systems - pH - Probability  - Remote sensing - Rural areas - Soils - Surveys - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Academic qualification - Decision-making behaviors - Driving mechanism - Economic characteristics - Individual characteristics - Land-use change - Questionnaire surveys - Rural regions
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1  Urban Planning and Development - 445.2  Water Analysis - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912.2  Management - 921  Mathematics - 922.1  Probability Theory - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20182405309073
Title:Optimization of rack tooth forms of monorail mountain orchard transporter
Authors:Li, Shanjun (1, 2, 3); Liu, Hui (1, 2, 3); Zhang, Yanlin (1, 2, 3); Chen, Hong (1, 2, 3); Meng, Liang (1, 2, 3); Ma, Panyu (1, 2, 3); Zhang, Chaoyu (1, 2, 3); Zhang, Chi (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) China Agriculture (Citrus) Research System, Wuhan; 430070, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan; 430070, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:52-57
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to the rugged terrain, there are many difficulties in the transportation of fruits and materials in hilly lands in the south of China. In order to solve the problem, self-propelled monorail mountain orchard transporter and its corresponding rail were designed and manufactured. However, in reality, the accumulative pitch error of tooth is unavoidable due to uncertainties such as manufacturing and tolerances, assembly errors and wear. And the driving wheel is the main power-consumption component. In order to reduce energy consumption and cost of transport, and increase transport efficiency and the mechanical property of the transporter, it is of great significance to research the influence of the rack tooth forms on the mechanical property of self-propelled monorail mountain orchard transporter and attempt to find the optimal rack tooth form. The paper designed another 3 kinds of tooth forms, which were chain wheel tooth form, pin tooth form and cycloidal tooth form. The original tooth form is arc tooth form, which is very sensitive to center-distance error and pitch error. And the 2 errors have great impact on the mechanical property. Meanwhile, the dynamic models of the transmission system including the driving wheel and racks were established based on the dynamic theory. As the trend of the driving torque variation is the same with the resistance torque variation which is not convenient to be measured, the experiment was carried out with tooth forms, rail gradients and angular velocity as experiment factors and with the driving torque as assessment index. The experiment was conducted from July 10 to July 22, 2017 at the Machinery Electronic Engineering Training Center in Huazhong Agricultural University. A torque sensor and a data acquisition and analysis system were used to measure the driving torque. Four kinds of racks were manufactured and spot welded to the rails, and the relation between the tooth forms and the resistance torque of the driving wheel was investigated while engaged with the racks. Experimental results indicated that the tooth forms had great influence on the driving torque, as on the resistance torque. For the 4 racks, the driving torque and the amplitude of the driving torque were the least when the driving wheel was engaged with the rack of chain wheel tooth form, while the largest when the driving wheel was engaged with the rack of pin tooth form. Contribution to the average driving torque and the fluctuation range of the driving torque, from small to large order, was chain wheel tooth form, cycloidal tooth form, arc tooth form and pin tooth form in identical condition. Under the working condition that the (rear drive) transporter moves forward along the level track at +88.08 rad/s, the average driving torque was decreased by 20.80% when the driving wheel was engaged with the rack of cycloidal tooth form than the rack of arc tooth form, while increased by 158.73% when the driving wheel was engaged with the rack of pin tooth form than the rack of arc tooth form. Compared with the rack of arc tooth form, experimental results showed that the rack of chain wheel tooth form had a better comprehensive performance by decreasing the average driving torque by 33.82%, 33.45% and 21.59% respectively under the condition that the angular velocity of the drive wheel was +88.08 rad/s, and the rail gradients were +0&deg;, +6&deg;, +12&deg;, respectively; while by 35.55%, 27.24% and 30.43% respectively under the condition that the angular velocity of the drive wheel was -88.08 rad/s, and the track gradients were -0&deg;, -6&deg;, and -12&deg;, respectively. By the experimental results, the rack of chain wheel tooth form is more suitable for the rail transport. This research provides the important reference for the structural optimization design of the rail.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Torque
Controlled terms:Angular velocity - Chains - Data acquisition - Digital storage - Dynamics - Electric power transmission - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Errors - Landforms  - Materials handling - Mechanical properties - Mechanization - Monorails - Optimization - Orchards - Spot welding - Structural optimization - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive performance - Data acquisition and analysis system - Engineering training - Identical conditions - Reduce energy consumption - Structural optimization design - Transmission systems - Transport efficiency
Classification code:481.1  Geology - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 538.2.1  Welding Processes - 601  Mechanical Design - 601.2  Machine Components - 602.1  Mechanical Drives - 682.1  Railroad Rolling Stock, General - 706.1.1  Electric Power Transmission - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Angular_Velocity -8.81e+01rad/s, Percentage 1.59e+02%, Percentage 2.08e+01%, Percentage 2.16e+01%, Percentage 2.72e+01%, Percentage 3.04e+01%, Percentage 3.35e+01%, Percentage 3.38e+01%, Percentage 3.55e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20182405309083
Title:Establishment of water surface evaporation model and determination of key parameters for plain reservoir in Northern Xinjiang
Authors:Mao, Haitao (1); Wang, Zhengcheng (1); Wang, Xiaoju (2); Shi, Kebin (3); Huang, Qinghao (3); Jiang, Haibo (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing; 404100, China; (2) College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China; (3) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi; 830052, China; (4) College of Water Conservancy and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Zhengcheng(wangzhengcheng194@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:129-136
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The temperate continental arid semi-arid climate in plain area of Northern Xinjiang has some characteristics: Air is dry, temperature difference is large, air pressure change is obvious, and wind is large and speedly. In these areas, there are more than 400 plain reservoirs which have long dam, wide area and shallow water depth. Water surface evaporation is molecular exchange phenomenon that occurs between the water body and the atmosphere, which is one of the main reasons for the loss of water resources in the above arid regions, so the water resouce annual loss is about 40% due to evaporation. At present, there is an irreplaceable role in farmland irrigation in Xinjiang. The calculation error is relatively larger about water surface evaporation model, and it is impossible to estimate reservoir evaporation accurately because the model can not fully consider characteristics of plain reserviors in aird and semi-arid area. Based on the Dalton's model, fully considering the 4 influencing factors, i.e. air pressure difference, wind speed, humidity and temperature, a new calculation model is built on water surface evaporation. Each influencing factor of model was obtained by theoretical analysis, and key parameters in formula were obtained by 20 m²evaporation pool. Based on complete observation data of hydrology and water resources in Daquangou Reservoir of Shihezi in Xinjiang, the evaporation was calculated by water balance method, and calculated results by 4-factor model were basically in accord with observations. At the same time, considering scale differences, the model is further modified by introducing correction coefficient. We find the research conclusion "20 m²evaporation pool results can take the place of large water bodies on evaporation" is bigger error, and needs to be modified. Correction factor is finally determined by deep analysis of observation data, and correction coefficients were 0.886 and 0.939 in freezing and non freezing periods respectively. So the 4-factor calculation model after optimization can not only accurately simulate water surface evaporation of Daquangou Reservoir, but also fit the evaporation of 7 reservoirs in Northern Xinjiang, and accuracy and reliability of model are verified. The data required by model are basic meteorological data, easy to obtain, simple to calculate. To summarize, the evaporation model is correct, and it can accurately estimate evaporation of plain reservoir in inland arid area, which can provide theoretical support for rational utilization and scientific management of water resources in arid inland area. In the analysis of the evaporation model, the humidity, temperature, wind speed and air pressure are considered as the determinants, and the influences of other factors are ignored. The observation precision of evaporation on the surface of reservoirs depends not only on the above factors, but also on other factors, such as the fine degree of observation method, the size of the reservoir area, the surrounding occlusion rate, the climate change, the vegetation height, water depth, precipitation, and water quality. If the weight of the influential factors of the selected reservoir is different from the factors considered in this paper, a more accurate mathematical model will be needed again.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Reservoirs (water)
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Atmospheric pressure - Climate change - Estimation - Evaporation - Factor analysis - Freezing - Models - Petroleum reservoirs - Reservoir management  - Surface waters - Water management - Water quality - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Correction coefficients - Humidity and temperatures - Hydrology and water resource - Key parameters - Observation precision - Scientific management - Temperature differences - Xinjiang
Classification code:441.2  Reservoirs - 443  Meteorology - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 444  Water Resources - 444.1  Surface Water - 445.2  Water Analysis - 512.1.1  Oil Fields - 512.1.2  Petroleum Deposits : Development Operations - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 921  Mathematics - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Area 2.00e+01m2, Percentage 4.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20182405309074
Title:Effect of particle parameters on flow field and erosion wear characteristics of flow passage components in screw centrifugal pump
Authors:Shen, Zhengjing (1, 2); Chu, Wuli (1); Dong, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Power and Energy, Northwestern Ploytechnical University, Xi'an; 710129, China; (2) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China
Corresponding author:Chu, Wuli(wlchu@nwpu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:58-66
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sediment erosion wears are recognized as serious engineering problems in slurry handling industries. As a kind of solid-liquid two phase flow delivery pumps, screw centrifugal pump has a wide efficiency region and non-plugging performance, however, the problem of erosion wears in it can not be overlooked. In this study, the flow field of screw centrifugal pump was simulated by using the Euler-Lagrange method when the numerical results coincide well with the experimental results. The RNG (renormalization group) k-&Epsilon; turbulence model was used to solve fluid flow based on the grid-scale, and the DPM (discrete phase model) method was used to solve the information of particle motions under the particle-scale. The impact of particles to impeller and volute surfaces were calculated through the Tabakoff particle restitution coefficients formula. The grids of computational domain were generated by ANSYS ICEM (integrated computer engineering and manufacturing) software. Because of the complex structure of the screw centrifugal impeller, the tetrahedron and triangular prism hybrid grids which had strong adaptability were selected. And the grid project was thought to be suitable for computation after the grid independence test and verify. The interface between dynamic and static domain was set to frozen rotor, and also the wall free sliding function was used. The SIMPLE algorithm was used to couple the pressure and velocity of the computational domain, and the two order upwind scheme was used to discretize the N-S equation. The convergence precision as 10^-4was set when the total pressure of the pump outlet tends to be stable, and it was considered that the convergence standard was reached. We adopted the Mclaury and OKA models to predict the flow passage components erosion. By calculating and deriving the correlation factor functions contained in those two erosion models, it was found that the function of material hardness and impact angle almost had the same trend of change in two models. The hardness of material is negatively correlated with the erosion rate. With the increase of impact angle, the impact angle function of two models increased rapidly first and then tended to be stable, and reached the maximum near the 40 degree. After the overall consideration, we selected particle velocity, particle size and particle concentration as the influencing factors to analysis the erosion damage of flow passage components under different particle parameters. The results showed that the erosion of impeller was mainly concentrated at the head of pressure face, the shroud of screw part and the centrifugal part of suction face. As for volute casing, volute tongue and belly portions at the circumferential angle of 281&deg; were found to be the most serious regions of erosion damages. Particle velocity was positively correlated with erosion, when the particle size ranged from 0.05 mm to 0.16 mm, the increase of particle size promotes erosion, and when the particle size was greater than 0.16 mm, erosion rates increased slowly. That was because the "size effect" of particles inhibited the development of erosion. The increasing of particle concentration also showed the same trend. When the particle concentration was at the range of 3% to 6%, the increasing of particle concentration would aggravate and erosion was destroyed. While from 6% to 7%, the increasing of particle concentration produced the opposite result. On this basis, the optimization direction of the hydraulic design and structural design of the solid-liquid two-phase flow pump was shown, which laid a foundation for improving the anti-wear erosion performance of two-phase flow pumps. Firstly, it decreased the blade inlet angle to reduce the impact angle between particles and the head of impeller. Secondly, it thickened the centrifugal part of suction surface properly. The third, volute inner wall thickness can be gradually increasing along the circumferential direction. Finally, as long as the whole structure permits, the volute tongue can be removable.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Two phase flow
Controlled terms:Centrifugal pumps - Centrifugation - Cerenkov counters - Computer integrated manufacturing - Erosion - Flow fields - Hardness - Impellers - Liquids - Models  - Navier Stokes equations - Numerical methods - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Screws - Statistical mechanics - Structural design - Tribology - Turbulence models - Velocity control
Uncontrolled terms:Circumferential angles - Circumferential direction - K-epsilon turbulence model - Particle concentrations - Particle parameters - Restitution coefficient - Screw centrifugal pumps - Solid-liquid two phase flows
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 601.2  Machine Components - 605  Small Tools and Hardware - 618.2  Pumps - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 723.5  Computer Applications - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 921.2  Calculus - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1  Mechanics - 944.7  Radiation Measuring Instruments - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.00e+00% to 6.00e+00%, Percentage 6.00e+00% to 7.00e+00%, Size 1.60e-04m, Size 5.00e-05m to 1.60e-04m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20182405309076
Title:Effect of DOC catalyst composition on emission reduction performance for light-duty diesel engine
Authors:Lou, Diming (1); Zhang, Jing (1); Sun, Yuze (1); Tan, Piqiang (1); Hu, Zhiyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai; 201804, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:74-79
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Abstract: Diesel engines are used extensively due to their superior economy and strong power performance, but the air pollution these engines produced is hard to overlook. With regulatory legislations for diesel engine emissions becoming stricter worldwide, integrated after-treatment systems are becoming increasingly important. The reduction performance of after-treatment systems can be affected by many factors. In this study, we investigated the effects of diesel oxidation catalytic converter (DOC) catalyst composition on gaseous emissions characteristics for the after-treatment systems. The after-treatment systems consisted of a diesel oxidation catalytic converter (DOC), a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF), and a selective catalytic reduction (SCR). An engine dynamometer test was conducted on a light-duty diesel engine which equipped with DOC + CDPF + SCR systems. All DOCs used were coated with Pt-Pd catalyst material. The experiment was performed under steady-state conditions of Yunnei D20TCI diesel engine with a displacement of 1.9 liters. This experiment used four sampling points located between the front and rear ends of each after-treatment device. During the full-load test, the data were collected every 200 revolutions from 1 000 to 3 200 r/min. The partial load test was conducted at the maximum torque speed (2000 r/min) with five loads: 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. During the test, the data of different Precious Group Metal (PGM) load and Pt/Pd ratio of DOC were collected. Five sets of DOC catalyst composition were used: 2120 (Pt/Pd, 5: 1), 1410 (5: 1), 880 (5: 1), 880 (7: 1), 880 (10: 1) g/m³. The results showed that the light-off temperatures (T<inf>50</inf>) of carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbon compounds (THC) elevate with the decrease of PGM load. And the T<inf>50</inf>of CO and THC both increased with the growth of Pt/Pd ratio. No significant gap existed between the various DOC catalyst composition, indicating that the Pt/Pd ratio of DOC had little influence on the engine's economic performance. The CO oxidation activities increased monotonically as the PGM load, or Pt/Pd ratio increased in a low-temperature range (&lt; 300 &#8451;), but this beneficial effect mitigated as the temperature was enhanced continuously (&ge; 300 &#8451;). The trends of oxidation activity of THC were similar to CO. Nitric oxide (NO) oxidation was enhanced with higher PGM load. NO oxidation activity was more sensitive to Pt element which can amplify it, exhibiting an opposite trend to CO and THC. But the maximum NO conversion did not reach 50% for all DOCs. High temperature was adverse to NO reaction since it was exothermic. When the SCR inlet temperature was low, high nitrogen dioxide (NO<inf>2</inf>) concentration can increase the SCR nitrogen oxides (NO<inf>x</inf>) reduction. NO<inf>x</inf>reduction was above 90% without large gap when the SCR inlet temperature is high. Along with the flow direction, the average temperature drop in the SCR was the largest, followed by the DOC. The average NO<inf>2</inf>/NO<inf>x</inf>ratio increased by 23.9% through the DOC. DOC pressure drop was about 1.4 kPa, and DOC pressure drop at CDPF was about 4.1 kPa. Besides, no significant influence of DOC catalyst composition of CDPF pressure drop under full load was found.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Selective catalytic reduction
Controlled terms:Air engines - Carbon monoxide - Catalysts - Catalytic converters - Catalytic oxidation - Diesel engines - Drops - Emission control - Gas emissions - Nitric oxide  - Nitrogen oxides - Oxidation - Palladium alloys - Pressure drop - Reduction - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:After treatment devices - Catalyzed diesel particulate filters - Diesel engine emissions - Diesel oxidation catalytic converters - Emissions characteristics - Light-duty diesel engines - Light-off temperatures - Steady-state condition
Classification code:451.2  Air Pollution Control - 547.1  Precious Metals - 612.1.1  Internal Combustion Engine Components - 612.2  Diesel Engines - 641  Heat and Mass Transfer; Thermodynamics - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 2.39e+01%, Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 7.50e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Pressure 1.40e+03Pa, Pressure 4.10e+03Pa, Rotational_Speed 1.00e+03RPM to 3.20e+03RPM, Rotational_Speed 2.00e+03RPM, Volume 1.90e-03m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20182405309096
Title:Characteristics of Dianchi Lake watershed impervious surface expansion and its effect of water environment during urbanization
Authors:Luo, Yi (1, 2, 3); Zhao, Yisong (2); Yang, Kun (1, 3); Yu, Zhenyu (1); Shang, Chunxue (4); Pan, Meie (1, 3); Chen, Kexin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming; 650500, China; (2) Faculty of Tourism and Geographic Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming; 650500, China; (3) The Engineering Research Center of GIS Technology in Western China of Ministry of Education of China, Kunming; 650500, China; (4) Teaching Affairs Department, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming; 650500, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Kun(kmdcynu@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:224-232
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Since the 20th century, urbanization is the most significant process of human activities, which is directly shown as the impervious surface area (ISA) expansion. ISA has become the main urban landscape. Although ISA rate just occupy no-iced surface about 0.2%-2.7%, the impacts on human and nature are extremely significant. Intensive research demonstrated that the relationship between urbanization and water quality was nonlinear. The foreigner researchers revealed that the deterioration of water environment could not be reversed when the ISA rate exceeded 25%. But the threshold influenced by natural and human conditions of research area, different areas have different threshold. To date analyzing the changing characteristic and correlation between water quality parameters and ISA are lees carried out. In this paper, the Dianchi lake watershed of Kunming, Yunnan province was studied, and improved normalized difference build-up index (INDBI) and linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) algorithm were used to analyze the characteristics of Dianchi Lake watershed impervious surface expansion in the context of rapid urbanization in the past 30 years. Secondly, the distance decay function and gravity model was used to quantitatively analyze the impervious surface area impact on water quality. Thirdly, Morlet wavelet analysis method was used to reveal water parameters periodicity. Results showed that the impervious surface area of Dianchi Lake Watershed expanded fast around Dianchi Lake (&alpha; = 0.001), nearly half of the land use/land cover has been changed. The natural surface area in 2017 was approximately 59%, the percent of high-intensity urban area was increased from 0.06% to 12.05%. Under the national strategy background of "One Road, One Belt", "One lake, four core urban area" and "Build the Urban Area on the hill", the number of main district (high-intensity urban areas) changes from 1 in 2001 to 4 in 2017 (Kunming main district, Airport main district, Chenggong main district and Jinning main district), cities are surrounding the Dianchi Lake. 35% of natural surface area was transferred into impervious surface. In the last 30 years, the growth rate of impervious surface area in the Dianchi watershed has been exceeded 21 km²per year, and the growth rate reached 38 km²per year from 2004 to 2017. There is a significant correlation between the spatial influence of impervious surfaces and water quality of lakes. The correlation coefficients between water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen (DO), chlorophyll a (Chla), total phosphorus (TP), permanganate index (PI), potential of hydrogen (pH) and transparency (Trans)) and the spatial influence of impervious surfaces were all passed the significance test, which shows that the high speed urbanization is the main cause of frequent eutrophication and blue-green algae bloom in Dianchi Lake Watershed.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Biochemical oxygen demand
Controlled terms:Algae - Dissolved oxygen - Eutrophication - Exponential functions - Lakes - Land use - Water quality - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Distance decay - Gravity model - Impervious surface - Impervious surface area - Linear spectral mixture analysis - Urbanization - Water quality parameters
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444.1  Surface Water - 445.2  Water Analysis - 921  Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Area 3.80e+07m2, Percentage 2.00e-01% to 2.70e+00%, Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 3.50e+01%, Percentage 5.90e+01%, Percentage 6.00e-02% to 1.21e+01%, Age 3.00e+01yr, Area 2.10e+07m2
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20182405309092
Title:Female and male identification of early chicken embryo based on blood line features of hatching egg image and deep belief networks
Authors:Zhu, Zhihui (1, 2); Tang, Yong (1); Hong, Qi (1); Huang, Piao (1); Wang, Qiaohua (1, 2); Ma, Meihu (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan; 430070, China; (3) College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Meihu(mameihuhn@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:197-203
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nondestructive testing is usually carried out in two directions from the visual features and intrinsic mechanism features of the object. In order to identify the early embryonic sex of chicken eggs, a machine vision image acquisition system was constructed in this study. Under the light source of LED, the development pattern of the egg embryo in different incubation period was collected, and the images of 180 chicken eggs were obtained in 3th, 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th and 10th day. According to the principle of the definition of blood line and blood line integrity in the field of vision of the machine vision, the image of 4th day of incubation was determined to be used to identify the male and female of the embryo. The preprocessing of chicken embryo egg image was carried out, such as component extraction, median filtering, and region of interest (ROI) extraction, followed by the use of contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE), morphological processing, threshold segmentation of Otsu and eight connected domain denoise method to highlight the blood line texture. Through the gray level co-occurrence matrix to extract 5 dimensional features and the direction of the gradient histogram (HOG) to extract 2916 dimensional full information image features. In order to reduce the computational complexity, the processed image was sampled, compressed to a size of 35 pixels &times; 35 pixels, and the full information features of the 1225 dimension were extracted. Finally, the simplified features of 96 dimensional which was combination of PCA dimensionality reduction--gray level co-occurrence matrix were used to construct three types of chicken embryo eggs male and female identification model which were support vector machine (SVM), back-propagation (BP) neural network, the deep belief networks (DBN). Also the full information features of 1225 dimensional which was combination of PCA dimensionality reduction-gray level co-occurrence matrix were used to construct three types of chicken embryo eggs male and female identification model which were support vector machine (SVM), back-propagation (BP) neural network, the deep belief networks (DBN). In the experiment, the information feature of the image was more accurate than that of the simplified feature in the same model, and the recognition accuracy of the whole information feature-DBN model was the highest, reaching 83.33%. Among them, the accuracy of male identification was 76.67% and that of female identification was 90%. The discrimination time of the three models was analyzed for the test set samples, the discriminant time of the three models was SVM, BP, DBN in order of shortest to longest. Correspondingly, the higher the dimension of the input features, the longer the discriminant time of the model, and finally with the highest recognition accuracy which was the full information feature--the DBN model had the longest discriminant time, which was 7.8350s. The results showed that the machine vision technology provided a feasible method for sex determination of early hatching of chicken embryo eggs.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Animals - Backpropagation - Blood - Computer vision - Crack propagation - Extraction - Graphic methods - Identification (control systems) - Light sources - Median filters  - Models - Nondestructive examination - Pixels - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Chicken embryo - Deep belief network (DBN) - Line features - Male and female - Non destructive testing
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 703.2  Electric Filters - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1  Control Systems - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 7.67e+01%, Percentage 8.33e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20182405309075
Title:Responsive sensitivity analysis of diesel spray characteristics to injection parameters and ambient parameters
Authors:Li, Xiangrong (1, 2); Zhao, Weihua (1, 2); Gao, Haobu (3); Liu, Fushui (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Low Emission Engine Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing; 100081, China; (3) Aero Engine Academy of China, Beijing; 101304, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:67-73
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The direct injection (DI) diesel engines are the main power source in modern society. They are widely used in the fields of transportation, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, ships and small machinery. In the face of the challenges of energy saving and environment protection, high-efficient and low-pollution combustion mode has become the development direction of DI diesel engines. The combustion process of DI diesel engines determines the thermal efficiency and the emission levels, while the combustion process is determined by the atomization and mixing process of the fuel. During the operating process of the engine, atomization and mixing of the fuel are controlled by the injection parameters such as the injection pressure and the nozzle diameter of the injector as well as the environmental parameters such as background temperature and environmental density. Therefore, studying the influence of fuel injection parameters and environmental parameters on fuel spray characteristics is of great significance for optimizing the design of combustion system. In this paper, the sensitivity analysis on the effect of background temperatures and densities on the diesel spray characteristics in the previous study was summarized. A direct imaging and schlieren technique of high-speed photography and an image processing program were used to analyze the sensitivities of injection pressure and nozzle diameter to spray parameters. The influence of the injection parameters (injection pressure, nozzle diameter) and ambient parameters (background temperature, background density) on the spray characteristics was compared according to the sensitivity analysis results. The results show that under the experimental conditions (background temperature of 304-770 K, background density of 13-26 kg/m³, nozzle diameter of 0.18-0.26 mm, injection pressure of 120-160 MPa), with the decrease of nozzle diameter, the volume percentage of gas phase tends to increase, and the mean excess air coefficient of the spray also increases. The reason is mainly that as the nozzle diameter decreases, the droplet size decreases, the spray surface area increases, and evaporation becomes faster. With the increase of injection pressure, the volume percentage of gas phase tends to increase, and the mean excess air coefficient of the spray also increases. The reason for this is that with the increase of injection pressure, the speed of oil droplet breaking is faster, the amount of air entrained by the spray is increased, the relative speed between spray and ambient gas increases, and the heat transfer through convection increases, which are beneficial to the evaporation of the spray. It can be found from the sensitivity analysis of gas phase volume percent that the background temperature has the highest sensitivity (3.3) to gas phase volume percent, followed by the injection parameters that can affect the crushing process: nozzle diameter (-0.29) and fuel injection pressure (0.23). The effect of background density on the gas phase volume percent has the lowest sensitivity (0.12). It can be found from the sensitivity analysis of average excess air coefficient that the injection parameters (nozzle diameter (-2.24) and injection pressure (1.29)) have higher sensitivity to the average air excess coefficient, while the environmental parameters (background temperature (0.69) and background density (0.71)) have a slightly lower average effect on the average excess air coefficient.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Direct injection
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Atomization - Combustion - Construction equipment - Density of gases - Diesel engines - Drops - Energy conservation - Evaporation - Fuels  - Gas fuel analysis - Gases - Heat transfer - High speed photography - Image processing - Mixing - Sensitivity analysis - Spray nozzles - Spraying - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Ambient parameters - Constant-volume vessel - Direct injection diesel engines - Energy-saving and environments - Environmental parameter - Experimental conditions - Injection parameters - Schlieren
Classification code:405.1  Construction Equipment - 521  Fuel Combustion and Flame Research - 522  Gas Fuels - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 612.2  Diesel Engines - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 742.1  Photography - 801  Chemistry - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921  Mathematics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.30e+01kg/m3 to 2.60e+01kg/m3, Pressure 1.20e+08Pa to 1.60e+08Pa, Size 1.80e-04m to 2.60e-04m, Temperature 3.04e+02K to 7.70e+02K
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20182405309077
Title:Design and parameter optimization of pneumatic rice sowing device for unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors:Song, Cancan (1, 2); Zhou, Zhiyan (1, 2, 3); Jiang, Rui (1, 2); Luo, Xiwen (1, 2); He, Xingang (1, 2); Ming, Rui (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University/Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Aviation Application (ERCAAA), Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) National Joint Research Center for Precision Agricultural Aviation Application Technology, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in South China, Changsha; 410128, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Zhiyan(zyzhou@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:80-88
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Unmanned aerial vehicles are widely used in agriculture because of the advantages of flexible landing, no contact with plots, and wide adaptability of terrain. Currently, the unmanned aerial vehicle sowing operation is mainly based on the centrifugal sowing device, which mainly relies on the disc to sowing, forming the circular-shape falling area, causing the unstable uniformity of sowing, and it is difficult to control in the direction of the sowing width. In order to meet the needs of unmanned aerial vehicle low-altitude and high-velocity sowing operations, and to ensure the uniformity of the sowing, a pneumatic unmanned aerial vehicle sowing device was designed in this paper, making use of the air-flow to blow the seeds out in different directions. The basic working principle was that the seed particles discharged from the metering device were mixed with the high-velocity air flow in the flow-spitting box, forming a gas-solid two-phase flow, and then separated into a few streams of seed particles along the diversion channels. The high-spread streams of seed particles, released from the outlet of the diversion channels, cause the formation of a larger width, achieving satisfying sowing presentation. Meanwhile, the key components of the sowing device were simulated and tested. In this paper, the rotor wind field of the multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle was simulated and analyzed. The wind field distribution was summarized from two aspects of the vertical plane and the horizontal plane of different heights, and the movement and reasons of the particles in the rotor wind field were analyzed. Three main aspects (the relationship between the outlet size and the wind velocity of the air-flow outlets, and the influence of the cone angles of the diversion channel on the airflow, and air pressure distribution in the diversion channel) were studied. The reasons for doing these tests were that the wind velocity at the air-flow outlets was the key factor to determine whether the seed can be blown out or not. The design of the diversion channel affected the trajectory of the internal seed particles flow, and the most important thing was the effect on the velocity of the seed when leaving the diversion channel in the size and direction. The effect of the cone angle of the diversion channel on the sowing width and the sowing uniformity was tested. The test results showed that there was a strong negative correlation between the outlet size of the flow-spitting box and the outlet wind velocity, and thus, the air outlet size can be determined according to the required wind velocity. There was a strong linear correlation between the cone angle and the sowing width of the diversion channel. The correlation coefficient (R²= 0.999) can be used to determine the appropriate cone angle according to the requirement of sowing width. Considering the distribution of pressure and flow velocity in the diversion channel and the influence on the width and uniformity, 130&deg; was preferred as the cone angle of the diversion channel. Finally, the effects of sowing height on sowing width and sowing uniformity were studied. The correlation analysis method was used to analyze whether the working height in a certain range had an effect on the sowing width. By analyzing the uniformity variation coefficient in the sample areas the effect of working height on sowing uniformity was determined. The results showed that, in the range of 1-2.8 m, the correlation coefficient of height and width was 0.359, greater than 0.05, and the variation coefficient of sowing uniformity was above 15%, and the significance of height and coefficient of variation was 0.197, greater than 0.05, both of which mean that the height of unmanned helicopter had no significant effect on sowing width and sowing uniformity in the range of 1-2.8 m. Therefore, in this range, it is not necessary to consider the effect of the working height fluctuation on the sowing width and uniformity when sowing by this device. In the actual operation, taking into account the sowing width and uniformity coefficient of variation and energy consumption and other factors, the optimal height of 2 m was preferred on the unmanned aerial vehicle. This study provides the basic reference for further optimization of the prototype.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Two phase flow
Controlled terms:Air - Antennas - Design - Energy utilization - Flow velocity - Optimization - Pneumatics - Telecommunication industry - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Velocity  - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Air-pressure distributions - Coefficient of variation - Correlation analysis - Correlation coefficient - Gas solid two phase flow - Negative correlation - Parameter optimization - Variation coefficient
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 631  Fluid Flow - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 632.3  Pneumatics - 652.1  Aircraft, General - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.50e+01%, Size 1.00e+00m to 2.80e+00m, Size 2.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20182405309082
Title:Years of whole-field plastic mulching improving soil and crop yield on winter wheat/rape rotation field
Authors:Wang, Jing (1, 2, 3); Wang, Yibo (1, 2); Hu, Liping (3); Liu, Yanmei (1, 2); Wang, Xiao (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Bio-engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui; 741000, China; (2) Gansu Key Laboratory for Utilization of Agriculture Solid Waste Resource, Tianshui; 741000, China; (3) Gansu Engineering Research Center for Sweet Cherry, Tianshui; 741000, China; (4) Gansu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Gansu Environmental Protection, Lanzhou; 730030, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:121-128
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Whole plastic film mulching is commonly used for crops on the Loess Plateau, which can significantly improve rainfall use efficiency and crop productivity. However, no systematic analysis of the productivity increment and soil microbial environmental effects of this technique has been undertaken previously. A field experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2016 to study the effects of whole plastic film mulching on soil microbial biomass carbon, soil microbial biomass nitrogen, soil enzyme activities, soil moisture and temperature. The 3 treatments applied were: whole plastic film mulching with soil covering and bunch seeding (M1), whole plastic film mulching and bunch seeding (M2), and soil uncovered and bunch seeding (M0). The soil water content and soil temperature were recorded, and the soil microbial biomass carbon, soil microbial biomass nitrogen, and soil enzyme activities were calculated. The M1 and M2 treatments averagely increased the soil moisture content by 3.83%-15.85% and 2.53%-15.53%, soil temperature by 0.9-1.7 and 0.8-2.7&#8451; respectively compared with M0 before winter wheat jointing stage and rape flowering stage. As compared with M0, both M1 and M2 treatments averagely increased soil microbial biomass carbon content by 25.64% and 23.55% from winter wheat re-greening to jointing stage, and by 24.70% and 24.63% from rape re-greening stage to flowering stage, significantly. As compared with M0, both M1 and M2 treatments averagely increased soil microbial biomass nitrogen content by 20.42% and 12.65% from winter wheat re-greening stage to jointing stage, and by 18.41% and 15.35% from rape re-greening stage to bud stage, significantly. As compared with M0, the urease enzyme activities of M1 and M2 were significantly higher at each growth stage of winter wheat and rape (except winter wheat booting, maturing stage in 2013), and the sucrase enzyme activity of M1 was significantly higher at each growth stage of winter wheat and rape, whereas alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity of M1 was lower (except winter wheat maturing stage in 2013). The increased extent of soil thermal-moisture status and soil microbial activities was higher in 2015 and 2016. There is a positive correlation between soil microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, urease enzyme, sucrase enzyme and soil moisture and soil temperature. Based on the regulatory effect of soil thermal-moisture status and microbial activities, compared with M0, the winter wheat yield of M1 and M2 increased by 30.44% and 22.25%, and the rape yield of M1 and M2 increased by 21.36% and 14.02%, respectively. The increased extent of yield and water use efficiency was higher in a dry year than that in a wet year. Consequently, whole plastic film mulching ameliorated soil thermal-moisture status in dry spring, and increased soil microbial biomass carbon content, microbial biomass nitrogen content, urease enzyme activity, sucrase enzyme activity, and crop yield.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Enzyme activity
Controlled terms:Biomass - Carbon - Crops - Ecology - Efficiency - Nitrogen - Phosphatases - Plastic films - Productivity - Soil moisture  - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:ALkaline phosphatase - Microbial activities - Plastic film mulching - Plastic mulching - Positive correlations - Soil microbial activities - Soil microbial biomass carbons - Soil microbial biomass nitrogens
Classification code:454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.9  Biology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 817.1  Polymer Products - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.27e+01%, Percentage 1.40e+01%, Percentage 1.53e+01%, Percentage 1.84e+01%, Percentage 2.04e+01%, Percentage 2.14e+01%, Percentage 2.22e+01%, Percentage 2.36e+01%, Percentage 2.46e+01%, Percentage 2.47e+01%, Percentage 2.53e+00% to 1.55e+01%, Percentage 2.56e+01%, Percentage 3.04e+01%, Percentage 3.83e+00% to 1.58e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20182405309101
Title:Effects of spray drying conditions on physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of raspberry powder
Authors:Han, Zongyuan (1, 2); Li, Xiaojing (1); Bai, Zhihui (1); Lu, Chenyan (1); Wang, Xiaotong (1); Xiao, Zhigang (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Life and Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun; 113122, China; (2) College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China; (3) College of Grain Science and Technology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang; 110034, China
Corresponding author:Xiao, Zhigang(zhigangx@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:272-277
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve physicochemical properties and antioxidant properties of raspberry powder, maltodextrin was used as a drying carrier to investigate the effects of spray drying conditions on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant properties of raspberry powder. The process was performed using a laboratory-scale spray dryer. Before the mixture was fed into the drying chamber at room temperature (25&#8451;) through a peristaltic pump, raspberry juice and maltodextrin were mixed together and the ratio of the amount of maltodextrin to solid content of raspberry juice was 1: 1. The inlet air temperature was 210&#8451; and the outlet air temperature varied from 60 to 70&#8451;. Spray drying was carried out with a drying air flow rate of 0.99 m³/min and an aspirator flow rate of 6.67 mL/min. The powders were obtained in the receiving flask. The results showed that the inlet air temperature (190-230&#8451;), maltodextrin contents (70%-110%, calculated according to solids of raspberry juice), hot air flow (0.66-1.10 m³/min), and inlet flow rate (2.67-8 mL/min) had significant effects on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant properties of raspberry powder. The raspberry powder yield, bulk density, dissolution time, redness and yellowness values all showed an upward trend. The moisture content, brightness value, total phenolic content, the DPPH free radical scavenging rate, the reducing power, the superoxide free radical scavenging rate, the hydroxyl free radical scavenging rate and the ABTS scavenging rate all showed a downward trend. Moreover, when the addition of maltodextrin reached 110%, the yield, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity significantly increased, while the inlet air temperature 220&#8451;, hot air flow 0.99 m³/min and inlet flow rate 6.67 mL/min made the yield higher, and the total phenol content and antioxidant capacity were significantly lowered (P&lt;0.05). Maltodextrin as a drying carrier raises the Tg (glass transition temperature) of raspberry powder, and it works together with inlet air temperature, hot air flow and inlet flow rate to regulate moisture contents. Since spray drying can quickly evaporate the water, the moisture decreases and the yield of the fruit powder increases, while the particles are not easily bonded, the space volume decreases and the bulk density increases. But because of the low moisture content, it is easy to plug internal moisture path and make it become hard, and the dissolution time increases. Moreover, browning reaction occurs during spray drying, resulting in changes in color. Inlet air temperature, the amount of maltodextrin, hot air flow and inlet flow rate have obvious effects on total phenolic content, DPPH scavenging capacity, reducing power, superoxide free radical scavenging rate, hydroxyl radical scavenging rate and ABTS scavenging rate (P&lt;0.05), and the phenolic compounds have better effects on scavenging DPPH and superoxide anion free radicals because of lower IC<inf>50</inf>value. Spray drying can cause the oxidation of polyphenols, decomposition reaction, especially at higher temperatures, so proanthocyanidins and other polyphenols are prone to decomposition, while polyphenols at higher concentrations easily cause interactions with protein, carbohydrate substances and minerals so as to induce discoloration of the raspberry powder.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Scavenging
Controlled terms:Air - Antioxidants - Atmospheric temperature - Dissolution - Drying - Flavonoids - Flow rate - Free radicals - Glass transition - Inlet flow  - Moisture - Moisture determination - Phenols - Polysaccharides - Quality control - Spray drying - Thermal load
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-oxidant activities - Antioxidant properties - Decomposition reaction - Free radical scavenging - Hydroxyl free radicals - Inlet air temperatures - Physicochemical property - Total phenolic content
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 612.1  Internal Combustion Engines, General - 631  Fluid Flow - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.10e+02%, Percentage 7.00e+01% to 1.10e+02%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20182405309071
Title:Parameter determination and validation of discrete element model of seed potato mechanical seeding
Authors:Shi, Linrong (1); Sun, Wei (1); Zhao, Wuyun (1); Yang, Xiaoping (1); Feng, Bin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou; 730070, China; (2) College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou; 730070, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Wuyun(zhaowy@gsau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:35-42
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For optimizing the seed metering performance of the seed metering device for potato with the help of discrete element method, firstly the basic physical parameters of seed potato (density, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio and coefficient of restitution) were obtained through the experiment and from the references. From references we know that coefficient between seed potato and potato, steel, plastic is 0.79, 0.71 and 0.66 respectively. From experimental results the average density of seed potato is 1 048 kg/m³by the method of drainage, and the average moisture content of seed potato was 80.15% by drying method, and the volume density is 631.88 kg/m³. Using the self-made measuring apparatus of potato static friction coefficient, the static friction coefficients between potato and matierial including potato, plastic and steel were measured, and these were respectively 0.452, 0.445 and 0.517. By the inclined plane method, the dynamic friction coefficients between potato and other matierial including steel and plastic were determinated, and these were respectively 0.269 and 0.303. The shape, size and center of mass of the patotoes through the particle repose method had a certain error with that of the actual potatoes, therefore, taking the actual potato repose angle as the target value, and changing the dynamic friction coefficient, the simulation regression model of predicting dynamic friction coefficient of potato was establised. Predicted value of dynamic friction coefficient is 0.024 when potato stacking angle is 24.39&deg;. For verifying the reliability of parameters of potato simulation model. Selection of seed potato which were close to the 3 types of statistical mean values were modeled respectively. The modeling process is as follows: the largest potato contour along the XY section is cut, and which was connected the section to the white paper, and draw the outline with pencil, and then trace the potato along the YZ cross section. The image is collected vertically to the tape of the sheet. The image was put into AutoCAD using the spline curve command will outline the stroke of potato, potato slices one by one in the order from the top into the datum on the corresponding. The outline of the whole potato is introduced into Solidworks and the potato is built with a lofting order. The parameters of simulation model were used to simulate the potato repose angle, which was then compared with the experimental potato repose angle of outer contour. The length and height of repose angle bottom edge in simulation and experiment are compared and they are 436 and 99 mm respectively, and their repose areas are basically the same. The repose angle in simulation and experiment is 24.72&deg; and 24.39&deg; respectively, and their relative error is 1.33%. It can be seen that the simulation and experimental repose angle are basically the same. Therefore, from the above comparison results, it is known that the simulated and experimental repose angle are basically the same. Moreover, spoon-chain seed potatoes metering device is used to validate the parameters of the potato repose angle simulation, and the replay rates in simulation and experiment are 11.90% and 13.10% respectively, and their relative error is 9.16%; the empty hole rates in simulation and test are 8.93% and 9.52% respectively, and their relative error is 6.20%, which satisfies the GB/T 6242-2006 Test method for potato planting machine in planting machinery. Comparison between simulation and experimental results shows that under the bench experiment condition, compared with the simulation results, the empty hole rate of the potato metering device increased by 0.59%, and the replay rate decreased by 1.2%. According to the analysis, it is due to the influence of the increase of the variation coefficient of the seed potato's size.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Computer aided design - Computer simulation - Crops - Errors - Finite difference method - Machinery - Regression analysis - Stiction - Tape drives - Testing  - Tribology - Verification
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Coefficient of restitution - Comparison between simulation and experimental results - Discrete element modeling - Dynamic friction coefficient - Parameters - Potato - Static friction coefficient
Classification code:721.1  Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 722.2  Computer Peripheral Equipment - 723.5  Computer Applications - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.05e+03kg/m3, Mass_Density 6.32e+02kg/m3, Percentage 1.19e+01%, Percentage 1.20e+00%, Percentage 1.31e+01%, Percentage 1.33e+00%, Percentage 5.90e-01%, Percentage 6.20e+00%, Percentage 8.02e+01%, Percentage 8.93e+00%, Percentage 9.52e+00%, Size 4.36e-01m, Size 9.90e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20182405309104
Title:Parameter optimization of preparation technology of fried whole-soybean tofu
Authors:Wang, Xibo (1); Liu, Jingnan (1); Cui, Qiang (1); Li, Rui (1); Zhang, Xu (1); Jiang, Lianzhou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:292-299
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fried tofu, a kind of most popular Chinese traditional food, wins many consumers with its delicate soft taste and crisp skin. In addition to taste, the nutritive value of fried tofu is also one of the reasons for the popularity of soybean products. Okara contains a wealth of dietary fiber, protein, fat, soy isoflavones and other nutrients. But, in the processing of the traditional soybean products, a lot of okara was excluded, which results in the waste of resources and pollution to the environment. Whole soy products, by using all the ingredients of whole grains of soybeans (without waste), can improve the yield and nutritional value and reduce environmental pollution. At present, the study of domestic and foreign scholars on the whole soybean products is mainly concentrated in the whole bean tofu, whole bean drinks, and whole bean sufu. Fried tofu as reported at home and abroad is very rare. Patent reports of tofu production process are based on traditional tofu processing methods, which use the wet treatment to remove the tofu residue and then fry the tofu. The research on the fried whole-soybean tofu has not been reported yet. In this experiment, the processing of traditional tofu was improved to achieve tofu made by whole soybean grain, improve the utilization rate of raw materials of soybean products and maximize the nutritional content of soybean. On this foundation, fried tofu was made by whole soybean grain through the frying process, which filled the vacancy of fried soybean products. In this experiment, whole soybean was used as raw material to study the preparation process of new fried tofu. At first, the technological conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis of whole-soybean milk were studied, and the effects of enzyme dosage, enzymolysis time and temperature on enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated in order to obtain the optimum conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis, and the enzymatic hydrolysis process was optimized using response surface methodology. Moreover, the effects of frying technology (frying time and frying temperature) on the color, oil content and texture of fried whole-soybean tofu were studied by using sensory evaluation. Then, the composition of the fried whole-soybean tofu was measured. The results showed that the optimum conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis were as follows: enzyme addition of 0.53%, hydrolysis temperature of 50&#8451;, and enzymolysis time of 160 min, and under the optimal conditions hydrolysis degree of insoluble dietary fiber was the highest, and the content of reducing sugar was 2.9433 mg/mL. The whole-soybean tofu fried in 170&#8451; for 4 min showed the excellent sensory quality and the sensory score was 95. Under the conditions, its lightness, redness and yellowness were 60.22, 10.85 and 37.80, respectively. The oil content was 15.6%, and the hardness was 2 972 g. Finally, the contents of traditional tofu, whole-soybean tofu, fried whole-soybean tofu were compared. The contents of total flavonoids and total phenolics in whole-soybean tofu and fried whole-soybean tofu were higher than that in traditional tofu, the nutritional content of fried whole-soybean tofu was improved, and the total flavonoids content increased by 14.53% and 7.93% and the total phenolics content increased by 18.95% and 82.11%, respectively, compared with the former 2 kinds of tofu.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Enzymatic hydrolysis
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Beverages - Enzymes - Flavonoids - Grain (agricultural product) - Nutrition - Optimization - Pollution - Processing - Sensory perception  - Soybean oil
Uncontrolled terms:Deep fry - Environmental pollutions - Fried whole-soybean tofu - Insoluble dietary fibers - Parameter optimization - Preparation technology - Response surface methodology - Technological conditions
Classification code:461.4  Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering - 461.7  Health Care - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products - 913.4  Manufacturing - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Mass 2.97e+00kg, Mass_Density 2.94e+00kg/m3, Percentage 1.45e+01%, Percentage 1.56e+01%, Percentage 1.89e+01%, Percentage 5.30e-01%, Percentage 7.93e+00%, Percentage 8.21e+01%, Time 2.40e+02s, Time 9.60e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20182405309103
Title:Pilot-plant test of ultrafiltration-reverse osmosis membrane separation coupling with vacuum concentration technology of chicken bone extract
Authors:Shen, Qingshan (1); Li, Xia (1); Zhang, Chunhui (1, 2); Zheng, Qiankun (2); Wang, Lisha (1); Jia, Wei (1); Li, Min (2); Zhang, Zhaojing (3); Li, Yuanliang (3); Hu, Li (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Delisi Group co. LTD, Weifang; 262216, China; (3) Shandong Fengxiang Co., Ltd, Liaocheng; 252325, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Chunhui(dr_zch@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:285-291
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this study, the concentration technologies of chicken bone extract (Brix=4%), involving vacuum concentration technology and other two membrane combination concentration technologies, were investigated with the pilot scale production. Firstly, the conventional vacuum concentration (VC) technology was studied by determining the concentration rate and the water removed rate, and then the properties of different single osmotic membrane were analyzed by detecting the changes of membrane flux and the loss rates of material, dry matter and protein. After that, we also studied the membrane combination separation technologies that included the microfiltration-reverse osmosis combination (MF-RO) technology and ultrafiltration-reverse osmosis combination (UF-RO) technology. Ultimately, we developed a new concentration technology of chicken bone extract that was, a kind of gradient membrane combination coupling with the vacuum concentration technology, and ultrafiltration-reverse osmosis-vacuum concentration (UF-RO-VC) technology. Simultaneously, the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional VC technology were compared with the reverse osmosis-vacuum concentration (RO-VC) technology and UF-RO-VC technology. Results suggested that, as for the conventional VC technology, the Brix increased very slowly prior to 60 min of the concentration, which resulted in decreasing the rate of concentration and much more energy consumption. And the results of single membrane concentration indicated that the membrane fluxes of microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) were all decreased with the proceeding of concentration, and the membrane flux showed the negative correlation with the membrane diameter. Besides that, these four different membrane separation technologies could contribute to some losses of the chicken bone extract, which included the materials loss (the loss rates were 0.5%, 6.25%, 4% and 7.1%, respectively), the dry matter loss (the loss rates were 1.6%, 19.4%, 22.4% and 20%, respectively) and the protein loss (the loss rates were 35.8%, 25.7%, 22% and 16%, respectively). For the membrane combination separation technologies, results indicated UF-RO technology was able to decrease dramatically the materials and dry matter loss (P&lt;0.01), and meanwhile the membrane flux of the reverse osmosis membrane was increased 2-3 times, which was compared with the MF-RO technology. The chicken bone extract of 360 kg, as the pilot-plant test, was concentrated through the technologies that included the VC technology, RO-VC technology and UF-RO-VC technology. As for these three concentration technologies, the results suggested that the time-consuming was 120, 105 and 110 min, respectively; power consumption was 1.62, 2.81and 3.57 kW&middot;h, which was concerted into standard coal consumption being 0.199 1 kg, 0.345 3 kg and 0.438 8 kg, respectively; standard burning coal converting from steam consumption was 63.46 kg, 23.8 kg and 10.58 kg, respectively; emission of pollution gas SO<inf>2</inf>was 0.057 6 kg, 0.021 9 kg and 0.010 1 kg, and NOx was 0.068 2, 0.0279 and 0.014 6 kg, respectively. Eventually, the total cost was 33.03, 50.78 and 27.85 yuan, and total standard coal consumption was 63.659 1 kg, 24.145 3 kg and 11.018 8 kg. Taken together, the UF-RO-VC technology can be considered as an optimal concentration technology to obtain the chicken bone extract. Comparing with the conventional VC technology, this new kind of concentration technology could be recognized to be much more friendly to environment as it is capable of concentrating the chicken bone extract with decreasing the cost, saving concentration time, reducing the consumption of standard coal and emission of pollution gases significantly (P&lt;0.01).<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Membrane technology
Controlled terms:Animals - Bone - Coal - Energy utilization - Microfiltration - Osmosis membranes - Pilot plants - Plant extracts - Pollution - Proteins  - Reverse osmosis - Ultrafiltration - Vacuum
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture products - Chicken bones - Membrane concentration - Membrane separation technology - Negative correlation - Optimal concentration - Pilot-scale production - Separation technologies
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9  Biology - 524  Solid Fuels - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 633  Vacuum Technology - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.1  Organic Compounds
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.06e+01kg, Mass 2.38e+01kg, Mass 3.60e+02kg, Mass 6.35e+01kg, Percentage 1.60e+00%, Percentage 1.60e+01%, Percentage 1.94e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 2.20e+01%, Percentage 2.24e+01%, Percentage 2.57e+01%, Percentage 3.58e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+00%, Percentage 5.00e-01%, Percentage 6.25e+00%, Percentage 7.10e+00%, Time 3.60e+03s, Time 6.30e+03s, Time 6.60e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20182405309086
Title:Characterizing gully cross section and modelling gully volume in hilly loess region of western Shanxi Province
Authors:Li, Zhen (1); Zhang, Yan (2); Shang, Guofei (1); Qi, Fei (1); Ma, Qingtao (1); Li, Yaokun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Land Resources and Urban and Rural Planning, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang; 050031, China; (2) School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:152-159
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Morphological characteristics of gully cross section are important in reflecting environmental factors of the development of the gully and understanding the mechanism of the gully erosion. Gully volume is a key parameter representing gully erosion amount, and the estimation model of the gully volume is the basic issue in the research of gully erosion. However, it has been rarely published as to characterizing gully cross section and modeling gully volume for the hilly loess region of western Shanxi Province, which has restricted the survey and evaluation of the regional soil erosion. The aim of this paper was to explore the features of the gully cross section, and to build a model to assess the gully volume with gully parameters that may be determined by high resolution satellite images. In this research, a 3-D (three-dimensional) laser scanner (TOPCON IS-IMAGING STATION) was used to measure the parameters of 31 dissected valleys, and an interval between 2 measurement points was set as 0.15 m. Then the DEM (digital elevation model) with the pixel size of 0.15 m &times; 0.15 m was created based on Delaunay triangulate irregular network (TIN) using ArcGIS 10.1. The morphological parameters were extracted from DEM and finally the volume, gully length, gully area, top width, bottom width, depth and cross-sectional area were calculated. The results showed that the maximum, minimum and average values of the gully top width were 19.8, 4.8, and 9.0 m, respectively; those of gully bottom width were 15.0, 0.4, and 3.8 m, respectively; those of gully depth were 10.9, 2.5, and 6.2 m, respectively; and those of cross-sectional area were 9.7, 139.2, and 41.8 m², respectively. The values of top width, bottom width, depth and cross-sectional area at the gully mouth were higher than that at the gully head and middle, and, sequentially, there was no significant difference except the depth among gully head, gully middle and gully mouth with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ratio of gully top width to depth ranged between 0.37 and 5.0, with an average of 1.55, which was greater than 1, indicating the gully-wall collapsing was faster than the deep-cutting erosion. Among gully head, gully middle and gully mouth, the minimum value of the ratio of gully top width to depth was in the gully head. The regression analysis showed that there was a very prominent relationship of power function between gully volume and gully length, gully area, and the determination coefficients of the regression equation were 0.68 and 0.85, respectively, indicating the gully length and the gully area can be used to estimate the gully erosion rate at the large spatial scales because they can be easily determined from very high-resolution satellite images. The relative error and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency between the measured and predicted gully volumes suggested that the gully volume-area relationship had a better predictive ability for the gully volume, and therefore the corresponding equation can be used to assess the gully volume in the hilly loess region of the western Shanxi Province. The results in this paper have a number of potential applications in modeling and mapping the gully erosion over a large scale, and will be critically helpful in the assessment of the soil and water conservation.<br/> &copy; 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Landforms
Controlled terms:Analysis of variance (ANOVA) - Erosion - Estimation - Models - Parameter estimation - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Satellite imagery - Scanning - Sediments  - Soil conservation - Surveying - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:3-D scanner - Cross section characteristics - Gullies - High resolution satellite images - Loess Plateau - Morphological characteristic - Soil and water conservation - Very high resolution satellite images
Classification code:405.3  Surveying - 444  Water Resources - 481.1  Geology - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 655.2  Satellites - 921  Mathematics - 922  Statistical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Area 4.18e+01m2, Size 1.50e-01m, Size 3.80e+00m, Size 6.20e+00m, Size 9.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.06.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.