<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20172803930362
Title:Quantitative analysis of wood defect based on 3D scanning technique
Authors:Zhao, Peng (1); Zhao, Yun (2); Chen, Guangsheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Computer Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin; 150040, China; (2) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150010, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:171-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Wood quality detection is a key issue in the wood manufacture factory or wood trade process. It consists of wood species recognition, wood physical parameter (such as density, hardness, water ratio, degree of surface roughness) prediction and wood defect detection, which are intimately connected with the efficient wood utilizations and wood prices. In the wood defect detection, the internal and external defects were inspected and processed with different schemes. It was an important way for effective wood grading and wood utilization to make the wood defect detection. In this paper, a detection and quantification scheme of wood defect was proposed based on three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning point cloud. This scheme could be used in the wood external defect detection such as cavity or tunnel. First, the Artec 3D Scanner was used to scan the wood surface to get the 3D point cloud. After preprocessing, the Z-axis coordinate value of current point was compared with the set threshold to judge whether it was a defect point. Second, a deep preferred search algorithm was used to classify the retained defect points marked with different colors. After this step, the segmented defects could be viewed with the Artec Cyclone software. Last, the integration algorithm was used to calculate the surface area and volume of every defect. In this step, every defect point was extended into a regular hexagon and a prism for the subsequent area and volume calculation by using the standard mathematical equations. The overall area or volume of every defect was computed by summarizing every defect point's area or volume. One detection system was realized with Visual C++ programming tool, the Artec 3D Scanner and a laptop. The simulation experimental results indicated that our scheme could accurately measure the surface areas and volumes of cavity or tunnel on wood surface with measurement error of 5%, if the defect's depth was less than 3 mm. This scheme could give the quantitative proofs for the subsequent wood grading and wood price. In fact, every 3D data point's format was (X, Y, Z, R, G, B, S), in which the R, G, B and S represented the red, green, blue and reflection information, respectively. Therefore, we could use the R, G and B information to perform the color classification for the wood surface by use of color moments or fuzzy classification algorithms. However, the wood defect points should be deleted in color classification in order to overcome the disturbance from wood surface's defect points. Fortunately, the deletion of defect points could be easily performed by use of our scheme, which was the advantage of our scheme compared to other wood parameter detection methods. Moreover, the used Artec Scanner was portable with small mass and volume (i.e. with a standard mass of 0.85 kg, a 3D scanning resolution of 0.5 mm, a size of 261 mm×158 mm×64 mm, and multiple data storage formats), so it could form a portable wood defect detection system with a laptop. In the future, with the development of 3D scanning instrumentation, the used 3D scanner can become more accurate with cheaper price, so our scheme may be conveniently used in wood manufacture factory or wood trade. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Wood
Controlled terms:C++ (programming language) - Classification (of information) - Color - Color printing - Commerce - Computer aided software engineering - Computer programming - Costs - Defect density - Defects - Digital storage - Forestry - Grading - Laptop computers - Manufacture - Multispectral scanners - Optical testing - Scanning - Storms - Surface defects - Surface roughness - Volume measurement - Water hardness
Uncontrolled terms:Defect detection - Detection and quantifications - Fuzzy classification - Integration algorithm - Laser scanning point clouds - Mathematical equations - Threedimensional (3-d) - Visual C++ programming
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 445.2 Water Analysis - 537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 723.1 Computer Programming - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 745.1 Printing - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 933.1 Crystalline Solids - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e+00%, Size 3.00e-03m, Size 5.00e-04m, Mass 8.50e-01kg
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20172803930348
Title:Improvement of Francis turbine internal characteristic model and its expanding application on outer characteristic
Authors:Men, Chuangshe (1); Nan, Haipeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:58-66
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The combined characteristic curve of Francis turbine shows the performance of turbine working in the high efficiency area. But it isn't sufficient for simulating the system transmit process in a large area, such as turbine working in the low efficiency area and negative area in the rejection transient process. Therefore, expanding the combined characteristic curve of turbine to low efficiency and negative efficiency areas is necessary before the simulation. In general, the combined characteristic curve expanding methods, such as frequently used methods of back propagation of artificial neural network method and radial basis function neural network method, are based on the trend of each parameter in the high efficiency area. But the inherent laws in the turbine are not considered in those methods, and the expanding results are relying largely on personal experience. In this paper, the energy loss formulas on each component of turbine, such as guide vane inlet, blade inlet, blade outlet and so on, were obtained by velocity triangle analysis. According to the turbine flow regulation equation combined with the energy balance equation, the Francis turbine internal characteristic model was obtained. For the complex style and more parameters features of the model, a parameter identification method which combined the genetic algorithm and the least square algorithm was designed to avoid the remaining local optimum only by genetic algorithm or can't be solved only by the least square algorithm. It was proved that the algorithm was effective through contrast of the measurements and the simulation of turbine HLN574 in the case. The Francis turbine internal characteristic model agreed well with measurements in most area, except the area of large unit speed area. The cause of error in the large unit speed area was analyzed for complex flow state in the large unit speed area and the assumed conditions can't be satisfied. For obtaining the effect of model error on transient process simulation result, a rejection transient was simulated each time by Francis turbine internal characteristic model and measurement curve and the simulated result showed that this effect was small. Therefore, we concluded: 1) Energy loss as conditions charge should be considered in the Francis internal characteristic model and the energy balance equation and flow regulation equation should be also considered; 2) The designed parameter identification method was effective in the internal characteristic model parameters ensure; 3) The model error would increase in large unit speed area but it can be ignored in the simulation of transient process. The application of this model in the combined characteristic curve expanding could reduce the randomness of traditional methods. The model has important value in the calculation of transient process. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Parameter estimation
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Complex networks - Computer simulation - Energy balance - Energy dissipation - Errors - Francis turbines - Genetic algorithms - Identification (control systems) - Least squares approximations - Models - Neural networks - Radial basis function networks - Turbomachine blades
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial neural network methods - Characteristic curve - Energy balance equations - Internal characteristics - Least square algorithms - Parameter identification methods - Radial basis function neural networks - Transient process
Classification code:525.4 Energy Losses (industrial and residential) - 617.1 Hydraulic Turbines - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20172803930345
Title:Experiment on using modified annular jet pump to deliver different fruits and vegetables
Authors:Long, Xinping (1, 2); Zou, Jialin (1, 2); Xu, Maosen (1, 2); Zuo, Dan (1, 2); Long, Yun (1, 2); Wang, Jiong (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Waterjet Theory and New Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430072, China; (2) School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430072, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:36-42
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the development of agricultural industry, the requirement of fruits and vegetables conveying is increasing, the traditional way of gradually conveying fruits and vegetables cannot satisfy demand. As a result, the improvement or innovation of the way of fruits and vegetables conveying is particularly important. Compared with the traditional way of fruits and vegetables conveying, the use of annular jet pump (AJP) for fruit and vegetable conveying have the advantages of nondestructive, reliable, fast and strong adaptability, etc. In this study, we conducted experiments to search the performance of annular jet pump with the throat diameter of 60 mm and area ratio in 1.75 and 3 to measure its transmission capacity for transporting different fruits and vegetables (potato, carrot, cherry tomato and kumquat) under different conditions. We also analyzed the effect of various factors (flow, head, and fruit and vegetable species) on the transmission capacity, recorded and analyzed the damage in the process of conveying fruits and vegetables. Considering the characteristics of the fruits and vegetables conveying, a conical net tube was used to centralize fruits and vegetables with extremely low possibility of mechanical damage and the lift of AJP was used to control the outlet pressure instead of the outlet tube valve, which avoided potential mechanical damage on fruits and vegetables. Based on the experiments, we demonstrated the impacts of flow ratio and the lift of AJP, as well as different fruits and vegetables on the capacity in fruits and vegetables conveying. The experimental results show that: 1) the maximum transmission capacity of potato, carrot, cherry tomato and kumquat were 3038.13, 2158.83, 2302.92, 1949.50 kg/h, respectively. The performance of transmission capacity of four fruits and vegetables changes with flow ratio was similar. The transmission capacity increased with the increase of flow ratio under the same area ratio and lift of AJP because the secondary flow rate increased and pressure decreased. Energy consumption per unit mass changed little under small flow ratio but increased sharply under big flow ratio when the hydraulic power continuously increased; 2) the transmission capacity decreased with the increase of lift of AJP under the same flow ratio and area ratio because the secondary flow rate decreased and pressure increased; 3) conveying fruits and vegetables with ellipsoid shape was easier than fruits and vegetables with elongated shape, conveying fruits and vegetables with large density was easier than fruits and vegetables with low density; 4) there was no damage in the process of conveying cherry tomatoes and tomatoes when there were scratches on the surface of the potatoes and carrots. The maximum mass loss rates were 0.13% and 0.21% and the maximum surface loss rates were 0.68% and 1.20% for potatoes and carrots, respectively. Consequently, the main contribution of our work was to demonstrate the influence of flow ratio, H, and different fruits and vegetables on the transportation of fruits and vegetables and to discuss the potential damage risks caused by operation conditions for fruits and vegetables in the AJP. More importantly, the present paper proves the potential of AJP for fruits and vegetables conveying and provides references for the optimization of AJP, which aims to minimize the fruits and vegetables damage rate and improve the transportation capacity of fruits and vegetables. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Energy utilization - Experiments - Jet pumps - Nondestructive examination - Pumps - Secondary flow - Valves (mechanical) - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural industries - Annular jet pumps - Damage - Fruit and vegetables - Fruits and vegetables - Operation conditions - Transmission capacities - Transportation capacity
Classification code:525.3 Energy Utilization - 601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Flow_Rate 5.42e-01kg/s, Percentage 1.20e+00%, Percentage 1.30e-01%, Percentage 2.10e-01%, Percentage 6.80e-01%, Size 6.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20172803930349
Title:Experiment and analysis of balance hole liquid leakage in centrifugal pump
Authors:Liu, Zailun (1, 2); Chen, Xiaochang (1); Wang, Dongwei (1, 2); Hou, Yihua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (2) Engineering Institute of Wenzhou Pump & Valve, Lanzhou University of Technology, Wenzhou; 325105, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:67-74
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Balancing and reducing the axial force is one of the most significant subjects in the research of the centrifugal pump. The most frequently-used method to balance the axial force is to use the double seal ring impeller with the balance hole the single-stage single-suction centrifugal pump. And the liquid leakage has a decisive role for the ability to balance the axial force of the double seal ring impeller with the balance hole. Therefore, it is indispensable to study the measurement and calculation method of liquid leakage in balance hole of centrifugal pump. Aiming at the problem that the actual liquid leakage of impeller balance hole is difficult to be measured, a special testing apparatus was designed by adjusting the liquid pressure of the balance chamber. Pump performance, balance hole liquid leakage and liquid pressure in the balance chamber was tested and analyzed when the diameters of balance hole were 4, 6, 8 and 11 mm. Some important test curves such as curves of axial force coefficient and specific area in different head coefficient and their variation characteristics were obtained by calculating and analyzing the experimental data. Results showed that when the diameters of balance hole were less than 6 mm, the diameter of balance hole had little change on the head, input power and efficiency of pump. Increasing the diameter of impeller balance hole would reduce the head and efficiency of pump and enlarge the input power. The pump inlet liquid pressure had a sharp reduction after the first stage of zero pressure with decreases of head in the same diameter of balance hole. The maximum difference between the pump inlet liquid pressures of different balance hole diameters were only 2.2 kPa in the same head, which showed that the diameter of balance hole had little effect on the pump inlet liquid pressure. The liquid leakage of the balance hole and the pressure of the balance chamber increased with the increase of the head. The liquid leakage increased significantly and the liquid pressure of balance chamber reduced significantly with increase of the diameter of balance hole in the same head. The axial force of the balance chamber increased with the increase of the head in the same diameter of balance hole. The axial force of the balance chamber reduced obviously with the increase of diameter of the balance hole in the same head, but the decreasing amplitude of axial force of the balance chamber decreased. The relational curves between the liquid leakage of balance hole and the specific area (the ratio of the total area of the balance hole to the clearance area of the rear seal ring) had obvious pattern, the balance hole leakage coefficient decreased with the increase of specific area in the same head coefficient. Under the same specific area, the larger head coefficient, the smaller leakage coefficient of the balance hole. The test curves of axial force coefficient and specific area were the non-linear curves, when the specific area under less than 2.5, the axial force coefficient decreased sharply with the increase of the specific area. When the specific area was between 2.5 and 4.5, the curves tended to be flat, and the mean value of axial force coefficient was 0.112. When the specific area was more than 4.5, the curves of axial force coefficient were almost parallel to the abscissa, and the mean value of axial force coefficient was 0.067. This study provides a new way to calculate accurately liquid leakage amount of the balance hole and axial force in the balance chamber region. It also has a great influence on the volumetric efficiency of the pump, the loss of the wheel resistance, the liquid pressure distribution in the pump chamber and the calculation of the axial force. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Liquids
Controlled terms:Axial flow - Centrifugal pumps - Efficiency - Experiments - Impellers - Seals
Uncontrolled terms:Axial force coefficients - Axial forces - Balance holes - Experiment and analysis - Leakage coefficient - Testing apparatus - Variation characteristics - Volumetric efficiency
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 619.1.1 Pipe Accessories - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Pressure 2.20e+03Pa, Size 1.10e-02m, Size 6.00e-03m, Size 8.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20172803930381
Title:Effect of audio wave on production of soybean sprouts in small box
Authors:Yuan, Qiuping (1); Chen, Jie (1); Li, Ling (1); Chen, Ao (1); Mei, Zhoujie (1); Chen, Ruiling (2); Chen, Feijie (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Products, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou; 310023, China; (2) Jiaxing Xiaoyaer Vegetable Food Co., Ltd., Jiaxing; 314011, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:310-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Audio fostering technology has been regarded as one of the most efficient and environmental-friendly physical methods for agriculture in the 21st century. However, this technology is still in the early stage of exploration. Soybean sprouts are a type of traditional Chinese vegetable. It has not only delicious taste and beautiful appearance, but also rich nutrient, no cholesterol, low fat and high protein. To improve the production of soybean sprouts and shorten the production cycle, growth hormone or chemically synthesized hormones were added by some manufacturers in the growth of soybean sprouts, resulting in food safety problems. The application of audio wave to plant can change the cell membrane structure, which will enhance the flow and permeability of the cell membrane and promote the growth and division of the cells. Also, it can promote the absorption and accumulation of various nutrients during the transport and transformation process. Crops, vegetables and fruits have been fostered by audio and good results have been achieved. However, the consensus about the mechanism of audio fostering on plant growth hasn't been reached in scientific community because of insufficient experiment support. To provide a scientific basis for the application of audio fostering technology in the production of soybean sprouts, the impact of the technology on yield and quality of soybean sprouts in small box cultivation was investigated based on soybean sprouts production technology, combined with soybean sprouts physiological characteristics, and environment and equipment requirements. The soybean sprouts production process was 1-2 min in 60℃ hot water, soaking in 30-35℃ water for 5 h, then packed in small box (120 g), stacked in 25-30℃ dark workshop, and fostered by audio for 4 d with 1 spray every 3 h, and finally maintained at 5℃ for cold storage. Five workshops with the same temperature and humidity conditions were selected. Five types of music (piano solo, Chinese classical music, rock and roll, pop music and single frequency soundwave), 5 kinds of music playback time (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h) and 5 music playback volumes (50-60, >60-70, >70-80, >80-90 and >90-100 dB) were chosen. According to the single factor test results, three-factor and three-level orthogonal experiment was carried out. The optimal conditions were >70-80 dB piano solo music played for 5 h per day. Under the above conditions, the soybean sprouts yield was 1.361 kg/100 g, while the yield of the control was 1.078 kg/100 g. Therefore, the yield of soybean sprouts was increased by 26.25% after optimization of audio fostering conditions including types of music, playback time, and playback volume. Among the 3 factors, the type of music had the greatest impact on the growth of bean sprouts. Small box cultivation with audio fostering technology successfully increased the yield, shortened production time and improved the food safety. The results show that the audio fostering technology can promote the growth of bean sprouts, which can provide the theoretical basis for the popularization and application of the audio fostering technology in the production of bean sprouts. In addition, the essential mechanism of biological effects of audio fostering technology needs further research. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Audio acoustics
Controlled terms:Audio equipment - Cold storage - Cultivation - Cytology - Environmental technology - Food safety - Nutrients - Optimization - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental-friendly - Equipment requirements - Orthogonal experiment - Physiological characteristics - Soybean sprouts - Temperature and humidities - Transport and transformation - Yield
Classification code:454 Environmental Engineering - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 644.3 Refrigeration Equipment and Components - 751.1 Acoustic Waves - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.20e-01kg, Percentage 2.62e+01%, Time 1.08e+04s, Time 1.80e+04s, Time 2.16e+04s, Time 6.00e+01s to 1.20e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20172803930360
Title:Design and test of electromechanical control system of automatic feeder for dairy cow
Authors:Xiong, Benhai (1); Jiang, Linshu (2); Yang, Liang (1); Wang, Kun (1); Pan, Xiaohua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing; 102206, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:157-163
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to perform the studies on the precision feeding and behavioral monitoring of dairy cows, an automatic feeder of dairy cows was designed, which accomplished the functions of cows automatic identification, automatic feeding data (feed intake time and amount) acquisition and data analysis simultaneously. The automatic feeder was composed of mechanical device system, electric identification system, weighing system, central control system, live data collection and storage system, and remote feeding data extraction and analysis system. The mechanical device system was constituted of feeding bin, brackets, railing and blocking apron. The electric identification system included reading antenna and pneumatic switch for discharging. The weighting system was made up of brackets and embedded weight sensor (L6G, technical parameters: Weighing range ≤200 kg, error less than 0.002 kg). Central control system was composed of microprocessor (LPC1766, technical parameters: Operating temperature of from -40 to 105℃; operating voltage of 2.0-3.6 V; flash memory of 256 K, low power consumption), watchdog reset circuit, card reader circuit, weighing data collection circuit, data communication circuit, data transceiver circuit, and external regulator circuit. The reader circuit adopted multi-channel R232 interface and chips (Model: MAX232E), and low-pass filter and 24 bit conversion chip (Model: ADS1232, Dezhou) were used in the weighing data collection circuit. For transceiver circuit, according to the standard ISO 11898, the universal CAN (controller area network) transceiver chip (Model: CTM8251A) with isolation function was adopted, which had 110 nodes at the most and the transmission rate increased to 1 M/s. The ferroelectric memory and serial peripheral interface were adopted in the circuit of data caching system, and the cable data transmission rate could reach 15 MB/s. The live data collection and storage system received signals from the central control system in each feeder, the preset record number in storage system could reach 14000, and the form of stack data was applied in system. The feeding data could be managed and analyzed in real time by data process system in PC (personal computer) terminal. The feeding experiment showed that the cognition rate for low frequency RFID (radio frequency identification) (134 kHz) ear tag by the automatic feeder reached 100%, the range of weighing was 0.01-200 kg, the precise was 10 g, and the weighting error was below 0.15%, which could meet the requirement of cows' precise feeding intake record. The performance test of control system showed that individual cow's feeding behaviors, including feeding frequency, intake time, and feed intake, were different significantly (P<0.05). The average feeding frequency was 10-13 times per day, and the average intake time was 5.38 h per day, which were consistent with cow feeding characteristics. However, the deviation between average daily feed intake and predicted intake value by NRC (National Research Council) model was -4.76%-7.83%, which may be caused by the low applicability of NRC model. In conclusion, the automatic feeder developed in our study can meet the requirement of precise feeding in cows' production, and supply an online and intelligent data automatic record and analysis platform for cow feeding behavior research. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Feeding
Controlled terms:Automatic testing - Automation - Behavioral research - Control system analysis - Control system synthesis - Control systems - Controllers - Data acquisition - Data communication systems - Data handling - Data reduction - Design - Digital storage - Electric switches - Fasteners - Flash memory - Information analysis - Low pass filters - Low power electronics - Personal computers - Radio frequency identification (RFID) - Radio transceivers - Transceivers - Weighing
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic identification - Cans (controller area network) - Dairy cow - Data extraction and analysis - Electro-mechanical control - Feeding behavior - National Research Council - Serial peripheral interface
Classification code:605 Small Tools and Hardware - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 703.2 Electric Filters - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 732.1 Control Equipment - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 971 Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 1.34e+05Hz, Mass 1.00e-02kg, Mass 1.00e-02kg to 2.00e+02kg, Mass 2.00e-03kg, Percentage -4.76e+00% to 7.83e+00%, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 1.50e-01%, Temperature 2.56e+02K, Time 1.94e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20172803930379
Title:Least gelation concentration and gel strength of myosin from Litopenaeus vannamei induced by dense phase carbon dioxide
Authors:Liu, Shucheng (1); Guo, Minghui (1); Deng, Qianlin (1); Liu, Yuan (1); Liu, Mengna (1); Ji, Hongwu (1); Mao, Weijie (1); Gao, Jing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Seafood Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang; 524088, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:295-301
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Dense phase carbon dioxide (DPCD), also known as high pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD), is a promising non-thermal food processing technology. DPCD was originally applied to inactivate microorganisms and enzymes in food. However, many researchers found that DPCD could induce some proteins associated with microorganism metabolism inactivation and the change of the secondary structure of enzyme protein when the food was treated by DPCD. Meanwhile, they also found that DPCD could induce some food protein inactivation. DPCD could not only improve the functional properties of protein but also induce protein to form gel. Our previous study results showed that DPCD could induce shrimp surimi to form gel and the microstructure and texture of gel were better than those induced by heat. Myosin is the key protein of forming gel for animal meat. Protein concentration is an important factor affecting myosin to form gel. Generally, the higher the protein concentration, the greater the ability of forming gel, and the better the texture of gel was. In order to clarify the mechanism of shrimp surimi forming gel induced by DPCD, we used myosin from Litopenaeus vannamei as the subject and researched the effects of DPCD treatment pressure, temperature and time on the least gelation concentration of myosin forming gel and gel strength of shrimp surimi. Firstly, myosin was extracted using the method of reference and the myosin solution with the concentration of 1-14 mg/mL was treated by DPCD, and the least gelation concentration of myosin forming gel was determined. Secondly, shrimp surimi gel was prepared by DPCD and the gel strength was determined using a TMS-PRO texture instrument. The study results were showed as follows: Treatment pressure and temperature of DPCD had a significant effect on the least gelation concentration of myosin forming gel. Though treatment time of DPCD had no significant effect on the least gelation concentration, myosin could form the firm gel by extending treatment time. The least gelation concentration of myosin forming gel was 14 mg/mL at 40℃ under the pressure of 5-30 MPa, 12 mg/mL at 50℃ under 5-10 MPa, 11 mg/mL at 50℃ under 15-30 MPa, and 10 mg/mL at 60℃ under 5-30 MPa. Treatment pressure and temperature of DPCD had a significant effect on gel strength of shrimp surimi (P<0.05), and gel strength of shrimp surimi increased with the treatment pressure and temperature increasing (P<0.05). The gel strength of shrimp surimi induced by DPCD was (14.28±0.57) N·mm at 50℃ under 25 MPa for 20 min. The higher the temperature of DPCD treatment, the lower the least gelation concentration of myosin was, and the higher the shrimp surimi gel strength was. The pressure of DPCD treatment had a little effect on the least gelation concentration of myosin, but the higher pressure could increase the gel strength of myosin and shrimp surimi. When DPCD induced the shrimp surimi to form gel at the lower pressure of 5-10 MPa, the heating effect was main and the molecular effect of carbon dioxide was weak. However, when DPCD induced the shrimp surimi to form gel at the higher pressure of above 10 MPa, the heating effect and the molecular effect of carbon dioxide were cooperative. The results will provide the basic data for clarifying the mechanism of forming gel induced by DPCD. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Proteins
Controlled terms:Carbon dioxide - Enzymes - Food microbiology - Food processing - Gelation - Microorganisms - Pressure - Pressure effects - Shellfish - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Dense phase carbon dioxide - Functional properties - Gelation concentrations - High-pressure carbon dioxide - Myosin - Pressure and temperature - Protein concentrations - Secondary structures
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 461.9.2 Microbiology - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.00e+00kg/m3 to 1.40e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.00e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.10e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.20e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.40e+01kg/m3, Pressure 1.00e+07Pa, Pressure 1.50e+07Pa to 3.00e+07Pa, Pressure 2.50e+07Pa, Pressure 5.00e+06Pa to 1.00e+07Pa, Pressure 5.00e+06Pa to 3.00e+07Pa, Time 1.20e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20172803930342
Title:Parameter optimization and experiment of manipulator for three-dimensional seedling tray management robot
Authors:Quan, Longzhe (1); Peng, Tao (2); Shen, Liuyang (1); An, Siyu (3); Ji, Zhongliang (4); Sun, Tao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin; 150080, China; (3) Hippocampus Car Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou; 450016, China; (4) Changan Automobile Co., Ltd, Chongqing; 404100, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:10-19
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the rapid development of modern agricultural technology, plant factory has become the most advanced development stage of facility agricultural. At present, the majority of work tasks in plant factory completed by manpower are labor-intensive and low efficient, therefore, the agricultural intelligent equipment system has become a hot spot in the development of plant factory. In view of the task demand of the carrying and spraying of the three-dimesional seedling tray, the three-dimesional seedling tray management robot was developed. In order to make the manipulator of three-dimesional seedling tray management robot complete all carrying and spraying tasks flexibly and efficiently, meanwhile to reduce operating space and structure size of manipulator, parameters of the manipulator were optimized by the method of theory and experiment. Firstly, in order to determine the relationship between the end coordinate of the manipulator's connecting rod and the base coordinate system, the kinematic model of the robot system was established by D-H method, which was important theoretical basis for the workspace analysis. Then the workspace of manipulator was constructed by graphic method, and the workspace constraint conditions were determined according to the condition that manipulator workspace accommodated target workspace. Based on that, the objective function was established according to shortest distance and compact structure, and genetic algorithm was used to solve the objective function. The optimal rod lengths (big arm, medium arm, small arm) of the manipulator were 648, 472, and 396 mm, and the limit values of the optimal joint angle were 96°, 68°, and 126°. The workspace and the target workspace of the robot were depicted in the MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) software platform according to the optimal solution of the manipulator parameters, the kinematics equation of the robot and the range of the manipulator's parameters. The simulation result showed that the target workspace was between the inner limiting envelope interfaceand the outer limiting envelope interface of the manipulator, which verified the manipulator's ability to cover the target workspace, and the rationality of the theoretical optimization for the parameters of the manipulator was proved. Finally, in order to further validate whether the manipulator could complete all the action tasks of the target workspace, the robot prototype and the three-dimesional seedling tray experimental platform were built in the laboratory, and the motion planning test of carrying and spraying of the robot system prototype was carried out. The carrying test was planned as follows: According to the target workspace size and the theoretical position coordinate value, the manipulator was controlled to move vertically upward from the lowermost (lower limit) to the topmost (upper limit) of the target workspace, this group of actions were repeated 100 times, and seedling tray was always placed horizontally during carrying. The carrying test mainly verified the manipulator's ability to cover the target workspace in the vertical direction. Spraying test steps were as follows: 1) The initial spraying height value was 100 mm; 2) Divide the seedling disk plane into m×n grids, and each grid point represented the spray position point, m=10, n=20; 3) The target path point group consisted of all the spray points at the current height, and the manipulator was controlled to pass through the target path point group sequentially; 4) The spraying height value was increased by 20 mm; 5) Repeat step 2), 3) and 4) until the spraying height value was equal to 1020 mm. The spraying test mainly verified the manipulator's ability to cover the target workspace in the horizontal direction. The high-speed video camera system was used to mark trajectory coordinates of manipulator in the motion planning test of carrying and spraying (high-speed camera was KODAK's color CCD (charge coupled devices) camera, a resolution of 512×480 pixels, frame rate of 125 frames/s). Test results showed that the optimized manipulator could reach all limiting positions and other characteristic positions of target workspace, and the maximum relative positioning error was 0.98% which was within error range and could meet the accuracy requirements for manipulator containing the target workspace effectively; what was more, it was proved that the optimal parameters of manipulator were reasonable. Parameters optimization and experiment of three-dimesional seedling tray management robot could provide the reference for trajectory planning and motion control. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Manipulators
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cameras - Charge coupled devices - Experiments - Genetic algorithms - Graphic methods - High speed cameras - Kinematics - MATLAB - Motion planning - Optimization - Point groups - Robot programming - Robots - Video cameras
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural technologies - High speed video cameras - Manipulator parameters - Parameter optimization - Parameters optimization - Plant factory - Trajectory coordinates - Workspace
Classification code:714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 731.5 Robotics - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.1 Mechanics - 933.1.1 Crystal Lattice
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.80e-01%, Size 1.02e+00m, Size 3.96e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20172803930374
Title:Effects of pretreatment on characteristics and qualities of Chinese jujube drying by segmented intermittent microwave coupled with hot air
Authors:Luo, Dongsheng (1, 2, 3); Zhu, Yuli (1, 2, 3); Wang, Mei (4); Hu, Xiaosong (1, 2, 3); Wu, Jihong (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) National Engineering & Technology Research Centre for Fruits & Vegetable Processing, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100083, China; (4) Hami Vocational and Technical College, Hami; 100875, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Jihong(wjhcau@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:261-267
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This research was aimed to explore the optimal drying process of Chinese jujube by segmented intermittent microwave coupled with hot air drying (IM&AD) and to study the influence of different drying pretreatment technologies on drying rate, unit energy consumption and quality of jujube. The drying pretreatment technologies included dipping in alkaline emulsion ethyl oleate solution followed by slow freezing at -18℃ (AEEO + freeing), high pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD), and hot water blanching (HWB). Firstly, to obtain the best drying process, intermittent ratio in the first drying stage (IR1), transition point in moisture content between the 2 stages of drying (TPMC), and intermittent ratio in the second drying stage (IR2) were set as the independent variables, and the drying time, unit energy consumption and vitamin C content after drying were set as the dependent variables. According to central composite design of the response surface technology, the obtained optimal process parameters were IR1 of 4 (the ratio of runtime to stand-by time of microwave oven was 5 s:15 s), TPMC of 1, and IR2 of 6 (5 s:25 s). On this condition, the drying time was the shortest (625.27 min), the unit energy consumption was the minimum (5128 kJ) and the vitamin C content after drying was the maximum (419 mg/(100 g)). Then, to know the effect of drying pretreatment technologies on quality, Chinese jujube samples were dried respectively by 3 pretreatment technologies combined with the best drying process. The results implied that the special epidermis structure of Chinese jujube may be damaged during drying pretreatments, and especially the method of AEEO + freeing led to the moisture in Chinese jujube much more easily diffused and evaporated. So the drying rate was obviously improved and the energy consumption was reduced. Correspondingly, with regard to drying rate, the AEEO+freeing groups were the maximum, followed by the HPCD groups and the HWB groups, and the control groups were the minimum. The unit energy consumption was different: The AEEO+freeing groups were the minimum and the HWB groups were the maximum. There were rich amino acids, saccharides, vitamin C and polyphenols in Chinese jujube. So the browning occurred easily during pretreatment and drying process including enzymatic browning and non-enzymatic browning. The results showed that the HWB groups could inhibit enzyme activity and reduce the enzymatic browning degree, while the AEEO+freeing and HPCD groups would enhance enzymatic browning degree by breaking the cell membrane. So the browning degree of HWB groups was the minimum (P<0.05). In addition, a closely positive correlation was observed between the browning and drying time. The brightness of Chinese jujube changed obviously after drying process compared with the control group, but there were no significant differences between the 3 pretreatment groups (P>0.05). The red was the characteristic color of Chinese jujube, and it became darker with drying time continuing due to oxidation reaction. The HPCD pretreatment resulted in the highest vitamin C content, total flavonoids and phenolics retention, and oxidation resistance value. It was mainly due to the acidic condition provided by carbon dioxide in HPCD, which could make vitamin C, flavonoids and phenolics more stable than others. Meanwhile, these components had a potent antioxidant activity, so the HPCD groups had a stronger antioxidant ability. The results show that the IM&AD combined with the HPCD is advanced technology to dry Chinese jujube, and the data in this study can promote this technology to be applied widely. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Antioxidants - Carbon dioxide - Chemical reactions - Cytology - Emulsification - Energy utilization - Enzyme activity - Flavonoids - Microwaves - Moisture - Plants (botany) - Process control - Quality control
Uncontrolled terms:Central composite designs - Chinese jujube - High-pressure carbon dioxide - Hot air drying - Independent variables - Non-enzymatic browning - Pre-Treatment - Pretreatment technology
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
Numerical data indexing:Energy 5.13e+06J, Mass 1.00e-01kg, Time 1.50e+01s, Time 2.50e+01s, Time 3.75e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20172803930378
Title:Experiment and operating parameter optimization using water jet technology for scallops shucking processing
Authors:Wang, Jiazhong (1); Yang, Shuhua (1); Xie, Qiuyang (1); Yi, Jinggang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071001, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:289-294
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Shucking processing in scallop adductor muscle is a hotspot and also a difficulty point in the research field of seafood processing. Scallop shucking method is generally divided into mechanical and non-mechanical method. However, due to its special physiological structure, the ideal shell shucking method has not been found yet. It is a critical job for us to find advance technologies that are effective, inexpensive and safer than previously available technologies. At present, the main method of implementing the shelling processing is by hand in China. Water jet cutter technology is based on the naturally erosive effects of water. Water jet cutters work with the same principle as high pressure washers, which essentially "cut" the dirt off of the surfaces on which they are used. Water jet technology is a safe and green technology. In recent years, water jet is applied to many fields of industries and has been widely used in food and medical fields. One of the main advantages of this technology is that the technology has not thermal effect on machined material. In order to meet the safety, economy and efficiency requirements, the water jet technology is introduced into the study on shell adductor muscle shucking of argopecten irradians. In this paper, the simulation analysis and experimental study of the effect of water jet parameters on the adductor muscle shucking were conducted with the bay scallop sample with the height of 55-60 mm. The idea of shucking the adductor muscle along the tangential direction of the shell was proposed, and in the scallop shell body curve fitting, the initial incidence angle was 23°. Through the single factor experimental study, the scopes of the parameters which affect the stripping effect, including the jet pressure, the angle of incidence and the injection distance, were determined. The results showed that the scopes were as follows: The jet pressure of 2-4 MPa, the incidence angle of 23°-33° and the injection distance of 30-40 mm. The contributions of parameters to the sensory score were different using the contribution rate method. They were jet pressure>injection distance>incident angle. Box-Behnken design was used for experiment design and response surface method was applied to analyze the test data; the mathematical models, which involved the shucking effect evaluation standard about the above 3 parameters, were established. Through the analysis of the contour map and the response surface figure, the optimal combination of the 3 parameters above was obtained, which was jet pressure of 3 MPa, incident angle of 23° and injection distance of 30 mm. The research on the water jet technology has very important application value for the design and optimization of scallops shelling equipment. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Jets
Controlled terms:Curve fitting - Molluscs - Muscle - Optimization - Processing - Shellfish - Shells (structures) - Surface properties
Uncontrolled terms:Design and optimization - Efficiency requirements - Operating parameters - Optimal combination - Physiological structures - Response surface method - Tangential directions - Water jet technologies
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Pressure 2.00e+06Pa to 4.00e+06Pa, Pressure 3.00e+06Pa, Size 3.00e-02m, Size 3.00e-02m to 4.00e-02m, Size 5.50e-02m to 6.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20172803930370
Title:Land reallocation in farmland consolidation based on transportation model of linear programming
Authors:Zhang, Xiaobin (1); Ye, Yanmei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Land Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China
Corresponding author:Ye, Yanmei(yeyanmei@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:227-234
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Land reallocation in land consolidation is one of the most effective instruments to ameliorate farmland fragmentation. However, the unwillingness of farmers coupled with the inefficiency of reallocation method makes a great obstacle for promotion of it. Therefore, involvement of farmers' preferences and introduction of new technology with higher efficiency are necessary to get out of the plight. Taking farmland consolidation project in Huangling, Pengze county of Jiangxi province as a study area, in this paper, we constructed a new land reallocation model using transportation model of linear programming aiming at two main preferences of farmers in project area: to minimize the movement of land parcels and to minimize the distance between settlements and land parcels. Having determined the situated land blocks of land parcels, a land partitioning algorithm based on Python was proposed to realize the high efficiency and accuracy of the specific position, the area and shape determination of parcels. Also, a systematic comparison between this new model and the traditional one based on drawing lots was conducted in this paper from three aspects: 1) the amelioration of farmland fragmentation; 2) the change of parcels' location, and 3) the efficiency and accuracy of land reallocation. The results showed that both models can significantly reduce the number of land parcels, thus relieving land fragmentation. New model was slightly better than traditional one in terms of land parcels reducing while for those who still contracted more than one parcels after land reallocation, the spatial distribution resulted from new models was more scattered. In addition, the new model could reduce the average distance between land parcels and settlements in study area from 479.71 to 445.39 m, while it rose from 479.71 to 556.04 m in traditional model. For the change of location of land parcels, after land reallocation, 75.04% of land parcels in new model remained in the same land block prior to land reallocation, while only 31.06% of them remained in the same land block in the traditional model, attesting that linear programming guaranteed a high degree of meeting farmers' preferences. New model was more accurate compared to the traditional model. As for the efficiency, two models prevailed in different stages of land reallocation respectively. Traditional model was more efficient in land redistribution due to briefness of the procedure, while new model had significant high efficiency in land partitioning stage. It was concluded that the new model applying linear programming can well meet the needs of farmers, facilitating the promotion of land reallocation, especially in small scale land consolidation project. The introduction of GIS and computer programming also guaranteed the high accuracy and efficiency when compared to the way based on the experience and knowledge of experts. However, traditional model still had its applicable area, especially in places lacking of technical power and highly respected procedural justice. An abundant method system of land reallocation can make sure that the application of a specific model was based on the specific local condition, therefore, the development of new method was one of the key to promote large scale land reallocation in land consolidation. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Computer programming - Efficiency - Linear programming - Models
Uncontrolled terms:Farmland consolidations - Farmland fragmentation - Land consolidations - Land fragmentations - Land redistribution - Partitioning algorithms - Shape determination - Transportation model
Classification code:723.1 Computer Programming - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.11e+01%, Percentage 7.50e+01%, Size 4.80e+02m to 4.45e+02m, Size 4.80e+02m to 5.56e+02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20172803930343
Title:Positive airflow guidance method and parameter optimization for grafting seedlings
Authors:Chu, Qi (1); Gu, Song (1, 2); Yang, Yi (1); Hu, Junsheng (1); Li, Bo (1); Lü, Yajun (1); Xie, Zhongjian (1); Yang, Yanli (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) Guangzhou Sky Mechanical & Electrical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou; 510642, China
Corresponding author:Gu, Song(sgu666@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:20-27
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, in the facilities of horticultural production, how to avoid seedling damage is one of the important problems that need to be solved, and the flexible holding technology that uses the principle of vacuum adsorption is an effective method to prevent seedling damage. But in this case without external assistance, the vacuum adsorption holding hand in the operation is difficult to overcome the holding position deviation caused by variation of seedlings. Such variation in individual seedlings will lead to no fit of holding hands and seedlings, resulting in not stable holding hand to hold seedlings. The solution to this problem is to use the manual operation or through complex machine vision for seedling position judgment, but the manual operation leads to a lower degree of automation, and the structure of machine vision is complex and the machine calibration can consume more time. Aiming at the above problems, in this study, we proposed a method using positive pressure airflow to guide the seedling, it was through the positive pressure airflow to correct the deviation between the seedling and the holding hand so that seedlings and holding hand suction mouth could fit. In this paper, the cucumber seedlings were used as the object for research. First of all, the size parameters and mechanical properties were measured for cucumber seedlings, the results showed that the average max bending force of cucumber seedlings with mean long axis diameter was (1.82±0.07) mm and mean short axis diameter was (1.47±0.02) mm. It was (0.082±0.005) N when bending 5 on 10 mm length. In order to investigate the effect of positive pressure airflow guiding operation, an experiment of single tube positive pressure guiding for cucumber seedlings was carried out, and a high-speed photographic recording was performed during the experiment, so that the details of the guiding operation could be observed. During the experiment, the height difference between the two holding hands was set to 10 mm, the position of the holding hand suction nozzle mouth could ensure that the seedlings were upright after the seeding was guided, and the positive pressure airway was coaxial with one holding hand. The results showed that the highest success rate of up to 93% when the inner diameter of the positive pressure airway was 4 mm, the distance between the air outlet of positive pressure airway and suction nozzle mouth of the negative pressure holding hand was 25-30 mm, and the guiding air pressure was 0.3 MPa. The guide effect was instable for operation method of single tube positive pressure guiding for cucumber seedlings, the relative position of the positive pressure guide tube and the holding hand was required to be high, and the air pressure was difficult to be accurately controlled. Seedlings may easily be damaged or could not fit the suction nozzle mouth of negative pressure holding hand. In order to further improve the guiding effect, an experiment of double tube positive pressure guiding for cucumber seedlings was carried out, using the same test method with the experiment of single tube positive pressure guiding, but the two positive pressure guide tubes were arranged symmetrically with respect to one holding hand. The results showed that under the condition of 4 mm inner diameter of positive pressure airway, when the distance between the air outlet of positive pressure airway and suction nozzle mouth of the negative pressure holding hand was 20-25 mm, and the guiding air pressure was 0.3 MPa, the success rate of cucumber seedling that was guided could reach 100%, in the case of low guide pressure, the cucumber seedlings and the suction nozzle mouth was difficult to fit, so seedlings appeared shaking. Results of this study can provide technical reference for seedling hold operations based on airflow guidance method. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Pressure effects
Controlled terms:Adsorption - Atmospheric pressure - Computer vision - Electronic guidance systems - Grafting (chemical) - Machinery - Mechanization - Nozzles - Pressure - Testing - Tubes (components)
Uncontrolled terms:Degree of automation - Grafting seedlings - Negative pressures - Parameter optimization - Photographic recording - Positive pressure - Relative positions - Seedling
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 601 Mechanical Design - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 723.5 Computer Applications - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 9.30e+01%, Pressure 3.00e+05Pa, Size 1.00e-02m, Size 2.00e-02m to 2.50e-02m, Size 2.50e-02m to 3.00e-02m, Size 4.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20172803930344
Title:Design and test of small fresh lotus seed sheller
Authors:Zhu, Hengyin (1); He, Jincheng (1); Fang, Wenxi (1); Ye, Dapeng (1); Liang, Shihua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou; 350002, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:28-35
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Lotus seeds have been manually shelled mostly, because conventional shelling equipment is complexly structured and high pieced, and generally it has a high operating cost and a low reliability, as well as is difficult to be popularized. In this study, a new lotus seed sheller with simple structure and easy operation was developed to improve the reliability, to popularize the shelling mechanization of fresh lotus seed, and to reduce the burden of the farmers. When the newly designed sheller is running, the lotus seeds in the hopper fall into the evenly distributed grooves of the discharge wheel and are discharged singly into the feeding chute. As rolling down from the chute under the action of gravity, the lotus seeds are then normally positioned and fed into the cutting channel at a position where the long axis of the seed is perpendicular to the cutting edge. An annulus cut is made at the equator of the seed with the use of a reciprocating cutting blade. Thereafter, the shell and the kernel of each seed are separated by rubbing the seed surface with the pressing plate and discharged. The cutting device is the primary working device in lotus seed shelling. A comparison study on the effects of shelling methods was conducted. The 4 shelling methods used were: 1) The cutting blade was fixed with the pressing plate; 2) The cutting blade was fixed with the pressing plate but vibrated; 3) The cutting blade reciprocated and the pressing plate had a smooth surface; 4) The cutting blade reciprocated and the pressing plate surface was non-slip. The testing results indicated that the shelling method using a reciprocating cutting blade and a non-slip pressing plate was superior to the others in both shelling rate and shelling quality, which resulted in a shelling rate of 92%, a whole kernel rate of 100%, and a percentage of kernels with slight injury of less than 10%. The shelling method with reciprocating cutting blade and non-slip pressing plate could meet the shelling requirements of fresh lotus seeds with an equatorial diameter ranging from 14 to 23 mm. In order to get a better understanding of the factors closely related to the lotus seed processing quality, the mechanical properties of fresh lotus seed were measured using a universal testing machine (Model 5543, INSTRON, United States of America) in College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China. The test head moved at a speed of 20 mm/min and stopped when the pressing force dropped by 15%. The samples of 100 seeds from the variety TAIKONG36 were randomly selected and numbered. The cutting force was tested firstly using the prototype blade. Then the same samples were shelled and subjected to the kernel firmness measurement using a 2.2 mm test head. The kernel firmness of each seed was measured right after shelling to minimize the effect of seed moisture loss. The results showed that the average cutting force of the shell was 19.63 N with a maximum value of 25.80 N. The average kernel firmness was 19.02 N with a maximum value of 23.27 N. The average kernel firmness per unit area was 5.00 N/mm<sup>2</sup>with a maximum value of 6.12 N/mm<sup>2</sup>. Accordingly, the structure parameters and working parameters of the sheller were determined. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Cutting - Design - Machinery - Mechanical properties - Mechanization - Peeling - Plates (structural components) - Structural design
Uncontrolled terms:Comparison study - Lotus seeds - Processing quality - Simple structures - Structure parameter - United States of America - Universal testing machines - Working parameters
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, General - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 601 Mechanical Design - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Force 1.90e+01N, Force 1.96e+01N, Force 2.33e+01N, Force 2.58e+01N, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 9.20e+01%, Size 1.40e-02m to 2.30e-02m, Size 2.20e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20172803930368
Title:Performance improvement of steam gasification of pine for hydrogen-rich gas with dolomite catalyst modified by bentonite/limonite
Authors:Niu, Yonghong (1, 2); Han, Fengtao (2); Zhang, Xuefeng (1, 3); Chen, Yisheng (4); Wang, Li (4); Xu, Jia (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Mining Research Institute, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou; 014010, China; (2) School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou; 014010, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Integrated Exploitation of Bayan Obo Multi-metal Resources, Baotou; 014010, China; (4) Analytical Center, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou; 014010, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:213-219
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this study, we adopted steam gasification of biomass, and pine fuel rods as the experimental objects. We used gas chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer to analyze components of gas and tar change during the process of gasification. We also determined catalytic performance of modified dolomite (bentonite as the carrier, dolomite as the active component and a small amount of load limonite) as temperature rose. Our experiment results showed that, high-temperature made steam gasification of biomass intensified so that steam reforming reaction intensified and thus contributing to H<inf>2</inf>gas volume fraction in the overall upward trend in the gasification components, but hydrocarbon gas volume fraction in downward trend. Gasification gas carries gasification tar into the catalyst layer, which makes tar catalytic cracked, promotes steam reforming reaction intensified and thereby changes the composition of gasification gas. Under the condition of steam gasification with modified dolomite catalyst at 750℃, H<inf>2</inf>volume fraction was 45.77%±0.23%. Compared to hydrogen-rich action of catalytic and non-catalytic conditions dolomite, gasification temperature dropped to 100℃. With the rise of temperature, modified dolomite promoted the increase of carbon oxides and hydrocarbons volume fraction, but hydrogen-rich degree weaken. The calcined dolomite contained MgO/CaO as active ingredients can cause the long carbon chain cracked in aliphatic hydrocarbons, conducive to the production of radical hydrogen ion, and be helpful to generate hydrogen. When Fe as a promoter was used, it was activated to Fe<sup>3+</sup>by high temperature steam, and converted to Fe<sup>2+</sup>after promoting tar cracking. Modified dolomite not only promoted the scission of carbon chain length on the hydrocarbon side chain and the formation of H<inf>2</inf>, but also promoted opening reactions of aromatic ring, decarboxylation and dehydroxylation reactions, thereby making tar after pyrolysis easily to be converted into small molecule gas carbon containing, which helped to reduce the production of tars gasified and improved the gasification efficiency. The catalyst active center Fe<sup>3+</sup>decreased at higher temperature, which made the gaining weight of homemade catalyst after catalysis reduced to a minimum of 900℃, but compared to dolomite, the change of color and shape of modified dolomite between front and rear catalytic was small, which reflected the mechanical strength and surface area carbon optimized. The catalytic activity of dolomite was secondly to nickel-based catalyst, but it had potential economic value with cheaper price. In this study, we compared to steam gasification of biomass with dolomite catalyst, explored the catalytic properties of modified dolomite, which would provide useful information of dolomite modification method and studies of steam gasification of biomass. The purpose of this research was to promote the use of dolomite catalysts, and our results showed that they can be used for the treatment of tailings and to deepen the study of biomass steam gasification. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Ch1nese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Catalyst activity
Controlled terms:Aromatic hydrocarbons - Biomass - Carboxylation - Catalysts - Catalytic reforming - Chains - Cracks - Flowmeters - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Gas chromatography - Gas fuel manufacture - Gases - Gasification - Hydrocarbons - Steam - Steam cracking - Steam reforming - Tar - Volume fraction
Uncontrolled terms:Aliphatic hydrocarbons - Dehydroxylation reactions - Fourier transform infrared spectrometer - Fuel rods - Gasification efficiency - Gasification temperatures - Hydrogen gas - Modified dolomite
Classification code:522 Gas Fuels - 602.1 Mechanical Drives - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 943.1 Mechanical Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20172803930373
Title:Design and experiment of synchronization actuator system based on electromagnetism for fresh jujube classifier
Authors:Kang, Ningbo (1); Qiang, Feng (2); Wu, Longguo (1); Wang, Songlei (1, 2); He, Jianguo (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Construction and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China; (2) School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China
Corresponding author:He, Jianguo(hejg@nxu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:254-260
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The production of the machine, which classifies small-sized fruits according to their images, depends on the speed of the image classification and the actuator. The existing classifier for fresh jujube has the issue that the efficiency of image processing doesn't match the timeliness of executive mechanism. And the speed of the actuator and the accuracy of positioning restrict the efficiency of classification. In order to improve the speed of classification of the image classifier for fresh jujube, an image classifier for fresh jujube is designed based on electromagnetic synchronous executor in this paper. The machine is composed of roller conveyor chain, dialing plate chain, electromagnets, synchronous drive sprocket, STM32F407 image processor and STM32F103 co-processor. The dialing plate chain of the actuator consists of 60 unit dialing plates. Chain transmission was adopted to ensure the synchronous precision with the roller conveyor chain. The dialing plate tension spring was buckled by the switch of the buckle. The material of the buckle was silicon steel, of which the hysteresis loop was narrow, which can enhance the sensitivity of electromagnetic triggering, and made the dialing action finished instantly. The location of fresh jujube corresponding to the unit plate, which would guarantee the alignment accuracy between the head of the dialing plates and fresh jujube. Pop-up strength of the unit dialing plate was designed according to the peel hardness, the size and the weight of jujube. In image processing, G channel component, Sobel operator filtering, Otsu binaryzation, and eigenvalues extracted by ellipse fitting were adopted. A threshold value was used to calculate the percentage of the color of green, extract the size of feature value of the color and classify the image of green jujube. The algorithm was suitable for fast processing embedded system. The theory of algorithms and the test of image classification show that the synchronization error of chain transmission was 0.413 mm, the pop-up force of unit dial plate was 2.57 N, which was less than the damage strength (12.69 N) of the peel of red jujube, the time of each image processing was 50 ms, the time of the actuator for acting was 40 ms, the speed of roller conveying was 320 mm/s, the speed of classifying was 20 jujubes per second, the accuracy rate of classification was 93.7%, the intact rate was 100%, and the maximum capacity was 1400 kg/h. Results indicated that the sensitive trigger and the synchronous mechanism of synchronous electromagnet ensured the classification precision, and the touch force of dial plate was less than the damage stress of the red jujube skin. Also, the hardware design of image processing was an embedded system, which met the requirements of fast calculation through the algorithm of image processing and feature extraction. The running effect of the prototype achieves the purpose of fast, accurate and nondestructive classification. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Actuators - Chains - Classifiers - Computer vision - Conveyors - Design - Efficiency - Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions - Electromagnets - Embedded systems - Image classification - Integrated circuit design - Magnetic materials - Rollers (machine components) - Silicon steel - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy of positioning - Alignment accuracy - Classification precision - Electromagnetic actuators - Executive mechanism - Fast calculations - Fresh jujube - Synchronization error
Classification code:545.3 Steel - 601.2 Machine Components - 602.1 Mechanical Drives - 692.1 Conveyors - 704.1 Electric Components - 708.4 Magnetic Materials - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 723.5 Computer Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Force 1.27e+01N, Force 2.57e+00N, Mass_Flow_Rate 3.89e-01kg/s, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 9.37e+01%, Size 4.13e-04m, Time 4.00e-02s, Time 5.00e-02s, Velocity 3.20e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20172803930346
Title:Parameter optimization on mechanical coating processing of rotary table-roller coating machine for peanut seeds
Authors:Wang, Jiannan (1); Xie, Huanxiong (1); Hu, Zhichao (1); Hu, Lianglong (1); Peng, Baoliang (1); Liu, Minji (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding author:Xie, Huanxiong(nfzhongzi@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:43-50
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve both poor coating qualified rate and high breakage rate of peanut seeds caused by unreasonable working parameters of rotary table-roller coating equipment, the single factor and central composite experiments were conducted. The effects of the main working parameters, including ratio of seeds weight to coating volume, dilution ratio of seed coating, speed of roller, on coating qualified rate and breakage rate of peanuts coating were analyzed by means of the rotary table-roller coating test rig. The study object was "Huayu 33", which was 16.22-19.16 mm in length, 8.06-10.36 mm in width, and 7.16-8.36 mm in thickness and whose moisture was 11.6%, and thousand kernel weight was 812.1 g. The single factor experiments were firstly conducted, and the results showed the influence laws of the 3 main working parameters on coating qualified rate and breakage rate, which were necessary to determine zero level of each parameter in the quadratic regression revolution design. And then the composite experiment methods of quadratic orthogonal rotation were adopted, the data were analyzed based on the Design-Expert software, the mathematical regression models of peanuts coating rate and breakage rate were built, and their corresponding variance analysis were conducted too. A regression equation of the relationship between variation coefficient of the 3 main working parameters was obtained. Through the analysis of variance, the results showed that the most influential factor for the coating qualified rate was the ratio of seeds weight to coating volume, and the minimum impact factor was the dilution ratio of seed coating; regarding to the breakage rate, the most influential factor was the speed of roller, and the minimum impact factor was the ratio of seeds weight to coating volume. The response surface method was utilized to analyze the effects of factors' interaction on the coating qualified rate and breakage rate, and the multi-objective optimizations were conducted for the regression models. The optimal combination working parameters of the drum coating test rig were the roller speed of 18.32 r/min, ratio of seeds weight to coating volume of 31.73 g/mL, and dilution ratio of seed coating of 4.76. All of those were obtained by the optimization solution of all factors with the quadratic regression model equation of performance evaluation indices in the range of experimental parameters constraints. Under the condition of the optimal combination working parameters, the coating qualified rate and the breakage rate were 97.35% and 0.37%, respectively. This coating quality met the need of peanut seeds processing industry. The results of verification test were consistent with those of optimization solution. Production verification test was conducted with the 5BY-500-J coating machine (the productivity was 5 t/h when it was used for corn seeds coating operation) in Nanjing Agricultural Machinery Factory. The coating machine worked the same as the rotary table-roller coating test rig, but the working parameters were not reasonable for peanut coating. In the experiment, the working parameters of 5BY-500-J coating machine were adjusted according the optimization results by variable frequency regulation of the drum and the control of feeding parts of seeds coating. With the optimal parameters applied by the coating machine, the coating quality was improved greatly, and the coating qualified rate and breakage rate were 97.05% and 0.40%, respectively, which were very close to those obtained from the previous model results. The results of verification showed that the coating machine could be used for peanut seeds processing after working parameters optimization. The study provides the scientific basis for the working parameter optimization of rotary table-roller coating machine for peanut seeds. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Coatings
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Crops - Mechanization - Multiobjective optimization - Oilseeds - Optimization - Regression analysis - Rollers (machine components) - Surface properties - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Mechanical coatings - Peanut seeds - Performance evaluation index - Quadratic orthogonal rotation - Response surface method - Response surface methodology - Rotary tables - Single-factor experiments
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 813.2 Coating Materials - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass 8.12e-01kg, Mass_Density 3.17e+04kg/m3, Mass_Flow_Rate 1.26e+00kg/s, Percentage 1.16e+01%, Percentage 3.70e-01%, Percentage 4.00e-01%, Percentage 9.70e+01%, Percentage 9.73e+01%, Rotational_Speed 1.83e+01RPM, Size 1.62e-02m to 1.92e-02m, Size 7.16e-03m to 8.36e-03m, Size 8.06e-03m to 1.04e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20172803930356
Title:Decomposition of influencing factors on irrigation water requirement based on LMDI method
Authors:Xie, Juan (1); Su, Xiaoling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Su, Xiaoling(suxiaoling17@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:123-131
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study the driving factors of irrigation water requirement and find the effective measures for relieving the sharp contradiction between the supply and demand of agriculture water resources, in this paper the factors decomposition model for irrigation water requirement was established based on the extended Kaya equation. The logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) decomposition method was used to quantitatively analyze the driving factors for changes in irrigation water requirement. The change of irrigation water requirement was decomposed into 4 driving factors including planting scale effect, planting structure effect, climate change and water saving engineering effect. The irrigating quota of crop and irrigation water utilization coefficient reflected the climate change and water saving engineering, respectively. Two different decomposition methods of LMDI, addition decomposition and multiplication decomposition, were applied to calculate the effect value of the 4 driving factors for irrigation water requirement change. The irrigation water requirement from 1995 to 2012 in Wuwei city, Gansu Province was taken as an example. The effect values of 4 driving factors were calculated in different periods from 1995 to 2012. The results showed that during 1995-2012, the planting structure in Wuwei city was adjusted by reducing the planting area of wheat and increasing planting area of maize and cotton consuming less irrigation water than wheat. The amount of irrigation water requirement in 2012 was decreased by 5.023×10<sup>8</sup>m<sup>3</sup>in Wuwei city than that in 1995 including an increase of 2.435×10<sup>8</sup>m<sup>3</sup>caused by the planting scale effect, and the decrease of 3.994×10<sup>8</sup>m<sup>3</sup>, 1.286 ×10<sup>8</sup>m<sup>3</sup>, 2.178×10<sup>8</sup>m<sup>3</sup>for the planting structure effect, the climate change effect, and the water saving engineering effect, respectively. The adjustment of planting structure was the most important factor for the decrease of the irrigation water requirement. From the effect value of different crops in the counties of Wuwei city, each crop had different effect on the change in irrigation water requirement. Wheat had the negative impact on the irrigation water requirement change and played a prominent role in decreasing the irrigation water requirement during 1995 to 2012. Among the 4 driving factors for the same crop, for most crops the planting structure effect was stronger than the others in all the regions. In addition, 4 driving factors in different periods played different role in changing irrigation water requirement in the counties of Wuwei city. However, the planting structure always had the inhibitory effect on increasing irrigation water requirement obviously in all the regions and periods except for Liangzhou in 2000-2005. Water saving engineering had the positive effect on increasing irrigation water requirement in Wuwei city, Liangzhou county and Minqin county during 2005-2012. The main reason was a decrease in irrigation water utilization coefficient. Therefore, improving the efficiency of irrigation water utilization and controlling agricultural development scale are effective measures for saving irrigation water in Wuwei city. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Climate change - Crops - Economics - Evapotranspiration - Water - Water conservation - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Decomposition methods - Decomposition model - Effective measures - Inhibitory effect - Irrigation water requirements - LMDI - Wuwei city
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20172803930347
Title:Characteristics of high speed hydraulic coupler under pump wheel axial vibration conditions
Authors:Su, Huashan (1, 2); Chen, Congping (1, 2); Zhao, Meiyun (1, 2); Gao, Zhenjun (1, 2); Yu, Wan (1, 2); Zhang, Yangjun (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Hubei Key Laboratory of Hydroelectric Machinery Design & Maintenance, China Three Gorges University, Yichang; 443002, China; (2) College of Mechanical & Power Engineering of China Three Gorges University, Yichang; 443002, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Congping(mechencp@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:51-57
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Hydrodynamic coupler is used for startup tool in the large inertia mechanical equipment. The incomplete neutrality of impeller installation and loading perturbation cause the input shaft of pump wheel to vibrate. Internal flow characteristics of hydrodynamic coupler are affected by the vibration of the pump wheel. And the external performance of hydrodynamic coupler is determined by its distribution of internal flow field. Therefore, it is very important to make a deep research on the distribution of internal flow field under the condition of vibration. Numerical simulation is a main way to study the internal flow field of hydrodynamic coupler. The simulation physical model was created firstly by using the software of ICEM (integrated computer engineering and manufacturing), and hexahedron and tetrahedron cells were used to partition the calculation region to generate the grids. The hexahedron was used in main channel of pump wheel and turbine. The tetrahedron was used in boundary motion region. And then the software of FLUENT was used to perform the simulation. The UDF (user-defined function) of FLUENT was used to define the parameters of dynamic mesh control, as well as the axial velocity of pump. Realizable k-Ε model was used, besides, the turbulence model and the second-order upwind scheme were adopted for solving the momentum and kinetic energy equation, and the PISO (pressure-implicit with splitting of operators) algorithm was used for pressure and velocity coupling. With the pump axial moving, the boundary of the corresponding flow field would change. The dynamic mesh model was used for boundary motion domain caused by vibration. The results of numerical simulation that are calculated by different two-phase flow models were quite different. In order to obtain accurate and reliable results of numerical simulation, the numerical simulation and external characteristic experimental results were compared. It showed that the error of VOF (volume of fluid) model was less than 5%, and the error of Mixture model was over 20%. It showed that the simulation results by VOF models were more accurate and close to the experimental results. Furthermore, the external characteristics and phase distribution law of fluid coupling were also compared and analyzed under different axial vibration status. And the results indicated that the vibration of the pump wheel could make the flow pulsation increase. Under the condition of radial vibration, the disturbance direction was perpendicular to the gas-liquid interface. A larger wave crest could be formed within pump wheel. However, due to the centrifugal force in the pump wheel, the wave would rapidly decrease. Therefore, the flow pulsation in the turbine was relatively small, that was to say, the torque change was relatively small. Under the condition of axial vibration, the direction of vibration was the same or opposite to the direction of circulation. Therefore, it would effectively enhance the fluctuation of the flow pulsation and cause the larger fluctuation of turbine torque. Numerical calculation showed that the higher the rated speed, the larger the torque ripple amplitude of pump turbine and the fluctuation range of radial force and axial force. The vibration period decreased and the deviation of the torque ripple of the pump turbine was bigger. Vibration would lead to the decrease of the transmission torque, and the axial vibration had a greater impact on the transmission torque, and a smaller influence on the radial force. The vibration would cause the pump wheel and turbine torque to fluctuate, and the pulsation amplitude increased with the increase of the vibration amplitude. When the amplitude of vibration was less than 0.02 mm, the amplitude of torque was smaller. But when the amplitude of vibration was 0.04 mm, the amplitude of torque increased sharply. On that basis, the axial clearance value should not be more than 0.04 mm (the axial clearance was twice of the amplitude of vibration). © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Vibration analysis
Controlled terms:Cell engineering - Computational fluid dynamics - Computational mechanics - Computer graphics - Computer integrated manufacturing - Computer simulation - Computer software - Couplings - Dynamics - Flow fields - Flow visualization - Fluid dynamics - Geometry - Hydraulic machinery - Hydraulic motors - Hydraulic turbines - Hydrodynamics - Kinetics - Mesh generation - Models - Numerical models - Phase interfaces - Pumped storage power plants - Torque - Turbines - Turbulence models - Two phase flow - Vibrations (mechanical) - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Axial vibrations - External characteristic - Hydraulic coupling - Internal flow characteristics - Numerical calculation - Pressure-implicit with splitting of operators - Second order upwind scheme - User Defined Functions
Classification code:461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 601.2 Machine Components - 611.1 Hydroelectric Power Plants - 617.1 Hydraulic Turbines - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Size 2.00e-05m, Size 4.00e-05m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20172803930380
Title:Extraction processing optimization of polyphenols and polysaccharides from rapeseed protein processing waste liquor
Authors:Zhang, Weiwei (1); Dai, Chunhua (1, 2, 3); Xiong, Feng (1); Hou, Furong (1); He, Ronghai (1, 2, 3); Ma, Haile (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Physical Processing of Agricultural Products of Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (3) Food Intelligent Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Corresponding author:He, Ronghai(heronghai@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:302-309
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rapeseed protein processing waste liquor contains a variety of natural antioxidant products, which include polyphenol, polysaccharide, peptide, and so on. To realize the comprehensive utilization of rapeseed protein processing waste liquor and gain high value-added products to improve the overall economy, the extraction efficiency and the antioxidant activities of polyphenols and polysaccharides in waste liquid from production of rapeseed protein were researched in this paper. First of all, effects of extraction temperature, ethanol concentration and extraction time on the extraction rate of polyphenols and polysaccharides from waste liquid were investigated by single-factor experiments to acquire the appropriate ranges of extraction parameters. Then a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to evaluate the effects of extraction temperature, ethanol concentration and extraction time on the extraction efficiency and their interactions at 3 equidistant levels. The ranges of the 3 independent variables i.e. extraction temperature, ethanol concentration and extraction time were 50-70℃, 50%-70% and 15-45 min, respectively, which were based on the results of single-factor experiments. The result indicated that ethanol concentration was the most significant variable, followed by extraction temperature and time according to the regression coefficient significance of the equation and the gradient of slope in 3D (three-dimensional) response surface map. The optimum conditions could be modified as follows: Extraction temperature of 60℃, ethanol concentration of 65% and extraction time of 31 min. Under the optimal conditions, extraction ratios of polyphenols and polysaccharides were 2.19% and 8.14%, respectively, which were well-matched with the predicated values of 2.19% and 8.18% obtained from the models. The results revealed that the regression equations and models were reliable to predict the influences of factors on extraction ratios of polyphenols and polysaccharides. In addition, anti-oxidative activities of polyphenols extract and polysaccharides extract in vitro were evaluated by scavenging activity of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitropheny) hydrazyl) and hydroxyl radical as well as reducing power. The result showed that the DPPH radical scavenging abilities of polyphenols extract and polysaccharides extract increased from 32.63% to 93.53% and from 18.65% to 77.97% with the increasing of their concentrations from 0.10 to 0.50 mg/mL and from 0.40 to 2.40 mg/mL, respectively. Half inhibitory concentrations of polyphenols extract and polysaccharides extract for scavenging DPPH were 0.20 and 1.45 mg/mL respectively according to their regression equation. Hydroxyl radical scavenging abilities of them increased from 36.92% to 83.62% and from 13.59% to 78.60% with the increasing of their concentrations from 5.00 to 30.00 mg/mL and from 0.80 to 3.80 mg/mL, respectively. Half inhibitory concentrations of polyphenols extract and polysaccharides extract for scavenging hydroxyl radical were 10.85 and 2.38 mg/mL respectively according to their regression equation. The reducing abilities also increased with the increasing of the concentrations of polyphenols extract and polysaccharides extract. In contrast, reducing ability of polyphenols extract was stronger than that of polysaccharides extract. From these results, for different free radicals, the scavenging ability of polyphenols and polysaccharides was different, and showed a good dose-effect relationship in the range of mass concentrations. The DPPH free radical scavenging rate and reducing ability of polyphenols extract were both significantly higher than that of polysaccharides extract under the same mass concentration, while the polysaccharides extract had a stronger scavenging ability to hydroxyl radical than polyphenols extract. In the end, the phenolic ingredients in samples were analyzed by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). The result indicated that polyphenols extract was rich in phenolic compounds such as cumaric acid, syringic acid, pcoumaric acid, sinapinic acid and benzoic acid. The concentration of cumaric acid was 2.65 mg/g and that of sinapinic acid even reached 5.57 mg/g. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Extraction
Controlled terms:Antioxidants - Benzoic acid - Efficiency - Ethanol - Free radicals - High performance liquid chromatography - Liquid chromatography - Liquids - Oilseeds - Optimization - Polysaccharides - Processing - Proteins - Regression analysis - Scavenging
Uncontrolled terms:1 ,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl - Comprehensive utilizations - Dose-effect relationships - DPPH radical-scavenging abilities - Polyphenols - Protein processing - Scavenging hydroxyl radicals - Single-factor experiments
Classification code:612.1 Internal Combustion Engines, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 6.50e+01%, Percentage 8.14e+00%, Percentage 8.18e+00%, Time 1.86e+03s, Time 9.00e+02s to 2.70e+03s, Mass_Density 1.00e-01kg/m3 to 5.00e-01kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.08e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.45e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 2.00e-01kg/m3, Mass_Density 2.38e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 4.00e-01kg/m3 to 2.40e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 5.00e+00kg/m3 to 3.00e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 8.00e-01kg/m3 to 3.80e+00kg/m3, Percentage 1.36e+01% to 7.86e+01%, Percentage 1.86e+01% to 7.80e+01%, Percentage 2.19e+00%, Percentage 3.26e+01% to 9.35e+01%, Percentage 3.69e+01% to 8.36e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01% to 7.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20172803930361
Title:Mapping corn and soybean cropped area with GF-1 WFV data
Authors:Huang, Jianxi (1); Hou, Yuzhuo (1); Su, Wei (1); Liu, Junming (1); Zhu, Dehai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:164-170
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Planting area and spatial distribution information of crops are vital for guiding agricultural production, taking effective management measurements, and monitoring crop growth conditions. Numerous crop classification algorithms have been developed with rapid development of different remote sensing data. However, distinguishing of corn and soybean cropping areas still remains a difficult challenge due to their similar growth calendar and spectral characteristics. In this study, we tried to identify corn and soybean cropping area using random forest (RF) classifier which has been proved to be an effective method in land cover classification based on multi-temporal GF-1 WFV (wide field of view) imagery. We selected Nenjiang County, Heilongjiang Province in China as the study area which was called the Town of Soybean. Seven GF-1 WFV time-series images (April 14th, May 20th, June 26th, July 16th, August 26th, September 4th, and September 29th), from which the key growth stages could be extracted and the effects of clouds could be avoided, were chosen to classify main crops. First, we conducted atmospheric and geometric corrections on multi-temporal GF-1 imagery. In order to improve the accuracy of distinguishing corn and soybean cropping area, the parameters of RF classifier were input, which included normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), wide dynamic range vegetation index (WDRVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and normalized difference water index (NDWI), and hundreds of field sample points were collected in the field survey. Also, it's necessary to evaluate the importance of different combination of these indices. The results showed that the combination of NDVI, WDRVI and NDWI achieved the best accuracy with the producer accuracy of 91.14% for soybean and 91.49% for corn, and with the user accuracy of 82.76% for soybean and 93.48% for corn. Then, the support vector machine (SVM) and maximum likelihood (ML) supervised classifiers were also used to map corn and soybean cropping areas; the classification results from the SVM and ML methods were compared with that from the RF approach with the Nenjiang Farm as the case study. The comparisons showed that the crop classification from the RF classifier had the higher accuracy than the others. Our results indicated that GF-1 data had particular advantages in mapping cropping area with its higher spatial and temporal resolutions, and could provide more effective remote sensing data during crop growth season. The temporal changes of main crops showed the best classifying date was September 29th when soybean has been harvested but corn hasn't, and their vegetation indices showed the maximum difference. The multi-temporal imagery contributed to the separation of different spectral feature curves of different crops in the growth stages when crops had similar temporal variation profiles, which helped to decrease the omission and commission errors of the resultant mapping. The results also showed that the extracted spectral information of water and construction land was very different from vegetation and could be easily masked. Comparing the SVM and ML classifiers with RF classifier, the results suggested that RF classifier could successfully distinguish corn and soybean, and its overall accuracy reached up to 84.82%. This study provides important reference for crop mapping in other agricultural regions. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Classification (of information) - Decision trees - Extraction - Forestry - Mapping - Maximum likelihood - Photomapping - Remote sensing - Support vector machines - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Corn - Land cover classification - Normalized difference vegetation index - Normalized difference water index - Omission and commission errors - Random forests - Soybean - Spatial and temporal resolutions
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.1 Probability Theory - 961 Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.28e+01%, Percentage 8.48e+01%, Percentage 9.11e+01%, Percentage 9.15e+01%, Percentage 9.35e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20172803930354
Title:Analysis on evolution of drought-flood and its abrupt alternation in typical year from 1951 to 2015 in Dongting Lake area
Authors:Hu, Yihong (1, 2); Li, Jingbao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha; 410081, China; (2) Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing; 100875, China
Corresponding author:Li, Jingbao(lijingbao1951@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:107-115
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Drought-flood disaster is one of vital factors restricting Dongting Lake area's economic development. In order to predict the future drought-flood change tendency, using the monthly precipitation data of 36 meteorological stations in Dongting Lake and its surrounding areas, this paper attempted to describe the characteristics of evolution of drought-flood and its abrupt alternation in typical year from 1951 to 2015 in Dongting Lake area. Standardized precipitation index (SPI) and long cycle drought-flood abrupt alternation index (LDFAI), Morlet wavelet analysis and other climate diagnosis method were adopted. The results showed that the variation of drought and flood could be roughly divided into 5 periods. The first period was from 1951 to 1955, which was relatively humid. The second period was from 1956 to 1970. In this period, the alternation of flood and drought was frequent and the calamity degree was not severe. The third period was from 1971 to 1990. The alternation was also frequent and the calamity degree was severer than the previous period. The fourth was a humid period from 1991-2003. The last was an arid period after 2003. In this period, drought disaster has showed an obvious increasing trend. In the study area, flood and drought occurred frequently, and its alternation was also frequent during 1951-2015. The average frequency of different time scales of drought and flood events was 42.62%. The distribution of precipitation was uneven and concentrated in summer. The highest frequency of flood events was 33.33%, which occurred in summer. In winter, the frequency of drought events was 41.54%. Flood events showed an increasing trend in spring and summer in the 1990s. But in recent years, the rainfall has kept decreasing in 4 seasons. On an interdecadal scale, the 1990s was the wettest decade and had the highest frequency of flood events which was 30%. The precipitation was the least and the frequency of drought event was 22.99% in 2001-2015. In this period, the frequency of extreme drought event was the highest. The highest frequency of drought events was 25.83% in the 1970s. In this period, the precipitation was also low. Variation of drought-flood had 4 characteristic time scales, respectively, 4, 10, 25 and 31 a, which revealed that Dongting Lake area would be have more precipitation in the next few years. The variations of drought-flood in the 3 areas including East, West and South Dongting Lake area were basically the same, but had some differences in different periods. The variation of drought-flood even showed an obviously reverse phase in South and West Dongting Lake area in 1990s. There were 15 years with the absolute value of LDFAI is greater than 1 in recent 65 years in this area, which meant drought-flood abrupt alternation phenomenon was frequent. For either the variation of drought-flood or its abrupt alternation, West Dongting Lake area and East Dongting Lake area were basically the same. The variation of drought-flood abrupt alternation in South Dongting Lake area was obviously different from East and West Dongting Lake area. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Floods
Controlled terms:Disasters - Drought - Lakes - Meteorology - Precipitation (chemical) - Precipitation (meteorology) - Stream flow - Wavelet analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristic time - Different time scale - Dongting Lake area - Economic development - Long cycles - Meteorological station - Precipitation data - Standardized precipitation index
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 443.3 Precipitation - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 921 Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.50e+01yr, Age 6.50e+01yr, Percentage 2.30e+01%, Percentage 2.58e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 3.33e+01%, Percentage 4.15e+01%, Percentage 4.26e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20172803930377
Title:Establishment and verification of time-temperature integrators for Chinese cuisine
Authors:Deng, Li (1); Huang, Delong (1); Peng, Jing (1); Wang, Xiao (1); Cui, Jun (1); Zeng, Xuefeng (1); He, Laping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang; 550025, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:281-288
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Chinese cuisine is regarded as a kind of traditional artistry that has multiple genres, various cooking methods and complicated cooking skills. Stir-frying, a typical operation in Chinese cuisine, normally has the characteristics of short time and drastic stirring. Due to the drastic stirring, food particles rapidly move, so common research methods cannot be used to investigate the internal temperature-time relationship of particles in liquid-particle heat transfer process by this operation, such as the thermocouple method and the numerical simulation method, both of which are limited to determine heat transfer coefficient. In order to realize the standardization and automation of Chinese cuisine, it is necessary to master the changing rules of heat transfer and quality during cooking process, and therefore, time-temperature integrators (TTIs) and the corresponding heat transfer -kinetics mathematical model are crucial or even indispensable methods for the researches on quality changes of cooking. The time-temperature integrator, a small equipment composed of an indicator and a carrier, was used to simulate the changes of target quality parameters, time and temperature history as well as food analogues. Therefore, the indicator must have key quality factors that are similar to kinetic parameters in real food materials, and the shape of food analogues must have similar thermal physical properties to real food system. Protein denaturation is widely used to represent quality changes in cooking process. Surprisingly, a kind of thermostable α amylase with the similar z value (7.36℃) to protein denaturation (5-10℃) was discovered and successfully applied as an indicator in our experiment. Specifically, the indicator was encapsulated in a capillary tube and then embedded in a carrier with particular shape for establishing TTIs. The carrier was made of konjac glucomannan gel (g-KGM) which has superior heat resisting property. Subsequently, to simulate cooking process of liquid-particle food under the specific heat transfer condition, the changes of enzyme activity were determined by TTIs, and the theoretical temperature-time relationship was calculated with the unsteady heat transfer mathematical model and then compared with practical experimental results. The temperature curve with the minimal gap of theoretical and actual value was obtained on the basis of the least summation of the squared temperature difference for overall target (LSTD). Finally, the residual activity of α amylase was obtained based on kinetics methods. And the difference with the measured enzyme activity was not more than 2.24%, indicating the TTIs mathematical model was accurate and reliable. Furthermore, the TTIs mathematical model was used to determine the heat transfer coefficient during stir-frying process of Chinese cuisine. The results showed that the TTIs combined with numerical simulation was appropriate for analyzing and measuring heat transfer process, even for the situations conventional heat transfer experiment method was powerless or some other stormy cooking process with liquid-particle. In addition, armed with quality change kinetics, the heat transfer could be analyzed especially for heated treatment of liquid-particle. That is to say, this method may provide key technology for procedure analysis and process optimization of Chinese cuisine. Moreover, it can also be applied to those studies on actual heat transfer process of moving particles in other field. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Heat transfer
Controlled terms:Amylases - Cooking - Enzyme activity - Enzymes - Heat transfer coefficients - Kinetics - Liquids - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Optimization - Proteins - Temperature - Thermal processing (foods) - Thermocouples
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese cuisine - Heat resisting properties - Heat transfer conditions - Numerical simulation method - Surface heat transfer coefficient - Temperature differences - Thermal-physical property - Time temperature
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 921 Mathematics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 944.5 Temperature Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.24e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20172803930350
Title:Structure improvement design and performance experiment of Antarctic krill trawl net
Authors:Feng, Chunlei (1); Liu, Jian (1); Zhang, Yu (1); Wang, Yongjin (1); Zhang, Xun (1); Zhou, Aizhong (1); Wang, Lei (1); Wang, Lumin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Fishing, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai; 200090, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Lumin(lmwang@ecsf.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:75-81
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The Antarctic krill resource is very abundant in the area surrounding the Antarctic and the total production in China has reached nearly 60000 t. At present, the existing problems are the lack of exclusive localization fishing gears for Antarctic krill fisheries and the low matching degree between the trawl net and the fishing vessels. Through collecting the production situation of fishery company at home and abroad, 6 kinds of different existing Antarctic krill trawl nets were selected as the experimental prototype. The model test was carried out in the flume of trawl fishing gear in East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences. The coefficient of energy consumption, net resistance and height of net opening of different trawl nets were measured under 3 test conditions. The model test results showed that the height of net opening of trawl net No.1-3 was higher than other types of trawl nets, but its mesh size was too large to stop the escape of Antarctic krill. The net resistance of trawl net No.4-6 was higher than others. Based on the analysis of the hydrodynamic performance of 6 kinds of existing Antarctic krill trawl nets imported from fishery developed countries, an improvement program of TN01 type four-panel Antarctic krill trawl net with small mesh was developed independently. In April 2015, a 9-day sea trial was carried out in the Antarctic krill fishing ground. The test fishing vessel was "Kaili" from Shanghai Kaichuang Ocean Fisheries Co., Ltd. The sea trial results showed that: 1) When the warp length was less than 230 m, the depth of cod-end was lower than body net, which meant the buoyancy force of cod-end was too large. When the warp length was longer than 230 m, the depth of cod-end and the working depth had a positive relationship. The best buoyancy-weight ratio was suggested to be 1:1.1; 2) No significant correlation was found between the length of the vertical net opening and the length of warp. When the trawl speed was 1.542 m/s, the height of the vertical net opening was 26-29 m and the vertical expansion ratio was 0.11-0.12. As releasing the warp length from 90 to 370 m, the height of the horizontal net opening increased from 14 to 20 m. The expansion ratio was 0.22-0.32. The expansion at vertical and horizontal direction had good effect, which has reached the requirement of design. 3) The comparative analysis of the catch showed no significant difference between the day and night. The average yield per net in the daytime was 33 t and the average yield per net at night was 28 t. The average yield per net in sea trial was 30 t, which increased by nearly 50% compared with other fishing vessels around the same fishing area (according to the statistical records, the average yield per net was about 20 t). The new type of Antarctic krill trawl net has the characteristics of high efficiency and is suitable for the fishing vessels, which can provide a theoretical basis for further independent research and development of the Antarctic krill trawl net. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Fishing vessels
Controlled terms:Buoyancy - Design - Energy utilization - Expansion - Fisheries - Fishing (oil wells) - Mesh generation - Model structures - Testing - Underwater structures
Uncontrolled terms:Antarctic krill - Experimental prototype - Fishing gears - Hydrodynamic performance - Model tests - Performance experiment - Structure improvement - Trawl
Classification code:472 Ocean Engineering - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 674.1 Small Marine Craft - 723.5 Computer Applications - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.47e-02yr, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Size 1.40e+01m to 2.00e+01m, Size 2.30e+02m, Size 2.60e+01m to 2.90e+01m, Size 9.00e+01m to 3.70e+02m, Velocity 1.54e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20172803930358
Title:Growth and water consumption of jujube with water-saving pruning in deep dried soil of Loess Hilly Area
Authors:Zhang, Wenfei (1, 2); Wang, Xing (1); Wang, Youke (1, 3); Zhang, Jingxiao (3); Hui, Qian (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China; (3) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Xing(gjzwyk@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:140-148
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil dried layers occur widely in years of trees plantation in orchards. It is important to study soil water restoration condition after tree cutting and effects of dried layers on subsequent vegetation construction and growth. This study aimed to investigate the growth and water consumption of jujube with water-saving pruning in deep dry soil of Loess Hilly Area. The study area was in Jujube Demonstration Base in Mizhi county, Shaanxi province (37°12'N, 109°28'E). The experiment plot had the silt sandy loam with bulk density of 1.24 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, field water holding capacity of 22% and groundwater depth of 50 m below. In 2011, 5 sampling sites (treatments) were designed. In the sampling site I (experiment plot), 23-yr apple trees were cleared and the jujube with water-saving pruning was planted in soil with dried layers after 4 years; In the sampling site II (CK1), 23-yr apple trees were cleared and the jujube with traditional pruning was planted in soil with dried layers after 4 years; In the sampling site III (CK2), the jujube with traditional dwarf pruning was planted in soil without dried layers; In the sampling site IV (15-yr jujube), the 15-yr jujube with traditional dwarf pruning in soil without dried layers was selected for soil moisture measurement; In the sampling site V (farmland), the farmlands without dried layers for soybean and millet cultivation was selected for soil moisture measurement. Soil moisture in 1 000 cm depth was determined by neutron probes. The jujube yield was determined. The 1-m soil water storage and water consumption were calculated. Available water content, remainder available water and proportion of available water consumption were calculated for orchard soil after cutting, 3-yr jujube soil, 4-yr jujube soil and 5-yr jujube soil. The results showed that 23 years of apple planting had caused soil dried layers in 0-1000 cm depth. Among the depth, the soil was in the condition of moderate heavy water deficit, moderate water deficit and minor water deficit for 300-500, 500-700 and 700-1000 cm, respectively. After 4 years of orchard cutting, the soil moisture was recovered in 0-300 cm and the soil moisture in 0-250 cm was almost consistent with the farmland. For the jujube planting after 4-yr of orchard cutting, the soil available water content was 149.71 mm. For the first 3 years, the jujube could growth well but the soil available water in 0-300 cm could be consumed by 34.97%. For the 4th year, the soil available water in 0-300 cm was nearly used up and the jujube had to depend on the precipitation in the same year. In the soil with deep dried layers in 0-1000 cm, jujube with water-saving pruning could growth well with the yield more than 1.39 times and the yield water use efficiency up to 1.52 times of that with traditional pruning, respectively. The result indicates that the water-saving pruning is an effective way to overcome precipitation shortage and soil water deficit in semi-arid area. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Efficiency - Farms - Forestry - Fruits - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Heavy water - Moisture - Moisture determination - Moisture meters - Orchards - Plants (botany) - Sediments - Silt - Soil moisture - Soils - Water conservation - Water content - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Available water contents - Dried layer - Ground water depths - Jujube - Soil available waters - Soil moisture measurement - Water holding capacity - Water use efficiency
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 944.1 Moisture Measuring Instruments - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.50e+01yr, Age 2.30e+01yr, Age 3.00e+00yr, Age 4.00e+00yr, Age 5.00e+00yr, Mass_Density 1.24e+03kg/m3, Percentage 2.20e+01%, Percentage 3.50e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.00e+01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 2.50e+00m, Size 0.00e+00m to 3.00e+00m, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 1.00e+01m, Size 1.50e-01m, Size 5.00e+01m, Size 7.00e+00m to 1.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20172803930367
Title:Energy balance analysis of corn straw continuous distillation
Authors:Cong, Hongbin (1); Zhao, Lixin (1); Yao, Zonglu (1); Meng, Haibo (1); Jia, Jixiu (1); Li, Xianbin (1); Wang, Yajun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Center of Energy and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Beijing; 100125, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Lixin(zhaolixin5092@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:206-212
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biomass pyrolysis poly-generation technology employs modern biomass distillation technology as the core, and biochar is a kind of solid product generated by low temperature pyrolysis of biological organic material (biomass) in hypoxia or anaerobic environment. Biochar can be used as adsorbent, soil improver, slow release carrier of fertilizer and carbon dioxide sealing agent. It can solve many problems such as agriculture, environment and climate. Pyrolysis gas is a kind of clean fuel, and wood tar and wood vinegar as the byproduct of biomass pyrolysis, can be used as fuel or chemical raw material. In recent years, the biomass pyrolysis poly-generation technology had aroused widespread attention at home and abroad. Compared to batch processing, continuous biomass carbonization technology had many advantages, such as high productivity, good process control and consistent product quality, and therefore it had been the primary focus of applied research and deployment of biomass carbonization technology. However, there are still considerable gaps in knowledge when it comes to carbonization of different biomass, especially non-woody biomass, in continuous units, and to the product characteristics, and energy and mass balances. In order to analyze the pyrolysis characteristics of biomass under the process of exogenous heating and continuous distillation, the biomass continuous pyrolysis experiment was carried out with corn straw, and the influence of process parameters on physical and chemical properties, and composition distribution of the three-state products was tested and analyzed. The pre-processed corn straw was pyrolyzed in a pilot-scale continuous pyrolysis poly-generation unit at the Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China. The unit consists of a sealed feed system, an auger pyrolysis unit, biochar discharge screw with indirect water cooling, secondary cracking unit for pyrolysis vapours and gases, and multi-stage condensation separation system. The core of the poly-generation system was the electrically heated continuous pyrolysis unit with a variable pitch screw to convey material. Heating was provided by a five-segment electric furnace, with independent PID (proportion, integral, derivative) control for each segment. The pyrolysis unit was fed by a rotary feeder connected to a hopper by a system of airlocks to prevent ingress of air. On the basis of above researches, the system calorimetry and energy balance were analyzed. The results showed that the quality of the maize straw charcoal was affected mostly by the residence time of the material in the reaction chamber, and the residence time should be not less than 30 min. The lower calorific value of the pyrolysis gas could reach 15-20 MJ/m<sup>3</sup>, and the pyrolysis oil's composition was extremely complex. The maize straw charcoal carried the most heat, accounting for 47.88% of the total product energy, and the biogas pyrolysis gas accounted for 36.17% of the total energy of the product; besides, wood tar and light oil accounted for 13.14% and 1.74%, respectively. Energy consumption ratio of continuous pyrolysis system was 0.97, and the energy recovery rate was 75.7%. The research can provide important support for the development and application of the exogenous heating biomass continuous carbonization equipment. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Pyrolysis
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Batch data processing - Biological materials - Biomass - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Carbonization - Charcoal - Chemical analysis - Cracking (chemical) - Distillation - Electric furnaces - Energy balance - Energy resources - Energy utilization - Fuels - Process control - Proportional control systems - Quality control - Residence time distribution - Screws - Straw - Tar
Uncontrolled terms:Bio chars - Composition distributions - Development and applications - Influence of process parameters - Low-temperature pyrolysis - People's Republic of China - Physical and chemical properties - Pyrolysis characteristics
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 524 Solid Fuels - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.1 Control Systems - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.1 Probability Theory - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.31e+01%, Percentage 1.74e+00%, Percentage 3.62e+01%, Percentage 4.79e+01%, Percentage 7.57e+01%, Time 1.80e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20172803930341
Title:Development of digital design software platform AgriDEM for agricultural machinery parts
Authors:Fu, Hong (1); Wang, Changrui (1); Jin, Cong (1); Yu, Jianqun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun; 130012, China; (2) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun; 130022, China
Corresponding author:Yu, Jianqun(yujianqun@jlu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:1-9
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The traditional way to develop agricultural machinery parts, in which the test of feasibility of agricultural machinery parts is confirmed by manufacturing prototype machinery, is unable to meet the needs of agricultural production due to its shortcomings such as the long development cycle, the heavy workload and the low efficiency. Therefore, it's necessary to design and implement a digital design platform that combines mechanical analysis with computer simulation technology, and the design effect of agricultural machinery parts can be tested by using this platform instead of manufacturing prototype machinery. Therefore, a digital design software platform for agricultural machinery components i.e. AgriDEM (agricultural discrete element method) was designed and implemented through integrating CAD (computer aided design) with a self-developed analysis software based on the coupling of DEM-CFD-MBK (discrete element method, computational fluid dynamics, multi-body kinematics). The AgriDEM had 4 modules, i.e. boundary modeling, particle modeling, calculation, and visualization and analysis. Boundary modeling module could transform a CAD software design of agricultural machinery into an analysis model that could participate DEM calculation and DEM-CFD-MBK coupling calculation by the secondary development of CAD software or the read of the STL (standard template library) file. Particle modeling module was a software that could establish three-dimensional (3D) spherical particle models, 3D non-spherical particle models, 3D corn grain models, 3D soybean grain models, 3D wheat plant models, and so on. Non-spherical particle were filled with spherical particle. Calculation module was a software that could calculate the working process of agricultural machinery including the fluid process of particles and the contact conditions between the particles, separately with DEM or with the coupling of DEM-CFD-MBK. Visualization and analysis module was a software that could make calculation result visualized and analyze the performance of agricultural machinery. These 4 parts were coupled together by database or data file. During the development of the AgriDEM, C++ language was used to write code, and VS2010+MFC was chosen as the development platform. This platform could simulate, analyze and evaluate the working performance and working process of agricultural machinery in the design stage; by changing the CAD model of agricultural machinery parts, the working process with different principle, different structures and sizes of components and the work performance were evaluated and analyzed, so as to realize the optimization of agricultural machinery parts' structure and size parameters. The architecture of this platform was described in detail in this paper, and the implementation methods of the key technologies were introduced, including the modeling method of the boundaries model, the modeling method of the particles, the parallel computing method based on OpenMP, the module encapsulation method based on DLL (dynamic link library), and the development method of prototype system. Finally, the feasibility and the effectiveness of this platform were confirmed through testing instances. The new method in this study can provide the reference for the optimization design and digital design of agricultural machinery parts. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Computer aided design
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Application programming interfaces (API) - C++ (programming language) - Combines - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer aided analysis - Computer simulation - Computer software - Design - Finite difference method - Grain (agricultural product) - Machine design - Manufacture - Optimization - Software design - Spheres - Surveying - Visualization
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - CAE software - Computer simulation technology - Digital designs - Multi-body kinematics - Standard template library - Threedimensional (3-d) - Visualization and analysis
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 601 Mechanical Design - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20172803930376
Title:Rapid detection of salbutamol in fresh muscle tissues based on surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors:Zhai, Chen (1); Li, Yongyu (1); Peng, Yankun (1); Yang, Yu (1); Li, Yan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Research and Development Center for Agro-processing Equipment, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Peng, Yankun(ypeng@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:275-280
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this research, the surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique is used to develop a fast detecting method for the detection of salbutamol in muscle tissues and liver. Silver colloids used for SERS are prepared by the reduction of silver nitrate with sodium citrate. 10 mL of hydroxylamine hydrochloride/sodium hydroxide solution (1.5×10<sup>-2</sup>mol/L; 3×10<sup>-2</sup>mol/L, respectively) to 90 mL of silver nitrate solution (1.11×10<sup>-2</sup>mol/L), fully stirring and the silver colloids were obtained. Some constituents of muscle tissues and liver, such as protein, could significantly interfere with the SERS signal of salbutamol. Therefore, the ethyl acetate was used as the extraction solvent to precipitate the protein in muscle tissues and liver in alkaline (10% calcium carbonate solution), and the sample preparation method was simple and fast. This research was conducted based on a self-developed Raman system. The SERS spectra were obtained using 785 nm exciting radiation with 450 mW laser power and 5 s exposure time. Raman spectra of organic substances have severe fluorescence background, so it is crucial to remove fluorescence background from Raman signal first for subsequent signal analysis. In this study, Savitzky-Golay 5 points smoothing filter and the adaptive iteratively reweighted Penalized Least Squares (airPLS) correction method were used to remove the random noise and the fluorescence background for improving the accuracy of SERS results. In this research, we acquired the SERS spectra of salbutamol standard solution with different concentration from 10<sup>-3</sup>mg/L to 5.5 mg/L. The SERS signals intensities decreased when the concentrations decreased. The peak intensity of salbutamol at 621, 814, 1253, 1489, 1609 cm<sup>-1</sup>could be used for monitoring the salbutamol levels. It could be found that these Raman peaks of salbutamol were still quite clear even at low concentration of 0.005 mg/L. Regression models showed a good linear relationship (R<sup>2</sup>=0.968) between the intensity of characteristic spectral peaks and concentration of salbutamol. The reproducibility of SERS detection was a very important parameter for SERS method. SERS signals of 50 muscle tissue samples with the salbutamol at the same concentration were measured to evaluate the reproducibility, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 50 parallel samples at 621, 814, 1253, 1489, 1609 cm<sup>-1</sup>were 6.54%, 6.07%, 8.65%, 7.44%, 6.81%, which indicanted good stability of the present method. Muscle tissues and liver samples were prepared with salbutamol at the concentration of 0.01-5 and 0.02-5 mg/kg, respectively. After the pretreatment of spectra, linear relationships were constructed to predict salbutamol concentration respectively. The lowest detectable levels for salbutamol and salbutamol concentration were 0.01 and 0.02 mg/kg for muscle tissues and liver samples, respectively. The recovery rate of muscle tissues and liver samples are 60.2%-75.3% and 64.4%-76.0%, respectively. Therefore, we constructed the models based on 5 characteristic spectral peaks intensity and salbutamol concentration in muscle tissues and liver samples, and the determination coefficients R<sup>2</sup>were 0.912 and 0.921, respectively. The present study demonstrates a novel approach to detect salbutamol in muscle tissues and liver samples by using silver colloids, and the proposed method indicated a good potential for the evaluation of harmful additives in agricultural and animal product samples. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Tissue engineering
Controlled terms:Calcium carbonate - Colloids - Fluorescence - Histology - Iterative methods - Least squares approximations - Light transmission - Liver - Models - Muscle - Nitrates - Proteins - Raman spectroscopy - Regression analysis - Silver - Spectrum analysis - Tissue
Uncontrolled terms:Hydroxylamine hydrochloride - Muscle tissues - Nondestructive detection - Reduction of silver nitrates - Relative standard deviations - Salbutamol - Sample preparation methods - Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Classification code:461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 547.1 Precious Metals - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801.3 Colloid Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 5.00e-06kg/m3, Mass_Density 5.50e-03kg/m3, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 6.02e+01% to 7.53e+01%, Percentage 6.07e+00%, Percentage 6.44e+01% to 7.60e+01%, Percentage 6.54e+00%, Percentage 6.81e+00%, Percentage 7.44e+00%, Percentage 8.65e+00%, Power 4.50e-01W, Size 7.85e-07m, Time 5.00e+00s, Volume 1.00e-05m3, Volume 9.00e-05m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20172803930351
Title:Evaluation and test of effective spraying width of aerial spraying on plant protection UAV
Authors:Chen, Shengde (1, 2); Lan, Yubin (1, 2); Li, Jiyu (1, 2); Xu, Xiaojie (1, 2); Wang, Zhiguo (3); Peng, Bin (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviation Pesticides Spraying Technology, International Laboratory of Agricultural Aviation Pesticide Spraying Technology, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) Quanfeng Aviation Plant Protection Technology Co., LTD, Anyang; 455001, China; (4) XAIRCRAFT Co., LTD, Guangzhou; 510663, China
Corresponding author:Lan, Yubin(ylan@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:82-90
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the extensive application of plant protection UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) in China, the research of its low-attitude and low-volume spray technology has gradually become a research hotspot. At present, the domestic research on the aerial spraying application of plant protection UAV mainly focuses on the effect of aerial spraying operation parameters on the distribution of droplet deposition, while neglecting the evaluation and test of the effective spraying width of aerial spraying by plant protection UAV. It is a prerequisite for precision spraying operation of agricultural aviation to evaluate the effective spraying width of plant protection UAV accurately, and it has great significance to the planning of operation route and the improvement of spraying quality. Therefore, the effective spraying width of single-rotor and multi-rotor plant protection UAV was evaluated with the evaluation method of droplet density and 50% effective deposition amount method which were commonly used in China by the tests of 12 times with different flight parameters; and different evaluation methods were deeply analyzed with the image processing principle of DepositScan, which is an image processing software used to analyze the results of droplet deposition with the image of water-sensitive paper and other cards. The test results showed that: The evaluation method of 50% effective deposition amount was more suitable than the evaluation method of droplet density for evaluating the effective spraying width of plant protection UAV 3WQF120-12, which had a relatively larger droplets size, and the volume median diameter of droplet was about 270-380 μm. The average effective spraying width of plant protection UAV 3WQF120-12 was greater than or equal to 4.44 m with the evaluation method of 50% effective deposition amount. The evaluation method of droplet density was more suitable than the evaluation method of 50% effective deposition amount for evaluating the effective spraying width of plant protection UAV P-20, which had a relatively smaller droplets size, and the volume median diameter of droplet was about 130-175 μm. The average effective spraying width was greater than or equal to 2.58 m with the evaluation method of droplet density. The evaluating results of the effective spraying width of plant protection UAV P-20 were in accordance with the actual situation. At the same time, the droplet deposition midline of plant protection UAV 3WQF120-12 had shift with the wind direction, as well as plant protection UAV P-20. In addition, the analysis showed that the relative error produced by the software of DepositScan was different with the spot image produced by the droplets of different size due to the limitation of current image processing techniques. The relative differences of average diameters between the software of DepositScan and the stereoscopic microscope were 34.1%, 16.3%, 7.8%, 1.4% and 1.2% for 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 μm spots, respectively, and the relative measurement error of droplet diameter would increase with the droplet size decreasing. Therefore, we should choose the suitable evaluation method for the effective spraying width based on different droplets size of plant protection UAV. The evaluation method of 50% effective deposition amount should be chosen by plant protection UAV with a relatively larger droplets size, and the evaluation method of droplet density should be chosen by plant protection UAV with a relatively smaller droplets size. The results provide a guidance for selecting the more suitable evaluating method of effective spraying width for plant protection UAVs with different parameters, reduce the re-spraying rate and the missing spraying rate of aerial spraying operation, and improve the spraying quality of aerial spraying operation. The results provide the theoretical guidance and data support for precision spraying operation of plant protection UAV. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Air navigation - Deposition - Drops - Experiments - Image analysis - Image processing - Parameter estimation - Self assembly - Software testing - Spraying - Stereo image processing - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Uncontrolled terms:Choose - Effective spraying width - Evaluation method - Image-processing software - Precision operation - Relative measurement - UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) - Water sensitive paper
Classification code:431.5 Air Navigation and Traffic Control - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.5 Computer Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.20e+00%, Percentage 1.40e+00%, Percentage 1.63e+01%, Percentage 3.41e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 7.80e+00%, Size 1.00e-03m, Size 1.30e-04m to 1.75e-04m, Size 2.58e+00m, Size 2.70e-04m to 3.80e-04m, Size 4.44e+00m, Size 5.00e-04m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20172803930375
Title:Laser speckle image detection of chilled pork freshness based on improved moment of inertia algorithm
Authors:Cai, Jianrong (1); Liu, Menglei (1); Sun, Li (1); Lu, Yue (1); Yang, Hang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:268-274
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Laser speckle is a new type of nondestructive detection technology, which can be used to characterize the activity of biological samples. Based on the laser speckle technique, an experimental platform was designed to investigate the feasibility of detecting the freshness of chilled pork. The optical maser with the wavelength of 465 and 660 nm and the power of 6 mw was used in this study. 84 pieces of chilled pork 24 h after slaughter, were cut into 6 cm×6 cm×8 mm and placed in a transparent dish with a lid. After numbering them, the samples were kept at 4℃ until measurement. For each sample, 640 laser speckle images with the resolution of 640×480 pixels were obtained at a regular interval of 0.06 s. The step was repeated every day for 7 days. Afterwards the laser speckle images were processed with a traditional method. Firstly the grey-scale processing was conducted, the fixed line in each gray images obtained was extracted, and the THSP (time history of speckle pattern) image was constructed using them according to the storage time. Then the co-occurrence matrix (COM) was calculated. Finally, the inertia moment (IM) of the COM was calculated and considered as the activity value of samples. The results showed that the IM values obtained by the traditional method frequently had abnormal values, and the computational stability of the method was rather poor. The IM values could be influenced by the traditional algorithm and the selection of different row, through which it was found that the traditional method was prone to outliers in the calculation of the correction matrix. Besides, the choices of different rows had great influence on IM values. The IM values presented Gaussian-like distribution from the center of the laser speckle to the around. And the IM values of odd or even lines under different excitation wavelengths were various due to the Bayer arrangement of CCD (charge coupled device) camera pixel. In this study, 3 kinds of improvements about traditional algorithms were proposed according to above findings. First, the sort algorithm was designed to calculate the IM values by dynamically selecting 3 lines with the highest activity in speckle images. Second, the calculation method of modified matrix for COM was improved. Finally, the method of calculating the distance between non-zero element and the diagonal was improved. The results exhibited that the outlier disturbance was effectively suppressed by the improved method. The speckle activity of chilled pork showed an upward trend firstly and then downward along with the shelf life. Besides, the activity changes of pork were more sensitive under laser wavelength of 660 nm than that under laser wavelength of 465 nm. According to the measured total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and speckle activity IM to establish pork freshness prediction model, and the results showed that the discrimination under the laser wavelength of 465 nm was better than the 660 nm laser, and the recognition rate for the training set and the prediction set could reach 87.50% and 89.29%, respectively. Therefore, using laser speckle technique to detect the freshness of cold pork is feasible, and the traditional method can be replaced by the improved method. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Speckle
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Charge coupled devices - Image analysis - Image processing - Meats - Optical data processing - Pixels - Statistics
Uncontrolled terms:Chilled pork - Co-occurrence-matrix - Freshness - Laser speckle - Moment of inertia - Nondestructive determination
Classification code:714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1 Light/Optics - 822.3 Food Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.92e-02yr, Percentage 8.75e+01%, Percentage 8.93e+01%, Size 4.65e-07m, Size 6.60e-07m, Time 6.00e-02s, Time 8.64e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20172803930369
Title:Characteristic of leachate distribution at profile in straw anaerobic digestion with high solid content
Authors:Hei, Kunlun (1, 2); Chang, Zhizhou (2); Chen, Guangyin (2); Ye, Xiaomei (1, 2); Zhang, Yingpeng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210095, China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/East China Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Development and Utilization of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding author:Ye, Xiaomei(yexiaomei610@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:220-226
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:High solid content anaerobic digestion is an environment friendly and cost efficient way to dispose the organic wastes because of little water added and renewable energy produced. In high solid digestion system, substrate has little free water so that the mass transfer is inhibited frequently, leading to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulation and fermentation system failed easily. Many researchers report that leachate recirculation in reactors is an efficient way to enhance mass transfer leading the increase of anaerobic digestion efficiency. Most of the investigators are keen on making mathematics model to indicate the movement of leachate in substrates, these mathematical models require skillful person to play a key role in practices. Therefore, it is important to have better and easier understanding of leachate distribution characteristics in substrates. The trial was designed to determine such distribution. Lithium-Ion tracing method and contour map were used to achieve these goals. A batch wheat straw anaerobic digestion experiment was conducted at 14% total solid content and mesophilic conditions in special designed batch fermentation device, three treatments (T1, T2 & T3) were set to investigate the leachate distribution characteristics, and anaerobic digestion substrates for T1, T2 & T3 were all same. For T1, we divided the substrates into three equal parts by two separator plates. T2 was divided into two equal parts by one separator plate. T3 was not divided but as a whole. A certain amount of lithium chloride solution instead of leachate was circulated in T1, T2 & T3 at the end of fermentation. When the circulation process was over (no water dropped from the fermentation device bottom), we took the inner part of fermentation device out and froze them. The substrate profile was obtained by sawing off the substrate. Samples for measuring residue-lithium-Ion and Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) were taken from profile substrate regularly. The distribution characters of leachate in substrates were expressed by the contour map obtained by SUFER 8.0 based on residue-Lithium-Ion and EPS data. At the same time, the daily biogas production, methane content, layer wet bulk density before and after digestion were analyzed. The results showed that there were no significant differences among total biogas production, accumulation of TS biogas production, and methane content in T1, T2 & T3 treatments. At the end of fermentation, the layer wet bulk density of T1, T2 and T3 was high at the top layer and decreased generally. The wet bulk density of T3 decreased in substrate depth before reaching a constant of 0.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, but it was larger than the initial substrate wet bulk density of 0.58 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. From the Li<sup>+</sup>-residue contour map, the area of residue Li<sup>+</sup>content below 2 mg/kg in T1, T2 and T3 profile took up 2.32%, 12.69% and 20.66% of total profile area respectively, indicating that the "leachate dead zone" existed in three treatments. The conclusions drawn from profile EPS contour map were the same as these conducted from Li<sup>+</sup>-residual contour map, they both showed leachate recirculation was not homogeneous substrates high in straw solid content anaerobic digestion. These results provided scientific evidences on improvement of leachate recirculation technologies in high straw solid anaerobic digestion. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Biogas - Fatty acids - Fermentation - Infiltration - Ions - Lithium - Mass transfer - Methanation - Methane - Produced Water - Separators - Straw - Substrates - Volatile fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Distribution character - Distribution characteristics - Extracellular polymeric substances - High solid content - Homogeneous substrates - Leachate recirculation - Particle tracing - Volatile fatty acids (VFAs)
Classification code:542.4 Lithium and Alloys - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 5.80e+02kg/m3, Mass_Density 6.00e+02kg/m3, Percentage 1.27e+01%, Percentage 1.40e+01%, Percentage 2.07e+01%, Percentage 2.32e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20172803930364
Title:Optimization of back roof projection width and northern wall height in Chinese solar greenhouse
Authors:Cao, Yanfei (1); Jing, Haiwei (2); Zhao, Shumei (3); Zou, Zhirong (1); Bao, Encai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) The Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Department of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zou, Zhirong(zouzhirong2005@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:183-189
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The typical Chinese solar greenhouse, compared to other types of greenhouse, has the properties of low construction cost and low energy consumption when operating during winter days, which draws the attention of the researcher in the field of facility horticulture. In recent years, the structural parameters, such as span, ridge height and wall thickness in Chinese solar greenhouse have been extensively studied. However, the correlation relationship between reasonable back roof projection width (BRPW) and northern wall height (NWH) have always been inconsistent and require further investigation. In this study, a new method for calculating BRPW and NWH was obtained based on the reasonable periods where the northern wall surface receive direct solar radiation in different latitude regions. Firstly, the average monthly lowest temperature and the average monthly highest temperature were statistically analyzed in some cities from January to June in 1998-2012. The data showed that when the average monthly lowest temperature was close to or exceeded 0℃, the average monthly highest temperature was close to or exceeded 30℃. Therefore, combined with the traditional Chinese solar knowledge, it is suggested that when the average monthly lowest temperature was lower than 0℃, it was necessary to ensure that at least part of the northern wall can receive direct solar radiation between 10:00 to 14:00 each day. Based on this, the reasonable periods where the northern wall surface received direct solar radiation in Chinese solar greenhouse in different latitude regions were obtained. Then according to the change of the sun direct light in the reasonable periods, the method for calculating BRPW and NWH in Chinese solar greenhouse was obtained. The NWH of solar radiation, which were observed at 10:00 am on winter solstice, in the solar greenhouses with different spans, were calculated by using the typical structure parameters of Chinese solar greenhouse in previous studies. The effects of thermal environment analysis were in accordance with the results in literatures. The utilization of the method for modeling the NWH of solar radiation in the well-known Shouguang solar greenhouse in various date confirmed that the actual period where the northern wall accept the direct solar radiation was close to the reasonable period proposed in this study, further suggesting the feasibility of this method. The method has been used to calculate the front roof lighting angle, ridge height, BRPW and NWH in solar greenhouses with various spans in different cities in China. The ratio of BRPW to the span in solar greenhouse ranged from 0.04 to 0.23, which varied in in geographic locations and climatic conditions. When the climatic conditions in different areas were similar, the increase of latitude resulted in an increase of BRPW. The areas with lowest BRPW ratio (0.04 to 0.11) were located in Taiyuan, Xi'an, Lanzhou, Xining, Yinchuan and other low-latitude cold regions. These results suggested that the BRPW can be slightly decreased in cold areas and appropriately increased in warm regions. This method can provide theoretical guidance for optimal design of solar greenhouse in China. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Greenhouses
Controlled terms:Energy utilization - Radiation - Roofs - Solar heating - Solar radiation - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese solar greenhouse - Climatic conditions - Direct solar radiation - Highest temperature - Low energy consumption - Northern wall height - Projection width - Structural parameter
Classification code:525.3 Energy Utilization - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20172803930366
Title:Cooling effect of water pad-fan system for fattening pig houses in Beijing
Authors:Wang, Meizhi (1, 2); Zhao, Wanying (1); Liu, Jijun (1, 2); An, Tao (1); Yi, Lu (1); Wang, Gang (3); Wu, Zhonghong (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing; 100193, China; (3) National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100012, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Zhonghong(wuzhh@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:197-205
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:High temperature in summer will cause serious impact on the production performance of pigs. So it is very important to control temperature in the pig houses in Beijing, China. An experiment was conducted to compare the cooling effect of the water pad-fan and only fan in pig house in Beijing from July 24th to August 11th, 2015. Before testing the cooling effect, a manual test system for measuring fan ventilation rate was designed and applied to check if the ventilation rate of the experimental pig houses was appropriate. The water pad-area for the experimental pig house was checked too. A total of 188 finishing pigs (each pig 100-110 kg) were prepared for the experiment and divided into 2 pig houses averagely. Temperature and relative humidity outside the pig houses and temperature, relative humidity and wind speed at 6 sections in the pig houses were monitored. The results showed that the ventilation rate and water pad-area were up to the standard recommended by "Midwest Plan Service Structures and Environment Handbook". During the experimental period, the wind speed range at Section 1-6 in the water pad-fan pig house and the fan pig house was 0.51-0.84 and 0.51-0.68 m/s, respectively. There was insignificant difference between the water pad-fan pig house and the fan pig house for whole wind speed (P>0.05). The water pad-fan system could reduce the temperature inside the pig house by 12.3℃ at most compared to the temperature outside while the fan system could reduce the temperature inside the pig house by 7.6℃ compared to the temperature outside in the same experimental period. But when the temperature and relative humidity outside the pig houses were 36.5℃ and 60.1%, respectively, the water pad-fan system could not control the temperature inside the pig house below 31.7℃. During the 450 h experimental period, the time percentage for the water pad-fan pig house and fan pig house with indoor temperature of below 28.0℃ was 71.6% and 61.8%, respectively, and that above 30.0℃ was 5.0% and 20.2%, respectively. The temperature at Section 1 was 0.4-2.2℃ lower than that at Section 6 in the water pad-fan pig house while the temperature difference at different sections in the fan pig house was not significant (P>0.05). The relative humidity difference at different sections both in the water pad-fan pig house and in the fan pig house was not significant (P>0.05). Respiration rates in the water pad-fan pig house were reduced by 3.82 bpm (breaths per minute) at 12:00 and 3.05 bpm at 14:00 compared to those in the fan pig house (P<0.05), and respiration rate was affected by temperature (P<0.05). Being one kind of evaporative cooling method, the water pad-fan system would consume 1.20-6.27 m<sup>3</sup>water per day during the days with good cooling effect and the temperature was reduced by 4.0-12.3℃ compared to the temperature outside the pig houses. The temperature range reduced was not consistent with the water consumption at all time because the relative humidity was not the same in different days. These results indicate that the water pad-fan cooling system is better than the fan cooling system in pig houses in Beijing, China. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Mammals
Controlled terms:Cooling - Cooling systems - Evaporative cooling systems - Fans - Houses - Humidity control - Temperature control - Thermoelectric equipment - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Control temperatures - Evaporative cooling - Fan systems - Pig house - Production performance - Temperature and relative humidity - Temperature differences - Wind speed
Classification code:402.3 Residences - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 615.4 Thermoelectric Energy - 618.3 Blowers and Fans - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 731.3 Specific Variables Control
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.00e+02kg to 1.10e+02kg, Percentage 2.02e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 6.01e+01%, Percentage 6.18e+01%, Percentage 7.16e+01%, Time 1.62e+06s, Velocity 5.10e-01m/s to 6.80e-01m/s, Volume 1.20e+00m3 to 6.27e+00m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20172803930363
Title:Establishment of environmental impact assessment index system on agricultural planning
Authors:Ding, Jingtao (1); Zhang, Yuhua (1); Cheng, Hongsheng (1); Shen, Yujun (1); Song, Liqiu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Energy and Environmental Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100125, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Yuhua(zhangyuhua@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:177-182
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Environmental impact assessment (EIA) on agricultural planning is one of the important measures, which can control the agricultural environmental pollution such as soil erosion, soil salinization, fertilizer pollution, and agricultural wastes at the headstream, and harmonize agricultural economic growth and agro-ecological environment to realize agricultural sustainable development. According to the "Environmental Impact Assessment Law of People's Republic of China", it is required that EIA should be conducted on agricultural planning. However, EIA is still at its beginning stage of exploration and summarizing experience in China, because of its wide assessment scale and the comprehensive evaluation methods, especially the index system, which is more complex than that in other industries. The absence of index system is the dominating obstacle to develop the steps and methods of EIA on agricultural planning at present. In order to implement the EIA on agricultural planning effectively, the development situation and existing problems of agricultural planning EIA were concluded firstly in this paper based on the domestic and foreign researches results. Through the analysis on theory and material example, the result showed that the agricultural planning at county level was the most, which almost accounted for 45% of the total agricultural planning. County-level government always takes charge of the implementation of the EIA on agricultural planning. It is suggested that EIA on agricultural planning at county level should be included in the assessment scale at present in China. Secondly, the existing evaluation indicators in public documents and other researches were also systematically summarized and studied. The result showed that the evaluation indicators were various and in great number (more than 150). Some of the indicators were not representative and had low practicability. It was required that the key evaluation indicators should be selected scientifically and precisely. Therefore, thirdly, the theory of strategic environmental impact assessment, the prior planning in China, and the characteristics of agricultural resources and environment were studied in this paper, as well as the identification of agro-environmental impact. With the methods of the basic indicator mode, expert consultation and example demonstration, the index systems of EIA on planting industry and animal husbandry planning were determined. Generally, indicator layer mainly contained 14 and 9 specific sub-indicators for planting industry EIA and animal husbandry planning EIA, respectively. The indicator system contained environmental, resource, ecological and social aspects, after surveying the characteristics of physical and sociological environments. Lastly, some suggestions for the development of EIA on agricultural planning were proposed in this paper. The wrong viewpoints that "agricultural activities do not cause environmental pollution" and "EIA on agricultural planning has no substantive effect" must be abandoned and corrected in today's China. The legal status of EIA on agricultural planning must be elevated by strengthening the supervision of the relevant laws and normalizing assessment procedure. Meanwhile, trace evaluation must be strengthened due to the hysteresis and cumulative effects of the environmental impact caused by agricultural activity. Furthermore, it is necessary that the index systems of EIA on other agricultural industry such as leisure agriculture should be made in the further research. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Environmental impact
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Animals - Ecology - Economics - Environmental impact assessments - Environmental regulations - Pollution - Pollution control - Social aspects - Soil conservation - Soil pollution control - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural activities - Agricultural planning - Comprehensive evaluation - Ecological environments - Environmental impact assessments (EIA) - Environmental pollutions - Index systems - People's Republic of China
Classification code:454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 901.4 Impact of Technology on Society - 971 Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.50e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20172803930355
Title:Effects of alternative stress of drought and waterlogging on rice leaf anatomical structure at tillering stage
Authors:Lu, Hongfei (1, 2); Guo, Xiangping (2); Zhen, Bo (1); Qiao, Dongmei (1); Zhou, Xinguo (1); Wang, Zhenchang (2); Liu, Chuncheng (1); Yang, Bo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang; 453002, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Xiangping(xpguo@hhu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:116-122
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Vascular bundle is the main microstructure of rice plants, which is conducive to the growth of leaf and photosynthetic rate, and the greater the vascular bundle, the more the number, the better the supply of nutrients. Pot experiments were performed to research the effects of alternative stress of drought and waterlogging at tillering stage on rice leaf anatomical structure, including the number, area and perimeter of large (small) vascular bundles, sectional area and perimeter of major vein, area of bulliform cell group and sectional area of side blade, and 2 treatments were set up in 2013: waterlogging-light drought (LD) and waterlogging-severe drought (HD), in which the water depth of waterlogging was 10 cm, using regular irrigation (CK) as the control. The experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of Key Laboratory of Efficient Irrigation-Drainage and Agricultural Soil-Water Environment in Southern China (Hohai University), Ministry of Education. The results showed that alternative stress of drought and waterlogging decreased the number of large (small) vascular bundles, but there was no significant difference compared to the CK; after the first drought for 5 d (Stage I), the sectional area of major vein of LD treatment was reduced by 31.13% compared to the CK (P<0.05), and that of HD treatment was reduced by 13.9×10<sup>4</sup>μm<sup>2</sup>, which yet had no significant difference with the CK; the area and perimeter of large vascular bundle of side blade were reduced by 28.87% and 15.79% for LD treatment, respectively, and by 24.74% and 13.16% for HD treatment, respectively, and the area and perimeter of small vascular bundle of side blade for LD and HD treatments were also lower than that of the CK. After waterlogging for 5 d (Stage II), the perimeter of small vascular bundle of side blade for LD and HD treatments had no significant difference with the CK, and that of LD treatment was reduced by 0.13×10<sup>2</sup>μm compared to HD treatment. Except large vascular bundle, other indices of HD treatment were all over than the CK, indicating that leaf development showed a certain compensation effect. Five days after waterlogging (Stage III), the sectional area of major vein of LD and HD treatments was significantly reduced by 24.6×10<sup>4</sup>and 29.1×10<sup>4</sup>μm<sup>2</sup>respectively compared to the CK, and the development of side blade organ was also behind the CK. After the second drought for 5 d (Stage IV), the area of large vascular bundle of major vein for LD and HD treatments was significantly reduced by 19.42% and 29.13% respectively compared to the CK; the area and perimeter of large vascular bundle of side blade under LD treatment had no significant difference with the CK, and those under HD treatment were significantly lower than LD treatment and CK. The areas of bulliform cell group of LD and HD treatments were lower than the CK when the rice was in drought, and especially in Stage III, the areas of bulliform cell group were significantly reduced by 0.38×10<sup>2</sup>and 0.57×10<sup>2</sup>μm<sup>2</sup>, respectively; the sectional areas of side blade of LD and HD treatments in Stage I, III and IV were lower than the CK, while in Stage II, the sectional area of side blade of HD treatment was higher than the CK, but the difference was not significant. After the water stress, the development of the main vein's large vascular bundle was inhibited, and the development of side blade was also subject to certain persecution, but the persecution of rice leaves under severe drought treatment was increased after the second drought stage, while it was reduced under light drought treatment, indicating that the rice drought tolerance was enhanced, and after the drought stress, the waterlogging tolerance of rice was still strong. The results of this study can provide the basis for the development of appropriate water management plan and the research of rice photosynthesis. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Drought
Controlled terms:Agronomy - Cells - Cytology - Irrigation - Plants (botany) - Research and development management - Stresses - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Alternative stress of drought and waterlogging - Anatomical structures - Compensation effects - Leaf - Ministry of Education - Photosynthetic rate - Rice - Vascular bundle
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 901.3 Engineering Research
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.32e+01%, Percentage 1.58e+01%, Percentage 1.94e+01%, Percentage 2.47e+01%, Percentage 2.89e+01%, Percentage 2.91e+01%, Percentage 3.11e+01%, Size 1.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20172803930365
Title:Analysis and experiment on thermal insulation performance of outer building envelope for closed layer house in winter
Authors:Wang, Yang (1, 2); Li, Baoming (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Beijing Engineering Research Center for Animal Healthy Environment, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Li, Baoming(libm@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:190-196
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The main considered environmental factors affecting performance of poultry is temperature. Thermal insulation performance of building component is the key factor that affects temperature stability, which is essential to ensure the bird's well-being, maximum productivity and efficient feed utilization. Generally, laying hen houses are not equipped with heating system in winter, the temperature meets the requirements of layer hen rely on sensible heat production of layers. Bird's sensible heat production and good insulation of building component are generally sufficient to maintain the houses temperature. If the stocking density is low or poorly insulated buildings, it's difficult to meet the layer house environment requirements, including temperature, humidity and air quality. Improving thermal insulation performance of the building component would reduce heat loss and increasing stocking density could raise sensible heat production. However, ideal ventilation control system is required to ensure that aerial pollution emissions levels are within the acceptable limits and not to result in unnecessary ventilation heat losses. As such, minimum ventilation rate is particularly important. It is crucial for indoor temperature level and uniformity. Layer house minimum ventilation and air flow are crucial not only for indoor temperature and humidity, but also for temperature control uniformity. But there was a lack of information about the design theories. No information could be found in the literature that optimum relationship between thermal insulation performance of the layer house component and stocking density in laying-hen housing systems with different climatic regions in China. It was required to settle the urgent issue on how to determine the layer houses component thermal insulation performance under different climate zones, especially in the layer house building construction and environmental control fields. The objectives of this article was to analyze on minimum thermal resistance of building component in different climatic regions of China, and according the law of energy and quality conservation, to build dynamic heat balance model for layer house. A model was developed to determine the thermal insulation performance. It was important to build dynamic heat balance model in layer house, in order to maintain the temperature of the house of laying hen and to keep the healthy environment of layer hen. Those can reduce the energy consumption and construction cost, providing a guidance for laying house thermal insulation system design. In this paper, we conducted theoretical analysis and numerical calculation the building component minimum thermal resistance under the different climate regions and built steady-state heat balance theory model for layer house. Results showed that: 1) When calculated temperatures were -25℃ (Northeastern China), -15℃ (Northern and Northwestern China), -0℃ (South of the Yangtze River China), the minimum thermal resistance of the layer hen houses walls should not be less than 0.778, 0.972, and 0.573 m<sup>2</sup>·℃/W, and the minimum thermal resistance for the ceiling should not be less than, 0.716, 0.266, and 0.333 m<sup>2</sup>·℃/W respectively for the above mentioned three regions. 2) A-frame cage of three tiers, semi-A-frame cage of four tiers, four overlap tiers cages, six overlap tiers cages, and eight overlap tiers cages, with maximum stocking density and outdoor design temperature should not be lower than -14, -17, -19, -22, -23℃. As such, dynamic thermal balance of layer house can be achieved. The results of this study provided theoretical foundation for the design of insulation system for closed layer hen house. Those research results can reduce the energy consumption and construction cost and providing a theoretical basis for layer house thermal insulation design system. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Thermal insulation
Controlled terms:Air quality - Birds - Building components - Buildings - Climate models - Cost reduction - Electric circuit breakers - Energy utilization - Environmental engineering - Environmental management - Facilities - Heat losses - Heat resistance - Heating - Historic preservation - Houses - Humidity control - Insulation - Pollution control - River pollution - Solar buildings - Space heating - Specific heat - Structural design - Ventilation
Uncontrolled terms:Building envelopes - Environmental control - Environmental factors - Heat consumption - Insulation performance - Numerical calculation - Theoretical foundations - Thermal insulation systems
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 402.3 Residences - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 413 Insulating Materials - 413.2 Heat Insulating Materials - 443 Meteorology - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 453 Water Pollution - 454.1 Environmental Engineering, General - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 643.1 Space Heating - 643.5 Ventilation - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20172803930372
Title:Assessment of risk and carbon sequestration function of land consolidation based on landscape pattern
Authors:Dong, Yuhong (1); Liu, Shiliang (2); Wang, Jun (3); Hou, Xiaoyun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing; 100091, China; (2) State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing; 100875, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation of Land and Resources Ministry, Beijing; 100812, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Shiliang(Shiliangliu@bnu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:246-253
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Land consolidation has been regarded as an important measure to realize quantity equilibrium of cultivated land. However, the ecological environmental problem of land consolidation has received widespread concern. There may exist some ecological risks under the consolidation of the western fragile area. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of land consolidation on ecological risk and carbon sequestration function by construction of ecological risk index and simulation of carbon storage services. Due to the lack of ecosystem services in ecological risk study, by analyzing the relationship between changes of ecological risk and carbon storage services in the consolidation district before and after land consolidation, the possibility of the application of ecosystem services in ecological risk assessment was discussed. Taking the great land consolidation area in western Jinlin Province as the study area, ecological risk and carbon storage services of land consolidation were assessed based on landscape pattern change. Based on 1:10000 current landuse map (in 2008) before land consolidation and 1:10000 land consolidation map (in 2014), the ecological risks were assessed based on landscape loss index and area ratio of landscape type, and the changes of carbon storage services were analyzed with the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model. The results showed that land consolidation resulted in great change of landscape pattern, the dominant landscape types changed from saline-alkali land and grassland to cultivated land. The fragmentation index and isolation index of cultivated land decreased, while that of saline-alkali land and grassland increased. After land consolidation, the ecological loss degree of cultivated land, construction land and other land decreased, while that of other landscape types presented an increasing trend. By re-sample in the district, the ecological risk of each ecological risk sub-area was calculated. The integrated ecological risk of the land consolidation district changed from 5.57 to 5.25. After land consolidation, the ecological risk of the consolidation district decreased. According to the scope of ecological risk, 5 ecological risk grades were separated with the equal interval method. If ecological risk was less than 0.01-0.02, the ecological risk grade was low; if ecological risk was 0.02-0.03, the ecological risk grade was lower; if ecological risk was >0.03-0.04, the ecological risk grade was medium; if ecological risk was >0.04-0.05, the ecological risk grade was higher; and if ecological risk was over 0.05, the ecological risk grade was high. The ecological risk grades of the land consolidation district were mainly lower and medium. After land consolidation, the percentage of the areas with the lower and medium risk grade deceased by 8.87% and 1.16%, respectively, and that of low, higher and high grade increased by 8.19%, 1.32% and 0.51%, respectively. The simulation results of InVEST model showed that the carbon storage in the consolidation district before and after land consolidation was 990.82 and 1 145.22 million ton, respectively, and carbon storage increased by 154.40 million ton after land consolidation. Land consolidation led to an increase in carbon sequestration function. The relationship analysis showed that the change of carbon storage service in the consolidation area was significantly negatively correlated with the change of ecological risk; with the decrease of ecological risk, the carbon storage increased, and the carbon storage decreased with the increase of ecological risk. It is suggested that the ecosystem service change is possible to be applied in ecological risk assessment. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Risk assessment
Controlled terms:Carbon capture - Consolidation - Ecology - Ecosystems - Forestry - Land use - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon sequestration - Change of landscape patterns - Ecological risk assessment - Ecological risk index - Environmental problems - Landscape pattern changes - Relationship analysis - Valuation of ecosystem services
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454 Environmental Engineering - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.16e+00%, Percentage 1.32e+00%, Percentage 5.10e-01%, Percentage 8.19e+00%, Percentage 8.87e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20172803930359
Title:Physicochemical properties and water holding characteristics of Tianjin coastal saline soil improved by foreign soil
Authors:Li, Pinfang (1, 2); Yang, Yongli (3); Lan, Tian (1, 2); Guo, Shiwen (1); Zhang, Kai (3); Han, Jiwei (1); Zhang, Qing (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100193, China; (3) Tianjin TEDA Green Group Co., ltd., Tianjin; 300457, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Shiwen(guosw@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:149-156
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The method of soil replacement removes saline alkali soil and backfills with the soil, which has excellent physical and chemical properties and is suitable for plant growth, and this method can achieve the purpose of soil improvement in a short time compared with other technologies. Studying the physical and chemical properties of the soil, which has been amended with the method of soil replacement, has a very important meaning to the evaluation of soil improvement effect, the establishment of irrigation system in the improved area, and the improvement of soil replacement technologies. This study focuses on the physicochemical properties and water holding characteristics in the 5 sampled layers of the costal saline soil and the soil after foreign soil amelioration in Hangu District, Binhai New Area, Tianjin. Towards these 2 kinds of soil, the basic physicochemical properties of different layers within the depth of 0-60 cm are analyzed, as well as the soil water characteristic curve. In addition, The van Genuchten model (VG), the dual-porosity model (DP), the Brooks and Corey model (BC) and the lognormal distribution model (LND) were used to fit the soil water characteristic curve, respectively. The applicability of these models and the variety of soil moisture parameters were compared and evaluated. Upon the achievement of the optimal fitting model, more details were given, such as field water capacity, available water content, rapidly available water content, and permanent wilting point. The results showed that the conductivity of the soil after foreign soil amelioration was much lower than that of the costal saline soil, which was decreased by up to 97%. The average value of the conductivity in different soil layers was only 2.82% of that of the coastal saline soil. The density values of the 2 kinds of soil in all layers were estimated to exceed 1.4 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, only except 0-10 cm layer of the soil after foreign soil amelioration which was 1.30 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. The available water content in different layers of the soil after foreign soil amelioration was about 4% lower than that of the coast saline soil. Compared with the costal saline soil, the relative field water capacity value of the soil after foreign soil amelioration generally decreases, especially down to 67% in term of relative field water capacity in 0-10 cm layer. However, it still exceeded 70% at other layers. The rapidly available water contents of coastal saline soil and soil after foreign soil amelioration both vary from 0.07 to 0.14 cm<sup>3</sup>/cm<sup>3</sup>, and the average rapidly available water contents in different soil layers were both 0.10 cm<sup>3</sup>/cm<sup>3</sup>. The available water content in different layers of the soil after foreign soil amelioration was about 4% lower than that of the coast saline soil. The soil amendment measure in this study does not significantly improve the rapidly available water content and the available water content of coastal saline soil. The mean value of determination coefficient for fitting model follows the sequence as LND (0.9496)>VG (0.9349)>DP (0.9347)>BC (0.8845). Generally, the lognormal distribution model was the best one for fitting the water characteristic curve of both the costal saline soil and the soil after foreign soil amelioration. The salinization degree of the costal saline alkali soil after foreign soil amelioration decreased significantly compared to that before soil replacement, with the relative field water capacity of the costal saline soil slightly varying. Considering the relative field water capacity, the soil after foreign soil amelioration is still not suitable for plant growth, except the 0-10 cm layer soil. And there was no obvious improvement in water holding characteristics and physical properties, which had not reached the recommended value in the quality standard of garden planting soil. The heavy clay soil texture is an important factor to restrict the soil quality, which affects soil resources development and utilization in this area. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Biological materials - Chemical properties - Clay - Clay products - Codes (symbols) - Curve fitting - pH - Porosity - Saline water - Soil moisture - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Coastal saline soils - Determination coefficients - Development and utilizations - Permanent wilting points - Physical and chemical properties - Physicochemical property - Soil-water characteristic curve - Water holding
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 801 Chemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 812.1 Ceramics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.30e+03kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.40e+03kg/m3, Percentage 2.82e+00%, Percentage 4.00e+00%, Percentage 6.70e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Percentage 9.70e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.00e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 6.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20172803930371
Title:Land use change driven by Sloping Land Conversion Program in typical watershed on Loess Plateau and its rationality evaluation
Authors:Wang, Bin (1, 2); Zhang, Zhiqiang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating of State Forestry Administration, College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Jixian National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Linfen; 042200, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Zhiqiang(Zhqzhang@bjfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:235-245
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To combat the severe soil erosion and improve the regional eco-environment, the Chinese central government initiated the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) in 1999. This program implemented on the Loess Plateau has resulted in dramatic land use change in the region. It is of significance to understand the land use change and its rationality for developing effective strategies in the next period of the program in the region. In this study, we explored the spatiotemporal characteristics of land use change over 2000-2014 in Qingshuihe Watershed (436 km<sup>2</sup>) located in the west Shanxi Province, a typical watershed on the Loess Plateau. Land use data for 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2014 were interpreted from TM/ETM+ images by using the supervised classification method. To improve the interpretation accuracy, the high-resolution images of Google Earth were used to revise the supervised classification results. The concept of rational degree was introduced for evaluating the rationality of land use change. The discriminant criterion for rationality was developed based on the integrated analysis of ordinances, regulations, and policy of SLCP as well as the studies about soil erosion and vegetation succession on the Loess Plateau. The results showed that the land use structure of the watershed had changed significantly. Land use ratio of farmland: orchard: forestland: grassland was evolved from 1:0.06:2.05:3.95 in 2000 to 1:3.22:12.03:5.51 in 2014. From 2000 to 2005, the percentage of farmland and grassland decreased to 9.19% and 52.76%, while the percentage of orchard and forestland increased to 1.82% and 35.64% respectively. Incented by the favorable subsidy of SLCP, farmland on gentle slope(<15°) was even converted to forestland and grassland, leading to the low rational level of land use change with the rational degree of only 78.60%. In order to improve the livelihood of the program participating farmers, the local government carried out the construction of basic farmland and orchard actively in 2005-2011. Some grassland was converted to high-quality basic farmland, but at the same time large amounts of sloping farmland and grassland were converted to orchard, leading to the decrease of farmland and grassland and increase of orchard. The percentage of farmland and grassland decreased to 7.62% and 43.19% respectively, while the percentage of orchard increased to 6.29% during this period. Moreover, forestland coverage increased from 35.64% to 41.69%. The overall rational degree of land use change increased to 91.71% that was a high rational level. With the further expansion of apple tree planting from 2011 to 2014, farmland and grassland were continuously converted to orchard. The percentage of orchard increased to 14.52%, while the percentage of farmland and grassland decreased to 4.51% and 24.89%, respectively. Forestland had been increasing constantly up to 54.30% of the total watershed. The overall rational degree of land use change was up to 95.20%.We suggest that the ultimate objectives of SLCP should be focused on achieving the balanced tradeoffs between grain production, economic trees and ecological forests and the integration in the policy instrument for implementing more effectively the program. More specifically, major efforts for next period of SLCP for this watershed should be implemented by improving the stability, structure and function of current ecological plantation forests established while maintaining a reasonable farmland scale and controlling the expansion of orchard. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Ecology - Erosion - Forestry - Land use - Landforms - Orchards - Reforestation - Remote sensing - Sediments - Supervised learning - Vegetation - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Discriminant criteria - High resolution image - Loess Plateau - Rational degree - Sloping land - Spatiotemporal characteristics - Supervised classification - Vegetation successions
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444.1 Surface Water - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
Numerical data indexing:Area 4.36e+08m2, Percentage 1.45e+01%, Percentage 1.82e+00%, Percentage 2.49e+01%, Percentage 3.56e+01%, Percentage 3.56e+01% to 4.17e+01%, Percentage 4.32e+01%, Percentage 4.51e+00%, Percentage 5.28e+01%, Percentage 5.43e+01%, Percentage 6.29e+00%, Percentage 7.62e+00%, Percentage 7.86e+01%, Percentage 9.17e+01%, Percentage 9.19e+00%, Percentage 9.52e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 39>
Accession number:20172803930352
Title:Design and experiment of automatic detection device for soil column infiltration capacity
Authors:Jia, Weibing (1); Yang, Qiliang (1); Li, Jianian (1); Liu, Xiaogang (1); Yang, Jurui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650500, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Qiliang(yangqilianglovena@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:91-99
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this research, a new automatic device was designed for the indoor soil column infiltration detection, which was mainly composed of a sensor position adjusting device, a soil sample laying device, a water supply device, a frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) soil moisture sensor, a CLZ-A pressure-strain type sensor, an Arduino mega 2560 development board, an Arduino UNO development board, a TB6600 byte rotor driver and upper desk software. The sensor position adjusting device was composed of the FDR soil moisture sensor, a 28BYJ-48 byte rotor, two 42BYGH47 byte rotors and four limit switches. The FDR soil moisture sensor was driven by 28BYGJ-48 byte rotor in the horizontal direction. The FDR soil moisture sensor was driven by 42BYGH47 byte rotor in the vertical direction. Two limit switches were fixed on both sides of the FDR soil moisture sensor in the horizontal direction. The other limit switch was fixed on both sides of the FDR soil moisture sensor in the vertical direction. The soil sample laying device was a cylinder with holes made of acrylic materials. The probe of FDR soil water moisture sensor could go in or out of the holes. The cylinder was driven by a 57BYG250B byte rotor until the soil moisture sensor probe could go in or go out from the holes in the cylinder. The water supply device was composed of a Markov bottle, a CLZ-A pressure-strain type sensors and a support board. The CLZ-A pressure-strain type sensor was placed in the bottom of Markov bottle. The signal of the CLZ-A pressure-strain type sensor was transformed into digital signal by HX711 24 bit A/D transfer, and then the digital signal was inputted into Arduino UNO interface. FDR soil moisture sensors could give digital signal, which was inputted into Ardunio mega 2560 interface. The 28BYJ-48 byte rotor was controlled by the ULN2003 byte rotor driver, and the 42BYGH 47 byte rotor and 57BYG250B byte rotor were controlled by the TB6600 byte rotor driver. Both ULN2003 byte rotor driver and TB6600 byte rotor driver received control signal that came from Arduino mega 2560 single-chip. The area of FDR soil water moisture sensor was on the surface of a cylinder. When the FDR soil moisture was driven into the soil column in the horizontal direction, there was a one-to-one correspondence between response of FDR soil moisture sensor and water content of the soil column. For this reason, with the infiltration continued, the wetting front moved downward and the detection device obtained the change of soil moisture. According to the 4 basic assumptions of Green-Ampt, when the wetting front had arrived the highest position of area that soil moisture sensor detected, the value of sensor would become bigger until the wetting front had reached the lowest position. When the value change was less than or equaled to 5%, the sensor position adjusting device would adjust the FDR soil moisture sensor position and the next position would be detected. Main interface of upper desk had been designed using the LabVIEW software. To evaluate the device's measuring accuracy, the FDR soil moisture sensor had detected a series of soil samples with different bulk densities (1.15, 1.20, and 1.25 g/cm<sup>3</sup>). Each soil sample was tested 3 times and the infiltration water head was 10 mm. The response of FDR soil moisture sensor was measured by the device. The results showed that the sensor position adjusting device and soil sample container all could return to the initial position successfully. The success rate of the sensor returning to the initial position and in or out of the soil column was 100%, indicating the reliability of the device for automatic detection. Compared with the soil moisture determined by the oven-drying method, the sensor measurement results had the maximum relative error of -4.4%, suggesting the reliability of soil moisture detection by the sensor. Compared with the wetting front obtained by the labor method, the maximum and the minimum relative distance measurement error of the wetting front position were -12.9% and -4.2%. The maximum relative error for the artificially measured and automatically detected cumulative infiltration was only 2.27% and the maximum root mean square error was 0.65 g. Those results demonstrated that the device developed could be used as the reliable soil column infiltration automatic test platform. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Moisture control
Controlled terms:Bottles - Computer programming languages - Cylinders (containers) - Cylinders (shapes) - Errors - Infiltration - Mean square error - Moisture - Moisture meters - Probes - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils - Water content - Water supply - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic Detection - Cumulative infiltrations - Device design - Frequency domain reflectometry - Maximum relative errors - Root mean square errors - Soil column - Wetting fronts
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 694.2 Packaging Materials - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.1 Moisture Measuring Instruments - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Mass 6.50e-04kg, Mass_Density 1.25e+03kg/m3, Percentage -1.29e+01%, Percentage -4.20e+00%, Percentage -4.40e+00%, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 2.27e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Size 1.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 40>
Accession number:20172803930357
Title:Effects of gravel mulch on soil hydro-thermal process and rain-fed wheat-maize yields
Authors:Wang, Donglin (1, 2); Feng, Hao (1, 2, 3); Li, Yi (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Institute of Water and Soil Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Hao(nercwsi@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:132-139
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rain-fed farming in semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau in China is constrained by low temperatures and water limitations at the early crop growth stage, and the gravel mulch technology as an effective strategy has been used for centuries to conserve soil water and increase soil temperature. To reveal the effects of gravel mulch on soil moisture, soil temperature, rain-fed crop growth as well as yield, a field study of consecutive wheat-maize rotation was conducted in Shannxi Province in the year of 2013-2015. The field experiment was arranged under natural rain-fed conditions with 5 gravel mulching levels, including control with no mulch (CK), surface gravel mulch of 25% (GM1), surface gravel mulch of 50% (GM2), surface gravel mulch of 75% (GM3) and surface gravel mulch of 100% (GM4). The results showed that soil moisture was significantly and positively correlated with gravel mulch degree (GMD), and soil moisture increased with the increase of GMD; compared with the other 4 gravel mulch treatments, GM4 treatment obtained the maximum soil water storage. Gravel mulch acted as a layer with water holding capacity, which not only reduced water loss in the drought period, but also intercepted rainfall in the wet period. Along with the increase of GMD, the water maintaining capacity in the dry period and the ability of rainfall interception in the rainy period were both enhanced. Gravel mulch had an effective effect on soil temperature conservation; the daily average soil temperatures in the different depths of the 4 gravel mulch treatments were all higher than the control, and 100% gravel mulch was the maximum. In order to investigate how gravel mulch affected soil temperature in the hot and cold period, we tested the soil temperature in the extreme coldest (from -5 to 0℃) and hottest (40-45℃) weather conditions during the winter wheat and summer maize growing season. Gravel mulch acted as a regulator of soil temperature, and thus soil temperature could actively respond to extremely cold or hot weather. In the extremely cold period, air temperature was around from -5 to 0℃, soil temperature of GM4 was 5℃ higher than CK, and soil temperatures of the other 3 gravel mulch treatments were all higher than CK; in the extremely hot period, air temperature was around 40-45℃, soil temperature of GM4 was 3.7℃ less than CK, and soil temperature of the other 3 gravel mulch treatments was all less than CK. Soil warming ability responding to air temperature and soil moisture was greatly different; the 4 gravel mulch treatments were all higher than the control treatment, and 100% gravel mulch was the maximum. So gravel mulch could effectively stabilize soil temperature. As for the effects of gravel mulch on crop growth and yield, plant height and leaf area index were not significantly different in the winter wheat growing season, while in summer maize growing season, plant height and leaf area index of the 4 gravel mulch treatments were all significantly higher than the control, and the 100% gravel mulch was the maximum. Study also showed that wheat and maize yields increased with the increase of GMD, and the average yield of 2 growing seasons for winter wheat and summer maize under 100% gravel mulch treatment was 58.55% and 22.50% higher than the control, respectively. These results demonstrated that the gravel mulch technology could effectively increase soil moisture and maintain soil temperature and was beneficial to promote crop growth and ultimately affect the crop production. Overall, we conclude that gravel mulch technology provides a new idea to positively cope with water limitation and climate change and promote agricultural production in arid and semi-arid area of Northwest China. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Soil conservation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Arid regions - Atmospheric temperature - Climate change - Crops - Cultivation - Drought - Gravel - Moisture - Rain - Soil moisture - Soils - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Arid and semi-arid areas - Crop growth and yields - Maize - Response mechanisms - Water holding capacity - Winter wheat - Yield
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 2.25e+01%, Percentage 5.85e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 41>
Accession number:20172803930353
Title:Effects of designed flow rate and soil texture on infiltration characteristics of porous ceramic irrigation emitters
Authors:Cai, Yaohui (1); Wu, Pute (1, 2, 3); Zhang, Lin (2, 3); Zhu, Delan (1, 3); Chen, Junying (1, 3); Yang, Fan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Pute(gjzwpt@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:100-106
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Subsurface irrigation has been achieved by using pitchers, pots and ceramic tubes, which has gained a certain degree of interest in arid regions due to its high-water use efficiency. Porous ceramic irrigation emitter is an improved version of the traditional method of subsurface irrigation, and it has good performance and low cost. In order to minimize evaporation losses and deep percolation, a proper design for an irrigation system with ceramic emitters as the core component is required. In this study, we investigated the effects of designed flow rate and soil type on seepage characteristics of soil water content under the irrigation system with ceramic emitter. Soil tank laboratory experiments were conducted with 2 different soil types and 3 designed flow rates. The designed flow rates were 0.72, 1.87 and 4.40 L/h for the 2 soil types (Lou soil and Loessial soil). The Marriote bottle with 15 cm in diameter and 66 cm in height was used to supply water for the ceramic emitter during the experiment, the designed working pressure was 20 cm. The cumulative infiltration was measured by different water levels in Markov bottle. Porous ceramic emitter was prepared by a sintering and compression molding technology using silica, talc and silica sol as raw materials. The discharge coefficient of ceramic emitter was 4.23, 11.71, and 22.85, respectively. When the soil tank was filled with soil, the soil moisture sensors were installed around the ceramic emitter to record the changes of soil water content. The variations of cumulative infiltration, infiltration rate, soil water content, and soil water potential around emitters in the 6 different treatments were analyzed. The results showed that: 1) Infiltration rate of ceramic emitter in the soil decreased gradually with time and finally stabilized. On the contrary, the soil water content around the emitter increased rapidly, tending to approach saturation; 2) Soil texture had a great influence on the infiltration rate. The infiltration rate in lou soil was smaller than that in the loessial soil under the same designed flow rate. Designed flow rate had a great effect on the emitter flow rate in the soil. The average emitter flow rate increased at first then decreased with increase of the designed flow rate; 3) The change of soil water potential was the direct cause for changing of infiltration rate. When the designed flow rate higher than soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, a saturated zone formed around the emitter and a certain positive pressure was generated. Therefore, the infiltration rate was less than the designed flow rate. On the contrary, when the designed flow rate was smaller than soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, the soil water potential around the emitter would be negative pressure and promoted the outflow of emitter, and the infiltration rate would be bigger than designed flow rate; 4) When experiment started, soil water content around the emitter increased rapidly and reached closely to the saturated water content. For the emitter with designed flow rate of 1.87 L/h, the infiltration rate in lou soil decreased from 1.4 to 0.3 L/h when the soil water content increased from 13% to 40%. The higher the soil water content was, the smaller the infiltration rate was. Soil water content around emitters had an appreciable negative effect on emitter infiltration rate in the soil. There was a feedback regulation relationship between the water content and emitter flow rate. If a porous ceramic emitter with an appropriate designed flow rate, which working pressure head was extremely low or zero, the soil water content can be automatically controlled and the emitter would take the initiative to irrigate. Irrigation system is an interrelated subsurface system of irrigation water, ceramic emitter and soil, therefore, in the future, more factors such as working pressure, designed flow rate and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity should be comprehensive/y considered in studying the seepage characteristics of ceramic emitter. © 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Bottles - Ceramic materials - Compression molding - Flow rate - Hydraulic conductivity - Irrigation - Moisture control - Seepage - Silica - Sintering - Soil moisture - Soils - Sols - Solvents - Subirrigation - Tanks (containers) - Textures - Water content - Water levels - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Compression molding technology - Cumulative infiltrations - Infiltration characteristic - Laboratory experiments - Porous ceramics - Saturated hydraulic conductivity - Seepage characteristics - Soil water potential
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 619.2 Tanks - 631 Fluid Flow - 632.1 Hydraulics - 694.2 Packaging Materials - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 812.1 Ceramics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.30e+01% to 4.00e+01%, Size 1.50e-01m, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 6.60e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
- 总编/社长 王应宽
- 地址 北京朝阳区麦子店街41号
- 邮编 100125
- 电话 010－59197078/7077/7076
- 邮箱 tcsae@tcsae.org
微信公众号
二维码
友情链接
- Bioresource Technology
- Industrial Crops and Products
- Biomass & Bioenergy
- Biosystems Engineering
- Aquacultural Engineering
- International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
- Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
- Paddy and Water Environment
- Journal of Agricultural Engineering
- Transactions of the ASABE
- Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental
- Applied Engineering in Agriculture
- Engenharia Agricola
- AMA-Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America
- 中华人民共和国农业农村部-MARA
- 中国科学技术协会CAST
- 国家新闻出版署
- 中华人民共和国科学技术部
- 国家自然科学基金委员会
- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
- CIGR
- ASABE
- EurAgEng-European Society for Agricultural Engineers
- American Society of Agronomy
- Crop Science Society of America
- Soil Science Society of America
- 期刊界
- CNKI
- 万方数据
- 维普