<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20171203473077
Title:Multi model adaptive control of paddlewheel vehicle's course in aquaculture
Authors:Hong, Jianqing (1, 2); Zhao, Dean (1); Sun, Yueping (1); Zhang, Jun (1); Luo, Ji (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zhenjiang College, Zhenjiang; 212003, China 
Corresponding author:Zhao, Dean(dazhao@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:95-101
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve production efficiency, reduce production cost, cope with the growing labor shortage, and improve the uniformity of feeding, the use of smart equipment is an inevitable trend. Due to the limitations of the industry property, the work of aquaculture industry is simple, tedious, and heavy. Using smart equipment substituted for human, it is the most suitable and competitive. In order to carry equipment on water surface and to move, it needs mobile operating platform. Paddlewheel vehicle is in line with the requirements. This paper studied the sailing control of paddlewheel vehicle. The paddlewheel vehicle could go on forward, which relied on both sides of the wheel propulsion device - paddlewheel. Due to the inherent characteristics of the paddlewheel vehicle structure, there was a strong coupling between the speed and the heading. It could cause speed fluctuations in the movement of the steering process. To achieve the designed speed and heading, both sides of the paddlewheel rotating speed will fluctuate dramatically. This situation reduced sailing stability of paddlewheel vehicle, wasted limited energy, shortened total route mileage, and influenced the operation of carrying device on the ship. To overcome this problem, the control system was analyzed and pointed out the defects, and then the improved paddlewheel vehicle control system was given, which had the advantage of decoupling effect between the heading and the speed of paddlewheel vehicle. The improved control system was important to make paddlewheel vehicle have better sailing stability. After that, according to the Fossen theory, the heading system dynamic response model was acquired from the hydrodynamic equations of paddlewheel vehicle. Next, on the base of analyzing work situations of paddlewheel vehicle, the paper proposed the method of multi-mode adaptive control. It treated the paddlewheel vehicle's sailing straight and steering movements with different methods. In order to improve the dynamic response effect and anti-jamming capability of paddle vehicle, the fuzzy logics control heading system was used for paddlewheel vehicle. In order to verify the validity of the controller and control algorithms, the dynamic response model was constructed using the MATLAB software. Then, the simulation was conducted by using computer with the designed algorithms of the multi-mode adaptive control. At the same time, the simulation of PD (proportion differentiation) control was carried out for comparing. Then, the experiment was carried out on water surface in outdoors. GPS (global position system) and inertial navigation equipment were installed on paddlewheel vehicle, and they were used to measure and collect the data of real-time tracking and heading angle, which were transmitted to the host computer and recorded through serial communication device. By comparing the simulation and experimental results, it was found that using multi-mode adaptive control could effectively control the paddlewheel vehicle's stability on the basis of the improved control system solutions. Results showed that the speed overshoot was no more than 5%, the steady-state error within 3%, and the heading error within 3&deg; when straight sailing. Both methods of multi-mode adaptive control and PD control were carried out on the paddlewheel vehicle heading. Computer simulation and experiments were used to test and compare control effect. The results of simulation and experiment prove that the designed controller can achieve the decoupling, and the multi-mode adaptive control method can control the paddlewheel vehicle course, which is better than the PD control. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Vehicle to vehicle communications
Controlled terms:Adaptive control systems - Aquaculture - Automation - Automobile steering equipment - Control - Control system stability - Control system synthesis - Control systems - Control theory - Controllers  - Data communication equipment - Dynamic response - Equipment - Fuzzy logic - MATLAB - Models - Ship propulsion - Ship steering equipment - Speed - Steering  - System stability - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive - Adaptive control methods - Global position systems - Heading - Inherent characteristics - Multi-model adaptive controls - Multimodes - Paddle wheels
Classification code:662.4  Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 671.2  Ship Equipment - 675.1  Ship Propulsion (Before 1993, use code 671) - 716  Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 721.1  Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1  Control Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 901  Engineering Profession - 921  Mathematics - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20171203473103
Title:Online apple grading based on decision fusion of image features
Authors:Huang, Chen (1); Fei, Jiyou (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian; 116028, China 
Corresponding author:Fei, Jiyou(fjy@djtu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:285-291
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Machine vision has been applied in automatic grading for fruit recently. It is well known that as an important detection task, online fruit grading automation faces some challenges in online sorting system. Machine vision is a developing technique facilitating the fruit detection. In this paper, in order to improve the accuracy and efficiency for apple grading, an online detection method of apple grading based on machine vision features is presented. Apple images can be captured from the online industrial camera in the sorting system, which can ensure that the imaging view is suitable for the object area of the conveyor. At first, to obtain the relationship between the real size and the image size, the improved calibration algorithm with the standard workpiece is used to calculate the pixel equivalent of the captured image. The distance regularized level set method is introduced to segment the workpiece edge, and the best-fit rectangle method is used to compute the length and width of the pixels. Then the values of pixel equivalent in length and width are respectively obtained. Secondly, because apple grading detections are mostly performed in indoors, illumination can seriously affect the detection accuracy. For this problem mentioned above, the image preprocessing including wavelet compression and median filtering is introduced to reduce the size and overcome the noise which is from the image acquiring and transmission previously. Accordingly, the improved three-layer Canny edge detection algorithm is proposed to extract the apple contour for the online image which suffers from the uneven lighting. In this step, the 3 different thresholds and scales are considered. The morphological operation is used to close the edge. Thirdly, according to the characteristics of the appearance class of the Fuji apple, multi-feature parameters can be considered, which include fruit diameter, defeat area, color degree, fruit shape, texture features, color distribution parameters and so on. Decision tree is used to determine the candidate class with fruit diameter, defeat area and color degree features. In the meanwhile, to save the online computation time, the features set should be reduced. So kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) is used to reduce both nonlinearity and dimension for fruit shape, texture and color distribution features. Support vector machine (SVM) is introduced to classify apple grades with dimensionality reduction features. The parameters of SVM are selected with particle swarm optimization (PSO) method for the training set. Finally, decision fusion is used for the apple grading based on decision tree result and SVM model result. In the experimental case, the actual fruit diameters were measured with vernier caliper for 5 apples, and the machine vision method with pixel equivalent was also used for measuring the fruit diameters of the same apples. Measurement error was about 2.83%. Then 30 apples were selected for training SVM modeling, and 120 apples were used to test the proposed method. The results showed that the recognition accuracy based on the decision fusion of image features could reach 95%. The proposed model has good performance of accuracy and stability. So the proposed method is believed to be feasible for online grading of apples. It also provides a frame of reference for other types of fruits. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Color - Computer vision - Decision trees - Edge detection - Evolutionary algorithms - Grading - Image fusion - Image processing - Image retrieval  - Mathematical morphology - Median filters - Numerical methods - Optimization - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Pixels - Principal component analysis - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Decision fusion - Dimensionality reduction - Distance regularized level sets - Feature analysis - Kernel principal component analyses (KPCA) - Morphological operations - Particle swarm optimization method (PSO) - Three-layer
Classification code:703.2  Electric Filters - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.1  Light/Optics - 741.2  Vision - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.83e+00%, Percentage 9.50e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.039

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20171203473079
Title:Estimation of soybean breeding yield based on optimization of spatial scale of UAV hyperspectral image
Authors:Zhao, Xiaoqing (1, 2); Yang, Guijun (1, 2); Liu, Jiangang (1, 2); Zhang, Xiaoyan (3); Xu, Bo (1, 2); Wang, Yanjie (1, 2); Zhao, Chunjiang (1, 2); Gai, Junyi (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) Soybean Research Institute / National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210095, China 
Corresponding author:Yang, Guijun(guijun.yang@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:110-116
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing monitoring system can rapidly and cost-effectively provide crop physiological traits for crop breeding. UAV equipped with an imaging spectrometer to estimate soybean yield is of great significance for high-throughput and rapid access to large-scale soybean production. However, different sampling areas led to different spectral data, thus affecting the accuracy of soybean grain yield. The objective of this study was to explore the influence of different sampling area on the measuring accuracy of soybean yield, and to analyze the optimum sampling area for estimating soybean grain yield. A 3-by-275 field experiment was performed in 2015, which was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 repetitions. An agricultural UAV remote sensing monitoring system was established by a multi-rotor UAV equipped with Cuber UHD185 Firefly imaging spectrometer (Cubert UHD185). Based on this system, the UAV flight experiments were conducted in Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province at multifarious reproductive growth stages, including the period from the initial blossoming stage to the fully blossoming stage (R1-R2), the initial pod stage (R3), from the full pod stage to the initial seed stage (R4-R5), the full seed stage (R6) and from the full seed stage to the mature stage (R6-R7). In order to get stable soybean canopy hyperspectral data, the calm and cloudless weather was selected to conduct the experiment. Hyperspectral data of each block were obtained according to the vector image georeferenced with the hyperspectral image. Since soybean yield was highly correlated with canopy reflectance measured by the UAV with Cubert UHD185 system in R4-R5 stages, the hyperspectral data obtained in R4-R5 stages were used to be further analyzed. Firstly, softwares such as Cubert-Pilot from Cubert Company and Agisoft PhotoScan from Agisoft LLC Company were used to realize image mosaic. The length and width of every block were minified in equal proportion for 20 times, and thus 21 sampling areas were gained, which were then used as vector images to get 21 groups of hyperspectral data. Next, 4 vegetation indices, i.e. the green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the ratio vegetation index (RVI) and the modified soil-adjusted vegetation index-2 (MSAVI2), were calculated from the spectral information extracted from 21 different sampling areas. Thirdly, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, and the result revealed that the selected canopy vegetation index was closely related to the growing conditions of different soybean varieties. After that, the partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were developed to predict the yield using the 4 vegetation indices obtained from 21 different sampling areas, with the r value up to 0.8117 (the number of sample points for modeling was 270, P&lt;0.01). And the best sampling area was further confirmed to 9.03-10.13 m²according to the changing trend of correlation coefficients. Namely, when the ratio of length and width of the sampling area to that of the total block was between 4.25:5 and 4.5:5, the obtained canopy spectra could estimate the soybean yield as accurately as possible. The study confirmed that using the UAV with Cubert UHD185 for screening and predicting soybean yield was practical, with the R²up to 0.659. The method used in this study to select the optimum sampling area and the result of this study according to the optimum spatial sampling are expected to provide technical support for the analysis of the crop phenotype information using high or low altitude hyperspectral images. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Controlled terms:Crops - Grain (agricultural product) - Independent component analysis - Least squares approximations - Monitoring - Remote sensing - Sensors - Spectrometers - Spectroscopy - Throughput  - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Green normalized difference vegetation index - Imaging spectrometers - Normalized difference vegetation index - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Ratio of length and widths - Ratio vegetation indices - Remote sensing monitoring - Soybean breeding
Classification code:652.1  Aircraft, General - 741.3  Optical Devices and Systems - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922  Statistical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Area 9.03e+00m2 to 1.01e+01m2
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20171203473084
Title:Effect of autumn irrigation after mulching on water-heat-salt and yield of following spring maize
Authors:Lu, Xinghang (1); Shi, Haibin (1); Li, Ruiping (1); Liang, Jiancai (1); Xu, Zhao (1); Bu, Huailiang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Ruiping(nmglrp@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:148-154
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to investigate the impacts of autumn irrigation after mulching on water-heat-salt conditions during maize growth in the next spring in cold-drought-salt irrigation district, field experiments was carried out in the saline soil in Hetao irrigation district (located at 40&deg;92'N, 107&deg;18'E) from October 2013 to October 2015. There were 5 treatments including mulching with 0.9 kg/m²straw (F0.9), 0.6 kg/m²straw (F0.6), whole maize straw (YZ) and plastic film (DM), and no mulching (CK). The maize straw was chopped into 3-5 cm length after harvesting in the treatment of F0.6 and F0.9. The YZ treatment used the whole maize straw with amount of 6 plants per meter. The plastic film was white polythene film in width of 70 cm, thickness of 0.020 mm, and spacing among film was 40 cm. The plot for each treatment had a length of 8 m and a width of 5 m. Each treatment replicated 3 times. The soil was loam with bulk density of 1.48 g/cm³and pH value of 8.01. The straw and plastic film was mulched on 31st, October. The irrigation carried out on 1st, November with amount of 150 mm. The maize was planted in the next April. It was harvested on 25th, September. Measured items included soil moisture, electrical conductivity, soil temperature, maize yield, biological yield, and economic coefficients. The electrical conductivity was converted into soil salinity by an empirical equation. Groundwater depth was observed during the experimental process. The results showed that the average soil temperature at 0-20 cm was 16.07&#8451; for F0.9, 16.66&#8451; for F0.6, 16.64&#8451; for YZ, 20.08&#8451; for DM, and 18.59&#8451; for CK, respectively. The straw mulching decreased soil temperature and did not facilitate rapid growth of maize. During the non-frozen period, the groundwater depth averaged 1.57 m during the 2 years. The soil moisture at 0-20 cm averaged 26%-30% for the mulching treatment and 22.68% for the CK. The soil water storage was significantly higher in the straw mulching treatment than in the CK. The soil water storage of YZ was highest among the treatments. The soil salinity at 0-40 cm averaged 0.82, 0.76, 0.71, 1.05 and 1.38 g/kg for the treatment of F0.9, F0.6, YZ, DM and CK, respectively. The treatment of YZ had the lowest soil salinity and could effectively inhibit soil salinization. Dynamics of soil salinity showed that the soil salinity at the mature stage of maize was higher than that before sowing at 0-20 cm while that at 60-120 cm was lower than that before sowing except for CK. The YZ treatment had the best salinization control effect. The grain yield of mulching was significantly higher than that of CK (P&lt;0.05). Compared with CK, the treatments of YZ, F0.9, F0.6 and DM increased the grain yield by 108.79%, 82.75%, 58.55% and 68.05%, respectively (P&lt;0.05). The biological yield of YZ was higher than DM, F0.6 and F0.9 and that of CK was lowest. The economic coefficient of YZ and F0.9 was 19. 91% and 24.15% higher than that of CK(P&lt;0.05), respectively. Overall, the treatment of YZ and F0.9 had the highest yield and economic coefficient. This study provides valuable information for application and development of autumn irrigation after mulching technology in Hetao irrigation district. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Electric conductivity - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Irrigation - Moisture - Plastic films - Saline water - Soil moisture - Straw - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Freezing-thawing - Hetao irrigation districts - Maize - Mulching - Saline soil
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 444.2  Groundwater - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 817.1  Polymer Products - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.00e+00yr, Mass_Density 1.48e+03kg/m3, Percentage 1.09e+02%, Percentage 2.27e+01%, Percentage 2.41e+01%, Percentage 2.60e+01% to 3.00e+01%, Percentage 5.85e+01%, Percentage 6.80e+01%, Percentage 8.28e+01%, Percentage 9.10e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 4.00e-01m, Size 1.50e-01m, Size 1.57e+00m, Size 2.00e-05m, Size 3.00e-02m to 5.00e-02m, Size 4.00e-01m, Size 5.00e+00m, Size 6.00e-01m to 1.20e+00m, Size 7.00e-01m, Size 8.00e+00m, Surface_Density 6.00e-01kg/m2, Surface_Density 9.00e-01kg/m2
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20171203473089
Title:Inhibiting Cd and Pb accumulation in summer maize by sulphate-based fertilizers application
Authors:Sun, Hongxin (1); Xue, Peiying (1); Zhao, Quanli (2); Feng, Yujia (1); Geng, Liping (1); Chen, Miaomiao (3); Liu, Wenju (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment of Farmland in Hebei, Baoding; 071000, China; (2) The Teaching Experiment Field, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071000, China; (3) College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071001, China 
Corresponding author:Liu, Wenju(liuwj@hebau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:182-189
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the development of industry and agriculture, farmland soils irrigated with wastewater in China have been suffering heavy metal damages for many years, which have harmful impact on crops by adsorption and translocation. Therefore, it is urgent to remediate farmland soils contaminated with heavy metals as they will pose risk to human via food crop production and consumption. Agricultural measures such as fertilization have become promising methods because they are cost-effective and eco-friendly to remediate heavy metal contaminated soils. In this study, the field experiments were conducted in Fu River region to explore the effects of five different fertilization treatments on availability of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in soil as well as Cd and Pb translocation and accumulation in summer maize. The results showed that there were no significant difference in soil Cd and Pb availability and the translocation and accumulation in summer maize between CK (conventional fertilization: corn special compound fertilize, potassium chloride, urea) and the other two treatments, which were N-P-K (urea, diammonium phosphate and potassium chloride) and HA-N-P (humic acid combined fertilizer, urea and diammonium phosphate) treatments. In addition, compared with CK, the soil available Cd levels in the treatments of HA-S-P (humic acid combined fertilizer, ammonium sulfate and diammonium phosphate) and S-P-K (ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate supplied) reduced by 10.60% and 6.36%, and the soil available Pb concentrations in the treatments of HA-S-P and S-P-K decreased by 11.49% and 6.00%, respectively. Cd and Pb concentrations in maize grains of these five treatments were less than the safety limitation of contaminants in food or food products (GB 2762-2012), but Pb concentrations in maize straws of these five treatments were higher than hygienical standard for feeds (GB13078-2001), accounting for 56.25%-109.13%. Therefore, summer maize straws were suitable for silage which planted on the farmland soils contaminated lightly with Cd and Pb. Furthermore, Cd and Pb bioaccumulation factors of grains were about 100 times less than those of straws. Cd bioaccumulation factors in grains and straws were 6.89-35.00 times higher and 5.13-6.17 times more than those of Pb, respectively. Pb transportation and accumulation in maize could be effectively restrained by sulfur fertilizer for Pb bioaccumulation factors of maize grains and Pb translocation factors of maize in HA-S-P and S-P-K treatments decreased by 44.44%, 77.78% and 50.33%, 77.10%, compared with that in CK, respectively. Pb concentrations in maize grains of these two treatments significantly (P&lt;0.05) declined by 59.75% and 80.43% compared with that in CK, respectively. However, there were no significant (P&gt;0.05) in Cd bioaccumulation factors and translocation factors of maize among five fertilization treatments. Different fertilization treatments had no significant effect on Cd accumulation and translocation in maize. In conclusion, it was the most suitable fertilization measure to apply fertilizers of ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate in farmland soils contaminated lightly with Cd and Pb when summer maize planted, followed by application of humic acid combined fertilizer, ammonium sulfate and diammonium phosphate. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:49
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Bioaccumulation - Biochemistry - Biological materials - Cadmium - Cadmium compounds - Chemical contamination - Chlorine compounds - Contamination - Cost effectiveness  - Crops - Cultivation - Farms - Fertilizers - Food products - Food safety - Grain (agricultural product) - Heavy metals - Lead - Lead compounds  - Metabolism - Organic acids - Phosphate fertilizers - Plants (botany) - Pollution - Potassium - Remediation - River pollution - Soils - Sulfur compounds  - Urea
Uncontrolled terms:Bioaccumulation factor - Diammonium phosphates - Heavy metal contaminated soils - Potassium chloride - Potassium sulfate - Sulfur fertilizers - Summer maize - Translocation factor
Classification code:453  Water Pollution - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9  Biology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531  Metallurgy and Metallography - 546.1  Lead and Alloys - 549.1  Alkali Metals - 549.3  Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 801.2  Biochemistry - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.3  Food Products - 911.2  Industrial Economics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.06e+01%, Percentage 1.15e+01%, Percentage 4.44e+01%, Percentage 5.03e+01%, Percentage 5.62e+01% to 1.09e+02%, Percentage 5.98e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+00%, Percentage 6.36e+00%, Percentage 7.71e+01%, Percentage 7.78e+01%, Percentage 8.04e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20171203473087
Title:Effects of soil aeration methods on soil nitrogen transformation, rice nitrogen utilization and yield
Authors:Hu, Jijie (1); Zhu, Lianfeng (1); Hu, Zhihua (2); Zhong, Chu (1, 3); Lin, Yujiong (1); Zhang, Junhua (1); Cao, Xiaochuang (1); James, Allen Bohr (1); Yu, Shengmiao (1); Jin, Qianyu (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou; 310006, China; (2) Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil/National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Nanchang; 331717, China; (3) College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China 
Corresponding author:Jin, Qianyu(jinqy@mail.hz.zj.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:167-174
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the main grain crops in China, and it has a very important strategic significance in the development of grain production and agriculture. Oxygen is an important environmental factor in paddy field ecosystem, which can affect the plant nitrogen metabolism and soil nitrogen transformation, and often plays a limiting role in rice growth and development. An experiment was conducted to reveal the effects of aeration methods on soil redox potential, nitrogen transformation in soil and nitrogen utilization of rice with Zhongzheyou 1 (lowland rice), IR45765-3B (deep-water rice) and Zhonghan 221 (upland rice) as materials in China National Rice Research Institute located at Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China. There were four treatments, calcium peroxide application (T1), micro-bubble aerated water irrigation (T2), topsoil moist irrigation (T3) and water-logging (control CK). Split plot design was used with different aeration treatments as the main plots and cultivars as the sub-plots. The plots area was 2.6 m²and repeated 3 times randomized complete block design. The results showed that the aeration methods significantly improved soil redox potential (Eh). Soil redox potential under the condition of the three aeration methods was higher than that of control. Oxygen enrichment in paddy field promoted the nitrification of soil nitrogen. The soil nitrification intensity and urease activity of T1, T2, and T3 were significantly higher than that of CK at tillering stage and full heading stage. In contrast, the denitrification intensity of T1, T2, and T3 were remarkably lower than that of CK. The oxygen enrichment treatments could affect the uptake of rice nitrogen differently. N accumulation amounts of the three rice cultivars were considerably higher in T1 and T2 than in CK at jointing, full heading and full ripe stage, while it was substantially lower than that of CK in T3. At full ripe stage, total N accumulation amounts of Zhongzheyou 1, IR45765-3B and Zhonghan 221were increased by 21.2%, 13.2% and 17.0%, respectively, in T1 as compared with control, and increased by 14.3%, 6.9% and 9.1%, respectively, in T2. However, it was 11.5%, 13.4% and 13.4%, respectively, lower than that of control in T3, with considerable differences between treatments (P&lt;0.05). Compared with control, the grain yield and harvest index of T1 and T2 were greatly increased. But their nitrogen grain production efficiency had no significant difference compared with CK. However, nitrogen biomass production efficiency and nitrogen grain production efficiency in T3 were considerably higher than that in control. Different aeration methods resulted in the differences of N harvest index among cultivars. The results indicated that application of calcium peroxide and micro-bubble aerated water irrigation effectively improved the redox state of paddy soil. They not only increased rice yield significantly, but also strengthened soil nitrification. Therefore, it reduced nitrogen loss, in turn increased N accumulation and N harvest index of rice. Based on the results, the application of calcium peroxide as complementary fertilizer and micro-bubble aerated water irrigation are able to reduce the loss of nitrogen and increase the utilization rate of nitrogen in rice, which is beneficial for the high yield and sustainable development of rice. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Calcium - Ecology - Efficiency - Enzymes - Forestry - Harvesting - Irrigation - Nitrification - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers  - Oxidation - Oxygen - Peroxides - Plants (botany) - Redox reactions - Soils - Sustainable development - Water aeration
Uncontrolled terms:Aeration methods - Nitrogen transformations - Nitrogen-use efficiency - Rice - Soil redox potential
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 549.2  Alkaline Earth Metals - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Area 2.60e+00m2, Percentage 1.15e+01%, Percentage 1.32e+01%, Percentage 1.34e+01%, Percentage 1.43e+01%, Percentage 1.70e+01%, Percentage 2.12e+01%, Percentage 6.90e+00%, Percentage 9.10e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20171203473093
Title:Moving larval shrimps recognition based on improved principal component analysis and AdaBoost
Authors:Liu, Shijing (1); Wang, Shuai (1); Chen, Jun (1); Liu, Xingguo (1); Zhou, Haiyan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai; 200092, China 
Corresponding author:Chen, Jun(chenjun@fmiri.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:212-218
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Recognition of larval shrimp is the key to realize the quantification of the behavior of larval shrimp. Recently, the studies on aquatic animal behavior recognition mainly use the typical features method or frame differential method. It is hard to accurately identify larval shrimp due to the lack of key profile information caused by the strong motion distortion and background noise. To solve this problem, we took the Penaeus vannamei as research object, and proposed a recognition method for moving larval shrimp based on the improved PCA (principal component analysis) and Adaboost algorithm in this paper. Firstly, we extracted and optimized the effective features. The improved PCA algorithm was applied to the larval shrimp images with the size of 100 &times; 100 pixels to reduce the image dimension and extract the external features. We then analyzed and determined the number of principal components according to the distribution of the contribution rate. After that we expounded the theory of the Adaboost algorithm, and used these principal components to build different weak classifiers. A total of 100 images of larval shrimp and background samples were used for training. During the training every weak classifier was selected automatically, and a stage classifier was generated after 20 iterations. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, the recognition experiment was performed with 150 sample images containing 100 images of larval shrimp and 50 sample images of background. The images were captured in the Key Laboratory of Fishery Equipment and Engineering Technology of Ministry of Agriculture in Shanghai, China. The experiment results showed that, the recognition rate for stationary and slowly-moving larval shrimp and fast-moving larval shrimp was 100% and 96% respectively, and the overall recognition rate reached 98%. Among all the test samples, the recognition time for each image ranged from 25 to 35 ms, and the average time was 27.898 ms. Compared with the conventional typical feature method and the frame differential method, the proposed method can be used to recognize the moving larval shrimp. Furthermore, the proposed method has better performance, because it effectively restrains the influence of complex situation such as the velocity and direction of motion and the sample's size. This paper provides a technical basis for the larval shrimp's behavior quantification. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Adaptive boosting - Agriculture - Algorithms - Animals - Behavioral research - Identification (control systems) - Image processing - Shellfish
Uncontrolled terms:Behavior quantification - Frame differential methods - Image recognization - Improved PCA - Moving larval shrimps - Number of principal components - PCA (principal component analysis) - Principal Components
Classification code:461.9  Biology - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.1  Control Systems - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 9.60e+01%, Percentage 9.80e+01%, Time 2.50e-02s to 3.50e-02s, Time 2.79e-02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20171203473070
Title:Improved design and test of 4B-1200 type Bulbus Fritillariae Ussuriensis medicinal materials harvester
Authors:Song, Jiang (1); Liu, Lihua (2); Wang, Mi (1); Zhang, Jia (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163319, China; (2) College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163319, China 
Corresponding author:Liu, Lihua(llh1979_2001@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:45-51
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Bulbus Fritillariae Ussuriensis is herbaceous perennial of fritillaria, and its underground bulb has high medical value. Bulbus Fritillariae Ussuriensis is a valuable traditional medicine in China and it is favoured in Chinese herbal medicine market at home and abroad. The artificial cultivation of Bulbus Fritillariae Ussuirensis has a history of over 40 years. At present, Fritillariae harvest is an exceedingly laborious and time-consuming hand operation. Fritillaria harvest timeliness is very strong, and Fritillariae harvest is almost concentrated between June and July, and a lot of labors are hired. Under the current condition of high labor costs and labor shortage, the effective way of solving the above problem is to realize mechanization of Fritillaria harvest. However, the level of Fritillariae harvest mechanization is very low. The mechanized harvest method for Bulbus Fritillariae Ussuirensis mainly adopts semi-mechanization and combine-mechanization. Semi-mechanization refers to mechanical harvesting of the vibrating screen, and the remaining portion is artificially harvested. Combine-mechanization adopts tractors to pull Bulbus Fritillariae Ussuriensis. At present, the research is mainly focused on the former. The 4B-1200 bype Bulbus Fritillariae Ussuriensis harvester matched with a walking tractor is developed in this study. The machine can complete the tasks of surface soil scraping, mining and separation of Fritillariae Ussuriensis and soil mixture, cleaning undersize Bulbus Fritillariae Ussuriensis and soil mixture onto the ridge on both sides, and sieving Fritillariae bagging. These greatly reduce the labor intensity, reduce the labor cost, and improve the production efficiency. But there are some problems such as not flexible steering, surface soil accumulation, incomplete grade classification, low bagging location and walking tractor power shortage. Aimed at above problems, soil separation mechanism and vibration screen of Fritillariae medicinal materials harvester were improved, the lifting mechanism was added. Contrasting experiments of loss rate and damage rate were carried out before and after the improvement of Fritillariae medicinal materials harvester. The orthogonal experimental design analyzed the combined effect of vibration screen's crank rotating speed, screen surface inclination and screen face length on the screening rate. Experiment showed that the improved machine was more coordinated, stable and reliable about cleaning surface soil covered, conveying and separating Fritillariae and soil, grading and bagging fritillaria. Harvest quality and adaptability were good. The loss rate and the damage rate were less than 3.8% and 2.9% respectively, and by 1.1% and 1.2% respectively compared with the harvester before the improvement. The indices were in accord with the industry standard regulations. Through the orthogonal contrast design, the optimum combination scheme was obtained: when the vibration screen's crank rotating speed was 550 r/min, the inclination of screen surface is was 3&deg;and the screen surface length was 1.6 m, the screening rate reached up to 95%. All the data were in accord with the industry standard regulations. The test results met the mechanized harvesting productivity requirements, too. The study provides the technical reference for the popularization and application of Fritillariae medicinal materials harvester. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Harvesting
Controlled terms:Compensation (personnel) - Cost accounting - Design - Diagnosis - Employment - Grading - Harvesters - Machinery - Mechanization - Medical applications  - Medicine - Mixtures - Plants (botany) - Problem solving - Rotating machinery - Separation - Soils - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck) - Vibration analysis  - Wages
Uncontrolled terms:Bulbus Fritillariae Ussuriensis - Improvement - Lifting mechanisms - Separation mechanism - Vibration screen
Classification code:461.6  Medicine and Pharmacology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601  Mechanical Design - 601.1  Mechanical Devices - 663.1  Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 911.1  Cost Accounting - 912.4  Personnel
Numerical data indexing:Age 4.00e+01yr, Percentage 1.10e+00%, Percentage 1.20e+00%, Percentage 2.90e+00%, Percentage 3.80e+00%, Percentage 9.50e+01%, Rotational_Speed 5.50e+02RPM, Size 1.60e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20171203473074
Title:Analysis of vibration characteristics of pipeline of trapezoid pumping station based on prototype observation
Authors:Zhang, Jianwei (1); Jiang, Qi (1); Wang, Tao (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou; 450011, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:77-83
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pipeline is a carrier of cascade pumping station with long distance water conveyance. Therefore, it is particularly important to keep the stable operation of pipeline structure. In order to ensure the safe operation of pipeline structure, it is significant to research the main influence factors of pipeline vibration and the contributions of different factors to pipeline structure. Based on prototype observation data, vibration source compositions and their influences on pipeline structure were investigated through analyzing the power spectral density of vibration data. Taking the No.2 pipeline of Pumping Station 3 in Jindian River pumping irrigation as the research object, six points were set up in different parts of pipeline. Three vibration sensors were placed in each measuring point, from which vibration data were collected in three directions of pipeline. First of all, on the basis of mathematical statistics theory and the observation data of vibration sensors, vibration frequencies of pipeline structure excited by four and five units in the process of normal operation and switch machine were identified according to the spectrum analysis. Dominant frequencies of pipeline structure were counted under different working conditions to determine the dynamic load sources and to introduce the vibration source compositions of pipeline structure. Furthermore, the contributions of different frequencies were calculated when the vibrations of main points reached the maximum values under different working conditions. At the same time, the contributions of the measured frequency bands energy to the whole vibration response were calculated. The analysis results showed that, under the working condition of steady operation of units, the contribution of vibration energy caused by blade frequency and rotation frequency was 73.4%, and the contribution of low frequency water-flow pulsation was about 12%. During unit start-up, the vibration energy contribution of low frequency water-flow pulsation was increased to 33.7%, and the contribution of blade frequency still was about 40%. During unit shutdown, compared with the steady operation conditions, the vibration energy contributions of low frequency and high frequency induced by water-pipeline coupling were increased by 73.3% and 21.7%, respectively. The study showed that the vibration of blade frequency and rotation frequency were the main vibration sources when the unit was stable in operation. The vibration of blade frequency and low frequency water-flow were the main vibration resources during unit start-up. The low frequency water-flow and high frequency induced by water-pipeline coupling were the main vibration resources during unit shutdown, and low frequency water-flow had greater effect on pipeline vibration along the direction of flow. The research results can be used for evaluating the sources of pipeline vibration and the contributions of different frequencies. This study provides a scientific basis for the safe operation and active control of pipeline structure. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Vibration analysis
Controlled terms:Dynamic loads - Flow of water - Frequency bands - Hydraulics - Irrigation - Pipelines - Power spectral density - Pumping plants - Pumps - Rotation  - Spectral density - Spectrum analysis - Statistics - Ventilation exhausts - Water pipelines - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Different frequency - Operation conditions - Prototype observations - Pumping stations - Rotation frequencies - Vibration characteristics - Vibration sources - Vibrations
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 444  Water Resources - 446  Waterworks - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 618.2  Pumps - 619.1  Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 631.1.1  Liquid Dynamics - 632.1  Hydraulics - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.1  Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.20e+01%, Percentage 2.17e+01%, Percentage 3.37e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 7.33e+01%, Percentage 7.34e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20171203473095
Title:Screening of early warning indicators of instability in anaerobic digestion of vegetable waste under mesophilic condition
Authors:Chen, Lin (1, 2); Li, Dong (1); Wen, Haoshen (3); Feng, Lisen (4); Huang, Yajun (3); Liu, Xiaofeng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu; 610041, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China; (3) Chengdu Organic Chemicals Co. LTD., Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu; 610041, China; (4) Sichuan University Hi-Tech Group, Chengdu; 610065, China 
Corresponding author:Liu, Xiaofeng(liuxf@cib.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:225-230
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a kind of biological technology, which can combine organic waste treatment and energy recovery together. AD is a complex and well-organized metabolic process with a series of ordered biochemical reactions participated by multiple anaerobic microorganisms. Compared to other microbes in AD process, Methanogenic archaea are most sensitive to environment and have the lowest metabolism rate, so the methanogenic stage is the bottleneck step of anaerobic digestion system. The characteristics of vegetable waste, such as high content of moisture and organic matter, make it suitable for anaerobic digestion. Vegetable wastes are easily perishable materials. It is difficult to realize the balance between hydrolysis/acidification and methanogenesis during the digestion of vegetable waste. The methanogens are easily inhibited by cumulative volatile fatty acids, especially under high organic loading rate (OLR). Therefore, to stably running biogas plant, the digestion system with vegetable waste as substrate is always operated under low OLR. However, the lower OLR always results in a low efficiency of digester and low treatment capacity of plant. Taking into account the efficiency and stability, it is necessary to find effective instability early warning indicators and control strategies. In order to select a set of early-warning indicators for the acidification of the digestion system, continuous anaerobic digestions of vegetable waste were carried out at OLR of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/(L&middot;d) in the self-designed 70 L reactors under mesophilic conditions (35&#8451;). During the digestion, the primary parameter of the gas and liquid phase were directly monitored by on-line analyzer (daily biogas production, CH<inf>4</inf>and CO<inf>2</inf>content, pH value and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP)), and off-line analytical instrument (total alkalinity (TA), bicarbonate alkalinity (BA), intermediate alkalinity (IA) and volatile fatty acids, including acetate, propionate, n-butyrate, iso-butyrate, n-valerate, and iso-valerate). Secondary parameters, such as the value of CH<inf>4</inf>/CO<inf>2</inf>, total volatile fatty acids/BA, BA/TA, IA/BA, were indirectly monitored by data processing. Four types of parameters were selected as the indicator of the instability early-warning for mesophilic anaerobic fermentation with vegetable waste as substrate. According to the early-warning ability, the four types of indicators were as followings: 1) CH<inf>4</inf>/CO<inf>2</inf>. When CH<inf>4</inf>/CO<inf>2</inf>&lt;1.06, the system tended to be unstable. It was the best early-warning indicator for the mesophilic anaerobic digestion of the vegetable waste and could warn the instability of the system 18 d ahead of complete failure of digestion system. 2) The propionic acid, butyrate, iso-butyrate, valerate and iso-valerate concentrations. When the concentrations of these acids increased suddenly, the digestion system also tended to be unstable. The sudden increasing occurred 17, 15 and 15 d ahead for propionate, butyrate and valerate, respectively. 3) The values of BA, BA/TA or IA/BA. When BA&lt;1 500 mg/L, BA/TA &lt;0.8 or IA/BA&gt;0.4 occurred 13, 12 and 12 d ahead, the buffering capacity of the system was very poor, and the system would be inhibited by accumulative volatile fatty acids. 4) ORP and pH value. The values of ORP and pH changed slowly and continuously. The absolute values of ORP and pH were difficult to be used as indicators. The relative change value, such as daily increasing of ORP or daily decreasing of pH value, could be used as early-warning indicator. The sharp increasing of ORP and decreasing of pH value occurred 5 and 4 d ahead. For engineering application, CH<inf>4</inf>/CO<inf>2</inf>is recommended as indicator due to its convenience and on-line determination. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Alkalinity - Biogas - Carbon dioxide - Data handling - Digestive system - Fatty acids - Fermentation - Metabolism - Methane - Microorganisms  - pH - pH effects - Propionic acid - Reaction intermediates - Redox reactions - Stability - Vegetables - Volatile fatty acids - Waste treatment - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Anaerobic microorganisms - Early warning indicators - Engineering applications - Mesophilic - Mesophilic anaerobic digestion - Oxidation reduction potential - Total volatile fatty acids
Classification code:452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9  Biology - 522  Gas Fuels - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Volume 7.00e-02m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20171203473068
Title:Design and experiment on 1DSZ-350 type hanging unilateral rotary tillage compacting ridger for paddy field
Authors:Wang, Jinwu (1); Tang, Han (1); Wang, Jinfeng (1); Lin, Nannan (1); Huang, Huinan (1); Zhao, Yi (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Jinfeng(Jinfeng_w@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:25-37
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rice is the most important crop in China, which has the largest planting area, the highest per unit area yield and the most total output. The production scale of rice has important significance to the development of grain production safety. Solid ridge is important guarantee for irrigation and rice growth. It can improve the yield of grain crops and reduce the waste of water resources, which is conducive to the construction of standardized farmland in China. At present, the ridge are built still by manual labor in some regions. The ridge building by manual labor have some problems such as poor quality, long operation period, and repeated labor intensity. Ridging operation belongs to a part of tillage operation in the whole production process. With the development of paddy field mechanization, the paddy field machinery ridging technology has become the bottleneck problem for production. Paddy field mechanization ridging is constructed by agricultural machinery to meet the production requirements of rice irrigation and ridge technology. Some Chinese scientific research institutes and agricultural machinery enterprises have carried out researches and designed paddy field ridge machines. These machines take the soil on both sides through the plow or rotary blade and other parts, and compact soil to build ridge by double disc rolling, but they have shortcomings of heavy body, poor flexibility, high power consumption, and limits to the sampling position, which affect the follow-up planting and soil leveling operations. This kind of machine can not fully meet the actual production demands in China. In order to improve the quality and the efficiency of ridging operation in paddy field, and to reduce the labor intensity, the 1DSZ-350 type hanging unilateral rotary tillage compacting ridger was designed, in view of meeting the agronomic requirements of rice planting in the northeast region of China. The overall structure and working principle of the ridger were illustrated and analyzed. The structural design and the theoretical analysis were conducted for key components, such as partial traction hanging adaptive mechanism, rotary tillage ridging adjustable depth transmission assembly, rotary tillage soil- collecting roller assembly and compacting ridging circular assembly. To improve the working performance of ridger and to obtain the best operation parameters, the quadratic general rotary unitized design experiment was carried out with the forward speed and the rotational speed as the impact factors, and the average value of ridge density and the variation coefficient of ridge height as the response indices. Based on experimental data, a mathematical model was built by using the Design-expert 6.0.10 software, the experimental factors were optimized, and the best combination was achieved. Test results showed that the forward speed of the ridger was 1.33 km/h, the rotational speed was 525 r/min, and the average of ridge density was 2 160 kPa, the variation coefficient of ridge height was 4.01%. On the basis, the field test was carried out, and the test results showed that the ridger was characterized by its compact-sized reasonable structure and simple operation. And its ridge had good quality, which was solid and smooth and could meet the requirement of paddy field production. The research results in this paper can provide the theoretical basis and direction for the research of mechanical ridger and its key parts for paddy field. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Assembly - Crops - Design - Experiments - Grain (agricultural product) - Irrigation - Machine design - Mechanization - Soils  - Structural design - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Compacting - High power consumption - Paddy fields - Production requirements - Ridger - Rotary tillages - Scientific research institutes - Variation coefficient
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 444  Water Resources - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601  Mechanical Design - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3  Engineering Research
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.01e+00%, Pressure 2.16e+06Pa, Rotational_Speed 5.25e+02RPM, Velocity 3.69e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20171203473106
Title:Forecasting model and validation for aquatic product price based on time series GA-SVR
Authors:Duan, Qingling (1); Zhang, Lei (1); Wei, Fangfang (1); Xiao, Xiaoyan (1); Wang, Liang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:308-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fluctuations in aquatic product prices have an important impact on the development of the aquaculture industry. Accurate forecasting results can enable farmers to keep abreast of changes in the market and rationally plan aquaculture. Based on the non-linear, non-stationary and periodicity of the aquatic product price series, a genetic algorithm (GA) support vector regression (SVR) model based on time series for forecasting aquatic product price was presented in this paper. Firstly, the time series method was applied to the price series, the autocorrelation function was used to judge the stability, and the partial correlation coefficient was used to judge the data items, then the training data set was obtained. After that, the genetic algorithm was used to optimize the parameters of support vector regression. The parameters of SVR based on radial basis kernel function were kernel function coefficient, penalty factor, and loss parameter. We designed these three parameters by using real number coding individual representation. We used the selection operation to select the mean square error as the fitness function, to calculate the fitness value of each individual, and to select the individuals with better fitness value. By use of the crossover operation, we selected the point intersecting as crossover operator with different individuals, respectively in a corresponding position to a certain probability. The nature of mutation operation was used to enhance the local search algorithm, and avoid falling into the local minimum. We mutated individual to a certain probability and change its current value, then generated new population. We introduced the mechanism of 5-fold cross validation to the process of each iteration to obtain the optimized parameter combination. Finally, the support vector regression model was established by using the optimized parameters to forecast the price of aquatic products in the next period. In this paper, we selected mandarin fish, metapenaeus ensis and portunus trituberculatus as the experimental objects. The experimental data we used were the value of aquatic product price from January 2011 to December 2015 of Beijing Xinfadi market website (http://www.xinfadi.com.cn). After craw ling the web data-including 1, 541 records of mandarin fish, 1, 525 records of metapenaeus ensis and 1, 430 records of portunus trituberculatus, we calculated the monthly average price to represent the price of a period. We trained the proposed model by using data from 2011 to 2014, and forecasted the price of the next year. Through comparing with the real value, the mean absolute percent error of mandarin fish, metapenaeus ensis and portunus trituberculatus was 6.70%, 7.82% and 14.76%, with corresponding root mean square error of 5.8531, 23.7011 and 13.8580, respectively. After surveying the market, we found that the results of forecasting were more in line with the actual situation. In this paper, the SVR model and the BP neural network model based on time series were all used in contrast experiment of our model. The experiment results showed that our model was superior. According to the characteristics of aquatic product price in this paper, we proposed a combined model for the determination of the relevant items of the aquatic product price series, the selection of the kernel function and the parameter optimization. The results showed that the proposed model can provide the basis for the forecasting of aquatic product price. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Costs
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Autocorrelation - Commerce - Data flow analysis - Errors - Fish - Forecasting - Genetic algorithms - Health - Iterative methods  - Mean square error - Models - Neural networks - Optimization - Regression analysis - Support vector machines - Time series - Vectors
Uncontrolled terms:Aquatic products - Autocorrelation functions - BP neural network model - Local search algorithm - Price forecasts - Root mean square errors - Support vector regression (SVR) - Support vector regression models
Classification code:461.6  Medicine and Pharmacology - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 911  Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921  Mathematics - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.48e+01%, Percentage 6.70e+00%, Percentage 7.82e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.042

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20171203473097
Title:Post-evaluation of well-facilitied capital farmland construction based on entropy weight method and improved TOPSIS model
Authors:Xin, Guixin (1); Yang, Chaoxian (1); Yang, Qingyuan (2); Li, Chenghui (1); Wei, Chaofu (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China; (2) School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China 
Corresponding author:Wei, Chaofu(weicf@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:238-249
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the context of a large-scale well-facilitied capital farmland construction, scientifically evaluating its effect and influence of post-implementation will be of great significance. We chose Jiangjin District(YQ-I), Tongliang District(YQ-II), and Liangping County(YQ-III), three demonstration counties of well-facilitied capital farmland construction from Chongqing Municipality as study areas, which were characterized by obvious gradient difference of agricultural industrialization.We also chose typical land consolidation projects as survey samples from each county. Taking economy and society effect as the core, and by the aid of entropy weight method and improved TOPSIS model, we built the post-evaluation index system and evaluated economy and society effect of three sample areas. In the evaluating index system, number of the new operators(C<inf>1</inf>), scale of land circulation(C<inf>2</inf>), area of scale management(C<inf>3</inf>), changes of peasants' annual farm income per person(C<inf>4</inf>), and changes of per area output(C<inf>5</inf>) were used as indicators of economy effect. Income of peasants' participation in the project(C<inf>6</inf>), number of peasants' participation in the project(C<inf>7</inf>), degree of peasants' satisfaction for the project implementation(C<inf>8</inf>), degree of peasants' participation late in the project(C<inf>9</inf>), and degree of nursing measures' implementation late in the project(C<inf>10</inf>) were used as indicators of society effect. The results showed that the index weight order of economy effect was C<inf>3</inf>(0.3984)&gt;C<inf>2</inf>(0.2706)&gt; C<inf>1</inf>(0.1798)&gt;C<inf>5</inf>(0.1337)&gt;C<inf>4</inf>(0.0175), and the index weight order of society effect was C<inf>9</inf>(0.4006)&gt;C<inf>6</inf>(0.3999)&gt;C<inf>8</inf>(0.0995)&gt;C<inf>10</inf>(0.0919)&gt; C<inf>7</inf>(0.0081). Through the classification of index weight importance, C<inf>3</inf>, C<inf>9</inf>, and C<inf>6</inf>were classified as importance with the large variation and strong impact; C<inf>4</inf>, C<inf>8</inf>, C<inf>10</inf>, and C<inf>7</inf>were classified as edge with the small variation and weak impact; the rest, as less importance with moderate impact. Evaluation results of the three study sample areas had an obvious relationship with the process of agricultural industrialization, order of the comprehensive effect was YQ-I(rapid advance)&gt; YQ-II(accelerated advance)&gt; YQ-III(relatively slow advance), and the effect level was good, medium, and poor respectively. And in single effect, there were disequilibrium features between economy effect and society effect, which included disequilibrium of index classification, effect classification, and the study sample area inside. However, accompanied by speeding up agricultural industrialization process, the gap between economy effect and society effect was closing from 22.25 times of YQ-III to 1.21 times of YQ-II, 0.77 times of YQ-I. Based on analysis of evaluation results, we considered that, in addition to following the generalized target, content and technical requirements, giving play to the supporting role of well-facilitied capital farmland construction in mountain and hilly area, should also definitely aim at practical demand of regional agricultural development. Among the three studied areas, experience of YQ-I was worth learning, and its specific practice consisted of three steps. First step was to discover regional advantages of agricultural resources and industry.Second step was to combine well-facilitied capital farmland construction with land circulation, agricultural industrialization and scale management.The third step was to transform farming plots, constructed supporting agricultural infrastructure according to demands of different agricultural industries and moderate scale management. By means of the three steps, YQ-I answeredthe needed-facilitied capital farmland construction on how to improve agricultural production conditions, and how to construct agricultural infrastructure, especially realized benign interaction between farmland construction and agricultural industrialization. However, problem of YQ-II still needed to rethink. The key was to pay more attention to new agricultural operators' role in well-facilitied capital farmland construction, and built a mechanism from point-based nursing experiences and succeeded practice to surface-based popularization and application. Lessons of YQ-III should be remembered. Well-facilitied capital farmland construction cannot be divorced from agricultural industrialization, and removed from agricultural structure adjustment, land circulation, moderate scale management, and new operators' development. In conclusion, under the guide of agricultural industrialization mountain and hilly area can be able to effectively utilize the supporting role of well-facilitied capital farmland construction, and realized better successor-nursing by means of new operators. Meanwhile, the evaluation method based on entropy weight method and improved TOPSIS model can be also effectively used to evaluate economy and society effect of well-facilitied capital farmland construction. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:55
Main heading:Industrial economics
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Economic and social effects - Economics - Enterprise resource planning - Entropy - Farms - Land use - Models - Nursing
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Agricultural industrializations - Agricultural industries - Agricultural productions - Economy - Effect - Evaluating index system - Post evaluations
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 461.7  Health Care - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20171203473086
Title:Test and analysis of soil porosity with pneumatic subsoiling
Authors:Zuo, Shengjia (1); Kong, Degang (1); Liu, Chunsheng (2); Li, Zihui (1); Zhang, Chao (1); Chen, Shuang (1); Wu, Yanfeng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin; 150022, China 
Corresponding author:Kong, Degang(kong-degang@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:162-166
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pneumatic subsoiling is a novel subsoiling method based on pneumatic split technology, which injects pressure-air into cultivated soil to form fractures. In order to study the change of soil porosity during pneumatic subsoiling based on Wenner electrical sounding method, a labroatory experiment was conducted in Agricultural Machinery Laboratory of the Engineering Research Center of Northeast Agricultural University from January to April in 2016. Different soil bulk density (1.4, 1.6 and 1.8 g/cm³) and subsoiling pressure (1.4, 1.8 and 2.2 kPa) were designed for the experiment. The initial soil moisture was kept at 18% for all the treatments. At the bottom of the soil bin, a plowpan in depth of 0.2 m was artificially designed by rolling. On the top, a plough layer was of the depth of 0.2 m. The resistivity was measured before and after subsoiling. Then the resistivity was converted into soil porosity by the model established based on a pre-experiment. Then, the porosity increase rate was used to evaluate the change of soil porosity. The results showed that the pressure had an extremely significant influence on soil porosity increase rate (P&lt;0.01) but the bulk density did not significantly affect the results. Thus, the change of soil porosity as affected by pressure was further investigated in soil with bulk density of 1.6 g/cm³. After subsoiling, the soil porosity increased within the horizontal distance of 0.7 m. In the plowpan (0.2-0.35 m), the porosity increase rate increased slowly with the horizontal distance before 0.4 m and reached its peak when the horizontal distance was 0.4 m. The maximum porosity increase rate was 5.1%, 6.0% and 7.5% under the pressure of 1.4, 1.8 and 2.2 Mpa, respectively. After the peak, the porosity increase rate rapidly decreased with the increase of the horizontal distance. The average of the porosity increase rate at the horizontal distance of 0.1-0.4 m was higher than that in the 0.5-0.6 m, indicating small subsoiling effect for the horizontal distance larger than 0.4 m. The porosity increase rate under the air pressure of 1.8 and 2.2 MPa were significantly higher than that with the air pressure of 1.4 MPa (P&lt;0.05). However, there was no significant difference between 1.8 and 2.2 MPa. Considering the effects of subsoiling and energy consumption for subsoiling, we suggested that the subsoiling air pressure was 1.8 MPa when the bulk density was 1.6 g/cm³. The results provides the technical support for development and application of pneumatic subsoiling equipment. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Porosity
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Atmospheric pressure - Energy utilization - Pneumatics - Pressure - Soil moisture - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Cultivated soils - Development and applications - Different soils - Electrical sounding method - Initial soil moisture - Technical support - Test and analysis - Test method
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 632.3  Pneumatics - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 931.1  Mechanics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.60e+03kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.80e+03kg/m3, Percentage 1.80e+01%, Percentage 5.10e+00%, Percentage 6.00e+00%, Percentage 7.50e+00%, Pressure 1.80e+03Pa, Pressure 1.80e+06Pa, Pressure 1.80e+06Pa to 2.20e+06Pa, Pressure 2.20e+03Pa, Pressure 2.20e+06Pa, Size 1.00e-01m to 4.00e-01m, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 2.00e-01m to 3.50e-01m, Size 4.00e-01m, Size 5.00e-01m to 6.00e-01m, Size 7.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20171203473069
Title:Development and test of 4PZ-1 self-propelled wine grape harvester
Authors:Yang, Lantao (1); Wang, Lihong (1); Kan, Za (1); Li, Chengsong (1); Yuan, Panpan (2); Wang, Zhe (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China; (2) College of Mechanical Engineering and Traffic, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi; 830052, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Lihong(wlh_shz@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:38-44
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, the wine grape harvest in Xinjiang totally depends on labor, which seriously restricts the development of the wine grape industry, and therefore, its harvesting mechanization has become an inexorable tendency. In addition, the wine grapevines in Xinjiang need to be buried to resist the cold in winter, its tree style is multiple-trunk fan-shaped while the style of foreign wine grape tree is trunk-shaped primarily, and there are large differences in fruit distribution and vibration transmission attenuation between them. Thus, the foreign wine grape harvesting machine can't be directly applied to the harvest of wine grape in Xinjiang. To solve these problems, a self-propelled grape harvester was designed and manufactured. The harvester operates with one line at a time, and can complete many jobs such as separation, conveying, cleaning and collection of wine grape at one time. It is mainly composed of shaking separation mechanism, collecting and conveying mechanism and self-propelled hydraulic chassis, and all parts of the harvester are powered hydraulically. In order to get better harvesting effect, the way driving the end of the rib components in the shaking separation mechanism is used to achieve one kind of shaking effect with large amplitude and little disorder, which can overcome the issue that wine grapevines in Xinjiang have the fast vibration energy attenuation and low transfer efficiency. Combining the kinematic and dynamic analysis for the shaking separation mechanism's key components and preliminary experimental study of the shaking separation test apparatus on the wine grape harvesting, the optimal working combination parameters of the shaking separation were determined. When the collecting and conveying mechanism works, 2 rows of symmetrical guide-supported double hinge chains are driven to do rotary motion and take both sides of the hoppers to collect and convey the grape fruits to the bins. The hoppers on the double hinge chains are made of flexible material and tightly meshed with each other in order to avoid damage to the vines and fruit leakage respectively. The main structural parameters of the collecting and conveying mechanism were determined as follows: the length and width of the hopper bottom area were 1 200 and 800 mm respectively, and each receiving hopper's volume was 0.08 m³. The main function of the self-propelled hydraulic chassis is providing power for the harvester and adjusting the harvester's operating parameters. The driving four wheels and steering front-wheel are used in the self-propelled hydraulic chassis, and its four wheels utilize the folding lift mechanism; in this way, the harvester's flexibility and adaptability in the field are improved. Finally, the harvester's field performance was tested. The test results showed that when the terrain was flat and the grape sugar content reached 18%, the harvester achieved the best harvesting effect at the 2 km/h working speed. At this speed, the average productivity was 0.6 hm²/h, the fruit average recovery rate reached 93.8% and the fruit average broken rate was less than 9.3%. The average productivity and fruit average recovery rate of this harvester have approached the level of foreign wine grape harvester basically, but the fruit average broken rate is relatively high. This is because the fruit distribution of Xinjiang wine grape is scattered, which increases the odds that the vibration ribs touch the grapes. However, the harvester gives the relatively poor harvest stability and reliability, and displays the high impurity rate; and this test also finds that some viticulture agronomy is not conducive to the mechanized harvesting for wine grape. The later work is mainly to improve and optimize the whole harvester structure to enhance the harvester's performance and harvest quality. This research provides a reference for promoting the localization process of wine grape harvest machine in China. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Harvesters
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Chains - Chassis - Construction - Crops - Design - Forestry - Four wheel steering - Fruits  - Harvesting - Hoppers - Hydraulic machinery - Machine design - Productivity - Separation - Wheels - Wine
Uncontrolled terms:Average recovery rate - Conveying mechanisms - Mechanized harvesting - Separation mechanism - Stability and reliabilities - Structural parameter - Vibration transmission - Wine grapes
Classification code:405  Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying - 601  Mechanical Design - 601.2  Machine Components - 602.1  Mechanical Drives - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 662.4  Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 691.1  Materials Handling Equipment - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.3  Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.80e+01%, Percentage 9.30e+00%, Percentage 9.38e+01%, Size 1.20e+00m, Size 8.00e-01m, Velocity 5.56e-01m/s, Volume 8.00e-02m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20171203473104
Title:Effects of different natural preservative on catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fillet quality during storage with combination of super-chilling and high-CO<inf>2</inf>packaging
Authors:Zhu, Yingchun (1); Ma, Lizhen (2); Dang, Xiaoyan (1); Wang, Yang (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu; 030801, China; (2) Department of Food Science and Biological Engineering, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin Engineering and Technology Research Center of Agricultural Products Processing, Tianjin; 300384, China; (3) College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, Tianjin; 300384, China 
Corresponding author:Ma, Lizhen(Malizhen-6329@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:292-300
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to extend the shelf life and improve the safety of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fillets, the fresh catfish fillets were treated with 5% natural preservatives of 3 different formulas respectively. Formula 1 (1#) was composed of 0.5% chitosan, 0.1% propolis, 0.075% lysozyme, 0.075% nisin and 0.5% tea polyphenol, Formula 2 (2#) contained 5.6% cinnamon, 6% cloves, 19.12% ginger and 12.84% garlic, Formula 3 (3#) was the supernatant of pure lactic acid bacteria, and the samples treated with sterile distilled water were set as control. The catfish fillets were stored in modified atmosphere packaging (60% CO<inf>2</inf>/ 40% N<inf>2</inf>) at -0.7&#8451;, and the influences of natural preservatives on the sensory quality, microbial index and physical-chemical properties and the protein oxidation of catfish fillets during 60 d storage were evaluated. The results proved that the preservatives effectively extended the shelf life of catfish fillets compared with control samples through the sensory analysis, which was carried out based on color, odor, texture, and springiness of raw catfish fillets and odor, taste, and soup clarification of cooked catfish fillets by the ten-point descriptive analysis test. The sensory shelf life (evaluated by the overall sensory scores) for 1#, 2#, and 3# samples was 40, 30 and 40 d, respectively, while the shelf-life for control samples was only 20 d. Total viable count (TVC) of control sample was always higher than 1#, 2# and 3# samples during the whole storage. TVC for control sample exceeded 6.00 log cfu/g after 30 d storage, whereas for 1#, 2# and 3# samples TVC exceeded the above number after 50, 40 and 50 d, respectively. In the chemical indicators of spoilage, total volatile base-nitrogen (TVB-N) values showed significant increases for all the samples (P&lt;0.05), the value for control sample increased to 22.59 mg/100 g after 40 d storage, whereas the values for samples treated with preservatives were lower than 20.00 mg/100g during the same time of storage. The 2# preservative had excellent antioxidant activity, which was proved by the lower thiobarbituric acid resctive subastances (TBARS) values (0.09-0.14 mg/kg) in 2# samples during the whole storage. The initial potassium (K) value of fresh catfish fillets was 3.10%, and the value increased to 71.70% (for control sample after 40 d), 66.36% (for 1# sample after 60 d), 89.9% (for 2# sample after 60 d) and 61.28% (for 3# sample after 60 d) at the end of the storage. The study also investigated the effects of natural preservatives on protein oxidation of catfish fillets. The total sulphydryl contents of myofibrillar proteins decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) from 115.51 nmol/mg protein (0 d) to 54.53, 64.23, 81.15 and 55.38 nmol/mg protein on the 40th day of the storage for control, 1#, 2# and 3# samples, respectively. The results suggested significant inhibition of preservatives to disulfide bond formation in catfish protein. In addition, the carbonyl contents increased during the storage in a similar way as the total sulphydryl contents. The sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis revealed that the preservatives reduced cross-linking polymerization and degradation of catfish myofibrillar protein during the storage. In conclusion, the 3 kinds of preservatives could inhibit microorganism growth, protein degradation, protein and lipid oxidation, and thus maintain the freshness and delay the deterioration of catfish fillets. The shelf-life extension efficiency of the 3 kinds of preservatives was in order of 3# &gt; 1# &gt; 2#, and the shelf-life of 1#, 2# and 3# samples was 40, 30 and 40 d respectively, while that of control sample was only 20 d. This result provides a reference for the application of natural preservatives in catfish meat during the storage. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:44
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Biodegradation - Carbon dioxide - Chemical analysis - Chemical bonds - Computer system firewalls - Covalent bonds - Electrophoresis - Energy storage - Indicators (chemical) - Lactic acid  - Modified atmosphere packaging - Odor control - Oxidation - Packing - Proteins - Sensory analysis - Sensory perception - Sodium dodecyl sulfate - Sodium sulfate - Water treatment  - Wood preservation
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-oxidant activities - Catfish fillet - Crosslinking polymerization - Disulfide bond formation - Natural preservatives - Physical chemical property - Protein oxidation - Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 461.4  Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering - 461.8  Biotechnology - 525.7  Energy Storage - 694.1  Packaging, General - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 801  Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 811.2  Wood and Wood Products - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control
Numerical data indexing:Molality 1.16e-01mol/kg, Molality 5.54e-02mol/kg, Molality 8.12e-02mol/kg, Percentage 1.00e-01%, Percentage 1.28e+01%, Percentage 1.91e+01%, Percentage 3.10e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 5.00e-01%, Percentage 5.60e+00%, Percentage 6.00e+00%, Percentage 6.13e+01%, Percentage 6.64e+01%, Percentage 7.17e+01%, Percentage 7.50e-02%, Percentage 8.99e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.040

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20171203473067
Title:Parameter optimization and experiment for plastic film transport mechanism of shovel screen type plastic film residue collector
Authors:Yan, Wei (1, 2); Hu, Zhichao (1); Wu, Nu (2); Xu, Hongbo (1); You, Zhaoyan (1); Zhou, Xinxing (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong; 226019, China 
Corresponding author:Hu, Zhichao(zchu369@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:17-24
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Residual film not only affects the crop emergence and yield but also causes serious soil and environmental damage and affects the smooth operation of the agricultural machinery, so residual film recovery is imperative. Ridge tillage residual film recovery has the same characteristics with the residual film recovery equipment, and it has higher requirements for ridge width of residual film recovery equipment. The plastic film has not been fully utilized and the ridge body is relatively high. Furrow residual film recovery is difficult and a lot of plastic films used can not be completely recovered. A lot of plastic films are buried very deep. As one of the key means to control plastic film residue pollution, mechanically collecting technique of plastic film residue has shown a good developing prospect. But, there are many problems in the existing residual film recycling machines, such as high rate of film wrapping, incomplete recovery of residual film, and so on. Shovel screen type plastic film residue collector has a recycling capacity to the film in soil. It has a good application prospect in the field of ridge tillage plastic film recycling. The high rate of film wrapping for plastic film transport mechanism and the high rate of soil content in residual film after harvest are the major problems in the promotion of shovel screen type plastic film residue collector. To reduce the high film wrapping rate and soil containing rate in residual film after harvest, and improve the working quality of plastic film transport mechanism, single-factor test was used to get the best form of the screen surface structure in this paper. The Box-Benhnken central composite experimental design principle was adopted on the basis of single factor experiment to research the working parameters of the plastic film transport mechanism of shovel screen type plastic film residue collector. The vibrating screen's vibration frequency, vibrating screen amplitude, and distance between jagged pieces were taken as 3 factors which influenced the working quality, and a three-factor and three-level response surface experiment was conducted. In the experiment, when the vibration frequency of vibrating screen was less than 2.3 Hz, the separation effect was poor; when the altitude of vibrating screen was less than 40 mm, the film conveying performance was poor; when the distance between jagged pieces was less than 8 mm, the separation effect was poor; when the vibration frequency of vibrating screen was higher than 4.3 Hz, the resonance phenomenon was serious; when the altitude of vibrating screen was more than 80 mm, the effect of separation was poor; and when the distance between jagged pieces was more than 20 mm, the residual film phenomenon was serious. Therefore, the vibration frequency of vibrating screen was selected from 2.3 to 4.3 Hz, the altitude of vibrating screen from 40 to 80 mm, and the distance between jagged pieces from 8 to 20 mm. The mathematical model of the response surface was established. And the influence of each factor on the working quality was analyzed and each factor was optimized comprehensively. The results showed that the significant effects of vibration screen frequency, distance between jagged pieces and vibrating screen amplitude on reducing the rate of film wrapping were in a decreasing order, and the significant effects of distance between jagged pieces, vibrating screen amplitude and vibration screen frequency on reducing the rate of soil content were in a decreasing order. The best work parameters were as bellow: when the vibrating screen's vibration frequency was 3.9 Hz, the vibrating screen amplitude was 42 mm and the distance between jagged pieces was 15 mm, the rate of film wrapping was 1.72%, and the rate of soil content was 32.81%. Through comparing the mathematical model and the experimental result, it turned out that the relative errors of all the property indices between the two were less than 5%, which meant that the model established was useful and could be used for prediction and optimization. The research results can provide the references for the plastic film transport mechanism of plastic film residue collector and the optimization of working parameters. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Plastic recycling
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Design of experiments - Optimization - Plastic films - Pollution control - Recovery - Recycling - Screens (sizing) - Shovels  - Soil testing - Soils - Surface properties - Vibrating screens
Uncontrolled terms:Application prospect - Environmental damage - Parameter optimization - Plastic film residues - Response surface methodology - Single-factor experiments - Transport mechanism - Vibration frequency
Classification code:452.3  Industrial Wastes - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 605.1  Small Tools, Powered - 817.1  Polymer Products - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901.3  Engineering Research - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 2.30e+00Hz, Frequency 2.30e+00Hz to 4.30e+00Hz, Frequency 3.90e+00Hz, Frequency 4.30e+00Hz, Percentage 1.72e+00%, Percentage 3.28e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Size 1.50e-02m, Size 2.00e-02m, Size 4.00e-02m, Size 4.00e-02m to 8.00e-02m, Size 4.20e-02m, Size 8.00e-02m, Size 8.00e-03m to 2.00e-02m, Size 8.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20171203473098
Title:Evaluation on effect of land consolidation on habitat quality based on InVEST model
Authors:Zhong, Lina (1, 2); Wang, Jun (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing; 100035, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Jun(wangjun@lcrc.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:250-255
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Land consolidation is a process of re-organization and re-optimization of land resource and its utilization. The change of land resource and its utilization has a profound influence on the circulation process of material flow and energy flow between habitat patches, thus changing the quality and distribution pattern of the regional habitat. Da'an City is located in the Songnen Plain, which is flat, and rich in cultivated land reserve resources and water resources, and is one of the most potential areas of agricultural development in China. This paper took the land consolidation major project area of Da'an City as an example, and analyzed the influence of land consolidation on habitat quality based on the model of InVEST (integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs). The data used in the study was the 1:10000 land use map of the land consolidation project area in 2008, 2011 and 2014, which represented the time before, during and after the land consolidation. Based on the ArcGIS 10.0 software, the land use vector data were output as the raster data of 30 m &times; 30 m, which were used as the evaluation unit of the habitat quality of the project area. The results showed that: 1) Cultivated land, saline alkali land and grassland were the main land use types in the project area. After land consolidation, a large amount of saline alkali land was converted into arable land, and the proportion of arable land area in the total area of the project increased from 14.43% to 71.19%. The degree of landscape fragmentation was significantly decreased after land consolidation. 2) The overall habitat quality of Da'an land consolidation project area was poor. The area of which the habitat quality score was between 0 and 0.1 accounted for 54.62%-72.03% of the land consolidation project area. The main reason for this phenomenon was that for the land use types whose habitat quality was higher, such as woodland and grassland, their areas were small and the distributions were dispersed; the areas of cultivated land and saline alkali land were larger, but the habitat quality of the 2 kinds of land use types was lower. 3) Before land consolidation, the score of habitat quality was 0.194; the score of habitat quality was reduced to 0.189 during land consolidation, and was increased to 0.214 after land consolidation. Before, during and after the land consolidation, the habitat quality showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. Saline alkali land is one of the threat factors of habitat quality, and its area in the former project area was large, which has a negative impact on the quality of the whole project area. The disturbance of human during the land consolidation project has reduced the habitat quality of the project area. After land consolidation, the score of habitat quality was increased to 0.214. The main reason was that the land use pattern has been optimized owing to land consolidation. At the same time, a large increase in arable land has made the grain production capacity of the project area increase significantly. 4) Overall, the land consolidation project has improved the habitat quality of the project area, but the habitat quality score has experienced a process of first decrease and then increase. In the 3-4 years after land consolidation, the quality of the habitat was the lowest since land consolidation completed, and it was only 0.06 higher than that before land consolidation. And then the quality of the habitat began to improve gradually. After land consolidation, there would be a small amount of arable land changed to saline land again, so the habitat quality of the project area decreased. However, the maintenance work would improve these saline alkali land and change them to arable land, so the quality of the habitat would rise again. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Ecosystems - Geographic information systems - Land use - Models - Natural resources - Population distribution - Soils - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Distribution patterns - Effect - Habitat quality - Land consolidations - Land use pattern - Landscape fragmentation - Valuation of ecosystem services
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 405.3  Surveying - 444  Water Resources - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.3  Information Retrieval and Use - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control
Numerical data indexing:Age 3.00e+00yr to 4.00e+00yr, Percentage 1.44e+01% to 7.12e+01%, Percentage 5.46e+01% to 7.20e+01%, Size 3.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20171203473091
Title:Changes and significance of marginal spectrum on maize leaves potential fluctuations under osmotic stress
Authors:Liu, Kai (1); Xi, Gang (1); He, Ruirui (1); Yu, Ningmei (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Applied Physics, Institute of Science, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710054, China; (2) School of Automation and Information Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:199-205
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Leaf potential fluctuation comes from the changes of membrane potential in leaf cells, it caused by ion transporting across cell membranes and related to electrical coupling between cells. Understanding the life information behind leaf potential fluctuation is of great significance in study plant signal transduction, stress resistance evaluation, ecological and environmental monitoring, growth regulation, precision agriculture and many other fields. However, the leaf potential fluctuation of plant shows a very complex and non-stationary property. This complexity of the leaf potential fluctuation is the characteristic of life activities, but it brings great difficulties to analyze the information from the leaf potential fluctuation. Traditional signal analysis methods based Fourier Transform are only suitable for linear non-stationary signal processing. Different signal length leads to different results. Wavelet transform needs to pre-selected wavelet basis function, different wavelet basis will produce different results. Hilbert-Huang transform used in this paper is a new signal analysis method, this method avoids the defects of traditional methods that using stationary signal to compose non-stationary signals. Since Hilbert-Huang transform has higher resolution in both frequency domain and time domain, it is a more adaptive time-frequency localization analysis method. Thus, the interpretation about the potential fluctuation of plant leaves based on Hilbert-Huang transform can be more accurate. In this paper, the maize seedlings were treated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution of -0.1MPa to form osmotic stress, the leaf potential fluctuation in maize leaves was acquired after osmotic stress 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 days, the Hilbert-Huang transform was used to analyze the variation rule of the leaf potential fluctuation. After made the Hilbert-Huang transform of the leaf potential fluctuation signal of maize seedlings under different stress days, respectively, Hilbert spectrum and marginal spectrum of the leaf potential fluctuation signal was obtained. The marginal spectrum characteristic parameters such as spectral edge frequency (SEF), spectral center frequency (SCF), marginal spectrum entropy (MSE) and action potential sensitive index (Q) were calculated. While acquiring the leaf potential fluctuation signal, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and chlorophyll content in maize leaves under osmotic stress were also measured and analyzed. The results showed that the marginal spectrum of the leaf potential fluctuation on maize seedling leaves was continuous spectrum which frequency distributed in 0.5Hz or less. The SEF and SCF of the marginal spectrum showed a trend of increase first, thenit decreased and increased again along with osmotic stress days. The trend of action potential sensitive index Q was opposite to that of the SEF and SCF. The study also found that the changes of the MSE about the leaf potential fluctuation on maize seedling leaves was increased first and decreased afterwards with stress time. By comparing the changes of the parameters about marginal spectrum of the leaf potential fluctuation on maize seedling leaves during osmotic stress and changes of physiological indices MDA and chlorophyll content, we found that the MSE peak time could be used as sign of self-regulation and adaptive responses limits of leaf cells under osmotic stress, the Q value could be used as a sensitivity standard of maize leaf cells responsiveness to osmotic stress. According to the changes of the marginal spectrum characteristic parameters of leaves potential fluctuations in maize seedling under osmotic stress, it was possible to realize real time, in-situ and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of maize seedling leaf cells functional status. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Time domain analysis
Controlled terms:Cells - Chlorophyll - Crops - Cytology - Environmental regulations - Frequency domain analysis - Mathematical transformations - Nondestructive examination - Osmosis - Physiological models  - Plants (botany) - Signal analysis - Signal processing - Signal transduction - Spectrum analysis - Stresses - Wavelet transforms
Uncontrolled terms:Hilbert Huang transforms - Hilbert spectrum and marginal spectrums - Maize - Marginal spectrum - Non destructive evaluation - Nonstationary signal processing - Potential fluctuations - Time-frequency localization
Classification code:454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9  Biology - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921  Mathematics - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.10e-02yr, Age 8.22e-03yr, Frequency 5.00e-01Hz
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20171203473102
Title:Hydrothermal pretreatment improving proteolysis efficiency of peanut protein isolates and its mechanism analysis
Authors:Chen, Lin (1); Chen, Jianshe (2); Yu, Hongpeng (1); Wu, Kegang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Food Science, College of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou; 510006, China; (2) School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou; 310018, China 
Corresponding author:Wu, Kegang(kgwu@gdut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:278-284
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The use of peanut protein has attained an increasing attention, primarily attributed to its high nutrition value, steady supply, and low cost compared with other proteins with different sources. Peanut protein isolate (PPI) is the most refined peanut protein product, containing 90% protein on a moisture-free basis, and is used as a kind of important protein material in food industry. However, the poor protein solubility and functional properties of commercial PPI limit its application in food and non-food products. Because of small side reactions and safeness, proteolysis has been widely used to improve protein functionalities and to prepare bioactive peptides. However, peanut proteins are resistant to proteolysis due to their compact structures that protect many of the hydrolysis sites. Recently, several studies have reported that hydrothermal treatment could not only alter the spatial conformations of globular proteins, but also break up protein aggregates into smaller pieces, which may cause the exposure of previously buried hydrolysis sites. However, little work has been done so far to investigate this possibility. Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the influences of hydrothermal pretreatment on the proteolysis pattern and the structure of PPI. Hydrothermally cooked PPI (HPPI) was prepared using a CJ-200 autoclave, and protease Protamex was used for the preparation of PPI hydrolysates (PPIH) and HPPI hydrolysates (HPPIH). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the processing conditions of hydrothermally cooking, and the optimal conditions were as follows: the pressure was 90 MPa, the temperature was 85&#8451;, and the time was 20 min. The actual degree of hydrolysis (DH) of HPPIH obtained under this pretreatment condition was 16.3%&plusmn;0.2%, which was not significantly different (P&gt;0.05) from the predicted value (DH=16.2%). And the analysis of variance of the regression equation for the response surface quadratic model showed that the sequence of the importance for influential factors was pressure &gt; temperature &gt; time. The analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) profiles of PPI, HPPI, PPIH and HPPIH showed that hydrothermal pretreatment substantially improved the enzymatic accessibility of the major subunits of conarachin and arachin in PPI, which were initially resistant to Protamex hydrolysis. As a result, more peanut proteins in HPPI could be readily hydrolyzed and become soluble, causing a strong increase in protein recovery (PR) for HPPIH. Under the 90 MPa pressure, HPPIH showed a much higher PR of 73.4% than that of PPIH (PR=41.5%). In addition, it was somewhat surprising that the observations of SDS-PAGE profiles and DH measurement both showed that hydrothermal pretreatment enhanced the spontaneous hydrolysis of PPI. Analysis of the intrinsic emission fluorescence spectra of PPI and HPPI demonstrated that compared with the control PPI, HPPI showed a decrease in the intensity of the fluorescence peak at 323 nm, and a red-shift for the peak at 332 nm, which suggested that hydrothermal treatment caused the unfolding of tertiary structure for PPI. Analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) of PPI and HPPI demonstrated that compared with the control PPI, HPPI showed a significant decrease in &alpha;-helix and &beta;-turn, and an increase in &beta;-sheet and random coil, which suggested that hydrothermal treatment could loosen the secondary structure of peanut protein. So it is inferred that the unfolded tertiary structure and the loosened secondary structure for HPPI after hydrothermal pretreatment may be the main causes for its improved enzymatic accessibility. In conclusion, this study shows that hydrothermal pretreatment is a highly effective technique to accelerate and enhance the proteolysis of PPI. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Proteins
Controlled terms:Conformations - Electrophoresis - Fluorescence - Food products - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Heat treatment - Hydrolysis - Oilseeds - Optimization - Proteolysis  - Sodium dodecyl sulfate - Sodium sulfate - Surface properties - Transportation
Uncontrolled terms:Fourier transform infrared spectra - Hydrothermal pretreatment - Peanut protein isolates (PPI) - Peanut proteins - Protein conformation - Proteolytic susceptibility - Response surface methodology - Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Classification code:537.1  Heat Treatment Processes - 741.1  Light/Optics - 801  Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 7.34e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Pressure 9.00e+07Pa, Size 3.23e-07m, Size 3.32e-07m, Time 1.20e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20171203473081
Title:Optimal model of channel layout based on minimum spanning trees
Authors:Xu, Zichang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan; 430074, China 
Corresponding author:Xu, Zichang(120433676@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:124-130
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Few studies have been done on the layout of ditches, and the quantitative models for the optimization of the channel layout is lacking. Since the cost of channel layout project accounts for a large proportion of the cost of land reclamation project, it is necessary to find a design in order to reduce the cost of channel project. In this paper, a new model was developed for optimal layout of canals and ditches. The theory of minimum spanning tree was used to describe the channel layout of land reclamation project, and an optimal model based on minimum spanning tree theory was established in combination with the virtual point, the alternative water intake point and the weighted definition node. The study area was located at a coal mining subsidence area in Yongqiao District, Suzhou City, Anhui Province (33&deg;24'-33&deg;25'N and 117&deg;3'-117&deg;5'E). The channel optimization layout model based on the minimum spanning tree was constructed to optimize the layout of farmland irrigation channels in the plain areas. Different from the traditional minimum spanning tree model, this model solved the optimization problem for two-level channels, and the final solution using this model was greater than or equal to a minimum spanning tree. In order to take advantage of the mature minimum- production-tree approach, the virtual point concept was created to eliminate the difference between the channel optimization layout model and the traditional minimum spanning tree model. Four cases of solving the model were discussed by convex hull theory. The LINGO program was written for solving the model. Finally, the channel optimization model based on the minimum spanning tree was applied to a research area, and then the channel layout scheme using this model was obtained with a total length of 20 523 m containing 1 lateral canal (2 811-m length) and 22 ditches (17 712-m length). According to the traditional optimum principle, there were totally 20 572 m with 2 lateral canals (6 037-m length) and 23 ditches (14 535-m length). The lateral canal was designed as a trapezoid for the land reclamation with a mouth width of 150 cm, a base width of 50 cm and a depth of 100 cm. The ditch was designed as a rectangle with a mouth width of 80 cm and a depth of 90 cm. For the lateral canal, the engineering workload of unit length was 1 m³and for ditch engineering workload per unit length was 0.75 m³. The unit length engineering workload of the lateral canal was 1.33 times of the ditch. Based on unit length engineering workload mentioned above, the total engineering workload of the land reclamation project was 16 095 m³by using the channel optimization layout method based on minimum spanning tree and 16 938.25 m³by using optimum principle method, respectively. The engineering workload of the minimum spanning tree method was 5.0% less than that of the optimum principle. According to the unit price of the lateral canal engineering project 85 yuan per meter and the unit price of ditch engineering 49.58 yuan per meter, the project cost of 116 694 yuan was saved. The result shows that the channel optimization model based on the minimum spanning tree can obtain the channel layout plan with less cost, that is, the maximum control of land reclamation cost. This study can provide an effective way to cost control of land reclamation projects. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Cost engineering
Controlled terms:Canals - Computational geometry - Costs - Cutting machines (mining) - Hydraulic structures - Land reclamation - Land use - Optimal systems - Optimization - Reclamation
Uncontrolled terms:Channel optimization - Coal mining subsidences - Convex hull - Layout - LINGO - Minimum spanning tree model - Minimum spanning trees - Optimization problems
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 407.2  Waterways - 442.2  Land Reclamation - 502.2  Mine and Quarry Equipment - 911  Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921.4  Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e+00%, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 1.45e+04m, Size 1.50e+00m, Size 1.77e+04m, Size 2.05e+04m, Size 2.06e+04m, Size 2.81e+03m, Size 5.00e-01m, Size 6.04e+03m, Size 8.00e-01m, Size 9.00e-01m, Volume 1.00e+00m3, Volume 1.61e+04m3, Volume 7.50e-01m3, Volume 9.38e+02m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20171203473090
Title:Review on multi-stage inversion techniques of canopy reflectance models for retrieving crop variables
Authors:Liu, Ke (1); Huang, Ping (1); Ren, Guoye (1); Zhou, Qingbo (2); Li, Yuanhong (1); Wang, Si (1); Dong, Xiuchun (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Remote Sensing Application, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science/Chengdu Branch of Remote Sensing Application Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu; 610066, China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100081, China 
Corresponding author:Huang, Ping(546991325@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:190-198
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Remote sensing technique is known as an inexpensive and effective tool for retrieving crop variables in a large area. The existing methodologies can be identified into two categories: the methodologies based on statistical predictive models and the methodologies based on canopy reflectance (CR) models inversion. The latter is relatively universal. Thus, it has great potential in wisdom agriculture for crop monitoring in regional scale. However, CR model inversions suffer from the so-called "ill-posed problem". Therefore, the multi-stage, sample-direction dependent, target-decisions (MSDT) inversion technique and the object-based inversion technique were previously proposed. They are similar in technical routes: the progress of an inversion is partitioned into several stages. In each stage, only a part of variables were estimated. The results of preliminary stages are used as prior knowledge of later stages of inversion. In this way, the uncertainties in parameter optimization are reduced, the ill-posed problem is therefore limited. Concretely speaking, the MSDT method firstly estimates the sensitivity and uncertainties of variables before each stage of inversion. The most sensitive and uncertain variables were firstly retrieved using a subset of remote sensing data which is sensitive to the retrieved variables. The scheme of parameterization is then updated based on the preliminary results. Another subset of sensitive variables was subsequently retrieved using another subset of sensitive data. The object-based inversion defines an "object" as a plot or a gliding window, in which the crop has similar attributes. Such attributes are referred to as "object signatures". A remotely sensed image is firstly segmented into objects. Within each object, object signatures are firstly retrieved, and used as prior knowledge in subsequent pixel-wise retrieval of spatial heterogeneous or interested variables. In this way, spatial constrains, i.e., the spatial distribution of variables, are extracted and imposed on the inversion. It can be seen the MSDT and object-based inversion essentially follow the same procedure. The major difference between them is that MSDT method makes the scheme of inversion according to the sensitivity and uncertainty of variables, while object-based inversion is based on the spatial distribution of variables. In this review, MSDT and object-based inversions were summarized into an integrated conceptual framework of "multi-stage inversion". Based on this framework, the following technical problems and the potential solutions can be summarized as follows. 1) The schemes of MSDT and object-based inversions are practically in conflict. In future studies, multi-step inversion strategies need further comparison, verification and improvement to ensure their rationality and effectiveness. The thoughts of MSDT and object-based inversions should be integrated, to develop more sophisticated inversion schemes under the conceptual framework of multi-step inversion. 2) Multi-step inversions might be significantly affected by the accuracy of preliminary parameterization of CR model. In future studies, the integrated application of multi-sources data could be helpful for CR model parameterization, and for detecting errors in each stage of inversion. For instance, same variables can be retrieved from satellite, aerial and ground remote sensing data, or obtained directly from in-situ measurements and existing remote sensing products. With approaches of scale transformation, the variables retrieved from multi-source data can be compared, in order to obtain prior-knowledge, or detect error in inversions. 3) Multi-step inversions might be distorted by error propagation. In future studies, on the one hand, gross errors and systematic errors should be detected and corrected in each stage of inversion according to the statistical distributions of retrieved variables, or by using multiple data sources. On the other hand, the schemes of multi-step parameter optimization should be customized for each variable according to its sensitivity and spatial heterogeneity. Not to fix sensitive or spatially heterogeneous variables if the accuracy and reliability of prior knowledge or the preliminary inversions could not be guaranteed. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:67
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Crops - Errors - Metadata - Models - Parameterization - Reflection - Spatial distribution - Systematic errors - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Canopy reflectance model - Integrated applications - Model parameterization - Multi stage - Object based - Parameter optimization - Remote sensing techniques - Statistical distribution
Classification code:821.4  Agricultural Products - 921  Mathematics - 922.1  Probability Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20171203473083
Title:Analysis on evapotranspiration and water balance of cropland with plastic mulch in arid region using dual crop coefficient approach
Authors:Wen, Yeqiang (1); Yang, Jian (2); Shang, Songhao (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing; 100084, China; (2) Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China 
Corresponding author:Shang, Songhao(shangsh@tsinghua.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:138-147
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Plastic mulch has been widely used in agricultural production, especially in arid and semiarid regions. The study of crop evapotranspiration and crop coefficient in fields with plastic mulch is the base for irrigation scheduling and improving water use efficiency, especially in Northwest China where water shortage happens frequently. Based on field experiment data of spring wheat in 2014-2015 in the Shiyang River Basin Experiment station in Gansu province, water balance components over the spring wheat field was analyzed using the dual crop coefficient approach for crop evapotranspiration and a field water balance model through calibration and verification. The pattern and structure of water consumption under different irrigation treatment with and without mulch was revealed by simulating the variation of soil water content in the whole growing stage of spring wheat. The results showed that evapotranspiration of spring field with mulch was reduced by 10% to 16% for different irrigation treatment compared with field without mulch, which indicated the effect of water saving for plastic mulch. The plastic mulch attained the optimal effect of saving water at the initial stage and reduced the water consumption by 69.03% in the stage compared to no mulch. At the development stage, the water consumption and its rate was similar for spring wheat with or without mulch. After stepping into mid stage, plastic mulch achieved a similar evapotranspiration rate due to the higher crop transpiration. According to the analysis for water supply and consumption, the water scarcity period was at the mid or late stage for spring wheat with mulch and initial or development stage for spring wheat without mulch. Hence irrigating late properly could be advantage for plastic mulch. In the study, the calibrated basal crop coefficients for initial, mid and late stage were separately 0.101, 0.751 and 0.300 for spring wheat without mulch and 0.150, 0.900 and 0.700 for spring wheat with mulch. The basal crop coefficient in mid stage was relatively lower in this research compared to the recommended value in FAO-56 due to the difference of variety, district and climate. The larger basal crop coefficient for plastic mulch led to a higher transpiration of spring wheat in the whole stage, which adjusted the structure of evapotranspiration efficiently. The fractions of transpiration to evapotranspiration were 43%-47% and 70%-74% for spring wheat without and with mulch which meant that plastic mulch increased the fraction by 25%-27%.The evaporation was relatively stable for plastic mulch treatment due to the effect of saving moisture of the topsoil layer and limitation of the vent holes. Through the analysis of field water balance, it was seen that amount of soil water was wasted for the exorbitant initial soil water content especially for plastic mulch field. Therefore, the irrigation amount before sowing should be controlled to avoid the waste of water. Moreover, plastic mulch had an effect on influencing the growth of spring wheat. In the previous growth stage, plastic mulch can promote the rate of growth and shorten the initial stage for seven days; while in the middle and late stages, plastic mulch can prolong the length of middle stage for 10 days and delayed canopy senescence. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Evapotranspiration
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Arid regions - Calibration - Crops - Irrigation - Models - Soil moisture - Soils - Transpiration - Water conservation  - Water management - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Arid and semi-arid regions - Calibration and verification - Crop coefficient - Plastic mulch - Spring wheat - Water balance - Water balance components
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 461.9  Biology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.74e-02yr, Percentage 1.00e+01% to 1.60e+01%, Percentage 2.50e+01% to 2.70e+01%, Percentage 4.30e+01% to 4.70e+01%, Percentage 6.90e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+01% to 7.40e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20171203473085
Title:Effect of moisture stress level and stage on evapotranspiration and yield of grape under protected and delayed cultivation
Authors:Zhang, Rui (1); Wang, Wangtian (2); Wu, Yuxia (3); Niu, Lili (1); Wang, Junlin (4); Xue, Yanling (4); Chen, Na'na (1); Wang, Fei (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou; 730070, China; (2) College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou; 730070, China; (3) College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou; 730070, China; (4) Water Irrigation Test Center of Zhangye City, Zhangye; 730916, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:155-161
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study the effect of soil moisture stress on water consumption and yield of grape, 3-year of field experiment was carried out from 2012 to 2014 in Zhangye Water Bureau Irrigation Test Center in Zhangye City of Gansu Province (38&deg;56'N, longitude 100&deg;26'E, altitude 1 482.7 m). The grape growth was divided into 5 stages, namely, germination, shoot growth, flowering, fruit enlargement and coloring maturity. There were 2 different stress types: a moderate water stress level that the lower limit for soil moisture content was 55% of field water holding capacity (FC) and a mild stress level that the lower limit for soil moisture content was 65%FC. In addition, the lowest limit of 75%FC was considered as control (CK, full irrigation). The moderate water stress was conducted in each of the 5 stages of grape in 2012. Except for the stage with stress treatment, the other stages were with full irrigation. Similar with 2012, the moderate stress treatments were conducted in 2013 and 2014. In addition, the mild stress was carried out in each of the 5 stages. The grape under protected and delayed cultivation was planted in greenhouse. The greenhouse film was uncovered at the end of May for grape germination and was covered at the beginning of October. The grape was harvested in the middle and late December. During the experiment, water consumption, daily water consumption intensity, grape yield, water use efficiency and others were determined. The results showed: 1) The daily water consumption intensity reached a maximum value (3-year average was 3.2 mm/d) in the fruit enlargement stage, indicating that the fruit enlargement period was a critical period of water requirement for the grape under protected and delayed cultivation; 2) Water stress had obvious effect on the water consumption intensity of each growth period of grape. The moderate water stress in germination period could reduce the intensity of grape water consumption, and water compensation effect appeared after the return of full water supply in the subsequent growth period. The moderate water stress had an obvious effect on the new shoots growing period. Due to the short flowering period, the effect of moderate water stress in this period on water consumption manifested in the subsequent growth period (the fruit enlargement stage). The moderate water stress in the coloring maturity period also significantly reduced water consumption intensity. The mild water stress in the germination stage could also significantly affect the daily water consumption intensity; 3) The moderate water stress in the germination stage could improve grape yield and water use efficiency in 2012 but not in 2013 and 2014. The yield of moderate water stress in the germination stage was 23 542 kg/hm², 40.7% higher than CK(P&lt;0.05). It probably indicated that the grape had a strong resistance capacity against water stress in 2013 and 2014. The yield and water use efficiency of grape was not significantly different with CK for the other stress treatments, suggesting that either of them was good for grape production. The study would be helpful in understanding water consumption of grape and formulating water-saving plan of grape in greenhouse. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Yield stress
Controlled terms:Cultivation - Efficiency - Fruits - Greenhouses - Irrigation - Moisture - Moisture determination - Plants (botany) - Soil moisture - Soils  - Stresses - Water conservation - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Germination stage - Resistance capacity - Water compensation - Water consumption - Water holding capacity - Water requirements - Water use efficiency - Yield
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1  Production Engineering - 944.2  Moisture Measurements - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 3.00e+00yr, Percentage 4.07e+01%, Percentage 5.50e+01%, Size 4.83e+02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20171203473092
Title:Application of Raman spectroscopy for early detection of rape sclerotinia on rapeseed leaves
Authors:Zhao, Yanru (1); Yu, Keqiang (2); Li, Xiaoli (1); He, Yong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China 
Corresponding author:He, Yong(yhe@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:206-211
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Raman spectroscopy technique has been widely used in detecting the physiological information of plants. Due to its unique advantages of simple pre-treating, rapid response, high sensitivity and in-situ, nondestructive detecting, it can be performed to acquire biological information. As an important oil crop, oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is widely cultivated all around the world. High energy and protein livestock feed are mainly made from its seeds. It is also partly used as potential raw material in synthesizing biodiesel. However, sclerotinia rot of colza, which is generally caused by fungal pathogens sclerotinia sclerotiorum, seriously limited the development of rapeseed industry. Therefore, early detection of the sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection on rape leaves will helpful to discriminate, prevent and cure the sclerotinia rot of colza on rape plants. In general, plant pathogen spread to the tissue around the invasion point, the different distance between the invasion points on the scab represents different severity of the disease on the host plants. In this study, a total of 90 oilseed rape leaves were collected for this experiment. 90 Raman spectral curves of healthy, mid-infected and severe infected oilseed rape leaves were acquired by confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy in the region of 800-2 000 cm^-1. Baseline algorithms were employed to process baseline correction. Wavelet transform based on the time-frequency domain can undertake multi-scale decomposition of Raman spectra, therefore, fluorescent background would be removed by reconstructing the signal without low frequency signal. Herein, wavelet transform was used to remove fluorescence background from the original spectral information. Significant differences at 0.05 level among the three kinds of samples at three characteristic peaks (1 006, 1 156 and 1 522 cm^-1) were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. Then, principal component analysis (PCA), which can compress the representation of a collection of vectors, was adopted to process cluster analysis. 93% information of the original data was represented by the first two principal components (PC-1 and PC-2). Then, variables of principal components (PC-1 and PC-2) and characteristic peaks (1 006, 1 156 and 1 522 cm^-1) were employed to process cluster analysis. Finally, least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) model, which is highly adaptive, was established based on the data of principal components and the characteristic parameters to discriminate the infected severity. The results revealed that LS-SVM models based on the PC-1, 1 156 and 1 522 cm^-1provided a discriminative accuracy of 100%, LS-SVM discriminative models based on PC-2 and 1 006 cm^-1with accuracy of 66.7% and 70.0%, respectively. The results proved that Raman spectra analysis on the disease spot is meaningful for the early detection of disease. Meanwhile, this research provided a theoretical reference for portable Raman instrument designing in disease infection's early detection. What is more, different varieties of oilseed rape plants infected by different diseases would be detected if Raman spectroscopy technique is applied. Raman spectra coupled with molecular analysis provide a promising way in detecting specific pathogen of plants at early infection stage in future study. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Analysis of variance (ANOVA) - Cluster analysis - Fluorescence - Frequency domain analysis - Machine components - Oilseeds - Pathogens - Plants (botany) - Raman scattering  - Raman spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis - Support vector machines - Wavelet decomposition - Wavelet transforms
Uncontrolled terms:Analysis of variance method - Characteristic parameter - Chemometrics - Confocal micro Raman spectroscopy - Least squares support vector machines - Oil seed rape - Physiological informations - Sclerotinia
Classification code:461.9  Biology - 601.2  Machine Components - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.1  Light/Optics - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations - 922  Statistical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 6.67e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Percentage 9.30e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20171203473096
Title:Influence of easily-degraded organic matter content on maturity and nitrogen loss during composting of cucumber vine
Authors:Chang, Ruixue (1); Wang, Qian (1); Gan, Jingjing (1); Li, Yanming (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Yanming(liym@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:231-237
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In China, vegetable growing area and production have increased rapidly in order to satisfy the increasing demand for vegetable and benefit, which must be accompanied by more vegetable wastes and are hard to be treated nowadays, for shortage of technologies of circular utilization without hazardous risk. The vegetable wastes without treatment must result in environmental pollution and safety risk, especially for cucumber, one of the major vegetables in China. The study was undertaken to investigate the effects of easily-degraded organic matter content (27% (T1), 36% (T2), 45% (T3), 51% (T4)) on maturity process and nitrogen loss during composting of cucumber vine in lab-scale airtight composting system, with the same mixed material weight, C/N ratio of 25, material moisture content of 60%, using the carbon additive corn stover and corn starch, and the nitrogen additive urea, and analyzed temperature, matter loss, organic matter, CO<inf>2</inf>emission, pH value, EC (electrical conductivity), GI (germination index), NH<inf>3</inf>emission rate and accumulation, nitrogen loss rate during the maturity process. Results indicated that along with the increase of easily-degraded organic matter content in raw material, the highest temperature in different treatments showed firstly increased and then decreased, while higher pH value, EC, and lower GI were shown together with the easily-degraded organic matter content increasing, which meant the easily-degraded organic matter content should not be too high and no more than 45% was better for higher temperature and maturity. The highest temperature (71.4&#8451;) was shown in treatment T3, with more CO<inf>2</inf>accumulation, which meant this condition was better for reducing the heating time and making no-hazardous product. However, the increase of easily-degraded organic matter content resulted in more nitrogen loss, especially more ammonia emission. The most ammonia emission was shown in T3 (380.29 mg), and the most nitrogen loss rate in T4 (36.01%), suggesting that the lignocellulose would help to reduce the ammonia emission and nitrogen loss. In summary, the ratio of 45% in mixed material for easily-degraded organic matter content is a better condition for higher composting temperature to make no-hazardous product and no influence on maturity of the product, but accompanied by higher ammonia emission and nitrogen loss rate. So with the aim to reach high temperature and low nitrogen loss during composting, additional lignocellulose input together with the 45% easily-degraded organic matter content in the material could effectively improve the composting technology, but it needs to be certified by experiment in the future. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Nitrogen
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Cellulose - Composting - Food safety - Hazards - Lignin  - Organic compounds - pH - Scales (weighing instruments) - Urea - Vegetables - Waste treatment - Waste utilization
Uncontrolled terms:Composting technologies - Cucumber vine - Electrical conductivity - Environmental pollutions - Maturity - NH<inf>3</inf> - Nitrogen loss - Organic matter content
Classification code:452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.6  Medicine and Pharmacology - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 801.2  Biochemistry - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 811.3  Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention - 943.3  Special Purpose Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Mass 3.80e-04kg, Percentage 3.60e+01%, Percentage 4.50e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20171203473100
Title:Optimization of hot-plate and microwave combined vacuum freeze drying process of water-oat
Authors:Yan, Jianchun (1); Hu, Zhichao (1); Wu, Penglai (1); Xie, Huanxiong (1); Wei, Hai (1); Xu, Hongbo (1); Gao, Jingkui (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China 
Corresponding author:Hu, Zhichao(nfzhongzi@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:262-270
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to reduce the energy consumption of freeze drying for fresh water-oat and to improve the quality of the finished lyophilized products, the tests of 3 different kinds of freeze drying, including hot-plate vacuum freeze drying, microwave vacuum freeze drying, hot-plate and microwave combined vacuum freeze drying, were launched with the assessment indicators of total energy consumption, and volume retention, rehydration rate and aberration for energy or quality results respectively. The study showed that the 35&#8451; hot-plate vacuum freeze drying could obtain high-quality finished products, but with too high energy consumption. The 60&#8451; hot-plate vacuum freeze drying or 3 kW microwave vacuum freeze drying could reduce energy consumption of lyophilization, but the quality of water-oat was impaired as well, because excessive moisture sublimation rate resulted in the more destruction of the microtexture in water-oat pieces. The method, which used 35&#8451; hot-plate vacuum freeze drying to dehydrate to a certain degree, and then used 60&#8451; hot-plate vacuum freeze drying or 3 kW microwave vacuum freeze drying, could effectively reduce energy consumption and obtain high-quality finished products at the same time. On this basis, the uniform design was used to carry out the test study on the optimization of process parameters of hot-plate and microwave combined vacuum freeze drying. In the test, hot-plate temperature, dehydration switching point and microwave power were considered as test factors, which were all divided into 13 levels. Besides, according to the actual work situation, the hot-plate temperature was from 30 to 60&#8451;, the dehydration switching point was from 72% to 90%, and the microwave power was from 1.2 to 3 kW. According to the experimentally measured results, the stepwise regression analysis method was used to exclude the non-significant items, and then the quadratic regression equation of total energy consumption, volume retention ratio, rehydration rate and aberration for heating plate temperature, dehydration switching point and microwave power was obtained. The influence mechanism of 3 experimental factors to above-mentioned 4 investigation targets was analyzed by the dimensional slice equipotential line figure. The results showed that the total energy consumption, volume retention ratio, and rehydration rate decreased and the aberration value increased with the hot-plate temperature and microwave power increasing. On the other hand, the influence of dehydration switching point on total energy consumption, volume retention ratio, rehydration rate and aberration depended on the value of hot-plate temperature and microwave power. If the setting temperature of heating plate had greater influence on total energy consumption, volume retention ratio, rehydration rate and aberration than the setting power of microwave, the total energy consumption, volume retention ratio, and rehydration rate decreased and the aberration increased with the dehydration switching point increasing. And if the setting temperature of heating plate had less influence on total energy consumption, volume retention ratio, rehydration rate and aberration than the setting power of microwave, the total energy consumption, volume retention ratio, and rehydration rate increased and the aberration decreased when the dehydration switching point increased. At last, the comprehensively weighted grading method and the stepwise regression analysis were used to obtain the regression equation of comprehensive index with the heating plate temperature and dehydration switching point. Furthermore, the optimization results of freeze drying process parameters were obtained by the multivariate linear constraint optimization method, which showed that the hot-plate temperature was 30&#8451;, the dehydration switching point was 72%, and the microwave power was 3 kW. Under the optimum condition, the comprehensive weighted evaluation value was 76.07; and the total energy consumption, volume retention ratio, rehydration rate, and aberration were 90.6 kW&middot;h, 51.86%, 10.59 and 4.32, respectively. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Constrained optimization - Dehydration - Energy utilization - Grading - Heating - Low temperature drying - Microwave generation - Microwaves - Optimization - Processing  - Rapid thermal annealing - Regression analysis - Switching - Vacuum - Vehicular tunnels - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Freeze-drying process - Heating plate temperature - High energy consumption - Hot plates - Optimization of process parameters - Reduce energy consumption - Stepwise regression analysis - Total energy consumption
Classification code:401.2  Tunnels and Tunneling - 445.2  Water Analysis - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 537.1  Heat Treatment Processes - 633  Vacuum Technology - 711  Electromagnetic Waves - 713.2  Oscillators - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 913.4  Manufacturing - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.19e+01%, Percentage 7.20e+01%, Percentage 7.20e+01% to 9.00e+01%, Power 1.20e+03W to 3.00e+03W, Power 3.00e+03W
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20171203473078
Title:Detection of belt deviation of belt weigher using data mining
Authors:Zhu, Liang (1); Li, Dongbo (2); Wu, Chongyou (1); Wu, Shaofeng (2); Yuan, Yanqiang (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210094, China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing; 210094, China; (3) Nanjing Sanai Industrial Co., Ltd, Nanjing; 211100, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:102-109
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, belt weigher has been widely used in various transportation and trade occasions of industry and agriculture. Belt deviation is one of the most important indicators of accuracy of belt weigher, and it is also one of the most common faults. In this paper, aiming at the problem of belt deviation, we obtained the real-time online detection of deviation by the data mining based on the existing original sensor data of belt weigher, instead of traditional hardware testing equipment in which CCD, PSD and array phototransistor are usually used as the specialized sensor for detecting deviation. At first, in order to reduce the dimension of existing original data and the complexity of the subsequent detection mode of belt deviation, the online features extraction models of belt deviation based on LTSA (Local Tangent Space Alignment) + GRNN (Generalized Regression Neural Networks), and CDBN(Continuous Deep Belief Networks) were proposed respectively, through introducing manifold learning and deep learning. GRNN was applied to construct the explicit nonlinear mapping from the original data of high dimension to the features of belt deviation extracted by LTSA. CDBN was proposed by introducing CRBM (Continuous Restricted Boltzmann Machine) and combining with the "dropout". Unlike LTSA, CDBN can be used to construct the explicit nonlinear mapping while extracting the deviation features from the original data, which needed more training time. Subsequently, the feature extraction experiments of belt deviation at different flow rates showed that the models based on LTSA+GRNN, and CDBN both had very good feature detection effect which meant that the two features extraction models could effectively reduce the redundancy of the original data while retaining enough features of belt deviation. And the experiments also revealed that, in case of belt deviation, the bigger the flow rate was, the greater the amount of belt deviation was, and vice versa. Further, SVM (Support Vector Machine), ELM (Extreme Learning Machine) and other regression analysis methods were used to build the online prediction models of belt deviation where the deviation features extracted by LTSA+GRNN and CDBN were taken as the input. Finally, the performances of two proposed online detection models of belt deviation based on LTSA+GRNN+ELM and CDBN+ELM respectively were verified through the experiments: the average prediction accuracy of deviation prediction model based on LTSA+GRNN+ELM was 93.33%, while its average prediction time of each group was 38.29 ms and its average training time was 18.91 s; the average prediction accuracy of deviation prediction model based on CDBN was as high as 98.61%, while its average prediction time of each group was as short as 1.47 ms and its average training time was 139.96 s. Besides, the experiments also showed that ELM was more suitable than SVM for the belt deviation, because ELM had almost the same prediction accuracy as SVM while the training and prediction time of ELM was far less than that of SVM. Both the prediction and real-time of the two models mentioned above showed that the two models could be a new approach for online detection of belt deviation and replaced traditional hardware detection device. Moreover, this study provided the necessary basis for the further online precision compensation and fault prediction of belt weigher. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Data mining
Controlled terms:Deep learning - Extraction - Feature extraction - Forecasting - Hardware - Knowledge acquisition - Learning systems - Mapping - Models - Neural networks  - Regression analysis - Sensors - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Deep belief networks - ELM (extreme learning machine) - Extreme learning machine - Generalized regression neural networks - Local tangent space alignment - Manifold learning - Restricted boltzmann machine - SVM(support vector machine)
Classification code:405.3  Surveying - 605  Small Tools and Hardware - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.33e+01%, Percentage 9.86e+01%, Time 1.40e+02s, Time 1.47e-03s, Time 3.83e-02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20171203473071
Title:Effect of mechanized planting methods on plant type and lodging resistance of different rice varieties
Authors:Xing, Zhipeng (1); Wu, Pei (1); Zhu, Ming (1); Qian, Haijun (1); Cao, Weiwei (1); Hu, Yajie (1); Guo, Baowei (1); Wei, Haiyan (1); Xu, Ke (1); Dai, Qigen (1); Huo, Zhongyang (1); Zhang, Hongcheng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in the Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou; 225009, China 
Corresponding author:Zhang, Hongcheng(hczhang@yzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:52-62
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Improved plant type and lodging resistance are crucial for rice to cope with extreme weather and realize stable-high grain yield. Mechanization, which could be beneficial to promote high yield and high efficiency of grain production, is the developing orientation of rice cultivation. Mechanized planting is the key project for the rice production through mechanization and has obvious effects on rice growth and yield. Thus understanding the differences in plant type and lodging resistance of rice plants among different mechanized planting methods under high-yield cultivation mode is of great importance to reduce the risk of rice lodging, as well as realize high grain yield under mechanical conditions in a rice-wheat rotation system in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. The experiment systematically studied the effect of pothole seedling mechanical transplanting (PT), carpet seedling mechanical transplanting (CT), and mechanical direct seeding (DS) on leaf shape, leaf posture, panicle traits, stalk feature, and lodging resistance of 6 rice cultivars, which were japonica-indica hybrid rice (Yongyou 2640 and Yongyou 1640), japonica conventional rice (Nanjing 9108 and Wuyunjing 27), and indica hybrid rice (Xinliangyou 6380 and IIyou 084), aiming to investigate the response of plant type and lodging resistance of different types of rice to mechanized planting methods in 2014-2015. Results showed that the grain yield was the largest under the PT and the smallest under the DS (P&lt;0.05). Compared to DS, the PT mode increased the grain yield by 14.2%-25.6%, and the CT mode raised the grain yield by 10.5%-16.3%. Differences in leaf shape and leaf posture of rice were observed among planting methods, and the top three leaves of rice plants under the PT had longer leaf length, bigger specific leaf weight, and smaller leaf basic angle and drooping angle than those under the CT and the DS (P&lt;0.05). Compared to CT and DS, the LAI (leaf area index), ratio of leaf area from flag leaf to 3rd leaf, panicle size, and grain-leaf radio of rice plants under the PT were bigger, and meanwhile the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate in flag leaf increased (P&lt;0.05), which would be conducive to the photosynthetic production during grain filling phase. The rice plants were higher under the PT than the CT and DS, and had longer stalk height, panicle length, and neck internode length, but shorter length of basal internodes (P&lt;0.05). The 1st, 2nd and 3rd basal internodes of rice plants under the PT significantly increased the breaking resistance and bending moment, but significantly reduced the lodging index, which benefited from their bigger culm diameter, thicker culm wall, larger biomass accumulation and larger dry weight of unit internode, as compared with those under the CT and DS (P&lt;0.05). Then the conclusion is drawn that the PT method can improve rice plant type, optimize the rice population, and increase the rice lodging resistance during grain filling phase, indicating that the PT method will be an alternative approach to increase the grain yield and reduce lodging in a rice-wheat rotation system in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Cultivation - Forestry - Mechanization - Plants (botany) - Seed
Uncontrolled terms:Lodging resistance - Physical characteristics - Plant types - Planting methods - Rice
Classification code:601  Mechanical Design - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.05e+01% to 1.63e+01%, Percentage 1.42e+01% to 2.56e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20171203473094
Title:Preparation and characterization of CeO<inf>2</inf>/Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>and its application on advanced treatment of wastewater
Authors:Zhang, Lanhe (1); Zhou, Jing (1); Guo, Yinghui (1); Zhang, Haifeng (1); Jia, Yanping (1); Wang, Xuming (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin; 132012, China; (2) Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing; 100089, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:219-224
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ozone has been widely applied in the advanced wastewater treatment due to its high oxidation ability and environmental-friendly characteristics. However, the sole application of ozone in the removal of organic pollutants was limited by the problems such as large energy consumption, high selectivity and the tendency of the production of small molecular byproducts. By the application of catalyst, catalytic ozonation technology could promote the decomposition of ozone and produce hydroxyl radicals (&#903;OH) with higher oxidation ability, which would make the thorough oxidation of organics possible. Compound catalysts such as CeO<inf>2</inf>-CuO<inf>2</inf>/Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>, CeO<inf>2</inf>/AC and CeO<inf>2</inf>-ZrO<inf>2</inf>had been prepared by immersion method, hydro-thermal method and sol-gel method in the previous researches. These methods applied macromolecular organic polymers as the templates, which required high reaction temperature and strict operational conditions. Meanwhile, the application of these prepared catalysts was directed against the catalysis and decomposition of single organic pollutants. The rare earth element Cerium (Ce) is a kind of element with the highest natural abundance among lanthanide series metals. CeO<inf>2</inf>has a strong redox ability and can speed up the decomposition of the ozone molecules and generate reactive free radicals &#903;OH. Due to its large specific surface area and good catalytic performance, Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>has been widely adopted as an ideal carrier for catalyst. To improve the catalysis and oxidation performances of the ozonation system in the advanced treatment of wastewater, the doped CeO<inf>2</inf>/Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>catalyst was prepared by using CeO<inf>2</inf>and Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>as active component and carrier, respectively. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), nitrogen adsorption/ desorption isotherms and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The performance of the CeO<inf>2</inf>/Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>catalytic ozonation system for the advanced wastewater treatment was investigated by applying the secondary effluent from a real chemical wastewater treatment plant. The action mechanisms of the catalytic ozonation for the removal of organics were also analyzed. The results showed that the main active component of the catalyst was highly crystallized CeO<inf>2</inf>with cubic fluorite structure and this structure remained after incineration processing. The dosage of CeO<inf>2</inf>enhanced the dispersibility of Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>and increased the pore volume and diameter, which resulted in a high specific surface area of 125 m²/g, a huge pore volume of 0.242 2 cm³/g and a pore diameter of 7.777 8 nm. The highest removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) (42.8%) was obtained under the following conditions: influent COD concentration of 70-80 mg/L, catalyst dose of 110 g/L, ozone concentration of 18 g/m³and pH value of 7.8, respectively. The removal efficiencies of COD remained higher than 40% after 5 repeated uses, which indicated that the catalyst was stable and could serve a relatively longer time. The coexistences of Ce(III) and Ce(IV) in the CeO<inf>2</inf>speeded up the decomposition of ozone and more &#903;OH with higher oxidation ability were generated. The predominant reaction contributed to the removal of organics thus changed from direct ozone oxidation to &#903;OH oxidation. The results obtained in the present study demonstrated that the CeO<inf>2</inf>/Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>catalyst had excellent catalytic characteristics and the catalytic ozonation system was promising in the advanced treatment of wastewater. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Wastewater treatment
Controlled terms:Air pollution - Aluminum - Byproducts - Catalysis - Catalysts - Catalytic oxidation - Cerium - Chemical oxygen demand - Decomposition - Effluent treatment  - Effluents - Energy utilization - Free radicals - Gas adsorption - Incineration - Organic pollutants - Organic polymers - Oxidation - Ozone - Ozone water treatment  - Ozonization - Pollution - Rare earth elements - Reclamation - Removal - Sol-gel process - Sol-gels - Specific surface area - Transmission electron microscopy - Wastewater  - X ray diffraction - X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Advanced treatment - Catalytic ozonation - CeO<inf>2</inf>/Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> - Environmental-friendly - High reaction temperatures - High specific surface area - Large specific surface areas - Nitrogen adsorption desorption isotherms
Classification code:451  Air Pollution - 452.3  Industrial Wastes - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 541.1  Aluminum - 547.2  Rare Earth Metals - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 812.3  Glass - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.10e+02kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.80e-02kg/m3, Mass_Density 7.00e-02kg/m3 to 8.00e-02kg/m3, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 4.28e+01%, Specific_Surface_Area 1.25e+05m2/kg
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20171203473076
Title:Design and experiment of automatic tension control system for trawl winch on fishing boat
Authors:Wang, Zhiyong (1, 2); Tang, Taolin (2); Xu, Zhiqiang (2); Ni, Hanhua (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Fishery Equipment and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai; 200092, China; (2) Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Shanghai; 200092, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:90-94
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Trawl winch is the most important equipment of trawler fishing. In order to ensure safe dragging operations of fishing vessel equipment under the complex sea conditions as well as to realize the quick response and precise control of trawl winch, and keep net shape good, in this study, the trawl tension automatic control system was designed based on electro-hydraulic control technology. The systemmainly consisted of proportional directional valve, balance valve, overflow valve, pilot valve, oil pressure sensor, and electric control system. Through measured input and output pressure of motor, we calculated warp tension as the feedback signal and usedPLC (programmable logic controller) to control the pressure of pilot relief valve, whichwas used to adjust the left and right warp tension and position, to maintain the dynamic balance of system as well as to keep the net shape good. The man-machine interface and operation mode of automatic tension control was developed based on LabVIEW, of which its main function consisted of parameter set, information management, system monitor and data inquire. The system facilitated operator monitoring the running state of the various equipment, and management equipment operation. In order to verify the characteristic and practicability of tension control of the system, application test was carried on the East China Sea area in 2015. The experiment continued about 4.5 hours, including three stages: shooting net, dragging net, and heaving net, which tested speed control and tension control performance of the system under the corresponding operating conditions, and measured relevant data such as shoot depth, shoot length, shoot speed, heave speed, warp tension and winch working pressure. The test resultshowed that dragging stage was the longest, and in this process, the left warp and right warp were kept balance, warp tension was mainly affected by hydrodynamic, warp weight, and water resistance of fishing gear. Warp shoot length range was 350-490 m, warp tension range was 118 -148 kN, corresponding to the system pressure of 2.3-2.7 MPa, and the average trawling speed of fishing vessel was 5.6 kN. Although warp tension various with the shoot length and shoot depth change, the winch was in constant tension state at the most. Data showed that the system could adjust the warp tension well to ensure trawl warp tension maintained in a certain range through adjusting the speed of receiving or releasing net, which suppressed effectively the interference of the warp tension variation on the nets. In addition, experiment also recorded the chart of net shape by netsonde, calculated the net expansion parameter. It could be known that net mouth perimeter was equal before and after using the tension automatic control system by comparison data. The net mouth height and net mouth roundness increased and the net mouth area was expanded by 9.5% after using tension control system, which effectively adjusted the net mouth expansion and improving the fishing efficiency. During the different stage of experiment, the set pressure of overflow valve should be different correspondingly. At the beginning of shooting, the pressure value was small, which can maintain good net mouth shape and position. Due to net speed increased relative to water flow, warp tension was increased and the maximum value reached 208 kN. The set pressure of overflow valve should be large so that it could be used to effectively protect warp and net safety, provided a guarantee for the safe production of fishing vessel. The experiment process was basically consistent with the actual fishing conditions. We concluded that in the tension automatic control mode, the trawl winch can automatically adjust speed of heave and shoot according to the fishing vessel speed and water flow. Though the system could generate heat and result in power loss during uses, the warp tension control system still cab meet the requirements of warp speed and tension control in the different trawl condition. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Fishing vessels
Controlled terms:Automation - Control systems - Controllers - Equipment - Fisheries - Flow of water - Hydraulic control equipment - Hydraulic machinery - Hydraulics - Information management  - Interference suppression - Monitoring - Pressure control - Pressure relief valves - Process control - Programmable logic controllers - Sailing vessels - Speed - Winches
Uncontrolled terms:Electric control system - Electro-hydraulic control - Electro-hydraulic control technology - Man machine interface - Operating condition - Tension control systems - Warp tension - Working pressures
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 605  Small Tools and Hardware - 631.1.1  Liquid Dynamics - 632.1  Hydraulics - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 674.1  Small Marine Craft - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1  Control Equipment - 901  Engineering Profession
Numerical data indexing:Force 1.18e+05N to 1.48e+05N, Force 2.08e+05N, Force 5.60e+03N, Percentage 9.50e+00%, Pressure 2.30e+06Pa to 2.70e+06Pa, Size 3.50e+02m to 4.90e+02m, Time 1.62e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20171203473072
Title:Application on reducing idle noise of diesel engine by using anti-backlash gear
Authors:Li, Min (1); Chen, Yelong (1); Pang, Jianwu (2); Du, Huiyong (1); Xu, Bin (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Vehicle &amp; Transportation Engineering School, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang; 471003, China; (2) Guangxi Yuchai Diesel Engine Co., LTD, Yulin; 537005, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:63-69
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Dieselengine noise has a bad influence on physical and mental health of agricultural machinery operators. In this paper, we aimed at eliminating the abnormal rattling noise of a diesel engine running at idle speed condition by simulation and experiment. Firstly, on engine test bench in a semi-anechoic room, the rattling noise was identified through sound intensity and sound pressure measurement, the nine point sound pressure results showed that the rattling noise was more obvious in front of the engine, and the sound intensity of the engine front part showed that the main part of rattling noise was generated from the timing gear cover in front of intake camshaft and exhaust camshaft. In order to eliminating the abnormal rattling noise, some improvements were also attempted, such as using acoustic shield over intake camshaft and exhaust camshaft, improving the accuracy of timing gears through gear grinding, optimizing the parameters of valve-chain hydraulic tension device, replacing new timing chain, but the experiments showed all these improvements had no effect in noise reduction. Through analyzing of the previous experimental results, a hypothesis was proposed that the idle abnormal noise might be caused by the knock between the intake cam gear and exhaust cam gear, thus replacing intake cam normal gear by anti-backlash gear might eliminating the gear knock, and the diesel abnormal idle noise might be solved. Secondly, in order to identify if the gears knock really happened, multi-body dynamic simulation was performed. By using Hypermesh and Abaqus software, the FEM (finite element modeling) model of the engine including crankshaft, cylinder block, cylinder head and other engine components were built, and the model tests of each part were performed. The results showed that the frequency difference between experiment and simulation was within 10%, the accuracy of the FEM model was acceptable. By using Excite software, the multi-body dynamics model including the gear of the intake camshaft were built separately, and the multi-body dynamics model of the valve timing system and the vibration model of the engine were also built. During the vibration simulation, the exciting forces including cylinder pressure, valve timing system, valve exciting force, and piston slap force were considered. The engage force and vibration velocity with/without using anti-backlash gear were also compared. The valve timing system simulation results showed that when diesel engine with normal gear was running at idle speed, the gears reversed slap was occurred between the intake cam gear and exhaust cam gear.The moment when reversed slap of timing gear occurred, the contract force on the work side was eliminated, and the contract force on the backlash side appeared.So the idle speed abnormal rattling noise was excited by the reversed slap between intake camshaft gear and exhaust camshaft gear was validated. Anti-backlash gear can eliminate the reversed slap of valve timing gear, the vibration simulation results also showed that the vibration velocity of gear chamber cover and cylinder head cover was 7 dB lower in the frequency range of 1 000 Hz to 2 500 Hz when anti-backlash gear was used, especially at 1 600 Hz, the vibration amplitude was reduced more obviously. Finally, the diesel engine with/without anti-backlash gear was tested on bench in a semi-anechoic room. The engine bench vibration test results showed that the idling vibration acceleration of gear chamber cover was reduced from 120 m/s²to 50 m/s²and the acceleration peaks were reduced from 8 to 4, the moments of disappeared acceleration peaks while using anti-backlash gear met the disappearing moments of the engage force on the backlash side which was calculated by simulation exactly. The 1m SPL and sound quality were measured by engineering nine points method and KEMAR(knowles electronics manikin for acoustic)artificial head, and the noise test results showed: when anti-backlash gear was used, the abnormal rattling noise disappeared and the 1m SPL in front of engine was 5-9 dB(A) reduced, especially in the high frequency range. The KEMAR artificial head test results also showed that the sound quality of the diesel engine was improved obviously. In conclusion, anti-backlash gear can be used in other noisy mechanical transmission parts. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Gears
Controlled terms:ABAQUS - Acoustic intensity - Acoustic noise - Acoustic variables measurement - Acoustics - Agricultural machinery - Cams - Camshafts - Chains - Crankshafts  - Cylinder blocks - Cylinder heads - Diesel engines - Engine cylinders - Engine pistons - Engines - Finite element method - Hydraulic machinery - Intake valves - Mechanics  - Noise abatement - Software testing - Sound reproduction - Testing - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Antibacklash - Idle condition - Mechanical transmission - Multi-body dynamic simulation - Multibody dynamics model - Noise - Vibration acceleration - Vibrations
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 601.3  Mechanisms - 602.1  Mechanical Drives - 612.1.1  Internal Combustion Engine Components - 612.2  Diesel Engines - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 723.5  Computer Applications - 751  Acoustics, Noise. Sound - 752.3  Sound Reproduction - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 931.1  Mechanics - 941.2  Acoustic Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Acceleration 1.20e+02m/s2 to 5.00e+01m/s2, Decibel 7.00e+00dB, Frequency 1.00e+03Hz to 2.50e+03Hz, Frequency 1.60e+03Hz, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Size 1.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20171203473073
Title:Design and experiment of automatic profiling orchard sprayer based on variable air volume and flow rate
Authors:Li, Longlong (1); He, Xiongkui (1); Song, Jianli (1); Wang, Xiaonan (1); Jia, Xiaoming (2); Liu, Chaohui (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Wuxi Zhongbo Machinery Manufacturing CO., LTD, Wuxi; 214028, China 
Corresponding author:He, Xiongkui(xiongkui@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:70-76
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the automatic working performance of orchard sprayer, in this study, an automatically variable-rate orchard sprayer with 40 nozzles and 8 fans based on LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) was developed. The high-precision scanning laser sensor was adopted as the detecting source to detecting the canopy parameter. Electromagnetic valve and brushless fan were adopted as actuators to control the flow rate and air volume based on the pulse width modulation(PWM)signals. Each nozzle in the spray system, coupled with a solenoid, achieved variable rate delivery in real time based on the canopy volume. Each side of the prototype equipped four integrated atomization units with one independent brushless fan. The independent brushless fan located behind of atomization unit, and assisted the droplets sprayed from the five nozzles blowing into the canopy, which is conductive to the local regulation of spraying quantity. The brushless motor has the advantages of fast-response, high-speed, and long working-time. The rotating speed of each brushless motor could be adjusted in real-time by PWM signal according to the canopy parameters of fruit tree. The canopy segmentation model was designed to measure the volume and density of canopy, which could meet 3 m height canopy. The canopy was divided into many canopy units, and each nozzle corresponded with one canopy unit and each brushless fan corresponded with five canopy units. A laptop was used to calculate the volume and density of each canopy unit based on the data scanned by laser sensor and the segmentation model. Then the spraying quantity needed forcanopy unit and the air volume needed for five canopy units were acquired by control system. Next, the PWM signals emitted by single chip microcomputer would be transmitted to the drivers of valves and fans to adjust the flow rate and air flow. A total of 48 channel PWM signals were designed for the whole machine, and each channel would be controlled separately. The gasoline generator was adopted as energy source to realize long-working and fully automatic spraying, and the independent brushless fan was used instead of central fan with PTO (Power Take Off)-power to realize partly air volume and use-dosage according to canopy size. The field experiments were conducted in an apple orchard, a research farm belonging to the China Agricultural University, in Beijing. The main tests included the test of deposition distribution in the canopy and air velocity distribution of different height. The tree row space was 5m&times;2m, the average height of tree was 4.1 m, and the canopy diameter was 2.6m. The environment temperature was 14&#8451;, the humidity was 50.3% and the wind speed was 0.7 - 1.2 m/s. Tartrazine (2.5&permil;) was chosen as the tracer material and travel speed was 0.8m/s. Water sensitive paper(2.6 cm&times;7.5 cm) and metallic screen mesh(2.5 cm&times;7.5 cm) were adopted to receive the deposition for the test of deposition distribution in the canopy. The artificial targets were arranged in the canopy in eight layers with three directions of right, left and middle in each layer. Also, a metal rod was established at the distance of 1.5m from tree center to fix the anemometers. The lowest anemometer was 1.2 m from the ground and the distance of adjacent anemometer was 0.4m. The results showed that the deposits on the front and back of tree were 1.92 and 1.37 &mu;L/cm², and the minimum number of droplets was 46.2per cm², which was greater than the requirement of droplet adhesion rate over 25/cm²in the application of pest and disease control. The coefficient variation of three depths of tree was 14.2%, 18.0% and 13.7%, respectively. The fitting results of canopy contour with deposition and air velocity distribution showed that the designed prototype could realize variable-rate spraying according to the canopy information, which could meet design requirement. In this study, we proposed a new equipment of plant protection for fusiform-type fruit tree, and also provided reference for design and performance optimization for plant protection machinery. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Air - Anemometers - Atomization - Brushless DC motors - Deposition - Disease control - Drops - Electric equipment protection - Farms  - Forestry - Fruits - Machine design - Machinery - Nozzles - Optical radar - Orchards - Power takeoffs - Pulse width modulation - Sensors  - Spraying - Velocity distribution - Voltage control - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Air velocity distributions - Deposition distribution - Environment temperature - LIDAR (light detection and ranging) - Modeling sprays - Performance optimizations - Plant protection - Single chip microcomputers
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 601  Mechanical Design - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 704.2  Electric Equipment - 705.3.2  DC Motors - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 944.3  Pressure Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.37e+01%, Percentage 1.42e+01%, Percentage 1.80e+01%, Percentage 5.03e+01%, Size 1.20e+00m, Size 1.50e+00m, Size 2.60e+00m, Size 3.00e+00m, Size 4.00e-01m, Size 4.10e+00m, Velocity 7.00e-01m/s to 1.20e+00m/s, Velocity 8.00e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20171203473101
Title:Effects of homogenizing pressure on mechanochemical properties of corn starch
Authors:Li, Guixiao (1); Niu, Kai (1); Hou, Hanxue (1); Zhang, Hui (1); Dai, Yangyong (1); Dong, Haizhou (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an; 271018, China 
Corresponding author:Dai, Yangyong(dyyww@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:271-277
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Starch, as one of the most abundant natural polymers, is available, sustainable and non-toxic. However, it has not exhibited great development potential and application prospect in the food processing fields due to the low transparency and solubility. Mechanochemistry is the treatment process of converting the mechanical energy, such as grinding, shearing, pressure and friction, into chemical energy, during which the structure and properties of materials are changed. In order to improve the properties of starch and expand its application fields, corn starch was processed by high pressure homogenization. High pressure homogenization could produce strong shearing, vibration, cavitation effects, and so on, which was a complex process that could change the structure and properties of materials. In this research, corn starch was used as raw material, and was processed at the homogenizing pressures of 20, 60, 100 and 140 MPa successively to analyze the changes of microstructure and physicochemical properties. The mechanochemical effects of homogenizing pressure on corn starch were revealed. In this study, the structure and properties of corn starch modified by different homogenizing pressures, such as crystallinity and morphology structure, were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), polarizing microscope (PLM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The physicochemical properties of starch, including solubility, swelling power, transmittance, gelatinization properties and thermal characteristics, were studied by rapid visco analyzer (RVA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and so on. And the relationships and mechanisms between structure and properties were revealed. The results showed that compared with native corn starch, the granule appearance of modified starch had changed. There occurred the spherical structure with the increase of the pressure from 20 to 100 MPa, and this phenomenon was the most pronounced when the homogenizing pressure was 100 MPa. The XRD showed that corn starch had an A type pattern with sharp peaks of 15.3&deg;, 17.1&deg;, 18.2&deg; and 23.5&deg;, respectively. And the type of corn starch modified by different homogenizing pressures was not changed. However, the crystallinity decreased after homogenization treatment. When the homogenizing pressure was 140 MPa, the results from PLM showed the crystalline structure of corn starch was damaged. The results demonstrated that crystalline regions of starch granule were destroyed at the pressure of 140 MPa. In addition, as the homogenizing pressure increased from 20 to 140 MPa, the average particle sizes of corn starch granules decreased. And it revealed that high pressure homogenization had reduced the particle sizes of starch through cavitation and shearing. Meanwhile, the properties of gelatinization weakened gradually, including the peak intensity, low viscosity, final viscosity and gelatinization temperature. Whereas, with the increasing of homogenizing pressure, the solubility and transmittance of corn starch modified by different homogenizing pressures showed a significant increase. To sum up, the present results reveal that the influence of high pressure homogenization on the structure and properties of corn starch is obvious. And different homogenizing pressures have different mechanochemical effects on the amorphous, sub-crystalline regions and crystalline regions of starch granule, and typical aggregation and agglomeration effects occur successively in starch granules. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Structural properties
Controlled terms:Cavitation - Chemical properties - Crystalline materials - Differential scanning calorimetry - Food processing - Gelation - Granulation - High pressure effects - High pressure engineering - Homogenization method  - Materials properties - Natural polymers - Particle size - Particles (particulate matter) - Physical properties - Pressure - Scanning electron microscopy - Shearing - Solubility - Starch  - Structure (composition) - Swelling - Viscosity - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Confocal laser scanning microscopy - Gelatinization properties - Gelatinization temperature - High pressure homogenization - Homogenization treatment - Mechanochemical effects - Physicochemical property - Structure and properties
Classification code:604.1  Metal Cutting - 631.1.1  Liquid Dynamics - 801  Chemistry - 801.4  Physical Chemistry - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers - 822.2  Food Processing Operations - 921  Mathematics - 931.1  Mechanics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 933.1  Crystalline Solids - 944.6  Temperature Measurements - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Pressure 1.00e+08Pa, Pressure 1.40e+08Pa, Pressure 2.00e+07Pa to 1.00e+08Pa, Pressure 2.00e+07Pa to 1.40e+08Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20171203473105
Title:Preparation and performance test of formaldehyde-free innocuous and nonflammable straw particleboard
Authors:Liu, Dejun (1); Dong, Bin (2); Li, Wenbin (1); Wang, Bin (1); Wang, Xinkun (1); Gao, Wei (1); Gong, Yuanjuan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China; (2) Shenyang Huachuang Industrial Technology Co., LTD, Shenyang; 110000, China 
Corresponding author:Gong, Yuanjuan(yuanjuangong@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:301-307
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Consideration ofthe present market situation that the physical and mechanical properties of the straw particleboard is inferior and formaldehyde content cannot eliminated completely, we have studied the ingredient of adhesive and manufacturing process of straw particleboard. In this paper, MgSO<inf>4,</inf>MgCO<inf>3</inf>, active silicon and ALSiO<inf>4</inf>etc. were selected as inorganic gelled material, soybean pulp were alkalized and acidified of separation to acquire the bean gum, then, the bean gum and modified MDI(diphenylmethanediisocyanate) were added deionized water according to the mass ratio of 100:1 - 10 as organic gelled materials. Finally, the four types of compounded adhesive were made according to the ratio of the inorganic gelled materials to the organic gelled materials: T1(1:4), T2(1:9), T3(9:1), T4(4:1). The compounded adhesive additive proportion(AAP) were the percent of the total quality of pre-compressive materials, they were 15%, 30%, 45%, 65% respectively for each ratio corresponding with the percent of effective solid composition in the straw particleboard of8.25%, 16.5%, 24.5%, 35% for each ratio, respectively. The experimental levels of the pressure in the hot compression were set to 10, 40, 60, 80MPa, and the experimental levels of the duration of hot compression were set to 1, 3, 6 and 10min. The compressive technological parameters of straw particleboard was optimized through L16 (4⁵) orthogonal experiment. The straw particleboard of 10&plusmn;2mm thickness was compressed to two pieces with rice straw and corn stalk respectively.The test samples were cut from the compressed particleboard according to the national standard for the test of performance parameters. The optimal technological process was obtained. The ratio of inorganic gelled material to organic gelled material quality was 4:1, the additive proportion of adhesive (AAP) in the pre-compressive straw material was 65%, namely, the solid effective composition in the straw board was 35%. The optimal condition in the hot compression also included the duration of hot compression 5min, hot-pressing temperature 120&#8451;, and hot-pressing pressure 80 MPa. The range analysis to the experimental results showed that the pressure, the proportion of the inorganic gelled material and additive proportion of compounded adhesive were significant influence on the performance indexes of the straw particleboard. The higher proportion of inorganic gelled material in compounded adhesive increased density, internal bonding strength and static bending strength, and decreased thickness swelling rate of water absorption except enhancement of flame resistance. Moreover, thermo-gravimetric analysis of materials and micro-observation of straw particleboard were performed. The results showed that compounded adhesive made thermal weight loss of straw material down to 48% when the straw was heated to 1000&#8451;, straw coated with adhesive carbonized in the heat process and the mass loss rate was the largest at about 340&#8451;. Micro-observation indicated that adhesive biochemical reacted in the surface layers of material, the straw material were connected by white crystal (alkaline magnesium sulfate) together, thus improved the internal binding force and static bending intensity and other performance index. Adhesive had great influence on the thermogravimetric characteristic of straw materials, the microstructure of straw particleboard. The straw particleboard could reach or exceed the national standard of medium density fiberboard (MDF) under the optimum technological condition. This study is significant on the development and utilization of straw resources and the production of man-made board. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Materials properties
Controlled terms:Adhesives - Alkalinity - Bending strength - Deionized water - Flame resistance - Formaldehyde - Gelation - Gravimetric analysis - Hot pressing - Particle board  - Processing - Pulp materials - Straw - Swelling - Thermogravimetric analysis - Water absorption
Uncontrolled terms:Development and utilizations - Hot pressing temperature - Medium density fiberboards - Optimum technological conditions - Performance parameters - Physical and mechanical properties - Technological parameters - Thermogravimetric characteristics
Classification code:415.4  Structural Materials Other Than Metal, Plastics or Wood - 445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 801  Chemistry - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 913.4  Manufacturing - 914.2  Fires and Fire Protection - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 1.65e+01%, Percentage 2.45e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 3.50e+01%, Percentage 4.50e+01%, Percentage 4.80e+01%, Percentage 6.50e+01%, Pressure 8.00e+07Pa, Time 3.00e+02s, Time 3.60e+02s, Time 6.00e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.041

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20171203473065
Title:Spatial-temporal characteristics and influential factors decomposition of farmland transfer in China
Authors:Wang, Guimin (1); Chen, Cong (2); Cao, Guangqiao (2); Yi, Zhongyi (1, 3) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212000, China; (2) Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China; (3) Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Science, Nanjing; 210014, China 
Corresponding author:Yi, Zhongyi(yzy201@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:1-7
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To expand the scale of agricultural management through farmland transfer is the key solution to the problem that "who will be engaged in agriculture in the future". It is of positive significance to expand the scale of agricultural management by decomposing the impact of each factor on farmland transfer and identifying the dominant factors. Taking 30 provinces in China as sampling units, and adopting the logarithmic mean weight Division method (LMDI), the farmland transfer was decomposed into 4 factors, i.e., economic factor, farmer's income factor, management willingness factor, and agricultural mechanization factor. On the basis of the LMDI model, the effect and accumulated effect of each factor were explored. The results proved that: 1) The farmland transfer area increased by 2.7 times, an increase of up to 1.96&times;10⁷hm²from 2008 to 2014 in China, and the average annual growth rate reached 24.40%. The rate of farmland transfer increased by 21.52% in total, and increased by 3.16%, 2.66%, 3.19%, 3.40%, 4.46% and 4.66% respectively from 2008 to 2014. The farmland transfer in Beijing-Tianjin region, Huang-Huai-Hai region, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region and northeastern China was developing rapidly as the result of economic activity or agricultural advantage. 2) The accumulated effects of economic factor, farmer's income factor, management willingness factor and agricultural mechanization factor were 11.12%, 3.90%, -11.66% and 18.16%, respectively. Among the 4 factors, economic factor, farmer's income factor and agricultural mechanization factor had significant positive effects on farmland transfer; in addition, the positive effects of farmer's income factor and agricultural mechanization factor increased year by year. Agricultural mechanization factor had the biggest positive effect, because the large-scale agricultural management must rely on technological innovation of agricultural production to reduce costs and improve production efficiency. Management willingness factor had a significant negative effect, because farmers' income mainly came from non-agricultural income in China, and was mainly used to improve their quality of life, the willingness of agricultural production investment was not strong. 3) There were obvious differences among the 4 factors' effects at the province level in China. The effect of economic factor was to promote the farmland transfer rate to increase significantly in the eastern China and southern China. In addition, the farmland transfer rate has been increased at most in the Yangtze River Delta region, because farmers prefer to work in non-agricultural industries rather than stay in the countryside in order to obtain higher incomes. The farmer's income effect was mainly to promote the farmland transfer in the eastern China where the farmers gain more benefits in the economic development and have more social security. The effect of agricultural mechanization factor was to promote the land transfer rate to increase by more than 10% in most areas of China, but it was relatively low in the southern China and southwestern China, where the terrain is mainly hills and mountains, the infrastructure of farmland is weak, so it was difficult for agricultural machine to replace manpower, and the opportunities of land transfer were fewer. This paper gets the main influencing factors of farmland transfer in different regions of China, which can be a reference for the differentiation of support policy. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Coastal zones - Decomposition - Economic and social effects - Economics - Investments - Land use - Machinery - Mechanization  - Models
Uncontrolled terms:Factor decompositions - Farmland - Logarithmic mean - Spatial-temporal characteristics - Transfer
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 471  Marine Science and Oceanography - 601  Mechanical Design - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage -1.17e+01%, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.11e+01%, Percentage 1.82e+01%, Percentage 2.15e+01%, Percentage 2.44e+01%, Percentage 2.66e+00%, Percentage 3.16e+00%, Percentage 3.19e+00%, Percentage 3.40e+00%, Percentage 3.90e+00%, Percentage 4.46e+00%, Percentage 4.66e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20171203473066
Title:Design and experiment of inside-filling air-blowing maize precision seed metering device
Authors:Cui, Tao (1); Han, Dandan (1); Yin, Xiaowei (1); Li, Kehong (1); Xiao, Lili (1); Yang, Li (1); Zhang, Dongxing (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China 
Corresponding author:Zhang, Dongxing(zhangdx@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:8-16
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Combined with the good filling performance of the inside-filling seed metering device, in this study, one kind of combined nozzles was designed using the principle of gas cleaning of air-blowing seed metering device and the principle of pressing seeds of air pressure seed metering device. At the same time, the semi disc structure of seeding plate was used. The conical stepped hole was adopted in the form of hole, so as to achieve the seed charge under self-gravity. The obliquity of combined nozzles was designed as 75&deg;, the distance between the intersection of the center axis of clearing nozzle and the horizontal direction of the center of seeding plate and vertical direction of the center of seeding plate was about 45mm through the design calculation of the structure and position size of combined nozzles. The function and necessity of pressing nozzle was determined through the comparison of fluid simulation of single cleaning nozzle and combine nozzles. We concluded that the flow velocity of the outlet was at least 11.7 m/s to satisfy the cleaning condition through the analysis of the force of the seed in the hole during cleaning process. The outlet air flow speed was increased by reducing outlet area of cleaning nozzle due to the outlet velocity of the air nozzle was inversely proportional to the outlet area. Finally, the outlet area was defined as 1/3 of the total area of cleaning nozzle. By means of the fluid simulation of gas nozzles with different cross sections, this research produced that the larger inclination angle of cleaning nozzle, the larger area of high speed air flow which generated by the gas nozzle in the whole chamber and which was more difficult to produce vortex in the rear side hole. The differential pressure generated by the gas nozzle with 45&deg; in the hole was the largest by detecting the pressure value of the upper and lower part of the hole with different dip angles. Therefore, the single seed was the most easily attached to the inside of the hole under this inclination angle gas nozzle. According to the simulation results, the angle between the section of nozzle and the pipe wall was 45&deg;. The bench tests were carried out on the seed metering device according to the performance indexes such as working pressure, replay index, leakage index and the qualified rate of grain distance. Experimental results showed that the qualified index was above 86.58% which the effect was not the best under the working pressure was 5 kPa or above when the seeds were not graded. Through the classification of maize seeds and seeds of different types of the qualified index of different kinds of seeds basically had such regular: big flat&gt;small flat&gt;small circle&gt;big circle through the classification of maize seeds. The qualified index of big flat could reach more than 95% under the pressure of 4.5 kPa and the small flat seeds could also achieve the same sowing condition under the pressure of 5.0 kPa. The theoretical foundation was provided for the improvement research of the following seed metering device through analyzing the reasons of replay leakage of flat and circle seeds combined with high speed imaging technology. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Nozzle design
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Air - Air cleaners - Atmospheric pressure - Cleaning - Experiments - Filling - Flow velocity - Gases - Imaging techniques  - Nozzles - Plates (structural components) - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Seed - Structural design
Uncontrolled terms:Design calculations - Differential pressures - Maize - Performance indices - Precision metering - Precision seed-metering devices - Seed metering devices - Theoretical foundations
Classification code:408  Structural Design - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 451.2  Air Pollution Control - 631  Fluid Flow - 691.1  Materials Handling Equipment - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 746  Imaging Techniques - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 901.3  Engineering Research
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.66e+01%, Percentage 9.50e+01%, Pressure 4.50e+03Pa, Pressure 5.00e+03Pa, Size 4.50e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20171203473088
Title:Coupling discrete wavelet packet transformation and local correlation maximization improving prediction accuracy of soil organic carbon based on hyperspectral reflectance
Authors:Zhang, Rui (1); Li, Zhaofu (1); Pan, Jianjun (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment Science, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing; 210095, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Zhaofu(lizhaofu@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:175-181
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an essential soil property for assessing the fertility of paddy soils. It can be measured with visible and near infrared spectroscopy effectively in the field. Meanwhile, there are a lot of factors, such as soil water, surface conditions and so on, which might affect the spectra, increasing the difficulty in extracting the effective information, and reducing the prediction accuracy of SOC content. Noise reduction must be considered in developing hyperspectral estimation models, but how to reduce noise while retaining as much useful information as possible needs for investigation. As advanced spectral mining methods, local correlation maximization (LCM) arithmetic was used to solve this problem in this study. In the present study, a total of 70 soil samples of paddy soil were collected from rice fields in Zhulin town, Jintian city, Jiangsu Province. The sample holders were clear aluminum boxes in 7 cm diameter and 3 cm deep, which were filled and leveled at the rim with a spatula. Reflectance of soil samples measured using ASD Fieldspec 3 Spectrometer in a dark room when brought these samples indoor immediately to keep them in the field conditions. We used the following steps to process soil reflectance: First, discrete wavelet packet transformation (DWPT) was used to decompose the original spectral (result from 0.6-order differential) in 7 levels using Bior1.3 wavelet basis by MATLAB programming language. In order to select the maximum level of DWPT, correlation coefficients between SOC and the spectra of each level was computed. Secondly, LCM method was used to develop the local optimal correlation coefficient (LOCC) and optimal band which was determined from the optimal correlative curve and the optimal spectra (OS), respectively. Thirdly, a PLSR model was built to predict SOC contents. And then, determination coefficient of validation (R2 v), root mean square error of validation (RMSEV), and residual prediction deviation (RPD) were used for accuracy assessment. We also used variable in the projection (VIP) analysis to identify the reason why LCM could improve the accuracy of predict model at the same time. The results showed: 1) significant correlated bands followed increasing-decreasing trend with the increase of wavelet decomposed level and the maximum level identified as level 6. This implied that the wavelet packet transformation amplified some useful SOC information that was previously obscured by noise. 2) optimal spectra that established from LCM could effectively remove noise while preserving the detail information of SOC simultaneously. 3) compared with raw spectral (R2 v=0.693, RMSEV=1.952 g/kg, RPD=1.85), the wavelet packet transformation provided good results (R2 v=0.727, RMSEV=1.840 g/kg, RPD=1.97) of SOC prediction, combined with LCM arithmetic, the model had the best performance (R2 v=0.781, RMSEV=1.679 g/kg, RPD=2.17) to predict SOC content. According to VIP score, important bands for SOC prediction hadthree pink values, two of them located in the characteristic bands of soil water, this illustrated LCM can't remove the effects of soil water thorough. Results indicated that the discrete wavelet packet transformation and local correlation maximization (DWPT-LCM) method had great potential to monitor SOC contents in paddy soils when reduced white noise while retaining as much soil organic carbon information as possible. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Biological materials - Forecasting - Infrared devices - MATLAB - Mean square error - Mining - Near infrared spectroscopy - Noise abatement - Organic carbon - Reflection  - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Spectrometers - Spectrum analysis - White noise
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - Discrete wavelet packet transformation - Discrete wavelets - Hyperspectral reflectance - Local correlations - Root mean square errors - Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy - Wavelet packet transformations
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 502.1  Mine and Quarry Operations - 741.3  Optical Devices and Systems - 751.4  Acoustic Noise - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 921  Mathematics - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Size 3.00e-02m, Size 7.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20171203473075
Title:Influence of tip clearance on internal pressure fluctuation of screw centrifugal pump
Authors:Zhang, Hua (1, 2); Chen, Bin (1); Wang, Bingqi (1); Shi, Changbiao (3); Shen, Dengwu (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei; 230009, China; (2) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (3) Lanshen Group Corp. Ltd., Nanjing; 211500, China 
Corresponding author:Chen, Bin(chenbin21cn@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:84-89
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Screw centrifugal pump with single blade have some features such as large wrap angle and high degree of distortion.Considering the mold making and casting reasons, semi-open design is widely adopted, which causes a gap between the edge of the impeller and the bottom cover. This gap directly affects the operating efficiency of the unit, the inside flow field, pressure fluctuation and vibration characteristics are influenced as well. In this paper, we focused on the relationship between tip clearance and external characteristics, and on the influences of the internal fluctuation. Hydraulic design and structural design were conducted aiming at semi-open screw centrifugal pump of which specific speed was 237, by means of adjusting the tip clearance and judging the current and voice, the minimum tip clearance while unit operating normally was 0.3mm, External characteristic test was conducted on the open type test bench of two stage precisions which met national standards, parameters of the best operating point were as follows, head: 9.05 m, flow rate: 196.9 m³/h, power: 6.84 kW, efficiency: 70.92%. Then the tip clearance was changed to 0.5 mm and 0.8 mm, the ratio with impeller diameter was 0.13%, 0.22% and 0.35%, respectively. External characteristic test was done separately, the influence of tip clearance to external characteristic was analyzed. Meanwhile, aiming at the design point of three kinds of tip clearance, pressure fluctuation was monitored at the edge and middle area of impeller and third section and tongue area of volute with sampling frequency was 8 192 and sampling time of each working condition was 30 - 50 s, phase reference technique was used to accomplish the separate of whole cycle's data sample. A series of pressure waveform, pressure coefficient waveform and frequency domain diagram were plotted and analyzed at the last. Results showed that when the clearance was changed from 0.3 m to 0.5 mm, head and efficiency decreased by 0.74 m and 3.6% respectively. When the clearance was changed from 0.5 m to 0.8 mm, head and efficiency decreased by 1.16 m and 5.3%, respectively. In view of pump in this paper, the allowed clearance range was 0.3 - 0.5 mm, the ratio with impeller diameter was 0.13% - 0.22%, which provided reference for the following research. Besides, at the impeller inlet area, there existed a large area of negative pressure, pressure leakage was serious when enlarging the tip clearance, thus increasing the average pressure within the cycle, which caused the pressure coefficient waveform of 0.8 mm was most gentle and 0.3 mm was most fluctuant. At the same number times of rotating frequency, the center of the impeller was larger than the inlet edge of the blade, and it was easier to capture the high frequency conversion characteristics, the main reason was that the middle radius was large and working ability was strong. In the case of 0.8 mm clearance, when pressure fluctuation was in the process of gradually increasing from the minimum value, there occurred a phenomenon of sudden drop slightly and then rose up again. The pressure wave trend at the third section and tongue of the volute was the opposite, at these two points, the amplitude of main frequency was largest when clearance was 0.3 mm, almost the same when clearance was 0.5 m and 0.8 mm. The amplitude of the main frequency at these four points was from large to small: middle area of the impeller, inlet area of the impeller, third section of the volute, tongue of the volute. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Frequency domain analysis
Controlled terms:Centrifugal pumps - Efficiency - Impellers - Screws - Structural design
Uncontrolled terms:Blade - External characteristic - Pressure fluctuation - Screw impellers - Tip clearance
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 601.2  Machine Components - 605  Small Tools and Hardware - 618.2  Pumps - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.30e-01%, Percentage 1.30e-01% to 2.20e-01%, Percentage 2.20e-01%, Percentage 3.50e-01%, Percentage 3.60e+00%, Percentage 5.30e+00%, Percentage 7.09e+01%, Power 6.84e+03W, Size 1.16e+00m, Size 3.00e-01m to 5.00e-04m, Size 3.00e-04m, Size 3.00e-04m to 5.00e-04m, Size 5.00e-01m, Size 5.00e-01m to 8.00e-04m, Size 5.00e-04m, Size 7.40e-01m, Size 8.00e-04m, Size 9.05e+00m, Time 3.00e+01s to 5.00e+01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20171203473099
Title:Contact ultrasound freezing improving freeze drying rate of carrot
Authors:Zhou, Xinli (1); Teng, Yun (1); Dai, Cheng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai; 200093, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:256-261
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ultrasound can promote nucleation at higher temperatures, resulting in larger ice crystals. Thereby the sublimation time is significantly reduced. From all the researches, either ultrasound is applied in ultrasonic water bath or sample itself is liquid form since the low acoustic impedance between liquid and acoustic waves favors ultrasound transfer. However solid samples have barely been taken into account due to the poor transfer efficiency of ultrasound in food matrix. During the freeze drying process, the freezing is usually realized by shelf cooling in freeze-drier. Thus, using liquid as ultrasound applying media is not applicable. The technology currently is for liquid samples or adopts the immersion freezing process, but the plate freezing process for solid samples (fruits/vegetables) was barely taken into account. In this study, contact ultrasound-assisted plate freezing process was achieved. Firstly, the effect of direct contact ultrasound on inducing nucleation of solid samples was observed in the micro environment. Then a microscopic observation was carried out to examine the effectiveness of direct contact ultrasound on inducing nucleation for solid samples at different supercooling degree. The results showed that crystal morphology and nucleation temperature had significant correlation, namely the ice crystal size increased with the nucleation temperature. For example, under the nucleation temperature of -6&#8451;, the average ice diameter was 20.20 &micro;m, while the mean diameter increased up to 33.16 &micro;m when the nucleation temperature was raised to -3&#8451;. In addition, a phenomenon was found that there existed a postponement of nucleation after the onset of ultrasound application, in other words, nucleation did not follow the ultrasound triggering immediately. Secondly, the influences of ultrasonic parameters (power, exposure time) on the ice crystal size and freeze drying rate of carrot were investigated. The samples thickness was 5 mm. The results showed that applying 178.7 W power ultrasonic for 10 s at -1&#8451; could significantly increase the nucleation temperature, and make the void size of freeze-dried carrot increase from (66.29&plusmn;3.58) to (80.81&plusmn;3.03) &micro;m, and the sublimation time was significantly reduced by 29.1% when the residual moisture was 10%. But it used the appropriate ultrasound irradiation condition to avoid the heat accumulation inside the food matrix. In addition, it was further verified that the primary drying rate was significantly reduced since the bigger crystals were formed in the presence of ultrasound. Therefore, the direct contact ultrasound is a promising technology in solid sample freeze-drying process. Finally, the influence of sample thickness on inducing nucleation was investigated. Under the sample thickness of 5 mm in this experiment, there was no significant difference between the void size of upper and lower part of the freeze-dried cake. But if larger thickness was considered, the freezing rate gradient within the sample may result in crystal size difference in axial direction. Smaller ice crystals may form at the region closer to the cooling plate since it was cooled faster than the interior. Furthermore, with the increase of thickness, the region far away from the vibrating plate may not be subjected to enough ultrasound radiation due to the acoustic attenuation within the sample and thus inducing nucleation would not be effective. Considering both inducing nucleation effectiveness and freeze drying efficacy, a maximum product thickness should not be too thick. These studies can provide a reference for the freeze drying process of samples (fruits/vegetables) by contact ultrasonic vibrating plate freezing. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Acoustic impedance - Freezing - Fruits - Grain size and shape - Ice - Liquids - Low temperature drying - Nucleation - Sublimation - Ultrasonic waves
Uncontrolled terms:Carrot - Crystal size difference - Freeze drying - Microscopic observations - Nucleation temperature - Ultrasonic parameters - Ultrasound irradiation - Ultrasound waves
Classification code:751.2  Acoustic Properties of Materials - 753.1  Ultrasonic Waves - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 933.1.2  Crystal Growth
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 2.91e+01%, Power 1.79e+02W, Size 5.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:20171203473080
Title:Spray drift characteristics of fuel powered single-rotor UAV for plant protection
Authors:Wang, Xiaonan (1); He, Xiongkui (1); Wang, Changling (1); Wang, Zhichong (1); Li, Longlong (1); Wang, Shilin (1); Bonds, Jane (2); Herbst, Andreas (3); Wang, Zhiguo (4) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Bonds Consulting Group LLC, Panama City; FL; 32408, United States; (3) Institute for Chemical Application Technology of JKI, Messeweg 11/12 D-38104, Braunschweig, Germany; (4) Quanfeng Aviation Plant Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Anyang; 455001, China 
Corresponding author:He, Xiongkui(xiongkui@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:117-123
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, the unmanned aircraft application techniques and equipments are rapidly developing in China. In order to evaluate spray drift characteristics and to find out the buffer areas of pesticide drift during aerial spraying by 3WQF80-10 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), spray tests were conducted using UAV at different working height and velocity in wheat field (114&deg;39'E, 36&deg;15'N). Three measurement methods were used to test the sediment and airborne spray drift distribution of UAV in Anyang city, Henan, Province, respectively. Various collectors were used, including petri dishes, rotary impactors and 2-mm diameter polythene lines. A spatial spray deposition sampling frame (5 m by 5 m by 2 m) with such lines was made to collect droplets of UAV pesticide application from downwind direction. Five petri dishes were put at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 m away from the frame on the ground according to ISO 22866 standard and 5 rotary impactors were set at 20 m to collect spatial fine droplets. Beidou navigation satellite system was used for controlling and recording the working height and velocity of UAV, ZENO-3200 meteorological station system was used to monitor wind speed of flight direction, as well as humidity and temperature. Brilliant sulphoflavine (BSF) solution with 0.1% concentration was used to spray wheat fields and the deposit of spraying droplets were analyzed by fluorescence spectrophotometer to study the drift distribution characteristics of droplet deposition. Drift potential index (DIX) was used to evaluate droplet drift on the spray drift sampling frame, cumulative spray drift was used to evaluate spray drift of petri dishes and application rate of spray drift was used to evaluate the rotary impactor method. The results showed that the influence of wind speed on spray drift was greater than flight height and flight velocity of UAV under the condition of the average temperature 31.5&#8451; and average relative humidity 34.1%. Wind speed was positively correlated with the application rate of spray drift based on rotary impactors and petri dishes (correlation coefficient was 0.97 and 0.93, respectively) while it was not well related to DIX of sampling frame. There were 8% droplet drift on the spray drift sampling frame above 4 m from the ground while about 80% droplet drift below 2 m when the parameters of UAV was flight height 1.5-3 m and flight velocity was 2.4-5 m/s. The droplet drift only occurred downwind of the spraying field, and as the wind speed was 0.76-5.5 m/s, the 90% drift droplets were located within a range of 9.3-14.5 m of the target area, so a 15 m buffer zone should be considered downwind the spraying field for safe aerial spraying. The rotary impactor sampler had a higher drift collect efficiency than petri dishes. This research would provide data support to spray drift control and to establishment of aviation spray standards. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Pesticides
Controlled terms:Crashworthiness - Deposition - Drops - Fighter aircraft - Humidity control - Radio navigation - Spraying - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Velocity - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Beidou navigation satellite systems - Correlation coefficient - Distribution - Distribution characteristics - Fluorescence spectrophotometer - Humidity and temperatures - Impactors - Spray drift
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 652.1  Aircraft, General - 652.1.2  Military Aircraft - 716.3  Radio Systems and Equipment - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e-01%, Percentage 3.41e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+00%, Percentage 8.00e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Size 1.50e+00m to 3.00e+00m, Size 1.50e+01m, Size 2.00e+00m, Size 2.00e+01m, Size 2.00e-03m, Size 4.00e+00m, Size 5.00e+00m, Size 9.30e+00m to 1.45e+01m, Velocity 2.40e+00m/s to 5.00e+00m/s, Velocity 7.60e-01m/s to 5.50e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 42>

Accession number:20171203473082
Title:Influence of flow rate on flow velocity distribution in gravity sinking and filter tank for drip irrigation with river water
Authors:Tao, Hongfei (1); Yang, Haihua (1); Ma, Yingjie (1); Qi, Yinxin (2); Geng, Fankun (2); Teng, Xiaojing (1); Liu, Yali (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi; 830052, China; (2) Hydraulic Engineering Research Institute, Xinjiang Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Urumqi; 830049, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:33
Issue:1
Issue date:January 1, 2017
Publication year:2017
Pages:131-137
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Filters have high energy consumption, high cost and high water consumption and other shortcomings. In order to solve this problem, gravity sinking and filter tank for drip irrigation with river water (GSFTDIRW) is proposed, which consists of sedimentation tank, clear water tank and sewage tank. The flow is the key factor influencing the separation efficiency of water-sediment and the flow field of wate-sediment. This study investigated the influence of flow rate on the GSFTDIRW. A physical experiment was carried out in the hydraulic experiment hall of Xinjiang Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research. The parameters such as water depth, flow velocity and sediment concentration in the GSFTDIRW under flow rate of 0.05 m/s were measured. The model was set up according to the model size used in the physical experiment in the gambit drawing software. Meanwhile, the boundary conditions were set in the gambit drawing software. Then the parameters were set in the Fluent software. Simulated values were processed by tecplot software. By comparing the experimental values and simulated values, it was shown that the porous media model was reliable in simulating the filter mesh. It was feasible to simulate the internal flow field in GSFTDIRW using the standard k-&Epsilon; two-equation model and the mixture model. Based on these, the flow field of water-sediment two-phase flow was simulated in the GSFTDIRW under 4 different flow rates. By comparing the distribution of flow velocity along the length, the distribution of water velocity along water depth and the separation efficiency of water-sediment, it was found that the appropriate flow rate was in a range of 0.05-0.2 m/s when the sedimentation tank was 25 m in length, 1.5 m in width, 0.80 m in height, slope 1%, and lateral overflow weir 5 m. At the same time, the average flow velocity of sedimentation tank is 0.053-0.19 m/s. The smaller the influent flow was, the smaller the velocity variation was. This was more conducive to sedimentation. The sediment concentration was less than or equal to 1.65 kg/m³in the clear water tank, and the total water-sediment separation efficiency was not less than 72.5%. Under the different flow rates, the flow velocity change along the sedimentation tank could be divided into 3 stages: increasing rapidly, decreasing slowly and decreasing rapidly. The velocity of flow in the clear water tank was opposite to that of the sedimentation tank, and the flow velocity decreased along the path. Under the influence of inlet, outlet and solid boundary, and lateral overflow weir, the distribution of flow velocity along water depth was different under different flow rate in the GSFTDIRW: the distribution of velocity along the depth of water at the locations far away from the water inlet, outlet and lateral weir contained 3 stages when the flow rate was 0.05 and 0.1 m/s: rapid increase, slow decrease and constant. However, the distribution of velocity only included the rapid increase and constant stage in clear water tank. &copy; 2017, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Two phase flow
Controlled terms:Bandpass filters - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer simulation - Energy utilization - Filtration - Flow fields - Flow rate - Flow velocity - Hydraulic structures - Irrigation  - Porous materials - Sedimentation - Sediments - Settling tanks - Sewage - Tanks (containers) - Velocity - Velocity distribution - Water resources - Water tanks  - Weirs
Uncontrolled terms:And filters - Distribution of velocity - Distribution of water - High energy consumption - Physical experiments - Sediment concentration - Separation efficiency - Standard k epsilons
Classification code:441.1  Dams - 444  Water Resources - 452.1  Sewage - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 619.2  Tanks - 631  Fluid Flow - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 703.2  Electric Filters - 723.5  Computer Applications - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.65e+00kg/m3, Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 7.25e+01%, Size 1.50e+00m, Size 2.50e+01m, Size 5.00e+00m, Size 8.00e-01m, Velocity 5.00e-02m/s to 2.00e-01m/s, Velocity 5.00e-02m/s, Velocity 5.30e-02m/s to 1.90e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.