2017年9月第33卷第17期

2017年9月第33卷第17期

Accession number:20174604387986
Title:Simulation experiment in lab on force transfer effect of jujube under vibration excitation
Authors:Fu, Wei (1); Zhang, Zhiyuan (1); Liu, Yudong (1); Pan, Junbing (1); Cui, Jian (1); Ding, Kai (1); Zhang, Huiming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Huiming(a_an_07@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:65-72
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, jujube planting area in Xinjiang has been increasing, and jujube harvest depends entirely on manual work that is characterized by low efficiency and high cost, which has become the bottleneck of the sustainable development of Xinjiang jujube industry. Therefore, mechanized operation is in urgent need. In order to improve the efficiency of vibration harvesting for fruits to reduce power consumption in excitation, the effect of force transfer in vibration harvesting was studied based on the changes in instantaneous acceleration of fruits in vibration,. Aimed to vibration harvesting of jujube, the preset study analyzed natural frequencies in system vibration through simplifying "branch-stalk-fruit" of jujube to a double-pendulum vibration model firstly, and then constructed Lagrange's double-pendulum multi-degree-of-freedom vibration equation, and the natural vibration frequencies of the system were obtained (14.69 and 17.26 Hz respectively). Based on electrodynamic vibration test stands, experiment of frequencies scanning was conducted for the whole jujube tree. In the resonance, with the gradual increase of the distance to excitation source, resonance frequency increased gradually. The resonant frequency of 3 test points in each path ranged from 12 to 24 Hz, which provided reference for constant frequency test. In order to investigate the effect of vibration frequency and amplitude on instantaneous acceleration of each branch of the sample tree, vibration test for constant frequency of jujube was carried out at the amplitude of 3, 5 and 7 mm, respectively, and the frequency of 12-24 Hz. DHDAS analysis showed a correlation between vibration frequency and instantaneous acceleration of jujube. The longer the distance to excitation source, the greater the change of instantaneous acceleration in resonance. Instantaneous acceleration showed no obvious changes with the increase of amplitude. The bifurcation point and diameter of the tree had great influence on the resonance amplitude; and the more the bifurcation points of the path, the smaller the change of instantaneous acceleration. The motion of jujube under forced vibration was analyzed using 3D (three-dimensional) high-speed camera technology to reveal the maximum instantaneous acceleration value of jujube in space. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the maximum instantaneous inertia force of jujube was greater than the maximum breaking load of fruit stalk (6 N). With the increase of amplitude, the maximum instantaneous acceleration of jujube increased gradually, and its variation coefficient did not change obviously. That was, within the range of the amplitude of the sample jujube tree, the maximum acceleration value of each jujube was relatively large and jujube was more likely to fall with the increase of amplitude. With the same amplitude and different paths, the larger the mass of jujube, the larger the instantaneous acceleration of jujube vibration, suggesting that large mass of jujube is correlated with easy falling in vibration. With different amplitudes and the same path, the smaller the trunk diameter of each path of the sample tree, the larger the average value of vibration acceleration of jujube, which suggested that trunk diameter was also one of the main factors affecting jujube vibration harvest. This study can provide a theoretical basis and technical reference for the design of the excitation system for jujube harvest. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Vibration analysis
Controlled terms:Acceleration - Bifurcation (mathematics) - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Efficiency - Energy efficiency - Experiments - Forestry - Fruits - Harvesting - High speed cameras - Mechanical properties - Natural frequencies - Pendulums - Resonance - Ultrasonic devices - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:3-D (three-dimensional) - Jujube - Multi degree-of-freedom - Natural vibration frequency - Resonance frequencies - Vibration - Vibration acceleration - Vibration frequency
Classification code:525.2 Energy Conservation - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 753.2 Ultrasonic Devices - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604388003
Title:Degaradation characteristics of PBAT mulch in maize field
Authors:Qu, Ping (1); Guo, Baohua (2); Wang, Haibo (3); Zhao, Yongfu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing; 210014, China; (2) Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing; 100084, China; (3) Xinjiang Blue Ridge Tunhe Chemical Industry Joint Stock Co. LTD., Changji; 831100, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Yongfu(yongfuzhaojaas@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:194-199
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In China, the mulch film is one of the important materials during agricultural production progress. The application of mulch film cover technology promotes the development of agricultural production. And the production mode is also changed. However, a series of environment problems are caused by this technology. In order to reduce environmental pollution, a series of biodegradable materials are developed, such as polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polybutylene succinate (PBS), poly (butylene succinate adipate) (PBSA), poly (butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), and so on. Among them, PBAT is the most promising material that can substitute polyethylene (PE) because of its excellent biodegradability and mechanical properties. PBAT belongs to thermoplastic polymer, which is obtained with aliphatic and aromatic copolyesters. PBAT possesses good processability, such as extensibility, stretchability, impact resistance, and heat resistance. The experiment was carried out in the Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, China. The degradation process of PBAT mulch film applied in maize farmland was investigated in this research. The chemical composition, chemical structure, physical morphology and properties were determined during the application progress. The tensile strength and elongation at break during the degradation were tested. In addition, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope in the degradation process were applied to characterize the PBAT mulch film with various degradation time. The results showed that the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased at the same time. The change of mechanical property was greater in the first 4 weeks, which decreased from 0.27 to 0.11 MPa, and then a slow decline began, which decreased from 0.27 to 0.04 MPa from the 4th week to the 16th week. The elongation at break decreased from 48% to 15% in the 4th week, and then decreased from 15% to 1% from the 4th week to the 16th week. The ester bonds in PBAT molecule were broken due to Norrish I and II reaction under the action of photooxidation, hydrolysis, enzymolysis, and so on. The bonding energy of C1s moved from 287.33 to 283.61 eV. And, the bonding energy of O1s moved from 534.86 to 530.58 eV. The bonding energy of C1s and O1s decreased. The result showed that the PBAT was easier to degrade. The ratio of C to O decreased from 4.07 to 1.06 with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The content of carbon element decreased from 79.3% to 45.0%. The content of oxygen element increased from 19.5% to 42.3%. The oxygen element increased, which illustrated that the degradation process of the PBAT is also an oxidation process. At the same time, the bonding energy of carbon and oxygen elements decreases. The crystalline region of PBAT is destroyed gradually. At the same time the amorphous region increases relatively in the degradation process. The crystallinity of PBAT after 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks degradation is 46.5%, 44%, 41%, 38% and 29%, respectively. There are cracks and irregular bulges in degraded PBAT mulch film. The degradation of PBAT film is inhomogenous, due to that the degradation of amorphous region is easier than crystalline region. And, the BA molecules in PBAT degrade faster than BT molecules. PBAT mulch can be applied in the southern rainy area of China to conserve moisture, and increase temperature due to that the hydrolyticaction does not play a dominant role in the initial duration. The theoretical basis is provided in this research for the application of PBAT in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Amorphous films - Biodegradability - Chemical bonds - Chemical properties - Crystalline materials - Degradation - Elongation - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Heat resistance - Mechanical properties - Molecules - Oxygen - Photodegradation - Photoelectrons - Photons - Photooxidation - Plastic films - Polycaprolactone - River pollution - Scanning electron microscopy - Tensile strength - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Biodegra-dable materials - Environmental pollutions - Maize fields - Middle and lower reaches of yangtze rivers - PBAT - Poly(butylene succinate adipate) - Strength and elongations
Classification code:453 Water Pollution - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 933.1 Crystalline Solids - 933.2 Amorphous Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604387980
Title:Design of differential transplanting mechanism for zigzag wide-narrow row rice pot seedlings
Authors:Sun, Liang (1, 2, 3); Liu, Bing (2, 3); Chen, Xuan (2, 3); Xu, Yadan (2, 3); Mao, Shimin (2, 3); Wu, Chuanyu (2, 3); Zhang, Guofeng (2, 3); Jiang, Huanyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310012, China; (2) College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou; 310018, China; (3) Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Transplanting Equipment and Technology, Hangzhou; 310018, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Chuanyu(cywu@zstu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:18-27
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For rice seedling transplanting, there are more than 5 kinds of planting patterns in China, including equal row carpet seedling transplanting, wide-narrow row carpet transplanting, equal row pot seedling transplanting, wide-narrow row pot seedling transplanting, and semi-pot seedling transplanting. The zigzag wide-narrow row rice seedlings transplanting is a new method of planting adjacent rows of rice seedling alternately, and distributing wide and narrow rows. This kind of planting method absorbs the merits of traditional equal row pot seedling planting, wide-narrow row carpet seedling planting and zigzag planting. The pattern of zigzag and wide-narrow row pot seedling transplanting can increase the light penetration and ventilation of the paddy-field, which brings some advantages such as reducing the plant diseases and insect pests, increasing lodging resistance ability of rice and improving the rice yield and quality for rice production. In this paper, a variable and differential transplanting mechanism for zigzag wide-narrow row rice pot seedlings was presented. This mechanism consists of 2 major parts that are transmission case and gear case. There are 10 gears, including 2 pairs of noncircular gears, 2 pairs of bevel gears as well as one pair of spur gears, employed to transform one input constant rotational speed into 2 output rotational speeds which are used to drive the noncircular gear case. Based on the non-uniform and spatial transmission of differential gear train, this mechanism can achieve a special figure-eight spatial-shaped trajectory, which can meet the kinematic requirements of zigzag wide-narrow row pot seedling transplanting. In order to obtain closed, smooth and continuous pitch curves, non-uniform B-spline curve was applied to fit the pitch curve of non-circular gear, and the mathematical model of gear train in gear case was established based on coordinate transformation theory. Moreover, the trajectory and attitude requirements of the zigzag wide-narrow row pot seedling transplanting were parameterized into 9 specific kinematics optimization objectives. Based on the development platform of MATLAB, an optimization program was compiled to analyze the effect of transmission case noncircular gear pitch curve and gear case noncircular gear pitch curve on the shape of trajectory. Further, the effects of the structure and position parameters of the gears and transplanting arm on the target parameters of the transplanting trajectory were analyzed. By human-machine interaction, a group of structural parameters including data points of pitch curves meeting the requirements were optimized. Using these parameters, a 3D (three-dimensional) model of the mechanism was built, and virtual simulation was carried out. The optimizing value: the offset of seeding section is 3.9 mm, the track length of valid seeding is section is 45.6 mm, the height of the transplanting mechanism is 32.6 mm, the distance between the teeth of non-circular gear and large-ring buckle grafting trajectory is 6.7 mm. The simulation trajectory and velocity data of the transplanting arm clip were basically consistent with theoretical results. The parts of the right transplanting mechanism were processed and assembled. The trajectory and attitude of transplanting arm were analyzed by test bench, industrial camera and image processing software. The results were consistent with the theoretical data, which verified the feasibility of the transplanting mechanism and the rationality of the structure. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Bevel gears - Curve fitting - Digital storage - Experiments - Gear teeth - Gears - Image processing - Kinematics - Mathematical transformations - MATLAB - Optimization - Software testing - Spur gears - Trajectories - Transplants
Uncontrolled terms:Co-ordinate transformation - Constant rotational speed - Differential gear trains - Human machine interaction - Image-processing software - Plant diseases and insect pests - Transplanting mechanisms - Zigzag wide-narrow row
Classification code:462.4 Prosthetics - 601.2 Machine Components - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604388016
Title:Starch thermal property and gelatinization of lotus seeds during hot air drying
Authors:Xu, Jianguo (1); Zhang, Senwang (1); Xu, Gang (1); Gu, Zhen (1); Li, Huadong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Food Engineering Innovation Center of Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang; 330096, China
Corresponding author:Li, Huadong(chem_food@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:298-303
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), an aquatic crop, is a type of important economic plant in Asia and Africa. Lotus seeds are popular food ingredients to East Asian cuisine and are used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese desserts. There is rich source of C type starch in lotus seeds. Starch gelatinization often occurs when starch granules are heated in an aqueous medium, which is a phase transition from an ordered state to a disordered state. Starch gelatinization affects texture, nutritional value and porosity, which changes moisture diffusivity of porous materials significantly. On the other hand, gelatinized starch tends to an ordered crystalline structure during storage, which is termed as retrogradation that affects acceptability and shelf life of starchy food. Drying is one of the major processes for dried lotus seeds, which could suppress activities of microorganisms, enzymes or ferments and maintain its nutrition content. Hot air drying is a complex process of heat and mass transfer simultaneously. A better understanding of starch thermal property and gelatinization of lotus seeds during hot air drying will help to improve product quality and efficiency of drying process. The gelatinization properties of starch extracted from lotus seeds dried at different temperatures (70, 80 and 90℃) were determined at various water contents that varied from 42.2% to 71.1% (mass ratio) and heating rates (5, 10 and 15℃/min) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in this study. DSC thermograms were determined from 40 to 120℃. DSC analysis revealed that a single endotherm peak denoted as G was observed in lower temperature region (60-80℃) when starch was heated in high water content of 71.1%, and 2 combined endothermic peaks (G and M) were exhibited at 42.2% water content. All gelatinization transition temperatures, such as onset temperature, peak temperature and end temperature, increased with drying temperature and heating rate significantly. The gelatinization enthalpy of lotus seed starch increased with water content significantly and the effect of drying temperature and heating rate on gelatinization enthalpy was not significant (P>0.01). The kinetic parameters (reaction order, frequency factor and activation energy) were determined using Kissinger equation and Crane equation at different water content. First-order reaction kinetics described non-isothermal gelatinization process of lotus seed starch well. Activation energy values decreased with water content from 42.2% to 71.1%, and activation energy values of lotus seed starch dried at 70 and 80℃ were higher than those of starch extracted from fresh lotus seed dried at 20℃. Lotus seed starch gelatinization occurs throughout the hot air drying process, especially at higher drying temperature and at higher water content varying from 63% to 45%. This study will be helpful in optimization of lotus seeds drying process and in application of lotus starch in food industry. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Calorimeters - Calorimetry - Chemical activation - Differential scanning calorimetry - Enthalpy - Enzymes - Extraction - Food storage - Gelation - Heating rate - Mass transfer - Medicine - Nutrition - Porous materials - Reaction kinetics - Solar dryers - Starch - Thermal processing (foods) - Thermodynamic properties - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Activity energy - Different water contents - Gelatinization - Gelatinization properties - Heat and mass transfer - Lotus seeds - Starch gelatinization - Traditional Chinese Medicine
Classification code:461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 461.7 Health Care - 641 Heat and Mass Transfer; Thermodynamics - 802 Chemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit Processes - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.1 Food Products Plants and Equipment - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 944.5 Temperature Measuring Instruments - 944.6 Temperature Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.039

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604387985
Title:Fruit motion analysis in process of mechanical vibration harvesting based on electronic fruit technique
Authors:Du, Xiaoqiang (1, 2); Li, Dangwei (1); He, Leiying (1); Wu, Chuanyu (1); Lin, Lepeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou; 310018, China; (2) Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Transplanting Equipment and Technology, Hangzhou; 310018, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:58-64
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, the main way of fruit harvesting is still dominated by manual picking. Although the workload of the laborer can be reduced by the use of mechanical equipment in the process of fruit harvesting, the unstable harvesting rate and the high proportion of fruit damage are hindering the development of harvesting equipment, especial in fruit harvesting machines, which are the key factors to improve harvesting machine. In order to improve the performance of harvesting equipment in the market of agricultural machinery, it is necessary to make accurate evaluation of the fruit motion in process of picking with fruit harvesting equipment, and then determine the main stages and key factors leading to fruit damage. In this paper, a flattened electronic fruit based on Orange Impact Recording Sensor (OIRS) was designed to detect the mechanical impact caused by the three-dimensional vibration harvesting system and analyze the fruit motion. The dynamics model of sugar orange was built and analyzed, which was equivalent to solve nonhomogeneous linear ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients. The dynamics model was solved and the theoretical condition of fruit abscission from tree body was obtained. The fruit falling process was recorded by high-speed photography in the detachment test of electronic fruit, and the amplitude and binding force of fruit were measured. All the parameters in the theoretical model were calculated, and the result of 17.25>11.6 N was obtained, which demonstrated that the normal inertia force of fruit was greater than that of binding force when the fruit was detached from the tree. So the theoretical model of fruit abscission was verified. Three-axis accelerometer was embedded in the OIRS, and was used to detect and record the acceleration in the process of harvesting. And the final resultant acceleration values from three directions were obtained with the method of FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) by MATLAB. Four vibration harvesting experiments were carried out in orchard filed and recorded the maximum mechanical impact in vibration and falling stage, the maximum mechanical impact recorded by the electronic fruit was 217 g in the vibration stage, and the average impact reached 123 g. The maximum mechanical impact was 155 g in the falling stage, and the average impact was only 76 g. The results showed that the possibility of fruit damage in the vibration stage was higher, and the potential damage risk can be reduced by adjusting and improving working parameters of the harvesting machine. The higher impact caused by the fruit contact with the ground during the falling stage can also lead to fruit damage, in order to reduce the fruit damage during the falling stage, the damping and buffer materials can be used on the surface of fruit collect equipment. The use of electronic fruit can detect the mechanical shock effectively caused by the vibratory fruit harvesting mechanism with three-dimensional excitation in the fruit picking process, and it can be also used to evaluate damage in the process of harvesting fruit of the machine system. Though there are some differences in fruit size, weight and the way to fixed in fruit tree branch when comparing the actual picking environment and state, experiment results of mechanical harvest using electronic fruit technique in orchard filed demonstrate that this electronic fruit device has practical value and provides a reference for the improvement of the other fruits harvesting machine. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Acceleration - Agricultural machinery - Bins - Citrus fruits - Differential equations - Equipment - Farms - Forestry - Harvesters - Harvesting - High speed photography - Mechanization - Motion analysis - Orchards - Ordinary differential equations - Sensors - Vibration analysis - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Constant coefficients - Fast Fourier transformations - Impact - Linear ordinary differential equations - Theoretical modeling - Three axis accelerometers - Three-dimensional vibrations - Vibrations
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 694.4 Storage - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 742.1 Photography - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901 Engineering Profession - 921.2 Calculus - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604387984
Title:Relationship between frequency spectrum characteristics and vibration responses of Ginkgo biloba trees during mechanical harvesting operation
Authors:Lin, Huan (1); Xu, Linyun (1); Zhou, Hongping (1); Xuan, Yan (1); Jia, Zhicheng (1); Chen, Qing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing; 210037, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Linyun(lyxu@njfu.com.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:51-57
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Mechanical harvesting is the most effective method for the forest fruit harvesting. Under forced vibration, the removal of fruits is affected by not only the excitation amplitude, frequency, and duration, but also the morphology and inherent frequency spectrum characteristics of the fruit tree itself. In order to discover the relationship between the frequency spectrum characteristics and the vibration responses and attain the difference among the vibration responses in different directions, the frequency spectrum of a small Y-shaped Ginkgo biloba tree in different directions was tested under the impact excitation in the laboratory. Then the spatial acceleration response under the harmonic excitation was detected at the frequency of the peak and trough points in the frequency spectrum curves. Results of this study indicate that there was a corresponding relation between the frequency spectrum characteristics and vibration responses. Strong vibration response couldn't be induced by the fundamental frequency and the frequency lower than 10.00 Hz. The maximal amplitudes could be tested at the resonant frequency but the values were small at low frequency and increased as the excitation frequency increased. When the excitation frequency was higher than 25.00 Hz, stronger acceleration response couldn't be induced again. The optimal excitation frequency was 23.75 Hz for the small Y-shaped Ginkgo biloba tree. At the same testing position, vibration responses in three directions exhibited the similar characteristics but different amplitudes. The acceleration amplitude in the direction parallel to the growing orientation of trees increased significantly as the testing position was located away from the excitation point. At the same time, this direction was the dominant direction during the process of the vibration response transmission. This suggests that during the mechanical harvesting of forest fruits, the frequency spectrum of trees could be firstly tested to obtain the resonant frequency. Then trees could be excited under the certain resonant frequency to achieve strong vibration response. Higher excitation frequency didn't necessarily induce stronger vibration response. There was difference among different directions at the same testing position and fruits on different positions could be removed by the inertial force in different directions. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Vibrations (mechanical)
Controlled terms:Acceleration - Forestry - Fruits - Harvesting - Machinery - Mechanization - Natural frequencies - Orchards - Spectroscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Acceleration amplitude - Acceleration response - Corresponding relations - Frequency spectra - Fundamental frequencies - Ginkgo biloba - Optimal excitation frequency - Vibrations
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604388017
Title:Improving preservation effects of Taiwan jujube fruits by using chitosan coating combined with ascorbic acid during postharvest period
Authors:Liang, Guobin (1, 2); Wang, Hai (1); Zhang, Yaohong (3); Mo, Yiwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing; 312000, China; (2) School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou; 213001, China; (3) College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing; 312000, China
Corresponding author:Mo, Yiwei(ywmo@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:304-312
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to demonstrate the fact that ascorbic acid (AsA) increased anti-oxidation and chitosan prevented dehydration and microbial attack, this paper systematically investigate effects of chitosan coating, AsA, and their combinational treatment on preservation of harvested Taiwan jujube fruits during storage. In treatment of 30.0 mmol/L AsA, 8 g/L chitosan, 30.0 mmol/L AsA combined with 8 g/L chitosan, and dipped in deionized water (as control), respectively, all samples were stored in darkness at (25±1)℃ and 90%-95% relative humidity. Relative physiological parameters were measured and cells structures were observed by scanning electron microscope in pericarp and pulp tissue. Results showed that, compared to the control, AsA or chitosan alone improved storability of harvested fruits and their combinational treatment showed a better effect. Fruits water loss and relative leakage rate of pericarp were markedly reduced (P<0.05), and an increase in pericarp chlorophyll degradation and activities of pectin methylesterases (PME) and polygalacturonases (PG) in pulp was inhibited, and degradation rate of protopectin to soluble pectin was markedly reduced (P<0.05). Thus, high degree of fruits firmness and integral cell structure was maintained. A decrease in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) was alleviated, membrane oxidation rate was reduced, and thus contents of hydrogen peroxide (H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were markedly decreased (P<0.05). An increase in contents of soluble sugars, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, glutathione and AsA was achieved. It was indicated that chitosan coupled with AsA treatment play active roles in enhancing anti-oxidation, decreasing oxidation injury, fruits water loss, and chlorophyll degradation, alleviating pericarp browning, delaying fruits softening, maintaining cell integrity, and reducing decay rate, thus realizing improved preservation effects of harvested Taiwan jujube during storage. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:49
Main heading:Ascorbic acid
Controlled terms:Ablation - Chitin - Chitosan - Chlorophyll - Coatings - Decay (organic) - Degradation - Deionized water - Energy storage - Enzymes - Fruits - Humidity control - Organic acids - Oxidation - Oxygen - Physiological models - Plants (botany) - Quality control - Scanning electron microscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Antioxidant enzyme - Chlorophyll degradation - Investigate effects - Oxidation stress - Physiological parameters - Superoxide dismutases - Taiwan jujube - Total soluble solids
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 525.7 Energy Storage - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 813.2 Coating Materials - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.040

Funding Details: Number; Sponsor: 309053; Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604387997
Title:CO<inf>2</inf>and NH<inf>3</inf>emissions and water consumption at mechanically ventilated finishing pig house in Beijing equipped with pull-plug manure removal system
Authors:Wang, Meizhi (1, 2); Liu, Jijun (1, 2); Zhao, Wanying (1, 2); Chen, Zhaohui (1, 2); Ren, Kang (3); Cui, Xiaodong (3); Wang, Gang (4); Wu, Zhonghong (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing; 100193, China; (3) The Animal Husbandry Station of Beijing, Beijing; 100029, China; (4) National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100012, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Zhonghong(wuzhh@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:152-160
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the present study a field experiment was conducted to quantify CO<inf>2</inf>and NH<inf>3</inf>emissions and water consumption from 25th July, 2015 to 11th August, 2015 (18 days) during summer in a finishing pig house in Beijing equipped with a pull-plug manure removal system and a curtain tunnel mechanical ventilation system. NH<inf>3</inf>emission rates were (23.4±11.0) g/(d·500 kg), and NH<inf>3</inf>emission rates ranged from 4.3 to 49.5 g/(d·500 kg). Ammonia emission rates at 08:00 and 14:00 were significantly higher than those at 10:00, 12:00, 16:00 and 18:00 (P<0.001), presumably due to manure removal by workers lowering emissions. The average CO<inf>2</inf>emission rate was (2.73±0.78) g/(d·500 kg), and maximum and minimum rates were 5.00 and 1.00 g/(d·500 kg), respectively. The average daily mean emission rate with a maximum frequency of 44% was 2.5-3 g/(d·500 kg), and around 92% of average daily emission rates were less than 4.0 kg/(d·500 kg). Daytime CO<inf>2</inf>emissions peak was at 12:00. Maximum, minimum and average water consumption rates including the water pad on a per pig per day basis were 90.0, 19.6 and 47.0 L/(d·pig), respectively. These results establish baseline CO<inf>2</inf>and NH<inf>3</inf>emissions and water consumption values for pig production facilities of this type in China. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:46
Main heading:Carbon dioxide
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Carbon - Emission control - Fertilizers - Houses - Mammals - Manures - Particulate emissions - Ventilation
Uncontrolled terms:Ammonia emissions - Manure removal - Maximum frequency - Mechanical ventilation system - Pig house - Ventilated system - Water consumption - Water consumption rate
Classification code:402.3 Residences - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 643.5 Ventilation - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604388014
Title:Analysis on trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services in arid inland river basin
Authors:Pan, Jinghu (1); Li, Zhen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou; 730070, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:280-289
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ecosystem services (ES) are the benefits that humans received from the natural environment, which are closely related to the environmental process and human activities. With the deepening understanding on ES, their relationships and integrated effects between different ES have been paid more and more attention both at spatial and temporal dimensions. Due to the complex relationships between diverse ES, there is likely to be a contradictory mutual relationship between various ES, which is mainly shown as reciprocal trade-offs or mutual gain synergies. Trade-offs occur when the provisions of several ES are in the opposite trend, while synergies occur when the provisions of several ES gather. Scientific understanding and weighing trade-offs and synergies relationship of ES makes contribution to ecosystem management and decision-making. What's more, this also has great significance on realizing "win-win" policies of the economic development and ecological protection. In recent decades, serious eco-environmental problem have occurred in most areas of the arid inland river basin, such as vegetation degradation in the upper reaches, the descending of water conservation capacity, the declining of groundwater level in middle reaches, the outstanding of water conflicts and the desertification in the lower reaches. These problems of fragile ecological environment have influenced the basins' sustainable development. Jiayuguan-Jiuquan region (JJR), a typical representative of arid inland river basin, was taken as an example. Several models were used to estimate the value of four key ES in 2000 and 2010, including food supply, water retention, soil conservation and carbon storage. Besides, trade-offs and synergies among ES and the characteristics of spatial distribution of ES were also discussed by using the correlation analysis and hot cartography of space. Conclusions were as follows: 1) The annual average value of food supply per unit area in cultivated land decreased from 2522.42 kJ/(m2·a) in 2000 to 2115.35 kJ/(m2·a) in 2010. The annual average value of food supply per unit area in grass land increased from 15.75 kJ/(m2·a) to 24.49 kJ/(m2·a), and that in water areas increased from 6.05 kJ/(m2·a) to 6.50 kJ/(m2·a). From 2000 to 2010, the annual average value of carbon storage per unit area, the annual average value of soil retention per unit area and the annual average value of water retention per unit area increased by 0.38%, 84% and 147.5%, respectively. 2) From the perspective of space, the high value regions of food supply were distributed in oasis areas of Suzhou, Jinta and Dingxin. The overall trend of carbon storage distribution was stronger in the central and southeastern regions of JJR, but weaker in the north of JJR. The high value regions of soil conservation were concentrated in Yanchi, Yema River, and Dang River of Subei County. While, the high value regions of water retention distributed in Dashui river basin of Subei County, Haller Teng river basin of Aksay County, and Heihe and Taolai river basin of Jinta County. 3) The correlation analysis displayed that synergy was the dominant relationship among ES, and the synergy degree of carbon storage with food supply and water retention was more obvious. Along with the change of scale, the trade-off and synergy of ES had obvious dependence. In the county scale, there were trade-off between soil retention and carbon storage in Jigyuguan City and Suzhou District. And there were synergy between carbon storage and soil retention in Aksay County, Subei County and Yumen City. In regional scale, trade-offs between food supply and soil conservation, as well as water retention and soil conservation were significant in 2010. Carbon storage with food supply and soil retention showed significant synergies. 4) The hot cartography of space indicated that service areas of type 0 were the largest, accounting for 58.50% of the total area of JJR; and service areas of type 1, type 2, type 3 and type 4 accounting for 25.20%, 11.68%, 4.59% and 0.03% of the total area of JJR, respectively. The results have implications for the planning and management of natural capital and ES, and provide a scientific basis for sustainable development in JJR. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Economic and social effects
Controlled terms:Correlation methods - Decision making - Ecology - Ecosystems - Environmental protection - Food storage - Food supply - Groundwater - Landforms - Maps - Mergers and acquisitions - Planning - Remote sensing - Rivers - Soil conservation - Soils - Sustainable development - Water conservation - Water resources - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Arid inland river basins - Complex relationships - Ecological environments - Ecosystem services - Environmental process - Jiuquan - Trade off - Vegetation degradation
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 444 Water Resources - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 822.1 Food Products Plants and Equipment - 822.3 Food Products - 912.2 Management - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604387995
Title:Design and implementation of duck egg smart collection and marking system of floor rearing laying duck
Authors:Li, Jiuxi (1, 2, 3); Wang, Chunshan (2, 3, 4); Lü, Jixing (3, 4); Shi, Zhixing (3, 4); Chen, Hui (3, 5); Li, Guoqin (6)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071001, China; (2) College of Architecture and Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman; 99163, United States; (3) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering for Broiler and Laying Hens Breeding Facilities, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding; 071001, China; (4) College of Information Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071001, China; (5) College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071001, China; (6) Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou; 310021, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Hui(chenhui@hebau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:136-143
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Floor rearing natural mating technique can fully make use of the biological characteristics and animal instincts, in order to exert the genetic advantages and improve the quality of duck eggs. At present, only the pedigree breeding method, rather than the individual breeding method, can be used for floor rearing ducks. The reason is that under the floor rearing condition laying ducks has a large area to move around, and the time of laying duck egg concentrates between 1:00-3:00 in the morning, which makes it extremely difficult to track, identify and record individual laying behaviors and to accurately correlate an individual laying duck with its own eggs manually. The shortcoming of the traditional pedigree breeding method lies in complicated process, high intensity work, low accuracy, long intergenerational interval and slow genetic progress. As the performance of laying ducks is evaluated based on the overall family characteristics, it is hard to tell the difference between high yield individuals and low yield individuals, which negatively affects the precision and efficiency of duck selection. Cage breeding is one of the ways to achieve individual breeding, but this method is subject to a limited activity space and sacrifices the animal's welfare needs. Thus, ducks under such conditions cannot properly exert their biological characteristics and instincts, and the genetic advantage is weakened. Floor rearing provides activity space for laying ducks and effective exercises can enhance their physical quality. Therefore, the realization of the individual laying duck breeding method can not only fully exert the individual instincts but also take the amount of egg production as a key indicator to the future generations. A key to apply the individual breeding method is to find an intelligent and non-stress reaction method to accurately identify and label individual ducks and their duck eggs. For the purpose to investigate laying ducks, a new design framework for an intelligent collection and labeling system was proposed, in which the network topology and a logic control algorithm for both upper monitor and lower monitor were given. This system used the radio frequency (RF) technology and photoelectric sensor technology for information integration, which solved the label missing problem due to the same frequency interference when the RF readers were close to one another. In this way, an accurate identification of individual duck egg production behaviors was achieved. The non-contact inkjet printing technology was employed to label the laying duck identification on its egg shell correspondingly, which solved the problem of recording duck eggs correspondingly. Meanwhile, a new duck egg collection device was designed and implemented; it integrated the collection and marking function as a whole. This device consists of three modules, a collection module, a posture adjustment module, and a printing module. The collection module was designed with a Trapezoidal Groove structure and a flexible contact surface, which eliminated the kinetic energy of duck eggs accumulated in the process of accelerating rolling motion. Such design could reduce the duck egg breakage rate to below 1%. The posture adjustment module was designed with a touch-type duck egg guide. The coincidence rate of the long axis of the duck egg and the parallel axis of the conveyor belt is 99.80%, which ensure that the long axis section of the egg shell was used as the printing surface to maintain the integrity of the printed characters to the best extent. The printing module used a continuous inject printer to mark number on the duck egg and the clearly readable qualified rate of the number marked on the duck egg is 98.2%. The application of the intelligent duck egg collection and labeling system in the field of laying duck breeding will greatly reduce the workload and improve the production efficiency, so as to enhance the production performance and economic benefit of the duck breeding industry. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Floors
Controlled terms:Animals - Automation - Belt conveyors - Identification (control systems) - Kinetic energy - Kinetics - Online systems - Printing - Radio frequency identification (RFID)
Uncontrolled terms:Biological characteristic - Design and implementations - Duck egg - Identification of individuals - Information integration - Ink-jet printing technologies - Marking code - Posture adjustment
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 692.1 Conveyors - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 745.1 Printing - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604388000
Title:Plant growth and development of pepper seedlings under different photoperiods and photon flux ratios of red and blue LEDs
Authors:Yang, Zhenchao (1, 2); He, Wei (1, 2); Mou, Suntao (2); Wang, Xiaoxu (2); Chen, Danyan (2); Hu, Xiaoting (2); Chen, Lehan (2); Bai, Jingyu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:173-180
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pepper seedlings were grown for 30 d with 58±1 μmol/(m2·s) light intensity under different photoperiod (day/night) of 24 h (P24,14 h/10 h), 12 h(P12,7 h/5 h) and 6 h (P6,3.5 h/2.5 h), and different photon flux ratios of red and blue light of 7(7RB) and 1(RB). The measurements included plant morphology, growth, the chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. Pepper seedlings under P12-7RB showed the highest shoot dry weight and the largest leaf area. The relative growth rates (RGR) and specific leaf area (SLA) ratio of P6-RB were 55.88% and 23.62% higher than P24-RB, respectively. P6-RB showed higher quantum efficiency of Photosystem II (ΦPSII) (0.68 mol/(m2·s)) and lower non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) (0.17 μmol/mol) compared with P24-RB, although P6-RB and P24-RB had no significant difference among photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), CO<inf>2</inf>absorption (Ci) and transpiration (Tr). There was no significant difference in terms of chlorophyll contents among the P6, P12 and P24 treatments. Seedlings of RB had significantly better photosynthetic performance compared with those of 7RB. Experiments showed that peppers could adapt to unnatural different photoperiods. The light parameter P6-RB was beneficial to the growth of pepper seedlings and could be efficiently used in plant factory. The results provide a theoretical basis for long photoperiod applications in a closed system. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Biomass - Chlorophyll - Fluorescence - Forestry - Photons - Photosynthesis - Plant life extension - Plants (botany)
Uncontrolled terms:Chlorophyll contents - Chlorophyll fluorescence - Non-photochemical quenching - Pepper - Photoperiod - R:B ratio - Relative growth rate - Stomatal conductance
Classification code:741.1 Light/Optics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604387983
Title:Design and test of semi-feeding test-bed for peanut pod picking
Authors:Hu, Zhichao (1); Wang, Bing (1); Yu, Zhaoyang (1); Peng, Baoliang (1); Zhang, Yanhua (1); Tan, Lüke (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:42-50
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A semi-feeding test-bed was developed to study the working mechanism of the semi-feeding device for peanut-pod picking, and optimize its structure and working parameters. The test bed was mainly composed of a frame, an automatic feeding platform, a clamping-carrying device, a peanut pod picking device, a control system, sensors, a converter motor and a high-speed photography system, with many functions, such as key parameters adjustment and collection, process image acquisition, and plant fresh keeping. The main technical indexes of the test-bed were as follows: the pod-picking roller length was 500, 800, 1000 mm, the roller diameter was 160, 200, 240 mm, the distance between the center of the back end of the roller and the clamping-carrying chain was 100-150 mm, the peanut pod picking device rotation rate was 200-1000 r/min, the clamping-carrying chain velocity was 0.5-2.5 m/s. Based on the previous design, this paper mainly focused on the design and analysis of the pod-picking device, the automatic feeding platform, the control system, the clamping-carrying device and the fresh-keeping storage house and so on. Experiments on the plant-feeding number, the included angle between the chain and roll (hereinafter refers to briefly as the included angle), the power consumption, and the high-speed photography of pod picking were carried out by the semi-feeding test-bed, which had not been done previously. The results show that the plant-feeding number has a great effect on both the breakage rate and unpicked rate, while the included angle has a great effect on the unpicked rate, but a little effect on the breakage rate. When the picking roller are fully filled with plants at the smooth working stage, the larger the plant-feeding number is, the higher power consumption is. The high-speed photography experiment reveals the influence between the pod-picking blade and the peanut pods, the separation between pod and vine, and the internal mechanism. Overall, the test-bed can provide effective technical means for the further study on the mechanism of the pod-picking working. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:High speed photography
Controlled terms:Chains - Control systems - Crops - Design - Electric power utilization - Equipment testing - Feeding - Oilseeds - Optimization - Photography - Rollers (machine components)
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic feeding - Design and analysis - Design and tests - Parameters adjustment - Peanut - Pod-picking - Structure and working parameters - Working mechanisms
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 602.1 Mechanical Drives - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 731.1 Control Systems - 742.1 Photography - 746 Imaging Techniques - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.006

Funding Details: Number; Acronym; Sponsor: 51375247; NSFC; National Natural Science Foundation of China

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604387978
Title:Design and experiment of network chain type residual plastic film collector for peanut field
Authors:Xu, Hongbo (1); Hu, Zhichao (1); Wu, Feng (1); Gu, Fengwei (1); Wei, Hai (1); Yan, Jianchun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Zhichao(nfzhongzi@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:1-9
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Film-mulching cultivation technique is widely used in China due to its advantage of tremendously increasing the yield of crops. In recent years, the application area of film-mulching cultivation technique has expanded to about 25 million hm2. However, the soil and environment pollution associated with its extensive application becomes an issue which needs to be appropriately considered. As a type of typical film-mulching planting crops in China, peanuts attain the average plastic film residual quantity in the main producing areas to 32.0 kg/hm2. In general, the residual quantity increases yearly as the plastic file is difficult to dissolve, resulting in the excess of the farmland film residue limit standard for peanut if no effective treatment being involved. Chain-rod type plastic film residue collector has the feature of high productivity, excellent soil removing ability and can collect the underground plastic film, but when it is used to collect residual plastic film for peanut field, there are plastic film leakage, back and twine problems in the process of conveying. Thus, a network chain type residual plastic film collector for peanut field was designed, which had better work performance in collecting peanut plastic film. According to the design of the critical components of the collector, the structural styles, assembly modes and operation parameters of key working parts, including digging shovel, network chain, soil broken roller, double-acting excitation device and collecting film device, were ascertained respectively. The mathematical models of residual film supporting degree and soil passing ability of chain-rod structure and network chain structure were founded and analyzed respectively. The analysis showed that the network chain structure had a better residual film supporting degree but slightly worse soil passing ability when compared to the chain-rod structure, indicating the conveying advantage of network chain structure. Based on the theoretical working pressure calculation, a soil broken roller with the weight of 350 N was demonstrated to smash the clod effectively. The ADAMS software was used to simulate the motion trail of double-acting excitation device, which showed that the amplitude of the excitation device was 25 mm. In order to sort out sticky clod, the structure of second stage network chain was designed on the basis of elevation angle calculation, which found out that the elevation angle should greater than 35°. The hydraulic driven box of collecting film was designed and checked, and the results showed that the distance of hydraulic cylinder mounting holes was 630 mm and the inner diameter of hydraulic cylinder was 30 mm. Furthermore, the working quality of network chain type residual plastic film collector for peanut field was conducted by field experiments. The field experiments showed that when the operation speed of the collector was 1.0 m/s, the digging depth was 100 mm, the linear speed of first stage network chain was 2.0 m/s, the linear speed of second stage network chain was 2.2 m/s and the frequency of double-acting excitation device was 10 Hz, the mean plastic film collecting rate was 91.5% and the clod content was 17.2%, which met the requirements of residual plastic film collecting for peanut field. The network chain could convey the residual plastic film smoothly without any film leakage, back and twine problems during the entire process. Also, the clod cleanup structure performed well and the hydraulic driven box of collecting film was able to discharge the film conveniently and efficiently. Therefore, the methods and achievements in this study provide important references for the design and optimization of relevant residual plastic film collectors. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Collector efficiency
Controlled terms:Chains - Crops - Cultivation - Cylinders (shapes) - Design - Experiments - Mechanical actuators - Oilseeds - Plastic films - Soils - Twine - Wire products
Uncontrolled terms:Analysis - Design and optimization - Environment pollution - Hydraulic cylinders - Network chains - Operation parameters - Plastic film residues - Residual plastic film collector
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 535.2 Metal Forming - 602.1 Mechanical Drives - 694.2 Packaging Materials - 702.3 Solar Cells - 732.1 Control Equipment - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604387994
Title:Design and test of real-time monitoring of droplet evaporation system based on standing wave and ZigBee
Authors:Wu, Yalei (1); Qi, Lijun (1); Zhang, Ya (2); Elizabeth, Musiu (1); Li, Shuai (3); Cheng, Zhenzhen (1); Cheng, Yifan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding; 071051, China
Corresponding author:Qi, Lijun(qilijun@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:128-135
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The evaporation time of pesticide droplets on the leaf surface of plants is closely related to the absorption efficiency of pesticide droplets for plant leaves, which directly affects the efficiency of pesticide application. Pesticides can be divided into suction and touch type. For the suction of pesticides, after the droplets subsided to the foliage, as the extension of droplet evaporation time, the capillary pores of the leaves will absorb more pesticide particles, and pesticide pest control effect is better. For touch-type pesticide, the shorter the evaporation time of the droplets, the lower the probability of pesticide droplets falling from the blade surface by natural winds, and the effect of pesticides on pests and diseases is better. Therefore, the evaporation time of pesticide droplets on the surface of leaves, has a great impact on the pest control and pesticide utilization. In order to find out the influence factors of the evaporation of the droplet, the real-time monitoring system of the droplet evaporation based on the standing wave and ZigBee wireless transmission was designed. The system uses STM32 as the core to build the ZigBee network, and terminal nodes are connected with droplet collecting sensor. The data are transmitted to the network coordinator, then the coordinator transmits the data to the remote evaporation system designed by LabView2014 through the RS232 serial port, and the system realizes the real-time monitoring of the droplet evaporation condition through the waveform. From the waveform, we know that from the droplet deposition to the completion of evaporation, the system can accurately receive the data of evaporation loss which are returned by the ZigBee and show the fluctuation curve of the droplet area spread, and compared with the image processing method, its error is small, and it is easy to operate and more practical. The results show that: 1) The evaporation time of droplet is positively correlated with the particle size, which increases with the increase of droplet size. And when the particle size exceeds 242.3 μm, the trend is more obvious. 2) The droplet evaporation time is negatively correlated with the area spreading rate, and decreases with the increase of the droplet area spreading rate. When the volume fraction of organic silicon increases from 0.025% to 0.050%, the droplet area spread rate increases, but when it increases from 0.050% to 0.100%, the droplet area spread rate is relatively reduced. 3) The evaporation system can not only achieve remote detection, which avoids contact with liquid, but also perform real-time analysis of droplets evaporation time on the leaf surface and the area spread rate, and reasonably choose silicone volume fraction and droplet diameter, which helps to control the liquid absorption efficiency of leaf surface. The evaporation system can analyze the droplet evaporation in the blade surface evaporation time and the area spreading rate in real time. It provides a reference for the study of the evaporation time and spreading law of the droplets on the surface. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Drops
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Design - Efficiency - Elastic waves - Evaporation - Image processing - Monitoring - Particle size - Pest control - Pesticide effects - Pesticides - Plants (botany) - Silicones - Spraying - Volume fraction - Zigbee
Uncontrolled terms:Absorption efficiency - Active agents - Image processing - methods - Network coordinators - Pesticide applications - Real time monitoring system - Standing wave - ZigBee wireless transmission
Classification code:641.1 Thermodynamics - 722.3 Data Communication, Equipment and Techniques - 723.5 Computer Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604388015
Title:Vacuum pulse drying characteristics and moisture content prediction of pumpkin slices
Authors:Bai, Junwen (1); Zhou, Cunshan (1); Cai, Jianrong (1); Xiao, Hongwei (2); Gao, Zhenjiang (2); Ma, Haile (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:290-297
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pumpkin is one of the most important vegetable crops grown in the world because of its nutritional qualities. Pumpkin is a kind of seasonal vegetable, which is generally harvested from August to September. Due to its high moisture content, pumpkin cannot be stored for a long time even in low temperature environment. Drying is one of the most important processing processes for pumpkin, which can greatly prolong the shelf life. At present, the most common drying method of pumpkin is hot air drying. Hot air drying is relatively simple and easy to control, but it also has some problems such as long drying time, browning seriously and loss of nutrient. Vacuum pulse drying is a new type of drying technology, which has high drying efficiency and is very suitable for heat-sensitive materials. The aim of this study was to investigate the drying characteristics and to predict the moisture content of pumpkin slices during the vacuum pulse drying process. The effect of atmospheric pressure duration (AD), vacuum duration (VD), drying temperature and slice thickness on the drying rate and drying time of pumpkin slices was studied. The effect of pressure pulsation process on heat and mass transfer of pumpkin slices was expounded on the basis of core temperatures which were gathered by temperature sensor during drying process. The BP (back propagation) neural network model was established with the architecture of "5-11-1" which included 5 input layers of AD, VD, drying temperature, slice thickness and drying time, 11 hidden layers and single output layer of moisture content. The results demonstrated that AD and VD showed a significant impact on drying time. In a certain range, the application of longer AD time and shorter VD time not only can improve the drying efficiency, but also can significantly reduce vacuum pump running time during the drying process. The shortest drying time was about 352 min with the AD of 10 min and the VD of 9 min under drying temperature of 60℃ and slice thickness of 7 mm. The drying temperature and slice thickness both showed a significant impact on drying rate and drying time, and higher drying temperature and thinner thickness would result in higher drying rate. Unlike the hot air or infrared drying method, the core temperature of pumpkin presented an alternate 'high-low-high-low' phenomenon. During the VD, the core temperature decreased rapidly due to the endothermic process of moisture evaporation, and after the drying chamber pressure returned to atmospheric pressure, the core temperature was raised rapidly due to the heating effect by electrical heating plate. In the early period of drying process, the change range of core temperature between AD and VD phase was greater than that of the late drying period. The BP neural network model was trained for finite iteration calculation with Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm as the training function and tansig-purelin as the network transfer function. The determination coefficient (R2) and root mean squared error (RMSE) between the predicted and measured values were 0.9968 and 0.0173, respectively. The results will provide theoretic reference and technical supports for the application of vacuum pulse drying and the on-line prediction of moisture content in pumpkin drying process. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Infrared drying
Controlled terms:Atmospheric pressure - Atmospheric temperature - Backpropagation - Crack propagation - Drying - Efficiency - Forecasting - Iterative methods - Kinetics - Mass transfer - Mean square error - Moisture - Moisture determination - Neural networks - Pressure effects - Solar dryers - Temperature - Vacuum applications - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:BP (back propagation) neural network - Determination coefficients - Heat-sensitive materials - Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm - Low temperature environment - Moisture content predictions - Network transfer functions - Root mean squared errors
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 633.1 Vacuum Applications - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1 Mechanics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604388001
Title:Effect of UV-B radiation treatments on growth, physiology and antioxidant systems of cucumber seedlings in artificial climate chamber
Authors:Liu, Peng (1); Li, Qiang (1); Li, Yunyun (1); Yu, Hongjun (1); Jiang, Weijie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China
Corresponding author:Jiang, Weijie(jiagweijie@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:181-186
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ultraviolet radiation (UV-B) radiation is a key environmental signal for plant growth and development. An excess or lack of UV-B can affect plant resistance, yield and quality. However, the appropriate dose of UV-B for cucumber seedlings growth in plant factories is not well understood. In this study, the effect of different doses of UV-B radiation on the growth, physiology and antioxidant systems of cucumber seedlings in an artificial climate chamber was studied. The results showed that UV-B radiation effectively inhibited the elongation of cucumber seedlings by 4.2%-32.0% and decreased soluble protein content in cucumber leaves by 14.2%-28.2%. 3.33 μmol/(m2·s) UV-B promoted stem diameter growth, soluble sugar content, total ascorbic acid and the superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase activities in cucumber leaves by 13.6%-22.3%, 22.7%-56.7%, 16.9%-23.2%, 23.8%-25.9%, 34.1%-50.4% and 27.4%-36.4%, respectively. However, this UV-B dose had no influence on the net photosynthetic rate of cucumber leaves. Therefore, we conclude that 3.33 μmol/(m2·s) UV-B is beneficial for growth and increases the resistance of cucumber seedlings in an artificial climate chamber. This study is hoped to provides a theoretical basis for cucumber and other seedling growth under UV-B treatments. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Antioxidants - Ascorbic acid - Concrete beams and girders - Enzymes - Forestry - Growth (materials) - Organic acids - Oxygen - Photosynthesis - Physiology - Plant life extension - Plants (botany) - Radiation - Ultraviolet radiation
Uncontrolled terms:Antioxidant enzyme - Artificial climate chamber - Cucumber seedlings - H2O2 - Net photosynthetic rate - Peroxidase and catalase activities - Soluble sugar contents - Super oxide dismutase
Classification code:412 Concrete - 461.9 Biology - 741.1 Light/Optics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.024

Funding Details: Number; Acronym; Sponsor: 31471920; NSFC; National Natural Science Foundation of China

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604387992
Title:Analysis on spatiotemporal variability characteristics of drought in Shaanxi Province using standardized precipitation index
Authors:Li, Bin (1, 2); Xie, Jiancang (1); Hu, Yanhua (2); Jiang, Rengui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China; (2) Shaanxi Provincial Department of Water Resources, Xi'an; 710004, China
Corresponding author:Jiang, Rengui(jrengui@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:113-119
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Drought has become one of the most severe and frequent natural hazards, with major impacts on both human and natural systems. The large spatial coverage and long duration characteristics make it one of the most widespread and costliest hazards. With the rapid development of the economy and society, the acceleration of the urbanization process, and the sharp increase of the urban population, the water consumption of the various industries has increased rapidly, which puts forward higher requirements for the limited water resources. The increase of urban living and industrial water consumption occupies the agricultural water consumption, which makes the agricultural drought and water shortage more severe. Taking Shaanxi Province in the Northwest China, located in the 105°29'E-111°15'E and 31°42'N-39°35'N as the study area, the paper uses the standardized precipitation index (SPI), the drought frequency, ratio of number of stations with drought to total number of stations and drought intensity to analyze the spatial and temporal change patterns of drought at different time scales in Shaanxi Province based on the long-term daily observed precipitation data, provided by the China National Climate Center (CNCC). The study on the regional spatial and temporal variability of agriculture drought helps to promote the efficient use of the regional water resources and improve the regional drought resistance. The results showed that: 1) Generally, the drought in Shaanxi Province had an expanding tendency for the period of 1971-2013. The drought over the studied time period occurred frequently and the duration of drought was relatively long. The average drought frequency for the 34 meteorological stations was 70.0%. The frequencies of light drought and moderate drought were 23.7% and 23.3%, respectively, and the frequencies of severe drought and specially severe drought were relatively low, with the values of 14.2% and 8.8%, respectively. 2) The ratio of number of stations with drought to total number of stations had a seasonal change pattern. It had increasing trends in spring and winter, while had decreasing trends in summer and autumn. 3) The change pattern for drought intensity was not obvious. The drought intensity in spring and winter increased, while decreased in summer and autumn. We can conclude that the change patterns for ratio of number of stations with drought to total number of stations and drought intensity were similar. 4) Different regions had different drought change patterns, including provincial drought, regional drought and single station drought. The spatial distributions of drought frequency, ratio of number of stations with drought to total number of stations and drought intensity also had difference. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Drought
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Climate change - Hazards - Meteorology - Precipitation (chemical) - Precipitation (meteorology) - Stream flow - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture droughts - Meteorological station - Regional water resources - Shaanxi Province - Spatial and temporal changes - Spatial and temporal variability - Spatiotemporal variability - Standardized precipitation index
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604387987
Title:Numerical simulation and validation of influence of end clearance in half vane diffuser on hydraulic performance for centrifugal pump
Authors:Jiang, Wei (1); Chen, Diyi (1); Qin, Yuqi (1); Wang, Yuchuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Diyi(nwsuafdychen@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:73-81
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Centrifugal pumps are widely used in general machines and the demand of the efficiency and the stable operation can be higher. All kinds of clearances appear easily in the centrifugal pump, such as the tip clearance and wear-ring clearance. Meantime, the gap flow of tip clearance and wear-ring clearance results in the complicated turbulent flow and clearance vortex easily which has a great effect on the hydraulic performance and operation stability of a centrifugal pump. Thus, the study on mechanism of the gap clearance flow in the centrifugal pump is important. The half-height diffuser can be widely used in compressors and fans and can improve the performance of the compressors and fans. However, the application of the half-height diffuser in the centrifugal pump is seldom and the influence law of the clearance of the half-height guide vane on the hydraulic performance of the centrifugal pump is not clear. For the first time, the half-height diffuser is introduced into the centrifugal pump in this paper. Based on the numerical simulation and experimental methods, using SST k-ω model, research on effect of the half-height guide vane end clearance on the hydraulic performance and the internal flow field of centrifugal pump was conducted. The results show that the appropriate half-height guide vane end clearance can effectively improve the centrifugal pump's hydraulic performance, and broaden its high efficient area. When the guide vane height is 1.0, the maximum efficiency occurs at the position with the flow of 37.5 m3/h, however, it can be at 42.5 m3/h when the guide vane height is 0-0.8. The effect of the interaction between rotor and stator can be the main reason for the internal flow field of the general guide vane centrifugal pump, and the high pressure zone of the impeller outlet channel occurs when the impeller blade is near the leading edge of the guide vane. The asymmetric geometry of the volute is the main factor, which influences the internal flow field of the centrifugal pump with the end face gap. The impeller blade load in the conventional guide vane centrifugal pump is affected by the wake flow-jet flow and is higher than that of the centrifugal pump with the half-height guide vane. With guide vane end gap of 0.4-0.6 guide vane height, the efficiency and the head of the centrifugal pump are the optimal, and the maximum efficiency is 57.5%. In low flow condition, the hydraulic performance of impeller and diffuser is the key influence factor to hydraulic performance of centrifugal pump. The total pressure loss of the impeller in the centrifugal pump with the half-height guide vane end gap is higher than that of the ordinary diffuser centrifugal pump at the flow condition of 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 time, however, the total pressure loss of the impeller in the centrifugal pump with the half-height guide vane end gap is lower than that of the ordinary guide vane centrifugal pump at 1.2 and 1.4 times flow condition. The performance of the impeller when guide vane height is 1.0 can be 7 m lower than that when guide vane height is 0-0.8 at the 0.6 flow condition. Meantime, the total pressure loss of diffuser while guide vane height is 0 can be 6.66 and 4.47 m higher than those with 1.0 guide vane height at the 0.6 and 0.8 flow condition, respectively. The total pressure loss of the volute in the centrifugal pump with the end clearance of the guide vane is less than that of the ordinary guide vane centrifugal pump. With the flow rate increasing, the influence of the interaction between impeller and diffuser on the centrifugal pump with the half-height guide vane decreases gradually, and the effect of the interaction between impeller and volute tongue on the centrifugal pump with the half-height guide vane increases gradually. The results provide theoretical basis and new ideas for the design and reconstruction of the guide vanes in centrifugal pumps. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Centrifugal pumps
Controlled terms:Computational fluid dynamics - Efficiency - Flow fields - High pressure effects - Hydraulic machinery - Hydraulic models - Impellers - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Pumps - Rotors - Stators
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental methods - High pressure zones - Hydraulic performance - Operation stability - Performance - Rotor-stator interactions - Simulation and validation - Total-pressure loss
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 632.1 Hydraulics - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 705.1 Electric Machinery, General - 723.5 Computer Applications - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604388009
Title:Anaerobic digestion characteristics and microbial structure of agricultural wastes under gradient organic loadings
Authors:Le, Xiyi (1); Huang, Yunhong (1); Ren, Yuhan (1); Chen, Liumeng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang; 330022, China; (2) Institute of Applied Agricultural Microorganism, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang; 330200, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Liumeng(13931409@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:239-247
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, along with the rapid development of modern large-scale and intensive agriculture in China, the output of agricultural wastes shows a rapid increasing trend. Some objective reasons (the lagged development of resource utilization technology and equipment, the attributes of property rights of agricultural wastes, the difficult government regulatory, and so on) lead to the extensive cyclic utilization and even direct combustion or arbitrary discard of agricultural wastes, which has caused serious harms to the rural ecological environment, agricultural production environment and farmers' living environment in China. The preparation of biogas through anaerobic fermentation is a high-engineering technology for the energy-oriented use of agricultural wastes, and the quantity, species and activity of anaerobic microorganisms for anaerobic fermentation, as well as the fermented substance are the key factors affecting the efficiency of biogas production. C/N, an important character of the fermented substance, can directly affect the metabolism of microorganisms, and also can affect the methane yield through influencing the transformation of carbon in organic matters. In order to understand the effects of gradient organic loadings on the anaerobic digestion characteristics and microbial community structure of greatly different C/N-containing agricultural wastes, the author investigated the performance of methane production and the changes in microbial community structure of anaerobically-digested swine manure, Flammulina velutipes fungal bag, rice straw, and sugarcane top in continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) under gradient organic loading rates (OLRs) [1.11, 1.67, 2.22 and 2.78 g/(L·d), being counted as volatile solid]. The results showed that the daily methane yield of the above four substrates all increased with the increase in OLR, but their methane productive rate and microbial community structure revealed different variation trends due to different C/N ratios of substrates. Among four substrates, swine manure with C/N of 13:1 had the highest daily methane yield, and its bacterial and archaea community structure was similar to that in the control group; whereas due to the increase in OLR and the enhancement of ammonia inhibition, the diversity index of bacteria and archaea increased firstly and then decreased, and the methane productive rate decreased gradually when the OLR reached 1.67 g/(L·d). Because Flammulina velutipes fungal bag contained a suitable C/N (about 23.7:1) for anaerobic digestion, it had a relatively stable methane productive rate, and its diversity index of bacteria and archaea increased with the increase in OLR, but its microbial community structure was obviously different from that in the control group. Rice straw and sugarcane top had a higher carbon content, with C/N as 66:1 and 121:1 respectively, and their community structure of bacteria and archaea changed obviously in the anaerobic digestion process. When OLR reached 2.78 g/(L·d), due to the acid accumulation and VFA/TIC above 0.8, the methane productive rate of rice straw decreased obviously, and its diversity index of bacteria and archaea also reduced. However, the methane productive rate of sugarcane top did not decrease obviously in the course of anaerobic digestion, because its VFA/TIC was less than 0.8. Furthermore, the substrate with different C/N had effects on the formation of specific dominant microbial species, and it was found that: Methanolobus zinderi was the specific dominant archaea species in the digested swine manure; Proteiniphilum acetatigenes and Acetivibrio cellulolyticus were the specific dominant bacterial species in the digested Flammulina velutipes fungal bag and sugarcane top, respectively; Methanospirillum hungatei was the specific dominant archaea species in the digested rice straw. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Bacteria - Biogas - Fermentation - Fertilizers - Fungi - Manures - Methane - Microorganisms - Organic carbon - Social sciences - Straw - Substrates - Volatile fatty acids - Waste incineration - Waste utilization - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Anaerobic digestion process - Anaerobic microorganisms - Continuous stirred tank reactor - Methane production - Microbial community structures - Rural ecological environments - Technology and equipments
Classification code:452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 461.9 Biology - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604388008
Title:Quantitive estimation and availability analysis of waste heat from vehicle biogas plant
Authors:Zhang, Jia (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); Xing, Tao (3, 4, 5); Sun, Yongming (3, 4, 5); Kong, Xiaoying (3, 4, 5); Kang, Xihui (3, 4, 5); Lü, Pengmei (3, 4, 5); Wang, Chunlong (1, 2); Li, Jinping (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Western Energy and Environment Research Center of China, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Complementary Energy System of Biomass and Solar Energy, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (3) Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou; 510640, China; (4) CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou; 510640, China; (5) Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou; 510640, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Yongming(sunym@ms.giec.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:232-238
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Vehicle biogas, the product deriving from the organic waste anaerobic digestion accompanying with the purification and compression process, has the advantages of higher energy efficiency, environmentally friendliness, sustainability, and so on. The vehicle biogas plant has aroused attention from all walks of life and owned a broad prospect, because it can not only dispose organic waste, but also produce clean vehicle biogas. However, there were still several problems in its operation process, such as high operating costs, high energy consumption and low utilization rate of waste heat. In order to solve these problems, this paper establishes a model of vehicle biogas plant which produces 10000 m3biogas daily. We firstly introduce the general situation of this model and calculate the potential of waste heat. What's more, the availability of waste heat is evaluated. Finally, combined with the requirement of heat, the suggestion of the waste heat utilization is put forward. Results of analysis show that this plant needs a lot of thermal energy, approximately accounting for 30.01%-36.44% of biogas energy. Moreover, merely recycling a part of the CO<inf>2</inf>-poor MEA liquid waste heat after decarburization results in low utilization rate of waste heat. It also reveals that the main parts of the waste heat in the system are made up of 5 types, i.e. waste heat from stripper top gas for decarburization, CO<inf>2</inf>-poor MEA liquid waste heat after decarburization, waste heat of cooling water from compressor, waste heat in biogas slurry and waste heat of boiler exhaust gas. Besides, the low-grade waste heat has the characteristics of enormous quantity and stabilization. The main parts of heat required include the heat of the fermentation liquid, the heat of maintaining high-temperature anaerobic digestion and the heat of decarburization. The calculation of requirement of heat shows that the quantity of total heat required is 7.85×104MJ/d in the coldest month, and 6.48×104MJ/d in the hottest month. The calculation of waste heat indicates that the potential of total waste heat is respectively 5.87×104MJ/d in the coldest month, and 4.79×104MJ/d in the hottest month. The corresponding maximum energy-saving rate is 74.81% and 73.92%, respectively. The energy-saving potential of each part of waste heat in descending order of quantity is: waste heat of biogas slurry > waste heat of CO<inf>2</inf>-poor MEA liquid after decarburization > waste heat of stripper top gas for decarburization > waste heat of cooling water from compressor > waste heat of boiler exhaust gas. Additionally, the analysis of waste heat proves that waste heat from this project can be more effectively utilized and preferably collected. Based on the analysis above, we propose some suggestions about the utilization of waste heat: 1) It is recommended that the waste heat of stripper top gas is collected to drive heat pump rather than cycle in system. 2) Waste heat of CO<inf>2</inf>-poor MEA liquid can be used to warm the low-temperature CO<inf>2</inf>-rich MEA liquid via the heat exchanger. 3) We recommend the waste heat of compressor cooling water is adopted to produce hot water by the heat pump, which will be regarded as domestic hot water or heating hot water. 4) Waste heat of biogas slurry can be used to heat low-temperature fermentation liquid by heat exchanger. 5) Waste heat of boiler exhaust gas can produce stream by heat exchanger, which is applied into system itself. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Solid wastes
Controlled terms:Anaerobic digestion - Biogas - Biomass - Boilers - Carbon dioxide - Compressors - Cooling - Cooling water - Decarburization - Energy conservation - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Fermentation - Gallium - Gas compressors - Gases - Heat exchangers - Heat pump systems - Liquids - Operating costs - Temperature - Thermal energy - Vehicles - Waste heat - Waste heat utilization - Wastes - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Availability analysis - Compression process - Domestic hot water - Energy saving potential - Energy-saving rates - High energy consumption - Low-grade waste heat - Quantitive estimation
Classification code:522 Gas Fuels - 525 Energy Management and Conversion - 537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 614 Steam Power Plants - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 618.1 Compressors - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 911.1 Cost Accounting
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604387981
Title:Design and evaluation of PID electronic control system for seed meters for maize precision planting
Authors:He, Xiantao (1); Ding, Youqiang (1); Zhang, Dongxing (1, 2); Yang, Li (1, 2); Cui, Tao (1, 2); Wei, Jiantao (3); Liu, Quanwei (1); Yan, Bingxin (1); Zhao, Dongyue (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Soil-Machine-Plant key laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) CNH Industrial, Chicago; 60527, United States
Corresponding author:Yang, Li(yangli@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:28-33
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A proportional-integral-derivative (PID) electronic control system for seed meters was developed to improve the planting quality and operation efficiency of conventional planters with ground wheel and chain driven system. A PID algorithm was used for controlling seed plate rotation speed. In addition, the PID controller incorporated integral separation of the integral term to increase the response time and reduce the occurrence of overshoot when the set point was far away from the current rotation rate. The final tuned PID parameter values were K<inf>p</inf>=16, K<inf>i</inf>=0.05, and K<inf>d</inf>=36. The response time, overshoot, and steady error for a seed plate rotation speed step response from 0 to 24 r/min were 0.4 s, 1.56%, and 0.75%, respectively. Experiment results showed that the Singulation index (SI) of seed meter could receive to 98.4%, and the Multiple index (UI) and Miss index (MI) were not more than 1% even at the highest planting speed of 12 km/h, which indicated that the seed meter with the developed control system and tuned PID parameters could obtain better planting quality and higher planting speed. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Control systems - Industrial electronics - Proportional control systems - Response time (computer systems) - Seed - Servomechanisms - Three term control systems - Two term control systems
Uncontrolled terms:Design and evaluations - Electronic control systems - Electronic controls - Integral separation - Operation efficiencies - Performance - PID parameter tuning - Proportional integral derivatives
Classification code:705 Electric Generators and Motors - 731.1 Control Systems - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.004

Funding Details: Number; Acronym; Sponsor: 51575515; NSFC; National Natural Science Foundation of China

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604387993
Title:Characteristics of gully development in Northern Shaanxi Hilly Loess Region before Grain-for-Green Programme (1976-1997)
Authors:Chen, Yixian (1); Jiao, Juying (1, 2); Wei, Yanhong (1); Zhao, Hengkang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Jiao, Juying(jyjiao@ms.iswc.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:120-127
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Gully erosion is a serious environmental problem and the primary source of sediment loss on the Loess Plateau. However, due to the limited technologies and approaches for monitoring gully, most of the early studies focused on the qualitative description of gully morphology and the division of gully development stages, confining the advancement of quantitative research for gully erosion and leading to insufficient knowledge about gully erosion. The objective of this study was to quantitatively estimate the gully development rates as well as assess the effect of land use and vegetation coverage in upslope drainage area on gully development over 1976-1997 period, after which the Grain-for-Green Programme had been completely implemented since 1999. The study area was in Fangta watershed in Ansai County (109°19'E, 36°52'N), which is located in the northern Shaanxi hilly loess region. Seven large gullies, as well as the small gullies which occurred along the large gullies, were selected along a transect placed randomly and throughout Fangta watershed. ArcGIS and MATLAB software were used to obtain boundary lines of the selected large gullies based on the DEM (digital elevation model) derived from topographic maps at the scale of 1:10000 in 1976 and 1997. By applying LOG (Laplacian of Gaussian) edge detection approach in MATLAB, the gully boundary lines were initially extracted; furthermore, in order to improve the accuracy of the boundary lines, visual interpretation based on the morphology reflected by contour line was conducted in ArcGIS. According to the gully boundary lines, the area and perimeter of large gully and the head retreat distance of small gullies within each large gully in 1976 and 1997 were calculated, respectively. Details about land use and vegetation coverage were extracted from the historical maps of land use and vegetation cover, respectively. The results showed that the rates of area and perimeter development of the 7 large gullies from 1976 to 1997 ranged from 11.01% to 180.46% and from 8.07% to 86.75%, respectively, and the mean head retreat distance of the small gullies within a large gully varied from 0.26 to 0.84 m/a. Head retreat of small gully caused by headward erosion was the dominant erosion form presented within a large gully in study area. In addition, valley widening and forming new small gullies forming could significantly contribute to the area and perimeter development of a large gully, respectively. Forest and grass coverage were both helpful to control gully development, especially when vegetation coverage exceeded 65% in upslope drainage area, which was more effective for controlling multiple erosion processes that simultaneously took place in a large gully, in which valley widening was mainly involved, as well as headward erosion and sidewall expansion of small gully. However, vegetation coverage exceeding 45% in upslope drainage area could only control the headward erosion of small gully effectively. Terrace could also control gully development and its efficiency depended on scale and position of terrace on the slope. This study indicates that the forms and rates of gully erosion can be determined based on GIS technology and topographic map, accomplishing the monitoring of gully dynamic development before implementing the Grain-for-Green Programme. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Landforms
Controlled terms:Edge detection - Erosion - Geographic information systems - Land use - Maps - MATLAB - Sediments - Surveying - Vegetation - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Boundary lines - Digital elevation model - Environmental problems - Grain for greens - Gully - Laplacian of Gaussian - Quantitative research - Visual interpretation
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 405.3 Surveying - 444.1 Surface Water - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604387991
Title:Selection of suitable technical parameters for alternate row/bed planting with high maize emergence under subsurface drip irrigation based on HYDRUS-2D model
Authors:Mo, Yan (1, 2); Li, Guangyong (1); Cai, Mingkun (1); Wang, Dan (1); Xu, Xinhan (1); Bian, Xinyang (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Irrigation and Drainage Department, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100048, China; (3) Kingland Technology Muhe Water-saving Equipment Company, Chifeng; 024000, China
Corresponding author:Li, Guangyong(lgycau@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:105-112
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is an advanced water-saving irrigation method. Alternate row/bed planting is a sowing technique with a 10 cm deep trapezoidal furrow; seeds are then sown in 5 cm deep soil below the furrow bottom. It can significantly improve the germination of spring maize under subsurface drip irrigation. To optimize this technology, 2-year field experiments were performed in Chifeng, Inner-Mongolia, China to study the relationship between the emergence rate of spring maize and soil effective saturation of soil at the location of the seeds after different pre-emergence irrigation amounts from 15 to 60 mm. A HYDRUS-2D model was established to obtain soil effective saturation when seed germination rate reached 90% and then to investigate effect of furrow depth, dripline depth, and irrigation amount in the conditions of different soil texture and initial water content on soil effective saturation in order to obtain best technique parameters combination for seed germination. The irrigation amount was 15, 25, 45 and 60 mm; the furrow depth was 0 and 10 cm; the dripline depth was 30 cm. The germination rate was obtained when the seed germination kept stabilized. The results showed that the maize germination rate increased linearly with soil effective saturation (R2=0.70, P<0.01). The HYDRUS-2D model simulation results had a high agreement with the measured soil water content with the root mean square error of 0.024-0.035 cm3/cm3). The soil effective saturation was not less than 0.77 for 90% of germination rate. The simulation results showed that the soil effective saturation increased with the increase of furrow depth and decreased with the increase of dripline depth. The required irrigation amount to meet the effective saturation of 0.77 decreased with the increase of soil clay content due to the larger hydraulic conductivity of the fine textured soil. The required irrigation amount to meet the effective saturation of 0.77 also decreased with the increase of initial soil water content and furrow depth, and increased with the increase of dripline depth. When the initial water content of the surface soil was 40%-60% field water holding capacity, the required irrigation amount to meet the effective saturation of 0.77 decreased by 15-20 mm for sandy loam, by 6-15 mm for silty loam and by 7-18 mm for silty clay respectively, with the increase of furrow depth by 5 cm. When the dripline depth increased from 30 to 35 cm, the required irrigation amount to meet the effective saturation of 0.77 increased by 16-21 mm for sandy loam, and by 4-14 mm for silty loam and silty clay. Under the different furrow depths and dripline depths, when the initial water content of surface soil increased from 40% to 60% of the field capacity, the required irrigation amount to meet the effective saturation of 0.77 decreased by 9-14 mm for sandy loam, and decreased by 9-19 mm for silty loam and silty clay. Considering the spring maize root distribution, cultivation and deep percolation, the dripline depth should be 30 and 35 cm; considering the soil texture, mechanical operation and energy consumption, the furrow depth should be 10 and 15 cm. Within the range of furrow depth and dripline depth mentioned above, the optimal irrigation amount was 25-67 mm. The study gives agricultural managers a guideline to determine the optimal combination of the 3 parameters. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:41
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Cultivation - Energy utilization - Mean square error - Parameterization - Seed - Soil conditioners - Soil moisture - Soils - Solvents - Subirrigation - Textures - Water conservation - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Alternate row/bed planting - Effective saturation - HYDRUS-2D - Initial water contents - Root mean square errors - Subsurface drip irrigation - Water holding capacity - Water-saving irrigation
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604387979
Title:Design and performance experiment of wireless remote control walking rice transplanter
Authors:Chen, Xunjiao (1); Lü, Zhijun (1); Xue, Xianglei (1); Xin, Liang (1); Yu, Qingcang (2); Yu, Youpeng (1); Zhao, Yun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) School of Information Science and Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou; 310018, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Yun(zhaoyun@neau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:10-17
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Wireless remote control walking rice transplanter has broad market prospects and a high application value. Its 180° turning without manual assistance in the paddy field is a difficult problem. Based on the analysis of the operations of the walking transplanter in the paddy field, a kind of walking assist mechanism that can be lifted and descended was invented. Thanks to the substantial lifting and descending functions, the floating plate can be fully lifted away from the mud surface in the paddy field, and the resistance to turning can be reduced. A kinematics model was established for this mechanism on the basis of the analysis of the structural characteristics and working principles of this mechanism, while the multi-objective and multi-parameter optimized model was proposed for the walking assist mechanism according to its structural characteristics as well as operating requirements of wireless remote control walking rice transplanter in the paddy field. The computer-aided design and analysis software based on Visual Basic 6.0 was developed, and the "parameter-guided" heuristic optimization algorithm invented by the researcher team was embedded in this software for quick optimal solutions in order to get a group of parameters meeting the working requirements of the walking assist mechanism. Based on the optimized parameters, the structural design of the walking assist mechanism was carried out, and the trial physical prototype was manufactured. At the same time, C Language was applied to carry out the re-development of the microcontroller development board, which was used as signal transmission module for sending the control commands (remote control function). The minimum system of the single-chip microcomputer was used as the vehicle-based signal processing module. The end pneumatic actuator system was developed in order to convert the control commands into the actual actions of the rice transplanter and to realize the automatic operation. The signal processing module used the character variables to receive the commands from the storage signal transmission module. The cylinder numbers respectively correspond to the solenoid valves, the relays, and the single-chip microcomputer pins, so that the "on" and "off" of the cylinders with the corresponding number can be controlled according to the judgment results on the character variables. By this way, different cylinders' "on/off" acting as a group realized the actions of the rice transplanter. Finally, the physical prototype of the walking assist mechanism, signal processing module and end pneumatic actuator system were fitted to the walking transplanter, and the test was carried out in paddy field with the specifications of 10 m×20 m and the mud depth of 15-25 cm, and the walking speed of the transplanter was set as 0.45 m/s and 0.90m/s. The test results showed that, in the wireless remote control state, the machine successfully completed the operation of planting, straight driving, automatic 90° turning and 180° turning in the paddy field. The walking assist mechanism and control system meet the requirements of the field operation of the wireless remote control walking rice transplanter, that proves the feasibility of the mechanism and the control system. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Walking aids
Controlled terms:Actuators - Automobile manufacture - C (programming language) - Computer aided analysis - Computer aided design - Computers - Control systems - Cylinders (shapes) - Design - Experiments - Light transmission - Microcomputers - Optimization - Parameter estimation - Pneumatic actuators - Pneumatic equipment - Pneumatics - Remote control - Signal processing - Solenoid valves - Structural analysis - Structural design - Visual BASIC
Uncontrolled terms:Heuristic optimization algorithms - High application value - Pneumatic actuator systems - Rice transplanter - Serial communications - Single chip microcomputers - Structural characteristics - Wireless remote control
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, General - 461.5 Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology - 619 Pipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering Generally - 632.3 Pneumatics - 632.4 Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 662.1 Automobiles - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 732.1 Control Equipment - 741.1 Light/Optics - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604388011
Title:Layout optimization for rural settlements based on iterative evaluation method and its remediation strategies
Authors:Chen, Weiqiang (1); Liu, Yaolin (2); Yin, Chaohui (2); Jing, Ying (2); Guan, Xiaoke (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou; 450002, China; (2) School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430079, China; (3) Social Development Research Center of Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou; 450002, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:255-263
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The "hollow village" is becoming an increasingly serious problem with the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, followed by great waste of precious land resource, high cost in rural public resources allocation, hard work, and so on, which finally results in lagging urban-rural integration. However, these problems can be relieved through the rural settlements renovation. And the rural settlements spatial optimization layout is the core issue to be resolved in the rural settlement renovation, which should be valued. The difficulty in the rural settlements layout optimization lies in the combinatorial optimization of multiple locations, rather than the selection of single one. This paper put forward an iteration evaluation method based on iterative calculation of rural settlements development potential and an algorithm of rural settlements layout optimization, which was applied to Xinzheng City, the study area in Henan Province. The purpose of this study is to find a solution to rural settlements layout which can meet the living and production needs of rural settlements. In the optimization of rural settlements layout, it is assumed that the core function of rural settlements eventually returns to the primary industry. Based on this situation, the following steps were in process: First of all, given the needs of living and production, the ideal farming hinterland scale of rural settlements was estimated and the accessibility constraints of the living and production were obtained to design an appropriate model for rural settlements layout. Secondly, we obtained the suitability evaluation results of rural settlements by employing multi-factor evaluation method. Thirdly, the stepwise selection method was used to get the iteration evaluation results of rural settlements through iterative calculation. Finally, the rural settlements optimal layout scheme and partitioning renovation strategies were formulated according to the iteration evaluation results. Some conclusions were drawn in this research as follows: 1) Ideal model parameters of village layout according to living and production needs of rural settlements were proposed including the standard distance of 2.5 km between villages, the largest farming radius of 1.44 km and the settlement hinterland area of 541.27 hm2. 2) The results of rural settlements development potential showed a non-uniform distribution that was a pattern of from high to low from the east to the west using the suitability evaluation method, while the results presented a relatively uniform distribution when taking the iteration evaluation method. Obviously, it is more reasonable to adopt the iteration evaluation method to optimize the village layout. 3) Therefore, taking Xinzheng as an example and using the iteration evaluation results to optimize the village layout, 17 center villages and 103 general villages were set. The rest ones were demolition villages and divided into government leading demolition type and planning guidance demolition type, which were to be cleared away and relocated. The corresponding land management countermeasures are proposed for different types of villages. In a word, the iteration evaluation method for rural settlement can effectively solve the rural settlements layout problem and also provide reference for related research. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Combinatorial optimization - Demolition - Iterative methods - Land use - Optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Development potential - Iterative calculation - Iterative evaluation - Non-uniform distribution - Remediation strategies - Settlements - Suitability evaluation - Urban-rural integrations
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604388010
Title:Preparation of biodiesel from microalgae by direct transesterification under ultrasonic-assisted ionic liquid composite conditions
Authors:Miao, Changlin (1); Li, Huiwen (1); Lü, Pengmei (1); Wang, Zhongming (1); Zhuang, Xinshu (1); Yuan, Zhenhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou; 510640, China
Corresponding author:Lü, Pengmei(lvpm@ms.giec.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:248-254
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Microalgae biodiesel can solve these problems of plants materials, such as shortage of arable land, impact of climate change on production and high crop prices. But the production of microalgae biodiesel traditionally involves multiple stages, including oil extraction, purification and subsequent esterification or transesterification, and so on, which cost large quantities of energy and chemicals. The extraction of microalgae oil and the grease ester exchange in the preparation of biodiesel were coupled to a single unit, which was a biodiesel preparation method with great application potential. In this paper, biodiesel from Chlorella was prepared via in-situ ultrasonic assisted transesterification method using ionic liquids as extraction agent and catalyst. The effects of mass ratio of methanol to microalgae powder, reaction temperature, reaction time, ionic liquid type, ionic liquid dosage, ultrasonic power and frequency on the transesterification were investigated, and at the same time, this method was compared with traditional water bath heating mechanical agitation method. The results showed that ultrasonic wave and ionic liquid had synergetic effect on transesterification. Ionic liquid had the effects of catalysis, extraction and solubilization, which could eliminate the interface of methanol and oil, and also could reduce the saponification. The introduction of ultrasound enhanced the transfer process of mass transfer, which could shorten the time of the reaction of esters, decrease the reaction temperature and the dosage of ionic liquid and methanol. When the extractant was ionic liquid [BMIM] [HCOO], the extraction rate of microalgae was the highest. The catalytic effect of acidic ionic liquid was significantly higher than that of alkaline ionic liquids. When the catalyst was ionic liquid [SO<inf>3</inf>H-BMIM][HSO<inf>4</inf>], the conversion rate of microalgae was the highest. Under the conditions of mass ratio of methanol to microalgae powder of 6:1, mass ratio of ionic liquid to microalgae powder of 5:1, ultrasonic power of 240 W, ultrasonic frequency of 28 kHz, reaction temperature of 50℃ and reaction time of 50 min, the yield of fatty aid methyl ester reached 69.6%. Preparation of biodiesel from microalgae by direct transesterification under ultrasonic assisted ionic liquid conditions does not need to extract oil from microalgae powder, thus reducing the process cost, and shortening the process, which can make oil-containing microalgae transformed into biodiesel directly by esterification. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Ionic liquids
Controlled terms:Algae - Biodiesel - Catalysts - Climate change - Costs - Couplings - Esters - Extraction - Liquids - Mass transfer - Methanol - Microorganisms - Phase interfaces - Transesterification - Ultrasonic waves - Ultrasonics
Uncontrolled terms:Biodiesel preparation - Catalyzation - Direct transesterification - Ionic liquid composites - Mechanical agitation - Micro-algae - Trans-esterification methods - Ultrasonic frequency
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 461.9 Biology - 523 Liquid Fuels - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604388012
Title:Evaluation of ecological resettlement project effect in immigration regions in Guangxi
Authors:Hu, Yecui (1, 2); Zheng, Fangyu (1); Xu, Shuang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing; 100035, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:264-270
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Resettlement is a systematic and comprehensive program that addresses not only poverty alleviation, but also environmental degradation and human-environment relationships. The implementation of China's resettlement program has not only profoundly impacted ecological regeneration in out-migration regions, but ecological and economic conditions in in-migration regions. The success or failure of resettlement policies in relieving the tensions between people and land is bound to affect the localized progress of such national strategy. To assess the effects of the resettlement program, 4 evaluation elements directly articulated around the objectives of the resettlement program were distinguished, namely human, resources, economy and natural environment. The following questions were answered: Whether the program achieved what it intended to accomplish; whether the incomes of migrants and areas of land resources owned by migrants increased; whether the ecological environment in immigration regions had been deteriorated; whether the farmers were satisfied with the outcome of the program; whether there were differences between migrants and natives in terms of land resource areas, income levels, sources of income, and responses to environmental policy. From this perspective, this study assessed the migration effect in the in-migration areas and the sustainability. Applying participatory rural appraisal (PRA) method to a comprehensive evaluation framework, we surveyed migrant and native households in 30 in-migration villages in Karst areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, to compare their cultivated land, incomes, and attitudes to migrant policies and cognition to eco-environment change. The results indicated that the program had already made progress in harmonizing human-earth relationship, increasing the income of immigrants, improving comprehensive capacity of natural disaster resistance and effectively guaranteeing the implementations of reforestation policy. However, some issues were also found through this study, such as the large differences in area of land resources between the immigrants and the natives; the slower development of immigrants' economy compared with the natives; the environmental conditions impacted by a large number of immigrants; and land-use sustainability issue resulting from ecologically unsound farming practices. Studies suggest that not only should we pay attention to the environmental benefits, but also should pay attention to the balance between efficiency and equity issues. From the results of our investigation and analysis, it is apparent that there are a number of questions that are worth considering and resolving. In the future, government needs to be more empathetic toward the vital interests of farmers. Priority activities should include: Enhancing the evaluation on the carrying capacity of resources and environment in resettlement regions; acceleration of corresponding system construction and making systematic arrangements at operational level, such as the land allocation system and industrial policy support; and designing an appropriate environment and development model from the perspectives of scientific rationality, humanism, and the national culture to effectively meet ecological requirements and the economic interests of farmers. This will bring about the early realization of a resource-saving and environment-friendly industrial structure, and of a sustainable mode of economic growth. Results will provide evidence-based reference not only for China's poverty alleviation policy but also for ecological migration practice in other parts of the world. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Sustainable development
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Behavioral research - Disasters - Ecology - Economic analysis - Economics - Environmental protection - Estimation - Forestry - Industrial economics - Land use - Natural resources - Reforestation - Rural areas
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological resettlement project - Environment and development - Environmental conditions - Human-earth relationship - Investigation and analysis - Migration effects - Participatory rural appraisals - Scientific rationalities
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921 Mathematics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604388005
Title:Effects of gravel mulching on greenhouse gas emissions intensity in wheat-maize rotation system
Authors:Wang, Donglin (1, 2); Feng, Hao (1, 3); Liu, Xiaoqing (1); Li, Yi (1); Zhang, Afeng (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Henan Provincial Water Conservancy Research Institute, Zhengzhou; 450000, China; (3) Institute of Water and Soil Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China; (4) College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Hao(nercwsi@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:208-215
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With growing concern on climate change, agriculture has received attention over last few decades as it is a significant contributor to global warming and total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. GHG emissions of carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>), methane (CH<inf>4</inf>) and nitrous oxide (N<inf>2</inf>O) can be affected by various field managements. Gravel mulching technology, as a distinct field management technique, has been long used to decrease water evaporation and improve crop production in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of northwest China, but systematic field studies concerning the impacts of surface gravel mulching on dryland agricultural soils water and heat conditions and GHG emissions are scarce. Therefore, we conducted a field study of wheat-maize rotation cycle in Yangling District of Shaanxi Province in the year of 2014-2015. The annual GHG emissions (CO<inf>2</inf>, CH<inf>4</inf>and N<inf>2</inf>O) were monitored using a static opaque chamber and chromatography method. This study focuses on the interactive role of gravel mulching and irrigation practices on both crop yield and GHG emissions. We also calculated the global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas emissions intensity (GHGI) to evaluate the farmland ecological effect and GHG reduction effect. In this experiment, 4 field treatments were arranged with 2 gravel mulching levels (M0: No mulching, M1: covering 100% of soil surface) and 2 supplemental irrigation levels at key growing periods (W0: without irrigation, W1:50 mm). The results showed that: 1) Compared with the control treatment of W0M0, the annual wheat-maize yields were significantly increased by 18.1%, 32.6% and 51.8% under the other 3 treatments of W1M0, W0M1 and W1M1, respectively; the annual CO<inf>2</inf>emissions were decreased by 7.8%, 12.1% and 18.0% under W1M0, W0M1 and W1M1, respectively. And there was not significant difference for annual N<inf>2</inf>O emissions for different treatments. The total annual absorption amounts of methane were increased by 32.5%, 80.2% and 124.3% under W1M0, W0M1 and W1M1 compared with the W0M0, respectively. 2) Gravel mulching gives positive contribution to the soil temperature and soil moisture. The correlation analysis of annual GHG emissions with soil temperature (5 cm) or soil water content (10 cm) under different experimental treatments over the wheat-maize growing period indicated that, the dependence of soil CO<inf>2</inf>emissions on soil water and soil temperature was pronounced for the 4 treatments with significant correlations (P<0.05), while the dependence of soil CH<inf>4</inf>or N<inf>2</inf>O emissions on soil water and temperature was partly with significant correlations (P<0.05). 3) Annual GWP values were more complicated in all treatments ranging from 522.8±204.6 to 629.5±328.5 kg/hm2(CO<inf>2</inf>equivalent) Compared with W0M0, irrigation practice could decrease the value of GWP, while gravel mulching practice could increase the value of GWP, and the interaction of gravel mulching coupled with irrigation could balance the GWP. 4) For the W1M0, W0M1 and W1M1 treatments, GHGI was significantly decreased compared with W0M0 by the values of 14.9%, 20.7% and 33.6%, respectively. The above results suggested the application of gravel mulching coupled with irrigation may obtain a balance between the increase of crop yield and the decrease of GHG emissions. Overall, gravel mulching practices could effectively increase soil moisture and temperature, and greatly lower the GHGI with the significant increase of crop yield. The basic case study provides a feasible way to realize stable crop productivity increase and GHG emissions reduction in arid and semi-arid region. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Greenhouse gases
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Climate change - Crops - Cultivation - Emission control - Gas emissions - Global warming - Gravel - Greenhouse effect - Irrigation - Methane - Moisture - Nitrogen oxides - Soil moisture - Soils - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid regions - Correlation analysis - Different treatments - GHG emission - Global warming potential - Irrigation practices - Supplemental irrigation - Yields
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604387996
Title:Quantitative characterization of grain internal damage and 3D reconstruction based on Micro-CT image processing
Authors:Chen, Shuren (1); Xu, Li (1); Yin, Jianjun (1); Tang, Mingming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:144-151
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the process of rice harvesting, storage and transportation, external mechanical force is the main way to damage the rice. The internal cracks can not be observed by the naked eye, but affect the storage, processing and germination rate of rice. In this paper, the mechanical properties of rice were analyzed by using a texture analyzer, and the damage and fracture process of rice was analyzed. Because the brown rice was more brittle than the chaff, the brown rice first had cracks under the loading condition. As the load increased, the brown rice was broken and the chaff began to crack. After repeated tests, when the moisture content was 12.83% and the loading mode was extrusion along the thickness direction of rice, the destructive power of this kind of rice grain was 100 N. The CT (computed tomography) scan test was performed for the rice under different loads, and pseudo-color image processing, gray value and gray histogram analysis, and threshold segmentation of 2-mode method and Feldkamp reconstruction algorithm (Feldkamp-Davis-Kress) were used to process the CT scan images. The research results showed that pseudo-color image processing could improve the visual resolution of CT images, and it was easy to observe the shape of cracks. Analysis of gray value and gray histogram could identify the organization of rice and cracks, and it showed that the gray value of cracks and connection of the embryo and endosperm was 0-15, and the maximum gray value of 35-42 corresponded to the embryo. It could be seen from the gray histogram that the majority of rice grains were endosperm, and the embryo and cracks and the joints occupied a small amount. The 2-mode method was used to segment the CT images and the median filter was used to eliminate the salt and pepper noise. Finally, the binary image was obtained. The gray value corresponding to the crack and the joint of the embryo and endosperm was 0, and the grey value of other tissues was 1. The crack area was obtained by subtracting the number of pixels at the joint by using the number of pixels with a gray value of 0. The ratio of the area of the crack to the total area of the whole section was the degree of damage, and the damage degrees under loads of 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160 N were 0, 0.26%, 0.39%, 0.93%, and 1.79%, respectively. Relationship between damage degree and load was obtained based on image segmentation. The damage occurred mainly after the failure of the load to the grain, and with the increase of the load, the damage degree increased; the increase was small, and then the damage degree continued to increase rapidly until the grain was broken. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of damaged grain was carried out based on reconstruction algorithm. From the 3D map of different angles, it could be seen when the load of grain was less than grain extrusion load leading to damage, although the internal deformation occurred, but there were no obvious cracks; when the load reached the destructive force, internal cracks began to appear, and the crack first appeared generally along the short axis direction of expansion With the load increasing, the original crack became wider, and the new mixed crack was produced along the minor axis until the brown rice was fractured. This study can provide a new idea for quantitative analysis of grain internal damage. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Computerized tomography
Controlled terms:Binary images - Color image processing - Cracks - Extrusion - Fracture - Grain (agricultural product) - Graphic methods - Image enhancement - Image processing - Image reconstruction - Image segmentation - Loads (forces) - Median filters - Pixels - Spectral resolution - Three dimensional computer graphics - Tomography
Uncontrolled terms:Extrusion characteristic - Micro-CT image processing - Quantification - Quantitative characterization - Reconstruction algorithms - Storage and transportations - Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction - Three-dimensional reconstruction
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 703.2 Electric Filters - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.5 Computer Applications - 741.1 Light/Optics - 746 Imaging Techniques - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

Accession number:20174604388002
Title:Grape chilling requirement estimated models and heat requirement estimated models and selection of early cultivars in greenhouse
Authors:Wang, Haibo (1); Liu, Fengzhi (1); Han, Xiao (1); Xie, Jimeng (1); Wang, Xiaodi (1); Wang, Baoliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Fruit Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Xingcheng; 125100, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Fengzhi(liufengzhi6699@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:187-193
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to verify the estimated result of different chilling requirement estimation models and heat requirement estimation models, and screen the early maturing cultivars which are suitable for planting in protected cultivation, 3 different estimation models (≤7.2℃ model, the 0-7.2℃ model and the Utah model) for estimating chilling requirements and 2 different estimation models (the growing degree hour model and the effective accumulated temperature model) for estimating heat requirements were used and compared with 22 grape cultivars for 3 years. The experimental materials include Hongqitezaomeigui, Zizhenxiang, Wuhezaohong, Hongbiaowuhe, 87-1, Cardinal, Centenial Seedless, Pearl of Csaba, Otilia, Xiangfei, Hongxiangfei, Hongshuangwei, Kyoho, Superior Seedless, Jingya, Jumeigui, Fujiminori, Bronx Seedless, Mars Seedless, Summer Black, Jingxiu and Yatomi Rosa, which were grafted on Bata. They are planted in the grape center technology demonstration areas of Fruit Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Xingcheng, Liaoning Province, 120.51°E, 40.45°N). Their planting distance and row spacing are 0.5 and 1 m, respectively, double-plant plantation, horizontal dragon shape with vertical leaf canopy. Among the 3 chilling requirement models, the annual variation coefficient of chilling requirement for each grape variety was the smallest in the Utah model, followed by the 0-7.2℃ model, and the ≤7.2℃ model was the largest. The annual variation coefficient of heat requirement for each grape variety was both small in the growing degree hour model and the effective accumulated temperature model. Considering the ease of calculation, we suggested to use the effective accumulated temperature model. All in all, for the chilling requirement calculation of different grape cultivars in greenhouse, the results from the Utah model are the best. For the heat requirement calculation of different grape cultivars in greenhouse, the effective accumulated temperature model was suggested to be adopted for calculation. Based on the calculation of the Utah model and the effective accumulated temperature model, we found that the high chilling requirement varieties were more than those with low chilling requirement in the common grape varieties, and the low heat requirement varieties were more than those with high heat requirement. The chilling and heat requirements were both low in Wuhezaohong, 87-1, Pearl of Csaba, Xiangfei and Hongxiangfei. They were early flowering and more conducive to the regulation for fruit maturity, so they were suitable for protected cultivation. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Cultivation
Controlled terms:Fruits - Greenhouses - Models
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulated temperatures - Agricultural science - Annual variations - Chilling requirement - Estimation models - Experimental materials - Heat requirements - Research institutes
Classification code:821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.025

Accession number:20174604388004
Title:Effects of biogas manure replacing chemical fertilizer on accumulation of nutrient and heavy metal in greenhouse vegetable soil
Authors:Gao, Jieyun (1); Kang, Lingyun (1); Yan, Zhengjuan (1); Qu, Mingshan (2); Liu, Zifei (2); Zhang, Cuizhen (3); Chen, Qing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Beijing Soil and Fertilizer Work Station, Beijing; 100029, China; (3) Chengde Soil and Fertilizer Work Station, Chengde; 067000, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Qing(qchen@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:200-207
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Unreasonal application of biogas manure discharged from the biogas plants in livestock farms increased the environmental risk. In this study, a 5-year 8-season tomato-pepper rotating protected field experiment was conducted, and the effects of different applied proportions of biogas manures and chemical fertilizer (100% biogas manures, 3/5 biogas manures plus 2/5 chemical fertilizer, 2/5 biogas manures plus 3/5 chemical fertilizer, 3/5 biogas manures and unfertilized treatments) on vegetable yield and soil accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and heavy metals were investigated, in order to support the possibility of biogas manure to replace chemical fertilizer. The results showed that there were no significant effects on vegetable yields under the treatments with 100% biogas manures, 3/5 biogas manures plus 2/5 chemical fertilizer, 2/5 biogas manures plus 3/5 chemical fertilizer treatments with the same N and potassium (K) input. No significant differences were observed in the N surplus and soil total N in 0-180 cm soil depth after 5-years experiment. However P surplus significantly increased with the applied proportion of biogas manures. The contents of Olsen-P and CaCl<inf>2</inf>-P in the surface soil layer (0-30 cm) reached 151 and 8.0 mg/kg in treatment with 100% biogas manures application, respectively, much higher than other treatments, which significantly exceeded environmental threshold. Compared with the treatment with 100% biogas manures application, reduced biogas wastes application (3/5 biogas wastes) significantly decreased the nitrate leaching risk and P surplus. Compared with unfertilized treatment, the contents of total Hg in surface soil layer (0-30 cm) and total As content in the soil layer (0-180 cm) slightly increased, whereas the contents of total Cr, Cd and Pb in soil decreased, especially Pb, in the treatments with biogas manures application. No heavy metal pollution risk was observed in all treatments. Biogas manure replacing chemical fertilizer can effectively achieve the waste recycling utilization, but increase the risk of soil P accumulation and leaching. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Biogas - Calcium compounds - Chlorine compounds - Greenhouses - Heavy metals - Leaching - Lead - Manures - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Nutrients - Soils - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical fertilizers - Environmental risks - Environmental threshold - Greenhouse vegetables - Heavy metal pollution - Soil accumulations - Soil nutrients - Surface soil layers
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 546.1 Lead and Alloys - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.027

Accession number:20174604387988
Title:Design of multi-objective driven product family shape gene for tractor
Authors:Liu, Lu (1, 2); Zhang, Yongnian (1); Ding, Weimin (1); Kang, Min (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China; (2) Guanyun Institute for Modern Agricultural Equipment, Nanjing Agricultural University, Guanyun, 222200, China
Corresponding author:Kang, Min(kangmin@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:82-90
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To shape the iconic elements for brand modeling and unique brand image, and improve the users' satisfaction of aesthetic design, a method of Multi-objective driven product family shape gene design of tractor was proposed. Through analyzing the extraction and expression of product family shape gene, the model of Multi-objective driven product family shape gene design of tractor was constructed, and the detailed processes and key technologies were expounded. Firstly, the product library and the information base were established. Product library included tractors selected from own brand and other products which were widely selected from well-known brands' latest products and concepts, including agricultural machinery products, cars, clothing, electronics, etc. Information base included the specific content of brand identification and the kansei words library. Specific content of brand identification were obtained from the enterprise directly, kansei words library which reflect the aesthetic style of agricultural machinery came from the network, books, newspaper, etc. Meanwhile, the overall modeling features and local modeling features of products were extracted by expert interview method, the product family shape gene was extracted by Design Format Analysis (DFA) to analysis the coefficient of variation. Then, based on the morphological matrix, the solution space of product family shape gene was developed (In order to avoid the mind-set caused by similar product shape, shape gene should contain a certain amount of shape elements reference from other products). The mapping relations between Kansei words and shape elements were developed by semantic differential method. At last, the multi-objective decision model driven by brand identity, user imagery as well as social situation was established and the multi-objective decision model was solved based on NSGA-II genetic algorithms. Taking the wheeled tractor, which was manufactured by an agricultural machinery enterprise as an example, an analysis for the generation of tractor product family shape gene was explored. Based on C++ environment, a computer-aided design system of tractor product family shape gene was built. The system realized user interaction operation and vector graphics calling and drawing by Qt development framework, which could quickly realize the profile scheme generation and expression of tractor. Series of progeny schemes were obtained by the computer-aided design system. The experimental results demonstrated that: 1) 81.25% of the subjects considered the progeny scheme could be well continue the characteristics and style of the brand's original products, the average score was 1.47; 2) Compared with the sample p15 modeling schemes (The mean of the sample p15 was the most representative), the degree of compliance increased separately by 30%, 54% and 80% in brand identity, user imagery, and social situation, and the average proportion of the population increased from 34.37%, 28.12%, 31.25% to 71.87%, 68.75%, 62.5% in 2 points and above respectively, by using seven-point Likert scales based on semantic differentia method. Therefore, the feasibility and validity of this method is verified. Furthermore, different from just considering a single factor in previous research, as the proposed product family shape gene generation for tractor was conducted by the simultaneous action of brand identification, product imagery and the social situation, and the ambiguity and uncertainty in visualization process which rely on designers' creative thinking and inspiration had been conquered, it also provides the reference for aesthetic design of agricultural machinery products. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Tractors (agricultural)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Automobile manufacture - Computer aided design - Design - Drawing (graphics) - Gene expression - Genes - Genetic algorithms - Graphical user interfaces - Image enhancement - Machine design - Models - Powertrains - Product design - Semantics - Social aspects - Tractors (truck)
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Computer aided design systems - Kansei Engineering - Multi objective decision models - NSGA-II - Product families - Semantic differential methods - Shape genes
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 601 Mechanical Design - 662.1 Automobiles - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901.4 Impact of Technology on Society - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.011

Accession number:20174604388006
Title:Drying kinetics and parameters optimization of sludge drying at low temperature
Authors:Zhang, Xukun (1); Liu, Shengping (1); Wu, Qingrong (1); Zeng, En (1); Wang, Gaomin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Institute of Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang; 330063, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:216-223
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The production of sewage sludge in China is increasing daily. Such a large amount of sewage sludge has a tremendous pressure on environment. The moisture content of sewage sludge is greatly high. Decreasing the moisture content of sludge is a critical step in harmlessness, bulkiness reduction, and resource utilization. Thermal drying has been proven to be an effective method to reduce solid volumes. The traditional sludge drying is often carried out by drum dryer, rotary dryer, fluidized dryer, and so on. The drying temperature is set higher (above 100℃), resulting in high energy consumption and producing secondary pollution. However, sludge drying at low temperature can not only save energy, but also reduce the emissions of malodorous gases and have a safer drying process. In order to study the drying kinetics of sludge drying at low temperature, the effects of drying temperature, thin-layer thickness and air speed on sludge moisture ratio and drying rate were examined. The optimization of the low temperature drying parameters was also studied. The results showed that the drying rate and drying time were influenced significantly by drying temperature, thickness and air speed. The low temperature drying process could be mainly divided into 2 periods: the acceleration period and falling rate period. The falling rate period could be also divided into 2 periods: the first falling rate period and the second falling rate period. The critical water contents under different drying conditions were about 0.5 g/g (dry basis) between the first falling rate period and the second falling rate period. According to statistical parameters, i.e. coefficient of determination (R2), chi-square (χ2), and root mean square error (RMSE), the Midilli model was the most suitable to describe the relationship between sewage sludge moisture and drying time among 6 common thin-layer drying models. The effective diffusion coefficients of sludge having thicknesses of 5, 10, and 15 mm were 8.72×10-10-3.61×10-9, 1.41×10-9-5.22×10-9and 2.46×10-9-9.69×10-9m2/s respectively under the temperature range of 50-90℃ at the air speed of 0.6 m/s. Besides, the activation energy values were 25.25, 25.28 and 23.96 kJ/mol respectively. The effective diffusion coefficients of sludge with thickness of 10 mm was 2.46×10-9and 4.48×10-9m2/s under the air speed of 0.4 and 0.8 m/s at the temperature of 70℃. An orthogonal experiment was designed with the drying temperatures of 50, 70 and 90℃, the thicknesses of 5, 10 and 15 mm and the air speeds of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 m/s. The effect of drying temperature on relative unit energy consumption was extremely significant. The effect of air speed and thickness on average drying intensity was significant. The order of the factors for decreasing relative unit energy consumption was drying temperature > air speed > thickness, and for increasing average drying intensity was drying temperature > thickness > air speed. In terms of relative unit energy consumption, the optimal technological parameters were presented as follows: drying temperature of 90℃, thickness of thin layer of 10 mm, and air speed of 0.8 m/s. In terms of average drying intensity, the optimal technological parameters were presented as follows: drying temperature of 90℃, thickness of thin layer of 5 mm, and air speed of 0.8 m/s. The results of this study provide a reference for the subsequent study of the heat pump drying or combined drying of solar and heat pump for sewage sludge. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Diffusion - Dryers (equipment) - Energy utilization - Fluidization - Heat pump systems - Kinetics - Low temperature drying - Mean square error - Models - Moisture - Moisture determination - Optimization - Plants (botany) - Sewage sludge - Speed - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Drying kinetic - Effective diffusion coefficients - High energy consumption - Low temperatures - Root mean square errors - Technological parameters - Thin layer drying models
Classification code:452.2 Sewage Treatment - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.029

Accession number:20174604387989
Title:Research on vehicle roll dynamics based on Padé techniques for model reduction
Authors:Chen, Xiang (1); Xu, Nan (1); Guo, Konghui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun; 130025, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Nan(xunan@jlu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:91-97
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the continuous development of agricultural engineering, architectural engineering and transportation, more and more technical vehicles for agriculture and architecture, heavy trucks, buses, vans, and so on have run on the road. However, the vehicle rollover accidents caused by high center of gravity have also increased in recent years. In order to study the vehicle roll dynamics and prevent rollover accidents by effective control, it is necessary to calculate the roll angle of vehicle body accurately. In this paper, a linear 3-DOF (degree of freedom) vehicle model was built firstly, then the transfer function of the vehicle body roll angle was deduced from it and the steady-state gain of the roll angle was also obtained. The denominator of the roll angle transfer function is a fourth order expression, and the numerator is a second order expression. High order system is difficult to be calculated and controlled for transient-state, so this paper proposes main effort to reduce the order of the vehicle roll model inspired by the thought of reducing system order from some researchers. Considering that the frequency of the roll dynamics is low generally, and the Padé technique for model reduction has good approximation in low frequency domain, the Padé reduction technique was adopted in this paper. After reducing the order of the roll model, the denominator and numerator of the transfer function came to be a second order expression and a first order expression respectively. Subsequently, the validity of this reduction method was illustrated from 3 aspects, i.e. time domain, frequency domain and complex domain respectively. In the time domain, the original model was simulated by Trucksim, and was also simulated by Matlab. Then, the roll angle of reduced model was compared with that of the original model in the vehicle driving conditions of angle step and sine wave. Simulation results show that, the steady-state gain and the changing tendency both fit well. With the vehicle velocity increasing, the approximation result will get a little bad. It also confirms that the approximation result is good in low frequency and this method is suitable for vehicle roll dynamics. In the frequency domain, the frequency characteristics of amplitude and phase were expatiated. As the Bode diagram shows, the frequency characteristics of the reduced system and the original system coincide almost completely when the angular frequency is not exceeding 6 rad/s. Lastly, the open loop stability and closed loop stability were also analyzed. The root locus diagram and the Nyquist stability criterion were used to elaborate the open loop stability and closed loop stability respectively. The results reveal that, the open loop stability and closed loop stability of the reduced system are consistent with that of the original system, and the relative consistency of the 2 systems also fits well. So the conclusion is that: This reduction method is suitable for calculating the vehicle roll angle and this reduction model approximates to the original model very well in low frequency domain which is the frequently-used working condition of vehicle. Additionally, in order to study the steady-state characteristics of the roll dynamics, the steady-state roll angle expression was also deduced and the roll influence coefficient was proposed in this paper. This coefficient is relative with the distance between front axle and mass center, the distance between rear axle and mass center, the distance from vehicle body mass center to roll axle, vehicle body mass, front axle mass, rear axle mass, front tire sideslip stiffness and rear tire sideslip stiffness. The special case was also analyzed when the roll influence coefficient is equal to 0. This provides a theoretical basis for studying the steady-state characteristics of the roll dynamics. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Time domain analysis
Controlled terms:Accidents - Agriculture - Automobile bodies - Axles - Bode diagrams - Closed loop control systems - Control system analysis - Convergence of numerical methods - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Dynamics - Enzyme kinetics - Frequency domain analysis - Front axles - MATLAB - Metal drawing - Models - Rear axles - Root loci - Stability - Stability criteria - State estimation - Stiffness - Transfer functions - Trucks - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Architectural engineering - Frequency domains - Nyquist stability criterion - Reduction techniques - Roll angle - Second-order expressions - Steady state characteristics - Time domain
Classification code:535.2 Metal Forming - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 731.1 Control Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.012

Accession number:20174604388007
Title:Current situation and development demand analysis of rural energy in China
Authors:Cong, Hongbin (1, 2); Zhao, Lixin (1, 2); Wang, Jiuchen (3); Yao, Zonglu (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Center of Energy and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing; 100125, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100125, China; (3) Rural Energy & Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100125, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Lixin(zhaolixin5092@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:224-231
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Deepening the construction of rural energy is an important means to optimize the rural energy structure, eliminate the energy poverty of farmers, improve the efficiency of rural energy use and protect the ecological environment of agriculture, and it is also the important content on implementation of air pollution prevention, development of renewable energy and China's energy revolution. Through the summary and systematic analysis of official statistics and literature, current situation and basic characteristics of rural energy in China were discussed. The dominance of coal is obvious in rural energy consumption, which covered 33.8% of rural living energy consumption, and accounted for 51.5% in rural production energy. In addition, the proportion of renewable energy is very low, and the current structure of rural living energy consumption is unreasonable. The current situation of rural energy industry scale, industrial technology and industrial policy were explained, and the main problems and the basic needs in the development of rural energy in China were analyzed. Finally, the basic development directions of rural energy were summarized, such as the distributed energy system, the heating of the northern rural areas, the comprehensive utilization of biomass energy resources, and the rural energy conservation. In 2014, China's rural energy consumption was 760 million tons of standard coal, accounting for 17.8% of the total energy consumption, of which the rural living energy was 430 million tons of standard coal, accounting for 56.6%, rural production energy was 330 million tons of standard coal, accounting for 43.4%. The proportion of non-commercial energy in rural living energy consumption was as high as 48.4%, and the commercialization rate of rural living energy was affected by regional economic conditions and fossil energy resource endowments. The administrative areas with high commercialization degree included Beijing, Tianjin, Qinghai, Shanxi and Guangdong. Energy consumption per capita was significantly affected by climate conditions, level of economic development. Administrative regions which saw higher value included Heilongjiang, Jilin, Shanxi, Beijing, Inner Mongolia et al. The proportion of commercial energy accounted for 90.2% for rural production energy, which was basically fulfilled by the national unified energy supply system. The problems of rural energy poverty and energy equity still exist, e.g. a large number of poor quality scattered coal pollution causes serious air pollution, poor technical economy of renewable energy leads to a slowly industry development, the backwardness of energy infrastructure leads to widespread difficulties in rural energy. Clear strategic positioning, strengthen the top design, implementation of key tasks, strengthen the conditions of support, improvement of service capacity are the strategic needs of rural energy development. The rural energy industry in general shows a good momentum of development. Biomass power generation and molding fuel industry technology have made great progress; biogas industry develops into a new stage of transformation and upgrading, and solar thermal industry continues to develop steadily. According to local conditions, the development of biomass energy, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy and other complementary energy system are important directions of rural energy. Heating, as the core of rural energy development and utilization technology, is the focus of recent rural energy technology development. At the same time, rural energy-saving technology promotion should not be ignored. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Geothermal energy
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Air pollution - Biomass - Coal - Coal industry - Computer integrated manufacturing - Economic and social effects - Economics - Energy conservation - Energy resources - Energy utilization - Industrial economics - Pollution - Production - Regional planning - Rural areas - Solar energy - Sustainable development - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms:Air pollution prevention - Biomass energy resources - Biomass power generations - Comprehensive utilizations - Countryside - Development path - Distributed energy systems - Total energy consumption
Classification code:403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 451 Air Pollution - 524 Solid Fuels - 525 Energy Management and Conversion - 615.1 Geothermal Energy - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.030

Accession number:20174604387998
Title:Water consumption and wastage of nursery pig with different drinkers at different water pressures in summer
Authors:Wang, Meizhi (1, 2); Yi, Lu (1, 2); Liu, Jijun (1, 2); Zhao, Wanying (1, 2); Wu, Zhonghong (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) China State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing; 100193, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Zhonghong(wuzhh@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:161-166
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different drinkers and water pressure on water consumption and wastage by nursery pigs in summer. In the experiment, water consumption and wastage were recorded in minute over 5 d. Period 1 compared water consumption and wastage between bowl and swing drinkers at water pressures of 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 MPa with 10 pigs (body weight 6.1-20.1 kg) in each pen. Period 2 compared water consumption and wastage between swing drinkers with blades and standard swing drinkers at water pressure of 0.10 MPa with 5 pigs (body weight 17.5-24.6 kg) in each pen. Water consumption of each pig from the bowl drinker at water pressures of 0.1, 0.15 and 0.20 MPa was 16.2±3.0, 30.3±8.1 and 38.3± 4.8 L/d; and from the swing drinker was 5.7±1.0, 8.7±1.9 and 10.3±0.4 L/d, respectively. Predicted wastage/consumption from the bowl drinker at water pressures of 0.1, 0.15 and 0.20 MPa was 83.3%, 85.1% and 85.4%, respectively. Wastage/consumption from the swing drinker at water pressures of 0.1, 0.15 and 0.20 MPa was 54.4%, 48.3% and 45.6%, respectively. Water consumption from swing drinker with blades was not significantly higher (11.3±1.7 L/d) than from standard swing drinker (9.4±1.0 L/d). Wastage/consumption from swing drinker with blades (60.2%) was higher than from standard swing drinker (46.8%). Therefore, to reduce water consumption and wastage, water flow rate should be regulated. In summer, the bowl drinker can lead to more water consumption and wastage than the swing drinker. Swing drinker with blades was not better than the standard swing drinker to reduce water wastage. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Mammals
Controlled terms:Anthropometry - Flow of water - Leakage (fluid) - Societies and institutions - Wastewater - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Body weight - Drinker - Nursery pigs - Water consumption - Water flow rate - Water pressures
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 901.1.1 Societies and Institutions
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.021

Accession number:20174604387990
Title:Texture scale analysis and identification of seed maize fields based on UAV and satellite remote sensing images
Authors:Zhang, Chao (1, 2); Qiao, Min (1); Liu, Zhe (1); Jin, Hongshan (1); Ning, Mingyu (3); Sun, Haiyan (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Agricultural Land Quality Monitoring and Control, The Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing; 100035, China; (3) The National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Beijing; 100125, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Zhe(liuz@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:98-104
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:According to the investigation on the spot, it was found that the female parent of seed maize field can be removed tassel and male parent retained the tassel in tasseling stage. Otherwise, the male parent line of seed maize field was cut off and the female parent kept in the mature period. But, grain maize was planted in a uniform pattern. So, seed maize field has the obvious strip texture in high spatial resolution remote sensing images. Which can be used to effectively distinguish the grain maize and seed maize of similar spectral values. In this paper, the high spatial resolution UAV remote sensing image is taken as the data source, and the scaling problem of the texture characteristics in the identification of seed maize is discussed. Firstly, the seed maize and grain maize fields were cut out from the UAV images, and this sample fields were processed by median filtering to remove salt and pepper noise or spots; Next, the seed maize and grain maize fields using nearest neighbor interpolation method to resample and obtain the maize field images with the resolution of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0 m; Then using the texture extraction and scale analysis method based on Uniform-LBP (Rotation Invariant Uniform Patterns) and GLCM (Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix), to obtain the rational GLCM values are used as extracting texture features of maize fields and the most appropriate texture resolution scales to distinguish seed maize and grain maize. One, considering the texture feature values of GLCM high redundancy, this paper selected ASM (Angular second moment), Entropy, Contrast and Homogeneity 4 texture feature values which aren't related to each other in the following research. Two, because the same texture feature values of the same field affected by the texture analysis direction of GLCM, the paper use Uniform-LBP on maize sample images to obtain rotation invariant LBP image. Experiments showed that four texture feature values of maize fields will be a little fluctuation with the change of direction after Uniform-LBP treatment, but the overall amplitude is smaller, so in order to eliminate the influence of parameters of the direction, in this paper, the direction parameters is the average value of the texture features of the four directions for 0°, 45°, 90° and 135°. Three, it is found that distance is from 4 to 10 pixels, GLCM texture feature values tends to be stable, particularly, when the distance parameter is from 5 pixels to 7 pixels, which satisfies the distribution of seed maize stripe texture. According to seed maize in the study area was planted by the ratio of male to female from 1:6 to 1:8, line spacing is from 0.6 m to 0.8 m, so the strip texture spacing is from 3.6m to 4.8m under 0.7 m resolution. Four, results showed the texture characteristic values of maize are not affected by gray level compression, so the gray level parameter choose 8 to reduce the amount of computation. Five, it is found when resolution from 0.6 to 0.9 m, texture feature values differ greatly and it is easy to distinguish seed maize and grain maize, so the most appropriate texture resolution scales is from 0.6 m to 0.9 m. Finally, maize planting area in Qitai Country, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was take as the study area to verify, using KOMPSAT-3 image of 0.7 m resolution, based on maize recognition results with multi-temporal EVI spectral information, using the texture analysis method in this paper, combined with the rules established by decision tree, to recognize the seed maize. The results show that seed maize identification precision reached 90.9% at 0.7 m resolution, basically meeting the needs of seed maize identification requirements, which can provide support for the high spatial resolution remote sensing seed maize field fine supervision © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Image texture
Controlled terms:Decision trees - Image analysis - Image processing - Image recognition - Image resolution - Median filters - Pixels - Remote sensing - Seed - Statistics - Textures - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Uncontrolled terms:GLCM - Gray level co-occurrence matrix - Identification precision - Maize fields - Nearest neighbor interpolation - Satellite remote sensing - Uniform-LBP - Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region
Classification code:652.1 Aircraft, General - 703.2 Electric Filters - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.013

Accession number:20174604387982
Title:Design and test of corn-peanut intercropping seeding-fertilizing machine
Authors:Geng, Duanyang (1); He, Ke (1); Yin, Xiang (1); Li, Yuhuan (1); Jiang, Meng (1); Xie, Chunji (1); Xu, Haigang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo; 255000, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Machinery Power and Harvesting Machinery, Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China in SHIFENG GROUP, Liaocheng; 252000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:34-41
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In China, corn is one of the most important grain crop and fodder crop, in the meantime peanut is one of the most crucial cash crop. Both crops are widely planted in areas such as North China Plain. After a series of statistical analysis research, many agricultural experts and university scholars founded that the corn which is a typical fibrous root system crop needs large amounts of nitrogen rather than phosphorus and potassium and peanut which is a typical straight root system crop needs large amounts of phosphorus and potassium rather than nitrogen. When the two crops are planted in the same field, corn and peanut can produce complementary effect of microelement. Because of the complementary effect, both the yield and quality of corn and peanut will be also obviously improved. According to agronomy experts' research report, when corn is planted in three rows and peanuts are planted in four rows, the corn and peanut will achieve the best growth status. Under this circumstances, corn-peanut intercropping system is proposed. Corn-peanut intercropping system which will effectively control and relieve the competition of corn and peanut can realize the high production of both crops. But due to the disconnection of agricultural machinery and agronomy technology, the corn-peanut intercropping technology is always at manual work stage or independent seeding stage and meanwhile there is no machine that can simultaneously sow two seeds. At the present stage, corn seeder and peanut seeder are relatively perfect, however, the corn-peanut intercropping seeder is still in blank. So the corn-peanut intercropping seeder which can relieve manual work attracts some experts and scholars to study. According to above practical problems, a simple and efficient corn-peanut intercropping seeder was designed which could simultaneously sow both corn and peanut seed. It might realize rotary tillage, ridge construction, fertilizer mixing with soil, soil covering and compacting when the machine was working. The laws between the main structural parameters and working parameters were studied, and the main parameters influenced the seeding performance were determined by the orthogonal test, including the spindle rotary speed, the depth of the rotary and the upper parallelogram linkage length. The rotary tillage device and the minimum structure of parallelogram linkage were studied, and the relevant theory was established. Experimental results showed the optimal condition was that: the spindle rotary speed 260 r/min, the depth of the rotary 15 cm, the length of parallelogram linkage is 24 cm. The corresponding performance indexes are as following: the qualified rate of sowing depth is 91.1% for peanut and 90.1% for maize,which could completely meet the requirement of the designation. The research provides a reference for further improving quality and optimizing the parameter for corn-peanut intercropping seeder device and the machine provides a choice for those farmers who use corn-peanut intercropping system. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Oilseeds
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Agronomy - Cloud seeding - Crops - Experiments - Nitrogen - Phosphorus - Plants (botany) - Potassium
Uncontrolled terms:Corn-peanut intercropping - Fibrous root systems - Intercropping systems - Optimal conditions - Orthogonal test - Performance indices - Seeding performance - Structural parameter
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.005

Accession number:20174604388013
Title:Comprehensive quality evaluation on arable land allocated for basic vegetable production in metropolitan suburb
Authors:Liu, Yu (1, 2); Pan, Yuchun (1, 2); Ren, Yanmin (1, 2); Hu, Yueming (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) School of Information, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou; 510642, China
Corresponding author:Pan, Yuchun(Panyc@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:271-279
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Designation of basic vegetable land aims to improve production capacity and ensure a balanced supply of vegetables in urban areas. This research built a comprehensive evaluation model of arable land selected for basic vegetable production in the Pinggu District of Beijing in order to provide a scientific basis for allocating basic vegetable land in metropolitan suburb. The results showed that: 1) the primary needs of arable land quality for vegetable production and the policy requirement of the state and the Ministry of Agriculture for basic vegetable production were the fully considered in the comprehensive quality evaluation of arable land allocated. This focused on four aspects: land quality, ecological adaptability, space stability, road accessibility and planting habit, including the supply and need of water resource, main water source protection zone and other indexes; 2) based on the results of the above evaluation, the possible areas of arable land in Pinggu District were divided into the most suitable areas (>82), suitable areas (>75-82), sub-suitable areas (>67-75) and unsuitable areas (≤67). Among which the most suitable area was the initial choice for basic vegetable production, an area of 3472.33 hm2, which was mainly located in Donggaocun Town, Xiagezhuang Town, Shandongzhuang Town and Daxingzhuang Town around the Pinggu new town. Suitable area and sub-suitable areas were potential reserve areas for basic vegetable production. 3) It is suggested that by focusing on the construction of a "Non-Staple Food Project" in Beijing, the hierarchical construction and protection of basic vegetable land should be enhanced to form a vegetable production pattern with outdoor vegetable, facility vegetable and vegetable park mutually complementing with each other. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Land use - Models - Vegetables - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation model - Comprehensive qualities - Evaluation - Pinggu districts - Production capacity - Scientific basis - Spatial patterns - Vegetable productions
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.036

Funding Details: Number; Acronym; Sponsor: 41201173; NSFC; National Natural Science Foundation of China

Accession number:20174604387999
Title:Construction and performance experiment of environmentally-friendly greenhouse for culturing juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)
Authors:Jiang, Yelin (1, 2); Zhang, Jing (1, 2); Hou, Guanjun (1, 2); Cheng, Yunsheng (1, 2); Li, Xiang (2, 3); Ji, Suofei (1); Zhang, Taixiang (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Fisheries Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei; 230031, China; (2) Anhui Engineering Research Center for Turtle Farming Technology, Bengbu; 233040, China; (3) Anhui Xijia Agricultural Development Co. Ltd., Bengbu; 233040, China; (4) Lu'an Bangqun Aquaculture Co. Ltd., Lu'an; 237001, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:167-172
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to its high nutritional and medicinal value, Chinese soft-shelled turtle, pelodiscus sinensis, is a favorite food in many parts of Asia. Consequently, the cultivation of it has become commercial. Large-scale farming of turtle in Anhui province has been growing rapidly, and the production was about 40000 t in 2015. As a poikilothermal animal, the juvenile is hard to survive in the cold winter. Over-winter in greenhouse is necessary for it. Considering high fuel prices and limitation of pollutant emissions, an environmentally-friendly greenhouse was designed and constructed to satisfy the demand of the intensive cultivation of Chinese soft-shelled turtle, and to reduce the use of fuel and the pollutant emissions. One greenhouse was approximately 780 m2, including nine 70 m2culture tanks, one 35 m2culture tank and one 35 m2reservoir. Every culture tank was connected to a settling tank through underground pipe. Ground source heat pump was used for heating, wok shape tank bottom with "&weierp;"-tape central drainage was used to discharge the residual feeds and faeces timely, and the culture tank skirt shape 3-D shelter, under water feeding platform were equipped to satisfy the living habits, which could reduce the fighting probability and mortality in a great degree. For one greenhouse within the cultural period of 10 months, coal consumption and CO<inf>2</inf>emissions were reduced by about 35 and 84.01 t, respectively, by using ground source heat pump compared to fossil fuel (coal) boiler. Additionally, the cost was decreased by about ¥11086 during the ten months culturing period. At the start, 3500 juveniles were stocked in one 70 m2culture tank with an average weight of 3.5 g. Effective microorganisms and vitamin C were added into feed to increase the resistance during feed preparation. The culture water quality was controlled by microorganisms and parameters were monitored and recorded every several seconds by Internet of Things. During the culturing process, dissolved oxygen concentration was maintained in the range of 5.83-7.68 mg/L, water temperature was kept at 31±0.5℃, the monthly mean content of ammonia was kept at 0.39-0.83 mg/L and the nitrite was 0.14-0.16 mg/L. After cultivation for about 10 months, the weight of juvenile could increase to about 581 g from 3.5 g, the survival rate was 86.2%, feed conversion rate was 1.18, and specific growth rate was around 1.77, which meant that 43.1 turtles were obtained in per square meter and the average daily weight gain of one turtle was 1.93 g. Good growth performance meant high economic benefits, especially survival rate and feed conversion rate, because the cost of feed accounted for 70% of total investment. The economic return of a greenhouse was about ¥157870. Therefore, it is promising to construct the greenhouse for its significant environmental and economic benefit. The results provided a great theoretical and practical significance for the cultivation of juveniles in greenhouse. In summary, the environmentally-friendly greenhouse for culturing juveniles could provide comfortable living conditions, showing high economic and social values. So the greenhouse has a great popularization value and practical significance. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Geothermal heat pumps
Controlled terms:Biochemical oxygen demand - Costs - Cultivation - Dissolved oxygen - Economic and social effects - Economics - Experiments - Fossil fuels - Fuels - Greenhouses - Heat pump systems - Investments - Microorganisms - Pollution - Reservoirs (water) - Tanks (containers) - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Dissolved oxygen concentrations - Economic values - Effective microorganisms - Environmentally protection - Juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtle - Performance experiment - Social values - Specific growth rate
Classification code:441.2 Reservoirs - 445.2 Water Analysis - 461.9 Biology - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 619.2 Tanks - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 901.3 Engineering Research - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.17.022

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