<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20182405309122
Title:Nondestructive detection of apple watercore disease based on electric features
Authors:Wang, Ruolin (1); Wang, Dong (1); Ren, Xiaolin (2); Ma, Huiling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; Shaanxi; 712100, China; (2) College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; Shaanxi; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Huiling(ma_huiling65@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:129-136
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to find more cost-saving and efficient technology for non-destructive detection of watercore apple, recognizing the disease by following electric feature changes of the fruit was tested in this study. With the suspected watercore fruit and sound fruit of Malus pumila cv. Qinguan as material, we collected 143 feature data of 11 electric parameters at 13 frequency points from 100 Hz to 3.98 MHz fruit by fruit. Then each fruit was crosscut to tell and record whether watercore occurred in it. All the features data were analyzed by 3 steps. The first 2 steps were to screen differential features between sound and watercore apple, and then determine principal components (PCs) whose cumulative variance contribution rate reached over 90%. In the third step, different classification models were used to discriminate the sound and watercore fruit in combination with PCs obtained. The results showed that the incidence of watercore caused the increase in feature values of dielectric loss coefficient, complex impedance angle, series equivalent capacitance, parallel capacitance, relative dielectric constant, and loss factor at low frequency region (100-10000 Hz), a total of 36 differential feature values. These findings supported theoretically the possibility to discriminate sound and watercore apple based on differences in their electric features. Using principal component analysis, 15 and 7 PCs were extracted for original group of 143 features, and the group of 36 differential features, respectively. Accuracy rates of Fisher discrimination and multilayer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network for the groups of 143 features and 36 differential features all elevated with the increase of PCs number, and reached a stable high level when PC number reached 13 and 10, respectively. Accuracy rates of Fisher discrimination and MLP for the group of 143 features using the former 13 PCs reached 93.8% and 95.4%, while for the group of 36 features using its former 7 PCs reached 91.7% and 93.8%, respectively. It indicated that the discrimination ability between sound and watercore apples was ascribed to mainly the 36 differential electric features. Discrimination by radial basis function (RBF) modeled by using 15 PCs reached an accuracy rate of 75.1% for the group of 143 features. Quality profiles of 2 kinds of apples differed in density, firmness, and soluble solids, which presented significantly higher level in watercore fruit (P<0.05), but titrate acids content was significantly lower. Physio-chemical characteristics changes resulted in the alternation of electric feature of watercore fruit and showed multiple-to-multiple correlation of cause-effect. Values of loss factor at low frequencies (100-25100 Hz) combined with MLP or RBF classifier all achieved accuracy rates of 100% on the recognization of either watercore or sound apple, which can be selected as the simple and effective method for apple watercore detection. The result can provide theoretical and technical support for the development of on-line equipment which can non-destructively detect the disease of apple watercore in the future.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Feature extraction
Controlled terms:Capacitance - Dielectric losses - Diseases - Fruits - Microcomputers - Neural networks - Nondestructive examination - Principal component analysis - Radial basis function networks
Uncontrolled terms:Discrimination ability - Electrical characteristic - Low frequency regions - Multi layer perceptron - Nondestructive detection - Radial Basis Function(RBF) - Relative dielectric constant - Watercore
Classification code:701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 708.1 Dielectric Materials - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 1.00e+02Hz to 1.00e+04Hz, Frequency 1.00e+02Hz to 2.51e+04Hz, Frequency 1.00e+02Hz to 3.98e+06Hz, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 7.51e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.17e+01%, Percentage 9.38e+01%, Percentage 9.54e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20182405309132
Title:Effect of organic load on performance and bioavailable metal concentration of straw anaerobic digestion system
Authors:Deng, Yuying (1, 2); Shi, Wansheng (2, 3); Huang, Zhenxing (2, 3); Ruan, Wenquan (2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Engineering, Changzhou Vocational Institute of Engineering, Changzhou; 213164, China; (2) School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi; 214122, China; (3) Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi; 214122, China
Corresponding author:Ruan, Wenquan(wqruanjn@gmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:204-211
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Although anaerobic digestion is an important way of straw resources utilization, methanogenesis is the rate-limiting step of this process and then metal element could have pivotal importance to methanogens. Rumen fluid and anaerobic sludge were used as inocula, whose content was 25%, and their main components and metal concentration were investigated. Using straw materials, the anaerobic digestion performance and metal concentration change were investigated with 6 organic loading rate (OLR: 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 4, 6 g/(L·d)) and solid retention time (SRT: 100, 100, 100, 100, 66.6, 40 d) in a semi-continuous reactor. Stirring speed was 80 r/min, pH value was controlled at 6.8-7.1. The result indicated that CH<inf>4</inf>yield reached 217 mL/g volatile solid (VS) at OLR of 4 g/(L·d) and SRT of 66.7 d, which reached 56%-58% of the theoretical value. The xylanase and cellulase activities in this operating condition were higher than those of other stages, which were 6.45 and 50.06 U/mL respectively. Modified Tessier method was adopted to analyze the distributions of metal speciation in 6 different operational conditions. It was shown that bioavailable metal cofactor was supplied by Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni and Mo in the co-inoculum of rumen fluid and anaerobic sludge during the methanogenesis process, which was indispensable to hydrolytic and methanogenic activities. At the OLR of 1.5-4 g/(L·d) and SRT of 66.6-100 d, bioavailable concentrations of Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni and Mo ranged within 10.20-20.79, 0.53-0.84, 7.77-11.80, 1.15-1.57 and 0.83-1.18 mg/kg respectively. And the anaerobic reactor could run steadily. At the OLR of 6 g/(L·d) and SRT set to 40 d, the concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) increased to 13.67 g/L. And the metal speciation and concentrations changed accordingly. Bioavailable concentrations of Zn and Fe in biogas residues decreased significantly (P<0.05), equal to 4.39 and 5.54 mg/kg respectively. And bioavailable concentration of Cu declined to 0.40 mg/kg. The Ni and Mo in this stage changed slightly because of lower concentrations. As a result, CH<inf>4</inf>yield decreased to 110 mL/g and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulated seriously. The concentrations of acetate, propionate and butyrate were 2.02, 6.54 and 0.53 g/L respectively, which indicated the "acidification" in the digestion reactor. This study provides a better understanding for the bioavailable concentrations of metals (especially Zn, Cu and Fe) correlated with digestion performance and methanogenic activities provoked by organic overload in the anaerobic system. Thus, the conclusions are beneficial to enhance biogas production from straw by addition of trace metals.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Acidification - Biogas - Biological materials - Copper - Fermentation - Metals - Molybdenum - Nickel - Straw - Trace elements - Volatile fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Bioavailable concentrations - Digestion performance - Dissolved organic matters - Methanogenic activity - Operational conditions - Resources utilizations - Semi-continuous reactor - Volatile fatty acids (VFAs)
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 543.3 Molybdenum and Alloys - 544.1 Copper - 548.1 Nickel - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 822.2 Food Processing Operations
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.37e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 5.30e-01kg/m3, Mass_Density 6.54e+00kg/m3, Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 5.60e+01% to 5.80e+01%, Rotational_Speed 8.00e+01RPM, Specific_Volume 1.10e-01m3/kg, Specific_Volume 2.17e-01m3/kg
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20182405309135
Title:Evaluation of quality and spatial reconstruction of oasis rural settlements based on micro-scale
Authors:Ma, Libang (1); Tian, Yaya (1); Xie, Zuolun (2); Guo, Xiaodong (3); Gu, Yuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou; 730070, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai; 200062, China; (3) School of Management Lanzhou University, Lanzhou; 730000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:227-234
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rural settlement space reconstruction is an important part of regional development and the key process of ecological civilization construction, and is one of the main means to solve the "Three Rural Issues" (agriculture, countryside and farmers) in China. The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Maritime Silk Road Strategy have brought new opportunities for the Hexi Corridor, which is facing challenges in the sustainable development of rural settlements, and the spatial reconstruction has become one of the realistic problems that need to be solved urgently. Based on the 1 km × 1 km grid, this paper used quality evaluation model and gravity model to evaluate the quality of rural settlement in Shandan County, Gansu Province from 1998 to 2015, and analyzed the evolution of quality pattern. On this basis, the spatial reconstruction of rural settlements in oasis is realized at the microscopic scale. The results showed that: 1) The rural settlement area accounted for less than 0.1% of the total county area, but the area expanded rapidly, and the area between 1998 and 2008 increased by 38.99 hm<sup>2</sup>with an average annual increase of 3.9 hm<sup>2</sup>. During 2008-2015, the area increased by 315.2 hm<sup>2</sup>with an average annual increase of 52.53 hm<sup>2</sup>, which was faster than the previous period. The number and density of rural settlement patches increased, and the trend of spatial decentralization was obvious. The newly-formed settlements mainly include solo settlements and small settlements that are formed by several solo 290 settlements close to each other. The area of such small settlement is smaller than 1 hm<sup>2</sup>. In addition, some large settlements could be divided into smaller ones. These led to more solo and small settlements. 2) The spatial difference of quality of rural settlements was significant, which was closely related to the distribution of cultivated land and canal system, and there were significant "cultivated land directivity" and "canal directivity". After 2000, due to the expansion of the spatial range of cultivated land, the canal system increased, and the expansion speed of the two was significantly faster than that of the settlements. In 2008, 37.33% and 43.86% of the grid presented "cultivated land without settlements" and "canal system without settlements" phenomenon respectively. 3) The proportion of attractive area of Grade I in Shandan County is 24.04%, mainly in the grids of cultivated land without settlements and the grids of canal system without settlements. The proportion of attractive areas of Grade II and III is relatively small, which is 23.13%, and they are scattered in oasis. The number of attraction area of Grade IV is the largest, accounting for 52.82%, mainly distributed along the central oasis road and trunk canal system. 4) After the spatial reconstruction of rural settlements, the number of patches decreased from 3143 to 2269, and the patch density decreased; the number of micro-settlements and small settlements decreased and the number of medium-sized settlements increased, the saved land was 52.0 hm<sup>2</sup>and the phenomenon of "dispersion, hollowing and chaos" in rural settlements had been improved to some extent. The reconstruction of oasis rural settlements based on the quality of oasis water and soil resources not only enhances the space efficiency of rural settlements but also enhances the man-land-water harmony of oasis rural settlements.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Hydraulic structures - Land use - Planning - Quality control - Regional planning - Remote sensing - Roads and streets - Silk
Uncontrolled terms:Gravitational model - Microscopic scale - Rural regions - Rural settlement - Shandan County - Spatial reconstruction
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 406.2 Roads and Streets - 819.1 Natural Fibers - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912.2 Management - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e-01%, Percentage 2.31e+01%, Percentage 2.40e+01%, Percentage 3.73e+01%, Percentage 4.39e+01%, Percentage 5.28e+01%, Size 1.00e+03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20182405309118
Title:Irrigation method for vegetable seedling using cow dung compressed substrates
Authors:Yang, Longyuan (1, 2); Yuan, Qiaoxia (1); Liu, Zhigang (1); Cao, Hongliang (1); Luo, Shuai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi; 435003, China
Corresponding author:Yuan, Qiaoxia(qxyuan@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:98-106
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Compressed substrates had certain mechanical strength, which were produced by application of mechanical pressure to the seedling substrates, such as peats and earthworm compost. In this case, during seedling production the plastic plug was not used, which was helpful for saving resources and protecting environment. More importantly, it would not harm seedlings when transplanting the seedlings, since the compressed substrates and seedling were combined together. Compressed substrate was more suitable for seedlings than incompact substrates, however, the method of irrigation for compressed substrate was different from the traditional irrigation and there was hardly any research on it. So it was interesting to optimize the irrigation of vegetable seedling compressed substrates and improve the growth of vegetable seedling. The experiment was carried out inside a greenhouse at Huazhong Agricultural University (Wuhan City, Hubei Province) for 26 days in March 2017. The cow dung aerobic compost and cow dung earthworm compost were respectively as the main material of compressed substrates for the aims above in 2 groups. There were 6 treatments of irrigation in each group. In aerobic compost group, there were treatments of T1 (2500 mL), T2 (350 mL), T3 (700 mL), T4 (1050 mL), T5 (1400 mL) and T6 (1750 mL). In earthworm compost group, there were treatments of TS1 (3500 mL), TS2 (700 mL), TS3 (1050 mL), TS4 (1400 mL), TS5 (1750 mL) and TS6 (2100 mL). Among them, T1 and TS1 were irrigated in soak irrigation, and the others were irrigated in different gradients of micro spray irrigation. And the migration of TN (total nitrogen), TP (total phosphorus) and TK (total potassium) in different irrigation conditions in compressed substrates for vegetable seedling production was discussed. Results showed that 2 kinds of compressed substrates could be irrigated sufficiently and washed, and the desalt effect of compressed substrates was relatively small under soak irrigation (T1 or TS1). Although the desalt effect and nutrient loss of compressed substrates under the minimum gradient of micro spray irrigation (T2 or TS2) were both smaller than that under soak irrigation (T1 or TS1), these compressed substrates could not be irrigated sufficiently which would hinder the growth of seedlings. With the T3-T6 or TS3-TS6 of micro spray irrigation, the loss of TN, TP and TK in compressed substrates was higher than that in compressed substrates under soak irrigation (T1 or TS1), and then it went gradually higher with the increase of gradient in micro spray irrigation. Based on the results above, for the cow dung aerobic compost, the electric conductivity of compressed substrates is not normal until compressed substrates have been irrigated by 6 times, so compressed substrates in aerobic compost group ought to be irrigated using T4 for 6 times, and then the micro spray irrigation should be transferred to soak irrigation until the end of the seedling stage, which can not only promote the growth of seedlings but also save the irrigating water and decrease the loss of TN, TP and TK in compressed substrate. Under TS1 treatment, the maximum values of thick stems, plant height, dry weight of seedling above-ground and dry weight of root were 6.23 mm, 138.09 mm, 758.85 mg and 147.92 mg on the 26th day after seeding, respectively. And the irrigation water use efficiency of cucumber seedling was 2.79±0.33 g/kg. Compressed substrates ought to be irrigated with soak irrigation in earthworm compost group.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Substrates
Controlled terms:Composting - Electric losses - Irrigation - Seed - Vegetables - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Irrigation methods - Irrigation water use efficiency - Mechanical pressure - Protecting environments - Seedling - Seedling production - Traditional irrigation - Vegetable seedlings
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Age 7.12e-02yr, Mass 1.48e-04kg, Mass 7.59e-04kg, Size 1.38e-01m, Size 6.23e-03m, Volume 1.05e-03m3, Volume 1.40e-03m3, Volume 1.75e-03m3, Volume 2.10e-03m3, Volume 2.50e-03m3, Volume 3.50e-03m3, Volume 3.50e-04m3, Volume 7.00e-04m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20182405309129
Title:Classification recognition model of electric shock fault based on wavelet packet transformation and quantum neural network
Authors:Guan, Haiou (1); Liu, Meng (1); Li, Chunlan (2); Du, Songhuai (3); Li, Weikai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electrical and Information, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163319, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Traffic, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi; 830052, China; (3) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Li, Weikai(bynd@263.net.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:183-190
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Residual current operated protective devices (RCDs) have a wide range of application in low-voltage power grids. RCDs play an important role in preventing electric shock hazard and avoiding fire disaster caused by ground fault. In general, the root mean square (RMS) value of residual current detected is considered as the unique criterion to determine whether the protector acts or not. Theoretical analysis and operation experiences indicate that such a criterion is unavailable in identifying the shocking current signals from animals and human beings. Consequently, it makes human beings unsafe due to the electric shocking, and the disadvantages of the operation principle inherently exist. It results in the malfunction and tripping phenomenon, and greatly decreases the reliability and the rate of proper commissioning for RCDs. Many scholars at home and abroad have made a great deal of breakthrough research on the hardware structure and leakage current detection of residual current protection devices, which improved technical performance of residual current protection device. At present, related research about residual current protection technology focused on the application of a variety of signal processing methods and current amplitude calculation method of biological electrocution branch, which were not related to identification method of electric shock fault of neutral grounded power network. Thus, mathematical expression mechanism between the type of electric shock fault of organism and residual current needs to be studied to identify the type of electric shock fault in time and accurately in the technology of residual current protection. Therefore, time frequency digital feature of residual current signal, and correct identification of the type of electric shock fault are the important preconditions to discover and govern the problems of residual current protection device. In this paper, identification model of electric shock fault based on wavelet packet transform and quantum neural network was proposed to identify the law of nonlinear mapping between residual current and electric shock fault. First, wavelet packet transform was used to analyze energy spectrum fluctuation, and the fluctuation of energy spectrum below 312.475 Hz in residual current was obvious, and reached 9.05 and 9.00 respectively in 119.2-156.25 and 39.062 5-78.125 Hz. Moreover, 8-dimensional eigenvector of wavelet packet energy spectrum of residual current was extracted, and effective threshold for mutation amount of wavelet packet energy was set using average change rate for the difference of characteristic band energy possession ratio, which achieved accurate detection of electric shock fault for organisms. Finally, based on the combination of superposition state of quantum computing and adaptability of neural network computing, a quantum neural network was established as a decision-making system for the type of electric shock failure using energy eigenvectors of wavelet packet as valid sources of information. This network that adopted quantum neurons with multiple quantum levels overcame the problem of local minimum existing in traditional BP (back propagation) algorithm and speeded up the neural network training. The experimental results indicated that the accuracy of the network reached 0.000 998 92 when the number of iterations achieved 1 437, simulation time was 0.146 ms and the accuracy was 100% with the root mean square error (RSME) of 0.108 3, which was superior to EMD-FNN(empirical mode decomposition-fuzzy neural network) algorithm with training times of 125 8, simulation time of 0.398 ms and RSME of 0.193 8. Comparing to EMD-FNN, the time of decomposition of WPT-QNN (wavelet packet transformation-quantum neural network) saved 0.920 s, which could meet the need of actual requirement for quick and accurate action in residual current protection. The method proposed in the paper achieved the recognition of the type of electric shock quickly and efficiently, helpful to develop a new generation of adaptive residual current protection device based on current component action of electric shock for organisms.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Electric grounding
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Backpropagation algorithms - Biology - Decision making - Diagnosis - Disaster prevention - Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions - Electric accidents - Electric current measurement - Electric power transmission networks - Fault detection - Fuzzy logic - Fuzzy neural networks - Mean square error - Packet networks - Quantum computers - Quantum theory - Spectroscopy - Wavelet analysis - Wavelet decomposition
Uncontrolled terms:Current detection - Electric shock - Power grids - Quantum neural networks - Residual current - Wavelet packet transforms
Classification code:461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 461.9 Biology - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 912.2 Management - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921 Mathematics - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.4 Quantum Theory; Quantum Mechanics - 942.2 Electric Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Time 3.98e-04s, Time 9.20e-01s, Frequency 3.12e+02Hz, Frequency 5.00e+00Hz to 7.81e+01Hz, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Time 1.46e-04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20182405309119
Title:Responses of leaf stomatal traits and gas exchange process of cherry tomato to NaCl salinity stress
Authors:Zhang, Hao (1, 5); Guo, Lili (2); Ye, Jia (1, 5); Zhang, Lei (1); Wang, Qingtao (3); Li, Fei (2); Zhang, Xixi (2); Cao, Xu (2); Xu, Ming (4, 6); Hao, Lihua (2); Zheng, Yunpu (2, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Life Science and Engineering, Handan College, Handan; 056005, China; (2) School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan; 056038, China; (3) School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan; 056038, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100101, China; (5) Wild Plant Resources Research Centre in Universities in Taihang Mountain of Southern Hebei Province, Handan; 056005, China; (6) School of Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100039, China
Corresponding author:Zheng, Yunpu(zhengyunpu_000@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:107-113
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Salinity stress due to the increased use of non-potable water resources for irrigation imposes major limitations on plant growth in salt-affected soils, and meanwhile excessive salinity in the soil may cause osmotic and ionic stresses leading to various physiological and morphological damages to plants. In order to examine the responses of stomatal traits and gas exchange of cherry tomato to salinity stress, we grew cherry tomato seedlings in growth chambers for 21 days with different NaCl concentrations of nutrition medium including 0 (CK), 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 mol/L. The parameters related to stomata of leaf were measured. The photosynthesis characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that NaCl stress significantly increased the stomatal density of cherry tomato leaves (P<0.05), and obvious differences on the stomatal density were found among different NaCl stresses. By contrast, the stomatal length, stomatal width, stomatal perimeter, and stomatal shape index of cherry tomato seedlings were substantially decreased by NaCl stress (P<0.05) with the minimal values of stomatal length, stomatal width, stomatal perimeter, stomatal area, and stomatal shape index under the NaCl concentration of 0.15 mol/L. Moreover, we also found that the spatial distribution pattern of stomata was scale dependent with regular patterns at small scales and random patterns at larger scales on cherry tomato leaves. NaCl stress significantly changed the spatial distribution pattern of stomata with a substantial increase in the average nearest neighbor distance between stomata under the NaCl concentrations of 0.05, 0.20, and 0.25 mol/L, whereas the nearest neighbor distance between stomata was obviously decreased with salinity treatments of the NaCl concentrations of 0.10 and 0.15 mol/L. The net photosynthetic rate (P<inf>n</inf>) of cherry tomato seedling was gradually decreased with the increase of NaCl concentrations, and the P<inf>n</inf>under severe NaCl stress (0.25 mol/L) was significantly different with that of the other NaCl concentrations (P<0.05). Compared to CK, the leaf P<inf>n</inf>of cherry tomato seedling were marginally decreased by 47%, 71%, 77%, 78% and 89% (P<0.05) with NaCl concentrations of 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 mol/L, respectively. Meanwhile, the transpiration rates (T<inf>r</inf>), stomatal conductance (G<inf>s</inf>), and intercellular CO<inf>2</inf>concentration (C<inf>i</inf>) were also substantially decreased with the increase of NaCl concentrations, and significantly lower than the CK (P<0.05). As a result, salinity stress resulted in decline of leaf water use efficiency (water use efficiency, WUE), especially for the WUE under severe NaCl stress (0.25 mol/L) and under the severe stress the WUE was significantly decreased by 48% than that of CK (P<0.05). In addition, the chlorophyll contents (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a+b, and chlorophyll a/b) featured bell-shaped curves with the increases of NaCl stress and all the maximal values of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a+b were at the NaCl concentration of 0.05 mol/L. The NaCl stress higher than 0.10 mol/L significantly decreased the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a+b (P<0.05), especially for the cherry tomato under severe NaCl stress of 0.25 mol/L. These results suggested that cherry tomato may maximize the leaf gas exchange efficiency through changing both the aperture size and shape of single stoma and the stomatal distribution (stomatal density and spatial distribution pattern of stomata) under NaCl stress, although the ability for maximizing leaf gas exchange efficiency was limited under higher salinity stress. Our results are not only important for understanding the relationships among stomatal traits, leaf gas exchange, and chlorophyll content under salinity stress, but also provide data and theoretical support for planting cherry tomato on saline alkali soil and selection salinity tolerance cherry tomato cultivars.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Sodium chloride
Controlled terms:Chlorophyll - Efficiency - Fruits - Gases - Photosynthesis - Plants (botany) - Potable water - Soils - Spatial distribution - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Chlorophyll contents - Gas efficiency - Nacl stress - Nearest neighbor distance - Net photosynthetic rate - Spatial distribution patterns - Stomata - Water use efficiency
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 741.1 Light/Optics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Age 5.75e-02yr, Molar_Concentration 1.00e+02mol/m3, Molar_Concentration 1.50e+02mol/m3, Molar_Concentration 2.50e+02mol/m3, Molar_Concentration 5.00e+01mol/m3, Percentage 4.70e+01%, Percentage 4.80e+01%, Percentage 7.10e+01%, Percentage 7.70e+01%, Percentage 7.80e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20182405309121
Title:Effects of soil surface roughness on runoff generation mechanism on loess slope
Authors:Wang, Linhua (1, 2); Wang, Yafeng (1); Wang, Jian (2); Lin, Qingtao (3); Wu, Faqi (2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100085, China; (2) College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Faqi(wufaqi@263.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:120-128
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil surface roughness (SSR) is used to describe the surface spatial variation of elevation on rough slope and it plays a critical role in runoff generation and erosion process. Due to the presence of mounds and depressions distributed on rough slope, these micro-reliefs modify the surface depression storage capacity and extended rainwater retention time on slope. Consequently, it regulates the runoff generation and soil erosion process. Most of studies on SSR are focused on its measurement methods (Pin meter, Chain method, Laser scanner and Photogrammetry) and quantification index (Random Roughness, Mean Upslope Depression, Limiting Elevation Difference and Limiting Slope, etc.). And they also investigate SSR impacts on runoff and soil loss and how it evolves in soil erosion process. However, little information is available on the effect of soil surface roughness on runoff generation mechanism. Therefore, the aim of this study is to clarify how soil surface roughness impacts on runoff generation and investigate dominant impact on runoff generation process in sloping land under simulated rainfall. To achieve this purpose, the following specific objectives were addressed: 1) comparing the distribution of runoff generation points on rough and smooth slope; 2) analyzing the depression storage capacity, runoff generation time and process features during the simulated rainfall-runoff event for separating the direct and indirect impacts of roughness on runoff generation. Experiments were conducted on indoor soil box and outdoor runoff plots with four slope gradients (5°, 10°, 15°, 20°) under rainfall simulation condition. Five soil surface conditions were treated, included artificial digging (AD), artificial hoeing (AH), contour plough (CP), traditional plow (TP) and smooth surface (SS), by applied simulated at rainfall intensity of 60, 90, 120 mm/h. These results showed that the runoff generation point distance along the runoff downward direction on the rough and smooth surface was 12-181 cm, 40-180 cm, respectively. The coefficient variation of the distance at both slopes was 34.4%-52.1%, 15.15%-31.1%, respectively. It was indicated that the runoff generation points in rough surface were more dispersal compared with smooth surface. However, the depressions in rough slope may converge the overland flow, thus led to extend runoff retention time on slope and delay runoff generation time. The delayed impact would decrease as increasing rainfall intensity and slope gradient. The roughness affected the runoff generation time by two aspects. One was the surface depression storage, which called the direct impact. Another was increased infiltration water head through the depression storage, which called the indirect impact. The predicted time to runoff generation (Tp) was calculated by depression capacity (DSC, mm) and rainfall intensity (RI, mm/min) on a rough slope. Consequently, the Tp may reflect the direct impact on runoff generation in a rough surface. In order to separate the direct and indirect impact, the ratio of predicted time to runoff generation (Tp) and measured time to runoff initiation (Tr) was 2.2%-36.2%. It was showed that the indirect impact was the dominant process to delay runoff generation time, which means the depression storage improved slope infiltration capacity. The depressions in rough surface acted as a convergence role in runoff generation process. Therefore, these findings will improve the understanding of soil surface roughness impacts on runoff generation mechanism.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Erosion - Infiltration - Rain - Soil structure interactions - Soils - Surface measurement - Surface roughness
Uncontrolled terms:Depression storages - Direct and indirect impacts - Runoff generation - Runoff generation mechanisms - Runoff generation process - Soil surface roughness - Soil surface roughnesses (SSR) - Time to runoff generations
Classification code:442.1 Flood Control - 443.3 Precipitation - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 483.2 Foundations - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.20e+00% to 3.62e+01%, Percentage 3.44e+01% to 5.21e+01%, Size 1.20e-01m to 1.81e+00m, Size 4.00e-01m to 1.80e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20182405309140
Title:Online detection and classification system of external quality of leaf for dining hall and family
Authors:Wei, Wensong (1); Xing, Yaoyao (1); Li, Yongyu (1); Peng, Yankun (1); Zhang, Wenping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, National R&D Center for Agro-Processing Equipments, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Peng, Yankun(ypeng@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:264-273
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In view of the easy dehydration, yellowing and rotting of leaf vegetables, harmful substances produced in the human body, and being time-consuming and difficult to select leaf vegetables artificially, this study focused on development of nondestructive online detection system for leaf vegetables quality detection in small and medium restaurants based on machine vision. This system was composed of hardware modules and software processing system. The hardware modules included leaf vegetables separation unit, transmission unit, LED (light emitting diode) light sources unit, sensing unit, machine vision detection unit and sorting unit. The leaf vegetables separation could divide samples into pieces by designing a roller with a negative pressure. The sensing unit could control imaging acquisition and sorting operation of defective samples. In addition, the circuit of sorting unit included 555 timer, solenoid valve, relays and air compressor. The software was designed by using OpenCv and Visual C++ for realizing the automatic collection, data analysis and result display of the sample information. Finally, combining the characteristics of the corresponding information extraction method, the 320 spinach samples were adopted for verifying the system's performance, and among these samples, the yellow leaf, leaves with insect hole, rotting leaves and normal leaves were 91, 75, 91, and 63 respectively. For yellow leaves and rotting leaves, the RGB (red, green and blue) and HSV (hue, saturation, value) color space transform method were used by setting weight value H∈(60°, 130°), S∈(0, 0.17) and V∈(0, 0.23) to extract the characteristic information of the yellow leaves and rotting leaves of spinach. For leaves with insect hole, the threshold of 2G-R-B in RGB color space was adjusted for completing image graying, binarization and morphological denoising to extract contour feature information of leaves with insect hole, which could realize the discrimination of this kind of leaves and their area calculation. By the color space transformation of RGB to HSV, the threshold segmentation of hue variable with effective suppression of noise was selected to extract the characteristic region of yellowing leaves and rotten leaves. In order to obtain the correct information of insect eye contour, the closed operation of morphological filtering was used to remove the blade handle information. The experimental results show that the sorting system and information extraction algorithm can achieve the discrimination of spinach external quality. Compared with the artificial discrimination, the discrimination accuracies of yellow leaf, rotting leaves free of pests and leaves with insect hole were 96.70%, 92.59% and 84.62% respectively. The overall discrimination accuracy rate was 94.69%, and the selection speed of the device could reach 1 sample/0.84 s. The results also demonstrate that the sorting speed and the sorting accuracy of this system can meet the requirements of the quality separation of leafy vegetables. The test results show that the parameters of the system can meet the requirements of the quality separation. Compared with the quality of the artificially sorting vegetables, the system not only is easy to operate and time-saving, but also has good reliability. This research provides technical support for the practical research and development of leaf quality sorting device.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Information filtering
Controlled terms:C++ (programming language) - Classification (of information) - Color - Computer hardware - Computer software - Computer vision - Extraction - Feature extraction - Hardware - Image processing - Information retrieval - Light sources - Online systems - Solenoid valves - Sorting - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristic regions - Color space transformation - Discrimination accuracy - Information extraction methods - Leaf vegetables - Morphological filtering - On-line detection system - Research and development
Classification code:605 Small Tools and Hardware - 619 Pipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering Generally - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.2 Vision - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.46e+01%, Percentage 9.26e+01%, Percentage 9.47e+01%, Percentage 9.67e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20182405309130
Title:Energy efficiency analysis of groundwater source heat pump heating system in cold area biogas project
Authors:Liu, Jianyu (1); He, Jiabei (1); Yang, Shengming (1); Sui, Xin (1); Deng, Siwen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:191-195
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Under the condition of low ambient temperature in the cold region of the northern China, in the event that biogas project really wants to run normally, it needs to be heated by external heat source Choosing a reasonable heating system for the biogas engineering can not only make the heating system of biogas project more effective and reasonable, but also improve the utilization rate of energy. In addition, choosing a reasonable heating system for biogas engineering is truly the typical practical problem that must be solved to realize the low energy consumption and high output of biogas engineering. According to the application example of the heat pump heating system with the groundwater resource in the biogas project, an energy efficiency analysis model taking exergy efficiency, thermal efficiency, and energy level coefficients as the evaluation criterion for the biogas project heating system was established. Through the measured parameters of ground water source heat pump heating system, the results are obtained as the follows: The user system's exergy efficiency of the biogas project is 97.8%; The exergy efficiency of the groundwater source heat pump unit is 13.4%; The total exergy efficiency of the biogas project heating system is 13.1%; The total thermal efficiency of the heating system is 85.3%; the energy level coefficient of the user's heat consumption in the biogas project is 0.161; the energy level coefficient of the user's supply heat capacity is 0.164, as well as the energy level coefficient of the groundwater source heat pump unit is 0.567. The results indicated that the application of ground water source heat pump heating system in biogas engineering is practical and feasible. For users of low grade thermal energy of the biogas project, the exergy efficiency of using low temperature water for heating is relatively higher, and the process of energy use is quite scientific and reasonable. Moreover, the heat pump unit system can not only recover the low-grade heat energy from the groundwater, but also save the high quality electric energy in a feasible way, so that the effective utilization degree for the amount of energy used in the heating system can be very high, however, there still exists a difference in the quality of supply and demand between the heat source and the users, and the further improvement is needed in the use process of energy quality. It is suggested that the heating system of biogas engineering should adopt the heating mode matching the energy level and use the low grade heat source to heat the biogas project and evaluate the process of energy utilization synthetically. The above conclusion can be used as a reference for selecting a reasonable heating mode for biogas engineering in the future.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Energy efficiency
Controlled terms:Biogas - Economics - Energy utilization - Exergy - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Heat pump systems - Heating - Heating equipment - Pumps - Specific heat - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Application examples - Energy efficiency analysis - Evaluation criteria - Groundwater source heat pump - Low ambient temperatures - Low energy consumption - Low grade heat sources - Thermal efficiency
Classification code:444.2 Groundwater - 522 Gas Fuels - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 618.2 Pumps - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20182405309133
Title:Experiment on purified effect of ceramic membrane for digested slurry
Authors:Yue, Caide (1); Dong, Hongmin (1); Zhang, Wanqin (1); Zhu, Zhiping (1); Yin, Fubin (1); Zhan, Yuanhang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management in Agricultural Structures (MOA), Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China
Corresponding author:Dong, Hongmin(donghongmin@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:212-218
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to the high concentration of suspend solids (SS) and colloidal particulate matter in digested slurry, it is difficult to pretreat with membrane concentrate treatment process. However, the pretreatment with organic membrane has some shortcomings in terms of pollution resistance and service life. Given to the advantages of ceramic membrane (CM), such as large flux, anti-pollution ability and other characteristics, it is gradually being applied to pretreat digested slurry. However, the key parameters that affect the performance of CM, such as membrane pore size and operating pressure, need to be determined based on the quality of the raw materials. Aiming at this problem, 50 and 200 nm CMs were used to pretreat digested slurry. In addition, the performance of CM, water quality characteristics of effluent, and membrane fouling cleaning strategies were investigated simultaneously. Membrane flux, COD (chemical oxygen demand) and turbidity removal effectivity were used to select the appropriate pore size and operating pressure. Then, a continuous batch test was conducted to examine the stability and the recovery of membrane flux with the appropriate pore size (200 nm) and operating pressure (0.3 MPa). The results showed that with the operating pressure of 0.3 MPa, both of the turbidity removal rates of 50 and 200 nm CM could reach more than 99%, and there was no significant difference on the COD removal between 50 and 200 nm CM, which was 36.2%±0.6% and 32.6%±1.5%, respectively. However, the maximum membrane flux could reach 100.6 L/(m<sup>2</sup>·h) for 200 nm CM with the operating pressure of 0.3 MPa, which was 52.8% higher than that found in 50 nm CM. However, when the operating pressure exceeded 0.3 MPa, the membrane flux increase rate reduced remarkably. While increasing the operating pressure of 200 nm CM to 0.35 MPa, the membrane flux rose to 105.0 L/(m<sup>2</sup>·h). Thus, considering membrane flux, turbidity and COD removal efficiencies, 200 nm ceramic membrane at 0.3 MPa operating pressure was selected as experimental condition, and further tests were carried out under this condition. Ceramic membrane operating temperature also seriously affects the membrane flux. As VRF (volume reduction factor) was up to 6, the water temperature increased from 13 to 29℃ and the membrane flux increased from 75.0 to 107.5 L/(m<sup>2</sup>·h). Therefore, on the basis of the further clarification of the correlation between the temperature and membrane flux, in order to improve the operation efficiency during the engineering design process, it is suggested to control the influent temperature by auxiliary heating and heat preservation. After pretreatment, the removal efficiencies of phosphorus, total organic carbon, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and potassium were 61.2%, 35.0%, 3.8%, 6.2% and 3.0% respectively. Continual batch operation of 200 nm CM with a membrane flux of 51-122 L/(m<sup>2</sup>·h) and an average membrane flux of 84.4 L/(m<sup>2</sup>·h), which could meet the membrane flux requirements (≥ 40 L/(m<sup>2</sup>·h)), was performed. The cleaning strategies of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), citric acid, and NaOH + citric acid were compared. The maximum membrane flux recovery rate was achieved by the combination of 1% concentration of NaOH and 1% concentration of citric acid, which reached around 95.4%.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Clarification
Controlled terms:Ceramic materials - Ceramic membranes - Chemical oxygen demand - Citric acid - Efficiency - Effluents - Membrane fouling - Membranes - Nitrogen - Nitrogen removal - Organic carbon - Pollution - Pore size - Purification - Sodium hydroxide - Temperature - Turbidity - Wastewater disposal - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:COD removal efficiency - Engineering design process - Experimental conditions - Operating temperature - Operation efficiencies - Pre-Treatment - Volume reduction factor - Water quality characteristics
Classification code:445.2 Water Analysis - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 812.1 Ceramics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 3.50e+01%, Percentage 3.80e+00%, Percentage 5.28e+01%, Percentage 6.12e+01%, Percentage 6.20e+00%, Percentage 9.54e+01%, Percentage 9.90e+01%, Pressure 3.00e+05Pa, Pressure 3.50e+05Pa, Size 2.00e-07m, Size 5.00e-08m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20182405309112
Title:Suitability selection of emergency scheduling and allocating algorithm of agricultural machinery
Authors:Zhang, Fan (1, 3); Teng, Guifa (2, 3); Yuan, Yingchun (1, 3); Wang, Kejian (1, 3); Fan, Tiegang (4); Zhang, Yuting (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Information Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei Province, Baoding; 071001, China; (2) Graduate School, Agricultural University of Hebei Province, Baoding; 071001, China; (3) Hebei collaborative innovation centre for agricultural big data, Baoding; 071000, China; (4) College of mathematics and information science, Hebei University, Baoding; 071002, China
Corresponding author:Teng, Guifa(tguifa@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:47-53
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, the supply and demand information in the emergency operation of agricultural machinery is asymmetric. Without the scientific and reasonable emergency allocation plan, agricultural machinery department could not guide scheduling and allocating of agricultural machinery timely and effectively in the emergency situation. To solve the above problems, models and algorithms of emergency scheduling and allocating based on intelligent agricultural machinery platform are studied in the paper. The intelligent agricultural machinery platform, which is integrated of GPS (global positioning system), information communications, networking, Internet of things and other related technologies, can realize real-time data collection, data transmission, data storage, data calculation and decision-making of agricultural machinery and farmland. Emergency scheduling and allocating problem based on intelligent agricultural machinery platform needs to establish one kind of mapping relation between farmlands and agricultural machinery. The main influencing factors including time limit, location, distance and operation ability in emergency deployment are analyzed and the mathematical model of the emergency scheduling and allocating problem is established with minimizing costs and losses as scheduling and allocating objectives. According to the model, the emergency scheduling and allocating algorithm based on the shortest-distance first algorithm (SDFA) and the emergency scheduling and allocating algorithm based on the max-ability first algorithm (MAFA) are proposed in this paper. The former one is prior to allocate the agricultural machinery to the nearest farmland and the latter one is prior to allocate the agricultural machinery with the maximum operation ability. Taking the emergency operations of wheat combine harvesters in Handan City, Hebei Province as the research objects, the emergency scheduling and allocating scheme is calculated by using the algorithms proposed in the paper. The results show that the cost of MAFA algorithm is lower than that of SDFA algorithm when the amount of agricultural machinery is sufficient, and therefore the MAFA algorithm is more suitable for the situation with enough agricultural machinery. Costs and losses of SDFA algorithm are lower than those of MAFA algorithm when the amount of agricultural machinery is insufficient, so SDFA algorithm is more suitable for the situation with the shortage of agricultural machinery. Further analysis shows that when the amount of farmland is 6, the average running time of the emergency scheduling and allocating algorithm with non-cooperative game algorithm (NCGA) proposed in the existing literature is 3.215 s, the average running time of both MAFA and SDFA is less than 2.4 s, and the performance has been improved by more than 25%. When the amount of farmland is 10, the average running time of NCGA is 4.286 s, the average running time of both MAFA and SDFA is less than 2.7 s, and the performance has been improved by more than 37%. When the amount of farmland is 15, the average running time of NCGA is 5.369 s, the average running time of both MAFA and SDFA is less than 3.3 s, and the performance has been improved by more than 39%. When the amount of farmland is 30, the average running time of NCGA is 6.485 s, the average running time of both MAFA and SDFA is less than 3.8 s, and the performance has been improved by more than 41%. The experimental results show that the 2 emergency scheduling algorithms have better operational performance and can provide scientific basis to the emergency allocation and decision analysis for agricultural machinery management department.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Scheduling algorithms
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Algorithms - Costs - Data acquisition - Decision making - Digital storage - Economics - Farms - Game theory - Global positioning system - Harvesters - Problem solving - Scheduling
Uncontrolled terms:Emergency scheduling - Gps (global positioning system) - Information communication - Max-ability first - Operational performance - Real time data collections - Shortest distance firsts - Wheat combine harvesters
Classification code:722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912.2 Management - 922.1 Probability Theory - 971 Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 3.70e+01%, Percentage 3.90e+01%, Percentage 4.10e+01%, Time 2.40e+00s, Time 2.70e+00s, Time 3.21e+00s, Time 3.30e+00s, Time 3.80e+00s, Time 4.29e+00s, Time 5.37e+00s, Time 6.49e+00s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20182405309111
Title:Design and experiment of grain mass flow sensor based on embedded system
Authors:Xiong, Yingjun (1); Zhou, Jun (2); Wei, Wei (2); Shen, Mingxia (2); Zhang, Baohua (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210095, China; (2) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Jun(zhoujun@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:39-46
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Grain yield sensor is one of the vital equipment for precision agriculture. There are various commercial products and experimental prototypes concerning grain yield sensor, in which impact-type grain mass flow sensor is the most popular due to its high reliability and the features of being easily installed. Nevertheless, there is still a great gap in grain yield technology between China and developed countries. In order to further improve the technical level and integration of grain yield system in China, the grain mass flow sensor consisting of sensor of double parallel beams and a signal acquisition and processing module designed on embedded system was proposed. One of double parallel beams was impacted by the grain flow, and the other was applied as a reference beam that was only excited by the vibration of the sensor frame. The signal acquisition and processing module mainly consisted of AD623 chips, two order Butterworth filter, A/D module and STM32F405 processor. The signals from sensor of double parallel beams were amplified by AD623 chips, and filtered by two order Butterworth filter before entering into A/D module of HY16F188 chip. Then the digitized signals from HY16F188 were sent to STM32F405 through the serial communication. By adaptive interference cancellation algorithm running on the STM32F405 processor, the signals from double beams were processed to eliminate the vibration noise of the impact force of the grain flow. The pure grain mass flow signal was obtained and output by STM32F405 through the serial port. The upper-computer software was designed on MFC(microsoft foundation classes) to display and save grain yield data, and generate grain yield map. To verify the performance of the grain yield sensor, no-load vibration experiment, calibration experiment, and yield experiment were carried out in the actual rice field in Jiangdu District, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province in November 2016. The no-load vibration experiment was conducted under the 3 kinds of conditions: in-situ small throttle condition, in-situ big throttle condition, and running condition. The results showed that the variation interval for no-load output of the sensor reduced by 97.4% compared to raw signal. The calibration method and procedures were proposed to obtain the correction coefficient in the calibration experiment, which realized the linear correspondence between grain mass flow signal and actual quality. Yield experiment was performed in farmland NO.1116, NO.1117 and NO.1118. Among them, NO.1116 and NO.1118 were subdivided into 3 small fields, NO1117 into 2 small fields, and 8 experiments were respectively conducted in the 8 small fields. Yield distribution maps were generated after the experiments, which showed the distribution of grain yield intuitively. However, there were some problems of discontinuity in yield map and excessively high yield value in individual areas, since interpolation and filtering were not performed for yield data. Yield experiment results showed that the maximum measurement error of the grain mass flow sensor based on embedded system was less 7.4%. At the same time, it was found that the higher the grain yield, the higher the accuracy of the grain flow sensor. Grain mass flow sensor designed on the embedded system was independent on upper-computer, which made it easier to migrate to other upper platforms. If the factors, such as humidity, the speed of the hoisting device and the speed of the agricultural vehicle, were taken into account, the performance of the system could be further improved. Future work will be focused on fusing these factors to improve the algorithms' stability, and accuracy of the grain mass flow sensor based on our proposed embedded system.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Butterworth filters - Calibration - Embedded systems - Integrated circuit design - Mass transfer - Parallel processing systems - Sensors - Signal processing - Space platforms
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive interference cancellation - Calibration experiments - Correction coefficients - Experimental prototype - Grain flow - Grain yield - Microsoft foundation class - Parallel beams
Classification code:641.3 Mass Transfer - 655.1 Spacecraft, General - 703.2 Electric Filters - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 7.40e+00%, Percentage 9.74e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20182405309117
Title:Effect of water table depth on soil water and salt dynamics and soil salt accumulation characteristics under mulched drip irrigation
Authors:Ming, Guanghui (1); Tian, Fuqiang (1); Hu, Hongchang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing; 100084, China
Corresponding author:Tian, Fuqiang(tianfq@tsinghua.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:90-97
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water scarcity and soil salinization are 2 of the most serious problems in the arid areas of Northwest China with extremely low precipitation and very high evapotranspiration. Mulched drip irrigation (MDI) has been introduced to save water and promote crop yield and has made significant benefits on local economy and ecology in recent 20 years. But the effect of MDI on soil salinization is still unclear and people even got contrary results about the effect of long-term MDI use on soil salinization. The situation becomes more serious considering the increase of water table depth as the large-area expansion of MDI in recent years. In order to explore the dynamics and accumulating characteristics of soil water and salt in MDI fields under deep water table depth, in situ observation was carried out in a cotton field in Korla, Xinjiang from 2012 to 2016. The water and salt profiles of 150 cm, the variation of soil water and salt storage with water table depth and exchange water flux at the depth of 90 cm calculated with water balance method were analyzed and compared with other studies. The results showed that the soil moisture profile presented the opposite S shaped distribution with an increase trend in the depth of 0-50 cm and a decrease trend in the depth of 50-150 cm. The soil salinity profile presented the "red wine cup" distribution with soil salt accumulated in the surface layer of 0-40 cm and it didn't change much below 40 cm, which means that the soil salinity was in a new state of equilibrium and wasn't affected by groundwater. We divided the whole study period into 4 periods, i.e. seedling period, drip irrigation period, harvesting period and non-growing period according to the main affecting factor on soil salinization. During the experiment period, the water table depth increased from 2-3 to 5-6 m, and the returning of salt to the surface was significantly reduced at the seedling and non-growing periods. More salinity was flushed in the drip irrigation period. And the phenomenon that soil salt decreased at the harvesting period still existed. The average salinity at 150 cm depth decreased from 6.5 to 1 g/kg in the 5 years. The soil salinity showed a negative exponential relationship with the water table depth with the correlation coefficient of 0.8. It indicates that the groundwater level is the main factor affecting soil salinity. But other studies found that water table depth and groundwater salinity both altered soil salinity in shallow groundwater conditions, which indicates that the relationship between soil salt and groundwater exhibited a new relationship under deep water table condition. The exchange water flux showed that the relationship between soil water and the groundwater was significantly weakened with the increase of water table depth. It is suggested that the water table depth in similar areas should be controlled at about 3.5 m according to the relationship of soil salinity and groundwater and phreatic water evaporation. At this water table depth, MDI combined with winter and spring irrigation can effectively inhibit salt accumulation in the soil layer and ensure the ecological water demand of natural vegetation.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Groundwater
Controlled terms:Ecology - Evapotranspiration - Irrigation - Salts - Soil moisture
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Ecological water demand - Groundwater salinities - Mulched drip irrigations - Soil moisture profiles - Water balance method - Water flux - Water table depths
Classification code:444.2 Groundwater - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.50e+00m, Size 3.50e+00m, Size 4.00e-01m, Size 5.00e+00m to 6.00e+00m, Size 5.00e-01m to 1.50e+00m, Size 9.00e-01m, Age 2.00e+01yr, Age 5.00e+00yr, Size 0.00e+00m to 4.00e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 5.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20182405309115
Title:Monitoring plant height and leaf area index of maize breeding material based on UAV digital images
Authors:Niu, Qinglin (1, 2, 4); Feng, Haikuan (1, 2, 3); Yang, Guijun (1, 2, 3); Li, Changchun (4); Yang, Hao (1, 2, 3); Xu, Bo (1, 2, 3); Zhao, Yanxin (5)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote sensing in Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) Beijing Engineering Research Center for Agriculture Internet of Things, Beijing; 100097, China; (4) School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo; 454000, China; (5) Maize Research Center of Beijing Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Beijing; 100097, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Guijun(guijun.yang@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:73-82
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Acquiring high-throughput phenotypic information of crop height and leaf area index (LAI) in the fields rapidly and non-destructively is of great significance for monitoring growth of maize breeding material and predicting maize yield. Currently, phenotypic information of maize breeding material in the fields is obtained by traditional manual investigation, which is an inefficient, time-consuming work, as there are plenty of breeding material plots and there exists a certain degree of human subjectivity. Ultra-low altitude remote sensing data acquisition system based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform with different remote sensing micro-sensors can acquire high-throughput crop phenotypic information fastly and non-destructively, overcoming the shortcomings of traditional field phenotypic information acquisition techniques, so it is becoming a research focus in crop phenotypic information technology. In this study, a low-cost UAV remote sensing data acquisition system equipped with a high-resolution digital camera was employed. Field phenotypic data of maize breeding material were acquired at the National Precision Agriculture Research and Demonstration Base in Xiaotangshan Town, Changping District, Beijing City from May to September in 2017. Three-dimensional coordinates of 16 ground control points (GCPs) evenly arranged on the ground were measured by a high-precision differential GPS (global positioning system). The high-resolution digital images of the digital camera were obtained at seedling, jointing, trumpet and anthesis-silking stages of maize. The average heights and LAI of maize in 72 randomly selected breeding plots were acquired almost synchronously with the flight campaigns. High-precision digital surface model (DSM) was produced based on high-resolution digital images of UAV and ground GCPs. Canopy heights of maize breeding material at each growth stage were obtained by calculating the differences of DSM between different growth stages. The maize heights derived from DSM and GCPs were verified in terms of R<sup>2</sup>, RMSE (root mean square error) and nRMSE, which turned out to be 0.93, 28.69 cm and 17.90% respectively and in high precision. High-resolution digital orthophoto map (DOM) was generated from high-resolution digital images. Average digital number (DN) of R (red), G (green) and B (blue) channels and a total of 15 indices derived from the DOM were calculated such as r, g, b, g/r, g/b, and r/b. The original dataset was composed of digital image variables, maize heights and corresponding LAI. Seventy percentage of the original dataset randomly chosen was used as the modeling dataset and the remaining 30% of the original dataset was used for the model validation. A stepwise regression model was constructed and the precision of it was analyzed taking the combination of maize heights with image-derived indices as the independent variables and merely taking the image-derived indices as the independent variables, separately. The R<sup>2</sup>, RMSE and nRMSE of estimate model and validation model for LAI were 0.63, 0.40, 26.47% and 0.68, 0.38, 25.51% using r and r/b, respectively, and were 0.69, 0.37, 24.34% and 0.73, 0.35, 23.49% using the combination of maize heights and g and g/b, respectively. Compared with solely using image-derived indices, the result showed that the accuracy of estimate model and validation model can be significantly improved by combining maize heights and image-derived indices. The results show that low-cost UAV remote sensing data acquisition system that includes a UAV remote sensing platform and a high-resolution digital camera can provide a feasible way to monitor canopy height and LAI of maize breeding material, and it proves to be a promising method to rapidly and non-destructively acquire high-throughput phenotypic information of maize breeding material.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Image enhancement
Controlled terms:Antennas - Crops - Data acquisition - Digital cameras - Extraction - Global positioning system - Mean square error - Microsensors - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Rock mechanics - Throughput - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Video cameras
Uncontrolled terms:Canopy heights - Digital imagery - Leaf Area Index - Maize breeding - Stepwise regression
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.79e+01%, Percentage 2.35e+01%, Percentage 2.43e+01%, Percentage 2.55e+01%, Percentage 2.65e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Size 2.87e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20182405309131
Title:Process optimization for straws pyrolysis and analysis of biochar physiochemical properties
Authors:Liu, Zhaoxia (1, 2); Niu, Wenjuan (1); Chu, Heying (2); Niu, Zhiyou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Tarim University, Alar; 843300, China
Corresponding author:Niu, Zhiyou(nzhy@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:196-203
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biochars are solid products from the pyrolysis of crop residues, and their physicochemical properties vary with the pyrolysis conditions and crop residue types. It is of great significance to optimize the pyrolysis process and to regulate the physicochemical properties for high-value utilization of biochars. In this study, rice straw, wheat straw, corn stover, rape stalk and cotton stalk were taken as raw materials. And the orthogonal experiment was designed for considering the carbonization temperature, holding time and heating rate. Then the comprehensive scoring method was used to optimize the pyrolysis process. At last, the physicochemical properties of biochar under optimal technological conditions were analyzed. The results showed that the main order of the quality factors affecting physiochemical properties was carbonization temperature, holding time and heating rate. The optimum combination of the five kinds of straw carbonization process parameters was that the carbonization temperature was 500℃, the holding time was 30 min, and the heating rate was 10℃·min<sup>-1</sup>. The yields of biochars under the optimal conditions were 37.38% for rice straw, 34.42% for wheat straw, 34.39% for corn stover, 32.74% for rape stalk and 37.87% for cotton stalk, respectively. Thermal analysis showed that most of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in the straws were decomposed when the carbonization temperature exceeding 500℃ and the biochars showed the higher stability under optimal conditions. Due to the difference of straw compositions, the residue content of five kinds of straw had the significant differences. Under the optimal conditions, the mass fraction of fixed carbon was more than 40% and the C element was greater than 53%. The mass fractions of the N and K were 0.7%-2.5% and 3.41%-6.81%, respectively. The H/C and O/C ratios of the biochars were lower than those of crop residues. The ratio of H/C was lower than 0.6 in the corn stover, rape stalk and cotton stalk biochar. Therefore the biochars can be used as soil additives or carbon sequestration materials. The mass fraction of P, K, Na, Ca and Mg of the biochars were more than those of original feedstocks. Especially, the mass fraction of K was from 3.41% to 6.81%. Therefore, the biochars could be used to improve soil nutrient levels and promote plant growth, particularly in potassium-deficient soil. Furthermore, oxygenic functional groups such as-COOH and-OH are found on the surface of biochars obtained under the optimal conditions by Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis, and the species of groups were similar. The BET surface area of rice straw biochar obtained under optimal conditions was 10.35 m<sup>2</sup>/g. The N<inf>2</inf>adsorption and desorption isotherms of the rice biochar belong to the type IV of isotherms. The average diameter of pores in rice straw biochar was calculated by the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda model. It showed that some meso-pores and macro-pores with diameters were greater than 3 nm. The biochar surface had oxygen-containing functional groups and mesoporous structures, which had the potential of fertilizer utilization. The results could provide some theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of crop residue biochars.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:41
Main heading:Pyrolysis
Controlled terms:Adsorption isotherms - Carbon - Carbonization - Cellulose - Cotton - Crops - Heating rate - Optimization - Soils - Straw - Thermoanalysis
Uncontrolled terms:Bio chars - Carbonization process - Carbonization temperatures - Fourier transform infrared spectra - Oxygen-containing functional groups - Physicochemical property - Physio-chemical properties - Technological conditions
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.27e+01%, Percentage 3.41e+00% to 6.81e+00%, Percentage 3.44e+01%, Percentage 3.74e+01%, Percentage 3.79e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 5.30e+01%, Percentage 7.00e-01% to 2.50e+00%, Size 3.00e-09m, Specific_Surface_Area 1.04e+04m2/kg, Time 1.80e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20182405309136
Title:Stablility classification of cultivated land based on crop growth difference in different annual precipitation type in semi-arid and sandy land area
Authors:Zhou, Jian (1); Zhang, Fengrong (2); Xu, Yan (2); Gao, Yang (2); Qiu, Menglong (1); Li, Can (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Northwest Land and Resources Research Center, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an; 710119, China; (2) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (3) College of Public Management, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Fengrong(frzhang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:235-241
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water resource is the key factor affecting dry land maize growth in semi-arid and sandy land area. These areas are fragile in eco-environment and unreasonable land use has induced serious land desertification. So, it is significant to study crop growth status under different precipitations and to identify the unstable cultivated land for eco-environment rehabilitation in semi-arid and sandy land area. Taking Horqin Left Back Banner as a case study, firstly, this paper analyzed the precipitation types of maize growth period from 1980 to 2013 with precipitation data of Horqin Left Back Banner Weather Station. Secondly, dry land maize growth status was studied with the method of remote sensing technology and the crop production stability was analyzed. Thirdly, unstable cultivated land identification was performed according to dry land maize growth status under normal precipitation year and partially dry year. The results indicated that proportions of dry year, partially dry year, normal year, partially wet year, and wet year were 11.77%, 29.41%, 17.65%, 32.35%, and 8.82% respectively. The proportions of partially wet year and wet year, partially dry year and dry year were large. Precipitation fluctuation in maize growth period was dramatical in Horqin Left Back Banner. The sum of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI<inf>sum</inf>) of cultivated land in partially dry year (2001), normal year (2013), and partially wet year (2008, 2012) were mostly distributed in [4, 4.5), [4.5, 5.5) and [4, 5) respectively. There were big gaps in dry land maize growth condition in different precipitation types of maize growth period. In general, dry land maize growth status in partially dry year was worse than that under normal year. Precipitation in semi-arid and sandy land area could not meet the demand of dry land maize growth. And precipitation in partially dry year was less than normal year. These reasons made dry land maize growth in partially dry year worse than that under normal year. Dry land maize growth under normal year was better than that under partially wet year. Micro-terrain made the redistribution of precipitation and the cultivated land distributed at low terrain would be in waterlogging in much precipitation condition. So, dry land maize growth under partially wet year was worse than that under normal year. Dry land maize growth under partially dry year was worse than that under partially wet year. Area of cultivated land distributed on high terrain was larger than that on low terrain, and compared with the waterlogging, drought had a more wide effect on dry land maize growth. So, dry land maize growth under partially dry year was worse than that under partially wet year. According to the precipitation types and dry land maize growth status, crop production is unstable in semi-arid and sandy land area. Based on the difference of dry land maize growth under normal year and partially dry year, cultivated land was grouped into 4 types: extremely unstable cultivated land, unstable cultivated land, relatively stable cultivated land, and stable cultivated land. The areas of extremely unstable cultivated land and unstable cultivated land were 68.75 and 33918.75 hm<sup>2</sup>respectively. By this study, the understanding of agricultural production in semi-arid and sandy land area has been deepened. Drainage facilities or water storage facilities should be constructed in low-lying area in semi-arid and sandy land area to avoid the effect of waterlogging on crop growth. Extremely unstable cultivated land and unstable cultivated land should be changed to achieve ecology restoration.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Crops - Cultivation - Digital storage - Landforms - Precipitation (chemical) - Remote sensing - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Cultivated lands - Horqin Left Back Banner - Land areas - Land desertification - Maize growth periods - Normalized difference vegetation index - Remote sensing technology
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources - 481.1 Geology - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.18e+01%, Percentage 1.76e+01%, Percentage 2.94e+01%, Percentage 3.24e+01%, Percentage 8.82e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20182405309142
Title:Effect of somatic cells composition on proteolysis and quality of Cheddar cheese
Authors:Luo, Jie (1); Wang, Yuhan (2); Li, Bo (2); Wang, Fang (3); Ren, Fazheng (2); Guo, Huiyuan (1); Zhang, Hao (1); Yu, Zhengquan (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Coconstructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) College of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing; 102206, China; (4) Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China
Corresponding author:Yu, Zhengquan(zyu@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:282-288
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Cheese consumption in China has largely increased in recent years. Manual milking manner in small-scale dairy farms may induce the mixing of somatic cells (SCs) into raw milk, which would exert an effect on the final quality of cheese. However, the effect of different SC compositions and related protease activities on cheese quality has not yet been elucidated. In this study, three sources of SCs were recovered and re-introduced into skim milk to ensure the same initial milk quality. SCs A were obtained directly from the udder of healthy cows, and SCs B and C were isolated from milk of healthy cows and cows with mastitis, respectively. Three SCs isolates were then mixed with the skim milk to obtain milks with different SCs compositions for cheese manufacture. Among the three experimental cheeses, the highest epithelial cell count was found in cheese A (65.41%), the highest macrophage and lymphocytes counts was in cheese B (78.15% and 12.15%, respectively), and the highest polymorphonuclear neutrophil count (PMN) was in cheese C (34.23%). The results indicated that there were differences in protease activity and proteolysis level among the cheese samples during ripening. The activity of plasmin and cathepsin B was significantly higher in cheese C than in other cheese samples after 90 d of ripening. In addition, the retention rate of intact α<inf>s1</inf>-, α<inf>s2</inf>-and β-CN, and the levels of pH value 4.6 soluble nitrogen and 12% trichloroacetic acid soluble nitrogen were in the order of C<B<A during the entire ripening period. Furthermore, among the three experimental cheeses, the hardness of cheese A was the highest, with no significant differences between cheese B and C. In conclusion, the effects of SCs on cheese quality are dependent on the SCs types. Increasing epithelial cells in SCs had less impact on cheese quality, while the incrase of PMNs had significant effects on cheese quality.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:45
Main heading:Cells
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Chemical analysis - Cytology - Nitrogen - Processing - Proteins - Proteolysis - Trichloroacetic acid
Uncontrolled terms:Cheddar cheese - Cheese quality - Epithelial cells - Polymorphonuclear neutrophils - Protease activities - Retention rate - Ripening periods - Somatic cells
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.4 Manufacturing
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.20e+01%, Percentage 1.22e+01%, Percentage 3.42e+01%, Percentage 6.54e+01%, Percentage 7.82e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20182405309125
Title:Recognition for flower type and variety of chrysanthemum with convolutional neural network
Authors:Yuan, Peisen (1); Li, Wei (1); Ren, Shougang (1, 2); Xu, Huanliang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210095, China; (2) Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing; 210095, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Huanliang(huanliangxu@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:152-158
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Chrysanthemum is one of the top 10 traditional famous flowers in China, which has significant importance and great ornamental value and medicinal value. The chrysanthemum flowers are characterized by a large number of varieties and a wide range of petal shapes, which pose big challenges to their intelligent identification and efficient management. Currently, the identification and management of chrysanthemum mainly relies on the traditional manual way, and as a result, the efficiency is quite low. At the contemporary era, deep learning as a powerful technique in artificial intelligence field is becoming a prevalent way of identification and classification on text, image, video, and so on. Based on the end-to-end convolutional neural network deep neural network directly acting on the original chrysanthemum image dataset, this paper aims at obtaining the characteristic information of chrysanthemums through the multi-layer neural network. By this means, the problem of extracting the features manually is avoided, and then optimization target function is applied to achieve a better image recognition accuracy. Based on this, the system of chrysanthemum flower pattern intelligent recognition and breed classification is researched and implemented. In view of the subtle differences among the flower patterns of chrysanthemums, on the one hand, in order to preserve as much information as possible for the data, tensor is employed to represent the image data; on the other hand, the pairwise confusion loss function based on pair similarity is used to distinguish pattern differences and similarities. By this means, the objective function of distinguishing the different flower patterns is realized on the fine grain size. The system not only can identify the chrysanthemum pattern, but also can give the probability value of the top 3 results. In addition to this, the variety information covered by the flower pattern is also provided. The operation of the system can be divided into 2 stages: the off-line training and the online classification. Off-line models can be hosted in the cloud environment such as Amazon AWS for the easy usage on the mobile platform. Moreover, the model can be replanted and updated with little hindrance. In order to train the network model, we collected a large amount of data of real chrysanthemum image, and manually marked the relevant pattern and category information of chrysanthemum. Based on the datasets, we conducted extensive experiments with our system and made comparisons with 3 existing systems, and experimental results show that: The identification accuracy of the system has been significantly improved compared with the existing systems for chrysanthemum flower pattern. Beyond that, the system can provide more detailed chrysanthemum species information at the same time. The average recognition rate can reach about 0.95, and even surpass the rate of 0.98 for some chrysanthemum patterns. The system provides a powerful means for the automatic management of chrysanthemum and fills the gaps in chrysanthemum pattern recognition and classification. In this paper, the research on the intelligent identification and effective management of chrysanthemum flower pattern has great significance in theory and practice.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Pattern recognition systems
Controlled terms:Automation - Convolution - Deep learning - Deep neural networks - Image processing - Image recognition - Network layers - Neural networks - Tensors - Text processing
Uncontrolled terms:Chrysanthemum pattern - Chrysanthemum recognition - Convolutional neural network - End to end - Identification accuracy - Intelligent identification - Intelligent recognition - Pattern recognition and classification
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 921.1 Algebra
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20182405309107
Title:Design and experiment of spin-jet flow type lotus root digging machine based on EDEM-Fluent
Authors:Wu, Hao (1, 2); Xia, Junfang (1); Zhang, Guozhong (1); Wang, Peitong (1); Lao, Shanfeng (1); Zhang, Xiumei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) College of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan; 432000, China
Corresponding author:Xia, Junfang(xjf@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:9-14
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to solve the problems that the manually digging lotus roots was high in labor intensity, low in efficiency and easy to damage lotus roots, and that the existing digging equipment of lotus roots had the defects of high cost and the cumbersome operating process, which needed operator to have a certain experience in technology, a spin-jet flow type lotus root digging machine was designed. The structure and working principle of this machine were described in this paper. And the mechanism of interaction between soil and jet was analyzed by the coupling simulation of the enhanced discrete element method (EDEM) and the fluid dynamics. At the same time, the influence rules of the structural parameters of the key component nozzle were defined. The model of Hertz-Mindlin with JKR (Johnson Kendall Roberts), a cohesive contact model considering the influence of van der Waals force and the viscous contact, was used in the simulation. The EDEM parameters from field measurement and related literatures were as follows: The approximate value of the particle radius was 3 mm by considering computer power and simulation efficiency; the volume density was 1714 kg/m<sup>3</sup>; the JKR coefficient was 60 in GEMM (Generic EDEM Material Model) database with the repose angle of the soil; the coefficient of restitution was 0.15; the coefficient of static friction was 1.16; the coefficient of rolling friction was 0.2; the elastic modulus of the soil was 1143.2 kPa; and Poisson's ratio was 0.4. The simulation shows that the depth of digging decreases with the increasing of jet angle from 30° to 60°, while increases with the increasing of jet velocity from 10 to 20 m/s. Through the analysis of the simulation process, it can be found that when the angle is 30°, the soil backfill will happen. Based on the three-inch pump HONDA WB30XH, the bench test and field test were carried out, and the results showed that the spin-jet lotus roots digging machine with the 30° jet angle and 17 mm nozzle diameter can advance with the speed of 0.1 s, which can completely dig the lotus roots buried in mud depth of 400 mm without damage and dirt stuck on the surface. And the soil backfill does not affect the floating rate of lotus root. The digging depth can reach 420 mm, while digging width can reach about 1.2 m. It can be obtained from the bench test that the rotation speed of the rotating pipeline also has a certain effect on the digging effect. When the jet angle is larger, the rotation speed of the pipeline is faster, which conforms to the law of fluid mechanics. When the diameter of the nozzle is larger, the rotation speed of the pipeline is also larger. It is shown that larger diameter nozzle produces more reaction force to the pipeline. Comparing the relative floating rate with the pipeline speed, it can be seen that the smaller the rotation speed, the higher the floating rate. Due to the reason of pipeline structure, the rotation speed regulation test cannot be carried out. Furthermore, the average error of digging depth is 9.5% between simulation test and bench test, so the comparison results show that the application of the coupling of discrete element and finite element method of fluid dynamics is feasible in the research of soil-jet interaction. Because the digging process of lotus root below the water is not easy to observe, the application of EDEM-Fluent coupling simulation is beneficial to the study of the mechanism of the lotus root digging equipment, providing theoretical basis for the design and the optimization of the equipment. The method can also be applied to other areas of hydraulic research, such as river and lake dredging, and pipeline cleaning.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Structural design
Controlled terms:Couplings - Design - Efficiency - Fighter aircraft - Fluid mechanics - Hydraulic machinery - Mechanization - Nozzles - Optimization - Pipelines - Rotation - Soils - Speed - Stiction - Van der Waals forces
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of restitution - Coefficient of rolling frictions - Digging - EDEM-Fluent - Jetting - Johnson-Kendall-Roberts - Lotus root - Simulation efficiency
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, General - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601 Mechanical Design - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 652.1.2 Military Aircraft - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.50e+00%, Size 1.20e+00m, Size 1.70e-02m, Size 3.00e-03m, Size 4.00e-01m, Size 4.20e-01m, Time 1.00e-01s, Velocity 1.00e+01m/s to 2.00e+01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20182405309124
Title:Recognition of maize and weed based on multi-scale hierarchical features extracted by convolutional neural network
Authors:Wang, Can (1); Wu, Xinhui (1); Li, Zhiwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China
Corresponding author:Li, Zhiwei(lizhiweitong@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:144-151
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Effective recognition method of crop and weed is the basis for promoting the development of intelligent mechanization weeding pattern. Summarizing the previous research, we found that the accuracy and stability of the recognition model could be improved by natural and diversified feature presentation, but there are still 2 main problems. On the one hand, feature presentation of the natural property of target was difficult to be obtained by the hand-engineered feature extractor. The spatial consistency of the obtained features was bad, and the real-time performance of recognition system was reduced for the complex feature extraction algorithm. On the other hand, the effect of image preprocessing has important influence on recognition results, especially the overlapping segmentation of crop and weed. For overlapped objects, it is usually difficult to segment them without affecting their respective feature presentations, resulting in low recognition accuracy and stability. In order to solve the main problems in the current research, we explored the way to improve the recognition accuracy, stability and real-time performance, and a recognition method of crop and weed based on multiscale hierarchical feature learning combined with superpixels segmentation was proposed. The main research contents of this paper were as follows: 1) Excellent internal features of image are hierarchical. In this research, the multiscale hierarchical feature is a scene level feature with invariance and consistency in scale space. Multiscale convolutional neural network was built to extract multiscale hierarchical feature. Multiscale convolutional neural network contains multiple copies of a single CNN (convolutional neural network) that are applied to multi-scale Gaussian pyramid of the input image. The CNN model as feature extractor in this paper includes 3 stages. In the first 2 stages, it contains a bank of filters (convolution kernels) to produce dense feature maps, a point to point nonlinear mapping activation function, and a spatial pooling module for sub-sampling of each feature map, While the last stage only contains a bank of filters. Each filter is applied to the input feature maps through 2-dimensional convolution operation, in which local feature presentations are detected at all pixel locations on the input image. For each pixel, the CNN model is used to collectively encode the internal information in a large sense region around the location of given pixel. The CNN is fed with raw pixels and trained with back propagation method. With complete training, this CNN model can automatically extract hierarchical feature representations from the input image, thereby decreasing the need for hand-engineered features extracting. A series of feature maps for multiscale regions centered on each pixel of the image are produced by the multiscale convolutional neural network; these representations contain shape, texture and sense information. Therefore, the multiscale hierarchical feature is learned to allow the recognition of the class of all pixels in the image. The average pixel recognition rate is 93.41%. 2) In this research, multiscale hierarchical feature is used to produce the class distribution for every pixel through a 2-layer MLP (multi-layer perceptron). But recognizing the class of pixel independently from its surrounding regions could produce some interference at the boundary of targets. Accurate boundary segmentation for each target in the image is not provided. In this paper, the superpixel method is used for generating an over segmentation of the image, where each segmentation component (superpixel) is an irregular pixel block composed of similar pixels in texture, color and brightness characteristics. Object in the image is composed of these superpixels, and has the exact original boundary. The superpixels segmentation is computed following the simple linear iterative clustering method described in this paper. 3) We proposed the recognition strategy of multiscale hierarchical feature learning combined with the superpixels segmentation. Firstly, an over segmentation of the original image was produced through the superpixels segmentation. At the same time, each pixel location of the image was classified densely based on the multiscale hierarchical features. These predictions of pixels in each superpixel were aggregated to produce the class prediction of superpixel, through computing the average class distribution within the superpixel. Adjacent superpixels with the same class were merged to obtain the final target class prediction and image segmentation. The accurate image segmentation was achieved while recognizing the target in the image by this recognition method, which effectively avoided the problems caused by targets overlapping, and the recognition results were more stable and accurate. Maize seedlings at 2-5 leaves stage and weed during the same stage were used as research object, and the recognition method of multiscale hierarchical feature learning combined with superpixels segmentation was tested. The results showed that the average target recognition rate with this method was 98.92%, and the standard deviation was 0.55%. The average target recognition rate with the method in previous research was 98.36%, and the standard deviation was 1.05%. So, the accuracy and stability of recognition results by this method in this paper were improved with different degrees. In aspect of real-time performance, the average time to recognize a single image was 1.68 s with this method, and compared with the method proposed in previous research, it was decreased by 1.58 s. The real-time performance of this method can be further improved by GPU (graphics processing unit) hardware acceleration, and the average time to recognize a single image was only 0.72 s. Therefore, the recognition method based on multiscale hierarchical feature learning combined with superpixels segmentation can effectively achieve accurate, stable and efficient recognition of maize and weed. The research results provide reference for the development of precision weeding.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:45
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Backpropagation - Computer graphics - Computer graphics equipment - Convolution - Crops - Deep learning - Feature extraction - Forecasting - Graphics processing unit - Image enhancement - Image recognition - Image texture - Iterative methods - Location - Machinery - Neural networks - Pixels - Problem solving - Program processors - Stability - Statistics - Superpixels
Uncontrolled terms:2-dimensional convolutions - Convolutional neural network - Feature extraction algorithms - MLP (multilayer perceptron) - Recognition strategies - Simple Linear Iterative Clustering - Superpixels segmentations - Weed recognition
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.05e+00%, Percentage 5.50e-01%, Percentage 9.34e+01%, Percentage 9.84e+01%, Percentage 9.89e+01%, Time 1.58e+00s, Time 1.68e+00s, Time 7.20e-01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20182405309141
Title:Optimization of processing parameters of straw and particles feed for fattening lamb
Authors:Zhang, Jie (1); Li, Hao (1); Kong, Lingzhuo (1); Su, Jian (1); Ma, Juan (1); Feng, Bin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi; 830091, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Bin(xjwsfb@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:274-281
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the production process of straw with particles feed for mutton lamb fattening, due to the problems of low productivity, poor quality of forming particles and high energy consumption caused by improper operation parameters, the processing technique of straw with particles feed for mutton lamb fattening was investigated with the wheat straw and corn as the main experimental raw material. And concentrate-forage ratio of raw material, water content of material and feeding rate were as the experimental factors, and the particles density, molding rate, pulverization rate, the productivity of pure working hours and the energy consumption per ton of products were as experimental indices. In this article all single-factor experiments of each factor in orthogonal experiment were treated as studying emphasis, through which the factors indicating actual manufacturing conditions were recognized, and based on that the orthogonal experiment was performed and more accurate systematic experiment results were obtained. By means of single factor experiment on the influence of material water content, concentrate-forage ratio of raw material and feeding speed on the molding effect of particles feed, on the basis of the particles density, molding rate and pulverization rate to meet the industry standard, the suitable range of each factor was determined. When material water content was 16% in single-factor experiment, density of pellets feed would be 1 255.27 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, which was out of scope (900-1200 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) of industry standard SC/T 6020-2002 specified for pellets manufactured by ring-die pellets mill without steaming intervention process. When water content was 22% and 24%, pulverization rate would be at 14.60% and 13.58% respectively, which both surpassed scope (≤13%) of pulverization rate specified for pellets manufactured by ring-die pellet mill without steaming intervention process. So experiments with water content of 13.58%, 14%, 16%, 22% and 24% were eliminated. Besides, pulverization rate varied greatly under concentrate-forage ratio between 8: 2 and 6: 4, and reached 19.35% at concentrate-forage ratio of 8: 2, which surpassed pulverization rate scope (≤13%) specified in industry standard SC/T 6020-2002 for pellets manufactured by ring-die pellets mill without steaming intervention process, so experiment with concentrate-forage ratio of 8: 2 was also eliminated. Whereas, in experiment, along with accelerating speed of feeding, density of pellet decreased gradually, and variation ranges of molding rate and pulverization rate were high at feeding speed of 600 r/min. Pulverization rate at feeding speed of 600 r/min was 15.98%, which surpassed scope (≤13%) specified in industrial standard SC/T 6020-2002 for pellets manufactured by ring-die pellets mill without steaming intervention process, so experiment with feeding speed of 600 r/min was eliminated too. By using the method of orthogonal test and extreme difference method, variance method and comprehensive balance method, on the experiment analysis of significance, primary and secondary order of the impact of 3 factors on the indicators, the optimal parameter combination for the processing technique of straw with particles feed for mutton lamb fattening was determined. Experimental results show that when the concentrate-forage ratio of raw material was 4: 6, the water content of material was 17%, and the feeding speed was 500 r/min, the particles density was 1116.48 kg/m3, the moulding rate was 99.51%, the pulverization rate was 7.36%, the pure working hour productivity reached 716 kg/h, the particles density conformed to the national standard requirements, the molding rate and pure working hour productivity reached the highest, and the pulverization rate fully met the national standard requirements although it was not the lowest. The optimal production conditions obtained through orthogonal experiment were in line with the actual production conditions. The experiment results provide reference data for the production and processing of straw with particles feed for mutton lamb fattening.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Pelletizing
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Comminution - Dies - Energy utilization - Feeding - High energy forming - Meats - Molding - Processing - Productivity - Speed - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive balances - High energy consumption - Manufacturing conditions - Mutton lamb fattening - Optimal parameter combinations - Optimization of processing parameters - Single-factor experiments - Systematic experiment
Classification code:525.3 Energy Utilization - 534.1 Foundries - 535.2 Metal Forming - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 822.3 Food Products - 913.4 Manufacturing
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.94e+01%, Percentage 2.20e+01%, Percentage 2.40e+01%, Percentage 7.36e+00%, Percentage 9.95e+01%, Rotational_Speed 5.00e+02RPM, Rotational_Speed 6.00e+02RPM, Mass_Density 1.12e+03kg/m3, Mass_Density 2.55e+02kg/m3, Mass_Density 9.00e+02kg/m3 to 1.20e+03kg/m3, Mass_Flow_Rate 1.99e-01kg/s, Percentage 1.36e+01%, Percentage 1.40e+01%, Percentage 1.46e+01%, Percentage 1.60e+01%, Percentage 1.70e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20182405309127
Title:Body shape parts recognition of moving cattle based on DRGB
Authors:Deng, Hanbing (1, 2); Xu, Tongyu (1, 2); Zhou, Yuncheng (1, 2); Miao, Teng (1, 2, 3); Zhang, Yubo (1, 2); Xu, Jing (1, 2); Jin, Li (1, 2); Chen, Chunling (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China; (2) Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Shenyang; 110866, China; (3) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Tongyu(yatongmu@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:166-175
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Body shape parts acquisition and recognition from moving cattle are difficult to realize automatically especially with the similar color and texture frames or images. Usually, the cattle's abnormal behavior is hardly detected by human because abnormal behavior detection needs continuous observation, but we can solve this problem with our method. In this paper, we use the Microsoft Company's smart vision sensor (named Kinect) to collect the information of 2 modals from cattle movement (the depth information and RGB information, DRGB). The depth information can be acquired by the infrared sensor and the depth value means the distance between the object and the sensor. The RGB information can be acquired by the normal camera. Based on the color modal information, we propose a randomized nearest neighbor pixel comparison (RNNPC) method to snatch at continuous action frames without static frames. By comparing the distinction of pixels between 2 adjacent frames, we can judge whether there is obvious or micro actions appearing in these 2 neighboring images. And if the distinction value is more than the threshold, the camera would record the cattle's continuous movements or actions automatically. Based on the depth modal information, we can calculate the mean value of depth which is obtained in the dynamic region by the RNNPC method. And with the mean value of depth, we can filter and transform the invalid pixels into dark pixels in the continuous frames. Meanwhile, the intact shape of the cattle in the original picture is preserved by our method (save the pixels with no change). From the results of filtration, we can see that the original image background area is reduced, and the method (we use SelectiveSearch in this paper) also directly reduces the number of candidate regions compared with the conventional recognition algorithm. According to the training samples scale, the network performance and the characteristic of the key parts of cattle from continuous frames, we adjust the parameters of the deep convolutional neural network, and we set the iterating upper limit and finish the network training when the number of iterating reaches this limit. Finally, with the trained network, we can realize the recognition of key parts from moving cattle in the processed continuous frames. The experimental results show that RNNPC method can save 72% of storage space, and the ratio of valid data for the other 38% of continuous frames can reach 94%. By filtering the invalid pixels, the invalid background information or objects of the original images can be almost removed, and the number of candidate objects generated by the conventional object recognition algorithm can be reduced by an order of magnitude. Compared to the original image, 90% candidate regions are reduced with SelectiveSearch algorithm on DRGB image. By adjusting network parameters, we can improve the convergence speed of deep convolutional neural network in training the samples with similar color and texture, and the single training iteration time does not significantly increase. The average classification accuracy of the net can reach 75.88%, and the image processing rate is 4.32 FPS, and under the same condition, the effect is better than that by the original Fast RCNN. By using the method mentioned above, we can realize body shape parts acquisition and recognition from moving cattle.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Information filtering
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Behavioral research - Cameras - Color - Convolution - Deep neural networks - Digital storage - Image recognition - Image reconstruction - Infrared detectors - Iterative methods - Neural networks - Object recognition - Pixels
Uncontrolled terms:Abnormal behavior detections - Background information - Cattle - Classification accuracy - Continuous observation - Deep convolutional neural networks - DRGB - Object recognition algorithm
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 741.1 Light/Optics - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments - 971 Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.80e+01%, Percentage 7.20e+01%, Percentage 7.59e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.40e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20182405309114
Title:Full power shift method of hydro-mechanical transmission and power transition characteristics
Authors:Yang, Shujun (1); Bao, Yong (1); Fan, Chengyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Vehicles and Energy, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao; 066004, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:63-72
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Hydro-mechanical variable transmission (HMT) is applicable to high-power vehicles, because of its ability to achieve high-power stepless speed changing and high transmission efficiency. However, in general power shift, the target range brakes would be engaged after the current range brakes are disengaged, which would cause immediate output power interruption. In the shift process, there are load reverses in hydraulic transmission unit, power flow reverses in hydraulic branch, and function interchanges in hydraulic component. Simultaneously, high and low pressure circuits in hydraulic circuit interchange, as a result of which the rotational speed of hydraulic component changes abruptly, causing the fluctuation of output speed as well as vibrations and noises. To solve the problems of HMT in power shift, a new full power shift method of HMT is proposed based on the double brakes of the current range and target range overlapping. The process of full power shift is divided into 5 stages: current range, prior stable stage, power transition stage, post stable stage and target range. For the HMT working at current range, when the ideal power shift timing comes, the target range brake would be engaged with zero speed difference; and when the HMT comes to the prior stable stage, its torque and power characteristics remain unchanged. Regulating properly the displacement ratio of variable-displacement hydraulic component can make the high and low pressure circuits of hydraulic circuit interchange. The original low pressure side is pressurized to the target range pressure, the torque moves from current range brake to target range brake, and HMT comes to the post stable stage with its torque and power characteristics remaining identical with those of the target range. The current range brake is disengaged at zero torque, HMT enters the target range, and therefore the power shift process is fulfilled. The interchange between high and low pressure as well as power transition is made when the double brakes overlap. In the power shift process, the output power can be transmitted normally in full power. In this paper, a two-range arithmetic HMT as research object, the model for the speed of HMT in power shift was built based on the double brakes that overlap, taking into consideration the influence of volumetric efficiency of hydraulic transmission unit. The ideal power shift timing was deduced, with the ratio between rotational speed of fixed-displacement hydraulic component and input rotational speed as the criterion. By combining theoretical analysis and experimental studies, the variable law of torque characteristics and power characteristics of HMT with the pressure difference in hydraulic circuit in the full power shift process was studied. In the full power shift process with the double brakes overlapping, by changing the pressures in the hydraulic circuit, the load torque can transit from the current brake to the target brake. And the variable law of the pressure difference in hydraulic circuit with the displacement ratio of variable-displacement hydraulic component was studied. Thus the control method for the full power shift process was obtained. In the full power shift process with the double brakes overlapping, regulating the displacement ratio of variable-hydraulic component is one effective method. Finally, the test bench for HMT was built, and the full power shift was tested. The result shows that in power shift process with the double brakes overlapping, by regulating the displacement ratio of variable-hydraulic component, the interchange between high and low pressure circuits in closed hydraulic circuit can be accomplished, and power transition can be thus realized. Input rotational speed of 1 000 r/min and load torque of 150 N·m or 60 N·m, the output rotational speed had no fluctuation, and the output torque ripple was about 5 N·m. In the full power shift process, torque can transit from the current brake to the target brake, and realize normal full power transmission of output power. This study reveals the torque and power transition principle of HMT in full power shift process, which can provide an important reference for further research of full power shift method and application of HMT.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Brakes
Controlled terms:Control engineering - Efficiency - Electric load flow - Electric network analysis - Electric power transmission - Hydraulic equipment - Hydraulic machinery - Speed - Torque - Torque measurement - Vehicle transmissions
Uncontrolled terms:Hydro-mechanical - Hydro-mechanical transmission - Power characteristic - Power shift - Power transition - Torque characteristic - Variable displacement - Volumetric efficiency
Classification code:602 Mechanical Drives and Transmissions - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 703.1.1 Electric Network Analysis - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Rotational_Speed 1.00e+03RPM, Torque 1.50e+02N*m, Torque 5.00e+00N*m, Torque 6.00e+01N*m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20182405309110
Title:Thermodynamic performance of waste heat collection for large combine harvester with different working fluids
Authors:Jiao, Youzhou (1); Tian, Chaochao (1); He, Chao (1); Li, Gang (1); Zhang, Quanguo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, College of Mechanical & Electrical engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou; 450002, China
Corresponding author:He, Chao(hechao666777@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:32-38
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With increasing energy crisis, energy conservation is imperative. Newly harvested grain without timely drying will cause germination, mildew and other issues. In China, a huge amount of grain is wasted by mildew and germination every year, just because grain has not been dried below the safe moisture in time. If the grain moisture content is timely reduced during the harvest, it can reduce the possibility of grain germination and mildew and extend the shelf life. However, in the operation of crop combine harvester, most of the energy released by fuel combustion is lost in the form of flue gas and cylinder circulating water residual heat, and only a little is used to do work. And the energy recovery potential is huge. In order to achieve the full utilization of energy, this paper conceives the use of waste heat from combine harvester to dry newly harvested grain instantly. For the combine harvester, the change of actual operation conditions will lead to the change of the waste heat, mainly including the jacket water and exhaust heat. In order to collect these 2 kinds of waste heat with different quality synergistically, the waste heat characteristics of the harvester engine are explored through the experiment with the LR6A3L type diesel engine. In this experiment, the parameters of the diesel engine waste heat under the condition of full load were obtained, which included output power, fuel consumption, jacket water flow, jacket water import and export temperature, exhaust gas flow, exhaust gas temperature, diesel engine speed, and so on. Based on the advantages of organic working fluid in recovery of waste heat under changing working conditions, R123, R245fa, R152a, R600 and water were selected, and 2 models of collecting the 2 grades of waste heat were built using the single working fluid and 2 kinds of working fluids among these 5 working fluids selected under 2 rotating speeds of 2 200 and 1 700 r/min respectively. Additionally, the thermodynamics analysis on each condition was performed. The results show that, for the single working fluid collecting the waste heat of combine harvester diesel engine, water, R600 and R152a exhibit the biggest capacity to collect the waste heat, which is 106.66 and 92.12 kW under the 2 rotating speeds, and for R152a, the temperature rise after the heat exchange is the highest and is 76.4 and 82.57℃ respectively for the 2 rotating speeds. The exergy loss per heat collected is the smallest and is 0.122 and 0.129 kW respectively for the 2 rotating speeds using R245fa. For 2 kinds of working fluids collecting the 2 grades of waste heat, the 6 combinations of working fluids of R152a and R123, R152a and R245fa, R600 and R123, R600 and R245fa, water and R123, water and R245fa are selected. And each combination can reach the maximum of the heat transfer under each condition, which is 106.89 and 92.2 kW respectively. For the combination of R152a and R123, the exergy loss per heat collected is the smallest and is 0.156 and 0.154 kW respectively for the 2 rotating speeds. And the temperature rise after the heat exchange is the highest, and is 69.18 and 58.98℃ respectively for R152a and R123 under 2200 r/min rotating speed, and 64.94 and 53.65℃ under 1700 r/min. These results will be helpful to the next work of drying the grain using the waste heat from combine harvester.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Waste heat utilization
Controlled terms:Cultivation - Diesel engines - Drying - Energy policy - Exergy - Flow of gases - Flow of water - Fuels - Fungi - Gases - Harvesters - Harvesting - Heat exchangers - Heat transfer - Internal combustion engines - Models - Moisture - Organic compounds - Rotating machinery - Speed - Temperature - Waste heat - Waste incineration
Uncontrolled terms:Engine waste heats - Exhaust gas temperatures - Grain drying - Grain moisture content - Organic working fluid - Thermodynamic performance - Thermodynamics analysis - Waste heat characteristic
Classification code:452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 525 Energy Management and Conversion - 601.1 Mechanical Devices - 612.1 Internal Combustion Engines, General - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 631.1.2 Gas Dynamics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
Numerical data indexing:Power 1.07e+05W, Power 1.22e+02W, Power 1.29e+02W, Power 1.54e+02W, Power 1.56e+02W, Power 9.21e+04W, Power 9.22e+04W, Rotational_Speed 1.70e+03RPM, Rotational_Speed 2.20e+03RPM
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20182405309139
Title:Optimization of vacuum pulsed drying process of garlic
Authors:Qiao, Hongzhu (1); Gao, Zhenjiang (1, 2); Wang, Jun (1); Zheng, Zhian (1, 2); Wei, Qing (1, 2); Li, Gaofei (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Professor Workstation of China Agricultural University, Qixian; 475200, China; (3) Kaifeng Research Center of Garlic Deep Processing Technology, Qixian; 475200, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Zhenjiang(zjgao@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:256-263
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Garlic is a semiannual spicy herb, which has been used widely as seasoning in our life. Garlic is known to possess a variety of biological functions, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, hypolipidemic, enhancing immune function of the body, which has high medicinal value. These properties are related with the chemical composition of garlic, and more specifically with its content of sulfur-containing compounds. The dormant period of garlic is very short, and it is hard to storage, which makes huge waste. Dehydration operations have been used for decades in processing of agricultural products for efficient long-term preservation. The basic objective for drying products is the removal of water from fresh product, reaching a level at which microbial spoilage is avoided. The drying of garlic is the best way to preservation of garlic. The common drying technologies for garlic are hot air drying, vacuum freeze-drying, microwave drying and infrared drying. Garlic is rich in the content of carbohydrate, especially for the polysaccharide, which makes the garlic have high water retention, and the garlic cloves are covered with a layer of protective film. These cause difficulties for the garlic drying. Vacuum pulsed drying technology is a new type of drying technology, and it has been applied to the drying of carrots, lily, grapes, wolfberry, red dates and other fruits and vegetables. It has been found that the vacuum drying technology has a significant effect on shortening drying time and improving the drying quality. To explore the drying technology and improve the drying quality of garlic, vacuum pulsed drying technology was applied to garlic drying in this paper. The carbon fiber infrared plate has been used in garlic drying as a heating source. The effects of infrared plate temperature (55, 60, 65, 70℃), vacuum time (6, 9, 12, 15 min) and sample thickness (2, 3, 4, 5 mm) on the drying characteristics and quality of garlic were explored, and the content of allicin, color and rehydration ratio were used as indicators of drying quality. The orthogonal test was designed based on the result of the single factor experiment. Results indicated that infrared plate temperature, vacuum time and sample thickness all had significant effect on the drying characteristics, and the order of the effect was sample thickness>infrared plate temperature>vacuum time. It was found that the content of allicin initially decreased and then increased gradually with the increase of infrared plate temperature, and initially increased and then decreased gradually with the increase of sample thickness, and when the vacuum time was 15 min, it had the highest allicin content. The vacuum pulsed drying had significant effect on the color of drying garlic slices, and the color of the drying garlic powder was whiter than the fresh garlic, which had a better color quality. Vacuum time had significant effect on the rehydration ratio of drying garlic slices. The optimum technological parameters were infrared plate temperature of 65℃, vacuum time of 15 min, and sample thickness of 2 mm. The findings of the study can provide technical support for applying vacuum pulsed drying technology to garlic drying process.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Infrared drying
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Carbon fibers - Color - Drying - Optimization - Processing - Spoilage - Sulfur compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical compositions - Drying characteristics - Fruits and vegetables - Garlic - Long-term preservation - Single-factor experiments - Sulfur containing compound - Technological parameters
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 741.1 Light/Optics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Size 2.00e-03m, Size 5.00e-03m, Time 9.00e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20182405309143
Title:Analysis of effect of yogurt fermentation process on calcium speciation in milk by all bionics models of digestive system
Authors:Chen, Shanglong (1, 2); Chen, Anhui (1, 2); Liu, Hui (1, 2); Liu, Enqi (1, 2); Wu, Yonghua (1, 2); Qin, Xu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food (Biological) Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou; 221018, China; (2) Jiangsu Key Construction Laboratory of Food Resources Development and Quality Safe, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou; 221018, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:289-294
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:An effective method was developed for the speciation analysis of Ca in pure milk and yogurt using in vitro whole-bionics models by microwave digestion and high-resolution continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CS FAAS). In order to study the influences of the yogurt fermentation on speciation and bioavailability assessment of Ca in pure milk, the gastric and intestinal whole-bionic extraction solutions were obtained by pretreating pure milk and yogurt using in vitro whole-bionics technology. The suspended Ca and the soluble Ca were obtained by using 0.45 μm filtration membranes, and the inorganic Ca and the organic Ca in soluble species were gained via D101 macroporous resin. N-octanol-water absorption model was established for simulating the absorption of Ca in stomach and intestine with n-octyl alcohol as the cell membrane. Moreover, the unilamellar liposomes absorption model was developed for simulating the absorption of Ca in stomach and intestine with monolayer liposomes as the cell membrane. The effects of the fuel flow, the burner height and the mass fraction of lanthanum nitrate on the absorbance were investigated. The appropriate fuel flow, 70 L/h, the optimum burner height, 6 mm, and the suited mass fraction of lanthanum nitrate, 0.5%, were obtained by the single factor experiments. The results showed that Ca contents in pure milk and yogurt were 12.894 and 15.920 mg/g, respectively, under the optimum conditions using microwave digestion as a pretreatment method. The average recovery rate and the relative standard deviation of Ca for pure milk were 96.1% and 1.20%, respectively, indicating that the proposed determination method was accurate and reliable. The suspended Ca contents in the gastric and intestinal whole-bionic extraction solutions of pure milk were higher than those of yogurt. Except the suspended Ca, other forms of Ca contents in the gastric and intestinal whole-bionic extraction solutions of yogurt were higher than those of pure milk. The soluble Ca and the inorganic Ca in gastric whole-bionic extraction solutions of pure milk and yogurt had significant difference by t-test at 0.05 significance level. The soluble Ca and the water-soluble Ca of n-octanol-water absorption model and unilamellar liposomes absorption model in intestinal whole-bionic extraction solutions of pure milk and yogurt also had significant difference by t-test at 0.05 significance level. The partition coefficients of n-octanol-water absorption model of Ca were 4.18 and 3.97, those of unilamellar liposomes absorption model of Ca were 5.21 and 6.24, and the bioavailability assessment values of Ca were 45.40% and 66.31% in yogurt gastric and intestinal whole-bionic extraction solutions, respectively. Thus, the partition coefficients of n-octanol-water absorption model and unilamellar liposomes absorption model, and the bioavailability assessment of Ca in yogurt were higher than those in pure milk. These results showed that the Ca supplement effect of yogurt was better than that of pure milk. Therefore, the proposed models are reliable, simple and convenient with a high practical value, which will provide a scientific basis for beneficial metal elements supplement.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Water absorption
Controlled terms:Alcohols - Biochemistry - Biomimetics - Bionics - Biophysics - Calcium - Cytology - Dairy products - Digestive system - Extraction - Fermentation - Lanthanum compounds - Liposomes - Microfiltration - Models - Nitrates
Uncontrolled terms:Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry - Milk - Partition coefficient - Relative standard deviations - Single-factor experiments - Speciation analysis - Water absorption models - Yogurt
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 822.3 Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.20e+00%, Percentage 4.54e+01%, Percentage 5.00e-01%, Percentage 6.63e+01%, Percentage 9.61e+01%, Size 4.50e-07m, Size 6.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20182405309116
Title:HYDRUS simulation and verification of movement characteristics of upward capillary water flow in soil as affected by multi-factor
Authors:Zhong, Yun (1); Fei, Liangjun (1); Fu, Yuliang (1); Chen, Lin (1); Liu, Le (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resources Research, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China
Corresponding author:Fei, Liangjun(feiliangjun2008@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:83-89
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The important mechanism of soil salinization is that soluble salt in groundwater accumulates continuously to the topsoil under the action of capillary force. In order to study the effect of various factors on the characteristics of soil upward capillary water movement under shadow ground water table, we used HYDRUS-1D software based on the theory of saturated-unsaturated soil water movement to simulate the upward capillary water movement under the action of multiple factors. A total of 5 factors were considered including soil bulk density, clay content, initial soil moisture, groundwater depth and infiltration time. The simulation experiment was carried out by orthogonal design method including 9 treatments and 1 controlled trial. In the simulation experiment, the soil bulk density was designed with different levels of 1.30, 1.35 and 1.40 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, the clay particles content was 1.25%, 5.00% and 15.00%, the initial soil moisture was 8%, 11% and 14% and the groundwater depth was 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 m. The controlled trial, which adopted clay loam in arid area, was carried out in State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering. During the experiment, the capillary water recharge was measured by difference of water levels in Markov bottle. The water levels were recorded every 1, 2 and 3 hours in the 1st day, every 5 hours on the 2nd day, and every 9 hours on the 3rd day, and every 12 hours from the 4th day to the 5th day. The capillary water rising height was obtained by plotting the position of the wetting front corresponding to the different infiltration times on the outer wall of the plexiglass column. Based on the analysis of simulation results, the empirical models between the upward capillary water recharge and the capillary water rising height and various influencing factors were established, respectively. The root mean square error of the model was 0.003 cm, the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.99, and the coefficient of determination were all greater than 0.98(P<0.01), and the relative error between the measured and calculated values were less than 11.25%. The results showed that the models could better illustrate the quantitative relationship between the upward capillary water recharge and the capillary water rising height and various influencing factors. The influence degree of each influencing factor on the upward capillary water recharge was the highest for time, followed by soil bulk density, initial moisture, clay particles content, groundwater depth, and the influence degree on the upward capillary water rising height was the highest for time, followed by initial moisture, clay content, soil bulk density and groundwater depth. The capillary water recharge had a positive correlation with clay content and time, however, had a negative correlation with soil bulk density, initial moisture and groundwater depth. The capillary water rising height had a positive correlation with initial moisture, groundwater depth and time, however, had a negative correlation with soil bulk density and clay content. Moreover, the relationship of the capillary water recharge and the rising height were fitted by the means of (intercept=0) linear function, and the determination coefficients were larger than 0.96, which indicated a significantly positive linear relationship between the upward capillary water recharge and the rising height. The results would provide a basis for making measures such as irrigation and drainage as well as saline-alkali land improvement.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Recharging (underground waters)
Controlled terms:Bottles - Flow of water - Groundwater resources - Hydraulics - Infiltration - Mean square error - Shore protection - Soil moisture - Soils - Water levels
Uncontrolled terms:Capillary - Capillary water - Ground water depths - Multi factors - Rising height
Classification code:407.1 Maritime Structures - 444.2 Groundwater - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 694.2 Packaging Materials - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.35e+03kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.40e+03kg/m3, Percentage 1.10e+01%, Percentage 1.12e+01%, Percentage 1.25e+00%, Percentage 1.40e+01%, Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 8.00e+00%, Size 2.50e+00m, Size 3.00e-05m, Size 3.50e+00m, Time 1.08e+04s, Time 1.80e+04s, Time 3.24e+04s, Time 4.32e+04s, Time 7.20e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20182405309108
Title:Optimization of operating parameter and structure for corn ear picking device by bionic breaking ear hand
Authors:Chen, Meizhou (1); Cheng, Xiupei (2); Jia, Xiaodong (3); Zhang, Liping (4); Li, Qiyun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo; 255000, China; (2) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) College of Science, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan; 250000, China; (4) Qingdao Ultimate Corporation Limited, Qingdao Facility, Qingdao; 266000, China
Corresponding author:Li, Qiyun(liqiyun@sdut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:15-22
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In China, the planting area of corn was expanded to 3676 million hm<sup>2</sup>, which accounted for about 32.5% of the national planting area of corn by 2016. And its output reached 21955 million tons in the same year. Corn has become the first crop in place of wheat and rice for many years. Mechanical grain harvesting has been the developing direction of corn harvesting technology. In addition, the production and processing of fresh maize are rapidly developing and gradually walking up to the industrialization. Now the fresh maize harvesting mechanization is still backward in China. Grain harvesting and fresh maize harvesting both require low damage to corn ears. In recent years, corn harvesters have been developed rapidly with the improvement of the subsidies on agriculture. However its low level of mechanical harvesting is unable to meet the requirement of low damage and therefore has restricted the development of corn mechanical harvesting compared to other crops. The high loss rate, high impurity content and high damage rate of the traditional snapping type harvester, including snapping rollers type, snapping plate type and their combined type, have been the choke points of combine harvester development because of extrusion or nibbling on the corn ear for a long time. According to investigation, the study of bionic corn ear picking is rare abroad, and the research institutes mainly study the principle of snapping corn ear at home, which is only the theoretical study. So a new way to pick up corn ear is needed urgently. In order to solve these problems, our research team has designed the bionic device of breaking corn ears, studied the speed of bionic hand of breaking corn ear and carried out the experiment on power consumption. To verify the feasibility of low damage harvesting, the test device was built, which included bionic device of breaking ear corn, pulling stem device and clamping feeding device, and the whole structural working mechanism of the machine was introduced in detail in this research. The structure parameters of main operation components were determined at last. The theoretical design and mechanical analysis of the mechanism were carried out. In order to confirm the operation parameters of the bionic hand device of breaking corn ear, the Box-Benhnken central composite experimental design principle was adopted with 3 levels and 3 factors. Three test parameters, i.e. number of breaking-ear hands, speed of breaking-ear hand and clamping guideway speed, were chosen as the influence factors of test experiment. And corn grain loss rate was selected as the response index of test experiment. In the experiment, quadratic orthogonal rotation combination trial design was applied to build the quadratic polynomial regressive model, which interpreted the relationship between the experimental influence factors and evaluation index. According to theoretical analysis, the breaking-ear hand number was selected from 1 to 3, the breaking-ear hand speed from 0.95 to 2.85 m/s, and the clamping guideway speed from 0.83 to 1.67 m/s. Using the data analysis software Design-Expert 8.0.6, the matching mathematical regression pattern was developed, the relation of salient factors with the evaluation index was analyzed, and the parameters of the test were optimized. The results showed that the significant effects of breaking-ear hand speed, breaking-ear hand number and clamping guideway speed on grain loss rate were in a decreasing order. The best work parameters were as below: When the breaking-ear hand number was 2, the breaking-ear hand speed was 2.15 m/s and the clamping guideway speed was 1.14 m/s, the corn grain loss rate was 0.031%. Bench experiments were carried out with the above optimized parameters, and the corn grain loss rate was 0.04%. The relative error of evaluation index and theoretical optimization value was only 0.009%. It was found that bionic device of breaking-ear hand had good performance, and the corn grain loss rate was less than the national industry standard (2%) and also less than the traditional snapping roller. The research results can provide the references for low damage corn harvesting technology.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Bionics - Crops - Design of experiments - Guideways - Harvesters - Harvesting - Optimization - Software design - Software testing - Speed - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Corn grain - Data analysis softwares - Low damages - Operating parameters - Operation parameters - Quadratic orthogonal rotation - Quadratic polynomial - Structure parameter
Classification code:461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.00e+00%, Percentage 3.10e-02%, Percentage 3.25e+01%, Percentage 4.00e-02%, Percentage 9.00e-03%, Velocity 1.14e+00m/s, Velocity 2.15e+00m/s, Velocity 8.30e-01m/s to 1.67e+00m/s, Velocity 9.50e-01m/s to 2.85e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20182405309126
Title:Discrimination of heat-damaged tomato seeds based on near infrared spectroscopy and PCA-SVM method
Authors:Peng, Yankun (1); Zhao, Fang (1); Li, Long (1); Xing, Yaoyao (1); Fang, Xiaoqian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, National Research and Development Center for Agro-processing Equipment, Beijing; 100083, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:159-165
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The problem of heat-damaged seeds frequently occurs because of improper storage of moist seeds or artificial drying of damp seeds at high temperature, thus influencing its sale and usability. It is therefore vital for seed companies and farmers to identify damaged seed. The current visual method for discriminating heat-damaged seeds is subjective and based on discoloration. However, heat damage does not always cause a color change in kernels while it could cause protein denaturation which may result in NIR absorption differences between native protein and denatured protein. In this study, we investigated the possibility of using near infrared spectroscopy to classify good and heat-damaged seeds. A group of 60 tomato seeds was heat-damaged with high temperature treatment while another group of 60 samples was good seeds without heating treatment. The laboratory self-constructed near infrared spectroscopy system, which measured reflectance spectra from 980 to 1700 nm, was used to obtain single seed spectra. In order to verify the difference of viability between heat-damaged seeds and good seeds, a standard germination experiment for 14 days was conducted after the spectra of samples were done. The germination rate, germination potential and germination index of heat-damaged seeds were significantly lower (p < 0.05?) than that of good seeds, and the average germination days was higher (p < 0.05?) than that of good seeds, which indicated that the viability of heat-damaged seeds was lower than that of good seeds. Then, the samples were divided into calibration set and validation set according to the ratio of 3: 1 by Kennard-Stone method which is widely used in the qualitative analysis of spectral data. Methods of partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and support vector machine (SVM) were applied to establish the discriminating models for heat-damaged tomato seeds. The results showed that those two discriminative models could be used to differentiate heat-damaged seeds and good seeds. The total accuracy of each validation set was higher than 96%. For PLS-DA model, total classification accuracy for both the calibration sample set and validation sample set were 100% and 96.7%, respectively when five PLS factors was selected by leave-one-out cross validation. The classification accuracy of the good seeds of the validation set was 100%, but one heat-damaged sample was misjudged as the good sample. SVM model yielded higher classification accuracy than PLS-DA model, which was more suitable for classifying heat-damaged tomato seeds according to near infrared reflectance spectra. The SVM model based on principal component analysis (PCA) of the preprocessed spectral data gave the best result, its classification accuracy of the calibration set and the validation set were 100%. Moreover, the prediction bias of PCA-SVM model was less than that of the PLS-DA model, and the average deviation of the validation set was 0.024, which was more conducive to the stability of the model. The overall results suggest that near infrared spectroscopy technique combined with proposed pattern recognition algorithm is accurate for classification of heat-damaged and sound seeds, and provides a new method for future research about nondestructive testing of seed quality.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Calibration - Cultivation - Digital storage - Discriminant analysis - Fruits - Infrared devices - Least squares approximations - Near infrared spectroscopy - Nondestructive examination - Pattern recognition - Principal component analysis - Proteins - Reflection - Spectrum analysis - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Classification accuracy - Discriminative models - High temperature treatments - Leave-one-out cross validations - Near infra-red reflectances - Partial least squares discriminant analyses (PLSDA) - Pattern recognition algorithms - Tomato seed
Classification code:722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Age 3.84e-02yr, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 9.60e+01%, Percentage 9.67e+01%, Size 9.80e-07m to 1.70e-06m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20182405309138
Title:Structure optimization and experiment of radio frequency dryer based on heating uniformity
Authors:Xie, Yongkang (1); Lin, Yawen (1); Zhu, Guangfei (1); Yu, Xianlong (1); Xue, Lingyang (1); Gao, Zhenjiang (1); Liu, Yanhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Yanhong(liuyanhong@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:248-255
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Drying of agricultural products immediately after harvest is critical to preserve their quality and prevent mildew deterioration. Fresh agricultural products must be dried to the required moisture content level for long-time storage in an ambient environment. Considering its great penetration depth and volumetric heating advantages, radio frequency (RF) technology can be used in agricultural products drying for its high efficiency, quick speed and high quality. However, the heating non-uniformity caused by the edge or corner effect and the thermal runaway heating restrict its industrial applications. Therefore, the structure of RF system need be optimized. In order to solve the problems of non-uniform heating during RF drying caused by internal heat and moisture accumulation due to large material thickness and caused by the edge or corner effect due to bending electric field lines, a convective hot air heating device and a charge device were designed. The convective hot air heating device was composed of heat source supplying system, hot air velocity and temperature control system and air distribution room. The charging device was composed of many trays. The automatic weighing system, which was composed of weighing sensor, weighing trays and supporting pillars, was also designed in order to realize real-time weighing during drying process. The air distribution performance, inlet diameter, size and shape of shunt cylinder were simulated using computational fluid dynamics software named Flow Simulation. When changing shape of the air distribution room to trumpet with tilt angle of 19.3° as well as length of 500 mm and adding 3 shunt cylinders with diameter of 20 mm, the air distribution uniformity could be improved, with the velocity deviation ratio decreasing from 31% to 10.5% and the velocity non-uniformity index decreasing from 19% to 7.6%. The result showed that the velocity magnitude of simulation seemed to be basically equal to the velocity magnitude of measurement. Taking corn seeds as an example, the optimized performance verification tests were carried out. Installation location of automatic weighing device would not affect the RF heating; hot air would not affect the weighing quality, and weighing relative deviation was within the deviation range. The deviation range is 1~5 g with a maximum range of 24 kg. The maximum capacity of flake or granular material treated is 18 kg. In the maximum range, if the weighing quality was larger, the weighing was more accurate. The drying conditions were electrode gap of 180 mm, hot air temperature of 40℃, and hot air velocity of 1.5 m/s. After RF heating for 30 min, the corn seeds were immediately removed out of the cavity. The surface temperatures of 3 layers of corn seeds were sequentially measured using an infrared camera. The result showed that thermal runaway heating phenomenon and edge or corner effect phenomenon were not observed for corn seeds during RF drying process with auxiliary convective hot air heating device and layered loading of corn seeds under the suitable matching parameters of hot air and RF. The study avoids the influence of outside temperature and humidity in the drying process and reduces the drying time by 10%. The results can provide a reference for improving the uniformity of RF heating.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Air - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer software - Cylinders (shapes) - Electric fields - Electric lines - Heat convection - Heating equipment - Hot air heating - Moisture - Moisture determination - Radio waves - Structural optimization - Velocity - Weighing
Uncontrolled terms:Air distribution performance - Automatic weighing systems - Computational Fluid Dynamics software - Fresh agricultural products - Installation locations - Radio frequencies - Structure optimization - Temperature and humidities
Classification code:641.2 Heat Transfer - 643.1 Space Heating - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 706.2 Electric Power Lines and Equipment - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.00e-03kg to 5.00e-03kg, Mass 1.80e+01kg, Mass 2.40e+01kg, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.90e+01% to 7.60e+00%, Percentage 3.10e+01% to 1.05e+01%, Size 1.80e-01m, Size 2.00e-02m, Size 5.00e-01m, Time 1.80e+03s, Velocity 1.50e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20182405309123
Title:Selection of recording pattern of plant surface electrical signal based on analysis of electrical characteristics
Authors:Wang, Ziyang (1, 2); Fan, Lifeng (1, 3); Wang, Yongqian (1, 3); Li, Jinhai (1, 2); Zhou, Qiao (1, 3); Huang, Lan (1, 3); Wang, Zhongyi (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agricultural information acquisition technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Zhongyi(wzyhl@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:137-143
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Research in plant electrophysiology has been developed for more than 100 years. However, even today, there are still many researchers may be puzzled by the results of different amplitude waveforms when recording plant potential signals. It is necessary to make a discussion of plant electrical potential recording method. In this paper, the history of plant electrical activity recording method and system is introduced. Surface electrical potentials of the wheat (Dekang 961) and Mimosa pudica were respectively recorded by AC (alternating current) and DC (direct current) coupling simultaneously. There is a huge difference in wave shape and amplitude between DC coupling and AC coupling with 0.16 Hz lower cut-off frequency signal in wheat induced by light, and the peak-to-peak value in DC coupling recording wave was 25 times higher than that in AC coupling recording wave. The energy frequency spectrum distribution of local potential was less than 0.2 Hz through the time-frequency mapping of DC coupling recording data. The difference of variation potential induced by burn in Mimosa pudica in DC and AC coupling measurement was relatively smaller than local potential in wheat, and the time-frequency mapping reflected that the main energy frequency spectrum was distributed within 0.6 Hz. Deeply, AC coupling measurement on the experiments of 3 different lower cut-off frequencies (0.03, 0.16, 1.6 Hz) had been made to analyzed the diversity of amplitude and waveform in wheat electrical signal. The signals recorded in this paper, either in DC coupling or in AC coupling, did not appear with randomness. In order to confirm those waves reflecting the electrical activity of plant, transmission experiment and Ca<sup>2+</sup>channel block experiment were made. Two electrodes with a distance of 4 cm were fixed on the caudex of Mimosa. The result showed that variation potential was transmitted from Electrode 1 to Electrode 2. The Ca<sup>2+</sup>channel blocker LaCl<inf>3</inf>was used to decrease the amplitude of local potential wave in wheat, and after 4 h block treatment, the amplitudes of AC coupling and DC coupling wave were reduced obviously. Characteristics of DC coupling and AC coupling measurement were analyzed and discussed. The amplitude of plant electrical potential recorded in DC coupling method was always in dozens of microvolts, and DC coupling recording method may have a better performance in resisting high frequency and low amplitude noise from the view of noise source and analog-to-digital conversion accuracy. However, DC coupling recording method is always impacted by low frequency noise, such as electrode potential drift. AC coupling recording has a significant advantage in resisting low-frequency potential drift and high acquisition accuracy, but it is easy to receive high-frequency noise during the recording and it is difficult to extract the plant electrical activity from noise. In conclusion, DC coupling recording method can fully present the plant slow electrical activity. The data will be more suitable for studying the transmembrane ion movement process of plant cells and the formation mechanism of plant electrical signals. The AC coupling recording method is appropriate for studying rapidly changing plant electrical signals, and the lower cut-off frequency has to be regulated accurately.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:45
Main heading:Electronic document exchange
Controlled terms:Analog to digital conversion - Calcium compounds - Chlorine compounds - Crops - Digital to analog conversion - Electric current measurement - Electric impedance measurement - Electrodes - Electrophysiology - Lanthanum compounds - Mapping - Plants (botany) - Signal analysis - Spectroscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Alternating current - Burn induced mimosa variation potential - Direct current - Electrical potential - Plant electrical signals
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 942.2 Electric Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.00e+02yr, Frequency 1.60e+00Hz, Frequency 1.60e-01Hz, Frequency 2.00e-01Hz, Frequency 6.00e-01Hz, Size 4.00e-02m, Time 1.44e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20182405309134
Title:Atmospheric temperature and humidity prediction of Gaussian process mixed model
Authors:Zhou, Yatong (1); Zhao, Xiangyu (1); He, Feng (1); Shi, Chaojun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin; 300401, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:219-226
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Temperature and humidity prediction plays an important role in various fields of the national economy. In view of the poor predictions of temperature and humidity and the failure to achieve multimodal prediction, this paper uses the Gaussian mixture process (GPM) model to predict the multimodal temperature and humidity. GPM model was developed from the Gaussian process (GP) model. It was proposed by Tresp in 2000. The main idea of GPM is to fit the samples in various input regions with different GP models in order to fit different patterns in these regions. However, the existing GPM models are rather complicated and thus the learning algorithms involve various approximation schemes, which can lead to much computation or rough prediction. So, in order to improve the model learning efficiency, a variable-hidden posterior hard-cut iterative training algorithm is proposed for the GPM model. This algorithm improves the EM (expectation maximization) learning with a new approximation strategy, which achieves the optimal grouping of samples through iterative learning and using the maximum a posteriori estimation. Prior to the experiment, the autocorrelation function and partial autocorrelation function were used to verify the nonlinear and non-stationary property of humidity and temperature sequences. Largest Lyapunov, saturation correlation dimension and recursive graph were used to verify the chaotic characteristic of humidity and temperature sequences. Finally, the GPM proposed in this paper is compared with the kernel regression (K-R), the minimax probability machine regression (MPMR), the linear regression (L-R), and GP models. K-R is a kind of prediction model based on kernel function. By adjusting the optimal window width, K-R gradually gets the corresponding prediction result. K-R has been the basis of predictive model because it can predict the linear and non-linear time series simultaneously. MPMR does not need to make specific assumptions about the model distribution. It only needs to know the mean and covariance matrix of the data distribution. This model improves the neural network easy to fall into the minimum and over-fitting. L-R is a very traditional model, using the quantitative relationship between variables to obtain a linear expression and then predict the test sample. The results show that not only GPM can perform multimodal prediction, but also the accuracy of the model is significantly better than other traditional models. In the humidity sequence prediction, the minimum of RMSE can reach 0.0620 and the maximum of R2 can reach 0.9362. In the temperature sequence prediction, the minimum of RMSE can reach 0.0426 and the maximum of R2 can reach 0.9666. In the prediction time consumed, GPM is a little more than the other 4 traditional models. The main reason is that GPM requires iterative learning to achieve the optimal grouping of samples. Finally, humidity prediction needs 113.4175 s and temperature prediction needs 90.0049 s. The research in this paper not only can promote atmospheric temperature and humidity forecasting, but also has some reference value for indoor and solid surface temperature and humidity forecasting because GPM is the prediction model without environment factors input.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Atmospheric temperature
Controlled terms:Approximation algorithms - Atmospheric humidity - Atmospheric thermodynamics - Autocorrelation - Covariance matrix - Forecasting - Gaussian distribution - Gaussian noise (electronic) - Iterative methods - Learning algorithms - Learning systems - Maximum principle - Optimization - Regression analysis - Temperature - Weather forecasting
Uncontrolled terms:Autocorrelation functions - Expectation - maximizations - Humidity and temperatures - Maximum a posteriori estimation - Minimax probability machine - Mixture model - Partial autocorrelation function - Temperature and humidities
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20182405309120
Title:Rill morphology change and its effect on erosion and sediment yield on loess slope
Authors:Zhang, Pan (1, 2); Yao, Wenyi (1); Tang, Hongwu (2); Xiao, Peiqing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Loss Process and Control on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Water Resources, Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Zhengzhou; 450003, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China
Corresponding author:Yao, Wenyi(wyyao@yrihr.com.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:114-119
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The rill morphology changes directly affect the slope hydrological process, and thus forms a mutual feedback effect with runoff yield and concentration, sediment yield and transport. This process embodies the relationship between the elements of water erosion dynamics on the slope, and is a key scientific problem in understanding the physical process of erosion and sediment yield. Morphological development of rill on slope forms a micro relief dynamic response system with soil erosion driven by rainfall. To reveal the formation mechanism of this system, scientific quantification is the key problem. In the past research, one-factor quantification parameter based on mathematical statistics was used, which was hard to express the complexity of the whole system effectively. In this paper, the influence of rill morphology evolution on runoff and sediment process was studied. The rainfall, rill evolution, runoff and sediment yield were used as a hydrodynamic coupling system to study the rill morphological characteristics and implementation methods, to reveal the law of spatial and temporal differentiation of rill morphology, and clarify the quantitative response of rill morphology to rainfall-runoff and sediment yield. The aim of this study was to break through the unresolved spatial variability problem in the existing water erosion prediction model, and to provide scientific basis for the prediction of soil erosion process. The indoor simulated rainfall experiment was conducted to reveal the variation regularity of the rill boundary and the response of the erosion and sediment yield under the fixed slope gradient (20°) and 3 rainfall intensities (66, 94, 127 mm/h). The parameters such as rill cumulative length, mean width and depth were used to describe the change of the rill morphology with the rainfall. Results show that the effect of rainfall intensity on rill length is significant, the change of rill width is influenced by the rainfall duration, and the change of rill depth shows a strong differentiation rule with the rainfall intensity. Rill morphology parameters are not independent of each other, and there is a clear correlation between them. This shows that the evolution of rill morphology is not a one-dimensional development process, but a multi-dimensional change process. Sediment yield is affected by the development of rill. There is a logarithmic function relationship between the rill morphology and the sediment concentration and erosion rate. The results show that the formation and development of the rill are closely related to the water and sediment yield on the slope, and the influence of rill forwarding, rill wall expansion and rill bed undercutting on the sediment yield is basically the same. This study can provide basic data for the establishment of rill erosion dynamic model.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Sediments
Controlled terms:Dynamics - Erosion - Morphology - Rain - Runoff - Soils - Statistics
Uncontrolled terms:Dynamic response systems - Loess slopes - Morphological characteristic - Morphological development - Quantification parameters - Runoff and sediment yields - Sediment concentration - Sediment yields
Classification code:442.1 Flood Control - 443.3 Precipitation - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20182405309113
Title:Influence of piston ring component structural parameters on diesel engine blow-by and oil consumption
Authors:Lei, Jilin (1); Zhang, Dashuai (1); Deng, Xiwen (1); Bi, Yuhua (1); Zhou, Feng (1); Yang, Yongzhong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Engines, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650500, China; (2) Kunming Yunnei Power Group Co., LTD, Kunming; 650200, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:54-62
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Volume rate of blow-by and oil consumption are both critical indexes of assessing piston ring assembly development activities. Gas blow-by along with oil consumption exerts a bad influence on engine performance, worsening emissions and polluting the environment. It is indicated in the literature that the in-cylinder oil consumption through piston-ring-cylinder liner friction pair is an important source of particulate matter(PM)emissions of diesel engines. Controlling in-cylinder oil consumption proves to be an effective way of meeting stricter emission control limits. Blow-by could contribute to oil aging, thus deteriorating engine components lubrication, which can also lead to fuel corrosion and PM emissions. Factors affecting in-cylinder oil consumption and blow-by primarily includes piston ring radial thickness, piston ring end gap, tangential elastic force, cylinder bore match clearance, cylinder clearance and other structure parameters, as well as oil quality/pressure and working condition. The piston assembly of a four-cylinder common rail diesel engine was chosen as the research object in this study. Piston temperature distribution was measured by using a hardness plug method. The hardness plug was mounted in piston top surface, combustion chamber bottom and throat along with the top, second, and third ring groove. Temperature of key points on cylinder liner outer surface was obtained using thermocouples mounted axially every 90° around the circumference. The test data showed that there was an apparent temperature distribution difference on piston top where a max temperature of 356℃ was obtained on combustion chamber throat near the exhaust. The average temperature of ω-shaped combustion bottom was 307℃, whereas the temperature of combustion chamber center hump reached up to 328℃. The average temperature decreased from top to the third ring groove. The lowest temperature on cylinder liner outer surface was 96.8℃ obtained by the thermocouples. Top temperature gradients changed dramatically in the range of 30 mm down from the top of the cylinder liner and the highest temp in this region was 178.3℃. The cylinder pressure data, and the temperature field of the piston and cylinder obtained by the experiment were used for setting the boundary conditions for the dynamic simulation model. The weighed oil consumption verified the accuracy of the model. The influence rules of different clearance of piston ring land, piston ring groove and piston ring gap along with radial elastic force of top piston ring on in-cylinder oil consumption as well as blow-by was investigated. Results obtained using response surface methodology of Box-Behnken design showed that blow-by and oil consumption went up with the increase of piston ring land clearance and piston ring gap. The blow-by and oil consumption can be reduced if piston ring land gap and ring gap decreased when the performance of piston ring component was guaranteed. Variation of ring groove depth and top piston ring upper clearance had a slight influence on blow-by. Radial elastic force of the top ring is found obviously linear with blow-by, the sealing ability to the air of the top ring was better than that of the second ring.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Engine pistons
Controlled terms:Combustion chambers - Corrosion - Diesel engines - Elasticity - Emission control - Engine cylinders - Gas emissions - Hardness - Models - Particulate emissions - Piston rings - Pistons - Surface properties - Temperature distribution - Thermocouples
Uncontrolled terms:Blow-by - Common rail diesel engines - Cylinder pressure data - Oil consumption - Particulate matter emissions - Response surface methodology - Ring components - Tangential elastic force
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine Components - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 654.2 Rocket Engines - 944.5 Temperature Measuring Instruments - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Size 3.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20182405309137
Title:Patterns of land consolidation promoting poverty alleviation in poor areas and its application
Authors:Liu, Xinwei (1); Yang, Huake (1); Yun, Wenju (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Center of Land Consolidation, Ministry of Land and Resources, Agricultural land quality and monitoring key laboratory of MLR, Beijing; 100035, China
Corresponding author:Yun, Wenju(yunwenju@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:242-247
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China has attached great importance to poverty reduction work for a long time, and has explored a road of poverty alleviation and development with Chinese characteristic. Practice has proved that China's poverty reduction results are fruitful. However, China's poor population at present is still large, which is a serious threat for China to achieve the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way. The Chinese government has put forward the goal of eliminating rural poverty by 2020, and required to take measures to ensure the achievement of the goal. This study analyzed the platform effect that land consolidation plays in poverty alleviation in poor areas, and argued that land consolidation supports the development of special industries, provides conditions for ecological migrants, builds infrastructure, increases employment and protects the ecological environment through guiding external inputs and exploring internal potentials. All of these can effectively eliminate or alleviate poverty factors existing in poor areas. Based on the mechanism analysis of land consolidation promoting poverty alleviation in poor areas, this study divided the patterns of land consolidation promoting poverty alleviation in poor areas into 3 types, namely, the pattern of government leading, the pattern of enterprise driving and the pattern of villager autonomy. In the pattern of government leading, relevant government is not only mainly responsible for poverty alleviation, but also the main performer of land consolidation investment, and the pattern is the main pattern of promoting poverty alleviation in poor areas. To guide and encourage social capital to enter land consolidation is an important task to promote poverty alleviation and land consolidation in poor areas, the agricultural enterprises on behalf of the social capital is a necessary complement to the government to promote poverty alleviation and land consolidation, and the pattern of enterprise driving needs to become important pattern of promoting land consolidation in poor areas out of poverty. To achieve the goal of poverty alleviation and land consolidation work needs to fully play the main role of local farmers, the pattern of villager autonomy is expected to change the fact that government and its departments rely on their own power to promote poverty alleviation and development of land consolidation practices, and the pattern is the potential pattern of poverty alleviation in poor areas. This study took Guizhou Province as a case, and analyzed the role that land consolidation played in poverty alleviation in poor areas of Guizhou Province. Especially, the study took examples, such as modern efficient agriculture park of Qixingguan District, agriculture park of Pingshan Town of Hezhang County, and Lianglukou Village of Fuxing Town of Meitan County, to demonstrate the efficiency of the mentioned 3 patterns. The results emphasized that all places should pay enough attention to the platform effect of land consolidation when they try to realize the poverty alleviation goal, and choose the appropriate pattern of land consolidation to promote poverty alleviation according to the actual situation.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Land reclamation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Consolidation - Ecology - Economics - Investments - Land use - Rural areas
Uncontrolled terms:Guizhou Province - Land consolidations - Patterns - Poor area - Poverty alleviation
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20182405309106
Title:Assessing agricultural water use effect of China based on water footprint framework
Authors:Cao, Xinchun (1, 2); Ren, Jie (2); Wu, Mengyang (2, 3); Guo, Xiangping (2, 3); Wang, Weiguang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Hydrology Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Efficient Irrigation-Drainage and Agricultural Soil-Water Environment in Southern China of Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Weiguang(wangweiguang@hhu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:1-8
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Efficient utilization of agricultural water resources contributes to regional food, water and ecological security. The aim of this paper is to evaluate agricultural water use efficiency taking into account both efficiency improvement and total input control in agricultural production. In view of the study of irrigation water efficiency and total input control, the agricultural water use effect (AWE) index was established based on water footprint and irrigation development framework. For a selected region, the smaller AWE means the better agricultural water use effect. The temporal and spatial pattern of AWE in China during 2000-2014 and its relationship with traditional irrigation water efficiency indices were analyzed based on the calculation of regional agricultural water footprint (AWF), irrigation efficiency (IE) and irrigated land proportion of arable land (IPA) in 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions of China. The results showed that the average annual AWF in China was estimated to be 1.097 2×10<sup>12</sup>m<inf>3</inf>in the observed period, and the proportions of blue and green water footprints were 13.1% and 86.7% respectively. Both the blue and green water footprint increased over time due to the expansion of agricultural production scale. The spatial difference of AWF and its composition were large, and both the water footprint per unit cultivated area and green water proportion decreased from the southeast to the northwest in China. All of the national IE, irrigation water use and blue water proportion in AWF as a whole improved over time in the latest 15 years. Meanwhile, national AWE value increased from 0.113 in 2003 to 0.137 in 2014, indicating that the agricultural water use situation of China was deteriorating. The space difference of AWE was large and maintained stable in each year of the study period. High AWE values were found in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and the Western China, and the low values existed in the southeastern coastal areas of the country. The AWE in the economically developed areas was improved obviously, and the maximum growth rate of AWE occurred in Heilongjiang, which was about 7.81% per year. We also found that there was no spatial consistency between AWE and traditional irrigation water use efficiency evaluation indicators, such as IE and irrigation water productivity. The northern agricultural main producing areas with high irrigation efficiency and irrigation water productivity should pay attention to the assessment of irrigation water utilization and enhance the agricultural water use effect. Only the index AWE can be used for the agricultural water use efficiency considering both efficiency improvement and total input control assessment in current study. The evaluation of AWE can be used as a basis for scientific research and decision-making on efficiency improvement and total quantity control of regional irrigation water resources.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Decision making - Efficiency - Irrigation - Productivity - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Green water - Irrigation development - Rebound effect - Temporal and spatial pattern - Traditional irrigation - Water footprint - Water use
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912.2 Management - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.50e+01yr, Percentage 1.31e+01%, Percentage 7.81e+00%, Percentage 8.67e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20182405309109
Title:Establishment and verification on static equivalent model of end load posture of continuum picking manipulator
Authors:Wang, Hao (1); Gao, Guohua (1); Xia, Qixiao (2); Li, Lianshi (1); Ren, Han (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing; 100124, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing; 100020, China
Corresponding author:Xia, Qixiao(jdtqixiao@buu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:23-31
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Harvesting machinery has been the focus of agricultural equipment in recent years, especially the picking manipulator. Traditionally, the picking manipulator consists of series multi-link structure, which owns good motive performance during assignment of fruit harvesting. However, the multi-link picking manipulator is difficult to cross through the complicated agriculture environment. Thus, this paper proposes a novel continuum picking manipulator for the agricultural harvesting. The continuum picking manipulator is a novel agricultural operation robot with full flexibility and self-adaptability, which provides a good ability to complete various tasks in the complicated agriculture environment. The main structure of the continuum picking manipulator consists of 4 fiber-glass rods, several guide shelves and rubber tubes. The fiber-glass rods cross the hole of the guide shelves and rubber tubes that form slide joint, and the guide shelves are distributed among the continuum picking manipulator uniformly through the separation of the rubber tubes. The movement of the continuum picking manipulator is fulfilled by 4 servo driven modules which are composed of ball screw slipway and servo motors. The space motion and the flexibility feature are due to the combination of bending motion of the fiber-glass rods, which are achieved through controlling 4 driven modules harmoniously. Although the flexible features of the continuum picking manipulator bring the considerable dexterousness in the process of fruit harvesting, the loading posture of the continuum picking manipulator has deformed, which affects motion performance of the continuum picking manipulator due to the flexibility feature. Thus, this paper presents an innovative method to solve the problem of load posture deformation at the free end of the continuum picking manipulator. Firstly, the kinematics is obtained and the workspace is analyzed. Secondly, the continuum pick manipulator is simplified by static analysis. Finally, the theoretical model of the loading posture is set up according to the theory of large deflection and the principle of unit force. The posture function of continuum picking manipulator and the free-end coordinates can be calculated based on the presented theoretical model, and the input variables are bending angle, rotation angle, length and the load. Further, the theoretical model is verified through the systematic multi-parameter experiments by using the distortionless camera with 50 mm focal length, and the load posture error between theoretical and experimental values is no more than 7.8%. Finally, the influences of different posture parameters and the load on the model errors of the continuum picking manipulator are discussed. The error increases with the load, due to the gravity effect and the structure of the continuum picking manipulator. The maximum free end position error is 7.8% and the minimum error is 3.8%. The presented theoretical model is featured with less calculation to fit on-line real-time control of the manipulator. Furthermore, this model can extend to multi-section continuum picking manipulator with consideration of each lower section is a payload of its upper sections.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Manipulators
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Ball screws - Bending (forming) - Errors - Fruits - Glass fibers - Harvesting - Loads (forces) - Motion control - Real time control - Rubber - Sailing vessels
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural equipment - Agricultural harvesting - Agricultural operations - Agriculture environments - Experimental values - Multi-link structures - Picking manipulators - Theoretical modeling
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 535.2 Metal Forming - 674.1 Small Marine Craft - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 732.1 Control Equipment - 812.3 Glass - 818.1 Natural Rubber - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.80e+00%, Percentage 7.80e+00%, Size 5.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20182405309128
Title:Plant image mosaic based on depth and color dual information feature source from Kinect
Authors:Shen, Yue (1); Zhu, Jiahui (1); Liu, Hui (1); Sun, Li (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Hui(amity@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:34
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2018
Publication year:2018
Pages:176-182
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In agricultural production, image mosaic plays an important role for a panorama view when images are collected by on-board real-time sensor. Most of the agricultural operation is outside, and traditional method of image mosaic based on SIFT (scale-invariant feature transform) algorithm is affected by uneven illumination or wind and some other factors, so image after mosaic presents dislocation or absence of information and other mistakes. It is difficult to meet the requirements of the reliability of agricultural vehicle applications by using image feature element method for image mosaic. Aiming at this problem, the paper proposes a new method of image mosaic based on the color and depth dual information feature source from Kinect. Firstly, depth information and color images are collected by Kinect sensor from 3 different angels. Kinect sensor is fixed on the slider, and when the motion slider moves at a constant speed of 0.5 m/s, the Kinect moves at the same speed. The Kinect is invoked to obtain color image and depth information and save them every 0.6 s through MATLAB. Three consecutive time points are selected in order, and the color images of 3 angles are taken as the mosaic images. Secondly, SIFT algorithm is used to get feature points from color images. SIFT algorithm can extract the feature points which have invariance for illumination, affine and projection transformation. It is helpful to reduce the number of feature points matching and improve the speed and accuracy of feature point matching. Thirdly, feature points matches are gotten by similarity measure, and the Euclidean distance with high efficiency is used as the similarity measure in the 2 pictures in this paper. A key point in an image is gotten, and the closest 2 key points in another image are found. If the ratio of the nearest distance to the next closest distance is less than a certain threshold, then the pair of matching points are received. But some wrong matches exist with this method. Too many mismatches may result in mosaic errors. Therefore, a solution is needed to remove mismatches to improve the accuracy of the matches. From the nature of Kinect, if Kinect moves horizontally, the depth data of a fixed point is the same. Based on this characteristic, some mismatches would be removed. If the depth data of these 2 feature points are the same, the match is retained, and otherwise they would be removed. As a result, the accuracy of matches is improved. Next, by RANSAC (random sample consensus) algorithm, projection transformation matrix can be found. The RANSAC algorithm uses the least possible points to estimate the model and then as far as possible to expand scope of the influence of the model. The projection transformation matrix is more accurate than traditional image mosaic method on account of the removing of mismatches. At last, through the best suture line algorithm, image fusion is relatively smooth. From indoor and outdoor test, the mosaic method based on color and depth dual information feature source has obvious advantages, and it can effectively overcome the influence of light, wind and other environmental factors and avoid mosaic errors such as the loss of image and the difference of brightness. In the indoor test, the mosaic method of this article takes 9.70 s, the accuracy of matches is 92.9%, while traditional method based on SIFT algorithm takes 13.04 s, the accuracy of matches is 88.1%. In the outdoor test, the mosaic method of this article takes 71.15 s, the accuracy of matches is 99.1%, while traditional method based on SIFT algorithm takes 77.67 s, the accuracy of matches is 92.1%. So the mosaic method in this article takes less time than the traditional method based on SIFT algorithm. The data of mosaic accuracy show that the average matching accuracy of the method in this article is 96.0%, and the average accuracy is 5.9% higher than the traditional image mosaic method based on SIFT. So, this method can be further applied in other occasions of image mosaic. It can realize precise spraying of drug fertilizers and the control of pests and diseases based on information collected by Kinect.<br/> © 2018, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Image fusion
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Color - Disease control - Feature extraction - Image processing - Linear transformations - Matrix algebra
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural operations - Agricultural productions - Depth data - Indoor and outdoor tests - Information feature - Kinect - Projection transformation - Scale invariant feature transforms
Classification code:723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.1 Algebra - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.90e+00%, Percentage 8.81e+01%, Percentage 9.21e+01%, Percentage 9.29e+01%, Percentage 9.60e+01%, Percentage 9.91e+01%, Time 1.30e+01s, Time 6.00e-01s, Time 7.12e+01s, Time 7.77e+01s, Time 9.70e+00s, Velocity 5.00e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.05.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
- 总编/社长 王应宽
- 地址 北京朝阳区麦子店街41号
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- Bioresource Technology
- Industrial Crops and Products
- Biomass & Bioenergy
- Biosystems Engineering
- Aquacultural Engineering
- International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
- Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
- Paddy and Water Environment
- Journal of Agricultural Engineering
- Transactions of the ASABE
- Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental
- Applied Engineering in Agriculture
- Engenharia Agricola
- AMA-Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America
- 中华人民共和国农业农村部-MARA
- 中国科学技术协会CAST
- 国家新闻出版署
- 中华人民共和国科学技术部
- 国家自然科学基金委员会
- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
- CIGR
- ASABE
- EurAgEng-European Society for Agricultural Engineers
- American Society of Agronomy
- Crop Science Society of America
- Soil Science Society of America
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