<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20172803925895
Title:Nitrogen fertilizers application combined with N conversion control additives reducing N<inf>2</inf>O emissions under summer maize-winter wheat cropping system
Authors:Wang, Yanqun (1); Peng, Zhengping (1); Li, Yingchun (2); Li, Yingli (3); Shu, Xiaoxiao (1); Guo, Liping (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Science/Hebei Province Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-Environment, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071000, China; (2) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China; (3) College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071000, China 
Corresponding author:Peng, Zhengping(pengzhengping@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:184-191
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nitrous oxide (N<inf>2</inf>O) is a major greenhouse gas (GHG) product of intensive agriculture. The application of nitrogen fertilizer can increase the N<inf>2</inf>O emissions, and the amount of N<inf>2</inf>O from fertilizers accounted for 25%-82% of the total soil N<inf>2</inf>O emissions. Therefore, in order to addressing the serious problems in the agricultural production, such as lower nitrogen fertilizer utilization ratio, increased N<inf>2</inf>O emissions and declined economic benefit caused by unreasonable nitrogen fertilizer application, a field experiment were conducted to study the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer application patterns on characteristics of N<inf>2</inf>O emissions and the economic benefit in a summer maize-winter wheat field. The 7 patterns of nitrogen application in the summer maize and winter wheat seasons were control (CK), farmer's nitrogen fertilization pattern (FN), recommended nitrogen fertilization pattern (RN), recommended N rate with dicyandiamide (RN+DCD), recommended N rate with nitrapyrin (RN+CP), recommended N rate with controlled-release fertilizer (RN+CR), recommended N rate with nanocarbon (RN+NC). The CK was without applications of nitrogen fertilizer. During summer maize and winter wheat seasons, the nitrogen fertilizer of FN treatment was 392 and 285 kg/hm², and the nitrogen fertilizer of the recommended nitrogen treatments (RN, RN+DCD, RN+CP, RN+CR and RN+NC) were 300 and 225 kg/hm²respectively. The N<inf>2</inf>O emission from soil was collected by static chamber method and the gas samples were determined by gas chromatography with Agilent7890.The total income obtained from the crop grain minus the cost of the fertilizer and other field management costs was recognized as net income. The results showed that, compared to the treatment of FN, the average N<inf>2</inf>O emission flux of recommended nitrogen treatments (RN, RN+DCD, RN+CP, RN+CR and RN+NC) were reduced by 29.2%-65.4% (P&lt;0.05) and 26.9%-74.9% (P&lt;0.05) during summer maize and winter wheat seasons respectively, and the total N<inf>2</inf>O emissions were decreased by 1.05-2.72 kg/hm²(P&lt;0.05) and 1.10-2.47 kg/hm²(P&lt;0.05), respectively. In the rotation season, the net income increased by 967.5-3 887.0 Yuan/hm²compared to that of FN treatment. Compared to the treatment of RN, the average N<inf>2</inf>O emission flux of the treatments of RN+DCD, RN+CP and RN+CR were decreased by 41.5% (P&lt;0.05), 31.2% (P&lt;0.05) and 5.8% respectively during the summer maize season, and those were decreased by 63.0% (P&lt;0.05), 65.7% (P&lt;0.05) and 25.4% respectively during the winter wheat season. In the rotation season, the total N<inf>2</inf>O emissions of RN+CP and RN+DCD were decreased by 52.5% (P&lt;0.05) and 49.0% (P&lt;0.05) respectively, and the net incomes of the two treatments were increased by 312.6 and 708.9 Yuan/hm², respectively. The soil N<inf>2</inf>O phase emission of peak during the summer maize season appears in the three leaves period to jointing stage and huge bellbottom period to tasseling stage, but during the winter wheat season the soil N<inf>2</inf>O phase emission of peak appears during the stages of sowing time to seedling stage and the returning green stage to jointing stage. Considering the integrated effects of crop yields, N<inf>2</inf>O emissions and economic benefit, RN+DCD and RN+CP were recommended for nitrogen management practices which can gain rational crop yield, reasonable income and less negative climatic and environmental impacts. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Economic and social effects - Emission control - Environmental impact - Fertilizers - Gas chromatography - Greenhouse gases - Nitrogen - Nitrogen oxides  - Plants (botany) - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Controlled-release fertilizers - Economic benefits - Fertilizer applications - Greenhouse gas (GHG) - Nitrogen fertilization - Static chamber method - Winter wheat
Classification code:451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 451.2  Air Pollution Control - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.50e+01% to 8.20e+01%, Percentage 2.54e+01%, Percentage 5.80e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20172803925897
Title:Combination of superphosphate and dicyandiamide decreasing greenhouse gas and NH<inf>3</inf>emissions during sludge composting
Authors:Chen, Shili (1); Yuan, Jing (1); Li, Guoxue (1); He, Shengzhou (1); Zhang, Bangxi (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Guizhou Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guiyang; 550006, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Guoxue(ligx@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:199-206
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To study the effects of superphosphate (SP) and nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on NH<inf>3</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O and CH<inf>4</inf>emissions, an experiment of straw and sludge co-composting for 34 days was carried out. This research used 60 L sealed fermenter as composting reactor, raw sludge as basic composting material, corn stalk as porous material and set four composting treatments. The control check (CK) was the co-composting of straw and sludge without any additives. Other three treatments, SP3.5 treatment was only added with 3.5% superphosphate, SD3.5 and SD5.0 treatments were added with 0.1% dicyandiamide (DCD) besides the basic materials, with 3.5% superphosphate (SP3.5) and 5% superphosphate (SP5.0), respectively, based on the wet weight of the materials. The results indicated that, during 34 days test, the combination use of SP and DCD additives can promote the decomposition of compost and improve the stability and maturity. The highest temperature of all treatments was greater than 70&#8451;. The temperature higher than 50&#8451; of CK, SP3.5, SD3.5 and SD5.0 treatments lasted for 4, 4, 4 and 2 d respectively, which met the compost sanitation requirements. The germination indices of CK, SP3.5, SD3.5 and SD5.0 treatments were 103.21%&plusmn;7.38%, 97.4%&plusmn;4.50%, 120.31%&plusmn;3.15% and 111.00%&plusmn;2.70%, respectively. Statistical analysis data showed the germination indices of SD3.5 and SD 5.0 were significantly higher than those of other two treatments (P&lt;0.05), which were promoted by 17.1% and 7.8% compared to CK. E<inf>4</inf>/E<inf>6</inf>values of CK, SP3.5, SD3.5 and SD 5.0 treatments were 2.09&plusmn;0.36, 2.20&plusmn;0.26, 1.88&plusmn;0.10 and 1.79&plusmn;0.04, respectively. The E<inf>4</inf>/E<inf>6</inf>values of SD3.5 and SD 5.0 were decreased by10.0% and 14.4% compared to CK. The EC value of all treatments used superphosphate and dicyandiamide were below 4 mS/cm, which could be biologically non-toxic. The total organic carbon losses of CK, SP3.5, SD3.5 and SD 5.0 treatments were 55.95%, 50.26%, 49.66% and 49.64%, respectively. The total organic carbon losses of treatments used additives were decreased by 11.2%-11.3%. Meanwhile, the total nitrogen losses of CK, SP3.5, SD3.5 and SD 5.0 treatments were 37.08%, 28.22%, 26.16% and 24.00%, respectively. The total nitrogen losses of treatments used additives were decreased by 10.92%-13.08%. The results showed that the CK had the peak value of gases emission among all treatments. NH<inf>3</inf>and CH<inf>4</inf>mainly occurred in the mesophilic and thermophilic phase of composting, process, while N<inf>2</inf>O occurred predominantly in the later period of composting. While combination use of superphosphate and dicyandiamide, the peak values of CH<inf>4</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O and NH<inf>3</inf>emission were decreased. Besides, the cumulative emissions of CH<inf>4</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O and NH<inf>3</inf>also were decreased by 69.6%-82.6%, 88.1%-92.9% and 48.5%-52.8%, respectively. The global warming potentials of CH<inf>4</inf>and N<inf>2</inf>O, on a 100-year time frame, were 25 and 298 times higher than that of CO<inf>2</inf>, respectively. The global warming potential value of CK, SP3.5, SD3.5 and SD5.0 were 170.11, 109.11, 58.47 and 42.94 kg/t. The combination use of superphosphate and dicyandiamide additives significantly mitigated total GHG emissions. The total greenhouse effects were decreased by 65.6%-74.8%. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Greenhouse gases
Controlled terms:Carbon - Composting - Cultivation - Gas emissions - Global warming - Nitrogen - Organic carbon - Porous materials - Sludge disposal - Waste disposal
Uncontrolled terms:Composting reactors - Cumulative emissions - Dicyandiamide - Global warming potential - Nitrification inhibitor - Nitrogen loss - Superphosphate - Total Organic Carbon
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 452.2  Sewage Treatment - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.62e+01%, Percentage 2.82e+01%, Percentage 3.50e+00%, Percentage 3.71e+01%, Percentage 4.85e+01% to 5.28e+01%, Percentage 4.96e+01%, Percentage 4.97e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 5.03e+01%, Percentage 5.60e+01%, Percentage 6.56e+01% to 7.48e+01%, Percentage 6.96e+01% to 8.26e+01%, Percentage 7.80e+00%, Volume 6.00e-02m3, Age 1.00e+02yr to 1.00e-01yr, Age 9.32e-02yr, Electrical_Conductivity 4.00e-01S/m, Percentage 1.00e-01%, Percentage 1.09e+01% to 1.31e+01%, Percentage 1.12e+01% to 1.13e+01%, Percentage 1.44e+01%, Percentage 1.71e+01%, Percentage 2.40e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20172803925879
Title:Variation of droplet diameter in wind field for long-range air-assisted sprayer
Authors:Song, Shuran (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); Chen, Jianze (6); Hong, Tiansheng (2, 4, 6); Xue, Xiuyun (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); Xiahou, Bing (7); Song, Yong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Division of Citrus Machinery, China Agriculture Research System, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Monitoring Agricultural Information, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (4) Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Mountainous Orchard Machinery, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (5) Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Information Acquisition and Application in Agriculture, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (6) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (7) Logistics Department, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China 
Corresponding author:Hong, Tiansheng(tshong@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:59-66
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Research in the air-assisted spraying field has been focusing on optimization of structure, droplets deposition, droplets drift and recovery. But the droplets transfer in wind field is not clear yet. In this study, we investigated the variation of droplet parameter especially diameter in wind field for long-range air-assisted sprayer. The droplets parameters of long-range air-assisted sprayer was measured and calculated and analyzed after the droplets were ejected from the nozzles by using a prototype and laser particle size analyzer. The testing prototype had the horizontal spraying range of 13 m and spraying width 2.29 m. During the test, the sprayer sprayed water instead of pesticides liquid under the plunger pump pressure of 1.8 MPa. The experiments of droplets parameters included 3 situations: 1) the droplets were sprayed from the nozzles without air blowing; 2) the droplets were sprayed within the width under the condition of the long-range air-assisted sprayer; and 3) the droplets were sprayed within the range under the condition of the long-range air-assisted sprayer. In the test of spraying within the width, droplets were sampled in 7 different heights at 7, 8 and 9 m away from the nozzles. In the test of spraying within the range, droplets sampling points were arranged along with the sprayer duct axis, starting with 1 m away from the nozzles position and separated from each other by 0.5 m. The results showed that there was only 1 peak in the droplets spectrum distribution and the droplets diffusion ratio was relatively small when the long-range air-assisted sprayer did not blow. The diffusion ratio was 0.70 with wind, higher than 0.61 without blowing condition. The diffusion ratio with wind was higher than 0.67, indicating that the spraying effect and droplet quality were better under the condition with wind than that without blowing. Within the spraying width, the droplets volume median diameter became large along the direction from top to bottom of the droplets column, or the lower droplets were larger than the upper in the same vertical plane of the droplets column. In the last 2 situations with wind, the droplets volume median diameters were all larger than 50 &mu;m and the volume cumulative percentage of large droplets diameter larger than 400 &mu;m was lower than 0.4%. In addition, two peaks were found in the droplets spectrum, which was different from the 1 peak in the situation without blowing. The wind speed was higher than 18.7 m/s within 1-2 m away from the nozzle, 6.8-13.3 m/s in 2-8 m away from the nozzle, and not less than 6 m/s in 8-10 m away from the nozzle, respectively. In general, the moving and forward transmission of droplets in wind was mainly divided into the following 3 stages: 1) within 1-2 m distance near the nozzles position, high speed air flow broke the droplets twice and thus made the droplets smaller; 2) In the middle of the range, the droplets diameter became larger due to collision and aggregation with the moving and transmission under the medium speed air flow; 3) In the end of the range, the droplets diameter decreased because of the evaporation and diffusion in the low speed flow. The study provides information for sprayer design and optimization. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Air - Diffusion - Drops - Machinery - Nozzles - Particle size analysis - Plasma diagnostics - Spectrum analysis - Spraying - Structural optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Air-assisted sprayer - Air-assisted spraying - Design and optimization - Laser particle size analyzer - Long-range - Median diameters - Spectrum distribution - Testing prototypes
Classification code:631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 932.3  Plasma Physics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.00e-01%, Pressure 1.80e+06Pa, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 1.00e+00m to 2.00e+00m, Size 1.30e+01m, Size 2.00e+00m to 8.00e+00m, Size 2.29e+00m, Size 4.00e-04m, Size 5.00e-01m, Size 5.00e-05m, Size 8.00e+00m to 1.00e+01m, Size 8.00e+00m, Size 9.00e+00m, Velocity 1.87e+01m/s, Velocity 6.00e+00m/s, Velocity 6.80e+00m/s to 1.33e+01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20172803925883
Title:Optimization of maize planting density and fertilizer application rate based on BP neural network
Authors:Wang, Fulin (1); Dong, Zhigui (1); Wu, Zhihui (1); Fang, Kun (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:92-99
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Planting density and fertilizer application rate are the important factors affecting crop yield, and the unreasonable utilization has caused a series of serious consequences such as high cost, agriculture resources waste, agricultural non-point source pollution, and ecological environment deterioration and so on. In this study, a BP neural network-based optimization method of planting density and fertilizer application rate was proposed and tested for its feasibility by field experiments. The field experiment was carried out in Hongxing Farm of Heilongjiang, China (126&deg;47'E, 48&deg;01'N) in 2014 and 2015. The experiment of 4 factors and 5 levels was designed by using the quadratic orthogonal rotation method. Four factors included planting density, N, P and K application rate. Five levels were considered as the equally spaced values taken from the planting density of 6.86&times;10⁴-10.78&times;10⁴plants/hm², the N application rate of 40-216 kg/hm², the P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>application rate of 32.2-151.8 kg/hm²and the K<inf>2</inf>O application rate of 25-115 kg/hm². Among the 5 levels, the 0 level referred to the local experience value. A total of 36 plots were prepared and each plot had the width of 4.4 m and the length of 5 m. Maize (variety of Deyamei No.1 ) was planted on ridges in the width of 100 cm and in the height of 15 cm. Irrigation was not conducted during the experiment. The rainfall during the growing season of maize was 471.4 mm in 2014 and 460.7 mm in 2015. At harvest, the maize yield was determined. The field data was fitted using BP neural network model and regression method, respectively for optimization of planting density and fertilizer application rates. The BP neural work optimization method included model establishment and global optimization. The data was processed in Matlab. The results showed that the BP neural network model had higher determination coefficient of 0.98 (P&lt;0.01) than the regression model (R²=0.87, P&lt;0.05). Meanwhile, the former had smaller root-mean-square error of 189.89 kg/hm²than the latter (464.25 kg/hm²). It indicates that the BP neural network model was better in fitting the relationship between maize yield and fertilizer application rate. Furthermore, the global optimization was conducted for 10 times by using BP neural network model. Each computation started from random input values of planting density and fertilizer application rate within the designed range in the field experiment. All the computation provided a same optimization result: the maize yield of 16 308.53 kg/hm², the planting density of 9.32&times;10⁴plants/hm², the N application rate of 139.5 kg/hm², the P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>application rate of 85.4 kg/hm²and the K<inf>2</inf>O application rate of 70.8 kg/hm². In 2016, a field experiment was conducted in the same place with the optimization results of the planting density and fertilizer application rate. The results showed that the maize yield was 15 948.3 kg/hm²with a maximum value of 16 171.7 kg/hm²and a minimum value of 15 798.8 kg/hm². The relative error between the measured and optimized maize yield was -2.21%, below than 5%. It suggested that the BP neural network model was reliable. Therefore, this study provides a stable and feasible optimization method to solve the similar optimization problem in field of agriculture production. Meanwhile, this study expands the application of BP neural network in agriculture. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Global optimization - Neural networks - Optimization - Regression analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Determination coefficients - Feasible optimization methods - Fertilizer applications - Maize - Planting density - Quadratic orthogonal rotation - Yield
Classification code:804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage -2.21e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 1.50e-01m, Size 2.01e+00m, Size 4.40e+00m, Size 4.61e-01m, Size 4.71e-01m, Size 5.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20172803925886
Title:Rice growth simulation under film mulching in dryland through improving CERES-Rice model
Authors:Ma, Wenwen (1); Shi, Jianchu (1); Jin, Xinxin (2); Ning, Songrui (3); Li, Sen (1); Tao, Yueyue (4); Zhang, Ya'nan (1); Liu, Yang (5); Lin, Shan (1); Hu, Pengcheng (1); Zuo, Qiang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Institute of Cereal and Oil Crop, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang; 050035, China; (3) Shaanxi Province Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an; 710075, China; (4) Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Taihu Lake Region of Jiangsu Province, Suzhou; 215155, China; (5) The Second Water Conservancy and Hydropower Survey &amp; Design Institute of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang; 050021, China 
Corresponding author:Zuo, Qiang(qiangzuo@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:115-123
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The ground cover rice production system (GCRPS) is a potential alternative to the traditional paddy rice production system (TPRPS) by irrigating soil beds mulched with film and maintaining soils under predominately unsaturated condition, and it has become one of the most promising water-saving technologies for rice. The increase of soil temperature effected by film mulching and the unsaturated root-zone condition should be taken into consideration when CERES-Rice (a software package widely and successfully applied in TPRPS) is used to simulate rice growth in a GCRPS. In this study, the sub-modules of soil temperature and soil water in original CERES-Rice model were improved (through changing soil temperature and water conditions based on the relevant research results of the dryland crops) to evaluate the simulation on rice growth in the GCRPS. A 2-year field experiment (2013 and 2014) with 3 treatments. The treatment W1 referred to the traditional treatment with a 2-5 cm water layer on the soil beds but without plastic film mulching, W2 was the film mulching treatment keeping soil moisture in root zone near the saturated content by filling the furrows with water completely but without water layer on the soil beds, and W3 was also the film mulching treatment that was managed as the same way as the W2 before mid-tillering stage and then kept the soil moisture in root zone at 80%-100% of field water capacity. The experiment was conducted in Fang county of Hubei province, located at 32&deg;7'N and 110&deg;42'E to test the feasibility and rationality of the model improvement. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. A total of 9 plots were arranged and each plot was 9 m in wide and 10 cm in length. A seepage-proof material was laid around each plot under the depth of 80 cm to avoid lateral percolation from the neighbor plots. Five soil beds (156 cm wide) in each plot were built for planting rice, 6 lines of rice were planted for each soil bed with the fixed spacing (26 cm between lines and 18 cm between plants). The small furrows (15 cm in width and depth, respectively) were dug around each soil bed. Among the 2 growth seasons, the experimental data (obtained in 2013 and 2014) were used to rectify the simulation models and verify the rectified models, respectively. Based on the measured meteorological data (air temperatures/solar radiation/precipitation etc.), soil data (soil water contents/soil physical parameters/soil organic matter contents etc.) and field management data (irrigation amount/displacement/fertilizing amount by field), the changing processes of rice growth in the W2 and W3 treatments were simulated using the rectified models. The original and improved CERES-Rice models were also used to simulate the change of leaf area index, the aboveground dry weight, and the rice yield during the 2 growth seasons. The results of the comparison showed that the improved CERES-Rice model had remarkable superiority in delineating the effects of changing environments (e.g. soil temperature and soil water) on rice growth and production in the GCRPS. Both of the estimation of the phenological phases and yields were in good agreement with the measured values, and the relative error was not more than 15%. The root mean squared errors (RMSE) between the simulated and measured leaf area index was not higher than 1.54 m²/m², the correspondingly normalized root mean squared errors (NRMSE) was not higher than 26.59% and the values of modeling efficiency (EF) were not less than 85%. Moreover, the simulated dynamics of aboveground dry weight were compared well with the measured values (RMSE was smaller than 1 490 kg/hm², NRMSE was smaller than 16%, but EF was not less than 0.95). Therefore, the improved CERES-Rice model is rational and reliable to simulate rice growth and production in GCRPS. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Errors - Film growth - Mean square error - Meteorology - Models - Moisture - Numerical methods - Soil moisture - Solvents - Temperature  - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Field management data - Growth and development - Organic matter content - Rice production systems - Rice-model - Root mean squared errors - Unsaturated condition - Water saving technology
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.00e+00yr, Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 1.60e+01%, Percentage 2.66e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+01% to 1.00e+02%, Percentage 8.50e+01%, Size 1.00e-01m, Size 1.50e-01m, Size 1.56e+00m, Size 1.80e-01m, Size 2.00e-02m to 5.00e-02m, Size 2.60e-01m, Size 9.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20172803925884
Title:Effect of improving black soil and crop yield by using soil layer up-down fallow technology
Authors:Wang, Qiuju (1); Liu, Feng (2); Gao, Zhongchao (1); Jia, Huibin (3); Zhang, Jinsong (1); Zhang, Chunfeng (3); Chang, Benchao (1); Jiang, Hui (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Environment Resources, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin; 150086, China; (2) Management Department of Scientific Research, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin; 150086, China; (3) Jiamusi Branch Academy of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi; 154007, China 
Corresponding author:Gao, Zhongchao(gaozhongchao0713@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:100-106
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Black soil is one of the most important cultivated land resources in Northeast China. Black soil has high soil fertility, and brings about high and stable yield. According to the survey, the humus layer of black soil is generally 30-70 cm. But black soil is on high terrain and the cultivation time is long, coupled with the neglect of enhancing soil fertility management, which lead to serious soil erosion, soil layer thinning, and soil fertility decline. Especially in the past 10 years, in order to save costs, farmers have widely used simplified technology, and the basic soil tillage method has changed from plowing to rotary tillage and stubble cleaning, which has resulted in shallow tillage layer and increased the bottom thickness. The depth of the plough bottom moves from 18-22 to 12-15 cm, and the potential productivity of black soil is restricted. People try to stop the decline of soil fertility and soil thinning by improving the application of organic fertilizer, straw returning and subsoiling technology. Our research group found that the straw deep buried and organic fertilizer application have effectively improved soil fertility. In view of removing the obstacle of continuous cropping, the existing technologies including the nutritional therapy, soil disinfection, and crop rotation technology had the problem of high cost and were difficult in the rotation of crops. Therefore, these techniques were limited to solve the problem of soil continuous cropping obstacles. According to the principle of land fallow for leisure, the technology of improving soil by stereo leisure was presented in this paper, which was aimed at continuous cropping obstacles in soils. Through making full use of the characteristics of black soil with deep humus layer, continuous cropping soil was regularly turned to lower leisure. By alternate use of upper and lower soil, the objectives of soil leisure and agricultural sustainable development would be achieved. In this paper, a machine developed to turn the top soil to the lower layer was operated in the black soil field for breaking its hard plough pan. As the depth of top black soil is more than 40 cm, it has good homogeneity from up part to low part, which can provide a choice for developing soil layer up-down fallow technology. Two test fields were selected. One was operated by above mentioned machine, and the other was operated by conventional machine. The results showed that in the up-down fallow field the soil bulk density was decreased by 0.05, 0.11 g/cm³respectively compared with that in the conventional field. The soil aeration coefficient was increased by 14.97&times;10^-2, 16.69&times;10^-2cm/s respectively in the first year and second year. The soil saturated hydraulic conductivity was reduced by 3.14&times;10^-3in the first year, increased by 10.95&times;10^-3cm/s in the second year. The soil shearing strength was reduced by 0.72 in the first year, increased by 0.82 kPa in the second year, and the soil moisture content was increased by 4.07%, 4.95% respectively in the first year and second year. It was also found that in the up-down fallow field, soil chemical index including soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium tended to be lower in the upper layer but higher in the down layer. Under the rotation conditions, the yield of potato and beet in the up-down fallow field was decreased by 5.63% and 3.06% respectively in the first year, but the yield of corn and potato increased by 5.20% and 27.00% respectively in the second year. Under the soybean continuous cropping conditions, soybean grew well in the up-down fallow field, dry weight and root dry weight of soybean were increased by 7.63%-7.82% and 7.61%-13.41% respectively, root length was increased by 4.42%-6.26%, pod number and grain number per plant were increased by 18.83%-20.71% and 32.43%-37.21% respectively, and nodule number was increased by 1.46-5.15. During the 2 tested years, soybean yield in the up-down fallow field was 3.09%-22.38% higher than that in the conventional field. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Crops - Cultivation - Fertilizers - Forestry - Hydraulic conductivity - Hydraulic machinery - Physical properties - Soil moisture  - Soil testing
Uncontrolled terms:Available potassiums - Black soil - Continuous cropping obstacles - Conventional machines - Potential productivity - Saturated hydraulic conductivity - Soil layer - Yield
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 632.1  Hydraulics - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.00e+01yr, Mass_Density 1.10e+02kg/m3, Percentage 1.88e+01% to 2.07e+01%, Percentage 2.70e+01%, Percentage 3.06e+00%, Percentage 3.09e+00% to 2.24e+01%, Percentage 3.24e+01% to 3.72e+01%, Percentage 4.07e+00%, Percentage 4.42e+00% to 6.26e+00%, Percentage 4.95e+00%, Percentage 5.20e+00%, Percentage 5.63e+00%, Percentage 7.61e+00% to 1.34e+01%, Percentage 7.63e+00% to 7.82e+00%, Pressure 8.20e+02Pa, Size 1.20e-01m to 1.50e-01m, Size 3.00e-01m to 7.00e-01m, Size 4.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20172803925909
Title:Process optimization of hot-air treatment on inhibition of blue mould infection for postharvest sweet cherry fruit
Authors:Wang, Lei (1); Zhang, Hua (1); Zhang, Leilei (1); Wang, Hui (1); Jin, Peng (2); Zheng, Yonghua (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng; 252000, China; (2) College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210095, China 
Corresponding author:Zheng, Yonghua(zhengyh@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:295-300
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), an economically important temperate fruit, is popular for its attractive red colour and high value of nutrients. However, sweet cherry is highly perishable and susceptible to mechanical injury and fungal decay. Penicillium expansum, the causal agent of blue mould, is a widespread fungal pathogen and causes considerable losses in sweet cherry fruit. Traditionally, the control of postharvest mould decay is mainly dependent on synthetic fungicides. However, the increasing resistance of fungal pathogens and growing concern of the public over chemical residues make it crucial to research alternative approaches to inhibit mould decay. Heat treatment, as a physical method, has acquired increasing attention and has been widely used to control fruit decay and maintain quality. There are 3 methods in use to heat fruit and vegetable: Hot air, hot water and hot water vapor. However, there is no information concerning the condition of hot air on inhibiting blue mold decay in sweet cherry fruit using the response surface methodology (RSM). RSM is a collection of mathematical and multivariate statistical techniques that are useful for the modeling and analysis of problems, in which a response of interest is influenced by several variables and the objective is to optimize the response. In order to determine the optimum condition of hot-air treatment on the inhibition of blue mould decay in postharvest sweet cherry fruit, the effects of different temperature-time combinations on inhibition efficiency of blue mould decay and fruit quality were investigated using the RSM. The fresh harvested sweet cherry fruits were treated in hot air at different temperatures (40-48&#8451;) for different treatment time (60-180 min), then the fruits were inoculated with the spores of Penicillium expansum (5&times;10⁴CFU/mL) and stored under the condition of approximately 90%-95% relative humidity at 20&#8451; for 5 d. At the end of storage, lesion diameter of blue mould decay, fruit firmness, content of ascorbic acid and ratio of TSS (total soluble solids) to TA (titratable acidity) were measured. Four second-order quadratic equations of lesion diameter of blue mould decay, fruit firmness, content of ascorbic acid and ratio of TSS to TA were established, and the fitting degrees were also analyzed through the RSM. The key factors and their interactions affecting the inhibition efficiency of blue mould decay and fruit quality were also discussed through the RSM. By analyzing the response surface graphs and corresponding contour graphs as well as solving the quadratic equations, the results suggested that the optimum condition for combined treatment of hot air in sweet cherry fruit was that the temperature was 44&#8451;, and the treatment duration was 114 min. Results of demonstration and comparison tests showed that the optimum condition (44&#8451;, 114 min) obtained via the RSM effectively inhibited the blue mould decay in sweet cherry fruit and maintained the fruit quality. In comparison with the control fruit, hot-air treatment delayed the decline of firmness and ascorbic acid content and maintained a higher level of TSS/TA. The present study showed that the optimum parameters of hot-air treatment obtained by the RSM are feasible, which can provide a theoretical foundation for further research of the application of hot-air treatment in sweet cherry fruit preservation. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Ascorbic acid - Decay (organic) - Efficiency - Energy storage - Fungi - Molds - Multivariant analysis - Optimization - Organic acids - Pathogens  - Quality control - Surface properties - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Fruit and vegetables - Hot air - Information concerning - Inhibition efficiency - Multivariate statistical techniques - Response surface methodology - Sweet cherries - Theoretical foundations
Classification code:461.9  Biology - 525.7  Energy Storage - 801.2  Biochemistry - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922  Statistical Methods - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.00e+01% to 9.50e+01%, Time 3.60e+03s to 1.08e+04s, Time 6.84e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20172803925888
Title:Experiment on anti-permeability and frost resistance of high strength concrete with high-ratio of fly ash and slag
Authors:Qin, Li (1); Ding, Jingnan (1); Zhu, Jinsong (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Architectural Engineering College, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin; 132012, China; (2) School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin; 300072, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:133-139
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As civil engineering develops toward high rise, large span, heavy load and lightweight structure, higher requirements in strength and performance of concrete has been put forward. Mineral admixture as the fifth component of concrete is gaining popularity in practical application and helps to improve the strength and durability of concrete. At present, researches are mainly focus on the kind of mineral admixture and its influence on concrete performance. Application of an amount of admixture is an important developing direction of high strength concrete. We prepared 2 kinds of high strength concrete containing 40% and 50% fly ash and slag respectively to identify the best quality proportion of mineral admixture in high strength concrete C50. Microstructures in different ages and phase in early age were observed with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction respectively so as to evaluate the influence of high quality proportion of admixture on high strength concrete from a microscopic perspective. Durability was assessed through chloride-ion penetration resistant test and rapid freezing-thawing test. And the comprehensive capability to resist frost and chloride ion permeation was reflected by the ratio of frost-resistant durability coefficient to electric flux value. The results showed that mineral admixture reduced the early hydration of cement. Peak value of calcium hydroxide was lower in the concrete with mineral admixture than that in the reference concrete, which led to the decrease in early strength of the concrete. Due to the super-composite effect of fly ash and slag, the later strength increased more rapidly and the structure became more compact, with some samples reaching or exceeding the reference concrete strength after 28 d curing. The strength would continue to improve in the long run. With the decline of the ratio of fly ash to slag, the strength of concrete after 28 d curing with 40% admixture decreased, while that of concrete with 50% admixture increased. Capability to resist chloride ion permeation improved as the increase of fly ash and the decrease of slag in concrete with a fixed share of total mineral admixture. The fixed share of fly ash and the increase of slag led to the decrease in that capability, suggesting fly ash had a better performance than slag in this respect. But the increase of total mineral admixture would undermine the capability of concrete to resist chloride ion permeation. Mineral admixture could better improve the frost-resistant performance of high strength concrete C50. With the decrease of the ratio of fly ash to slag, there were a greater mass loss, a greater decrease of relative dynamic elastic modulus and a greater decline of frost resistance after freeze-thawing. Concrete with higher percentage of mineral admixture had a slower decrease of relative dynamic elastic modulus, with a high value even after freeze-thawing of 300 times. The mixing quality of fly ash and slag was not consistent with the effect tendency of the frost resistance index and chloride ion permeability. But we found that the higher the ratio of frost-resistant durability coefficient to electric flux value, the better the comprehensive performance of frost resistance and chloride ion permeation resistance. Ratio of frost-resistant durability coefficient to electric flux value decreased in an approximately linear way with the increase of the ratio of fly ash to slag. D-value which was the ratio of frost-resistant durability coefficient to electric flux value could effectively evaluate the durability of high strength concrete C50 with high ratio admixture, and we proposed the proper mixing proportion was 50% for admixture amount and the content ratio of fly ash to slag was 4: 1. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:High performance concrete
Controlled terms:Biophysics - Carbonation - Chloride minerals - Chlorine compounds - Concrete mixing - Concretes - Cracks - Curing - Durability - Elastic moduli  - Fly ash - Frost resistance - Ions - Microstructure - Minerals - Mixing - Quality control - Scanning electron microscopy - Slags - Thawing  - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Chloride ion penetration - Chloride penetration - Comprehensive performance - Durability coefficients - Durability of concretes - Frost-resistant performance - High strength concretes - Strength and performance
Classification code:412  Concrete - 461.9  Biology - 482.2  Minerals - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20172803925903
Title:Optimization and demonstration of land consolidation technical system in mountainous and hilly region based on farmland transfer
Authors:Xin, Guixin (1, 2); Yang, Chaoxian (1); Shao, Jing'an (3); Zhong, Shouqin (1); Wei, Chaofu (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China; (2) Research Center for Development and Utility of Unique Resources in the Wulingshan Region, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing; 408100, China; (3) College of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing; 401331, China 
Corresponding author:Wei, Chaofu(weicf@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:246-256
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To drive agricultural modernization of hilly and mountainous areas, taking "Idea-Technology-Demonstration" as the logical way of thinking, this paper discussed process of resource flow, optimized path, and integrated technology in the background of agricultural transformation, and took a case study of Xiaoyuan Village, Jiangjin District, Chongqing City. Analysis results revealed that an effective path of agricultural transformation is to link modern productive factors with traditional productive factors by the way of resource factors flow, and then to realize relocation and reproduction of new value by the way of resource factors integration. For China, based on the fundamental realities of the country and the practice of rural reform and development, flow and integration of agricultural resource factors have two basic paths: Land circulation and land consolidation. So, in hilly and mountainous areas, this way, i.e. the linkage between land circulation and land consolidation, can combine the two basic paths' functions together: One is adjustment function of property rights of land circulation toward the direction of the concentration of managerial authority, and the other is engineering reform function of land consolidation. We found that following this way could not only overcome the matching difficulties of field blocks and agricultural infrastructure after land circulation, but also make up for the defect of land consolidation engineering layout with the unit of field blocks of peasant household, which realized coupling and coordination of resource factors by answering to the demand of agricultural transformation, and at last established foundations of property right and engineering for agricultural modernization. According to the above idea, around the concentration of landholdings and the appropriate scale management, we designed resource optimized path (including decentralized optimization and global optimization) on the basis of land circulation; around the problems of land and its subsidiary resources' appropriate scale using, we reconstituted engineering technology system of land consolidation. Based on differences of resources integration objects and their technical features, the technology system included technology of tillage field construction and its matching technology (integrated technology of irrigation and water conservancy, matching technology of cropland road network), and technology of rural constructive land reclamation. These optimized path and integrated technology were applied to a demonstration site, Xiaoyuan Village. The results indicated that, before and after application, the rate of land circulation of the demonstration site increased from &lt;10% to 36.5%, the proportion of appropriate scale management increased from &lt;5% to 54.02%, the proportion of industrialized agricultural land increased from &lt;10% to 73.01%, the index of agricultural industry diversification increased from &lt;5 to 18.56, the number of field blocks per unit area reduced from 10.90 to 6.69, the shape index of field blocks reduced from 15.85 to 11.18, the thickness of effective soil layer increased from 35-40 to &gt;50 cm, and the thickness of plough layer increased from 15-20 to &gt;25 cm; simultaneously, the upgrade rate of irrigation guarantee was 13.15%, the added value of the density of irrigation canals and ditches was 16.73 m/hm², the added value of field road was 41.39 m/hm², the added value of production road was 87.04 m/hm², and the upgrade rate of agricultural machinery power was 130.77%; the rate of rural constructive land reclamation reached 26.52%, the concentration ratio of new residential quarters reached 39.56%, the in-place processing ratio of dismantled offscum of house-site reached 81.45%, the in-place reuse rate of dismantled material of house-site reached 75.01%, the constructive land commuted ratio between rural and urban areas reached 70.24%, and the value-added level of house-site reclamation reached 89 195 yuan per household. In 2015, the production value of the whole village which the demonstration site was located in reached more than 20 million yuan, and the rural per capita net income reached 9 200 yuan. Based on analysis and results above, we concluded that, reconstitution of land consolidation technical system under the drive of land circulation, solves the difficult problems of mechanization, large-scale, and industrialization of agricultural production in the background of rugged landform, because application of the technical system is very conducive to transferring, centralizing, integrating from small patches of land to big blocks of land, and more easy to construct field blocks fitting for agricultural mechanization and large-scale. Meanwhile, rural constructive lands idle, abandoned, inefficient and given up, finish functional reconstruction and value transformation by the use of random, disordered and punctiform reclamation. Therefore, integration and optimization of land consolidation technical system based on land circulation will be able to supply the theoretical foundation and technical support for appropriate scale operation of agricultural land in hilly and mountainous areas. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Land reclamation
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Demonstrations - Global optimization - Highway administration - Houses - Integration - Irrigation - Irrigation canals - Land use  - Mechanization - Modernization - Optimization - Reclamation - Roads and streets - Rural areas - Soils - Technology - Transportation - Urban growth  - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural industries - Agricultural mechanization - Agricultural modernizations - Agricultural productions - Decentralized optimization - Hilly and mountainous areas - Irrigation and water conservancies - Land consolidations
Classification code:402.3  Residences - 403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1  Urban Planning and Development - 406.2  Roads and Streets - 432.1  Highway Transportation, General - 442.2  Land Reclamation - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601  Mechanical Design - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.2  Calculus - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.32e+01%, Percentage 2.65e+01%, Percentage 3.65e+01%, Percentage 3.96e+01%, Percentage 5.40e+01%, Percentage 7.02e+01%, Percentage 7.30e+01%, Percentage 7.50e+01%, Percentage 8.15e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20172803925890
Title:Image segmentation of ripe mulberries based on visual saliency and pulse coupled neural network
Authors:He, Fuliang (1, 2); Guo, Yongcai (1); Gao, Chao (1); Chen, Jing (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and System of the Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing University, Chongqing; 400044, China; (2) College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China; (3) Beibei Agriculture Commission of Chongqing, Chongqing; 400700, China 
Corresponding author:Guo, Yongcai(ycguo@cqu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:148-155
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the planting environment, it is difficult to detect the ripe mulberry targets automatically by machine vision because of the small shape, irregular distribution of fruits, non-uniformly illuminating condition and complex background interference. This paper presents a visual segmentation approach of ripe mulberries based on frequency-tuned (FT) saliency map and the pulse coupled neural network (PCNN) model in order to improve the segmentation precision and robustness for ripe mulberries. Firstly, the captured mulberry image is transformed into Lab color space. This color space is designed by the perception of the human eye in the natural color. Consequently, the color feature of the target can be expressed by 3 independent components i.e. L, a, and b. Next, the FT saliency map of mulberries can be computed by a multiscale edge detector. And it typically distinguishes differences between the region of ripe mulberries and the complex background in Lab color space. This saliency is illustrated as the difference matrix which includes the Euclidean distance of each pixel between the Lab vectors in the Gaussian filtered image and the average Lab vectors in the original image. Thereafter, the hue feature is extracted from the HSI (hue, saturation, intensity) color space of the captured mulberry image, and then equalized by contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE), which can enhance the color contrast of the mulberry image without being affected by illumination changes. And the feature image of mulberries is generated by fusing the FT saliency and the hue feature, as an input of the improved multilevel threshold PCNN model. Furthermore, the region of ripe mulberries can be detected by this PCNN model, which is a bio-inspired neural network and derived from synchronous dynamics of neuronal activity in a mammal visual cortex. This model is able to cause the adjacent neurons with similar inputs to pulse synchronously, and be appropriate to segment the small target from the complex background. Finally, the segmentation result of the ripe mulberry is acquired by morphology repair operation, and it ensures the integrity of the target region and the independent noise removal. In order to verify the effect of the method proposed in this paper, there were 200 test images captured from the mulberry ecological park of the Tianfu Town, Chongqing City, China in May, 2016. The acquisition time was often on sunny day and cloudy day, aiming at obtaining images under different lighting conditions, such as balanced illumination, imbalanced illumination and backlight. These images were collected by the Canon EOS70D digital camera with 3 648&times;5 472 pixels, and zoomed into 720&times;1 280 pixels to apply to the remote intelligent monitoring system of mulberry growth. The algorithm programming development platform is Visual C++ 2015. The experimental results point out that the average misclassification error (ME) by our method is only 1.87%, infinitely superior to the OTSU method with FT saliency (17.73%), the K-means method (10.69%), the improved multilevel threshold PCNN method based on Itti saliency map (7.34%), and the PCNN method based on graph-based visual saliency (GBVS) image (5.83%). The average segmentation time of a test image based on our method is 2.562 3 s. Consequently, our approach is effective to segment the ripe mulberries in the complicated background and different lighting conditions. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:C++ (programming language) - Color - Color image processing - Complex networks - Computer vision - Graphic methods - Laboratories - Lighting - Models - Neural networks  - Neurons - Pixels - Plants (botany) - Visualization
Uncontrolled terms:Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) - Frequency-tuned - Graph-based visual saliencies - Mulberry - Pulse coupled neural network - Pulse coupled neural network models - Remote intelligent monitoring - Visual saliency
Classification code:461.9  Biology - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 723.1.1  Computer Programming Languages - 723.5  Computer Applications - 741.1  Light/Optics - 741.2  Vision
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.07e+01%, Percentage 1.77e+01%, Percentage 1.87e+00%, Percentage 5.83e+00%, Percentage 7.34e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20172803925907
Title:Improving dynamic mechanical property of bamboo pulp fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite treated by nano calcium carbonate
Authors:Wang, Cuicui (1); Cheng, Haitao (1, 2); Xian, Yu (2, 3); Wang, Ge (2); Zhang, Shuangbao (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing; 100102, China; (3) College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi; 030801, China 
Corresponding author:Zhang, Shuangbao(shuangbaozhang@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:281-287
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this study, in order to make bamboo plastic composites develop toward the economizing, simplification and practicality, bamboo pulp fiber (BPF) and epoxy resin were served as the raw materials to manufacture the fiber reinforced composites by means of vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). The BPF was modified with nano calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>) using impregnation. The dynamic thermo mechanical property and interfacial property of the composites were analyzed using dynamic mechanical analysis. It was observed that when the test frequency was in the single digit (such as 1 Hz), the maximum storage modulus of the BPF treated by impregnation modification (IMBPF) reinforced epoxy resin composites(3 421 MPa) increased by 30% in temperatures ranging from -20 to 120&#8451; compared to the control sample(2 627 MPa). When the test frequency was multiple digits (1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 Hz) it had a similar effect on the BPF/epoxy resin composites and IMBPF/epoxy resin composites. Meanwhile, the storage modulus, loss modulus and loss factor all increased with the increasing of frequency and gradually moved to a higher temperature. The glass transition temperature of both BPF/epoxy resin composites and IMBPF/epoxy resin composites increased with the increase of the frequency, however, the loss factor had no significant change. In addition, the apparent activation energy of glass transition of IMBPF/epoxy resin composites (369.0 kJ/mol)with a lower glass transition temperature was lower than that of BPF/epoxy resin composite(495.8 kJ/mol), but the correlation between the logarithm of frequency and the reciprocal of the glass transition temperature for IMBPF/epoxy resin composites (R²=0.987 6)was higher than BPF/epoxy resin composites(R²=0.965 9), and at the same time, the determination coefficient of BPF/epoxy resin composites and IMBPF/epoxy resin composites was higher than 0.95. Moreover, when the composites were in glassy state and rubbery state at the selected temperature of -20, 40 and 100&#8451;, the dependence of the storage modulus of IMBPF/epoxy resin composites on the test frequency was higher than the BPF/epoxy resin composites, which suggested that the loading of CaCO<inf>3</inf>particles (15%) affected the dependence of the storage modulus of the composites on test frequency to a certain degree. In the test temperature range from -20 to 120&#8451;, the variation of the interface performance parameter for IMBPF/epoxy resin composites was similar with that for BPF/epoxy resin composites, and was lower than the control sample. The interface performance parameter of BPF and matrix epoxy resin could reflect the temperature and the state of the composite interface. Therefore, the smaller the interface performance parameter, the better the interfacial adhesion, and thus the interfacial property of the composites was improved with nano CaCO<inf>3</inf>impregnation. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Resin transfer molding
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Bamboo - Bandpass filters - Calcium - Calcium carbonate - Carbonation - Composite materials - Dynamic mechanical analysis - Dynamics - Elastic moduli  - Epoxy resins - Fiber reinforced materials - Fibers - Glass - Glass transition - Impregnation - Interface states - Mechanical properties - Molding - Pulp materials  - Reinforcement - Storage (materials) - Temperature - Testing - Vacuum applications
Uncontrolled terms:Apparent activation energy - Bamboo pulp - Bamboo-plastic composites - Determination coefficients - Fiber reinforced composites - Interfacial property - Thermomechanical properties - Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding
Classification code:549.2  Alkaline Earth Metals - 633.1  Vacuum Applications - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 694.4  Storage - 703.2  Electric Filters - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 811.1  Pulp and Paper - 812.3  Glass - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers - 816.1  Processing of Plastics and Other Polymers - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 932  High Energy Physics; Nuclear Physics; Plasma Physics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 1.00e+00Hz, Frequency 1.00e+01Hz, Frequency 2.00e+01Hz, Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Pressure 2.63e+09Pa, Pressure 3.42e+09Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20172803925875
Title:Design and parameters optimization of roll-disk baling mechanism for rice straw round baler
Authors:Li, Yelong (1, 2); Wang, Defu (1); Wang, Mo (1); Li, Donghong (1); Zhang, Quanchao (1); Lei, Junle (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Department, Luoding Polytechic, Luoding; 527200, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Defu(dfwang640203@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:27-34
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For efficient use of rice straw feed resources, rice straw bale silage technique has been developed in some countries like Japan and Korea. In China, rice straw silage is used very little, and rice straw is usually used as poor quality feed because of loose outdoor stacking, which leads to lower nutrient composition and poor palatability. In recent years, rice straw bale silage is being emphasized with the development of animal husbandry, rice combines and round balers. But small and medium-sized steel-roll round balers are main round balers developed in China, and it is easy to result in blocking in the head-feed rice combine (applied widely in rice harvesting) when round baler bales the intact rice straw. When harvesting intact rice straw using domestic small and medium-sized steel-roll round balers, in order to eliminate the blocking problem and reduce the baling power consumption, a baling mechanism which combined steel rolls and side disk was designed (called roll-disk baling mechanism for short). Then, the baling process of the roll-disk baling mechanism was analyzed from the aspects of mechanical and power consumption characteristics. Through mechanical analysis, the friction resistance of rice straw in baling process could be reduced, and the advance movement of rice straw in baling process could be boosted with the side disk, which would be beneficial to boost the formation of rotating straw bale core (the key of forming straw bale). Through power consumption analysis and pre-experiment, major factors influencing the baling performance of the roll-disk baling mechanism was decided as follows: disk diameter &gt; rotational speed of steel roll &gt; feeding quantity &gt; length-width ratio (the ratio of straw length to width of baling chamber). These factors were also selected as the experimental factors, the straw baling formation rate (the ratio of number of straw baling formation to total number of experiment) and baling power consumption were used as the evaluation indices, and 4-factor and 5-level orthogonal rotational combinatorial experiment was conducted with the experimental equipment of the roll-disk baling mechanism. By the above experiments, the regression model for formation rate of straw bales and the regression model for baling power consumption were obtained, which could be used to forecast the formation rate of straw bales and the baling power consumption for the steel-roll baler according to the results of variance analysis. Experimental results showed that major factors influencing baling formation rate could be ranked as round disk diameter, feeding quantity, steel roll rotational speed, and length-width ratio in a descending order, round disk diameter had the greatest influence among these factors, and bigger round disk diameter was beneficial to rapid formation of rotating straw bale core, which then helped to increase the baling formation rate; major factors influencing baling power consumption could be ranked as feeding quantity, rotational speed of steel roll, length-width ratio, and disk diameter in a descending order, and feeding quantity had the greatest influence among these factors. By this experiment, the optimized combination of parameters was decided as follows: Disk diameter of 380 mm, rotational speed of steel roll of 247 r/min, feeding quantity of 1.7 kg/s, and length-width ratio of 0.75. With the optimal combination of parameters, the straw baling formation rate and the baling power consumption were 100% and 62.7 kJ per bale respectively through the verification test of the roll-disk baling mechanism. Compared with the steel-roll round baler, there was no blocking and the baling power consumption reduced, and the roll-disk baling mechanism showed a better performance. These findings can provide theoretical and technical basis for optimization of structure and operation parameters of the roll-disk round baler. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Rotating disks
Controlled terms:Electric power utilization - Experiments - Feeding - Mechanisms - Optimization - Regression analysis - Structural optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental equipments - Experimental factors - Operation parameters - Optimized combinations - Parameters - Parameters optimization - Round baler - Side disk
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 601.3  Mechanisms - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 706.1  Electric Power Systems - 901.3  Engineering Research - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Energy 6.27e+04J, Mass_Flow_Rate 1.70e+00kg/s, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Rotational_Speed 2.47e+02RPM, Size 3.80e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20172803925872
Title:Establishment of generalized soil-water characteristic curve theoretical model considering two stress state variables for unsaturated soils
Authors:Wang, Shiji (1); Cheng, Mingshu (1); Li, Xian (1, 2); Wang, Xiaoqi (1); Mao, Xin (1); Yang, Huidi (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China; (2) College of Physical Sciences &amp; Engineering, Cardiff University, CF243AA, United Kingdom; (3) College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha; 410082, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:1-7
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As one of the fundamental soil-water modeling equations, soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) equation is widely employed to study soil-water retention, permeability and strength characteristics in the fields of agricultural engineering, environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, etc. In this study, we evaluated the current classic SWCC equations and proposed a generalized SWCC model. By summarizing the current models, we found that the current model considered only a single or two influential factors, the forms of the current equations were complex, they were sensitive to experimental data and the fitness accuracy was highly dependent on the numbers of the experimental points. And most of them couldn't deal with the conditions of multimodal pore-size density probability function and hydro-mechanical coupling effects for the solid-liquid-gas materials in soil. Based on Fredlund et al's two stress variables theory and van Genuchten's soil-water characteristic equation, the concept of generalized SWCC was defined. Three characteristic suction zones included boundary-effect zone, transition zone and residual zone of unsaturation. We defined the generalized SWCC as spatial curves reflecting relationship between matric suction and soil water content under the condition affected by multiple factors such as pore structure, stress history and stress state. The relative volumetric water ratio was proposed. The stress history was expressed with initial void ratio and the stress state was described with void ratio. Thus, the relative volumetric water ratio was defined as a ratio of water content-related function and initial volume. Relative fluctuated volumetric water content was defined as the difference of volumetric water content and residual volumetric water content. Based on the relative fluctuated volumetric water content, the relative volumetric water ratio was expressed as the other form. Then, the figure of net normal stress-logarithm of matric suction-logarithm of relative volumetric water ratio corresponding to the characteristic suction zones was plotted. A good linear relationship (r&gt;0.90, P&lt;0.05) was found among the net normal stress, logarithm of matric suction and logarithm of relative volumetric water ratio. Thus, the generalized two stress state bimodal SWCC model was derived, which considered the multimodal pore-size density probability distribution function and soil deformation. Compared with the 2-parameter Brooks et al's equation, 3-parameter van Genuchten equation as well as the 4-parameter Fredlund et al's equation, the proposed generalized SWCC only had 3 parameters, 2 of which could be obtained by least-square linear fitting method in the plane of log-log coordinate system of relative volumetric water ratio versus matric suction and only one of which would be achieved by the nonlinear least-square fitting method. The model fitness needs at least 3 experimental points. The model provides with a new way to predict the soil-water retention, permeability, strength of soil quantitatively in an easier and timesaving process. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Distribution functions - Geotechnical engineering - Least squares approximations - Models - Nonlinear equations - Pore size - Probability distributions - Soil moisture - Stresses
Uncontrolled terms:Bimodal SWCC - Hydro-mechanical coupling effects - Nonlinear least square fitting - Soil water characteristics - Soil-water characteristic curve - Unsaturated soil - Volumetric water content - Water retention properties
Classification code:409  Civil Engineering, General - 481  Geology and Geophysics - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.1  Probability Theory - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20172803925910
Title:Establishment of dynamic model for quality change in frozen lotus root slices during storage
Authors:Liu, Chunju (1, 2); Qian, Min (1); Song, Jiangfeng (1, 2); Li, Dajing (1, 2); Liu, Chunquan (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing; 210014, China; (2) National Vegetable Processing Technology R&amp;D Sub-centers, Nanjing; 210014, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Dajing(lidajing@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:301-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Lotus root is one of the vegetables with huge export production in China. The quality of post-harvest lotus root declined quickly due to its rotting and discoloring. Unsuitable preservation or storage methods can lead to its great loss. Deep processing is an appropriate method to reduce the post-harvest loss of lotus root. Frozen lotus root is the main type of export production, which can retain most of the original quality, flavor and nutrition. During the freezing-storage period, storage temperature can conduct some influence on the product quality and shelf life of frozen lotus root. In order to clarify the influence of storage temperature on quality of lotus root slices and develop the predictive model of shelf life of lotus root slices, Vitamin C content, color and hardness of lotus root slices were examined at -5, -15 and -25&#8451; respectively during different storage time, and the dynamic models of those quality indices were established. The Vitamin C content, color and hardness were chosen as indices representing for the quality of nutrition, appearance and texture, respectively. A series of experiments were carried out to develop and validate the change dynamic model for predicting the quality and remaining shelf life of frozen lotus root slices stored at different temperature. The results showed that the Vitamin C content decreased gradually with the storage time, the stability of Vitamin C became worse, and the degradation rate was accelerated with the increase of storage temperature. The Vitamin C content was more stable during the early storage at -5&#8451;, and the degradation rate of Vitamin C was higher during the late storage. The degradation rate of Vitamin C at -25&#8451; storage was slower than other storage temperatures. In case of color indices, the L* value declined, the a* and b* value and the chromatic aberration were increased with the extension of storage time and the increase of storage temperature, resulting that lotus root slices became more dark, red and yellow. The hardness of lotus root slices declined rapidly during the early storage at different temperatures. The decreasing rate of hardness slowed down with the increase of storage time, and became higher with the increasing of storage temperature. Therefore, it can be concluded that the storage temperature influences severely the quality of frozen lotus root slices. After stored at -5&#8451; for 100 d, the Vitamin C content, color and hardness of lotus root slices declined rapidly. The reaction rate constants of Vitamin C, L*, chromatic aberration and hardness were assumed to have an Arrhenius-type dependence on temperature. The change dynamic model of Vitamin C and hardness followed a first-order reaction, and that of L* and chromatic aberration followed a zero-order reaction. The activation energy of Vitamin C, L*, chromatic aberration and hardness were 34.48, 44.72, 43.94 and 30.26 kJ/mol, respectively, which could reflect their fast change rate during storage. The kinetic models were established with the indices of color, hardness and Vitamin C. There were high regression coefficients between the experimental value and the predicted value at different storage temperatures, which fitted well with the high R²values. It was suggested that these kinetics model could properly predict the quality change and shelf life expectancy of lotus root slices at different storage temperatures. The research conclusions are expected to provide a theoretical basis for shelf life prediction of frozen lotus root during storage and transportation. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Dynamic models
Controlled terms:Aberrations - Activation energy - Chemical activation - Color - Degradation - Dynamics - Energy storage - Forecasting - Hardness - Models  - Nutrition - Quality control - Rate constants
Uncontrolled terms:Chromatic aberration - Experimental values - First order reactions - Frozen lotus root slices - Regression coefficient - Shelf-life prediction - Storage and transportations - Storage temperatures
Classification code:461.7  Health Care - 525.7  Energy Storage - 741.1  Light/Optics - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 921  Mathematics - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.039

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20172803925874
Title:Optimization design and experiment of profiling and slide board mechanism of precision rice hill-drop drilling machine
Authors:Zhang, Minghua (1, 2); Luo, Xiwen (1, 2); Wang, Zaiman (1, 2); Wang, Baolong (1, 2); Xue, Zhenlin (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha; 410128, China; (3) Songjiang Agricultural Machinery Technology and Popularization Station of Shanghai, Shanghai; 201613, China 
Corresponding author:Luo, Xiwen(xwluo@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:18-26
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to better realize the combination of agricultural machinery and agronomy, the design of precision rice hill-drop drilling machine was further optimized and tested. The precision rice hill-drop drilling machine that was powered with high speed transplanter chassis was composed of frame, furrowing and ridging device, height and horizontal profiling mechanism system, power transmission system, seeding device and hydraulic lifting frame. It could meet the rice direct seeding agronomic requirements which are furrowing and ridging synchronously, adjustable sowing rate and hill space, optional row space, profiling seeding mode and stubble burying before seeding. The combined hole-type metering device included small and big type holes was used for the precision rice hill-drop drilling machine, so that it could meet the sowing rate requirement of conventional rice and hybrid rice simultaneously and adjust the seeding rate quickly. On the basis of the combination of agricultural machinery and agronomy as well as the experimental verification, the frame, reduction gearbox, horizontal profiling mechanism, height profiling system and installation angle of slide plate were optimized. The new frame could protect the main bar from being bended. The new reduction gearbox made the hill space to match the speed of the chassis more accurately and also could change the rotation direction to fit different kinds of chassis. The height and horizontal profiling mechanism made the seeding machine more floatable, so it could adapt more complicate ground. Furthermore, the related experiments proved that profiling system is conducive to the seedling emergence of rice. The seedling emergence rates of the rice varieties XS134 and PZTF, which were seeded by the precision rice hill-drop machine with horizontal profiling mechanism, were 7.9% and 8.7% higher than that without horizontal profiling mechanism, respectively. In order to protect the atmosphere environment, the government introduced the relevant policies and laws to prohibit the burning of straw, and promoted the comprehensive utilization of crop straw. Many farmers returned straw residue to field to improve soil fertility and reduce environmental pollution, but it could be more difficult for the direct seeding machine and rice transplanter working in the field as well. To overcome this difficulty, the stubble-burying seeding was studied. The angle of the slide board was confirmed as 4&deg; by the experiment result, while the efficiency of stubble burying was 91.6% and the furrowing and ridging effect under 4&deg; was relatively better than that under other degrees. In this paper, some verification tests involved the main technical indices of the seeding machine and its reliability. Results showed that, the pure work efficiency was 0.67 hm²/h, the qualified rate of hill space was up to 100%, the variable coefficient was as low as 2.5%, the qualified rate of the seeds number per hill reached 95% and the cavity rate was 0; furthermore, the variable coefficient of the consistency of seeding quantity per row and the stability of total seeding quantity were 3.8% and 1.5% respectively; after seeding with horizontal profiling mechanism, the height difference between the left and the right field surface was about 2.0 cm; more important, the average of assignment before first-time fault (MTTFF) was 30.4 hm²/h, and the validity reached up to 98.2%. Therefore, on the basis of these results which all meet the national standard and the requirements of the combination of agricultural machinery and agronomy, and the reduction gearbox makes the machine more universal. The performance of the optimized precision rice hill-drop drilling machine is reliable and has exciting application foreground. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Agronomy - Chassis - Design - Drilling equipment - Drilling machines (machine tools) - Drops - Efficiency - Electric power transmission - Environmental regulations  - Experiments - Gears - Hydraulic machinery - Installation - Machine design - Mechanisms - Optimization - Seed
Uncontrolled terms:Burying stubble - Comprehensive utilizations - Environmental pollutions - Experimental verification - Power transmission systems - Profiling - Rice - Variable coefficients
Classification code:454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 601  Mechanical Design - 603.1  Machine Tools, General - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 662.4  Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 706.1.1  Electric Power Transmission - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3  Engineering Research - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 1.50e+00%, Percentage 2.50e+00%, Percentage 3.80e+00%, Percentage 7.90e+00%, Percentage 8.70e+00%, Percentage 9.16e+01%, Percentage 9.50e+01%, Percentage 9.82e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20172803925905
Title:Response of wetland landscape pattern gradient to human activity intensity in Yellow River Delta
Authors:Han, Mei (1); Zhang, Cui (1); Lu, Guang (1); Liu, Yubin (1); Yu, Haozhe (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan; 250014, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:265-274
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The Yellow River Delta, located on the west coast of Laizhou Bay, is the most extensive and youngest wetland in the China's warm temperate zone. It possesses abundant species and numerous new land resources. However, urban construction, reclamation, oil exploitation, tourism development and other human activities in recent years have directly or indirectly impacted the wetland ecosystem pattern, and naturally, the wetland landscape has significantly changed. In view of this phenomenon, most scholars have only studied the influence of single human activity on wetland landscape, lacking holistic grasp and response analysis of wetland landscape pattern under different disturbance intensity. Therefore, based on the theory of landscape ecology and the support of RS (remote sensing), ArcGIS and FRAGSTATS, the wetland landscape type map in the Yellow River Delta influenced by the human activities was constructed using the method of artificial visual interpretation with the 4 remote sensing images (1989, 1999, 2009, 2014), and the cultivated land, industrial and mining land and other land use were selected to reflect the intensity of human activities, which was divided into 10 levels from strong to weak using the natural breaks method. Besides, the change characteristics of wetland landscape pattern in different periods within different transects were analyzed, as well as the gradients response of 4 main types of landscape pattern characteristics to human activity intensity in 2014. The results were as follows: 1) The total area of the Yellow River Delta increased slightly. Natural wetland landscape showed a decreasing trend, of which beach was reduced the most, followed by meadow, and the artificial wetland landscape continued to increase. 2) The landscape transfer was very dramatic, mutual transformation between meadow, beach and other natural wetland landscape turned larger, while that between construction land, mining land and other non-wetland landscape turned smaller. Which was the largest decrease in tidal flat, a decrease of 38 245.35 hm², followed by a decrease of meadow 37 164.54 hm². 3) Influenced by human activities and other factors, the fragmentation degree of wetland landscape in the Yellow River Delta was intensified within the 25 years, and the patch type was especially more diversified and was more evenly distributed in the landscape. What was more, the landscape also showed obvious spatial differences in different transects due to human activities. 4) At the landscape level, wetland landscape richness and PD (patch density) increased with the decrease of human activity intensity, and in 2009, the number of patches reached eight thousand; yet SHDI (Shannon diversity index) and SHEI (Shannon evenness index) first ascended and then descended, which was consistent with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. In addition, landscape aggregation increased, and landscape connectivity also increased, which reached 99.42% to the most extent, while the degree of fragmentation reduced. At the type level, the change of landscape pattern could be well reflected by the 4 main landscape types (reservoir pond, aquafarm, salt pan and unutilized land). Especially, PLAND (percentage of landscape), PD, and LPI (largest patch index) had significant variations with the gradient of human activity intensity, and LSI (landscape shape index) and MPFD (mean patch fractal dimension) changed obviously, which indicated that landscape shape was becoming increasingly complicated. The largest patch index of salt pan reached 26%, when human interfered with salt pan to the most extent. The study also revealed the gradient change of landscape pattern along the intensity of human activities, which could provide a reference for the rational development and sustainable utilization of the Yellow River Delta. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:44
Main heading:Wetlands
Controlled terms:Beaches - Ecology - Forestry - Fractal dimension - Geographic information systems - Image reconstruction - Land use - Remote sensing - Rivers - Salt deposits
Uncontrolled terms:Change of landscape patterns - Intermediate disturbance hypothesis - Landscape connectivities - Mutual transformations - Sustainable utilization - Wetland landscape patterns - Wetland landscapes - Yellow River delta
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 407.3  Coastal Engineering - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 505.1  Nonmetallic Mines - 903.3  Information Retrieval and Use - 921  Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.50e+01yr, Percentage 2.60e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20172803925882
Title:Soil quality as affected by long-term cattle manure application in solonetzic soils of Songnen Plain
Authors:Meng, Qingfeng (1); Zhang, Juan (1); Li, Xinlun (1); Qu, Xiaoze (1); Li, Weitong (1); Zeng, Xiannan (2); Ma, Xianfa (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) Institute of Crop Tillage and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin; 150086, China 
Corresponding author:Ma, Xianfa(xianfama@yeah.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:84-91
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Poor soil structural properties and nutrient status, and low enzyme activities are common in the solonetz. This is caused by excessive exchangeable Na⁺and high soil pH value in soils. Long-term application of cattle manure is an important management practice that can affect soil quality in the solonetzic soils. Experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design comprising 5 treatments according to the cattle manure application history: Corns (Zea mays L.) with manure applied for 2, 6, 13, and 18 years were used as the experimental treatments and corn without manure application was used as a control treatment. Soil physic-chemical properties and enzyme activities were measured across all treatments. The effects of long-term manure application on soil quality were assessed using factor analysis. Results indicated that long-term manure application significantly improved soil physic-chemical properties and enhanced soil enzyme activities. Two factors were selected for the measured soil attributes, which were "soil structural properties" (Factor 1) and "saline-alkaline properties" (Factor 2), respectively. Compared to untreated soils, soils treated with manure for 13 and 18 years were characterized by improved soil structural properties (Factor 1) and decreased soil saline-alkaline properties (Factor 2), while soils treated with manure for 2 and 6 years were characterized by decreased soil saline-alkaline properties (Factor 2). Soil quality was increased with the number of years of manure application judging from the soil quality indices, with the highest value observed for 18 years of manure application. We conclude that soil structural and saline-alkaline properties are the key factors that limit soil quality, and promotion of soil quality is characterized by the decrease in bulk density, pH value and electrical conductivity in the solonetz, especially for bulk density. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:51
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Alkalinity - Chemical properties - Enzymes - Factor analysis - Fertilizers - Image quality - Manures - Multivariant analysis - pH - Quality control  - Soil mechanics - Structural properties
Uncontrolled terms:Control treatments - Electrical conductivity - Long-term location experimentation - Long-term manure applications - Management practices - Manure applications - Organic fertilizers - Soil enzyme activity
Classification code:408  Structural Design - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801  Chemistry - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 922  Statistical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.30e+01yr, Age 1.80e+01yr, Age 2.00e+00yr, Age 6.00e+00yr
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.011

Funding Details: Number; Acronym; Sponsor: 14QC31; NEAU; Northeast Agricultural University - Number; Acronym; Sponsor: 16QC11; NEAU; Northeast Agricultural University - Number; Acronym; Sponsor: 41501315; NSFC; National Natural Science Foundation of China - Number; Acronym; Sponsor: 41501316; NSFC; National Natural Science Foundation of China

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20172803925887
Title:Spatiotemporal variation and causes analysis of dry-wet climate over period of 1961-2014 in China
Authors:Hu, Qi (1, 2); Dong, Bei (1, 2); Pan, Xuebiao (1, 2); Jiang, Huifei (1); Pan, Zhihua (1, 2); Qiao, Yu (1); Shao, Changxiu (1, 2); Ding, Menglin (1, 2); Yin, Ziwei (1); Hu, Liting (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Scientific and Observing Experimental Station of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot; 011700, China 
Corresponding author:Pan, Xuebiao(panxb@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:124-132
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Global warming has caused non uniform changes in precipitation intensity and distribution, which will inevitable impact on the wet and dry climate. In order to make clear the distribution of dry-wet climate zone and its changes occurred in recent 54 years, this paper analyzed the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of dry and wet climate in China over the period from 1961 to 2014, studied the influences of main meteorological factors on ET<inf>0</inf>by using the sensitivity and contribution rate method, and discussed the probable causes for the dry-wet climate variation. In this study, 701 meteorological stations with 54-year data record were selected in China (Excluding Taiwan, Hongkong and Macao). ET<inf>0</inf>was calculated by using Penman-Monteith method. The data were downloaded from the China Meteorological Data Sharing Service Network, including daily mean, maximum and minimum temperature at 2 m height, relative humidity, sunshine hours, wind speed at 10 m height, precipitation and atmospheric pressure. The data processing, including ET0, climate trend, sensitivity coefficient, and contribution rate were achieved by using Matlab2014 software. Spatial analysis was also carried out to study the regional trends at decadal and annual scales. All spatial distribution maps were constructed using the inverse distance weighting interpolation method embedded in the ArcGIS 10.1 software package with a grid cell size of 0.02&deg; (about 2 km). The results showed that the national climate exhibited the process of getting wet to dry in three time periods (period 1: 1961-1980; period 2: 1981-2000; period 3: 2001-2014). The averaged humid index for all stations had increased by 1.3% in recent 54 years with increasing trend rate of 0.002/ decade, and 12.4% (n=87) of stations exhibited the significance changes (P&lt;0.05). However, dry and wet conditions varied greatly in different regions, and the drought trend mainly occurred in the semi-arid and semi-humid climate region in China. These changes for dry-wet conditions were caused by the changes of precipitation and ET<inf>0</inf>. Precipitation showed non-significant trend over the period of 1961 to 2014 due to great inter-annual variability, while ET<inf>0</inf>showed a significant decreasing trend at average rate of -4.2/decade, and 61.6% of the sites appeared "evaporation paradox" phenomenon. In most parts of the south and the northwest of Xinjiang, the climate changed because of the increase of precipitation and ET<inf>0</inf>. The climate became wet in south China and Xinjiang of northwest China because of the increasing precipitation and decreasing ET<inf>0</inf>. On the contrast, most of the northwest and southwest China regions showed dry trend with the decreasing precipitation and increasing ET<inf>0</inf>. Temperature showed positive sensitive coefficient as well as sunshine hours and wind speed, i.e., ET<inf>0</inf>would increase as these three variables increase. On the contrast, relative humidity showed negative sensitive coefficient, which was also the most sensitive variable. Wind speed was the main factor that affected ET<inf>0</inf>change with the largest contribution rate, but ET<inf>0</inf>is most sensitive to relative humidity. The reason was that the relative importance of the four primary meteorological variables governing ET<inf>0</inf>changing trends would vary with both their sensitivity coefficients and relative changing values. Using relative humidity as an example, it showed the least contribution rate due to the smaller relative change rate in recent 54 years compared to temperature, wind speed, and sunshine hours. In summary, China has experienced obviously climate wetting as the climate warming due to the significantly decreasing ET<inf>0</inf>over the period of 1961 to 2014. The negative effects caused by the significantly decreasing trend in wind speed and sunshine hours on ET<inf>0</inf>exceeded the positive effects caused by the increasing temperature, which resulted in the ET<inf>0</inf>decline in China. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Climate change
Controlled terms:Atmospheric humidity - Atmospheric pressure - Atmospheric temperature - Data handling - Global warming - Inverse problems - Meteorology - Precipitation (chemical) - Sensitivity analysis - Spatial distribution  - Speed - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Contribution rate - ET<inf>0</inf> - Humid index - Sensitivity coefficient - Wind speed
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 921  Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 6.16e+01%, Size 1.00e+01m, Size 2.00e+00m, Size 2.00e+03m, Age 5.40e+01yr, Percentage 1.30e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20172803925878
Title:Development of rapid identification device for variety of macronutrient water soluble fertilizers based on dielectric characteristic frequency
Authors:Wu, Hao (1); Li, Jianian (1); Zhang, Jiankuo (1); Ma, Zeyu (1); Salih, Waleed Elnour Babekir (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650500, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Jianian(ljn825@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:51-58
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to realize a rapid and accurate identification for types of macronutrient water soluble fertilizers, a rapid identification device was developed by using a characteristic frequency method on the basis of a sensor designed according to the dielectric properties of water soluble fertilizer. The device was mainly composed of a &plusmn;5V voltage regulator circuit, a single chip microcomputer control circuit, an excitation signal generation circuit, a sensor, a true RMS(root mean square) conversion circuit and an LCD (liquid crystal display) display module. With 6 kinds of common macronutrient water soluble fertilizers on the market as research objects, and selecting the mass ratio of 1: 30, 1: 1 000, and 1: 3 000, the frequency response characteristics of 18 groups of macronutrient water soluble fertilizer samples were studied in a series of excitation signals, whose frequency range was from 1 to 10 MHz, which was divided into 1-100 and 100-1 000 kHz and 1-10 MHz. It was found that the characteristics frequencies of excitation signals for the 6 kinds of water soluble fertilizers, i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium, phosphorus and potassium, were 30, 40, 50, 600, 700 and 800 kHz, and 3, 4 and 5 MHz. According to the response pattern of each kind of water soluble fertilizer at its characteristic frequency, the identification strategy of 6 kinds of macronutrient water soluble fertilizers was obtained. Whether the sensor electrode's long-term work in the fertilizer was stable or not, would directly affect the device's identification effect. In order to test the stability of sensor electrode, the samples of 3 concentrations i.e. 1: 10, 1: 100 and 1: 1 000 were prepared. Respectively, the sensor electrode was immersed in the sample and its output voltage was monitored continuously for a month. The results showed that the maximum error of the sensor electrodes in the 3 kinds of samples was 0.28%, 0.19% and 0.10% respectively for one month, which indicated that the sensor electrode would not affect the accuracy of the device in the solution measured for a long time. To meet the practical application requirements, a verification testing of identification performance for the device was carried out by preparing 234 samples of water soluble fertilizers with different types and concentrations. The test results showed that the identification accuracy of the device was 98.3%, the average time of a complete identification was 14.3 s, and the longest time of a complete identification was no more than 19.5 s. Since the difference of the sensor response signal values at each characteristic frequency in the same frequency band was relatively insufficient, in order to further reduce the influence of the measurement error caused by the response signal measurement error, the identification criterion of the redundancy judgment was adopted, that was, a complete identification process includes 3 times of judgments, take the same identification results of 2 or more than 2 times as the final identification result. It indicated that the device has good rapidity and accuracy, which could meet the requirements of practical application. The research provides a reference for realizing on-line detection of the fertilizer solution components. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Dielectric properties - Display devices - Electrodes - Errors - Fertilizers - Frequency bands - Frequency response - Liquid crystal displays - Measurement errors - Nitrogen  - Phosphorus - Potassium - Sensors - Voltage regulators
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristic frequencies - Dielectric characteristics - Frequency response characteristic - Identification criterion - Identification strategies - Rapid identification - Single chip microcomputers - Water-soluble fertilizers
Classification code:549.1  Alkali Metals - 722.2  Computer Peripheral Equipment - 732.1  Control Equipment - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 1.00e+05Hz to 1.00e+06Hz, Frequency 1.00e+06Hz to 1.00e+07Hz, Frequency 4.00e+06Hz, Frequency 5.00e+06Hz, Frequency 7.00e+05Hz, Frequency 8.00e+05Hz, Percentage 1.00e-01%, Percentage 1.90e-01%, Percentage 2.80e-01%, Percentage 9.83e+01%, Time 1.43e+01s, Time 1.95e+01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20172803925908
Title:Effect of ion sputtering Ag on photoelectric synergism for disinfection of Penicillium
Authors:Wang, Yi (1); Ye, Shengying (1); Fan, Minglang (1); Li, Liqin (1); Cui, Xiaolei (1); Zhang, Quan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China 
Corresponding author:Ye, Shengying(yesy@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:288-294
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Horticultural products are easy to be infected by microorganisms, which often causes great waste of resources and huge loss of economy, so it is imperative to inhibit the activity of the microorganisms in the storage environment of the harvesting horticultural products. As the representative of the Penicillium fungal infection is a major cause for decayed fruits and vegetables, fungaltoxin derived from Penicillium will do huge harm to people with strong stability and cancerigenic toxin after infecting vegetables and fruits. In this article, we did some research about how to use nano titanium dioxide (TiO<inf>2</inf>) to inhibit the activity of Penicillium fungus in simulated refrigeration environment. NanoTiO<inf>2</inf>is a new type of nano semiconductor material, which is widely concerned due to its special properties. When irradiated by excited light, TiO<inf>2</inf>would generate electron-hole pairs, then the pairs could produce &bull;O^2-and free radicals (HO&bull;) with high oxidative activity, which can degrade most organic compounds to non-toxic CO<inf>2</inf>and H<inf>2</inf>O. They also have direct effect on bacteria, leading to cell death. However, the photo electrons and holes are very easy to be combined, which makes the high redox activity lost. This experiment was carried out from two aspects: heavy metals modifying and voltage applying. It was found that heavy metals could change the distribution of the electrons in the surface of TiO<inf>2</inf>, this could reduce the electron-hole pair of the composite probability and improve the quantum effect of TiO<inf>2</inf>. When using TiO<inf>2</inf>film electrode photo-catalyst to degrade the organic compounds through applying a small positive voltage between the electrolytic tank poles, it could drive the photo-induced electrons in anode to flow to cathode, and reduce the chance of combination of electrons and holes, resulting in high concentration of hydroxyl radicals and improving the degradation efficiency of organic pollutants. In this study, we choose the activated carbon fiber (ACF) as carrier, nanoTiO<inf>2</inf>with heavy metal nano-Ag deposition (Ag-TiO<inf>2</inf>/ACF) were prepared by ion sputtering. The effect of TiO<inf>2</inf>-ACF with heavy metal Ag modification on the photoelectric synergism for disinfection of Penicillium was also invested. The results showed that the different sputtering treatment in experiments presented different effects, and the underlying sputtering exhibited the best performance. The apparent rate constant of Penicillium disinfection reached the highest at 120 s which increased by 39.4% comparing with the contrast. On the other hand, applied voltage can significantly improve the Penicillium disinfection rate of TiO<inf>2</inf>-ACF film, but less significant improvement for the Ag-ACF/TiO<inf>2</inf>film. The optimal value are 75 V, and photoelectric synergism effect in this case is better than the use of photo-catalyst or electro-catalyst separately. It can be found that ion sputtering achieved the well distribution of Ag-TiO<inf>2</inf>particles on the surface and inside of ACF film when analyze the characterization of ACF film. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Silver
Controlled terms:Activated carbon - Agricultural products - Carbon fibers - Catalysts - Cell death - Degradation - Disinfection - Electrodes - Electrolytic tanks - Electrons  - Free radicals - Fruits - Fungi - Heavy metals - Ions - Microorganisms - Organic compounds - Organic pollutants - Oxides - Photocatalysis  - Photoelectricity - Plants (botany) - Probability distributions - Quantum electronics - Quantum theory - Rate constants - Redox reactions - Sputtering - Titanium - Titanium dioxide  - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Apparent rate constant - Degradation efficiency - Fruits and vegetables - Horticultural products - Ion sputtering - Nano-titanium dioxide - Photoelectric synergism - Vegetables and fruits
Classification code:461.9  Biology - 531  Metallurgy and Metallography - 542.3  Titanium and Alloys - 547.1  Precious Metals - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.1  Probability Theory - 931.4  Quantum Theory; Quantum Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.94e+01%, Time 1.20e+02s, Voltage 7.50e+01V
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.05.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20172803925904
Title:Spatial-temporal change characteristics of cropland, vegetable land and forest land in Beijing plain region
Authors:Feng, Ting (1, 2); Zhang, Fengrong (2); Nie, Xin (1); Xie, Zhen (2); Wang, Han (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Public Policy and Management, Guangxi University, Nanning; 530004, China; (2) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China 
Corresponding author:Zhang, Fengrong(frzhang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:257-264
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This research used the techniques of the remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) to obtain the data of agricultural land use classifications by analyzing and interpreting the multi-spectrum remote sensing images, which were extracted from Landsat TM image in 2004 and Landsat OLI image in 2014. According to the situation of agricultural land use in Beijing plain, the agricultural land use were classified as the grain crop fields, vegetables cultivated in greenhouse, vegetables cultivated in the open fields and forest land. Then it analyzed spatial-temporal change characteristics of the agricultural land use in Beijing plain over the past decade (2004 to 2014) by combination of the quantitative geography model and geographic information system (GIS). The results showed that the grain crop fields were changed into forest land and greenhouse vegetable fields, which was the major trend. The area of grain crop fields changed into forest land was 969.97 km²whose land use change intensity index was 72.11%, at the top of all kinds of land use change intensity indexes. The area of grain crop fields changed into greenhouse vegetable fields was 163.53 km²during the past 10 years, whose land use change intensity index was 12.16%, and ranked at the second among all kinds of land use change intensity indexes. Meanwhile the agricultural land use change had spatial characteristic in Beijing plain over the past 10 years. The leading type of agricultural land use changes was that grain crop fields turned into forest land in the suburban area and the distant suburb plain of Beijing, where land use change intensity indexes of grain crop fields into forest land were 84.18% and 76.21%, respectively and higher than the other agricultural land use change intensity indexes obviously. The overwhelming urbanization was encroaching upon a lot of grain crop fields, which leaded the agricultural land use to concentrate on the forest land in the suburban districts. At the same time grain crop fields changed separately to forest land and greenhouse vegetable fields in the new urban area of Beijing, which prompted to the equalization of agricultural land use structure. The research area kept the specific spatial pattern of agricultural land use that the forest land was the leading classification in close proximity to the city center, the mixed classifications including grain crop fields, greenhouse vegetable fields and forest land were main structure in suburban area of Beijing plain and the combination type consisted of grain crop fields and forest land mainly appeared in the distant suburbs of Beijing plain. The spatial structure of the agricultural land use showed as a specific spatial pattern including 3 layer circles and had experienced some changes over the last decade. Firstly, the whole layer circles of agricultural land use had migrated outwards towards the suburbs with the rapid expansion of the central city over the time. Secondly, the spatial distributions of forest land in close proximity to city center and the vegetables cultivated in greenhouse in suburban areas of Beijing plain both had expanded outward due to the area of forest land and vegetables cultivated in greenhouse increased. Although grain crop fields and forest land were the main agricultural land use types in the distant suburbs of Beijing plain in 2004, whose proportion of grain crop fields and forest land had exchanged in 2014. Forest land had become the main type of agricultural land use in the distant suburb of Beijing plain instead of grain crop fields over the time. The study identified that the spatial structure and changes of 3 layer circles of the agricultural land use objectively reflect the different land rent, which drove the peasant household in different locations of suburbs to make different choices about the cultivation, operation and management of agricultural products. Specifically, the peasant households who lived in urban and suburban areas preferred vegetables to grain crops and preferred cultivating vegetables in greenhouse to cultivating vegetables in the open fields, because they hope to get more economic income by changing agricultural products and ways of operation and management. On the other hand, forest land which mainly provided ecological service function was closer to the city center than the grain crop fields which mainly provided production function, which meant the agricultural function had changed from production function mainly to productive and ecological functions. The research results provide a reference for the optimization of spatial distribution of agricultural land use in Beijing plain. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Landforms
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Agriculture - Classification (of information) - Crops - Cultivation - Ecology - Economics - Forestry - Geographic information systems - Grain (agricultural product)  - Greenhouses - Image reconstruction - Information systems - Land use - Remote sensing - Spatial distribution - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural land use - Beijing plain region - Greenhouse vegetables - Operation and management - Spatial characteristics - Spatial-temporal changes - Temporal and spatial variation - Urban and suburban areas
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1  Geology - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.1  Information Sources and Analysis - 903.3  Information Retrieval and Use - 921  Mathematics - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.00e+01yr, Area 1.64e+08m2, Area 9.70e+08m2, Percentage 1.22e+01%, Percentage 7.21e+01%, Percentage 7.62e+01%, Percentage 8.42e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20172803925896
Title:Emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds during pilot swine manure composting
Authors:Zhou, Tanlong (1); Shang, Bin (1); Dong, Hongmin (1); Tao, Xiuping (1); Liu, Tongshuai (1); Wang, Yue (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management in Agricultural Structures (MOA), Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China 
Corresponding author:Dong, Hongmin(donghongmin@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:192-198
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The composting process has a characteristic of high concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission. However, the site monitoring data about emission of VOCs during swine manure composting process is relatively limited and the baseline is also ambiguous at present. The composting bins were aerated with ventilation rate of 60 L/(m³&middot;min), the experiment lasted for 31 days from October to November 2015 in Beijing. The daily ambient temperatures ranged from 3.74 to 13.76&#8451;during the entire experimental period. The daily average temperature inside each composing bin rose and exceeded 50&#8451; within 4 days, and kept above 50&#8451; for 28, 28 and 23 days, respectively, which could secure pathogen inactivation and meet the non-hazardous requirement of national standards. The gas samples were collected using SUMMA canisters, and GC-MS was utilized to analyze the concentrations of VOCs. The results showed that 81 kinds of VOCs were detected, including dibutene, butane, cis/anti-2-butane, 1-butylene, isopentane, amylene, n-pentan, anti-2-pentene, isoprene, cis-2-Pentenenitrile, 2, 2-dinethyl butane, 2, 3-dimethylbutane, 2-methylpentane, cyclopentane 3-methylpentane, n-hexene, hexane, 2, 4-dimethylpentane, methylcyclopentane, cyclohexane, 2-methylhexane, 2, 3-dimethylpentane, 3-methylhexane, 2, 2, 4-Trimethylpentane, heptane, methylcyclohexane, 2, 3, 4-trimethylpentane, 2-methyl heptane, 3-methylheptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, trimethylamine, dimethylsulfide, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, freon 11, freon 13, freon 114, isopropyl benzene, propylbenzene, between-ethyl toluene, ethyl toluene, mesitylene, ortho ethyl toluene, pseudocumene, 1, 2, 3- three methyl benzene, diethylbenzene, two ethyl benzene, benzene, methylbenzene, chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylen, ortho-xylene, styrene, 1, 3-dichlorobenzene, 1, 4-dichlorobenzene, 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene, naphthalene, vinyl chloride, methyl bromide, ethyl chloride, 1, 1-dichloroethylene, dichloromethane, 1, 1-dichloroethane, cis-1, 2- two vinyl chloride, chloroform, 1, 1, 1-trichloro ethane, carbon tetrachloride, 1, 2-dichloroethane, trichloroethylene, 1, 2-dichloropropane, anti 1, 3-two chloride, cis-1, 3-Dichloropropene, 1, 1, 2-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, 1, 2-dibromoethane, tetrachloroethane. Among these 81 VOCs, the varieties of alkanes, aromatic compounds, halohydrocarbons, amines, sulfur compounds and freon compounds were 34, 21, 19, 1, 3 and 3, respectively. In addition, trimethylamine, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl sulfur had higher detection rate and the concentrations of them were far more than their olfactory threshold, their emission peak were 2.711, 2.479, 5.479, 2.204 mg/m³, respectively. During the composting process, the emission of VOCs focused on the first 2 weeks. Next, we need to study the emission of VOCs from pig manure with different feedstocks and different composting conditions. The study provides data support for mitigating VOCs gas emissions during the composting of pig manure. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Manures
Controlled terms:Benzene - Bins - Butane - Carbon - Composting - Dichloromethane - Emission control - Ethylbenzene - Fertilizers - Gas chromatography  - Gas emissions - Heptane - Naphthalene - Organic compounds - Paraffins - Polyols - Styrene - Sulfur - Sulfur compounds - Toluene  - Volatile organic compounds
Uncontrolled terms:1 ,1 ,2-Trichloroethane - 1 ,1-dichloroethylene - 1 ,2 ,4-trichlorobenzene - 1 ,2-dichloropropane - 2 ,2 ,4-trimethylpentane - Composting conditions - Emission characteristics - Pathogen inactivation
Classification code:451.2  Air Pollution Control - 694.4  Storage - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.10e-02yr, Age 3.84e-02yr, Age 6.30e-02yr, Age 7.67e-02yr, Age 8.49e-02yr, Mass_Density 2.20e-06kg/m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20172803925885
Title:Optimization method of calibration dataset for VIS-NIR spectral inversion model of soil organic matter content
Authors:Chen, Yiyun (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); Qi, Tianci (1, 6); Huang, Yingjing (1); Wan, Yuan (7); Zhao, Ruiying (1, 8); Qi, Lin (1, 9); Zhang, Chao (1); Fei, Teng (1, 3) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430079, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Nanjing; 210008, China; (3) Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University, Suzhou; Jiangsu; 215123, China; (4) Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430079, China; (5) Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430079, China; (6) State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing; 210008, China; (7) College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi; 435002, China; (8) Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information Technology Application, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China; (9) Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100101, China 
Corresponding author:Wan, Yuan(wanyuan14@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:107-114
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil organic matter (SOM) is not only an important indicator of soil fertility but also an important source and sink of the global carbon cycle. Therefore, it is essential to acquire the information of SOM for soil management. Visible and near-infrared (VIS-NIR) reflectance spectroscopy, known as a novel, rapid, accurate, environment-friendly and efficient approach compared with conventional laboratory analyses, has proven to be promising in the acquisition of various soil properties. Construction of a calibration set is key to the VIS-NIR quantitative analysis in building up a prediction model of high quality. The aim of this paper was to explore how the sample selection method and the number of samples may affect the accuracy of VIS-NIR models for SOM estimation. A total of 100 paddy soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected from the Honghu City, which is located in the Jianghan Plain, China. After air drying, grinding and sieving (0.25 mm), reflectance of these pretreated samples was measured with FieldSpec3 (Analytical Spectral Devices Inc., America). Three samples were neglected after outlier detections of spectra and SOM content. Out of the remaining 97 samples, 20 samples were selected by means of concentration gradient, which then formed the validation sample set. The remaining 77 samples formed the total calibration set. With SOM content or soil spectral information as inputs, 3 sample selection methods, namely Kennard-Stone (KS), sample set partitioning based on joint X-Y distance (SPXY) and Rank-KS, were used in the construction of calibration subsets with different proportions of the samples in total calibration set, such as 10% and 20%. Based on the different calibration subsets, partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used for model calibrations. Results showed that the calibration set selected by KS approach could not improve model predictive capability compared with the total calibration set. The KS approach, however, could reduce as many as 30% samples of the total calibration set while the ratio of performance to standard deviation (RPD) was retained above 2.0. The SPXY approach performed the best when 50% samples of the total calibration set were selected in the model calibration. The determination coefficient for calibration (R<inf>c</inf>²) reached 0.922, the determination coefficient for prediction (R<inf>p</inf>²) was 0.848, and the RPD reached 2.557. This was because the SPXY approach took into account both SOM content and soil spectra in the sample selection process. With only 30% samples of the total calibration set selected by the Rank-KS method, it had the lowest cost of calibration with satisfactory performance (R<inf>c</inf>²=0.872, R<inf>p</inf>²=0.802 and RPD=2.212). Overall, such results indicate that it is possible to reduce the number of calibration samples while retaining or even improving the predictive capacity of VIS-NIR models for SOM estimation. All the 3 calibration selection approaches have been proven to be useful for the improvement of model practicability. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agronomy - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Carbon - Infrared devices - Least squares approximations - Models - Organic compounds - Reflection
Uncontrolled terms:Analytical spectral devices - Concentration gradients - Determination coefficients - Partial least squares regression - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Reflectance spectroscopy - Soil organic matter contents - Visible and near infrared
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 481.2  Geochemistry - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 921.6  Numerical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.50e-01m, Size 2.50e-04m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20172803925902
Title:Effect of soil structure conditioner PAM on physical properties of iron tailings in reclaiming
Authors:L&uuml;, Chunjuan (1); Bi, Rutian (1); Chen, Weiguo (2); Qin, Junmei (1); Wang, Jin (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China; (2) College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:240-245
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a common soil structure conditioner, but it is seldom applied in the reclaiming of iron tailings. In order to study the improvement effect of PAM on dry iron tailings, and promote the vegetation restoration on soilless mining area, PAM was added to iron tailings to form 4 mass contents of 0% (control), 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.20% respectively using dry mixing method. The physical properties of mixture were observed and measured by simulating water transporting in soil columns with 10 cm diameter. The results showed: 1) The physical properties of iron tailings added with PAM had some improvement compared to the control, and in the order of PAM mass contents of 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.20%, the bulk density decreased by 1.82%, 3.03% and 4.85%, the total porosity increased by 2.75%, 4.50% and 7.25%, and the capillary porosity increased by 13.39%, 25.03% and 27.54%, respectively. There was significant difference (P&lt;0.05) between the control and the tailings added with PAM. 2) As capillary water rose from 0 to 40 cm in the soil column, the volumetric water content of iron tailings under 4 PAM concentrations all tended to decline. The higher the PAM mass content of iron tailings, the slower the declining trend of volumetric water content with rising height, but the variation coefficient of tailings volumetric water content under 4 PAM mass contents got bigger and bigger from 1.22% to 7.13% with the height rising from 10 to 40 cm. 3) The rising heights of capillary water under 4 PAM mass contents were 25, 14.3, 14.5, and 14.4 cm respectively after the test lasted for 420 min, among which the difference was extremely significant (P&lt;0.01). But in the rising process, the inhibition ability of different PAM mass contents on capillary water was changeable, so the rising process was divided into 3 stages: Stage 1 (0-5 min), similar rising height for different PAM mass contents; Stage 2 (6-25 min), the rising height under 4 PAM mass contents showed obvious difference in the same rising time; Stage 3 (30-420 min), relative stable change of rising height for different PAM mass content. In the whole rising process of capillary water, the rising rate of the control was significantly higher than that added with PAM, but the difference of rising rate under 3 PAM mass contents was not significant. The accumulative rising height of capillary water increased with the time following the power function; the rising rate of capillary water decreased with the time following the power function. 4) In the condition of natural ventilation, the water content of iron tailing under different PAM mass contents reduced continuously, but the extent of reduction was different; the water content change of the control was the sharpest, from 37.53% to 35.60%, and the water content change for 0.20% PAM was minimum, from 37.40% to 36.67%. Therefore, PAM can improve the physical properties of iron tailings, inhibit water loss and create appropriate growth environment for vegetation restoration. The reasonable use of PAM is very beneficial to soilless ecological rehabilitation and erosion control. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Chemicals removal (water treatment)
Controlled terms:Iron - Physical properties - Polyacrylates - Porosity - Pulse amplitude modulation - Restoration - Soil conditioners - Soil conservation - Soil testing - Soils  - Tailings - Vegetation - Ventilation
Uncontrolled terms:Capillary water - Ecological rehabilitation - Iron tailings - Polyacrylamide(PAM) - Variation coefficient - Vegetation restoration - Volumetric water content - Water retention
Classification code:452.3  Industrial Wastes - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 545.1  Iron - 643.5  Ventilation - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 0.00e+00%, Percentage 1.00e-01%, Percentage 1.22e+00% to 7.13e+00%, Percentage 1.34e+01%, Percentage 1.82e+00%, Percentage 2.00e-01%, Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 2.75e+00%, Percentage 2.75e+01%, Percentage 3.03e+00%, Percentage 3.74e+01% to 3.67e+01%, Percentage 3.75e+01% to 3.56e+01%, Percentage 4.50e+00%, Percentage 4.85e+00%, Percentage 5.00e-02%, Percentage 7.25e+00%, Size 0.00e+00m to 4.00e-01m, Size 1.00e-01m, Size 1.00e-01m to 4.00e-01m, Size 1.44e-01m, Time 0.00e+00s to 3.00e+02s, Time 1.80e+03s to 2.52e+04s, Time 2.52e+04s, Time 3.60e+02s to 1.50e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20172803925877
Title:Design and experiment of bionic mole's toe arrangement serrated blade for soil-rototilling and straw-shattering
Authors:Guo, Jun (1); Zhang, Qingyi (1); Memon, Muhammad Sohail (1, 2); Ji, Changying (1); Zhao, Zheng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China; (2) Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam; 70060, Pakistan 
Corresponding author:Ji, Changying(chyji@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:43-50
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Tillage practice is one of the energy-consumed links in agricultural production, while the energy can be saved through proper management of blade geometry. In case of rotary tillage, the geometry of sidelong edge, lengthwise edge and transition edge plays a pivotal role in the energy consumption and working performance in the field. The continuous development of the conservation tillage puts forward higher requirements for the performance of rotary blade. In order to manage the rotary tillage process reasonably, the power consumption and working performance of blade should be better understood. In this paper, the sidelong edge and lengthwise edge of the national standard blade were designed as serrated ones and the bionic-shape transition edge was devised according to the arrangement of mole's toes, and later the power consumption and working performances of the bionic serrated blade and the national standard blade were investigated in the field. Meanwhile, the performances of both blades were also studied in soil with and without straw covered via discrete element method (DEM) simulation. A torque sensor was installed between the PTO (power take-off) shaft of tractor and the cardan of straw returning machine to measure the power consumption, while the straw burying rate, the soil crashing rate and the proportion with straw length &le;15 cm were used to evaluate the working performance of blade. Both simulation and experiment were performed with the rotational speed of 300-350 r/min and a constant forward speed of 0.5 m/s. The simulation was performed under 2 conditions with 0% and 100% straw covered, and the results showed that the horizontal and vertical force both increased from 0 to the maximum value and then decreased to 0, while the side force nearly remained constant in one tillage cycle. The directions of horizontal force and side force were the opposites of the working direction of blade and the blade edge, respectively, and the vertical force would change its direction when the maximum tilling depth was reached. It was also observed that the forces and torques of blade in soil with 100% straw covered were larger than those in soil without straw covered because of the extrusion and shear effects between the blade and straw. The field experiments were conducted under 3 soil conditions with kilogram of 0, 0.375 and 0.75 kg (0%, 50% and 100%) on field surface with 0.5 m&times;0.5 m. The torque and power consumption of the bionic serrated blade and the national standard blade were 404.05 and 389.27 N&middot;m, 20.08 and 18.52 kW with 0% straw covered, 438.33 and 443.79 N&middot;m with 50% straw covered, and 557.92 and 507.34 N&middot;m with 100% straw covered, respectively. The working performances of both blades showed that the performances of bionic serrated blade were better than those of national standard blade in the straw burying rate, the soil crashing rate and the proportion with straw length &le;15 cm under all straw covered conditions. Both simulation results and experimental results revealed that the torques of bionic serrated blade were larger than those of national standard blade with 0% and 100% straw covered. Although the torque and power consumption of the bionic serrated blade appeared better than those of national standard blade only with 50% straw covered, the working qualities after the bionic serrated tillage were always better under all 3 soil conditions. It can be inferred that the bionic serrated blade will perform well with some straw removed from field to compensate for the disadvantages of higher torque and power consumption. The study provides a reference to achieve soil-rototilling and stubble-shattering by using one kind of blade. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Bionics
Controlled terms:Accidents - Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Cultivation - Electric power utilization - Energy utilization - Finite difference method - Power takeoffs - Shear flow - Soil conservation  - Soils - Torque - Turbomachine blades
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Conservation tillage - Continuous development - Discrete element simulation - Forces and torques - Rotary blades - Working performance - Working quality
Classification code:461.1  Biomedical Engineering - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 706.1  Electric Power Systems - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 0.00e+00%, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Power 1.85e+04W, Power 2.01e+04W, Rotational_Speed 3.00e+02RPM to 3.50e+02RPM, Torque 3.89e+02N*m, Torque 4.04e+02N*m, Torque 4.38e+02N*m, Torque 4.44e+02N*m, Torque 5.07e+02N*m, Torque 5.58e+02N*m, Velocity 5.00e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20172803925892
Title:Control system design and control strategy of multiple environmental factors in confined swine building
Authors:Xie, Qiuju (1, 2); Su, Zhongbin (2); Ni, Ji-Qin (3); Zheng, Ping (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Information Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163319, China; (2) Institute of Electrical and Information, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (3) Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette; IN; 47907, United States 
Corresponding author:Su, Zhongbin(suzb001@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:163-170
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Swine building environment plays an important role on the pig production, and it is a nonlinear, time-varying and delay system with multiple factors coupling with each other. Air temperature, humidity, harmful gases, airflow, light, dust and other factors in such an environment can affect the growth, development, reproduction of pigs. In the confined swine building, the indoor environment quality can deteriorate due to the high breeding density. The indoor air quality can be improved by appropriate ventilation control that supplies fresh air from outdoor and at the same time dissipates heat and moisture, and decreases concentrations of harmful gases. Most of the swine building environmental control systems are only based on a single environmental variable (temperature) using traditional control method. New systems based on multiple environmental variables and using precision mathematical models are needed to improve swine building environment controls. A multi-factor environmental control system with two controllers, based on the fuzzy control theory was established for the confined swine building in this paper. In this control system, a fuzzy controller was the nucleus part. A temperature fuzzy controller and a ventilation fuzzy controller were established with two input and one output variables, respectively, to achieve environmental control. In the air temperature fuzzy controller, air temperature difference and its variation rate were selected as two input variables, and a ventilation mode and a heating mode were chosen as output variables. In the ventilation fuzzy controller, differences of relative humidity and ammonia concentration were selected as input variables, and fan operation mode was selected as an output variable. To meet the requirements in different seasons, the input variables of the two controllers were first processed through fuzzification and fuzzy logic reasoning based on different control strategies and rules. Then the output variables were obtained after defuzzification processing. To solve the coupling problems between temperature and ventilation controls and optimize the control system, a dynamic temperature compensation coefficient was added. The method developed in this paper was validated using the data collected from a swine building. Different ventilation modes were simulated to get the relationship between the changing rates of air temperature, relative humidity, ammonia concentrations with fan operation time. Results showed that the maximum relative error of temperature was 5% compared with the setting value; and the indoor temperature control was achieved. The maximum relative error of relative humidity deviation from the setting value was 6.3%, which met the required relatively humidity control. The NH<inf>3</inf>concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 3.7 mg/m³, which were less than the setting value of 9.1 mg/m³. Therefore, the fuzzy control system and strategy with multi-factor in this paper could be used to improve the swine building environmental control. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Air quality - Ammonia - Atmospheric humidity - Atmospheric temperature - Buildings - Control systems - Control theory - Controllers - Environmental engineering - Environmental management  - Fuzzy control - Fuzzy logic - Humidity control - Indoor air pollution - Temperature - Temperature control - Ventilation
Uncontrolled terms:Control strategies - Dynamic temperature compensations - Environmental control - Environmental control system - Environmental factors - Environmental variables - Indoor environment quality - Indoor temperature control
Classification code:402  Buildings and Towers - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 451  Air Pollution - 451.2  Air Pollution Control - 454.1  Environmental Engineering, General - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 643.5  Ventilation - 721.1  Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1  Control Equipment - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 2.00e-06kg/m3 to 3.70e-06kg/m3, Mass_Density 9.10e-06kg/m3, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 6.30e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20172803925901
Title:Relationship of PM<inf>2.5</inf>concentration and land use type in Nanchang City based on LUR simulation
Authors:Yang, Haiou (1, 2, 3); Chen, Wenbo (2); Liang, Zhaofeng (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang; 330045, China; (2) Nanchang Key Laboratory of Landscape and Environment, Nanchang; 330045, China; (3) College of Tourism and Territorial Resources, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang; 332005, China 
Corresponding author:Chen, Wenbo(cwb1974@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:232-239
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Urban land use can greatly influence the urban atmospheric pollution conditions. Obtaining a deeper understanding of the relationship between urban land use and atmospheric pollution has an important practical significance in preventing atmospheric pollution and protecting human health. However, the relationship between urban land use and atmospheric pollution has rarely been investigated and the consensus about the exact nature of the relationship has not been reached, which is yet to be fully explored. The purpose of this paper was to study the relationship through coupling land use and atmospheric pollution at city scale. PM<inf>2.5</inf>, consisting of particles with aerodynamic diameters no greater than 2.5 &mu;m, can absorb various toxic substances and easily enter the lungs, resulting in respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Now, PM<inf>2.5</inf>has already become one of the major air pollutants in many Chinese cities. Therefore, PM<inf>2.5</inf>was chosen as the typical atmospheric pollutant in our paper. However, getting sufficient PM<inf>2.5</inf>data is a big challenge due to the sparsely distributed air quality monitoring sites. Then LUR (land use regression) models, in which atmospheric pollutant concentrations are as the dependent variables and surrounding geographical data as the independent variables, were applied to PM<inf>2.5</inf>concentrations simulation to strengthen insufficient PM<inf>2.5</inf>data. Central area of Nanchang City was selected as the study area in this paper. According to the dominated land use type, 5 groups of sample function districts including commercial function districts, industrial function districts, residential function districts, educational function districts and control function districts were selected in the study area. The PM<inf>2.5</inf>concentrations of four seasons in these sample function districts were calculated. Methods of variance analysis and multiple comparisons were employed to quantitatively study the seasonal PM<inf>2.5</inf>concentration differences among different function districts. The results showed that: 1) The best fitting LUR models for four seasons were established and the adjusted R²values were 0.713, 0.741, 0.898 and 0.964 respectively. The mean absolute percentage error of 24 test samples was 12.03%. These results illustrated that the fitting degree of the 4 LUR models were good and the estimation of PM<inf>2.5</inf>concentrations in the study area could be effectively achieved through LUR models. 2) The PM<inf>2.5</inf>concentration differences among sample function districts were significant, indicating that urban land use had an obvious impact on PM<inf>2.5</inf>concentrations. And the impact would not change as the seasons changed. 3) The significance levels of PM<inf>2.5</inf>concentration differences among different function districts were not all the same. The PM<inf>2.5</inf>concentration differences between industrial function districts and commercial function districts, residential function districts and educational function districts were insignificant. The PM<inf>2.5</inf>concentrations in industrial function districts or commercial function districts were significantly different from those in residential function districts or educational function districts. The PM<inf>2.5</inf>concentration differences between control function districts and the other 4 categories of function districts were all significant. The results demonstrated that the layout of function districts could impact the spatial distribution characteristics of PM<inf>2.5</inf>concentration. This research explores a new approach to couple urban land use and atmospheric pollution. The results can provide valuable references for urban land-use optimization and atmospheric pollution control in future. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Air pollution - Air quality - Analysis of variance (ANOVA) - Couplings - Housing - Models - Pollution - Pollution control
Uncontrolled terms:Aerodynamic diameters - Air quality monitoring - Atmospheric pollutants - Atmospheric pollution - Cardio-vascular disease - Distribution characteristics - Independent variables - Mean absolute percentage error
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1  Urban Planning and Development - 451  Air Pollution - 451.2  Air Pollution Control - 922  Statistical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.20e+01%, Size 2.50e-06m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20172803925894
Title:Returning granulated straw for accelerating decomposition rate and improving soil fertility
Authors:Wang, Jing (1); Zhang, Li (1); Pang, Huancheng (1); Zhang, Juntong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China 
Corresponding author:Pang, Huancheng(panghuancheng@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:177-183
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Returning crop straw into the soils is one of the important steps towards sustaining and improving soil fertility. As a large agricultural country, China has more than 700 million tons crop straw engendered annually. Various practices of returning straw, such as chopping, mulching and deep burying, have been invented and used widely in rural areas. However, low yield of crop always occurs in the next season if excessive amount of straw has been returned, which even leads to plant disease and insect pest. Further, environmental issues increase due to a lot of crop straw returning to the field. Thus, effective techniques for returning crop straw and increasing soil productivity should be developed to cope with these challenges. As an innovative way of returning straw, we granulated the maize straw with the help of a straw granulated machine and then returned them into the soils. To evaluate the effects of granulated straw and chopped straw (standing for the control) on straw decomposition, nutrient release and soil respiration, a successive laboratory incubation experiment was conducted at Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Beijing, China. After granulating, the bulk density of maize straw was 254.09 kg/m³, 4.8 times the value of the control. As a result, the rates of straw returning increased considerably in a unit soil. In this experiment, both the granulated and chopped straw were put in several nylon bags and then buried into soils at a depth of 15 cm. In the course of the experiments, they were sampled randomly and determined. In the earlier 60 d, the mean decomposition rate of granulated straw was 31.68% higher than that of the control. After 300 d, the cumulative decomposition rate of granulated straw was 80.81%, 8.7percentage points higher than that of the control. Based on the regression analysis between nutrient releasing rate and decomposition time for different pre-treatments of maize straw, the granulated straw treatment was 30 or 14 d earlier than the chopped straw treatment when they half or completely decayed, respectively. In addition, the granulated straw treatment significantly increased the nutrient release rate throughout the entire incubation period, especially in the early 60 d. After 300 d, the granulated straw treatment increased the cumulative release amount of C (carbon) and N (nitrogen) by 11.0 percentage points and 13.2 percentage points compared to the corresponding level of the control, respectively. However, no significant differences were found for the cumulative release amount of P (phosphorus) and K (potassium) between the granulated and chopped straw treatment. According to the results of data fitting, the time of more than 50% releasing nutrient for the granulated straw treatment was 15-125 d earlier than the control; in contrast, it was 9 d earlier than the control when its nutrient was released completely. In addition, the mean value of soil respiration rate for the granulated straw treatment was 18.03% greater than the control in the earlier 260 d. In conclusion, maize straw that was granulated before returning into soils can fast and effectively improve soil fertility; and thus, it is worthy widely applying in agricultural production. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Carbon - Crops - Decomposition - Nutrients - Regression analysis - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Agricultural science - Decomposition rate - Environmental issues - Incubation periods - Soil productivity - Soil respiration - Soil respiration rates
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 2.54e+02kg/m3, Percentage 1.80e+01%, Percentage 3.17e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 8.08e+01%, Size 1.50e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20172803925881
Title:Punching and filling sand method increasing water infiltration and desalting rate of saline-alkali soil under flooding irrigation
Authors:Zhang, Yifu (1); Li, Hongwen (1); Hu, Hong (1); Wang, Xianliang (1); Chen, Wanzhi (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Hongwen(lhwen@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:76-83
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The purpose of improving saline-alkali soil is to enhance soil physical and chemical properties, benefit crop growth, and ultimately realize high efficient and productivity. However, the current improving methods are faced with challenges of heavy workload, high cost, etc., which limit the promotion and application of saline-alkali soil at a large scale. In order to overcome above shortages, a modified method named punching and filling sand (PFS) was proposed. This research aimed at studying the influence of PFS method on water and salt transport process by irrigation experiments, and exploring the feasibility of PFS as an efficient measure of desalinization. The PFS method was divided into 2 steps, firstly punching vertical holes in the experiment fields, and secondly filling sand into the holes. From May to June in 2016, a series of irrigation experiments were carried out, and the experimental field was located at Shiji Countryside Cooperative in Zhongtang town, Binhai district, Tianjin (38&deg;46'N, 117&deg;13'E). The experimental site belonged to the coastal saline-alkali soil area, which was typical in northern China. The soil in experimental site was classified as coastal solonchak with a bad structure and permeability. Under 3 kinds of irrigation amount (600, 900 and 1 200 m³/hm²) condition, 3 kinds of punching depth (5, 10, and 15 cm, respectively) and 3 kinds of punching density (30, 60, and 90 holes/m², respectively) were considered as 2 independent variables in the experimental design (3 replicates). Meanwhile, the irrigation experiments without punching treatment were also tested as the control group (CK). The outer diameter of the punching tube was 16 mm. Soil samples were respectively collected after 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days of irrigation, i.e. the duration of each monitoring period was 25 days. The soil water content was determined by oven drying method and the soil salinity was measured by a DDS-11A type conductivity meter. The results showed that the desalinization rate increased with the increasing of irrigation amount. After 25 days, in 600 m³/hm²irrigation amount condition, the desalinization rate of 0-30 cm soil layer was negative (from -11.5% to -6.9%), and in 1200 m³/hm²irrigation amount condition, the desalinization rate of 0-30 cm soil layer was positive (2.2%-14.3%). The PFS method affected water infiltration, after 25 days of 1 200 m³/hm²irrigation, &ge;10 cm punching depth treatment decreased water storage of 0-30 cm soil layer by 8.7%-16.1% (P&lt;0.05), compared with CK (without punching treatment). In addition, compared with CK, the PFS method with &ge;10 cm punching depth treatments increased total desalinization amount by 50.7%-98.8% in top 0-30 cm soil layer after 25 days of irrigation. The punching density had no significantly influence on water storage under the same punching depth (P&gt;0.05). However, the total desalination amount was greatly affected by the punching density. At the punching depth of 5 and 10 cm, the punching density of 30 and 60 holes/m²was not significantly (P&gt;0.05) different in total desalination amount, and the total desalination amount of both treatments was lower than that at 90 holes/m²(P&lt;0.05). However, at the punching depth of 15 cm, the total desalination amount for the punching density of 90 and 60 holes/m²was not significantly different (P&gt;0.05) but significantly higher than that at 30 holes/m²(P&lt;0.05). The results indicated that the PFS method affected water and salt transport significantly, and the PFS method had been proved to be an effective measure to improve coastal saline land in northern China. Considering current agricultural machinery equipment and local agronomic standard, 10 cm punching depth and 30 holes/m²punching density were recommended as an adaptable PFS project. This study can provide valuable information for the agricultural practice of farmland in coastal saline-alkali soil area. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Desalination - Filling - Irrigation - Saline water - Sand - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils  - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural practices - Conductivity meters - Filling-sand method - Independent variables - Saline-alkali soils - Soil physical and chemical properties - Water and salt transports - Water infiltration
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Age 5.48e-02yr, Age 6.85e-02yr, Percentage -1.15e+01% to -6.90e+00%, Percentage 2.20e+00% to 1.43e+01%, Percentage 5.07e+01% to 9.88e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 3.00e-01m, Size 1.00e-01m, Size 1.50e-01m, Size 1.60e-02m, Size 5.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20172803925889
Title:Grape leaves detection and tracking based on improved deformable part model and discriminative model
Authors:Yang, Sen (1); Feng, Quan (1); Wang, Shuzhi (2); Zhang, Rui (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou; 730070, China; (2) College of Electrical Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou; 730030, China 
Corresponding author:Feng, Quan(fquan@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:140-147
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Recently, some researchers have exploited computer vision based video analysis to monitor the growth status of crop under the natural condition. Since leaf is the largest organ of the vast majority of plants, it often serves as primary monitoring object. Most of analysis algorithms of illness detect the blobs on the leaf surface and then judge the kind of diseases. In a leaf image, the blobs may be caused by shadow, dust, highlight, and so on, which are prone to be confused with the blobs caused by diseases. To accurately judge the illness of a leaf for online surveillance, it is important to consider the time factor, since the blobs caused by the aforementioned factors may disappear with time elapsing. There exist some reasons such as the various poses, mutual occlusion, appearance and the irregular movement, which make the conventional detection and tracking methods hard to locate the leaves accurately in the images. In this paper, a novel scheme to monitor the leaves of vine grape was proposed. To improve the accuracy of leaves detection, a traditional RGB (red, green, blue) image was replaced by a G/R image to train the deformable part model (DPM) since the former makes it easier to distinguish the grape leaves from the background than the latter. The DPM detector for leaves was constructed based on HOG feature, which was a mixture over 3 components representing different aspects of a leaf. Since high dimension of HOG feature hampered real-time detection, PCA (principal component analysis) method was exploited to reduce its dimension, which speeded up the process of training and detection effectively. By utilizing the trained model, the overall score was computed for each root location according to the best possible placement of the parts through the matching procedure. The scores were sorted and the detection with the highest score was picked out. To robustly trace the sharp movement of a leaf, probability model based online object tracking algorithm with color features was put forward. In the proposed algorithm, object-background model capable of differentiating a leaf from the background was constructed firstly. To reduce the risk of drifting towards the regions which exhibit similar appearance of leaf (but not real leaf) at a next frame, then a distractor-aware representation was combined to the formal model to generate a discriminative object model. Based on this model, detection rate and false detection rate were computed. This allows us to efficiently obtain the new object location in the next frame. In the long-term tracking process, detection repeated at the 30-minute interval to check whether new leaves appeared in the vision field or not. For the sake of the robustness, the images were gathered at various conditions, such as sunny day, cloudy day, shadow, flowering stages and fruiting stages to train the detection and tracking models. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of leaf detection at 5 different settings. The experimental results showed that the average detection rate reached up to 88.31%, and the average false detection rate fell down to 8.73%. For the tracking algorithm, the results were also exciting: The overlap rate was as high as 0.83, and the average center error was 17.33 pixels. Compared with the classical KLT (Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi) tracking algorithm, our algorithm demonstrated the better robustness in the condition of illumination change and sharp movement. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Feature extraction
Controlled terms:Computer vision - Diseases - Error detection - Image processing - Models - Plants (botany) - Principal component analysis - Surface discharges - Tracking (position)
Uncontrolled terms:Conventional detection - Deformable part models - Detection and tracking - Discriminative models - Grape leaf - Illumination changes - Online object tracking - PCA (principal component analysis)
Classification code:701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 723.5  Computer Applications - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.73e+00%, Percentage 8.83e+01%, Time 1.80e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20172803925880
Title:Calculation method and application on operation efficiency of water transfer system with cascade pumping station based on time and space scale
Authors:Sang, Guoqing (1, 2); Zhang, Shuanghu (2); Zhang, Lin (3); Song, Shuxin (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resources and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan; 250061, China; (2) China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100038, China; (3) Shandong Main Channel Co., Ltd of Eastern Route of South to North Water Transfer Project, Jinan; 250012, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:67-75
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water resource is distributed unevenly in time and space in the world. With the development of society, water demand is increasing. In some places, water shortage is becoming the bottleneck of the development of social economy. In order to realize the rational allocation of water resources, lots of water diversion projects with cascade pumping stations have been carried out. Water is transferred from areas with plenty of water to areas with more water demand. For example, South-to-North Water Transfer Project is being built in China, which is the largest water transfer project in the world. There are 3 lines for this project, which are East line, Middle line and West line. East line is typical parallel and series cascade pump system, which is the largest pumping station system in the world. Water is pumped from Yangzi River in Yangzhou of Jiangsu Province to North areas including Jiangsu and Shandong Province. At some places old rivers are used for water transfer such as the Grand Canal between Beijing and Hangzhou. At other places new channels are built for water transfer. Some lakes used for storage are connected by these channels and rivers such as Hongze Lake, Nansi Lake and Dongping Lake. From Dongping Lake water flow becomes gravity flow to 2 directions. One route is north to Tianjin finally and the other is east to Jiaodong area. Water transferred to Jiaodong belongs to the first stage. Now the first stage of East line has been finished and is on operation period. It is typical cascade pumping station system for water transfer project. Large scale pumping station in parallel and series is a complex water transfer system. It consists of water pumps, controlling gates, channels or pipes and water lakes or reservoirs, and so on. Water is pumped from low area to high position or pressure pipes. Then it is transferred by channels or pressure pipes to water lakes or reservoirs. Lakes and reservoirs are used for storage and volume adjusting. In this system, pumping stations at different levels are control units. Channels or pipes between pumping station units limit the adjusting ability on water quantity. What's more, discharge and water level interrelate. During the operation period, water flow is changing dynamically caused by different scenarios or unknown external disturbance. So this system has the characteristics of complexity and dynamic. It is difficult to evaluate and optimize the real-time operation state. So how to control the system accurately becomes a challenge. Normally operation efficiency is one of the important methods for checking the validity. The operation efficiency of cascade pumping stations for water transfer system reflects the operating results of the whole system. It determines the energy consumption and the cost of water transfer. So it is an important evaluation index of system operation. It can also be one of the criteria to measure the success of water transfer project. There are many methods which can be used to calculate out operation efficiency. But these methods are focusing on end efficiency or average efficiency, which cann't reflect the accurate system running status in real time or a time interval. In order to solve these problems, with a series of research or experiments, the operation efficiency theory based on time and space is presented. In space scale, this system is divided into several subsystems, which are parallel subsystem, series subsystem, pumping station subsystem and water transfer subsystem. Pumping station subsystem consists of different pumping stations at different levels, which is the center of energy transfer of the whole system. Water transfer subsystem consists of different hydraulic structures such as channels, pipes, trash rack, and so on, which is the link of energy transfer. Different subsystems are connected by hydraulic factors such as water level or discharge. The operation efficiency of the whole system is decided by different subsystem. In time scale, it is divided into several parallel states, which are used to calculate pumping station performance, hydraulics loss and water quantity loss. A series of index system and formulas for operation efficiency of large scale pumping station are given out including pumping station subsystem and water transfer subsystem. Based on this, the related influence factors are studied with quantitative analysis. This research provides the theoretical basis for optimizing the operation efficiency of large scale pumping station system. Based on real operation data in 2016 of typical water transfer system with cascade pumping station in parallel, practice is carried out for this theory. Results show that this method can evaluate the operational efficiency accurately and find out the optimized potential factors and bottlenecks of the subsystems and the whole system. The operation efficiency of cascade pumping station system based on time and space scale is decided by different related factors such as water level, discharge and pumping unit power, and so on. So it is necessary to monitor these factors accurately. At the same time, summaries should be made in time about pumping station unit performance, hydraulics, discharge loss, and so on to find out the useful law. In one word, accurate operation efficiency comes from accurate raw data and detailed study. In addition, the operation efficiency can also provide the reference for route comparison and model selection of all-level pumping stations, and therefore, it can also be used for project planning. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Digital storage - Efficiency - Energy transfer - Energy utilization - Flood control - Flow of water - Hydraulic structures - Hydraulics - Lakes - Optimization  - Pumping plants - Pumps - Reservoirs (water) - Rivers - Runoff - Water levels - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristics of complexity - Operation efficiencies - Operational efficiencies - Pumping stations - South to North Water Transfer Project - Water diversion project - Water transfer projects - Water transfers
Classification code:441.2  Reservoirs - 442.1  Flood Control - 444  Water Resources - 444.1  Surface Water - 446  Waterworks - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 618.2  Pumps - 631.1.1  Liquid Dynamics - 632.1  Hydraulics - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20172803925898
Title:Effect of substrate dilution ratio combined with ultrasonic irradiation on acidification of bean dregs anaerobic fermentation
Authors:Zou, Yongjie (1, 2); Chen, Ling (1); Jiang, Weizhong (3); Wu, Xinyan (1); Yang, Jin (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&amp;F University, Zhuji; 311800, China; (2) Zhuji Animal Disease Control Center in Zhejiang, Zhuji; 311800, China; (3) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China 
Corresponding author:Chen, Ling(lynn_chen00@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:207-213
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Anaerobic digestion has been applied widely used in treatment of municipal solid wastes due to its advantages of energy recovery and environmental protection. However, in the case of particle-substrate digestion, the acidification products were prone to accumulate, which inhibited not only methanogenesis, but also hydrolysis and acidification. In order to alleviate the acid inhibition during acidification of solid organic wastes, ultrasonic irradiation was introduced to destroy the product-films and promote the acidification performance. The previous study demonstrated that direct ultrasonic irradiation could desorbed VA from particle surfaces, and elevated the VS degradation rate from 0.8% to 1.3% per day. The volatile acid increasing ratio and VS degradation ratio were increased from 166.7% to 732.0%, and 17.0% to 26.7%, respectively, by the modified ultrasonic treatment (3-times dilution, 20 min ultrasonic irradiation filtration). However, ultrasonic wave energy intensity would be attenuated during its propagation in the medium, so at the same ultrasonic frequency, the higher the medium concentration was, the greater the intensity attenuation. The substrate concentrations of solid wastes during the ultrasonic irradiation would have a role on treatment effect and equipment requirements. The selection of substrate concentration should not only combine with the VA removal rate and the fermentation performance, but also the fermentation device volume and water consumption. In this study, the effects of substrate concentration during ultrasonic treatment on the fermentation properties were investigated. Fermentation broth from previous acidification (volatile acid concentration was 18.8 g/L) was diluted by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 times (to ensure consistent radiation areas, the total mass of the treated medium and the water in the container was always the same). After that they were imposed on ultrasonic irradiation for 20 minutes, and filtrated to the initial weight. The samples of treated broth were withdrawn to determine pH value, total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), volatile acid (VA) concentration and particle size distribution. The results demonstrated that dilution combined with ultrasonic irradiation treatment played a key role to VA removal. Higher VA removal rate and smaller particle size was obtained by the treatment with higher dilution ratio. Considering that higher dilution ratio would result in more water consumption and bigger reactor volume, dilution ratio with 1, 2 and 3 times were chosen to next fermentation. The broth with ultrasonic irradiation and dilution ratio of 1, 2 and 3 times were fermented for 10 days in a rotational drum fermentation system. A control with untreated broth was also investigated. The experiments were set up in duplicate. The experiment results showed that the broth fermentation with higher dilution ratio got not only more VA production, but also rapid substrate degradation. On the other hand, due to the almost saturated VA removal, the improvement of fermentation performance with the broth diluted by 2 and 3 times was not obviously. Taking water consumption and reactor volume into account, the conditions of the diluted fermentation broth 46 g/L, ultrasonic irradiation 20 min and filtration were more suitable to promote the acidification of solid organic wastes when their VA concentrations were between 10 and 20 g/L. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Acidification - Degradation - Dilution - Fermentation - Filtration - Irradiation - Municipal solid waste - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Radiation  - Solid wastes - Substrates - Ultrasonic equipment - Ultrasonic waves - Wastes - Water filtration - Water treatment - Wave energy conversion
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Fermentation performance - Hydrolysis and acidifications - Modified ultrasonic treatment - Product inhibition - Rotational drum fermentation system - Substrate concentrations - Ultrasound irradiation
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 452  Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 615.6  Wave Energy - 753.1  Ultrasonic Waves - 753.2  Ultrasonic Devices - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 822.2  Food Processing Operations - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.74e-02yr, Mass_Density 1.00e+01kg/m3 to 2.00e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.88e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 4.60e+01kg/m3, Percentage 1.67e+02% to 7.32e+02%, Percentage 1.70e+01% to 2.67e+01%, Percentage 8.00e-01% to 1.30e+00%, Time 1.20e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20172803925893
Title:Running optimization of solar membrane desalination system
Authors:Hu, Junhu (1); Guo, Xiao (1); Yang, Xiaohong (1, 2); Tian, Rui (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot; 010051, China; (2) Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Wind Energy and Solar Energy Utilization Technology, Hohhot; 010051, China 
Corresponding author:Tian, Rui(tianr@imut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:171-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this paper, a test device of solar membrane desalination system through distillation is designed in order to optimize the running process of solar membrane desalination system through distillation. The device uses photovoltaic-thermal system instead of conventional power to drive the power load during the running process of the system. The best operation condition is determined by means of test. The running performance of the system is tested in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, under the optimized circulation flow circumstance; the optimal heat flow rate is determined, the running effect of membrane desalination system in the best condition is tested, and the power balance of the system during the operation is illustrated. During the test outside, the average daily temperature is 21.78&#8451;, the average wind speed is 2.94 m/s, and the main wind direction is northwest. The results show that there is a best endothermic circulation flow rate, which makes the total heat absorption decrease if it is too small or too large. The best circulation flow rate of solar thermal and photovoltaic system is 150 L/h. Corresponding temperature of the heat water increases by 2.5&#8451;, which is the maximum value under all the circulation flow rates. The amount of heat absorbed by the heat exchanger in the unit time is the largest; the solar thermal and photovoltaic system should adopt the continuous track to run. After the incident angle of the sun's rays is greater than 20&deg;, the heating rate of solar collector sharply declines and the temperature rise values at measuring points are close to 0&#8451;. In the heating process, there are 3 kinds of control methods. When the irradiance is less than 500 W/m², only the photovoltaic system is opened to heat the working medium; when the irradiance is 500-700 W/m², the thermal and photovoltaic complementary mode is used to heat the working medium; when the irradiance is greater than 700 W/m², the thermal system opens to heat the working medium. With the good thermal insulating performance of hot water tank, system runs efficiently. The average flux is 14.92 kg/(m²&middot;h) after optimization. The single membrane area is 0.01 m². The average human intake of water is 2.5 kg/d, and 10.44 kg water can be produced by 0.14 m²hydrophobic membrane which runs for 5 h in the optimized conditions. Seven groups of membrane modules in series can meet the drinking water needs of a family of four. The power consumption of electric heating is much larger than the total power consumption of 3 pumps. The power consumption during the whole test is 2.61 kW&middot;h. The DC (direct current) meter shows that the average electrical energy generation by photovoltaic system is 2.4 (kW&middot;h)/d. The membrane desalination system runs 5 h/d, which meets the demand of the photovoltaic system. The balance of electric power is maintained in the process of system operation. At last, this research can determine the minimum membrane area that per unit water production requires, get the maximum water production with the minimum initial investment, and promote the practical application of the membrane desalination system. The results provide a reference for the application of membrane distillation for desalination. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Produced Water
Controlled terms:Desalination - Distillation - Electric power utilization - Flow rate - Investments - Membranes - Optimization - Photovoltaic cells - Potable water - Solar heating  - Solar power generation - Water - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Circulation flow rate - Hydrophobic membrane - Inner Mongolia autonomous regions - Membrane desalination - Membrane distillation - Photovoltaic systems - Photovoltaic thermals - Total power consumption
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 615.2  Solar Power - 631  Fluid Flow - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 706.1  Electric Power Systems - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Area 1.00e-02m2, Area 1.40e-01m2, Mass 1.04e+01kg, Surface_Power_Density 5.00e+02W/m2, Surface_Power_Density 5.00e+02W/m2 to 7.00e+02W/m2, Surface_Power_Density 7.00e+02W/m2, Time 1.80e+04s, Velocity 2.94e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20172803925899
Title:Spatio-temporal changes of fertilization intensity and environmental safety threshold in China
Authors:Liu, Qinpu (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing; 211171, China 
Corresponding author:Liu, Qinpu(liuqinpu@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:214-221
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is very important for the sustainable agriculture development and environmental protection to determine the environmental safety threshold of fertilizer in China. Models of fertilization environmental safety threshold were setup to study the spatio-temporal changes, reasonability of fertilization intensity and its environmental safety threshold. The results showed that: 1) the fertilizer application rate had been increasing since 1980 in China. The application rate in 2014 was as about 5 times as that in 1980, the fertilizer intensity in 2014 was as nearly 4 times as that in 1980, and the efficiency of fertilization decreased by 50% from 1980 to 2014. The proportion of N : P : K was from 1 : 0.3 : 0.05 in 1980 to 1 : 0.5 : 0.43 in 2014. Intensities of N, P and K fertilizer application rate started to exceed the environmental safety thresholds in 1988, 2000, 2009, respectively. The gaps had been increasing ever since; 2) in China, the areas with low intensity of fertilization included Qinghai, Xizang, Gansu, Sichuan, Guizhou, Jiangxi and Heilongjiang, mainly distributed in the west part of China. The areas with medium intensity of fertilization included Chongqing and some others. Hainan, Henan, Beijing and Tianjin belonged to those with very high intensity of fertilization. Xinjiang and some others belonged to the high intensity fertilization area. The high and very high intensity fertilization areas were located at North China Plain and south-east coastal areas; 3) There were 3 types of N fertilizer environmental safety threshold regions: low threshold area (&le;125 kg/hm²), medium Nitrogen threshold region (125-165 kg/hm²), and high Nitrogen threshold region (&gt;165 kg/hm²). More than 60% of the studied areas in China belonged to the medium environmental safety threshold area; Qinghai, Gansu, Shannxi, Shanxi, Yunnan and Guizhou belonged to the low threshold area; Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Jiangsu and Xinjiang belonged to the high threshold area. The distributions of fertilization environmental safety thresholds for P and K were same as Nitrogen threshold regions; 4) At average, the fertilization intensity in 2014 was as high as 1.2 times the environmental safety threshold, while the highest fertilization intensity in Shannxi was twice higher than its safety threshold. But there were still some provinces that had lower fertilization intensity than their fertilization environmental safety threshold, which had not met the need for fertilizers. Although N and P inputting were beyond their thresholds in many provinces, the deficient inputting of K was popular in most provinces. So each province should take different measures of fertilization to deal with the relationship between food production and environmental protection. The model of fertilization environmental safety threshold in this paper showed that the threshold of fertilization is affected by the local natural, economic and cropland management condition, which is related with local crops' production and environmental quality. It would play important roles in the eco-agricultural construction in China. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Environmental protection - Fertilizers - Nitrogen - Pollution control
Uncontrolled terms:China - Cropland management - Environmental quality - Environmental safety - Fertilizer applications - Intensity of fertilization - Spatio-temporal changes - Sustainable agriculture
Classification code:454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20172803925876
Title:Improvement of transplanting manipulator for potted flower based on discrete element analysis and Su-field analysis
Authors:Gao, Guohua (1); Ma, Shuai (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing; 100124, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:35-42
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the process of planting Anthurium andraeanum, people need to transplant the seedling from small pot to big pot to get more growth space. This work will not only spend much time, but also increase the cost of planting. Our research group has finished a design of the transplanting machine to realize the automatic transplanting of Anthurium andraeanum. However, during the usage of the machine, we found that the transplanting manipulator cannot take out the soil matrix completely from the small pot sometimes. Once the incomplete soil matrix is watered after the transplanting, the seedling will tilt. It will lead to the difficulty of sale. So taking out the soil matrix completely from the small pot will be one of the most critical technical problems in the transplanting mechanical system for potted anthurium. Operation objects can be regarded as rigid body in the traditional mechanism design, however, the potted soil matrix, as the operation object of transplanting manipulator, belongs to the discrete body, although the potted matrix can be condensed as a certain shape under the limitation of the pot. In the process of sinking the needle into the soil matrix and taking it out, it is hard to keep the original stable shape and take out the matrix completely due to the lack of the cohesion of matrix itself and the adhesion effect between the pot and matrix. This condition will lead to the failure of transplanting. Based on the discrete element analysis method, this paper established discrete element simulation model among mechanism (transplanting manipulator), action object (matrix with rootstock), and action condition (pots) by EDEM (enhanced discrete element method) software to analyze the whole process of transplanting. In the simulation, we found that when the transplanting manipulator takes out the soil matrix, a fault happens inside the soil matrix. After the analysis for this simulation phenomenon, we knew that when the total resistance force is greater than the maximum cohesive force that soil matrix can offer, the matrix will be broken and become the incomplete matrix. According to the above analysis, we started to use the Su-Field analysis method to solve this problem. By using the component analysis and functional model, the transplanting mechanical system was known more, and we focused the key point on the harmful adhesion effect between small pot and soil matrix. With the help of Su-Field model and standard solution, we fully analyzed the resources of the mechanical system and translated the Su-Field model into the solution of pot pressing mechanism finally. And for this solution, we also done the discrete element simulation by EDEM and found that the pot pressing mechanism can make a crack and reduce the friction between the soil matrix and pot. With the reduction of friction in this way, the total resistance force cannot be greater than the maximum cohesive force that soil matrix can offer most of the time. It will effectively avoid the appearance of incomplete soil matrix. So the solution of pot pressing mechanism is reasonable and feasible. On the basis of the solution, we done the optimization for the original transplanting mechanical system. The transplanting experiment of 3 groups of pots (100 pots each group) was carried out respectively for the transplanting manipulator before and after the optimization. We found that the success rate of taking out soil matrix completely is improved from 84.67% to 97.67%. In this study, the discrete element analysis and Su-Field analysis method in TRIZ (theory of inventive problem solving) are combined to apply to the mechanism optimization design process, which can provide reference for the research and development of automated transplanting equipment about potted plant. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Adhesion - Agricultural machinery - Computer software - Friction - Machine design - Manipulators - Mechanics - Optimization - Problem solving - Product design  - Transplants
Uncontrolled terms:Discrete element analysis - Discrete element simulation - Field analysis - Mechanism optimization - Potted flower - Research and development - Transplanting machine - TRIZ (theory of inventive problem solving)
Classification code:462.4  Prosthetics - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601  Mechanical Design - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 931.1  Mechanics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.47e+01% to 9.77e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20172803925906
Title:Effects of vertical pressure and shear velocity on direct shear strength and dilatancy properties of wheat
Authors:Jiang, Minmin (1, 2); Guo, Zhuhui (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou; 450001, China; (2) National Engineering Laboratory for Grain Storage and Transportation, Zhengzhou; 450001, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:275-280
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Grain storage facility is an important infrastructure of guaranteeing food security and concerning people's livelihood as well. Grain heap in bins will undergo filling and discharging process after a certain period. During the process, change of vertical and horizontal load will lead to generation of shear stress and slip band in heap, which then acts on grain bin wall, and will finally influence the stability of bin structure. Therefore, shear strength and dilatancy properties of wheat grain heap are important indicators in design of grain bins. A series of researches were conducted with Henan wheat (variety is Zhengmai 113) through direct shear tests on the strength and dilatancy characteristics under different vertical pressure and shear rate. According to grain heap parameters in bins, vertical pressure was set at 6 levels: 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kPa; shear rate was set at 3 levels: 0.78, 1.55 and 2.33 mm/min. Direct shear test terminated at displacement-diameter ratio of about 0.2, and in the process, shear area decreased by 14%. By revising shear area, the research tried to improve the veracity of shear stress result. Research results revealed that, according to the relation between shear stress and shear displacement, volumetric strain and shear displacement, the shear deformation of wheat grain bulk could be divided into 3 stages: elastic stage, plastic deformation stage and kernel compression stage. In elastic stage, shear stress and shear displacement were small; grain skeleton was in elastic state, and with grain skeleton contracting, grain volume contracted as well; the relationship between shear stress and shear displacement was linear. In plastic deformation stage, large plastic deformation was generated in grain skeleton, and the relation between shear stress and shear displacement was nonlinear; as shear stress increased, huge plastic deformation occurred in grain skeleton, and grain was upraised on shear band, which thus led to the volume expansion. In kernel compression stage, grain kernel was compressed and volume contracted to a certain extent, and as the shear displacement rose, shear strength kept stable or decreased slightly. Wheat heap shear strength included 2 components: dilatancy and frication. Shear strength of wheat grain stack accorded with the Mohr-Coulomb strength principle. Results showed that shear rate influenced interlock stress, and as shear rate increased from 0.78 to 2.33 mm/min, interlock stress increased from 7.5 to 12.9 kPa, and internal friction angle varied from 38.2&deg; to 35.0&deg;, and dilatancy angle ranged from 5.1&deg; to 4.8&deg;. Volume of grain heap contracted in elastic stage, and the maximum contracted volumetric strain was less than 0.4%. Volume of grain heap dilated in plastic deformation stage, and the maximum dilated volumetric strain was generally greater than the maximum contracted volumetric strain. In plastic deformation stage, the maximum dilated volumetric strain decreased with the increase of vertical pressure, and the maximum volumetric strain rate decreased with the increase of the shear rate. This study provides a scientific basis for stress and strain calculation of grain heap and grain bin design. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Shear flow
Controlled terms:Bins - Food storage - Food supply - Grain (agricultural product) - Musculoskeletal system - Plastic deformation - Shear deformation - Shear strength - Shear stress - Stages  - Steel beams and girders - Strain rate
Uncontrolled terms:Dilatancy - Direct shear strength - Discharging process - Internal friction angle - Large plastic deformation - Mohr coulomb strength principle - Shear tests - Wheat heap
Classification code:402.2  Public Buildings - 408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 461.3  Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 694.4  Storage - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.40e+01%, Percentage 4.00e-01%, Pressure 7.50e+03Pa to 1.29e+04Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20172803925891
Title:Localization and recognition of pests in tea plantation based on image saliency analysis and convolutional neural network
Authors:Yang, Guoguo (1); Bao, Yidan (1); Liu, Ziyi (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China 
Corresponding author:Bao, Yidan(ydbao@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:156-162
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Tea is one of important cash crops in China. Computer vision plays an important role in pest detection. Automatic classification of insect species in field is more difficult than the generic object classification because of complex background in filed and high appearance similarity among insect species. In this paper, we proposed an insect recognition system on the basis of image saliency analysis and a deep learning model, i.e. convolutional neural network (CNN), which has a good robustness with avoiding the features selected by artificial means. In image saliency analysis, we segmented the original images into super-pixel regions firstly. Then we quantized each RGB (red, green, blue) color channel and made them have 10 different values, which reduced the number of colors to 1 000, and sped up the process of the color contrast of the pest objects and the background at region level. Finally, we obtained the saliency value of each region by combining their color contrast and spatial distances. The saliency values of all regions in each image were used to construct a saliency map, which was offered as the initial area for GrabCut algorithm to define the segmentation result and localize the pest object. The images after localization were quantized to 256&times;256 dpi for CNN training and classifying. CNN was trained end to end, from raw pixels to ultimate categories, thereby alleviating the requirement to manually design a suitable feature extractor. Based on theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation, we optimized the critical structure parameters and training strategy of CNN to seek the best configuration. The overall architecture included a number of sensitive parameters and optimization strategies that could be changed. We determined the local receptive field size, number, and convolutional stride as 7&times;7 dpi, 64 and 4, respectively. Dropout ratio for the fully-connected layers was 0.7. The loss function Softmax was fit for the pest classification system. To further improve the practical utility of CNN, we focused on structural changes of the overall architecture that enabled a faster running with small effects on the performance. We analyzed the performance and the corresponding runtime of our model by reducing its depth (number of layers) and width (number of convolution kernel in each layer). Removing the fully-connected layers (FC6, FC7) made only a slight difference to the overall architecture. These layers contained almost 90% of the parameters and when they were removed, the memory consumption decreased to 29.8 MB. But, removing the intermediate convolutional layers (Conv2, Conv3, Conv4, Conv5) resulted in a dramatic decrease in both accuracy and runtime. This suggested that the intermediate convolutional layers (Conv2, Conv3, Conv4, Conv5) constituted the main part of the computational resource, and their depth was important for achieving good results. We then investigated the effects of adjusting the sizes of all convolutional layers, and the filters in each convolutional layer were reduced to 64 each time. Surprisingly, all architectures showed significant decreases in running time with relatively small effects on performance. Finally, we determined the convolution kernel numbers of Conv2-Conv5: 64-192-192-64. On the test set of tea field images, the architecture before and after shrinking respectively achieved the average accuracy (AA) of 0.915 and 0.881, respectively, superior to previous methods for pest image recognition. Further, after optimization the running time reduced to 0.7 ms and the memory required was 6 MB. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Image analysis
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Color - Complex networks - Convolution - Crops - Deep learning - Deep neural networks - Education - Identification (control systems) - Image processing  - Image recognition - Image segmentation - Memory architecture - Network architecture - Neural networks - Optimization - Pixels
Uncontrolled terms:Appearance similarities - Automatic classification - Classification system - Computational resources - Convolutional neural network - Experimental evaluation - Generic object classifications - Image saliency analysis
Classification code:716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 731.1  Control Systems - 741.1  Light/Optics - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.00e+01%, Time 7.00e-04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20172803925873
Title:Verification of generalized soil-water characteristic curve model considering two stress state variables for unsaturated soils
Authors:Cheng, Mingshu (1); Li, Xian (1, 2); Wang, Shiji (1); Wang, Xiaoqi (1); Hu, Dongxu (1); Hu, Man (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China; (2) College of Physical Sciences &amp; Engineering, Cardiff University, United Kingdom 
Corresponding author:Wang, Shiji(shjwang@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:8-17
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This study investigated the influence of geostatic stress on soil structural evolution, water retention characteristics, permeability properties as well as the air-entry value and validated the reliability of the proposed generalized soil-water characteristic curve model (generalized SWCC). Nanyang expansive clay (depth of 0-10 m) was collected for determination of SWCC by a Geo-Expert high-type pressure plate apparatus for stress-dependent soil-water characteristic curve (SDSWCC-H) based on axis translation technique. A series of SWCCs for Nanyang expansive clay were obtained under the vertical depth of 0, 2, 5, 10 m (the geostatic stress was 0, 40, 100, 200 kPa respectively). The coefficient of nonuniformity and the coefficient of curvature of the expansive clay were 60.44 and 9.08, respectively. With the obtained data and literature data, the generalized SWCC considering two stress state variables and multimodal pore-size density probability function (M-PDF) was validated against a wide range of experiments under the following different conditions: 1) the confined compression tests and drying-SWCCs for Nanyang expansive clay under different geostatic stress; 2) Double-series porosity diatomaceous earth mixtures SWCCs with zero net normal stress state; 3) One porosity Korean residual soil SWCCs at different net confining stress; and 4) Drying-wetting path of France Bapaume loess under different stress path, and Japan Edosaki sandy soils under different dry density. Performances of the proposed equation, van Genuchten equation and Fredlund et al's equation were compared. The results showed that the void ratio of the expansive clay at the matric suction of 0.1 kPa was 0.688, 0.678, 0.627 and 0.576 under the geostatic stress of 0, 40, 100, 200 kPa, respectively. The void ratio decreased with increasing matric suction and increasing geostatic stress. During the drying process, the water content of the expansive clay at the geostatic stress of 40, 100 and 200 kPa was lower than that at the geostatic stress of 0 kPa. It suggested that the net normal stress had great influences on the water content-SWCC curves. The influence of the net normal stress on water content in boundary effect zone and transition zone was different. In the first boundary effect zone, the water content almost equaled to the initial water content; In the zone at matric suction of 1-10 kPa, water content decreased rapidly with increasing matric suction; In the zone with matric stuction of 10-100 kPa, the water content change was smaller; In the zone with matric suction of 100-450 kPa, the change of water content tended to the same decreasing trend under the different geostatic stress. The air entry of the SWCC was about 1 kPa at the first peak and 25.25-92.48 kPa at the second peak under the different geostatic stress. For the Korean residual soil, the generalized SWCC could fit well with the R²&gt;0.97 and root mean square error (RMSE) smaller than 1.5%. Based on 3 data points, the SWCC could be well fitted with the R²of 0.997 and RMSE of 0.55%, indicating the feasibility of using 3 data points to fit SWCC curves. For the diatomaceous earth mixtures, the generalized SWCC model showed high fitting accuracy of R²higher than 0.97 and RMSE smaller than 2.9%. Under different net confining stress, the generalized SWCC model well fitted the SWCC in the expansive soil with R²higher than 0.99 and RMSE smaller than 0.28%. Similarly, the generalized SWCC model had high accuracy in fitting drying path and wetting path of Japan Edosaki sandy soil under different dry density and France Bapaume loess. Compared with the van Genuchten and Fredlund et al's equations, the generalized SWCC model had higher accuracy (R²=0.98 and RMSE&lt;1.3%) in France Bapaume loess and Korean residual soil at the net confining stress of 0 kPa. This study validated the feasibility and reliability of the proposed generalized SWCC model in simulating SWCC under different conditions and in different soils. The model would be helpful in quantitatively describing soil water retention property, permeability, strength and soil erosion mechanism. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Soil testing
Controlled terms:Compression testing - Drying - Mean square error - Mixtures - Models - Porosity - Probability density function - Sand - Sediments - Soil moisture  - Soils - Stresses - Verification - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of curvature - Confined compression tests - Expansive soils - Multi-modal - Pressure plate apparatus - Soil-water characteristic curve - Soil-water retention properties - Water retention characteristics
Classification code:483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 721.1  Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 922.1  Probability Theory - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.50e+00%, Percentage 2.80e-01%, Percentage 2.90e+00%, Percentage 5.50e-01%, Pressure 0.00e+00Pa, Pressure 1.00e+02Pa, Pressure 1.00e+03Pa, Pressure 1.00e+03Pa to 1.00e+04Pa, Pressure 1.00e+04Pa to 1.00e+05Pa, Pressure 1.00e+05Pa, Pressure 1.00e+05Pa to 4.50e+05Pa, Pressure 2.00e+05Pa, Pressure 2.52e+04Pa to 9.25e+04Pa, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.00e+01m, Size 1.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20172803925900
Title:Quantitative analysis on land use structure at village level in farming-pastoral fragile steppe zone
Authors:Aodenggaowa (1, 2); Li, Yuejin (1); Bayaer, Wuliangha (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010011, China; (2) College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot; 010022, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Yuejin(liyuejin2005@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:222-231
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ecological fragile zone is also called the ecological ecotone, and refers to the transition area between the 2 different types of ecological systems. Ecological fragile areas in China are mainly distributed in the northern arid or semi-arid region, southern hilly region, southwest mountainous region, the Tibetan Plateau and the eastern coastal land-water interactive region. The northern farming-pastoral ecological fragile areas are mainly distributed in the northern arid or semi-arid steppe region, where the annual rainfall is 300-450 mm, the dry degree is 1.0-2.0, and the administrative areas involve Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu, totally 8 autonomous regions or provinces of China. Village level planning is the extension and improvement of the current land use planning, and fully disclosing the village domain characteristics of land use structure is one of the essential premise conditions for village level land use plan. This article took the farming-pastoral fragile steppe zone as study area, which consists of 8 townships and 54 villages, and is distributed in middle part of Siziwang Banner and southwestern part of Wulanchabu hilly region. The characteristics of land use structure at village level were quantitatively analyzed through quantitative geographical method such as Gibbs-Martin diversity index model, centralization index, Weaver-Thomas combination coefficient method, comprehensive index of land use degree and location index model, and GIS (geographical information system) technique such as ArcGIS. Finally we got the following findings: Mean value of land use diversity index was 0.71 in study area, and land use diversity indices of all of the administrative villages were from 0 to 0.77, which had obvious difference, and land use diversity degree was in the level from medium to high; simultaneously the centralization index had wide distribution range that was from -0.33 to 1 for all of the administrative villages, and overall the centralization level was from medium to low. Combination of land use types was relatively abundant; the first major land use combination was cropland-woodland-pasture that occurred in above 50% of administrative villages in study area, and then the second major land use combination was cropland-woodland that occurred in 37% of administrative villages. A central region comprising the most single and the most complete combinations was basically formed, and it also had 5 north-south zonal areas with this central region as the center; cropland, woodland and pasture were alternately distributed in the above different combination zones of land use types. Mean value of comprehensive index of land use degree was 243.05, and comprehensive indices of land use degree of all of the administrative villages in study area were from 213.83 to 400, indicating that the study area had a high land use degree overall. And due to the terrain, altitude and human production input level, land use types had different location meaning in the administrative villages of study area, among them the cropland and woodland had relatively outstanding location meaning, but the pasture did not have corresponding prominent location meaning although our study area was located in a fragile steppe zone. According to the above result, we put forward the following suggestions: We should not only build a perfect shrub ecological system on the ecological environment recovery, but also protect the existing grassland and gradually stabilize the grassland net primary productivity, which aims to ensure the grassland ecological security, stability and economic development; in the farming-pastoral fragile steppe zone, to strengthen the construction of basic farmland and to raise the level of land use intensity are necessary choices to further improve the comprehensive benefit of land use on the basis of fully considering topography and other nature conditions. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Geographic information systems
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Chemical analysis - Ecology - Economics - Ecosystems - Information systems - Land use - Location - Rain - Rural areas
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive benefit - Comprehensive indices - Ecological environments - Farming-pastoral ecotone - Grassland - Net primary productivity - Semi-arid steppe regions - Village level
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 443.3  Precipitation - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.3  Information Retrieval and Use - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.70e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Size 3.00e-01m to 4.50e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20172803925911
Title:Effect of lignin on growth of Ganoderma lucidum
Authors:Pei, Haisheng (1, 2); Sun, Junshe (2); Wang, Minjing (2); Yin, Teng (1); Zhang, Xiuqing (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing; 100125, China 
Corresponding author:Zhang, Xiuqing(xiuqingzhang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:309-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ganoderma lucidum is a typical polypore fungus used for traditional Chinese medical purposes. The active ingredients of Ganoderma lucidum include polysaccharides, triterpene, proteins and ganoderic acid, which can be effective in the treatment of cancer, hypertension and viral infections. Therefore, it has been widely planted and used in human health products. Nowadays the main cultivation methods for Ganoderma lucidum were cut-log cultivation and substitute cultivation. These two methods use abundant wood. So the cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum by using abundant wood could cause destruction to the ecological environment. Ganoderma lucidum liquid fermentation cultivation was no only an important method for fundamental research, but also a way to product bioactive compounds. In this study, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were added into the media to investigate the influence of these additives on the growth of Ganoderma lucidum. The results showed that adding lignin or hemicellulose all could obviously promote the growth of Ganoderma lucidum. However, adding cellulose could not obviously promote the growth of Ganoderma lucidum. Most of lignin and a part of hemicellulose could be used, while the cellulose could not be used for the growth of Ganoderma lucidum. The effects of liquid culture media with different lignin concentrations on the growth of Ganoderma lucidum were studied. The liquid fermentation media with four different lignin concentrations (0.2%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%) were designed. The results showed that adding little lignin could promote the growth of Ganoderma lucidum, however, when the concentration of lignin was above 1.0%, the growth of Ganoderma lucidum was severely inhibited. Compared with the control, the growth of Ganoderma lucidum was the best with the lignin concentration of 1.0%, and its biomass was increased by 56%; the synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides and intracellular polysaccharides were increased by 33.6%, 43%, respectively; and the synthesis of extracellular triterpenoid and intracellular triterpenoid were increased by 34.6%, 41%, respectively. It was proved that adding lignin in the process of liquid fermentation culture could increase the yield of polysaccharides and triterpenoid in four different Ganoderma lucidum strains (Ganoderma lucidum 203, wild Ganoderma lucidum, Long Quan Ganoderma lucidum, Jin Zhai Ganoderma lucidum. Compared with the control, the polysaccharide contents of four Ganoderma lucidum were increased by 38%-43%, and triterpenoid contents were increased by 30%-38%, and the polysaccharide content of Ganoderma lucidum 203 was higher than the control by 43%, and triterpenoid content of Jin Zhai Ganoderma lucidum was higher than the control by 38%. However, it will need further study to prove that adding lignin between cut-log cultivation or substitute cultivation can promote the growth of Ganoderma lucidum and the synthesis of bioactive compounds. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Lignin
Controlled terms:Cellulose - Ecology - Enzyme activity - Fermentation - Liquids - Polysaccharides - Wood
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological environments - Extracellular polysaccharides - Fundamental research - Ganoderma Lucidum - Intracellular polysaccharides - Liquid fermentations - Polysaccharide contents - Triterpenes
Classification code:454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.9  Biology - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 811.2  Wood and Wood Products - 811.3  Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 1.50e+00%, Percentage 2.00e-01%, Percentage 3.00e+01% to 3.80e+01%, Percentage 3.36e+01%, Percentage 3.46e+01%, Percentage 3.80e+01%, Percentage 3.80e+01% to 4.30e+01%, Percentage 4.10e+01%, Percentage 4.30e+01%, Percentage 5.00e-01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.06.040

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.