2017年12月第33卷第23期

2017年12月第33卷第23期

Accession number:20181204918486
Title:Fish eye recognition based on weighted constraint AdaBoost and pupil diameter automatic measurement with improved Hough circle transform
Authors:Hu, Zhuhua (1, 2); Zhang, Yiran (1); Zhao, Yaochi (1, 3); Cao, Lu (1); Bai, Yong (1, 2); Huang, Mengxing (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Information Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou; 570228, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Marine Resource in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou; 570228, China; (3) School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin; 330350, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Yaochi(yaochizi@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:226-232
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In aquaculture, fisheye pupil diameters are important for the assessment of the growth of fish, which provide reference for later breeding and selection. Since fisheye pupil is embedded in the body of fish, it is harder to measure the diameter of fisheye pupil than measure body length, width and tail length. Traditional measurement of fish eye diameter in aquaculture, which is direct touching of the fish body using measuring tools, has low efficiency as well as high subjectivity since it is only based on manual work. Considering the above factors, we introduce computer vision and machine learning to the measurement of fisheye pupil diameters. An improved AdaBoost algorithm based on weighted constraint is proposed in this paper, which is used in fisheye classifier training; and an improved Hough circle transform is put forward to achieve real-time fish eye pupil diameter measurement. Firstly, in natural light conditions, fishes are placed on the base plate of a customized measuring device and are photographed using CCD (charge-coupled device) installed in the device, in which the distance between base plate and the CCD is fixed. Secondly, the Haar-like features in fish images are extracted and used to train a classifier with the improved Adaboost algorithm to distinguish whether some region is fish eye or not. The improved Adaboost algorithm is proposed based on weighted constraint, in which the weight value does not change only according to error rate but is limited by the weight value constraint. With the trained classifier of fish eye, the whole region of fish image is scanned, and fish eye region can be detected and then separated from the full image. Thirdly, the edges in the fish eye region are obtained with canny operator; noise and interference are filtered to some extent using morphologic transform. Then, we use an improved Hough circle transformation method, proposed in this paper, to circle the fish eye pupil and get its diameter. In the processing of finding a circle, 3 points are selected randomly in traditional Hough circle transform to construct a circle, while in the improved Hough circle transform proposed in this paper, the position of the 3rd point is fixed relying on the 1st and 2nd point, avoiding the problem of parameters error caused by random points. Finally, the diameter of fish eye pupil can be calculated using the conversion ratio between pixel diameter and real diameter. To validate the feasibility of the proposed method, we compare the measured data obtained by our method with the already-known standard reference data obtained from manual measurement. If the relative deviation is less than or equal to 5%, the result is considered correct. The experimental results show that the accuracy has reached 94.2% and the average relative deviation is 6.5%, which prove the validity of the data obtained by our method. In addition, the average measuring time is 324.371 ms, which is shortened significantly, compared with that of artificial measurement. Hence, the method proposed in this paper can measure the diameter of fish eye pupil timely and accurately, and reduce the complexity of traditional methods and the subjectivity of measured data. Furthermore, the method can also prevent the situation that fishes are harmed or even killed during the measurement process and require no more manual work. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Image enhancement
Controlled terms:Adaptive boosting - Aquaculture - Charge coupled devices - Computer vision - Image processing - Learning systems - Measurement - Plates (structural components)
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic measurements - Fish-eye - Hough circles - Manual measurements - Pupil - Relative deviations - Transformation methods - Weighted constraints
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 6.50e+00%, Percentage 9.42e+01%, Time 3.24e-01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918465
Title:Test of binocular vision-based guidance for tractor based on virtual reality
Authors:Zhai, Zhiqiang (1); Zhu, Zhongxiang (1); Du, Yuefeng (1); Li, Zhen (1); Mao, Enrong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimized Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Zhongxiang(zhuzhonxiang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:56-65
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Machine vision-based guidance of agricultural machinery operates flexibly in complex field. The classical test methods for agricultural guidance systems are based on real field test. There are many problems for the classical test methods, such as high test cost, strong dependence on crop growing period, long test period, and being easy to damage crops. To solve those problems, a novel test method based on virtual reality for binocular vision based guidance system was presented. A virtual system was built with this method. The virtual test system is composed of the modules of test scene, physics engine of tractor, and control of path tracking. The test scene module consists of crop rows, road and four-wheel tractor, which provides image data for pathway detection and road roughness for the tractor. Models of the test scene were created with 3ds Max and Multigen-Creator as modeling tools and with Vege Prime as visual simulation tool. The physics engine of tractor was used to simulate the dynamics of tractor accurately and quickly according to the real tractor parameters and the information of the test scene. The position and attitude of the tractor were solved and rendered in Vega Prime. A simplified model was used to solve the dynamics of the tractor, including the vehicle model, tire model, and road solution model. To reduce the computational cost, the vehicle model was simplified to a model of 11 degrees of freedom, which are 6 degrees of freedom for the attitude of tractor body, 4 degrees of freedom for wheel rolling, and 1 degree of freedom for front wheel steering. The tire model was built based on the model of Dugoff-I to obtain the parameters of tire easily. The road model was built based on the modules of vpGroundClamp and tripod for collision detection, which solves the road roughness of each wheel. The control of path tracking consists of pathway determination, computation of turning angle of front wheel, and control of turning angle of front wheel. A reported and validated crop row detection method based on binocular vision was used to detect centerlines of crop rows. The initial alignment of tractor is located in the middle of the crop rows. Thus the centerline of that middle crop row would be the pathway during the path tracking. A computational model of the front wheel angle was built based on the pure pursuit method. The control of front wheel angle was designed based on the classical increment proportion-integral-derivative (PID) algorithm. Parameters of the PID controller were optimized with the genetic algorithm. Results of tracking a sinusoidal signal with the time of 5 s and 5° amplitude show that the control system responses quickly and overshoot is small. The software of the virtual test system was developed based on the C++ language in Visual Studio 2008. A tractor with the systems of front steering, rear driving and rear braking was used as the operation machine, the cotton at seedling stage was used as the target crop, and the crop row field was taken as the test scene. Virtual tests of tracking the curved crop rows at the tractor speed of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 m/s were conducted. Results show that, the virtual test system simulates the crop field and tractor well in the virtual reality environment and can conduct the tests of tractor guidance based on binocular vision. The proposed method could provide theoretical basis and experimental data for the experiment and improvement of the guidance system. Results of path tracking are satisfying for the tractor speed within 2 m/s, and the amplitude, absolute average value and standard deviation of the position deviation are less than 0.347, 0.072, and 0.141 m, respectively; the amplitude, absolute average value and standard deviation of the direction deviation are less than 11.570°, 2.622°, and 4.462°, respectively. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Automobile testing
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Automobile steering equipment - Binocular vision - Bins - C++ (programming language) - Computer software - Crops - Cultivation - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Engines - Genetic algorithms - Mechanics - Navigation - Proportional control systems - Remote control - Roads and streets - Software testing - Statistics - Steering - Stereo image processing - Three term control systems - Tires - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck) - Virtual reality - Visual languages - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:4 degrees of freedom - Front-wheel steering - Path tracking - Scene model - Virtual-reality environment - Vision-based guidance - Vision-based guidance system - Visual simulation tools
Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 601.2 Machine Components - 662 Automobiles and Smaller Vehicles - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 694.4 Storage - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.2 Vision - 818.5 Rubber Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.41e-01m, Time 5.00e+00s, Velocity 2.00e+00m/s, Velocity 3.00e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918478
Title:Characteristics and its assessment of heavy metal content in soil and rice with different repair methods
Authors:Yang, Haijun (1); Zhang, Haitao (1); Liu, Yabin (1); Xu, Yunhai (1); Dai, Jinpeng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha; 410128, China; (2) Changsha County Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry, Changsha; 410100, China
Corresponding author:Dai, Jinpeng
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:164-171
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil is the basis of agricultural production. Heavy metals accumulate in the soil and enter the food chain through crops, causing serious problems to the residents' health. In order to explore the effects of different repair methods on physicochemical properties of heavy metal contaminated soil and the contents of total Pb, total Cd and inorganic As in soil and rice, and find a new way to fix heavy metal in soils and rice, the experiment was carried out in the contract field of a cooperative in Huanghua Town, Changsha County, Hunan Province from March 2016 to November 2017, in which Zhuliangyou-819 was used as the experimental material. In this experiment, 6 different repair methods named T1-T6 were designed. In T1-T6, T1 didn't have any treatment; quicklime was applied in T2; in T3 quicklime was applied and the optimal water management was conducted; in T4 quicklime and Chuge soil heavy metal conditioner were applied and the optimal water management was conducted; quicklime and foliar spray inhibitor were applied and the optimal water management was conducted in T5; in T6 quicklime and Chuge soil heavy metal conditioner and foliar spray inhibitor were applied and the optimal water management was conducted. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in unrepaired soil and repaired soil was carried out by using the cumulative index and potential ecological risk index, and the hazard index was used to evaluate the rice grown on the repaired soils. The results showed that the average pH value, soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity of unrepaired soil were 6.508, 52.881 g/kg and 10.598 cmol/k, and the potential ecological risk index of background content of inorganic As, total Pb and total Cd in unrepaired soil was 78.235, indicating that there are some heavy metal pollutions in the local paddy soils. Amount of cation exchange, organic matter and pH value in soil were changed after repair. Besides, an increase of 0.033-1.017 was observed for pH value of soil. The content of inorganic As in soil got an increase of 0.072-1.481 mg/kg after repair. However, a decrease of 0.481-3.133 mg/kg and a decrease of 0.038-0.113 mg/kg were observed for total Pb and total Cd, respectively. The maximum removal of total Pb and total Cd was achieved by the repair of T4, which declined by 0.120 and 3.133 mg/kg, respectively. The content of total Cd in rice with the repair of T6 was slightly below the national secondary standard. The total Cd contents in rice with the repair of T1-T5 exceeded the national secondary standard, and the content of total Cd in rice with the repair of T1 was 4.5 times beyond the national secondary standard. Through the comparison of repair specific operating procedures in T1-T6, it was found that T4 repair operating procedure, which used the Chuge soil heavy metal conditioner, was useful to reduce soil Pb and Cd content. The order of hazard index of rice under T1-T6 repair was T1 > T2 > T3 > T5 > T4 > T6. Among them, the hazard index of T6 repair was the smallest. Through the comparison of various repair methods, it was found T6 repair method was more comprehensive, which indicates that the combination of multiple repair methods is more effective and more beneficial to the rice security in study area and human health. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Cadmium - Chemical contamination - Chemicals removal (water treatment) - Ecology - Hazards - Heavy metals - Lead - Lime - Organic compounds - pH - Pollution - Positive ions - Repair - Risk assessment - Soils - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Cation exchange capacities - Heavy metal contaminated soils - Heavy metal contamination - National secondary standard - Paddy - Potential ecological risk - Repair methods - Risk indices
Classification code:454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 546.1 Lead and Alloys - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 801.2 Biochemistry - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.3 Food Products - 913.5 Maintenance - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918462
Title:Design and experiment of full-automatic lifting and releasing device of garlic seed box
Authors:Li, Xiaoyu (1); Geng, Aijun (1, 2); Hou, Jialin (1); Zhang, Ji (1); Zhang, Zhilong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an; 271000, China; (2) Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Machineries and Equipments, Tai'an; 271000, China
Corresponding author:Geng, Aijun(gengaj@sdau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:32-37
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Garlic is one of the major cash crops in China, and it is mainly distributed in Shandong, Henan and Jiangsu Provinces. Single grain sowing is crucial for garlic planting, it needs to follow the agronomic requirements of root down and scaly bud upward, and therefore garlic planting mainly uses artificial means, but this method has shortcomings of strong labor intensity and low efficiency. Correspondingly, some developed countries like America and Korea have realized garlic planting mechanization in 1950-1960s, which have extensive arable land and indefinite requirement of garlic scaly bud direction when planting, and thus foreign garlic planting machinery is not suited to China's national conditions. In recent years, the garlic planter is developed towards automation and intelligence. However, existing garlic planter is hard to distinguish the direction of garlic scaly bud, and it also has complex structure and low efficiency. The scaly bud direction distinguishing is a core technology of garlic planter, and it is also the most difficult technical operation. Therefore, how to ensure direction of the garlic seed scaly bud in the process of planting has been a key technical problem of garlic planter. According to present condition, a full-automatic extraction and release device of garlic seed box was designed based on garlic seed box method, and it can automatically track driving according to the travel speed of machine. The full-automatic extraction and release device of garlic seed box consists of drive system, conveying device, extraction and release device, speed encoder, photoelectric sensor and MCU (micro-controller unit) system. The drive system consists of stepper motor, sprocket and chain, and it has 2 parts, and one provides transmission power for the whole machine walking, and the other controls conveying device working. The conveying device consists of conveying belt, roll shaft and bearing housing, the conveying belt is transversely mounted on the frame through roll shaft and bearing housing, and its working state is controlled by MCU system. The conveying device mainly carries out transverse transportation of garlic seed boxes. The extraction and release device consists of steering wheel, central actuator, mechanical arm, auxiliary actuator and manipulator, among which the manipulator consists of U shape rotating frame, L shape mounting panel, distance controlling actuator, special shaped gear disk, connecting rod, connecting arm and claws, and it mainly realizes the functions of garlic seed boxes precision capture, smooth traffic and seamless release. The velocity measurement encoder is used for detecting unit movement speed, and provides speed messages to central actuator and distance controlling actuator. The photoelectric sensor is used to detect whether the garlic box is in place. The garlic seed box planting method reduces the damage of garlic seed and improves work efficiency, and solves the problem of the direction of garlic seed. This paper designed mechanical arm and manipulator, the mathematical model of each key component was established through the theory analysis, and thus the structure and working parameters of mechanical arm and manipulator were determined. At the same time, the influence rule of the speed of device marching on operation parameters of mechanical arm and manipulator was proved, and the influencing factors of the clearance of adjacent garlic seed boxes were specified. The test was carried out for testing the influence of the speed of device marching on the clearance of adjacent garlic seed boxes after they were released. The results showed that when the speed of marching is 0.90 km/h, and the speeds of central actuator, auxiliary actuator and distance controlling actuator are 26.04, 26.04, and 13.89 r/min, respectively, the clearance of adjacent garlic seed boxes is less, which is 5.6 mm, and the release effect is better. The machine has better stability and release effect, and work efficiency of device has been improved obviously. The research results can provide reference for realizing automation of garlic planting. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Actuator disks - Actuators - Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Automation - Crops - Design - Efficiency - Extraction - Housing - Machine design - Manipulators - Mechanical actuators - Microcontrollers - Photoelectricity - Signal encoding - Speed - Stepping motors - Structural design
Uncontrolled terms:Direction-distinguishing - Garlic planting - Garlic seed boxes - Lifting and releasing - Micro controller units - Photoelectric sensors - Structure and working parameters - Technical operations
Classification code:403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 601 Mechanical Design - 602.1 Mechanical Drives - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 705.3 Electric Motors - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Rotational_Speed 1.39e+01RPM, Size 5.60e-03m, Velocity 2.50e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918459
Title:Design and experiment of inclined inserted no-tillage hill seeder
Authors:Lin, Yuexiang (1); Shang, Shuqi (1); Wang, Dongwei (1); Cui, Zhenchao (2); Yang, Hongguang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao; 266109, China; (2) College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao; 266061, China
Corresponding author:Shang, Shuqi(sqingnong@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:8-14
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The purpose of conservation tillage is to protect soil structure, conserve water and maintain soil moisture. No-tillage sowing is the core of the development of conservation tillage technology. Focusing on many problems unsolved of no-tillage planter, such as the non-adjustable space between seeds, seeding only on a single line, high probability to be adhered and blocked, and poor adaptability, this paper proposes a new advanced design of no-tillage hill seeder. The hill seeder is connected to tractor with the suspension frame, and it can complete a seeding of three rows by three planting units at every run. Each planting unit is mainly composed of land wheel, seed metering device, fertilizer apparatus and 45° inclined inserted digging implement. The digging implement is mainly composed of parallel four-bar mechanism, slider-crank mechanism and cam mechanism. The power transmission route is as follows: the land wheel rotates to obtain power, drives the seed metering device and fertilizer apparatus, and then through the chain drive to the parallel four-bar mechanism and slider-crank mechanism, completing penetration reciprocating seeding and fertilizer, while driving cam mechanism controls the opening and closing movement of the duckbill. The design of no-tillage hill seeder has the following features. Firstly, to efficiently avoid the problems of soil blocking, soil attaching, difficulties in opening and so on, this new hill seeder would perform an insertion into soil at a 45° angle with a refined plugging unit. Secondly, this design has added configurable sprocket gears to solve the problem that the existing seeders could not adjust the distance between seeds. Thirdly, the design of the parallel four-bar mechanism makes the insertion of the crank blocks more smoothly with the unified seeding depths, at the same time the synchronization of seeding and fertilizer could be achieved. Additionally, all the parameters of the machine (e.g. rows spacing, plants spacing, seeding depth, fertilizer depth) are adjustable which could bring better adaptability. Field experiment was done in the experiment base by inclined inserted no-tillage hill seeder prototype. The results showed that seeding depth and fertilizer depth qualified rates were 90.52% and 91.23%, qualified rates of horizontal distance and vertical distance between seed and fertilizer were 95.71% and 91.65%, qualified rate of seeding uniformity is 92.13%, replay rate of seeding uniformity is 4.60% and leakage rate of seeding uniformity is 3.27%. The data are superior to the standard value, which is 85%, 15% and 8%. The research can provide a reference for the design of no-tillage planter. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Bars (metal) - Cams - Cultivation - Design - Digital storage - Experiments - Fertilizers - Machine design - Mechanisms - Plant shutdowns - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Problem solving - Soil conservation - Soil moisture - Soils - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Conservation tillage - Digging implement - Hill drop seeder - No tillage - Parallel four-bar mechanisms - Seed metering devices - Slider-crank mechanism - Vertical distances
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 535.1.2 Rolling Mill Practice - 601 Mechanical Design - 632.4 Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 3.27e+00%, Percentage 4.60e+00%, Percentage 8.00e+00%, Percentage 8.50e+01%, Percentage 9.05e+01%, Percentage 9.12e+01%, Percentage 9.17e+01%, Percentage 9.21e+01%, Percentage 9.57e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918488
Title:Effect of particle density on combustion characteristics of refuse derived fuel
Authors:Li, Tao (1); Xiong, Zuhong (1); Fang, Kejing (1); Lu, Min (1); Xie, Sen (1); Xiong, Peipei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou; 510640, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:241-245
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Waste to energy (WTE) plants have been built more and more worldwide nowadays. It is one of the most successful types to resolve the impact of city rubbish on environment. Refuse derived fuel (RDF) is the fuel of WTE plant, which is made of combustible refuse such us cardboard, paper, various plastics, textile and wood. According to literature, the incineration process has the advantage of reducing waste weight by 80% and volume by 70%, and around 25%-30% energy within RDF can be obtained through conversion of power facilities. Combustible refuse can be processed into pellets with physical density of more than 0.3 g/cm3through extrusion forming after separating, crushing, and drying procedure. In this paper, pelleted RDF with different densities of 0.51, 0.42, and 0.31 g/cm3was adopted in this experiment, and their combustion characteristics from 30 to 900℃ were investigated by means of thermogravimetric (TG), calorific value, and ash content analysis. Meanwhile, pelleted RDF was compared with non-pelleted RDF and straw which represented biomass fuel. By comparing TG of pelleted RDF and non-pelleted RDF, the results indicated that non-pelleted RDF was faster in burning, showing pelleted RDF can release energy slower, which is good for boiler equipment to absorb energy more efficiently. By comparing DTG of pelleted RDF and non-pelleted RDF, the ignition point of the non-pelleted RDF (0.10 g/cm3) was 234.0℃, and 3 maximum mass loss rates were 6.30, 2.21 and 0.53 percentage points per minute, respectively; While for the highest density of pelleted RDF (0.51 g/cm3), the ignition point was 238.2℃, and 3 maximum mass loss rates were 5.70, 3.11, and 0.61 percentage points per minute, respectively, showing that the higher density, the higher ignition point, and the higher burning rate got more balance. DTG data also show that pelleted RDF is more suitable for the boiler to absorb heat efficiently. After finishing burning, the content of combustion ash coming from the highest density pelleted RDF sample in this experiment was 6.7% less than that of the non-pelleted one, showing that procession of extrusion forming will help to reduce weight and volume of RDF ash, thus relieving the pressure of landfill, which is the most serious problem to our environment. For the burning calorific value, and the data from pelleted RDF and non-pelleted RDF checked by calorimeter, each sample was checked 3 times. By calculating all sample values with the method of variance analysis, F value was 0.25, while df values between groups and within group were 3 and 8, respectively, the final F<inf>0.05</inf>(3, 8) value was 4.07, and F<inf>0.01</inf>(3, 8) value was 7.59, thus F<F<inf>0.05</inf><F<inf>0.01</inf>. The results of variance analysis show that calorific value difference between pelleted RDF and non-pelleted RDF is not obvious. Though pelleted RDF has some advantage for equipment to absorb energy, its procession is limited by many factors, such us space, equipment structure, transportation, moreover, investment cost and energy cost are also included in the consideration. On other hand, we also can make use of RDF ash as product material, so there are still many researching works to be done. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Pelletizing
Controlled terms:Ashes - Biomass - Boilers - Calorific value - Combustion - Extrusion - Extrusion dies - Fuels - Incineration - Investments - Refuse derived fuels - Textile finishing - Textile processing - Thermogravimetric analysis - Waste incineration - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Combustion characteristics - Different densities - Extrusion forming - Incineration process - Particle densities - Product materials - Thermo-gravimetric - Variance analysis
Classification code:452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 614 Steam Power Plants - 801 Chemistry - 819.5 Textile Products and Processing
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.00e+02kg/m3, Mass_Density 3.00e+02kg/m3, Mass_Density 3.10e+02kg/m3, Mass_Density 5.10e+02kg/m3, Percentage 2.50e+01% to 3.00e+01%, Percentage 6.70e+00%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918464
Title:Method on automatic navigation control of tractor based on speed adaptation
Authors:Zhang, Shuo (1); Liu, Jinyi (2); Du, Yuefeng (1); Zhu, Zhongxiang (1); Mao, Enrong (1); Song, Zhenghe (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimized Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) School of Mechanics and Electrics Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou; 570228, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Zhongxiang(zhuzhonxiang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:48-55
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It has been widely accepted that the application of tractor automatic navigation technology plays a key role in promoting the development of precision agriculture. The following fact is the increase in tractor operation speed and improvement of working efficiency. Considering the diversity of terrain condition and environmental noises, however, the nonlinearity and instability of tractor automatic navigation control system might be magnified significantly along with higher tractor speeds. Conventional control methods have been found to be difficult to meet the requirements for tractor automatic tracking. To investigate the influence of tractor speed on system stability, the sliding mode method was proposed based on the integrated control algorithm of deviations of lateral position and course angle. Firstly, deviation model of tractor linear path tracking was established based on the two-wheel tractor dynamic model with the introduction of velocity. The motion of tractor was simplified as the description of motion in two-dimensional plane, and only 3 degrees of freedom, i.e. the longitudinal and transverse direction and yaw of the tractor, were considered and some simplifications were made in the process of modeling. The visibility distance was set along the tractor forwarding direction. According to the kinematic relationship, the deviations of tractor lateral position and course angle at the visibility distance were obtained. In the actual path-tracking control process, it was difficult to achieve the ideal control effect at the same time. Therefore, the mixing coefficient was introduced into the controller to adjust the mixing degree of the 2 control strategies. Adaptive control of different deviations and speeds could be achieved when the coefficient changed between 0 and 1. When it approached 0, the control system tended to complete lateral position control; while the strategy of course angle deviation control was preferred with its value approaching 1. The reliability of the proposed approach was verified by simulation using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results show that with the disturbance of tractor speed, rapid and stable tracking could be achieved for low speed conditions, too. Furthermore, an automatic navigation test platform was built on a Foton Lovol TG1254 tractor. For tractor operation conditions at constant and variable speeds, a series of field experiments were conducted for the straight-path tracking control. By analyzing the effect of dynamic tracking control at various speeds using the mean absolute deviation, the maximum deviation and the standard deviation, the performance of the proposed automatic navigation control system was verified. Experimental results showed that in the tractor path-tracking process, the maximum deviation of tractor lateral position was 10.60 cm; the mean absolute deviation of lateral position was below 3.50 cm; the maximum deviation of course angle was 3.87°; the mean absolute deviation of course angle was below 1.7°; the maximum swing angle of the front wheels was 3° in the steady state, and the corresponding standard deviation was 0.80°. Therefore, the speed-adaption-based tractor navigation system proposed in this study was experimentally verified and could achieve the basic speed-adaptive tracking control and further improve the precision of tractor navigation. Furthermore, it is possible to meet the agronomic requirements of actual operations in the field. The approach proposed in this study provides potential theoretical guidance and certain significance for practical tractor field operations. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Process control
Controlled terms:Adaptive control systems - Air navigation - Automobile testing - Control system analysis - Control systems - Curricula - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Flight control systems - Machinery - MATLAB - Mechanization - Mixing - Navigation - Navigation systems - Position control - Precision agriculture - Sliding mode control - Speed - Statistics - System stability - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck) - Visibility - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:3 degrees of freedom - Auto-navigation - Dynamics modeling - Mean absolute deviations - Path tracking control - Simulation analysis - Tractor navigation systems - Two dimensional plane
Classification code:431.5 Air Navigation and Traffic Control - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 662 Automobiles and Smaller Vehicles - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 741.2 Vision - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 901.2 Education - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918482
Title:Rice recognition ability basing on GF-1 multi-temporal phases combined with near infrared data
Authors:Wang, Limin (1); Liu, Jia (1); Yang, Fugang (1); Yao, Baomin (1); Shao, Jie (1); Yang, Lingbo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Jia(liujia06@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:196-202
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Near-infrared wave bands have double sensitivities on water bodies and crop growth. Using near-infrared wave band on rice identification has notable advantage, and it is a key wave band in crop identification. The study chose 5 counties of Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as the study area and took the near-infrared (770-890 nm) data of GF-1/WFV (wide field view) images on May 18, June 16, July 30, and September 13, 2016 as its data sources. By using decision-tree classification method, the study achieved the rice identification of 7 temporal combinations, including 4 single temporal data in May, June, July, and September, as well as 3 multi-temporal data of May/June, May/July, and May/June/July/September, and made a comparison with supervision classification results of full wave bands (0.45-0.52, 0.52-0.59, 0.63-0.69, 0.77-0.89 μm) of corresponding GF-1/WFV data. The rice identification accuracies of near-infrared wave bands of single temporal data in May, June, July, and September were 83.63%, 57.40%, 75.82% and 62.61% respectively. Except that the accuracy of May data was 5.75% higher than the full wave bands, the identification accuracies of other temporal phases were lower than that of full wave bands. The highest accuracy deviation was in June, 30.23%, and the lowest accuracy deviation was in July, 1.58%. The deviations in May and September were 5.75% and 25.47% respectively. The rice identification accuracies under 3 multi-temporal near-infrared combinations of May/June, May/July, May/June/July/September were 83.76%, 93.93%, and 94.03% respectively. The accuracies of near-infrared combinations of May/July, and May/June/July/September were 8.58% and 0.73% higher than that of full wave band data results respectively, but the accuracy of May/June was 5.47% lower. Regardless of near-infrared data or full wave band data, the minimum value, average value and maximum value of single temporal data identification accuracies were 57.40%, 76.31% and 88.10% respectively, with the Kappa coefficients of 0.22, 0.44 and 0.64 respectively; the minimum value, average value and maximum value of multi-temporal data identification accuracies were 83.76%, 89.98% and 94.03% respectively, with the Kappa coefficients of 0.52, 0.68 and 0.77 respectively; all identification accuracies of single temporal data were lower than the identification accuracies of the multi-temporal data. If using single temporal data as the data source of rice remote sensing identification, the identification accuracy can reach 75.82% based on the near-infrared WFV data of rice in middle growth period of July, which is consistent with the full wave band data result of this time phase; to reach the accuracy above 88.10%, it is necessary to use full wave band WFV data in September. If taking multi-temporal data of WFV data of temporal combinations of 2 rice growth periods i.e. early period of May and middle period of July as the data source of rice remote sensing identification, the identification accuracy can reach 93.93%, which is close to the highest identification accuracy of multi-temporal data. The study result shows that, for the near-infrared wave band, and in the applications with requirement on the rice identification accuracy of about 75%-85%, the 2 single temporal infrared WFV data in early growth period of May and middle growth period of July can be taken as the data sources of remote sensing identification. To reach the identification accuracy above 86%, it is necessary to choose the combination of near-infrared WFV data in early growth period of May and middle growth period of July as the remote sensing data sources, so as to achieve rice area spatial distribution results with relatively high identification accuracy. After further correction with visual observation, it can be taken as the crop area remote sensing supervision results. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Trees (mathematics)
Controlled terms:Crops - Decision trees - Infrared devices - Remote sensing
Uncontrolled terms:Area recognition - GF-1/WFV - Multi-temporal - Near infrared band - Rice
Classification code:821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.58e+00%, Percentage 2.55e+01%, Percentage 3.02e+01%, Percentage 5.47e+00%, Percentage 5.74e+01%, Percentage 5.75e+00%, Percentage 6.26e+01%, Percentage 7.30e-01%, Percentage 7.50e+01% to 8.50e+01%, Percentage 7.58e+01%, Percentage 7.63e+01%, Percentage 8.36e+01%, Percentage 8.38e+01%, Percentage 8.58e+00%, Percentage 8.60e+01%, Percentage 8.81e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.39e+01%, Percentage 9.40e+01%, Size 7.70e-07m to 8.90e-07m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918471
Title:Effect of flight parameters on distribution characteristics of pesticide spraying droplets deposition of plant-protection unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors:Wang, Changling (1); Song, Jianli (1); He, Xiongkui (1); Wang, Zhichong (1); Wang, Shilin (1); Meng, Yanhua (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Quanfeng Aviation Plant Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Anyang; 455001, China
Corresponding author:He, Xiongkui(xiongkui@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:109-116
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a consequence of population aging and shrinkage in China, the trend of labor shortage for agricultural production has grown and will continue in future. Acceleration of agricultural mechanization has been proposed as a developmental strategy in support of steady and sustainable development of agriculture in China. In alignment with this national developmental plan, the use of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for pesticide application contributes to the advancement of plant protection mechanization by providing improved ability to apply pesticide in a time sensitive manner with enhanced safety and efficiency. The flight parameter of UAV was one kind of the most important indices affecting the quality of aerial pesticide application. To explore the distribution characteristics of pesticide spraying droplets deposition of UAV and the effect of flight parameters (flight altitude and velocity) and parameter accuracy on the deposition distribution characteristics, the spraying droplets depositions of 4 models of typical Chinese domestic UAVs (3WQF120-12, Mercury I, 3WCJ8-10 and 3WQFTX-10) were tested in the wheat field in Xinxiang City, Henan Province in April, 2017. The high-precision Beidou navigation satellite system was used for recording the accurate working altitude, velocity and track of UAV, and the tartrazine tracer water solution of 0.5% was adopted to replace pesticide liquid for spraying. The filter paper with the diameter of 7 mm was used for collecting spraying droplets from UAV at the height of 0.7 m on the top of the wheat canopy, and the sensor of Zeno-3200 weather station was set at the height of 6 m to record the environmental parameters at test site. The size of the testing field was 50 m × 100 m and there were 15 sampling points in a straight line with 3 duplications for longitudinal droplet deposition distribution and 11 sampling points also with 3 duplications for crosswise one. During every test, the operator controlled the UAV remotely to take off, when the UAV reached the required height, then open the spraying system and make the unmanned aircraft fly over the experimental area according to the planned flight. After tests, the eluent from the filter paper was used to measure the absorbance of the tracer tartrazine by the 722 type spectrophotometer and the droplet deposition in every test was figured out. Combining the flight parameters with their coefficient of variation (CV) and root mean square error (RMSE), the impact factors on deposition distribution characteristics were studied and the results were analyzed by significance and regression analysis via SPSS 20 software. The results showed: The deposition in the area of both ends of flight route varied violently (30%<CV<70%) and there were the maximal values, while the deposition in the area of the middle of route was relatively steady (CV<20%); the main factor impacting the crosswise deposition distribution was the overlap ratio of droplets of adjacent nozzles and spraying swath, and too high or too low overlap ratio both led to the poor uniformity of droplets distribution; with regard to pesticide application operation of single-rotor UAV, at the altitude of 1.1-1.2 m, and the velocity of 4.2-4.9 m/s, there was a high significant positive correlation between average droplets deposition and the RMSE of flight velocity (P<0.01,r=0.952) and between the CV of the longitudinal droplets deposition and the CV of flight velocity (P<0.01,r=0.963), and the CV of the total deposition was significantly negatively correlated with the average flight altitude (P<0.01,r=-0.888). So, the method that the droplets deposition and distribution uniformity were analyzed and predicted by the flight parameters and their accuracy, such as the RMSE and CV of flight velocity and flight altitude, was reasonable, effective and feasible. The results of this study provide some theory reference for the determination of the ideal spraying parameters of UAV pesticide application work, the choice of environmental conditions of UAV operation and the formulation of standard working practice of UAV aerial spraying. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Antennas - Deposition - Drops - Fighter aircraft - Machinery - Mean square error - Mechanization - Mercury compounds - Pesticide effects - Pesticides - Planning - Radio navigation - Regression analysis - Spraying - Sustainable development - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Vehicles - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural mechanization - Agricultural productions - Beidou navigation satellite systems - Coefficient of variation - Distribution characteristics - Environmental conditions - Flight parameters - Uniformity of distribution
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 652.1.2 Military Aircraft - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912.2 Management - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e-01%, Size 1.00e+02m, Size 1.10e+00m to 1.20e+00m, Size 7.00e-01m, Size 7.00e-03m, Velocity 4.20e+00m/s to 4.90e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918469
Title:Force analysis of drive piston and simulation and experiment of internal flow for proportional fertilizer pump
Authors:Tang, Pan (1); Li, Hong (1); Luo, Zhiwen (1); Sun, Caizhen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Corresponding author:Li, Hong(hli@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:93-100
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Taking proportional pump as the main research object, the force of the drive piston in the process of reciprocating motion was analyzed. On the basis of the Fluent simulation software, a three-dimensional dynamic simulation model of proportional pump was established through writing dynamic mesh programs according to UDF (user defined function) and choosing the reasonable turbulent model. The computational simulation model was also validated by using the experimental data. On this basis, the internal flow field of the proportional pump was simulated. The results showed that the numerical simulation model had good accuracy. The relationships between the flow rates and the differential pressures obtained by simulation were basically consistent with that by testing, and the error between simulated value and experimental value was within 4.20%. The simulated values of piston movement frequency were larger than the experimental values in the full differential pressure range. However, the variation trend of the simulated movement frequency with the differential pressure was the same as the experimental trend. The relative error between the simulated value and the experimental value was 9.5% under the differential pressure of 0.03 MPa. When the differential pressure increased to 0.15 MPa, the relative error between the simulated value and the experimental value increased to 11.2%. The relative errors between the simulated values and the experimental values for the piston movement frequency were controlled within 12%. The simulated velocities of the piston were slightly higher than the experimental values. However, the variation trends were consistent, and the movement velocity reached the steady state after a short time for both simulating and testing. The movement law for upward movement was similar to downward movement, and the drive piston was accelerated and then kept uniform motion. The force in different surfaces for the drive piston increased linearly with the increase of differential pressure. The flow velocities in the inlet valve and outlet valve were very large, which was conducive to mix the fertilizer and water. The upward movement time of the drive piston during a period was 0.33 s and the downward movement time was 0.275 s under the differential pressure of 0.09 MPa, which indicated that the upward movement time was longer than the downward movement time. The flow velocity in most of the flow field was low and the kinetic energy was basically converted to pressure to drive the piston in the reciprocating motion process of the drive piston. Under the differential pressure of 0.09 MPa, the maximum flow velocity increased from 7.5 m/s at 0.02 s in the downward stage to 9 m/s at the end of downward movement. Similarly, the maximum flow velocity increased from 6.5 m/s at 0.02 s in the upward stage to 8.5 m/s at the end of the upward movement. In downward movement stage, the force on the first surface and the third surface fluctuated greatly at the initial stage and then reached a relatively steady state after a certain amount of time under the differential pressure of 0.09 MPa. The force on the second surface decreased from 699.3 to 335.9 N in 0.055 s and then remained stable. In upward movement stage, the force on the first and third surfaces was basically stable at a certain level, and the force on the second surface increased from 0 to 359.7 N in 0.034 s and then kept stable under the differential pressure of 0.09 MPa. The force on the first surface and the third surface was driving force, and the force on the second surface was resistance. The results can provide valuable information for the design method of the proportional pump as well as the reasonable adjustment of the differential pressure during the operational process. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Pistons
Controlled terms:Computer software - Digital storage - Errors - Fertilizers - Flow fields - Flow rate - Flow velocity - Kinetic energy - Kinetics - Mesh generation - Pumps - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Computational simulation - Differential pressures - Dynamic mesh - Fluid field - Maximum flow velocities - Movement frequencies - Three-dimensional dynamics - User Defined Functions
Classification code:612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally
Numerical data indexing:Force 0.00e+00N to 3.60e+02N, Force 6.99e+02N to 3.36e+02N, Percentage 1.12e+01%, Percentage 1.20e+01%, Percentage 4.20e+00%, Percentage 9.50e+00%, Pressure 1.50e+05Pa, Pressure 3.00e+04Pa, Pressure 9.00e+04Pa, Time 2.00e-02s, Time 2.75e-01s, Time 3.30e-01s, Time 3.40e-02s, Time 5.50e-02s, Velocity 6.50e+00m/s, Velocity 7.50e+00m/s, Velocity 8.50e+00m/s, Velocity 9.00e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918484
Title:Development of integrated network platform for heterogeneous agricultural information remote monitoring terminal
Authors:Wang, Xin (1); Zhang, Yuanyuan (1); Xu, Miao (1); Xing, Bo (1, 2); Zeng, Hao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) China Automotive Technology & Research Center, Beijing; 100070, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:211-218
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Because of lack of agriculture informatization standard in Chinese agricultural wireless monitoring, variability of monitoring terminals and weak compatibility of monitoring system data structure, this research focused on standard design and management of heterogeneous data and developed integrated network platform for heterogeneous agricultural information remote monitoring systems. The establishment of integrated network platform was mainly on account of the following points. Firstly, communication protocol for collected data was carried out to standardize data formats of different monitoring terminals in view of data characteristics of heterogeneous network. Secondly, standardized data management interface was set up based on XML (extensible markup language) and VB (Visual Basic) 6.0. could parse data and store data from different monitoring terminals according to standard format of communication protocol. Thirdly, remote-monitoring platform was designed and built on the basis of PHP (hypertext preprocessor) language, MySQL (microsoft structure quest language) database, as well as server and website technology. Monitoring system consists of 3 parts: information monitoring terminals, data interface and network platform. Information monitoring terminals collect information of sensors and process original data preliminarily. In the meantime, monitoring terminals are supposed to integrate data according to communication protocol and send data to server. Data management interface is the core of concentrated processing of monitoring data and heterogeneous network data interaction. It is the bridge between monitoring terminals and server database and is tied to communication server. Moreover, its main task is to parse data and transform data by formulas from XML file. Network platform is used to display data and import some setting information. It is a connection channel between monitoring system and clients. Field test was conducted in Yanqing County, Beijing on May 18th, 2016. The test utilized trench depth and position during operation of trencher as monitoring targets. The purpose of test is to verify whether the accuracy of collected data and real-time capacity of data transmission can meet the requirement. In the field test, monitoring terminal collected original data from sensors and integrated data according to the standard format of communication protocol after preliminary treatment. Angle difference and longitude and latitude data were taken as channel data and sent to server interface. Angle difference was channel data monitored, whereas data that needed to be displayed was trench depth. As a result, angle difference needed to be transformed to trench depth by their correlation. The correlation was written to XML file in the form of formula. Data management interface parsed data, calculated trench depth through the formula and stored processed channel data to corresponding sheet in MySQL database. Network platform could invoke trench depth, longitude and latitude in the database. Trench depth could be displayed by means of graphs and tables and from graphs and tables it could be exported to Excel. Longitude and latitude were used to track trencher from platform. The test showed that data management interface could receive and parse data from monitoring terminal in real time, platform could display monitoring data accurately and position track was precise. We can conclude that this research solves problems on heterogeneous network and terminal hardware difference of monitoring system and realizes remote real-time monitoring and remote control of agricultural machinery information. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Data communication systems - Data handling - Database systems - Heterogeneous networks - Hypertext systems - Information analysis - Information management - Information technology - Internet - Internet protocols - Network protocols - Remote control - Trenching - Visual BASIC - Visual languages - Windows operating system - XML
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural informations - Data management interfaces - Data Sharing - Hypertext preprocessor - Information monitoring - Remote monitoring system - Remote real-time monitoring - XML (extensible markup language)
Classification code:619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 903 Information Science - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918466
Title:Nonlinear transverse vibration control of orchard conveying chain system
Authors:Li, Jun (1, 2); Xue, Kunpeng (3); Yang, Zhou (1, 2); Hong, Tiansheng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) Guangdong Institute of Modern Agricultural Equipment, Guangzhou; 510630, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Zhou(yangzhou@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:66-72
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Vibrations associated with motion can degrade the performance of transport systems in orchards. It is important to suppress vibrations which are subjected to varying parameter and boundary disturbance. Early research on the vibration reduction in continuously moving systems was focused on the passive control methods by changing the mass or stiffness to absorb vibrational energy. To improve the effectiveness of vibration controller, many active control methods have been proposed with actuating mechanisms to compute the control effect. The application of conveying chain system was proved to be labor-saving and high efficientin mountainous orchards. Unlike a moving string system, the conveying chain system in the orchard is more complicated in the structure and boundary excitation. When the chain link engages a sprocket tooth,there is an impact caused by polygonal action.The polygonal action results from the chain-support engagement and its resulting vibrations are the source of most of the noise. Moreover, it is inconvenient to mount actuators on the conveying chain system. Since the boundary control technique requires relatively few sensors and actuators, a particular actuator as the control mechanism was attached and coupled to the boundary of the moving chain.The control force was applied by the actuator with negligible dynamics, which was used to reduce the energy of the moving chain while dissipating the energy of a short length of the chain. An image acquisition device was used to measure the transverse displacement of the observation point. The actuator was activated when the vision sensor indicated that the chain vibration has occurred. The behavior of transverse vibration could be predicted by a two-dimensional model in a vertical plane. Then the mathematical model of the coupled chain system including the actuator dynamics was derived by using Hamilton's principle, which could be represented by the nonlinear partial differential equations after the constraints had been applied. The Lyapunov method illustrates that the states of the system will ultimately travel to an equilibrium point if the total energy is dissipating. The energy dissipation strategy was extended to the chain model considering the polygon effect. In the controlled span part, the Lyapunov method was proposed to design the force control law for ensuring the vibration reduction in one span. Based on the total vibration energy of the moving chain, an energy-based Lyapunov function candidate was defined, which assured the dissipation of the vibration energy. To assure the asymptotical stability of the closed-loop system, a force control law was analyzed to determine the control force under the conditions of unknown disturbance and known disturbance. The proposed control force aimed to enforce this span part to be stationary or vibrate with a small amplitude. The comparison of the vibration amplitude at mid-span point under the controlled condition and uncontrolled condition clearly demonstrated that the vibration of chain part decreased much faster with the controller. The asymptotic exponential stability of moving chain system is proved by using the boundary force controller. The performance of the chain control system depends on force control law with guaranteed stability as well as actuator placement. Both simulation and experimental results confirm the feasibility of vibration suppression. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Control system stability
Controlled terms:Actuators - Agricultural machinery - Chain conveyors - Chains - Closed loop systems - Control theory - Controllers - Energy dissipation - Farms - Force control - Lyapunov functions - Lyapunov methods - Nonlinear equations - Orchards - Partial differential equations - System stability - Transportation - Vibration control
Uncontrolled terms:Active control methods - Asymptotical stability - Moving string systems - Nonlinear partial differential equations - Nonlinear transverse vibration - Transverse displacements - Transverse vibrations - Vibrations
Classification code:525.4 Energy Losses (industrial and residential) - 602.1 Mechanical Drives - 692.1 Conveyors - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 921.2 Calculus - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918460
Title:Design of pneumatic maize precision seed-metering device with synchronous rotating seed plate and vacuum chamber
Authors:Yan, Bingxin (1); Zhang, Dongxing (1, 2); Cui, Tao (1); He, Xiantao (1); Ding, Youqiang (1); Yang, Li (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Soil-Machine-Plant System Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Li(yl_hb68@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:15-23
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aiming at the problems of airtightness reduction, vacuum pressure demand increase and planting precision decline, which are caused by the friction between seed plate and sealing gasket of vacuum chamber in traditional vacuum precision seed-metering device, a new type of vacuum precision seed-metering device with synchronously rotating seed plate and vacuum chamber was designed in this study. Different from the traditional vacuum seed-metering device with relatively rotating seed plate and vacuum chamber, in the new seed-metering device, the seed plate and the vacuum chamber were fixed together so that they rotated synchronously during the process of operation with no friction between each other, resulting in no pressure loss and high planting accuracy. A circular frustum plate with rectangular embossment was designed based on mechanical disturbance and gravity-assisted filling principle. Different from traditional metering plates, the cells of the newly designed plate were distributed on a tapered profile, instead of on a sub face. Working area was divided into five zones: filling zone, clearing zone, carrying zone, unloading zone and transition zone, based on the working principle and force analysis. The force of filling process and clearing process, the trajectory and speed of seeds were also analyzed. And the parameters of each metering-device working zone was analyzed and determined. Specially, the filling zone was in the first quadrant,the angle ranged from 0° to 45° (horizontal direction of first quadrant is set to 0°, and the angle circulated counterclockwise). The component force of seeds gravity to the holes in this area reduced the pressure requirements for filling process. The scope of the other four zones were 45° to 70°, 70° to 205°, 205° to 235° and 235° to 360°, respectively. The main structural parameters of the plate were defined based on mechanics and kinematics analysis. Plate was found to be 26 holes with the diameter of 5.4 mm. A 64° angle between radial direction and cone bus was determined for the falling back of extra seeds in clearing zone. Four kinds of plates with different disturbance structures were designed, and the disturbance structures helped to improve the activeness of seeds. The influence of four different mechanical disturbance structures on seed kinetic energy was simulated by EDEM (higher kinetic energy refers to higher seeds activity, and higher seed activity refers to easier filling process). Average particle kinetic energy changing with time step of the four different plates was recorded. Simulation results showed that the plate with rectangular embossment along the direction of generating line brought the highest kinetic energy and the plate with no disturbance structure indicated the minimum kinetic energy. To measure the performance of this newly designed seed-metering device, a two-factor contrast test was carried out in different velocity and pressure. The operation effects were examined by a testing instrument for maize (Zea mays) precision seed meter's performance detection developed by China Agricultural University. Qualified index, missing index and multiple index were recorded. Experiment results showed that the qualified index of seed spacing exceeded 91.6%, the missing index below 5.2% and the multiple index below 5.4% for the newly designed metering device, when the operation velocity was under 10 km/h and the negative pressure value ranged from -3.5 to -5.5 kPa. The results above could completely meet the requirement of the technical specifications of quality evaluation for drills in China. To achieve the same qualified index, the pressure demand of the newly designed metering device was lower compared with the Kverneland metering device. The standard deviation of qualified index within various velocities under same pressure was calculated. The result showed that the standard deviation of qualified index qualified index of Kverneland metering device was greater than the newly designed one, indicating that the newly designed one had a wider range of velocity adaptation and more stable working status. The gravity helped to reduce the air pressure requirements for vacuum precision seed meters. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Design - Filling - Friction - Grain (agricultural product) - Instrument testing - Kinetic energy - Kinetics - Machinery - Mechanization - Plates (structural components) - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Pneumatics - Quality control - Statistics - Unloading - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Gravity-assisted - Mechanical disturbance - Negative pressure value - Particle kinetic energy - Performance detections - Precision seed-metering devices - Seed metering devices - Technical specifications
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 601 Mechanical Design - 632.3 Pneumatics - 632.4 Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.20e+00%, Percentage 5.40e+00%, Percentage 9.16e+01%, Pressure -3.50e+03Pa to -5.50e+03Pa, Size 5.40e-03m, Velocity 2.78e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918491
Title:Spatial distribution analysis of heavy metals in soil and atmospheric dust fall and their relationships in Xinjiang Eastern Junggar mining area
Authors:Abulimiti, Aerzuna (1, 2); Wang, Jingzhe (1, 2); Wang, Hongwei (1, 2); Sawut, Rukeye (1, 2); Abliz, Abdugheni (1, 2); Hasan, Umut (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources & Environmental Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Hongwei(wanghw_777@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:259-266
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Heavy metal pollution is the representative environmental pollution which is caused by heavy metals or their compounds. It has wide range, long duration, non-degradability, and some other features. The accumulation of heavy metals in soil will destroy the physical and chemical properties of soil, cause irreversible pollution of environment, and further threaten human health. For mining area, influenced by human exploitation, the top soil is thin and is easily affected by atmospheric dust fall. The relationship between soil heavy metals and atmospheric dust fall could reflect the sources of heavy metals pollution. Furthermore, the transport, migration and diffusion characteristics of heavy metals in the soil-atmosphere system could be revealed through the analysis of it. Existing work has mostly focused on only top soil, which might ignore the influence of dust reduction. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the pollution status of heavy metals in the surface soil and their relevance with atmospheric dust fall. With 51 surface soil samples and 51 atmospheric dust fall samples collected from Eastern Junggar coal mining area in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, the contents of 6 kinds of heavy metals (As, Cu, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Zn) in the samples were measured in the laboratory. The geo-accumulation could be used to evaluate the pollution degree of heavy metals in soil. The potential ecological risk index takes into account the difference of the background values of heavy metals and the migration and transformation of heavy metals in the environment. The descriptive statistics of heavy metals in surface soil were carried out. Secondly, the spatial distribution, geo-accumulation, and potential ecological risk index of heavy metal from surface soil and atmospheric dust fall were analyzed. The outcomes of the analysis of them were described by ArcGIS 10.1 spatial analysis with inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method. Subsequently, the correlation between surface soil and atmospheric dust fall was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis and grey correlation analysis. Pearson correlation coefficient has been widely used to measure the linear relationship between fixed distance variables, and the value range is from -1 to 1; the greater the absolute value, the stronger the correlation. For the grey relational analysis, if the correlation degree was greater than 0.6, the 2 factors could be regard as being correlated significantly. The results showed that: 1) There were significant spatial distinctions between 6 kinds of heavy metal elements (As, Cu, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Zn) in surface soil. The pollution level of Hg was the most serious, which could be regard as the strong polar pollution, and its potential ecological risk index reached a high ecological risk. The Zn and Cu were basically in a state of no pollution, and they were at a slight ecological risk. 2) There were obvious differences in the spatial distribution of heavy metals in atmospheric dust fall. The Zn in atmospheric dust fall was in pollution with extreme intensity, while Hg was in no pollution state. 3) Pearson correlation coefficients showed that Hg and As in the atmospheric dust fall were significantly related to the As in soil, and the correlation coefficients reached 0.72 and 0.66, separately. The results of grey correlation degree showed that the relevance between heavy metal in surface soil and atmospheric dust was notable, but varied among 6 kinds of heavy metal elements. The amount of local dust was related to human production activities and local climatic factors closely, i.e., prevailing winds and precipitation. Therefore, in further research, the size of samples will be expanded, and this important factor will be used to analyze the spatial distribution, geo-accumulation, and potential ecological risk index of heavy metals, and explore the impact of dust on it. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Air pollution - Atmospheric chemistry - Chemical analysis - Coal dust - Copper - Correlation methods - Dust - Ecology - Heavy metal compounds - Heavy metals - Inverse problems - Lead - Mercury (metal) - Metal analysis - Meteorology - Pollution - Risk assessment - Soil surveys - Soils - Spatial distribution - Spatial variables measurement - Zinc
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation analysis - Geo-accumulation - Pearson correlation analysis - Pearson correlation coefficients - Physical and chemical properties - Potential ecological risk - Spatial distribution analysis - Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 451 Air Pollution - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 544.1 Copper - 546.1 Lead and Alloys - 546.3 Zinc and Alloys - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918475
Title:SWAT model parameters correction based on multi-source remote sensing data in saline soil in Ebinur Lake Watershed
Authors:Wang, Jinjie (1, 2, 3, 4); Ding, Jianli (1, 2, 4); Zhang, Zhe (2, 4); Chen, Wenqian (2, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) Ecological Postdoctoral Research Station, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China; (2) Xinjiang Common University Key Lab of Smart City and Environmental Stimulation and College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China; (3) Xinjiang Vocational and Technical College of Communications, Urumqi; 831401, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Jianli(watarid@xju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:139-144
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:SWAT model is one of the most widely used hydrological models in the world. The electrical conductivity (EC) is defaulted as 0 or 0.1, which might be not suitable for the soils with high salinity. In this study, we tested the feasibility of SWAT model with default EC values in simulating soil moisture and proposed a method to modify model parameters. The study area was Ebinur Lake Watershed. The watershed was located in Xinjiang with little rainfall and full sunshine. The evaporation was high. In the recent 10 years, the environment around the watershed was deteriorated, threatening sustainable development. The soil EC inversion was obtained by GF-1 16 m WFV hyperspectral remote sensing images. Different bands were used for calculation of vegetation index, soil index, salinity index and saturation. Then, these were used to build EC inversion model by the classification and regression tree method. The inversion values were compared with measured values. Then, the EC values were used to replace those in the Harmonized World Soil Database. Then, the EC distribution in Ebinur Lake Watershed was obtained. Then, the SWAT model driven by soil database, land use database and meteorological database was used for soil moisture simulation. For soil moisture simulation, meteorological database, soil database and land use database were used. The Landsat TM/ETM remote sensing images were used for land use classification. CMADS including temperature, pressure, wind speed, precipitation and radiation was used for meteorological database establishment. Soil EC and moisture were determined in 38 field sampling points. The measurements were used for model accuracy verification. The results showed that the root mean square error was 4.81 and 1.15 dS/m for soil depths of 0-40 and 40-100 cm, respectively. The relative error was 15.2% and 1.66%, respectively. The results showed the EC simulation by the model based on the index such as vegetation index, soil index, salinity index and saturation and EC was well. The surface had higher error since the surface soil had the high variation with coefficient of variation of 1.46. The T_ECE was modified by recalculating parameters in SWAT soil database. Then, soil moisture was calculated. The relative error was 63.04% and 39.20% before and after modification, respectively. The root mean square error was 1.79 and 1.34 mm before and after modification, respectively. It indicated that the modification was effective in improving soil moisture simulation accuracy by the SWAT model. The method proposed here is helpful in SWAT model use in saline soils. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Database systems - Electric conductivity - Errors - Lakes - Land use - Mean square error - Moisture - Remote sensing - Soil moisture - Sustainable development - Vegetation - Watersheds - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Classification and regression tree - Coefficient of variation - Electrical conductivity - GF-1 - Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Image - Landuse classifications - Salinization - SWAT model
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444.1 Surface Water - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 723.3 Database Systems - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.00e+01yr, Percentage 1.52e+01%, Percentage 1.66e+00%, Percentage 3.92e+01%, Percentage 6.30e+01%, Size 1.34e-03m, Size 1.79e-03m, Size 4.00e-01m to 1.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918470
Title:Combined rectification scheme of pump intake sump in ultra-low water level and its verification
Authors:Gao, Chuanchang (1); Zeng, Xinle (1); Xie, Keyu (2); Tang, Linjun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electric Power, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou; 471100, China; (2) East China Grid Fu ChunJiang Hydro-power Plant, Hangzhou; 311500, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:101-108
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to ensure the safe and stable operation of pump station when the suction sump is under the ultra-low water level (the ultra-low water level is higher than the pump installation elevation yet lower than the designed low level of the suction sump), the Tianshan first-grade pump station is taken as study object in this paper. Site research shows that when the pump station runs under the ultra-low water level in long time, the noise and vibration of the pump unit are increased, the impeller and blade are severely caved and the normal operation of pump station is affected. In order to solve these adverse effects, the combined rectification scheme is proposed, which consists of diversion platform, underwater vortex suppression plate and W type diversion pier near the back wall. The flow pattern, the velocity distribution and the axial velocity uniformity of bell-mouth inlet under the original scheme and rectified scheme were analyzed through numerical simulation and experimental research respectively. The numerical simulation results showed that violent vortexes appeared on side wall, bottom and surface of the suction sump due to the ultra-low water level and large velocity gradient in suction sump. These vortexes deteriorated the flow pattern in suction sump, and this situation was exacerbated by excessive hanging height and the distance between back wall and water inlet. But a vortex at the bottom and 2 surface vortexes of the suction sump were completely removed, and the side wall vortex of the suction sump was controlled; the area of backflow and stagnant water shrank dramatically after the combined rectifier scheme was adopted. In addition, the uniformity of axial velocity distribution of bell-mouth inlet was increased from 62.3% to 87.5%, 25.2% higher than before, which greatly improved the water flow pattern in suction sump. In the combined rectifier scheme, the diversion platform eliminated the whirlpool at the bottom of the suction sump, and improved the flow pattern between the bell-mouth and the bottom of the suction sump. The underwater vortex suppression plate effectively suppressed the intake swirl at the surface of the suction sump and weakened the vortex on the side wall. The W type diversion pier near the back wall made the back wall W type, which gave better hydraulic characteristics to the back wall and weakened the backflow and stagnant water near the back wall. It was also observed in the model test and PIV (particle image velocimetry) test that some adverse phenomena such as sixth types intake swirl on the suction sump surface and other serious vortexes on the side wall and bottom of the suction sump disappeared and the velocity distribution of specific area of the suction sump was more reasonable than the suction sump before rectification. In summary, the combined rectification scheme proposed in this paper can provide good water inlet condition for water pump unit under ultra-low water level of suction sump, and provide technical transformation basis for pumping station running under other low water level. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Vortex flow
Controlled terms:Bells - Computer simulation - Flow of water - Flow patterns - Hydraulics - Models - Numerical models - Piers - Pumps - Rectifying circuits - Testing - Velocity - Velocity distribution - Velocity measurement - Wall flow - Water levels
Uncontrolled terms:Axial-velocity distribution - Hydraulic characteristic - Intake sump - Low water - Particle image velocimetries - Rectification measure - Technical transformations - Water flows
Classification code:407.1 Maritime Structures - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 723.5 Computer Applications - 752.1 Acoustic Devices - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.52e+01%, Percentage 6.23e+01% to 8.75e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918458
Title:Discussion on population-land-environment problem of Beijing based on nutrient balance
Authors:Xie, Zhen (1, 2); Zhang, Fengrong (1, 2); Zhang, Tianzhu (1, 2); Zheng, Ya'nan (1, 2); Zhou, Jian (3); Gao, Yang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Agricultural Land Quality, Monitoring and Control, The Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing; 100193, China; (3) Center for Land Resources Research in Northwest China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an; 710119, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Fengrong(frzhang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:1-7
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:More and more people immigrated into metropolises, resulting in the increase of food consumption and waste production. Human waste contains a lot of nutrients, and above all, excreta is the most representative. If the excreta does not be treated well timely, it could bring some serious environmental problems within city, especially for the water environment. Taking the plain area in Beijing as the example, we focused on its land use change between 2004 and 2014 by the method of remote sensing; besides, we also estimated nutrient balance in farmlands due to the changes of population and land use; finally, we also researched the change of interface between urban construction land and outside environment by mean shape index. The results were as follows: 1) Compared with 2004, the increase of population and food consumption caused an increase of about 0.34×105t nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) nutrients from human excrement in 2014, and there was a nutrient increment of 282.17 t in excreta sludge after water treatment; 2) Farmland had a strong capacity for nutrient absorption in Beijing, for instance, the grain crop field of winter wheat and spring maize could absorb 820 kg/hm2per year, and the vegetable filed of rape could absorb 1148 kg/hm2per year; the decreased farmland area resulted in an about 1.17×105t loss of nutrient treatment capacity; 3) The decline of mean shape index from 1.48 to 1.37 demonstrated the shrink of construction land contacting boundary, which made the evacuation efficiency of metabolic flow decline. Urban nutrient surplus and resultant serious water pollution were mainly due to the increase of population, food consumption and human metabolites, as well as the decrease of farmland area, construction land contacting boundary extent, and resultant metabolites absorption capacity. According to statistics, there is still half of excreta sludge stacked or buried in suburb areas without harmless disposal, which increases the risk of regional water environment pollution. City is an open system, in terms of the circulation of matter and energy in city with external environment, we reckon that, compared with mononuclear mega-city, polycentric city with more farmland and forest land interlaced with construction land has a higher nutrient liquidity and ecological stability. Therefore, the multi-center urban structure can avoid the accumulation of nutrients in the city in the process of urban development, and it is worth learning from other cities. However, it is very hard to rebuild the urban construction of Beijing, and thus it is of importance to treat the nutrient within the urban area. In order to better treat the ever-increasing nutrient of human metabolites in the urban area, on the one hand, we suggest to recycle and reuse livestock manure and wasted water into farmlands instead of stacking or burying it, which can help to develop green agriculture; on the other hand, given the increase of forest land due to afforestation of city, the use of reclaimed water in green area irrigation can not only decompose the redundant nutrients, but also save water resource. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Nutrients
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Biomolecules - Crops - Farms - Fertilizers - Food supply - Forestry - Land use - Landforms - Metabolites - Pollution - Population statistics - Reforestation - Remote sensing - Sludge disposal - Urban growth - Water absorption - Water conservation - Water pollution - Water resources - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Balance methods - Excreta - Plain area of Beijing - Polycentricity - Water environments
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 452.2 Sewage Treatment - 453 Water Pollution - 461.9 Biology - 481.1 Geology - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.3 Food Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918496
Title:Maintaining processing quality and histological structure of yak rumen smooth muscle by proper heating temperature
Authors:Li, Shengsheng (1, 2); Yu, Qunli (2); Jin, Yichao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining; 810016, China; (2) College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou; 730070, China
Corresponding author:Jin, Yichao(jinyichao88@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:300-305
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Smooth muscle is a category of muscle tissue, and is widely distributed in blood vessels, stomach, intestines and other internal organs. Smooth muscle has wealthy nutritional value, special flavor and texture. Smooth muscle included in animal organs can be cooked to special dishes in lots of Asian countries. However, smooth muscle is treated as by-product and little as valuable muscle compared to skeletal muscle. In order to meet consumers' demand for new valuable food resource and high edible quality, we investigated the processing quality and histological structure change of yak rumen smooth muscle under different temperatures. The yak rumens were picked from a commercial abattoir, and the yaks were aged 36-38 months, had the same feeding background, and were slaughtered by conventional slaughtering method. The rumens were obtained, vacuum packaged and transported to the laboratory at (3±1)℃. The smooth muscle was obtained after removing the villi, mucosa and fat. The yak rumen smooth muscle was cooked at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100℃ for 60 min, respectively. And the cooking loss, heat shrinkage rate, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), collagen content and histological structure of yak rumen smooth muscle were evaluated. The results showed that cooking temperature had significant effect on WBSF, cooking loss, heat shrink rate, collagen content and histological structure. As the increasing of cooking temperature, the cooking loss value and heat shrinkage rate significantly increased (P<0.05); the initial cooking loss value of yak rumen smooth muscle was 9.93%±1.71% and then increased to 34.93%±3.06%; the heat shrinkage rate increased by 306.78%, from 10.18%±0.64% to 41.41%±1.64%. However, WBSF and collagen content significantly decreased (P<0.05) with the increase of cooking temperature; the value of WBSF from (116.62±0.78) N to (61.74±1.67) N; the content of collagen decreased by 57.49%, from (72.87±1.97) to (30.98±1.91) mg/g. The histological structure indicated that with the increasing of cooking temperature, the muscle fiber diameter of yak rumen smooth muscle and the crack between smooth muscle fiber changed from big to small, but the thickness of the primary and secondary perimysium changed from small to big. The muscle fiber diameter of the yak smooth muscle decreased from (131.13±13.94) μm to (78.13±6.51) μm; but the thickness of the primary and secondary perimysium increased by 306.59% and 60.71%, respectively. From the quality and structure change of yak rumen smooth muscle under different temperatures, the yak rumen smooth muscle processing quality decreased with the increase of temperature, and the histological structure shrank with the increase of temperature. In order to satisfy the needs of consumers, food industry and institute should pay more attention to cooking temperature, and should choose suitable cooking style to different products which focuse on different consumers. In summary, we suggest the yak rumen smooth muscle is cooked at 80-90℃ for 60 min, and the product will have satisfying processing quality and shape. The result will provide technical reference for the processing of by-products which include smooth muscle. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Thermal processing (foods)
Controlled terms:Blood vessels - Byproducts - Collagen - Cooking - Muscle - Processing - Quality control - Shrinkage - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Collagen content - Cooking temperatures - Heating temperatures - Histological structure - Nutritional value - Processing quality - Smooth muscles - Structure change
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 913.4 Manufacturing - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 3.00e+00yr to 3.17e+00yr, Percentage 3.07e+02%, Percentage 5.75e+01%, Percentage 6.07e+01%, Time 3.60e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.039

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918495
Title:Process optimization of Nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>/potato starch coatings and its improving effect for storage of agaricus bisporus by electrospraying
Authors:Zhang, Rongfei (1); Wang, Xiangyou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo; 255049, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Xiangyou(wxy@sdut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:291-299
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Among 2000 species of edible mushrooms, only a handful are worldwide cultivated and processed at industrial level, in which Agaricus bisporus is included. Apart from its nutrition, this mushroom has been valued by human as a kind of medical resource, containing a number of bioactive molecules, with therapeutic properties that confer a powerful source of new pharmaceutical products, such as its anticancer property. However, the quality of mushrooms deteriorated, evidenced by cap-opening, browning, shrinkage, and decomposition because of improper postharvest storage and preservation. This deterioration in quality seriously affects the commercial value of the mushrooms. Electrospraying is a novel technique for the application of coatings to foods. It is an effective technique to atomize liquids, in which an electric potential difference is applied across a droplet emerging from a capillary. The electrical field induces accumulation of charge near the surface of the nascent droplet, and destabilizes the surface of droplet which is disrupted into multiple diminutive charged droplets. Potato starch, being polysaccharides, as amylose and amylopectin, exhibits good film-forming properties and chemical stability and may also be edible. Despite this, the use of potato starch in the field of packaging materials has some limitations, and the main one is the poor properties of coatings. Incorporation of essential nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>into potato starch coatings may greatly enhance the coatings' antimicrobial properties, restrict enzyme immobilization and inhibit fruits and vegetables decay. In this study, nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>/potato starch coatings were prepared by electrospraying for the preservation of Agaricus bisporus. The optimal concentration of coatings for electrospraying was obtained, and their structural characteristics were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), as well as the properties including water vapor permeability (WVP), oxygen permeability (OP), carbon dioxide permeability (COP), water solubility, swelling and tensile strength. The results showed that the optimum treatment of coatings by electrospraying for fresh keeping of Agaricus bisporus was 0.4% nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>concentration, 4% potato starch concentration, and 3% glycerol concentration. Nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>/potato starch films by electrospraying markedly reduced browning index, retarded weight loss and hardness decrease, and extended shelf life of Agaricus bisporus during 4℃ storage. Furthermore, electrospraying made droplets with the same electric charge form the coatings more evenly. WVP, OP, and COP of nano- SiO<inf>2</inf>/potato starch films by electrospraying were 514.35, 126.84, and 778.06 g/(m2·d), respectively, which were decreased. Compared to potato starch films and nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>/potato starch films by ordinary spraying, the ensile strength of films by electrospraying was increased. The SEM of the films showed that nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>in the films by electrospraying was more uniform than that by ordinary spraying. Also, it could be expected that the intermolecular interactions between potato starch and nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>made the nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>molecules disperse into the potato starch matrix and destroyed the original crystalline domains of potato starch and nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>, which indicated this polymer and nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>had excellent miscibility of blend from XRD and FTIR. The thermogravimetric analysis (Tg) showed that blending with nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>could improve the thermo-stability of potato starch films. In short, coatings prepared by electrospraying have stronger intermolecular force and better properties. During storage, electrospraying can obtain the desired sensory attributes for Agaricus bisporus along with prolonged shelf life. These data indicate that nano-SiO<inf>2</inf>/potato starch coatings by electrospraying might provide an attractive alternative in improving preservation quality of fresh Agaricus bisporus after harvest. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Starch
Controlled terms:Blending - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Chemical bonds - Chemical stability - Coatings - Digital storage - Drops - Electric potential - Enzyme immobilization - Film preparation - Films - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Fungi - Molecules - Optimization - Packaging materials - Scanning electron microscopy - Silica - Solubility - Spraying - Storage (materials) - Tensile strength - Thermogravimetric analysis - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Agaricus bisporus - Carbon dioxide permeability - Electric potential difference - Intermolecular interactions - Keep-freshing - Nano-SiO2 - Potato starches - Structural characteristics
Classification code:694.2 Packaging Materials - 694.4 Storage - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 813.2 Coating Materials - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 4.00e+00%, Percentage 4.00e-01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918487
Title:Influence of hydrothermal carbonization temperature on combustion characteristics of livestock and poultry manures
Authors:Zhou, Simiao (1); Han, Lujia (1); Yang, Zengling (1); Ma, Qiulin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Zengling(yangzengling@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:233-240
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the rapid development of livestock and poultry breeding, China has become the largest producer of animal manure worldwide. If the animal manure was not effectively utilized, it could cause serious environmental pollution. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising pretreatment method in disposing high moisture content bio-wastes, involving the decomposition and carbonization of biomass material in water medium at desired temperature (generally 180-250℃) and autogenous pressure (2-10 MPa). In this paper, 5 kinds of livestock and poultry manure, i.e. swine manure (SZ), dairy cattle manure (NN), beef cattle manure (RN), broiler manure (RJ), and layer chicken manure (DJ), were selected as samples. The effect of temperature on HTC of the livestock and poultry manures was studied. The hydrochar was produced in a laboratory scale semi-batch 1L Parr autoclave reactor (Model 4523, Parr Instrument Co., USA). Approximately 30 g manure (in dry basis; solid-to-liquid ratio was 1:12) was loaded into the reactor vessel, which was then sealed and purged with nitrogen 5 times to displace headspace gases, and the autoclave was heated to desired temperature (180, 210, 240℃).The uniformity of treatment throughout the manure sample was ensured by a rotor, which rotated inside the reactor at a constant speed of 100 rpm. The reactor was held at final temperature for 60 min and then quickly cooled down to room temperature. The hydrochar was recovered as solid residue by vacuum filtration and dried in an oven at 105℃ for 24 h. The produced hydrochars were characterized and their fuel qualities were evaluated, including proximate analysis, elemental analysis and combustion behaviors evaluation. The differences between different livestock and poultry manures were compared. The char yields were decreased with the increasing of reaction temperature, from 67.34%±11.2%, 64.55%±1.93%, 65.9%±4.38%, 54.61%±16.93% and 58.05%±10.41% at 180℃ to 54.30%±5.70%, 49.33%±2.78%, 50.70%±3.63%, 45.83%±19.32%, and 49.69%±9.77% at 240℃ for SZ, NN, RN, RJ and DJ, respectively. The hydrochar of NN and RN, got the maximum energy yields at 180℃, which were 71.07%±1.23% and 71.93%±13.71%, respectively. The hydrochar of SZ, RJ and DJ, got the maximum energy yields at 210℃, which were 65.45%±3.22%, 60.72%±10.77% and 64.43%±10.42%, respectively. It was found that HTC can improve the content of carbon (C), fixed carbon (FC) and higher heating value (HHV), and decrease the molar ratios of oxygen and hydrogen to carbon (H/C and O/C) and the ratios of volatile matter to fixed carbon (VM/FC). In the van Krevelen diagram, the resulted hydrchars are similar to lignite. The thermogravimetric experiment found that the peak temperature at volatile devolatilization and combustion phase moves to higher temperature range, from 284-308℃ for manures to 312-320℃ for hydrochars. On the contrary, the peak temperature at FC combustion phase moves to lower temperature range, from 435-483℃ for manures to 398-435℃ for hydrochars. The HTC can narrow the difference between different livestock and poultry manures and make the hydrochars more similar. The hydrochars from cow and beef cattle manures have higher char yield, energy yield and composite combustion characteristic index compared with other manures. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Manures
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Animals - Autoclaves - Biomass - Calorific value - Carbonization - Combustion - Fertilizers - Filtration - Nitrogen - Nuclear reactors - Pressure vessels - Quality control - Thermochemistry - Waste incineration
Uncontrolled terms:Combustion characteristics - Effect of temperature - Environmental pollutions - High moisture contents - Hydrothermal carbonization - Poultry manure - Solid-to-liquid ratio - Thermo-gravimetric experiments
Classification code:452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 619.2 Tanks - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
Numerical data indexing:Mass 3.00e-02kg, Pressure 2.00e+06Pa to 1.00e+07Pa, Rotational_Speed 1.00e+02RPM, Time 3.60e+03s, Time 8.64e+04s, Volume 1.00e-03m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918483
Title:Estimation on winter wheat scab based on combination of temperature, humidity and remote sensing vegetation index
Authors:Li, Weiguo (1); Huang, Wenjiang (2); Dong, Yingying (2); Chen, Hua (1); Wang, Jingjing (1); Shan, Jie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Information, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing; 210014, China; (2) Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100094, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:203-210
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Scab is one of the main diseases of winter wheat in Yangtze-Huaihe River region in China, whose monitoring and forecasting timely in large area will help to adjust the pesticide spraying measures reasonably and realize the purpose of reducing disaster and increasing yield. In this study, we carried out remote monitoring tests of winter wheat scab in 4 counties (Donghai, Lianshui, Taixing and Dafeng) of Jiangsu Province in Yangtze-Huaihe River region, analyzed the interaction and relationship between winter wheat scab characteristics, climatic factors, growth parameters and spectral information, selected major scab's sensitive factors, and established the remote sensing estimation model of winter wheat scab disease index based on interactions between spectral information and climatic factors. The results showed that: 1) There is a good correlation between the daily mean temperatures in different time scales, of which the correlation between the daily mean temperature of 7 days and the daily mean temperature of 10 days is the highest, and the correlation coefficient is 0.966 5. The correlation coefficient between the daily mean temperature of 5 days and the winter wheat scab disease index is the largest, which is 0.772 6, indicating that the daily average temperature of 5 days in different time scales has the most obvious effect on the occurrence of scab in winter wheat. 2) Similar to the daily mean temperature, there are different degrees of correlation between the daily mean relative humidity at different time scales. The correlation coefficient is the largest between daily mean relative air humidity of 7 days and daily mean relative air humidity of 10 days, and its value is 0.933 7. The daily mean relative air humidity of 5 days has the highest correlation with winter wheat scab disease index, and its correlation coefficient is 0.784 2, higher than the daily mean temperature of 5 days, which shows that the daily mean relative air humidity of 5 days has a higher influence on winter wheat scab than the daily mean temperature of 5 days. 3) There is a positive linear correlation between winter wheat biomass, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf chlorophyll content and scab disease index, and the r values of the linear trend fitting are 0.608 4, 0.584 5 and 0.574 6, respectively, which reach the significant level, and indicate the large population density, high canopy density and over vigorous growth of winter wheat are the main incentive for scab. 4) Remote sensing vegetation index such as NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index), RVI (ratio vegetation index) and DVI (difference vegetation index) has a good correlation with winter wheat LAI, biomass and leaf chlorophyll content respectively, and their correlation coefficients are 0.851 6, 0.854 9 and 0.772 7 respectively. NDVI, RVI and DVI can be used to replace LAI, biomass and leaf chlorophyll content to participate in modeling. 5) Combining 5 sensitive factors i.e. NDVI, RVI, DVI, mean daily temperature of 5 days and average daily relative humidity of 5 days, we establish the remote sensing estimation model of winter wheat scab disease index based on interactions between spectral information and climatic factors. The estimated value of the model is consistent with the measured value, root mean square error (RMSE) is 5.3%, and the estimation accuracy is 90.46%. It shows that the estimation model in this study can effectively estimate winter wheat scab in Yangtze-Huaihe River region in China. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Parameter estimation
Controlled terms:Atmospheric humidity - Biomass - Chlorophyll - Crops - Diseases - Ecology - Estimation - Mean square error - Plants (botany) - Population statistics - Remote sensing - Rivers - Temperature - Time measurement - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Growth parameters - Huaihe river - Leaf chlorophyll content - Normalized difference vegetation index - Ratio vegetation indices - Remote sensing estimations - Spectral information - Winter wheat
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.37e-02yr, Age 1.92e-02yr, Age 2.74e-02yr, Percentage 5.30e+00%, Percentage 9.05e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918477
Title:Co-incorporation of high rice stubble and Chinese milk vetch improving soil fertility and yield of rice
Authors:Zhou, Guopeng (1, 2); Xie, Zhijian (3); Cao, Weidong (1, 4); Xu, Changxu (3); Bai, Jinshun (1); Zeng, Naohua (1); Gao, Songjuan (1, 2); Yang, Lu (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) The Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China; (3) Institute of Soil & Fertilizer and Resource & Environment, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Nanchang; 330200, China; (4) Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining; 810016, China
Corresponding author:Xie, Zhijian(hoblecat@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:157-163
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rice straw return and green manure cultivation in winter fallow season are 2 effective ways of improving soil fertility in south China. Due to the relatively stable carbon to nitrogen ratio, either the rice straw return or green manure cultivation alone has its own limits in practice. Recently, the combined application of green manure and rice straw has been developed, while little is known about the impacts on crop yield and soil fertility. A field trial was conducted at an experimental station managed by National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement in Fengcheng, Jiangxi Province, China to explore effects of remaining high rice stubble, inter-planting green manure (Chinese milk vetch, Astragalus sinicus L.) and co-incorporation of rice straw and green manure on double rice and green manure yield and soil fertility. Field experiments were conducted in a rice-rice-winter fallow or rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch (MV) rotation system. A total of 5 treatments with different cultivation practices were included, (i) CK, rice-rice-winter fallow without rice straw return; (ii) RS, rice-rice-winter fallow with rice straw return; (iii) MV, rice-rice-MV without rice straw; (iv) MV+LRS, rice-rice-MV with return of low stubble (0 cm) of rice straw; (v) MV+HRS rice-rice-MV with return of high stubble (30 cm) of rice straw. The results showed that co-incorporation of RS and MV significantly increased fresh yield and nitrogen content of MV plants by 13.1% and 6.8% in MV+LRS and 32.2% and 5.2% in MV+HRS than those in MV alone, respectively. The average yield of double rice yield over the 4 years was significantly increased by 556.8 and 412.8 kg/hm2in MV+HRS than in RS and MV, respectively. Compared to CK, the soil organic matter (SOM) content was significantly increased by 6.8% to 8.0% in RS and MV, the total nitrogen (TN) was marginally affected by the 2 treatments. Compared to CK, the soil inorganic N content was significantly decreased in treatments with RS and MV alone, while the available K was increased in RS. Different from soil inorganic nitrogen, manure treatments greatly improve available P content and the treatment of MV with HRS increased the available P by 18.0%. However, the treatments with rice straw could greatly increased soil available K by 8.0% (RS), 9.2%(MV+LRS) and 22.8%(MV+HRS), respectively. The soil microbial nitrogen were also significantly enhanced in the combinations than in MV or RS alone (P<0.05). The dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen were greater in the manure-rice straw combination treatments than CK. The treatments with rice straw enhanced the proportion of microbial biomass C in SOC and that of microbial biomass N in TN. Compared with the rice straw and manure alone, the co-incorporation of rice straw and manure increased the proportion of dissolved organic N in TN and inorganic N in TN. Collectively, the co- incorporation of rice straw and green manure could improve the rice yield and soil fertility in present conditions. The practice of keeping high stubble of rice straw standing in the field and returned together withgreen manure had the great promise to maintain and improve soil fertility and rice yield in south China. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Manures
Controlled terms:Cultivation - Fertilizers - Nitrogen - Organic carbon - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese milk vetch - Combination treatments - Dissolved organic carbon - Engineering and technology - Experimental stations - Fertility - Rice - Yield
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
Numerical data indexing:Age 4.00e+00yr, Percentage 1.31e+01%, Percentage 1.80e+01%, Percentage 3.22e+01%, Percentage 5.20e+00%, Percentage 6.80e+00%, Percentage 6.80e+00% to 8.00e+00%, Size 0.00e+00m, Size 3.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918463
Title:Trajectory planning verification and gait analysis of wheel-legged hybrid robot with variable degree of freedom
Authors:Niu, Jianye (1, 2); Wang, Hongbo (1, 2); Shi, Hongmin (1); Li, Dong (1); Li, Shanshan (1); Wu, Shaozhen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Parallel Robot and Mechatronic System Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao; 066004, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Advanced Forging & Stamping Technology and Science of Ministry of Education, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao; 066004, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Hongbo(hongbo_w@ysu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:38-47
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the continuous promotion of agricultural modernization in China, new requirements for agricultural robots are put forward. The agricultural robots are developing in the direction of automatic walking and unmanned operation, and the working environment is extended from structured environment to unstructured environment. In the future, the agricultural robots should be able to change DOF (degree of freedom) through mechanical structure changes and carry different end effectors to adapt to different types of crops, which can achieve one machine multipurpose and improve the utilization rate. In order to adapt to the new requirements of modern agriculture for robots, according to the principle of bionics, this paper presents a novel quadruped robot with 3-DOF leg mechanism based on the serial-parallel and wheel-legged mechanism, which consists of 2-universal joint-prismatic joint-spherical joint plus universal joint, and revolute joint ((2-UPS+U) &R). Firstly, based on the principle of bionics, the leg mechanism and the whole structure of the robot are developed. The walking of human and animal is realized by the contraction and relaxation of the skeletal muscle to drive the bone, and through the analysis of the distribution of muscle structure, the mechanism uses 2 electric push rods to mimic the muscle distribution of the leg to drive the swing of the robot's upper leg in 2 directions. The mechanism has the combining advantages of series mechanism and parallel mechanism. It overcomes small work space and can achieve high precision and strong bearing capacity. The robot not only can walk in four-legged mode, but also can curl up the lower leg and become the wheeled mode to achieve rapid movement. According to the analysis of the robots with high speed and heavy load at home and abroad, the desired maximum load of the robot studied is 200 kg, the maximum speed in the legged mode is 1 m/s, and the maximum speed in the wheeled mode is 5 m/s. According to the design objective, the parameters of each part are optimized. Then the forward and inverse kinematics analysis of position for swing leg is carried out. Secondly, according to the general terrain and obstacle terrain in agriculture, the constraints for trajectory planning are put forward. Then the general trajectory planning functions of the robot's foot-end in forward step and side step are obtained, and the obstacle negotiating trajectory of the robot foot-end is planned by spline interpolation curve, which provides the basis for robot gait planning. The obstacle trajectory planning is simulated by using the ADAMS software, results showed that the lifting height is 98.2 mm with error of 1.8 mm, and the step length is 101.3 mm with error of 1.3 mm, witch show that the robot can overcome small obstacles, and the trajectory planning is correct. The velocity and acceleration of the leg mechanism are continuous without distortion points, and the leg's jerking movement and concussion are eliminated. All the results above show that the foot-end can achieve soft landing, and the kinematics and foot-end trajectory planning are correct. Thirdly, according to the requirement of robot gait planning, the static stability criterion and the ZMP (Zero Moment Point) theory of dynamic stability criterion are analyzed. Under the premise of ensuring the stability, the diagonal trot gait planning of robot is completed, and the fast walking of the robot is achieved. Based on the diagonal trot gait planning of the robot, the simulation is carried out. The simulation results show that the robot moves steadily and fast, with the height of the robot's center of gravity changing only about 0.9 mm, and the gait planning is correct. Finally, the trajectory planning experiment of the robot's single leg prototype is carried out. The leg prototype can move according to the given trajectory, and the feasibility of the mechanism design is verified. The trajectory tracking experiment shows that there are some errors between the theoretical trajectory and the actual trajectory. The maximum error of y-axis is 2.5 mm and the maximum error of z-axis is 5.3 mm, but the errors are less than 10 mm, within the allowable range of error. The errors mainly come from the manufacturing errors and assembly errors. In the future, the turn gait, pivot steering gait and climbing stair gait will be studied. The research on stability analysis and gait planning will provide a theoretical basis for establishing control system of the quadruped robot. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Robot programming
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Biomimetics - Control system stability - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - End effectors - Errors - Gait analysis - Industrial robots - Interpolation - Inverse kinematics - Kinematics - Machine design - Mechanisms - Multipurpose robots - Muscle - Robots - Stability - Stability criteria - Trajectories - Verification - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural modernizations - Degree of freedom - Forward and inverse kinematics - Gait planning - Hybrid robots - Series-parallel - Unstructured environments - ZMP (zero moment point)
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 601 Mechanical Design - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Mass 2.00e+02kg, Size 1.00e-02m, Size 1.01e-01m, Size 1.30e-03m, Size 1.80e-03m, Size 2.50e-03m, Size 5.30e-03m, Size 9.00e-04m, Size 9.82e-02m, Velocity 1.00e+00m/s, Velocity 5.00e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918479
Title:Impacts of rocky desertification on maize drought risk in Southwest China
Authors:Pan, Donghua (1); Jia, Huicong (2); Chen, Fang (2); He, Yuanhuizi (2)
Author affiliation:(1) National Disaster Reduction Center of China, Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing; 100124, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100094, China
Corresponding author:Jia, Huicong(jiahc@radi.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:172-178
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Frequent drought stress was one of the major factors limiting the crop growth and distribution in the Karst region of Southwest China. In order to prevent the risk of agricultural drought in Karst region and reveal the impact mechanism of rocky desertification degree on the crop drought risk, based on the disaster system theory and the EPIC (erosion productivity impact calculator) crop model, the risk assessment of hazard-inducing factors and disaster loss of maize drought in different areas of rocky desertification was carried out. Taking 1 km grid as the evaluation unit, 2 scenarios were set up in simulation during the period of 1966-2010. The Scenario S<inf>1</inf>was completely satisfied with the moisture requirement of maize, the Scenario S<inf>2</inf>was completely rain fed, and the other parameters were the same. The difference in maize yield between the 2 scenarios was considered to be the drought loss due to water stress. Considering the Karst topography in Southwest China, taking the accumulated value of water stress during the whole growth period as the hazard-inducing factor, the physical vulnerability curve was simulated with the maize yield loss. The results showed that, in 4 risk levels (once in 2, 5, 10 and 20 years), the yield loss rate with the largest distribution area in Southwest China was mainly distributed in the 0.4-0.5 range. With the increase of annual occurrence rate, the proportion of extreme yield loss risk grade (0.6-1) area accounting for the total maize distribution area was gradually increasing, which was 5.02%, 14.39%, 23.37% and 23.37% at the level of once in 2, 5, 10, and 20 years. Eastern Sichuan, central-eastern Hubei, northern Guizhou, central-southern Guangxi and southern Guangdong reached the loss risk grade higher than 0.5, which was mainly decided by the terrain, precipitation differences and vulnerability of hazard-affected body. Generally when simulating maize production in the Northeast and North China by the crop model, the soil thickness was much larger than the root length of maize. In the Karst area, due to the influence of rocky desertification, the thickness of soil layers of the same soil type was significantly different in space, and the thickness of the soil layer in the serious rocky desertification area was often less than the main root length of maize (40 cm). Under the same rainfall conditions, the time to maintain transpiration for the crops from the field water-holding capacity that the soil can maintain in Karst areas was shorter than the Northeast, North China and other places. The results showed that under different levels of disaster risk, the maize yield loss rate due to soil thickness was quite different. When the soil thickness was 40 cm, the corresponding yield loss rates were 5.8%, 6.1%, 7.8% and 8.2% respectively at the level of once in 2, 5, 10 and 20 years. When the soil thickness was 80 cm, the corresponding yield loss rates were 3.8%, 4.5%, 5.5%, and 6.0%, respectively. Therefore, studying the mechanism of maize yield affected by different soil layer thicknesses was the key to prevent maize drought risk in Karst areas. This research can provide important scientific basis and technical support for agricultural drought disaster reduction and food security of maize regions in Southwest China. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Climatology - Crops - Disaster prevention - Disasters - Drought - Food processing - Food supply - Hazards - Landforms - Rain - Remote sensing - Risk assessment
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural drought - Agricultural drought disasters - Crop model - Karst regions - Productivity impacts - Rainfall condition - Rocky desertification - Water holding capacity
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 443.3 Precipitation - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 822.3 Food Products - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.00e+01yr, Age 2.00e+01yr, Percentage 1.44e+01%, Percentage 2.34e+01%, Percentage 3.80e+00%, Percentage 4.50e+00%, Percentage 5.02e+00%, Percentage 5.50e+00%, Percentage 5.80e+00%, Percentage 6.00e+00%, Percentage 6.10e+00%, Percentage 7.80e+00%, Percentage 8.20e+00%, Size 1.00e+03m, Size 4.00e-01m, Size 8.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918472
Title:Impact of fertilizer proportion and fertilizer-water ratio on clogging of filter by fertilizer pump in microirrigation
Authors:Wang, Rui (1); Wang, Wene (1); Hu, Xiaotao (1); Yang, Xin (1); Li, Huixian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Arid Agriculture Soil and Water Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Wene(wangwene@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:117-122
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fertilization uniformity is an important index to evaluate the performance of the micro irrigation system and understanding the hydraulic performance of water treatment equipment in drip irrigation system is a prerequisite to ensure the stable operation of the system. For the popularization and application of water and fertilizer development of drip irrigation technology, we carried out a test to investigate the effect of fertilization proportion and fertilization-water ratio on clogging of filter by fertilizer pump in microirrigation system. The pump selected was commonly used 120 mesh (diameter 0.13 μm) screen type and disc filter. The test was carried out in the Key Laboratory of Arid Agricultural Water and Soil Engineering of Ministry of education, the Northwest A&F University. The fertilization proportion was 2%, 3% and 4%. The inhaled fertilizer and water ratio was 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6. Water samples were collected to determine the fertilizer concentration at fertilization pump outlet. The concentration of phosphate was determined by an ion conductivity instrument. The uniformity of fertilizer concentration at outlet was assessed by Christensen coefficient, distribution uniformity and statistical uniformity. The results showed that the fertilizer concentration at outlet was different significantly among the 9 treatments. It increased with the increase of fertilizer proportion and inhaled fertilizer and water ratio. At the fertilizer proportion of 4%, the Christensen coefficient significantly differed among the treatments of fertilizer and water ratio. No significant difference was found for the Christensen coefficient at the fertilizer proportion of 2% and 3%. Thus, the high fertilizer proportion could greatly affect the fertilizer concentration uniformity at outlet and we do not recommend the high fertilizer proportion. The water head loss of screen filter became stable at about 3 min for the treatment of the fertilizer concentration equalling to or higher than 0.117%. When the concentration smaller than 0.117%, the water head loss was less than 0.5 m for the screen filter. For the disc filter, the water head loss increased slowly when the fertilizer concentration at outlet was not smaller than 0.067%. But, when the fertilizer concentration at outlet was smaller than 0.067% the water head loss was less than 0.5 m. To avoid filter clogging at a short time, the fertilizer concentration at outlet smaller than 0.117% and 0.067% was recommended respectively for the screen filter and the disc filter. The range of water head loss for the screen filter (0.09-7.75 m) was higher than that for the disc filter (0.32-3.88 m). With the increase of fertilizer concentration at outlet the surface attachment weight was not significantly different for the screen filter but significantly different for the disc filter. The max surface attachment weight was as 11.4 times as the min one. The flow rate of the screen filter decreased from 0.4 m3/h to 0.2 m3/h when the fertilizer concentration at outlet was the highest (0.296%). The flow rate of the disc filter decreased from 0.4 m3/h to 0.3 m3/h when the surface attachment weight increased to 4.56 g. The anti-clogging performance of disc filter was much better than the screen filter when the maximum average fertilizer concentration at outlet was 0.296%. The research can provide the technique support for the popularization and application of integrated water and fertilization technology of drip irrigation equipment. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Bandpass filters - Filters (for fluids) - Hydraulic machinery - Irrigation - Pumps - Soil mechanics - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Clogging - Distribution uniformity - Drip irrigation systems - Hydraulic performance - Microirrigation - Microirrigation systems - Ministry of Education - Water head loss
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 618.2 Pumps - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 703.2 Electric Filters - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
Numerical data indexing:Mass 4.56e-03kg, Percentage 1.17e-01%, Percentage 2.00e+00%, Percentage 2.96e-01%, Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 4.00e+00%, Percentage 6.70e-02%, Size 1.30e-07m, Size 3.20e-01m to 3.88e+00m, Size 5.00e-01m, Size 9.00e-02m to 7.75e+00m, Time 1.80e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918494
Title:Texture analysis and grade discriminant of sausages based on ultrasound imaging
Authors:Zou, Xiaobo (1); Zhao, Hao (1); Shi, Jiyong (1); Wang, Sheng (1); Zhai, Xiaodong (1); Hu, Xuetao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:284-290
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sausage is an emulsification-type, popular meat product, because of its unique flavor, high in nutrition and easy to store procedures. According to national standards of China (GB/T 20712-2006), sausage can be divided into three types of grades (general, excellent and premium). Traditional sausage grade detection methods are laborious and time consuming.So, it is imperative to develop a rapid and simple detection method. In this research, ultrasound imaging system was evaluated as rapid and precise detection method to differentiate between different grades of sausage. And, the texture of the sausage was also analyzed simultaneously. A total of 120 sausage samples from 2 different manufacturers were collected from local supermarkets of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China. From each sausage, small sample (2.5 cm×1.5 cm) were obtained for ultrasound imaging, moisture, starch and protein measurement. These measurements were utilized to divide sausages into general, excellent and premium quality grades. Ultrasound imaging system worked with the UTEX 320 equipment in pulse echo mode. The parameters of ultrasound imaging system were as follow: the pulse voltage; 300 V, the pulse repetition frequency; 800 Hz, the gain; 35 dB, and the scanning speed was 5 mm/s. Total of 240 ultrasound images (2 brands 3 grades, each had 40 samples) were collected by ultrasound imaging system. Images generated from different grades had obvious difference, however, different brands' images with the same grade were similar. Grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) was generated in 0, 45, 90 and 135° directions, respectively. The commonly used angular second moment (ASM), contrast (CON), correlation (COR) and homomorphity (HOM) were extracted in all directions, and a total of 16 texture feature variables were generated. Combined with the average average image (AVG), variance (VAR) of the image, 18 texture feature variables were finally obtained. Furthermore, the textural features of different grades had significant difference (P<0.05). All the texture feature values were randomly divided into calibration set (162 samples data) and prediction set (78 samples data) to build calibration model and predication model. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to simple variable because that texture feature always carried redundant data and examined the qualitative difference of these sausage grades using the first 3 score vectors. From the results of PCA, all the samples of sausage were divided into three classes according to the grade of the sample. However, the brand of the sausages failed to be distinguished. The 3 groups of different class of sausages were almost apart from each other in the space of the first 3 principal components (PCs), although there were some overlaps among the groups, because the emulsification-type meat product hardly to achieve well-distributed in each part. Results from PCA was in accordance to the results of image analysis. The first 3 PCs accounted for the all variations of 97.54%, representing all the information of the variables. Therefore, all the samples were divided into 3 classes based on different grades. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA), used in statistics, pattern recognition and machine learning to find a linear combination of features that characterizes or separates two or more classes of objects or events, and support vector machine(SVM), as a learning algorithm used for classification and regression tasks, was used to get the identification model. All the models relatively had high recognition rate. The identification results of the SVM were compared with the LDA. From the comparison, it showed that the discrimination accuracy of all the 3 classes of sausages using the SVM was up to 100% in prediction set and 100% in calibration set, respectively. From the results, it can be concluded that the ultrasound imaging technology can be used as a powerful and attractive tool to identify and discriminate different grades of sausages. The study could provide a reference for ultrasonic imaging technology's appalication in discriminating different grades of sausages. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Meats
Controlled terms:Calibration - Discriminant analysis - Emulsification - Image processing - Image retrieval - Image texture - Imaging systems - Learning algorithms - Learning systems - Models - Pattern recognition - Principal component analysis - Support vector machines - Textures - Ultrasonic applications - Ultrasonic imaging
Uncontrolled terms:Grey-level co-occurrence matrixes - Linear discriminant analyses (LDA) - Pulse repetition frequencies - Sausages - Texture features - Ultrasonic imaging technology - Ultrasound imaging - Ultrasound imaging systems
Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 746 Imaging Techniques - 753.3 Ultrasonic Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 822.3 Food Products - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Decibel 3.50e+01dB, Frequency 8.00e+02Hz, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 9.75e+01%, Velocity 5.00e-03m/s, Voltage 3.00e+02V
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918461
Title:EDEM simulation and experiment of pullout force of protected vegetable harvester
Authors:Gao, Guohua (1); Xie, Haifeng (1); Wang, Tianbao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing; 100022, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:24-31
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Although China is a vegetable planting country, the degree of mechanization of vegetable production is low. With the advance of the urbanization and industrialization in China, arable land gradually becomes less, and the vegetable cultivation is paid more and more attention. Facilities vegetable cultivation is an important way for vegetable cultivation. However, the level of mechanization of protected vegetable is lower than 25%, and the comprehensive mechanization level of vegetable production is about 20%, while production of leaf vegetables in China accounts for 30%-40% of total production. Therefore, the development of efficient and stable facilities vegetable harvesting machinery is the premise to achieve the automation of vegetable plantation and production process, and is of great significance to achieve the mechanization of agriculture, especially vegetable production. However, the height of the existing vegetable picking machine can not meet the requirements, for the distance of the rhizome exposed is too short, which leads to the phenomenon that vegetable is cut loose and harvesting fails. Therefore, in this paper, the model of the vegetable harvester is established, and the problem of cutting is analyzed. Based on the analysis of the above and lower parts of the vegetable stem in the process of drawing, the mathematical parameters of the drawing force were analyzed, and the key factors affecting the pulling force of the vegetables were the height of the vegetables and the height slope. Through the tensile test of the rhizome of the vegetable sample and the compression test of the stem of the vegetable sample, the mechanics parameters of the vegetable were obtained, and the necessary theoretical support was provided for the simulation of the drawing of the vegetable and other research. The distinct element method (DEM) is a numerical simulation method for dealing with discontinuous medium problems. And it is widely used in the field of bulk material processing. EDEM (enhanced distinct element method) software is a general CAE (computer aided engineering) analysis software based on the DEM, which is commonly used to simulate and analyze particle processing and operating system in industry and agricultural production. At present, its application in crop harvesting has not been reported, but it has been successfully applied in the field of agriculture, especially in the treatment of soil matrix. The discrete element simulation model of vegetable drawing process was established by using discrete element software EDEM, and the optimal drawing force and drawing effect were determined by studying the mechanism of pulling the vegetables. According to the simulation analysis, the relationship between the pulling force of vegetables and the displacement of vegetables and the simulation process of vegetable drawing were obtained. It was determined that the minimum drawing resistance was 26.87 N when adopting the optimum drawing distance of 20 mm. The maximum safe drawing load of vegetable rhizome was 37.5 N and the maximum safe compression load of vegetable stem was 84.36 N under the condition of safety factor of 1.1, using small universal testing machine. According to the upper and lower limits of the drawing force and the mathematical parameters of the drawing, the inclination angle of the planting trough, which met the requirement of planting 1-6 rows of vegetables, was determined to be 17.8°. And at this angle of inclination, the maximum thrust value of the stem of the vegetable was less than the maximum destructive force of the vegetable 84.36 N. The final working parameters were applied to the single-row prototype test, and the good harvesting effect was obtained, which verified the rationality of the key parameters of the vegetable harvester. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Vegetables
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Compression testing - Computer aided analysis - Computer aided engineering - Computer aided software engineering - Computer operating systems - Computer software - Cultivation - Finite difference method - Harvesters - Harvesting - Load testing - Mechanical properties - Mechanization - Numerical methods - Safety factor - Safety testing - Soil testing - Tensile testing
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Discrete element simulation - Distinct element methods - Harvesting machines - Mathematical parameters - Numerical simulation method - Universal testing machines - Vegetable productions
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601 Mechanical Design - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Force 2.69e+01N, Force 3.75e+01N, Force 8.44e+01N, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01% to 4.00e+01%, Size 2.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918476
Title:Evaluation of meteorological factors influencing reference crop evapotranspiration based on different methods of mathematical statistics in Henan province
Authors:Song, Ni (1, 2); Shen, Xiaojun (1, 2); Chen, Zhifang (1, 2); Wang, Jinglei (1, 2); Liu, Zugui (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang; 453002, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Xinxiang; 453002, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Jinglei(firiwjl@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:145-156
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To determine the main meteorological factors affecting the inter-annual variability of ET<inf>0</inf>is the basis of accurate estimation of crop water requirement in the future, and is also of great significance in dealing with the climate change for agricultural production. In this paper, we investigated the factors affecting reference crop evapotranspiration (ET<inf>0</inf>) based on different mathematical statistic methods in Henan province. The evaluation results from the different methods were compared with the actual variation trend of ET<inf>0</inf>and each factor. The effective method should be consistent with the trend. From common methods, we selected 5 methods to evaluate the effects of 7 meteorological factors on the inter-annual variability of ET<inf>0</inf>based on the meteorological data of 17 stations in Henan province. The 5 methods included the correlation method, partial correlation method, dominant method, stepwise regression analysis, grey correlation analysis based on numerical average, numerical initial and numerical standardization data. The data were on the highest temperature, the lowest temperature, average temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed and sunshine hours. They were from meteorological stations. The annual average of daily ET<inf>0</inf>was calculated by the Penman-Monteith method. The result showed that the influential factors based on the 5 methods were different for each station. By considering the trend of ET<inf>0</inf>and each factor during a long term, we obtained the main factors affecting ET<inf>0</inf>in Henan. The sunshine was the primary factor for Shangqiu, Xuchang, Lushi, Xixia, Nanyang, Zhumadian, Xinyang, and Gushi stations. The wind speed was the primary factor for Anyang, Xinxiang, Kaifeng, Zhengzhou, Luanchuan and Mengjin station. In the other stations, sunshine and wind speed were both the primary factor. In sum, the sunshine and wind speed were the main factors affecting reference crop evapotranspiration in Henan province, the average wind speed was more important than the other factors in the northern region of the Yellow River, but the sunshine was more important in the southern area of the Yellow River. The impact of the high temperature could not be ignored in the estimation of ET<inf>0</inf>at Xinyang and Xixia stations. There were great differences in evaluation results among 5 methods. Grey correlation analysis method was not suitable for the evaluation of the main factors influencing ET<inf>0</inf>variation because of the different results with different data transformation. Stepwise regression analysis was not suitable either because there were many differences between actual and prospective trend of ET<inf>0</inf>based on the change trend of meteorological elements in each station. Correlation analysis, partial correlation analysis and dominant analysis were suitable to determine the main factors influencing ET<inf>0</inf>variation in a given area with small difference in its conclusion and uniform results. Furthermore, dominant analysis method was adopted to rank meteorological factors influencing ET<inf>0</inf>variation and its actual ET<inf>0</inf>was consistent with the predicting trend of ET<inf>0</inf>, so it can be used to evaluate the sequence of meteorological factors affecting ET<inf>0</inf>changes in each station. However, the dominant method should be assisted by the results from the correlation and partial correlation method since it could not obtain the correlation between ET<inf>0</inf>and each factor. It was suggested that correlation analysis and partial correlation analysis method could be adopted to analyze the relationship between each factor and ET<inf>0</inf>in order to get credible results. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Factor analysis
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Climate change - Correlation methods - Crops - Estimation - Evapotranspiration - Metadata - Meteorology - Numerical methods - Regression analysis - Speed - Statistics - Vehicular tunnels - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation analysis - Dominant analysis - Henan Province - Main influence factor - Partial correlation
Classification code:401.2 Tunnels and Tunneling - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918490
Title:Effects of coal exploitation on land use and landscape pattern change in coal mining area
Authors:Xu, Jiaxing (1, 2); Li, Gang (2, 3); Yu, Jiaqi (2); Zhao, Hua (2); Yin, Pengcheng (3); Hu, Wenmin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Internet of Things (Perception Mine) Research Center, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou; 221008, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring of National Administration of Surveying Mapping and Geoinformation, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou; 221116, China; (3) Bureau of Land and Resources of Xuzhou, Xuzhou; 221018, China
Corresponding author:Li, Gang(cumtlig@263.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:252-258
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Mining areas with intensive resources exploitation and utilization have undergone different kinds of environmental influences, such as water pollution and land use and land cover change (LUCC). The extensive coal mining in China has led to significant regional land use change resulting in major ecological damage. In order to research the impact of coal exploitation on landscape pattern change in coal mining area, taking Peibei mining area in Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Provinces, China as an example, the changes in land use and landscape pattern were analyzed quantitatively based on remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS), landscape ecology and mathematical statistics. Influence of the scale and intensity of coal mining on variation process of land use structure and landscape pattern was mainly studied from the perspective of coal industry life cycle. At the same time, the driving factors of land use and landscape pattern change were analyzed from coal mining, economy, urbanization and land reclamation policy. The results were as follows: 1) Over the last 20 years the landscape structure and landscape pattern of land use in the mining area have changed significantly with the continuous exploitation of coal resources, which were mainly manifested by the decrease of cultivated land, forest land and unused land and the rapid increase of industrial and mining construction land and subsidence water. In particular, the subsidence water increased from 56.38 hm2in 1994 to 1254.31 hm2in 2014, and increased by about 22 times. The process of farmland transformed into construction land and subsidence water has become intense and frequent since 2000, in which the coal mining area has been in stable exploitation period. 2) Landscape type index showed a rising trend in fluctuation and landscape fractal characteristics tended to be simplified and regularized. The patch type index of cultivated land, forest land and garden plot overall declined, but that of industrial and mining construction land and the subsidence water increased continuously, which indicates the landscape of mining area tended to be simple and uniform. 3) Furthermore, correlation analysis and Mann-Kendall abrupt change test show that there is a strong correlation between coal resources exploitation and landscape index change. The abrupt changes of largest patch index (LPI) and aggregation index (AI) of cultivated land occurred in 1999 and 2001 respectively, and showed a rapid downward trend in 2003, which shows that the coal resource exploitation first affects the landscape dominance of cultivated land and then influences the aggregation degree of cultivated land patches with the increase of coal mining intensity. The AI of subsidence water area had a significantly rising trend in 2 periods, 1997-2006 and 2011-2013, but no significant change in 2006-2011, and the LPI of subsidence water area was increasing gradually over the whole period. The main reason is that continuous large-scale exploitation of coal resources seriously resulted in ground subsidence, damage and loss of arable land, vegetation field reduction and landscape fragmentation, and that the management of subsidence area got some effects through land reclamation and landscape restoration in mining area, which were showed as the increase of cultivated land and water area, and the decrease of landscape fragmentation. These results provide an important guide for land reclamation and ecological restoration of damaged landscape in coal mining areas. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Land reclamation
Controlled terms:Coal - Coal deposits - Coal industry - Coal mines - Coal reclamation - Ecology - Economic geology - Economics - Forestry - Land use - Life cycle - Reclamation - Remote sensing - Restoration - Statistics - Subsidence - Water pollution - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Dynamic changes - Ecological restoration - Environmental influences - Fractal characteristics - Land use and land cover change - Landscape fragmentation - Landscape pattern - Landscape pattern changes
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 444 Water Resources - 453 Water Pollution - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 503 Mines and Mining, Coal - 503.1 Coal Mines - 524 Solid Fuels - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.00e+01yr
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20181204918492
Title:Analysis of forming properties based on pellet feed forming constitutive model
Authors:Chen, Xiao (1); Kong, Dandan (1); Wang, Hongying (1); Fang, Peng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Agricultural Products Processing Technology & Equipment Research and Development Center of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Hongying(hongyingw@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:267-275
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the feed industry, through crushing, mixing and conditioning, feedstuffs are pelleted by mechanical equipment to obtain pellet products. In this compression process, the feed material particles are overlapped and staggered with each other, and the granular system is changed from the loose state into the curing bond with squeeze flow and the gap flow occurs synchronously. The mechanism for the pelleting process appears to be a regular relationship of stress and strain and other mechanical properties. Therefore, it is necessary to learn the stress-strain relationship and rheology properties of the feedstuffs during the compression process, and it is of theoretical significance to analyze the forming rules of granules and optimize the pelleting process and equipment. In this paper, based on characteristics and nonlinear properties of wheat as a feedstuff, a nonlinear visco-elasto-plastic constitutive model for characterization of rheological properties was constructed. Based on the experiment, and establishment and verification of the numerical model, the rheological properties such as viscoelasticity and plasticity of the feedstuff were analyzed by the model coefficients, and the influence of material properties and processing parameters on the rheological properties is studied. Also, the relationship between the rheological coefficients of the materials and the quality of the pellet is learned, which provides a new methodology for the study on the compression process of pellet feed. According to the process of pelleting, the factors in compression trials were selected including moisture, particle size (i.e., mesh size) and forming temperature, compression load. During the initial stage of the compression process, air between the particles was extruded by pressure and relative positions of particles are rearranged under the action of the inertial force. With the process progressing, the gap gradually decreases to infinitely small and the relative positions of the particles cease to change significantly, after which the deformation of the material can be considered as caused by its own viscoelastic properties, and therefore the compression process is divided into inertial deformation stage and visco-elasto-plastic compression stage for better description. According to the theory of rheology, the feedstuffs properties exhibited during the compression process are summarized as elastic-plastic, viscous and particle-wall friction, and represented by the strain hardening spring element, Newton viscous dashpot element, and Coulomb friction element, respectively. The elastic modulus shows the flexibility of the elastic element or the difficulty of compression. It turns out that the larger the coefficient, the more difficult the deformation and the stronger the stiffness of the material, which can stand for the strength and deformation properties. The improvement of the plastic strain showed by combined plastic exponent, which is coupled by plastic modulus and strain hardening exponent, indicates that the deformation can be maintained after the removal of the compressive stress, which has a special meaning on the quality control of the pellet feed. The viscous coefficient is mainly characterized by the ability of the particles to be bonded in the process of pelleting, thus reflecting the capacity of the formed pellet to stay stable under external force without significant damage in the current state. Meantime, the frictional loss factor can reflect the characteristics of energy dissipation, which mainly includes the friction and adhesion between the particles or the particles and the die wall. The compression stage was divided into 5 even ranges in order to study the various material properties along with the process. The numerical results of the constitutive model of wheat were obtained under 15% material moisture content, 2.0 mm mesh size, 80℃ forming temperature and 3 kN compression load, which showed that the determination coefficients (R2) in all stress ranges were beyond 0.99 and the mean relative error values were 3.883%, 1.798%, 2.992%, 1.496%, and 6.721% in the ranges of 1-5, respectively. The comparative curve showed a good fit between the actual test value and model value; besides, the χ2examination showed that the χ2values of the data in each range were much smaller than the standard values in the degree of freedom of 130 and the significance of 0.001. Based on the above criteria, this constitutive model possesses a good performance that can be used to characterize the rheological properties of wheat. The constitutive model coefficients and the rheological properties of the feedstuff were characterized by regular changes, which showed obvious stress function: The elastic modulus increased with the increase of stress, indicating the deformation performance of the material was gradually weakened and the overall compressibility of the material decreased step by step to reach the end of forming, and the stiffness increased significantly. The increases of combined plastic exponent showed that the plastic deformation of the material increased gradually with a sudden downside in the last range. The absolute value of the viscosity coefficient increased gradually, which means that the bonding force among the material particles is enhanced with the progress of the forming, and the connection between the particles is strengthened therewith. For the influence of various forming factors, results were showed as follows: The increase in forming temperature can improve the elastic modulus, which means a better compression deformation capacity; with preferable softening, and bonding effect on the compressibility, higher moisture content can improve the combined plastic exponent and viscosity coefficient at the same time; the decrease of the particle size increases the absolute value of the viscosity coefficient, indicating its significant positive effect on the particle bonding force. The correlation relations between the pellet quality index and the constitutive model coefficients show that the pellet density, the pellet forming ratio and the pellet hardness were correlated with the viscous coefficient, plastic modulus, and elastic modulus respectively (P<0.001), which owned the highest correlation coefficients that were all above 0.80, illustrating the close relationship between pellet product quality and feedstuff rheological properties. The nonlinear visco-elasto-plastic constitutive model constructed in this paper can provide a new methodology and perspective for the research of the process of feed pelleting, and provide theoretical basis for analyzing the particle forming characteristics, and product quality from the view of material rheology, which give contribution to the efficient and low-cost pellet production and the improvement of product quality. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Pelletizing
Controlled terms:Bonding - Characterization - Compressibility - Compressive stress - Constitutive models - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Elastic moduli - Elasticity - Elastoplasticity - Energy dissipation - Extrusion - Friction - Hardening - Mesh generation - Models - Moisture - Moisture determination - Nonlinear analysis - Particle size - Particles (particulate matter) - Plastic deformation - Plasticity - Quality control - Rheology - Stiffness - Strain - Strain hardening - Stress-strain curves - Stresses - Tribology - Viscoelasticity - Viscosity
Uncontrolled terms:Compression deformation - Determination coefficients - Elastoplastic constitutive model - Feedstuff - Forming properties - Strain-hardening exponent - Strength and deformation properties - Stress-strain relationships
Classification code:525.4 Energy Losses (industrial and residential) - 537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Force 3.00e+03N, Percentage 1.50e+00%, Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 1.80e+00%, Percentage 2.99e+00%, Percentage 3.88e+00%, Percentage 6.72e+00%, Size 2.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.035

Accession number:20181204918474
Title:Water and salt transport and desalination effect of halophytes intercropped cotton field with drip irrigation under film
Authors:He, Zijian (1); Shi, Wenjuan (1); Yang, Junqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Wenjuan(shiwj@xaut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:129-138
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Improvement of saline-alkali soil by halophyte is one of the most effective methods, which has good application prospect such as low cost, high efficiency and environment friendliness. Large amounts of saline-alkali soils and severe drought significantly restricts sustainable development of irrigated agriculture in the Xinjiang region. However, long-term application of the irrigation method will face the potential risk of salinization. Thus, the paper's aim was to explore the characteristics of water and salt transport in field soil and halophytes's desalinization effect in saline-alkali soil under the intercropped cotton systems under the drip irrigation with film. The experiment was carried in field and water balance spot. In the field experiment, the groundwater depth was not adjusted and 3 kinds of halophytes (alfalfa, Suaeda and cumin) were used. The treatment without halophytes was considered as the control. In the water balance spot experiment, the Suaeda was intercropped with cotton and 4 kinds of groundwater depths (1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 m) were designed. The soil moisture, salinity, sodium and chloride ion content, cotton yield and groundwater recharge were determined. The results showed that halophytes intercropped with cotton could significantly increase the average soil moisture at 0-30 cm depth between the film and inside film during the growth stage of cotton in field, and the treatment with intercropping Suaeda was the most effective. The average soil desalinization rate of intercropping alfalfa, Suaeda, cumin and the treatment of no intercropping in soil at 0-100 cm depth was 55.97%, -18.77%, -21.43% and -307.52%, respectively. The treatment with intercropping alfalfa was the most effective to remove salt from soil. The desalination rate in the narrow rows was the highest and that between the film was the lowest; Intercropping halophytes could decrease the content of sodium ions and chloride ions to a certain extent in soil at 0-100 cm depth, and increase the cotton seed yield and water use efficiency. Among the treatments, intercropping alfalfa was the best for decreasing sodium ions and chloride ions content of the field soil. The trial of water balance spot showed that the smaller the groundwater depth was, the higher the average soil moisture was, and the smaller the moisture difference inside film and between films in soil at 100 cm depth under intercropping conditions was. Compared with no intercropping, the intercropping treatments could effectively reduce soil salinity, increase the soil moisture, increase the cotton yield and improve the water use efficiency. In addition, the intercropping treatments increased the groundwater recharge ratio. Among all the treatments, the intercropping Suaeda and alfalfa had the best effect. We suggested to improve saline soil by intercropping Suaeda with cotton under the drip irrigation with film since the intercropping Suaeda with cotton had the better inhibition effect for sodium ion accumulation than the intercropping alfalfa treatment. These results will provide the support for saline alkali soil improvement with drip irrigation under film and the sustainable application for the irrigation method in saline alkali soil and arid region. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Chlorine compounds - Cotton - Desalination - Efficiency - Film growth - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Ions - Metal ions - Moisture - Plants (botany) - Recharging (underground waters) - Saline water - Sodium compounds - Soil moisture - Soils - Subirrigation - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Cotton fields - Drip irrigation - Intercropping - Salinity - Water and salt transports
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531.1 Metallurgy - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage -1.88e+01%, Percentage -2.14e+01%, Percentage -3.08e+02%, Percentage 5.60e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.00e+00m, Size 0.00e+00m to 3.00e-01m, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 2.50e+00m, Size 3.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.017

Accession number:20181204918493
Title:Intelligent feedback cognition of greengage grade based on deep ensemble learning
Authors:Li, Weitao (1, 2); Cao, Zhongda (1); Zhu, Chenghui (1); Chen, Keqiong (3); Wang, Jianping (1); Liu, Xuejing (1); Zheng, Chengqiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electric Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei; 230009, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries (Northeastern University), Shenyang; 110004, China; (3) Department of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei; 230601, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Chenghui(zhuchenghui@sina)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:276-283
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fruit planting area and yield in China have reached the top level in the world. However, the lower processing level of the subsequent commercialization after fruit harvest is becoming one of the main factors to restrict the promotion of the added value and the international market competitiveness for the domestic fruit. Therefore, realizing the automatic classification of fruit grade has become an essential precondition of the modernization for the fruit industry in China. For the automatic classification method of fruit grade based on visible light technology, the working strength is considerably heavy and the cognitive effect is difficult to be satisfied, due to the susceptibility to the subjective factors for the man-made screening mode, such as experience. The corresponding machine screening mode based on the computer vision technology is susceptible to the drawbacks of the objective factors, such as traditional cognitive methods, and the classification result is also hence difficult to achieve satisfied effect. When the feature space and classification criteria are established once, they are un-updated, and are summarized as an open-loop fruit grade cognition mode for traditional machine judgment. Aiming at the defects, a greengage grade intelligent feedback cognitive method with cognitive result entropy measurement index constraint is explored, which imitates the human cognitive process with repeated comparison and inference from global to local. Firstly, under uncertain conditions and finite domain, from the information theory point of view, the greengage grade intelligent decision information system model is established by the representation of unstructured multi-level dynamic features with information completeness evaluation index. Secondly, the feature space data structure and classification criterion of greengage images with clear grade and feature mapping relationship are established based on adaptive structure-based convolutional neural networks and ensemble random vector functional-link net classifiers from global to local. Thirdly, based on the generalized error and generalized entropy theories, the entropy measurement evaluation index is established for the greengage image cognitive results. Finally, the intelligent operation mechanism of dynamic feedback cognition is established based on the measurement index constraint of uncertain process cognitive result. The average recognition accuracy of 1 008 greengage images for our proposed method is 98.15%. Such performance is 7.9% higher than the algorithm based on Gabor wavelet combined with principal component analysis and support vector machine. The performance of the algorithm based on color completed local binary pattern combined with the nearest neighbor classifier is also lower than that of the proposed method, and the average recognition accuracy of it is just 92.77%. Moreover, compared with the algorithm based on the wavelet descriptor combined with kernel principal component analysis and radial basis function neural network, the recognition accuracy of the proposed method is much better, although the running time is 0.7 s longer. The above mentioned conclusions indicate that the proposed method of adaptive structure convolutional neural networks and ensemble random vector functional-link net classifiers is suitable for the greengage grade machine screening recognition to replace the man-made screening mode, which can effectively enhance the generalization ability of the feature space and the robustness of the classifier. This study provides a reference for the rapid and accurate greengage grade machine cognition based on visible light. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Classification (of information)
Controlled terms:Automatic indexing - Cognitive systems - Convolution - Decision theory - Deep learning - Entropy - Feedback - Formal logic - Fruits - Grading - Image recognition - Information theory - International trade - Light - Neural networks - Principal component analysis - Radial basis function networks - Vector spaces
Uncontrolled terms:Computer vision technology - Convolutional neural network - Dynamic feedback - Ensemble learning - Entropy measurement - Kernel principal component analyses (KPCA) - Nearest Neighbor classifier - Radial basis function neural networks
Classification code:641.1 Thermodynamics - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 961 Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 7.90e+00%, Percentage 9.28e+01%, Percentage 9.82e+01%, Time 7.00e-01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.036

Accession number:20181204918485
Title:Lactating sow image segmentation based on fully convolutional networks
Authors:Yang, Aqing (1, 2); Xue, Yueju (1, 2, 3, 4); Huang, Huasheng (5); Huang, Ning (1, 3); Tong, Xinxin (1, 2); Zhu, Xunmu (1, 2); Yang, Xiaofan (1); Mao, Liang (1, 4); Zheng, Chan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Datamation of Modern Pig Production, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) Guangdong Science and Technology Innovation Center for Intelligent Orchard, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (4) Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Information Monitoring in Agriculture, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (5) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China
Corresponding author:Xue, Yueju(xueyueju@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:219-225
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The behaviors of a lactating sow reflect welfare and health that affect piglet survival and growth during lactation. Computer vision has been widely used to perceive the behavior of animals for precision husbandry, which is useful to increase the productivity and reduce the disease rate. Effective and accurate segmentation of individual lactating sow is a vital step to record and analyze the lactating sow behavior automatically. However, under real pigsty conditions, it is a challenge to segment lactating sow from the background due to occlusion, uneven color on sow body surface, variations of sow size and pose, varying illumination and complex floor status. In this paper, we proposed an algorithm for lactating sow image segmentation based on fully convolutional networks (FCN). To design FCN for accurate segmentation, VGG16 was chosen as a basic network where the fully connected lays were converted to convolutional layers, and the FCN-8s skip structure was designed by combining semantic information from a deep, coarse layer with appearance information from a shallow, fine layer. We called this network FCN-8s-VGG16. The steps of our work were as follows: First, top view images were taken from 28 pens of pigs under a real pigsty circumstance and a total of 4 334 images were obtained, of which 3811 training images were selected from images of 7 pens and 523 test images were selected from images of the other 21 pens. And, all the images in training set and test set were manually labeled. Second, adaptive histogram equalization was used to improve contrast in training images. Then, the pre-processed training set was fed into FCN-8s-VGG16 to develop an optimum FCN model by the fine-tuning of the network parameters using Caffe deep learning framework on an NVIDIA GTX 980 GPU (graphics processing unit). After that, test set was put into the trained model to obtain the segmentation results. Then, to fill holes within objects and remove small objects, a post-processing was performed by using a disk structure of mathematical morphology and calculating the areas of connected regions. Finally, we compared our FCN-8s-VGG16 network architecture with different network architectures including a different skip architecture (FCN-16s based) and 2 different basic networks (CaffeNet based and AlexNet based). Besides, comparisons with other methods were also conducted, including the previous state-of-the-art simultaneous detection and segmentation (SDS), Graph-based and Level-set algorithm. The results on the test set showed that the algorithm achieved a complete segmentation of lactating sow by minimizing the effects of uneven color, light variations, occlusions, adhesion between sow and piglets and complex floor status, with an average accuracy of segmentation of 99.3% and a mean regional coincidence degree of 95.2% at an average speed of 0.22 second per image. However, it is hard to completely segment the sow's head when sow's head is downwards to floor, or close to the wall or adheres to piglets. The comparison with different network architectures showed that the mean regional coincidence degree of our proposed network architecture was higher than that of the others, and on GPU, the segmentation speeds of our FCN-8s-VGG16, FCN-16s based, CaffeNet based and AlexNet based were 0.22, 0.21, 0.09, and 0.09 second per image, respectively, which had good real-time performance. The comparison with other methods showed that our FCN-8s-VGG16 model outperformed others, which improved the mean regional coincidence degree of SDS, Graph-based and Level-set by 9.99, 31.96 and 26.44 percentage point, respectively. All of the experimental results suggest that the proposed method demonstrates a higher generalization and robustness, and provides an effective access to accurate and fast segmentation of lactating sow image under a pigsty circumstance. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Network architecture
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Complex networks - Computer graphics - Computer graphics equipment - Convolution - Deep learning - Experiments - Floors - Graphic methods - Graphics processing unit - Image enhancement - Image segmentation - Mathematical morphology - Numerical methods - Program processors - Semantics
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive histogram equalization - Convolutional networks - Lactating sow - Level set algorithm - Real time performance - Segmentation results - Semantic information - Simultaneous detection and segmentations
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 723.5 Computer Applications - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.6 Numerical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.52e+01%, Percentage 9.93e+01%, Time 2.20e-01s, Time 9.00e-02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.028

Accession number:20181204918497
Title:Pulse vacuum osmosis pretreatment improving quality of heat pump dried tilapia fillets
Authors:Li, Min (1); Guan, Zhiqiang (1); Wu, Yangyang (1); Liu, Yan (1); Ye, Biao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang; 524088, China
Corresponding author:Guan, Zhiqiang(Mmcgzq@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:306-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pulsed vacuum takes advantage of the circulatory operation between normal pressure and vacuum pressure. It has been applied to the drying and thawing process of fruits and vegetable. Previous studies have shown that suitable pulsed vacuum pretreatment can effectively improve the drying quality of fruits and vegetables, and is beneficial to the extraction of bioactive substances. However, it is rarely reported about the application of pulsed vacuum pretreatment in fish drying. In order to effectively take the advantages of osmotic dehydration combined with pulsed vacuum effect, this paper attempted to apply pulse vacuum infiltration pretreatment in heat pump drying of tilapia fillet on the basis of osmotic dehydration research. These would break through the limitations of conventional technology and a new process of pulsed vacuum infiltration pretreatment for heat pump drying process of tilapia fillets was obtained. Therefore, in order to obtain the effect of pulsed vacuum impregnation as a pretreatment on the quality of heat pump dried tilapia fillets, whiteness, DEI (dehydration efficiency index), Ca2+-ATPase activity, rehydration rate and texture, as well as the comprehensive scores were evaluated for the quality assessment of tilapia fillets. The relevant evaluation criteria were screened to develop the evaluation factor set according to the test purpose. The weight coefficient of each criterion was determined using the analytic hierarchy process to construct the hierarchical structure models of target layer, factor layer and project layer. A series of single-factor experiments were conducted, and the factors included circulation rate, cycle times, vacuum pressure and trehalose concentration. The results showed: Compared with the control group, the pulse cycle rate could effectively improve the comprehensive quality of the heat pump dried fish fillets, and when the circulation rate was 4:2 within the range of 4:4-5:1, not only the comprehensive score reached the maximum, but also Ca2+-ATPase activity was increased by 42.48%; the cycle number could effectively improve the comprehensive quality of the heat pump dried fish fillets; when the cycle number was 4 within the range of 3-5, the whiteness of fillets got the peak value of 41.08 and increased by 16.98% compared to the control group; the vacuum pressure could effectively improve the comprehensive quality of the heat pump dried fish fillets, and when the vacuum pressure was 10 kPa within the range of 4-16 kPa, the results were better and rehydration rate obtained the balance gradually; when the trehalose concentration was at 130 g/L within the range of 90-170 g/L, the research got the maximum comprehensive score. Moreover, compared with the atmosphere pressure control group, the whiteness, rehydration rate, and Ca2+-ATPase activity of dried tilapia fillets were increased pronouncedly by17.9%, 80%, and 93.6% respectively. By changing the vacuum pressure, vacuum circulation rate, cycle times and the concentration of trehalose, the quality of the heat pump dried tilapia fillets could be promoted with different degrees. Impregnation under pulsed vacuum condition can improve the comprehensive quality of heat pump dried tilapia fillets effectively, which provides a reference for improving the pretreatment process of similar dried products, and also provides technical guidance for similar product technological update. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Calcium - Dehydration - Drying - Fish - Fruits - Heat pump systems - Impregnation - Optical pumping - Osmosis - Pressure - Pumps - Thawing - Thermal processing (foods) - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation - Dipping - Heat pumps - Pulsed vacuum - Tilapia fillets
Classification code:549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 618.2 Pumps - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.30e+02kg/m3, Mass_Density 9.00e+01kg/m3 to 1.70e+02kg/m3, Percentage 1.70e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+01%, Percentage 9.36e+01%, Pressure 1.00e+04Pa, Pressure 4.00e+03Pa to 1.60e+04Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.040

Accession number:20181204918489
Title:Study on one-step ethanol production from CO by C. autoethanogenum
Authors:Xu, Huijuan (1, 2); Liang, Cuiyi (1); Xu, Jingliang (1, 2); He, Minchao (1); Yuan, Zhenhong (1, 2); Chen, Xiaoyan (1); Zhang, Yu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou; 510640, China; (2) Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou; 510640, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Jingliang(xjl@ms.giec.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:246-251
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fuel ethanol has been recognized as a kind of potential alternative fuel as well as an additive to gasoline because of its oxygenated and high octane characteristics. Syngas fermentation, a novel route for ethanol production, is getting more and more attention. Syngas can be generated from a lot of organic materials including biomass. Gasification technology is used to convert the biomass into a mixture of gases (consisting mainly of CO, CO<inf>2</inf>and H<inf>2</inf>), which is subsequently fermented to ethanol by means of anaerobic microbial catalysts known as homoacetogens. As a homoacetogen, Clostridium autoethanogenum is able to metabolize syngas/CO and synthesize ethanol, but limited work has been accomplished with it and ethanol concentration achieved was low. In order to improve its ethanol production, fermentation process and some factors affecting cell growth or product formation were studied. Although xylose is an easily-used carbon source for C. autoethanogenum, results showed that the primary end product in xylose metabolism was acetate, while ethanol remained in a low level even with high level of xylose (8-10 g/L). C. autoethanogenum grew rapidly in the medium containing xylose and organic nitrogen source, and high cell density was achieved. When nitrogen source was switched to NH<inf>4</inf>Cl, C. autoethanogenum grew much slowly and the overall cell density diminished. However, nitrogen source didn't have much influence on ethanol production if xylose was used as the carbon source. Two-step fermentation, i.e., growing on xylose (first stage) and then fermenting with CO (second stage), was performed in a 3 L bioreactor to study the batch fermentation of C. autoethanogenum. Results indicated that cell growth and acetate production occurred in the first stage, whereas ethanol was primarily produced in the second stage when xylose was exhausted and CO became the sole carbon source. Fermentation curves showed that pH value and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) dropped with cell growth and acetate production, while ethanol production was accompanied by the decrease of acetate concentration and the rise of pH value and ORP. CO<inf>2</inf>evolution was observed in both growth and fermentation stages, and a small amount of H<inf>2</inf>was detected in the outlet gas during the CO fermentation stage. But due to the limitations of bioreactor and operating conditions, gas-liquid mass transfer in the bioreactor was poor, which resulted in the low efficiency of CO utilization, and only 1.71 g/L ethanol was obtained. To eliminate the limitations, the bioreactor was modified and equipped with a specific device which could keep a constant pressure in the headspace. One-step fermentation was carried out in the modified bioreactor using CO as the sole carbon and energy source. In spite of reduced growth rate and cell density, C. autoethanogenum produced more ethanol than it did in two-step fermentation. The maximum ethanol concentration obtained was 7.36 g/L, much greater than that reported in the previous studies. Moreover, during the whole fermentation process, acetate concentration remained lower than 1.1 g/L. Summarily, the results suggest that C. autoethanogenum is a promising strain in ethanol production from CO, and this study presents a reference for the scale-up of CO fermentation to ethanol with C. autoethanogenum. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Ethanol
Controlled terms:Alternative fuels - Bioconversion - Bioreactors - Carbon dioxide - Carbon monoxide - Cell growth - Cells - Clostridium - Cytology - Ecology - Fermentation - Growth kinetics - Mass transfer - Nitrogen - pH - pH effects - Process control - Redox reactions - Synthesis gas
Uncontrolled terms:Acetate - Acetate concentrations - Clostridium autoethanogenum - Gas-liquid mass transfer - Gasification technologies - Organic nitrogen sources - Oxidation reduction potential - Syngas fermentations
Classification code:454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.10e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.71e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 7.36e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 8.00e+00kg/m3 to 1.00e+01kg/m3, Volume 3.00e-03m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.032

Accession number:20181204918480
Title:Effects of ecological construction on transformation of different water bodies in typical watershed on Loess Plateau
Authors:Zhao, Binhua (1); Li, Zhanbin (1, 2); Li, Peng (1); Xiao, Lie (1); Chang, Enhao (1); Zhang, Yi (1); Gao, Bei (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Xi'an University of Technology, State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi'an; 710048, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dry-land Farming on Loess Plateau, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Xi'an Water Conservancy Survey Design Institute, Xi'an; 710054, China
Corresponding author:Li, Peng(lipeng74@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:179-187
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to reduce soil erosion and improve ecological environment, the Chinese government implemented the Grain for Green Project in 1999, in which numerous croplands were converted to grasslands, forestlands, or free land for natural plant succession. The ecological construction not only significantly changes the vegetation cover conditions of the watershed, but also changes the hydrological processes of the watershed. In order to understand the changes of ecological and hydrological processes under different ecological construction conditions, 414 water samples were collected in the governance river basin of Jiuyuangou Watershed and 300 water samples were collected in the natural river basin of Peijiamao Watershed, which are sub basins of Wuding River. The water samples included precipitation, river water, well water, reservoir water and snow water. Each water samples had three replicates. Based on stable isotope technology, the hydrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics were analyzed in different water samples. The effects of ecological construction on water transmission process and transformation characteristics between different water bodies in different seasons were also evaluated in this research. The results showed that the amplitude of precipitation isotope values were greater than the river water and well water isotope values. In addition, the river water and reservoir water had stronger evaporation fractionation than other water samples and well water was relatively stable. The local meteoric water line was δD=7.09δ18O+1.29 in the governance river basin of Jiuyuangou watershed and δD=6.71δ18O-3.25 in the natural river basin of Peijiamao watershed. The slope and intercept of the local meteoric water line in Jiuyuangou watershed was greater than that in Peijiamao watershed. The water supply source of river water, well water and reservoir water were mostly from precipitation. At the same time, precipitation and snow water had similar sources. During the dry season (from December to June), the temperature was low and during the wet season (from July to November), it was high, and the precipitation was mainly distributed in June to November. The isotope values were low in the wet season, and dry season isotope values were high. The isotope values were positively correlated with the precipitation, and negatively correlated with the temperature. The isotope values of river water and well water showed a similar trend of variation, which became enrichment with the main channel flow. The oxygen isotope value was used to calculate the supply ratio of precipitation, river water and well water in dry season and wet season. In dry season, precipitation and well water supplied river water, and the supply ratio was 24.66%, 75.34% and 83.81%, 16.19%, respectively. In wet season, well water was supplied by precipitation and river water, and the supply ratio was 14.75%, 85.25% and 48.06%, 51.94%, respectively. Ecological construction had significantly changed the ecological and hydrological processes. The acceleration of ecological construction had a significant impact on the transformation of different water bodies in the river basin of Loess Plateau. The present research could provide technical support and theoretic foundation for the study of ecological and hydrological processes and ecological environment protection on the Loess Plateau. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Drought - Ecology - Isotopes - Landforms - Oxygen supply - Precipitation (chemical) - Reservoirs (water) - Rivers - Sediments - Snow - Surface waters - Water piping systems - Water supply - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Dry and wet seasons - Ecological construction - Ecological environment protections - Ecological environments - Grain for green projects - Stable isotope technologies - Supply ratio - Waterbodies
Classification code:441.2 Reservoirs - 443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.48e+01%, Percentage 1.62e+01%, Percentage 2.47e+01%, Percentage 4.81e+01%, Percentage 5.19e+01%, Percentage 7.53e+01%, Percentage 8.38e+01%, Percentage 8.52e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.023

Accession number:20181204918468
Title:Research situation and progress analysis on orchard variable rate spraying technology
Authors:Zhou, Liangfu (1); Xue, Xinyu (1); Zhou, Lixin (1); Zhang, Ling (1); Ding, Suming (1); Chang, Chun (1); Zhang, Xuejin (1); Chen, Chen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding author:Xue, Xinyu(xuexynj@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:80-92
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Orchard variable rate spraying technology is beneficial to enhance the pesticide utilization efficiency and fruit quality, which has been a hot research topic for scholars all over the world. In order to clear the research situation, facing challenge and future progress, first of all, a summarization of the variable rate spraying system was introduced in this paper. There are 3 technique links including geometrical characterization of tree canopy, spray volume calculation and decision- making model, variable rate spraying executive system. For the typical variable-rate sprayers from USA, China, Spain, Iran and Slovenia, the sensors mounted, the property index, the decision-making model used and the qualification acquired were listed in the paper. The first part of this paper presented the foundations of the main systems and their applications in agriculture for the geometrical characterization of tree canopy, including systems based on ultrasound, digital photographic techniques, light sensors, high-resolution radar images, computer vision and LIDAR (light detection and ranging). Amongst these methods, LIDAR laser scanners, computer stereo vision systems, ultrasound and inter-combination are probably the most promising and complementary techniques for achieving 3D (three-dimensional) pictures and maps of plants and canopies. In the second part, a range of empirical models for calculating appropriate plant protection products (PPP) dose in the orchard all over the world were presented. Empirical models contain the equations with variables that influence the PPP application in the orchard. Among apple producers, there are 4 different empirical models in common use, tree-row-volume (TRV) model, ground area (GA) model, leaf wall area (LWA) model and leaf wall height (LWH) model. A potential direction for future development of decision-making model could be focused on using a fuzzy logic system, which is able to continuously control the PPP dosage in a range from 0 to 100%. The advantage of a fuzzy logic system over other systems lies in its capacity to dynamically connect various types of input variables, such as the amount of the laser beams reflected from the tree canopy, the leaf area size, the LAI (leaf area index) and the sprayer travel speed, which enables the fuzzy system to quickly output the response values. The situations of the spray volume regulator system, air volume regulator system and nozzle position regulator system were introduced at the third part. After several years, the technology has been improved much. However, attention must be paid to the fact that discrepancies in the original measurement systems were too large, owing to imprecise operation of various sensor components. Nevertheless it is necessary to underline that LIDAR technology is a strong tool for developing variable rate spraying techniques, and with it, tree canopy properties are sensed in real time. So it is no longer a major problem in the precise application to establish the detection system of tree canopy properties, but to control artificial intelligence actuation, which in the future will properly direct the air flow and the dosage rate of PPP per tree canopy in the orchard. And the quick response system of air volume regulator system and nozzle position regulator system should be paid more attention in the future. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:90
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Computer circuits - Computer vision - Decision making - Farms - Forestry - Fuzzy logic - Image processing - Laser beams - Machinery - Mechanization - Nozzles - Optical radar - Orchards - Pesticides - Plants (botany) - Spraying - Stereo image processing - Stereo vision - Ultrasonic applications
Uncontrolled terms:Air-assisted sprayer - Complementary techniques - Computer stereo vision systems - High resolution radar images - LIDAR (light detection and ranging) - Orchard sprayers - Plant protection products - Variable rate application
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 721.3 Computer Circuits - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.5 Computer Applications - 744.8 Laser Beam Interactions - 753.3 Ultrasonic Applications - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 912.2 Management
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 0.00e+00% to 1.00e+02%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.011

Accession number:20181204918467
Title:Experiment on prevention and control of rice planthopper by ultrasonic pneumatic spray
Authors:Miao, Hong (1, 2); Jiang, Cheng (1); Zhang, Yanjun (1); Ge, Linquan (3); Zhang, Chen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering Yangzhou University, Yangzhou; 225000, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China; (3) School of Horticulture and Plant Protection Yangzhou University, Yangzhou; 225000, China
Corresponding author:Ge, Linquan(lqge@yzu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:73-79
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the current, ultrasonic atomization technology is becoming the key technology of ultra-low volume spray technology in facility agriculture. In order to systemically research the factors affecting the control effect of ultrasonic pneumatic spray on rice planthopper, in this study, the ultrasonic pneumatic spray test platform for rice planthopper was built. This test platform simulated the growth environment of rice planthopper by controlling the temperature, air flow and soil environment. The temperature of the test platform was adjusted by the heater through the PID (proportion, integral, derivative) control system. The air flow was controlled by the electric fan which was placed on the side. The soil was taken directly from the experimental plot in the Yangzhou University. The effects of different operating parameters such as liquid concentration, spray height, moving speed and strength value on the performance, wide width of spray and droplet size of ultrasonic aerosol were studied, and the control effect of ultrasonic aerodynamic spraying on rice planthopper was tested and verified. The biological dye Ponceau-G, which was used as tracer, and distilled water were mixed to be the hydrojet that had the same density and viscosity as pesticide. This kind of hydrojet can leave a trace that is not easy to spread on the qualitative filter paper. The performance and wide width of spray could be qualitatively observed on filter paper. The spray droplets were collected by the white oil which was used as the collection liquid. The droplet size was obtained by 500 times microscope and measuring micro ruler. The rice planthopper and rice seedlings from the Ecological Laboratory of Yangzhou University were placed in the test platform, and using the same configuration of imidacloprid, the control effects of ordinary spray and ultrasonic pneumatic spray on rice planthopper were compared. The experimental results show that when the nozzle moves at a speed of 160 mm/s and a flow rate of 5.5 mL/min, the atomization rate is the highest and the atomization effect is better than others. When the flow rate is 5.5 mL/min, the pesticide utilization rate is the highest. The average values of particle size are basically the same at different pneumatic values, all of which are about 25 μm, and when the air pressure is 20 kPa, the width of atomization reaches 240 mm. Because the particle size of the aerosol spray droplets is very small, the wind speed has a great influence on the droplet trajectory, which can ensure the normal operation of the spray in the greenhouse by increasing the air force value. The adhesion effect of droplets on the blade will be affected by spray flow, droplet diameter, wind speed and blade tilt angle. In comparison with ordinary spray, the pesticide utilization rate of ultrasonic pneumatic spray is increased by 35%-45%, and the control effect on rice planthopper is increased by 10%-36%. The experimental results are of guiding significance and practical value to improve the status quo of relatively backward equipment and technology, and to improve the mechanized control technology of chemical pesticide. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Ultrasonic testing
Controlled terms:Aerosols - Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Air - Animals - Atomization - Chemical equipment - Drops - Particle size - Pesticides - Pneumatics - Proportional control systems - Seed - Speed - Spraying - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Facility agricultures - Guiding significances - Operating parameters - Prevention and controls - Prevention and treatment - Rice planthopper - Ultrasonic atomization - Wind speed
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 632.3 Pneumatics - 731.1 Control Systems - 753.3 Ultrasonic Applications - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01% to 3.60e+01%, Percentage 3.50e+01% to 4.50e+01%, Pressure 2.00e+04Pa, Size 2.40e-01m, Size 2.50e-05m, Velocity 1.60e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.010

Accession number:20181204918481
Title:Cultivated land extraction based on GF-1/WFV remote sensing in Shenwu irrigation area of Hetao Irrigation District
Authors:Chang, Buhui (1); Wang, Juntao (1); Luo, Yuli (1); Wang, Yanhua (1); Wang, Yanming (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Water Diversion and Irrigation Engineering Technology Center Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Xinxiang; 453003, China; (2) Inner Mongolia Hetao Irrigation Area Ulan Buh irrigation Administration Bureau, Bayannaoer; 015200, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:188-195
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the automatic extraction of cultivated land in irrigation area in remote sensing images, according to the planting structure characteristics in Shenwu irrigation area, Hetao Irrigation District, the NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) time series of main crops in the study area were constructed based on field survey results, Google earth and GF1-WFV remote sensing images. OIF index was used to select the best band combination. Furthermore, the harmonic analysis of time series (HANTS: An improved algorithm based on Fourier transform, which can flexibly deal with the problem of unequal intervals of data that constitute the time series) method was employed to smooth the NDVI time series. Visual interpretation based on remote sensing and Google earth, supervised classification (support vector machine), and the combination method of supervised classification and decision tree classification based on NDVI time series (before and after smoothed by HANTS filtering method) were used to extract the cultivated land area of the irrigation area. The extraction errors of different methods were verified by visual interpretation and 100 000 000 random verification points whose attributes were given by the means of Google earth and visual interpretation. Moreover, 3 indices, i.e. accuracy (equivalent to the user precision in the confusion matrix), integrity rate (equivalent to the producer accuracy in the confusion matrix) and overall accuracy (ratio of extracted land area to actual area) were used to evaluate the results. The results demonstrated that the accuracy, integrity rate and overall accuracy of supervised classification (support vector machine) were only 84.82%, 64.4% and 75.68%, respectively; for the combination method of supervised classification with decision tree classification based on NDVI time series (unsmoothed), the 3 indices were 94.28%, 84.21% and 89.1%, respectively; the combination method of supervised classification with decision tree classification based on NDVI time series (smoothed) was further improved, and the 3 indices reached 94.47%, 87.32% and 92.24%, respectively. The GF1-WFV data can be used for extraction of cultivated land area, which has better spatial and temporal resolution, and has stronger ground identification ability in the irrigation area with more complex underlying surface. The NDVI time series based on the GF1-WFV data can describe the crop growth law in the study area completely, and can be used to extract the crop spatial information accurately and efficiently through the difference in the amplitude and the phase of the NDVI curve between different crops. It avoids the phenomenon of pixel-based traditional classification, for example, different objects have the same spectrum and the same objects have different spectrum, and overcomes the limitations of single image data. Compared to the results of supervised classification, the accuracy is greatly improved. After smoothing by HANTS method, the NDVI time series keep the basic shape of the original curve, and effectively eliminate the influence of outliers and noise, which more tally with the actual growth law of crops. Through the combination of supervised classification with decision tree classification based on NDVI time series (smoothed), the extraction precision of cultivated land is improved effectively. The method combining crop growth law and remote sensing information can improve the extraction accuracy of cultivated land area effectively. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Time series analysis
Controlled terms:Crops - Cultivation - Curve fitting - Data mining - Decision trees - Extraction - Fourier series - Image enhancement - Image resolution - Irrigation - Land use - Matrix algebra - Random errors - Remote sensing - Supervised learning - Support vector machines - Surveys - Time series
Uncontrolled terms:Decision tree classification - Hetao irrigation districts - NDVI time series - Normalized difference vegetation index - Remote sensing information - Spatial and temporal resolutions - Structure characteristic - Supervised classification
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 961 Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 6.44e+01%, Percentage 7.57e+01%, Percentage 8.42e+01%, Percentage 8.48e+01%, Percentage 8.73e+01%, Percentage 8.91e+01%, Percentage 9.22e+01%, Percentage 9.43e+01%, Percentage 9.45e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.024

Accession number:20181204918473
Title:Effect of salt ion composition of irrigation water on parameters of soil water and salt movement
Authors:Guo, Quanen (1, 2, 3); Nan, Lili (4); Li, Baoguo (3); Cao, Shiyu (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Soil Fertilizer and Water-Saving Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou; 730070, China; (2) Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation and Agriculture Environment (Gansu), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuwei; 733017, China; (3) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (4) Pratacultural College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou; 730070, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:123-128
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Shortage of freshwater resources restricts agricultural production in arid and semiarid region. Irrigation with saline water provides an effective way to make up for the deficiency of freshwater resources. However, it is unknown about influence of irrigation with different salt ion compositions on soil physical and chemical properties. In this study, the effect of different salt ion compositions of irrigation on soil water and salt movement was investigated. The soil samples were collected from orchard calcareous soil in Qin'an County of Gansu Province. The soil electrical conductivity was 0.43 mS/cm, pH was 8.54 and soil organic matter was 10.52 g/kg. A total of 4 treatments were included: NaCl, NaCl:MgCl<inf>2</inf>with the ratio of 1:1, NaCl:CaCl<inf>2</inf>with the ratio of 1:1, NaCl:KCl with the ratio of 1:1. The concentration of all the treatments was 3 g/L. Soil water diffusivity and salt ions movement along the horizontal distance were studied by the method of horizontal soil column infiltration. Soil pH and sodium adsorption ratio were determined. The Boltzmann function was used for simulation of soil salt movement. The relationship between soil water diffusivity and water content was simulated by an power function. The results showed that the soil water diffusivity capacity at water content of 0 was the highest in the treatment of NaCl, followed by NaCl:MgCl<inf>2</inf>, NaCl:KCl and NaCl:CaCl<inf>2</inf>. The change rate of diffusivity with water content was the highest in the treatment of NaCl:CaCl<inf>2</inf>followed by the NaCl:KCl, NaCl:MgCl<inf>2</inf>and NaCl only. The salt ion composition of irrigation water and soil water content both significantly affected the soil water diffusivity (P<0.01). For all the treatments, the soil salt content, calcium ions, potassium ions, sulfate ions and sodium ions all increased with the infiltration distance but the bicarbonate ion decreased with the distance. The obvious trend wasn't found for the chloride and magnesium ions. Soil pH decreased with infiltration distance for the treatment of NaCl only. The decrease trend of soil pH fluctuated for the other treatments. The soil pH at distance of 8 and 32 cm was significantly different (P<0.05). The salt ion composition did not significantly affect the soil pH. The sodium adsorption ratio decreased obviously with the infiltration distance in the treatment of NaCl only. The sodium adsorption ratio in the treatment of NaCl was higher than the other treatments. The sodium adsorption ratio increase trend fluctuated for the other treatments. The salt ion composition of irrigation water significantly affected the sodium adsorption ratio (P<0.05). Based on the Boltzmann function fitness, the initialization value and final value were influenced by the salt ion composition of irrigation water and the treatment NaCl was higher than the other treatments. The center was similar for all the treatments (28.488-28.700). The simulation was well with the determination coefficient higher than 0.89. The study indicated that adding calcium ions in irrigation water could inhibit water movement and decrease salt accumulation in the process of irrigation with brackish water. The irrigation at one end of plot was not recommended since it may cause salt accumulation and we suggested to irrigate at both ends of the plot. The study could guide the irrigation with brackish water in arid or semiarid regions. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Adsorption - Agriculture - Arid regions - Calcium - Chlorine compounds - Diffusion - Diffusion in liquids - Ions - Irrigation - Magnesium compounds - Metal ions - Saline water - Salts - Sodium chloride - Soil moisture - Soils - Sulfur compounds - Water - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Arid and semi-arid regions - Boltzmann function - Determination coefficients - Horizontal movements - Sodium adsorption ratio - Soil electrical conductivity - Soil physical and chemical properties
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531.1 Metallurgy - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
Numerical data indexing:Electrical_Conductivity 4.30e-02S/m, Mass_Density 3.00e+00kg/m3, Size 3.20e-01m, Size 8.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.23.016

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