<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20170103218615
Title:Simulation and validation of NO emission characteristics of biomass pellet fuel combustion based on chemical kinetics
Authors:Liu, Tingjie (1); Zhang, Xuemin (1); Lin, Chaoqun (1); Li, Juntao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering of China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Xuemin(xuemin_zh@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:255-260
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study NO emission laws and its formation mechanism of biomass pellet fuel combustion, a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) and Chemkin co-simulation method was used. The simulation was based on an experiment which was conducted on a biomass pellets combustion platform. Three kinds of biomass pellets, which were cotton stalk, corn stalk and wood, respectively, were chosen for the combustion test. Inlet air volume was controlled by changing the wind speed of the blower to study NO emissions under different conditions. Then a CFD model of the test boiler combustion cylinder was established and then divided into grids for the simulation, and a simplified chemical reaction mechanism composed of 17 components and 58 primitive reactions was imported using the interface to Chemkin and adopting the method of sensitivity analysis. The EDC (eddy dissipation concept) eddy dissipation finite rate chemical reaction model was set for Fluent solving process. The maximum temperature of 1320 K simulated by the Fluent was in good agreement with the experimental result of 1293 K, and the deviation was mainly caused by the model assumptions and settings, which signified that the simulated results to a certain extent could reflect the real combustion situation. Therefore, the results of the Fluent such as mixing zone volume and residence time could be used as inlet parameters for Chemkin. Then a Chemkin-PSR (perfectly stirred reactor) reaction simulation network was established, which was composed of 6 PSR reactors and one PFR (plug flow reactor) reactor, corresponding to the 6 reaction zones of the combustion cylinder and the exhaust pipe, respectively. The C2_NO<inf>x</inf>detailed mechanism developed by Reaction Design was chosen for NO emissions simulation of 3 kinds of biomass pellet fuels. The simulation results showed that cotton stalk produced the most amount of NO, corn stalk took the second place, while wood had the lowest NO emission. Simulation of corn straw also indicated that NO emissions increased apparently with the excess air ratio in the beginning, and then gradually peaked when the excess air ratio reached 1.7. In addition, the NO concentration distribution and temperature distribution in the reactor had a direct relationship with the distribution of CO, O<inf>2</inf>, and CO<inf>2</inf>components. NO was mainly produced since Reactor 4. Finally the simulation results were compared with the experimental results. The deviation of cotton stalk was calculated to be 6%, which was the greatest of the 3 biomass pellets but still quite acceptable. Consequently, the correctness of the model and the chemical reaction mechanism has been proved, which provide a reference for the prediction and control of NO emissions of biomass fuel combustion. Besides, the shape and size of the combustor have big influence on NO emissions, so the study on that aspect should be given more attention. This paper gives the related chemical reaction mechanism, which is the basis of an accurate simulation. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Combustion
Controlled terms:Biomass - Carbon dioxide - Chemical analysis - Chemical reactions - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer simulation - Cotton - Cylinders (shapes) - Emission control - Fueling - Fuels - Nobelium - Pelletizing - Reaction kinetics - Residence time distribution - Sensitivity analysis - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Biomass pellet fuels - CFD (computational fluid dynamics) - Eddy dissipation concept - Finite rate chemical reaction model - Formation mechanism - Perfectly stirred reactor - Prediction and control - Simulation and validation
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 622.1 Radioactive Materials, General - 723.5 Computer Applications - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 922.1 Probability Theory
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 6.00e+00%, Temperature 1.29e+03K, Temperature 1.32e+03K
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20170103218582
Title:Development and experiment of straw chopping and plastic film strip-collection combined machine
Authors:Yu, Yunhai (1); Chen, Xuegeng (1, 2); Wen, Haojun (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China; (2) Mechanical Equipment Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Land Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi; 832000, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Xuegeng(chenxg130@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-8
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The plastic film mulch has the function of increasing soil temperature and preserving moisture, and it also can suppress weeds and maintain soil structure. Because of these special physical and chemical properties, agricultural mulching is extensively applied to cotton and other crops. Xinjiang is currently the largest cotton planting region in China, and all cotton cultivation involves film mulching. However, because plastic film itself is difficult to degrade and without scientific management and recovery in long-term use, a large amount of residual plastic film is left in the fields after harvesting, which has caused serious pollution problem to both the soil and the ecological environment. The mechanical collection of the plastic mulch is one of the effective ways to resolve plastic mulch pollution at present. Therefore, it is significant and urgent to study the residual film recovery methods and operation machines. Many kinds of mulching residues recovery machines have been developed and used, but there are some problems with the machines such as bad adaptability, low recovery rate, poor work efficiency in removing the collected film, and plastic films being easy to wind in cotton straw chopping, which needs further improvement for the machines. With a view to solving the above problems, a new method of operation step by step was proposed, which could collect plastic film in strip at first and then recover it, and a cotton straw chopping and plastic film strip-collection combined machine was designed. The machine mainly consisted of suspension device, power transmission system, straw chopping device, straw conveying device, strip-collection device, stripping device, and so on. Compared with the existing cotton straw chopping and plastic film collection combined machines, the machine proposed in this paper was simplified and efficient. The machine adopted the way of throwing cotton stalk into a certain height and distance to create a condition to separate cotton stalk from the residual film. Moreover, because of the ground profile modeling, this machine could be adapted to complex operating environments and operating requirements, and had a good performance on the strip-collection ratio. It could not only realize the straw chopper returning and the straw separation with plastic film, but also collect plastic film in strip with one operation, which ensured that it was easy to recover plastic film and recycle it. Based on the underlying theory analysis and experimental study, its basic structure and main parameters were determined, and the rational kinematic relationship among the knife-roller speed, the forward speed of unit, and the speed of strip-collection device was obtained by experiments. Field trials were conducted in Manas County of Xinjiang. The experiment results showed that the working efficiency could reach 1.15 hm<sup>2</sup>/h, plastic film collection stripe ratio was 92.6%, the straw chopping qualification rate was 97.5%, and the film-straw separation ratio was 90.5%, when the machine operating speed was 5-7 km/h, the cutter shaft speed was 1 880 r/min, and the speed of strip-collection device was 150-160 r/min, which could satisfy not only the agricultural requirements but also national standards. The research results can provide a reference to solve the problem of plastic film pollution in cotton-growing areas of China. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cotton - Cultivation - Design - Efficiency - Electric power transmission - Experiments - Machine design - Plastic films - Pollution - Problem solving - Recovery - Soils - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Cotton growing areas - Ecological environments - Operating environment - Operating requirements - Physical and chemical properties - Pollution problems - Power transmission systems - Scientific management
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601 Mechanical Design - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.05e+01%, Percentage 9.26e+01%, Percentage 9.75e+01%, Rotational_Speed 1.50e+02RPM to 1.60e+02RPM, Rotational_Speed 1.88e+03RPM, Velocity 1.39e+00m/s to 1.94e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20170103218596
Title:Effect of alternate flooding and drought stress on biomass production, distribution and lodging characteristic of rice
Authors:Wang, Zhenchang (1); Guo, Xiangping (1); Yang, Jinghan (1); Chen, Sheng (1); Huang, Shuangshuang (1); Wang, Fu (1); Qiu, Rangjian (2); Liu, Chunwei (2); Cao, Xinchun (1); Zhu, Jianbin (1); Gao, Yaxian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China; (2) Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing; 210044, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Xiangping(xpguo@hhu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:114-123
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Lodging is one of the important constraints to high quality and stable production of rice. This study was conducted in the Key Laboratory of Efficient Irrigation-Drainage and Agricultural Soil Water Environment in Southern China, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China from May to October in 2013 to investigate the response of alternate flooding and drought stress on biomass production and distribution in different organs of rice (Oryza sativa L. Nanjing 44) and their relationships with morphological and mechanical traits as well as chemical concentration relating to stem lodging characteristics under alternate drought and flooding stress during different growth stages. Five treatments, alternate stress of light drought-flooding-light drought in tillering stage (T-LD), alternate stress of heavy drought-flooding-heavy drought in tillering stage (T-HD), alternate stress of light drought-flooding-light drought in jointing stage (J-LD), alternate stress heavy drought-flooding-heavy drought in jointing stage (J-HD) as well as irrigation with shallow water depth (0-5 cm) for all the stages except for yellow maturity (CK), were set up. In this experiment, changes of chlorophyll contents and photosynthesis rates of flag leaves after the flowering stage as well as the percentage of dry-matter exportation from stem-sheath (PDESS) and the percentage of the dry-matter transformation from the stem-sheath part to the grain part (PDTSS) were investigated. In additon, the stem morphological and mechanical traits as well as chemical concentrations and their relationships with stem lodging characteristic were studied. The results showed that there were significant quadratic curve relationships between chlorophyll contents and days after transplanting (P<0.01). In addition, there were significant positive linear relationships between chlorophyll contents and photosynthesis rate of flag leaves after the flowering stage (P<0.001). Compared with the CK, T-LD and T-HD treatments significantly increased the leaf areas, chlorophyll contents and photosynthesis rates of flag leaves after the flowering stage, but significantly decreased the PDESS and the PDTSS; the leaf areas, chlorophyll contents and photosynthesis rates of flag leaves after the flowering stage of alternate stress of drought-flooding-drought in the tillering stage were about 1.1-1.2 times as those of CK, respectively; the PDESS and PDTSS were 32% and 22% of those of CK, respectively. Compared with the CK, J-LD and J-HD treatments significantly increased the chlorophyll contents and photosynthesis rates of flag leaves after the flowering stage but did not significantly increase the leaf areas, the PDESS and the PDTSS. The leaf areas of flag leaves, the PDESS and the PDTSS of alternate stress of drought-flooding- drought in the jointing stage were 84%, 33% and 37% of those of CK, respectively; the photosynthesis rates of flag leaves after the flowering stage were 1.19 times as those of CK, respectively. Compared with the CK, J-LD and J-HD treatments significantly increased the safety factor against stem breakage, which might be related to the improved dry-matter translocation amount and translocation efficiency from stem-sheath to grain part of rice plants as well as the increased gravity centre height and the ratio of gravity centre caused by the improved translocation amount of carbohydrate generated in flag leaves to the grains. There were significant negative relationships between harvest index and safety factor. This study could provide valuable information for keeping high grain yield as well as improving lodging resistance of rice plant by irrigaiton methods. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Plants (botany)
Controlled terms:Biomass - Chlorophyll - Drought - Floods - Grain (agricultural product) - Gravitation - Irrigation - Oil well flooding - Photosynthesis - Safety factor - Soil moisture - Stresses
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical concentrations - Different growth stages - Dry biomass - Linear relationships - Lodging - Ministry of Education - Rice - Shallow water depths
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 511.1 Oil Field Production Operations - 741.1 Light/Optics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 931.5 Gravitation, Relativity and String Theory
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.20e+01%, Percentage 3.20e+01%, Percentage 3.30e+01%, Percentage 3.70e+01%, Percentage 8.40e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 5.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20170103218588
Title:Optimum seeking of spot weld model on numerical simulation of stress and modal analysis for corn combine harvester frame
Authors:Yao, Yanchun (1); Song, Zhenghe (1); Du, Yuefeng (1); Mao, Enrong (1); Zhao, Xueyan (1); Zhang, Wanhao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimized Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Du, Yuefeng(dyf@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:50-58
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:More and more spot weld have been used extensively to joint different components in industry, thus many finite element models of spot weld have been developed for various types of analysis, for example, static analysis, modal analysis, fatigue analysis and optimization analysis. Currently, there are already plenty spot weld models, but few comprehensive study and guidance are available for how to evaluate performance of different kinds of spot weld models, such as, which model with a proper mesh refinement can represent adequately behavior of spot weld joint and perform properly in the process of structural analysis. For frame structure of corn combine harvester, which can be considered as a typical thin-wall structure and its components are mainly connected by welding, spot weld model are always neglected and replaced by treating frame structure as a whole unit or considering the connection as contact relation. However, spot weld connection model will affect accuracy of finite element model and numerical simulation, especially when there are a lot of welding relationships in the frame structure of corn combine harvester machine. At present, finite element modeling and seeking optimization of different spot weld models are seldom considered and no guideline exists in static analysis and model analysis. The purpose of this paper is to seek optimal spot weld model on numerical simulation of static analysis and modal analysis for combine harvester frame. Influence of different welding spot models on the accuracy of the finite element calculation of the harvesting machine frame was investigated, and accuracy of finite element modeling and precision of numerical simulation was improved. Firstly, schematic mechanism and mathematical descriptions of four different kinds of spot weld models, including Rbe2 (rigid bar element 2), RBAR (rigid-bar), CWELD and ACM2 (area contact model 2) models were studied and corresponding finite element models were established to conduct two kinds of numerical simulation mode including static analysis and modal analysis. Then, strain test and signal collection system of the frame were designed. The distribution of strains at different measuring points were analyzed by comparing with results from numerical simulation by finite element method. It is shown that the RBAR spot weld model is more suitable for static analysis, because numerical results based on RBAR spot weld model is the closest to that from strain experiment,and its correlation coefficient is 0.993 2, but there are larger errors when other spot weld models are applied. In addition, Block Lanczos algorithm was used to calculate the modal vibration frequency and mode shape of the frame model when four kinds of different spot weld finite element models were considered respectively, and effects of spot weld model type on modal results are investigated. It is found that correlation coefficients of modal vibration frequencies with spot weld models of ACM2 and Rbe2 is better than that with spot weld models of RBAR and CWELD. Finally, it is concluded that RBAR is more suitable for the static analysis and ACM2 model is more suitable for the analysis of vibration mode and dynamic stiffness of the frame when both applicability of different spot weld model and modeling efficiency are considered. These conclusions are able to provide significant reference and useful guidelines for establishment of proper finite element model, selection of spot weld connection model and improvement of accuracy and efficiency of numerical simulation for welding structure of harvesting machinery. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Finite element method
Controlled terms:Bars (metal) - Computer simulation - Efficiency - Harvesters - Machinery - Modal analysis - Models - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Spot welding - Static analysis - Strain - Stresses - Structural frames - Vibration analysis - Welding - Welds
Uncontrolled terms:Analysis and modeling - Block Lanczos algorithm - Correlation coefficient - Frame - Mathematical descriptions - Optimization analysis - Thin-wall structures - Vibration frequency
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 535.1.2 Rolling Mill Practice - 538.2 Welding - 538.2.1 Welding Processes - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20170103218612
Title:Improving hydrogen production from straw though simultaneous fermentation by applied voltage in microbial electrolysis cell
Authors:Wang, Yongzhong (1); Dong, Liang (2); Zuo, Yong (2); Xu, Tengfei (3); Ru, Zhipeng (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing; 400030, China; (2) School of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong; 643000, China; (3) Chongqing Midea General Refrigeration Equipment Co. Ltd., Chongqing; 401336, China
Corresponding author:Dong, Liang(410898720@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:234-239
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this work, the effects of applied voltages on the characteristics of hydrogen production were investigated by the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of rice straw in a fabricated microbial electrical cell (MEC) with 2 chambers, and the hydrogen production performance and conversion efficiency of cellulosic material were analyzed. The chambers of anode and cathode in this MEC were 2 concentric cylinders, and the inner one was anode chamber and the external one was cathode chamber. The gross volume of this reactor was 460 mL with 98 mL working volume in anode chamber and 260 mL working volume in cathode chamber. The carbon cloth fixed around the external wall of anode chamber was used as anodic electrode which was linked with cathode electrode by an external circuit with a 50 Ω resistance, and the carbon clothing sprinkled with platinum (Pt) was used as cathode electrode. The 2 chambers were separated by cation exchange membrane (Nafion TM 117, Dupont Co., US). Before testing, the rice straw powder with 60 meshes was mixed with 1% NaOH solution at the solid-liquid ratio of 1:10 for 24 h pretreatment, and then was rinsed with water to neutral and dried at 105℃ to constant weight. The 2.0 g pretreated cellulosic material was mixed with 80 mL distilled water and inoculated with the bacterial seed solution at a proportion of 30% (V/V) for compost and fermentation at room temperature for 3 d. The bacterial seed solution was obtained by 7 d domestication of municipal sewage sludge of Chongqing City. The MEC was started using the starting mode of microbial fuel cell (MFC), which was inoculated seed solution in anode chamber and 0.1 mol/L potassium ferricyanide was used as electron acceptor of cathode during the startup. After finishing the startup of MEC, the cellulosic material pretreated by compost and fermentation was mixed with 53.36 mg cellulase (Worthington, 115 U/mg) and 0.2 mL β-glucosidase (Novozyme 188, Sigma, ≥25 U/g) again and transported into the anode chamber of the MEC, the culture medium for bacteria growth was pumped into the anode chamber at a flow rate of 40 mL/h, and 10 mmol/L phosphate buffer (K<inf>2</inf>HPO<inf>4</inf>2.28 g/L, KH<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>·3H<inf>2</inf>O 1.53 g/L) was pumped into the cathode of the MEC. Then, the system was sealed tightly for hydrogen production through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation at 35℃ constant temperature. It was observed that the voltage of the MEC rose up obviously 30 h after startup, which indicated that the startup of the MEC succeeded using MFC mode. Then, the effects of applied voltages (0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 V) on hydrogen production, pH value change of fermented solution and production of intermediates in the MEC were investigated. It was found that hydrogen production rate, hydrogen yield, amount of substrate consumption and total energy yield in the MEC increased with the increase of the applied voltage. Conversely, the energy yield to consumed electric energy decreased. The maximal energy yield to consumed electric energy was 377.59% at 0.4 V applied voltage, while the maximal amount of hydrogen production was 44.8 mL and the maximal total energy yield was 2.84% at the applied voltage of 1.0 V. The pH value of anode chamber first increased, and then slightly decreased during the fermentation for hydrogen production. The testing results of organic acids during the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation reveal that the process of hydrogen production in the MEC is butyric acid type fermentation. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Hydrogen production
Controlled terms:Anodes - Butyric acid - Cathodes - Composting - Electric potential - Electrodes - Electrolysis - Electrolytic cells - Fermentation - Fuel cells - Microbial fuel cells - pH - Platinum - Regenerative fuel cells - Saccharification - Sewage sludge - Straw - Substrates
Uncontrolled terms:Bio-hydrogen production - Cation exchange membranes - Concentric cylinders - Hydrogen production performance - Hydrogen production rate - Municipal sewage sludge - Potassium ferricyanide - Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
Classification code:452.2 Sewage Treatment - 522 Gas Fuels - 547.1 Precious Metals - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 702.2 Fuel Cells - 714.1 Electron Tubes - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
Numerical data indexing:Electrical_Resistance 5.00e+01Ohms, Mass 2.00e-03kg, Mass 5.34e-05kg, Mass_Density 1.53e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 2.28e+00kg/m3, Molar_Concentration 1.00e+01mol/m3, Molar_Concentration 1.00e+02mol/m3, Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 2.84e+00%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 3.78e+02%, Time 1.08e+05s, Time 8.64e+04s, Voltage 1.00e+00V, Voltage 4.00e-01V, Volume 2.00e-07m3, Volume 2.60e-04m3, Volume 4.48e-05m3, Volume 4.60e-04m3, Volume 8.00e-05m3, Volume 9.80e-05m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20170103218593
Title:Distribution characteristics of pesticide application droplets deposition of unmanned aerial vehicle based on testing method of deposition quality balance
Authors:Wang, Changling (1); He, Xiongkui (1); Wang, Xiaonan (1); Wang, Zhichong (1); Wang, Shilin (1); Li, Longlong (1); Bonds, Jane (2); Herbst, Andreas (3); Wang, Zhiguo (4); Mei, Shuifa (5)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Bonds Consulting Group LLC, Panama City; FL; 32408, United States; (3) Institute for Chemical Application Technology of JKI, Messeweg 11/12, Braunschweig; D-38104, Germany; (4) Quanfeng Aviation Plant Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Anyang; 455001, China; (5) 61889 Regiment of PLA, Beijing; 100094, China
Corresponding author:He, Xiongkui(xiongkui@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:89-97
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to explore the effect of flight parameters and other factors on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) spatial pesticide spraying deposition distribution and rotor's downwash flow field distribution, in this study, we usedthe testing method of spatial pesticide spraying deposition quality balance to test model '3WQF80-10' single-rotor diesel plant-protection UAV. The test included the spatial deposition quality balance distribution, the bottom deposition distribution, and the coefficient of variation of deposition with downwash flow field to evaluate the application effect. The spraying droplets deposition rate of different spatial parts and downwash flow wind speed were measured with different flight directions, heights and crosswind speeds. The spatial spray deposition sampling frame (SSDSF) with triple monofilament wires was applied for collecting the droplets of UAV pesticide application in four directions, and a set of multi-channel micro-meteorology measurement system (MMMS) was used for measuring the downwash wind speed in three directions of X,Y and Z. The MMMS had 16 wireless micro-meteorology sensors, and all these sensors, separated into two rows at the spacing of 1.5 m, were arranged below the UAV flight path and in line with the SSDSF in wheat field. Besides, Beidou Navigation Satellite System was used for controlling and recording the working height, velocity and track of this model of single-rotor UAV. The sensor of model 'ZENO-3200' weather station was set at the height of 6 m to record the environmental parameters at test site. Taking 0.1% mass fraction of brilliantsulfoflavin water solution as spraying liquid and pour the tracer liquid into the tank of the UAV before test. During every test, the operator controlled the UAV remotely to take off, when the UAV reached the required height, then opened the spray system and made the unmanned aircraft fly over the experimental area and went through the SSDSF. After tests, the monofilament wires on the SSDSF were measured for the absorbance of the tracer brillantsulfoflavin by the model 'SFM25' fluorescence spectrometer. In tests of flight direction, four flights were implemented in the forward and backward directions and the results showed: at the height of (3.0±0.1) m, the velocity of (5.0±0.2) m/s and the crosswind speed of 1.2 m/s, the flight directions of ahead and back had an impact on droplets deposition distribution and the working effect of flying backwards, with 60% of deposition ratio of the bottom part of the SSDSF, was better than flying forwards. For tests of flight height, six tests of different heights were conducted and results were: at the height from 2.0 to 3.5 m, the velocity of (5.0±0.3) m/s and the crosswind speed of 0.8 m/s, the coefficient of variation (R<sup>2</sup>) of the bottom part was linearly associated with the flight height which was 0.9178, indicating that the deposition distribution became more uniform with the increase of height. Additionally, when it came to the tests of crosswind speed, five treatments were performed and results indicated that at the height of (3.0±0.1) m and the velocity of (5.0±0.3) m/s, there was a linear correlation between weighted mean deposition rate and crosswind speed and the coefficient of variation (R<sup>2</sup>) was 0.9684, which showed the deposition distribution got more concentrated towards the downwind part with the rise of the crosswind speed. Overall, according to the result of tests of downwash flow wind speed, our results showed that regardless of the flight direction and height and the crosswind, all these factors influenced the droplets deposition distribution via weakening the intensity of the downwash wind field in direction Y. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Deposition
Controlled terms:Crashworthiness - Deposition rates - Drops - Flow fields - Machinery - Mechanization - Meteorology - Pesticides - Quality control - Radio navigation - Speed - Spraying - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Vehicles - Velocity - Wakes - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Beidou navigation satellite systems - Coefficient of variation - Deposition distribution - Distribution characteristics - Environmental parameter - Flight parameters - Fluorescence spectrometers - Plant protection
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 601 Mechanical Design - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e-01%, Percentage 6.00e+01%, Size 1.50e+00m, Size 2.00e+00m to 3.50e+00m, Velocity 1.20e+00m/s, Velocity 8.00e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20170103218599
Title:Response of soil shear strength of bio-embankments for slope farmland to drying-wetting effect in Purple Hilly Area
Authors:Shi, Dongmei (1); Jiang, Ping (2); He, Wenjian (3); Ding, Wenbin (1); Wang, Sanshu (2); Peng, Xudong (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China; (2) Chongqing Surveying and Design Institute of Water Resources, Electric Power and Architecture, Chongqing; 400020, China; (3) Chongqing Eco-environment Monitoring Station of Soil and Water Conservation, Chongqing; 401147, China; (4) College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang; 550025, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:139-146
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a typical agroforestry system, bio-embankments formed by planting trees, shrubs or herbaceous in terrace ridge are effective farming measures for soil and water conservation in Purple Hilly Area. Bio-embankments not only could prevent soil erosion from slope farmland, but also greatly improve the soil quality and agricultural production conditions for cultivated land. The bio-embankment of slope farmland is often prone to collapse under heavy rainfall condition, which mainly attributed to the deformation and failure of slope caused by soil drying-wetting effect during the continuous raining- infiltration-evaporating process. Soil shear strength is one of the important determinants for slope stability of bio-embankments, which mainly influenced by soil structure, soil particle morphology and soil moisture content. The soil moisture of bio-embankments is often constantly changing along with the drying-wetting-drying circulation under a single rainfall condition, which would greatly weaken stability of bio-embankments. Recently, soil shear strength mainly focused on indoor simulation experiment conducted under such single factor as soil water content, soil bulk density, root system, soil particle composition, and some multi-factor combination experiments were also carried out. However, the changing characteristics of soil content and soil shear strength under drying-wetting-drying circulations caused by a natural raining and evaporating effect is unclear. The study mainly discussed the following facts as: 1) the variation trend of soil moisture for different bio-embankment layers under three-types natural rainfall condition; 2) the effects of different bio-embankment types on soil moisture variation; 3) the response characteristics of soil cohesion and soil internal friction angle of different bio-embankments on wetting-drying effect of rainfall and evaporation. Taking the bio-embankments with mulberry (SS) and zanthoxylum (HJ) planted in terrace ridge of slope farmland in purple hilly area of Southwest University, Chongqing as objects and bio-embankment with natural grass as control (CK), the paper systematically analyzed the attenuation and recovery effect of soil moisture and soil shear strength of bio-embankments under drying-wetting condition of different natural rainfall. The method of field and laboratory tests were conducted to observe soil moisture, soil cohesion, soil internal friction angle and root characters before and after different natural rainfall intensity such as light rain (0.64 mm/h), heavy rain (1.37 mm/h) and rainstorm (3.46 mm/h) from the field experiments were carried out from June to September 2014. The results indicated that: 1) The soil moisture of bio-embankments under drying-wetting condition presented a variation trend as sharp increase-sharp decrease-fluctuation stable, of which the changes amplitude and interaction depth increased with increasing rainfall intensity. The soil moisture showed obvious change in soil layer of 0-20 cm under light rain (0.64 mm/h), and varied obviously in soil layer of 0-30 cm under heavy rain (2.37 mm/h) and rainstorm (3.46 mm/h), which tended to be stable in 5<sup>h</sup>, 7<sup>h</sup>, 9th day after natural rainfall stopped, respectively. 2) Both the soil cohesive strength and soil internal friction angle of bio-embankments showed a change trend as decaying sharply-stabilizing relatively-recovering gradually under the condition of drying-wetting. The soil cohesion strength and soil internal friction angle of bio-embankments were enhanced in 9th day after light rain, of which the enhancement showed a decreasing trend with increasing soil depth. Compared with the state before the rain, the soil cohesion strength of HJ, SS and CK increased by 2.46%, 2.95% and 0.66% respectively; meanwhile, their internal friction angle increased by 2.40%, 3.17%, and 1.19%, respectively. 3) The soil cohesion and soil internal friction angle decreased in 9th day after rainstorm compared with the original state before rain. Bio-embankments with mulberry and zanthoxylum could significantly weaken the deterioration effect of drying-wetting on soil shearing strength, and the effect of mulberry measures was better than the other two. Compared with CK, the soil cohesion degradation rates of HJ and SS bio-bio-embankments decreased by 44.03% and 65.05%, respectively, and the degradation rates of soil internal friction angle of HJ and SS bio-embankments decreased by 42.47% and 45.70%, respectively. The research results could provide some technical supports for design of bio-embankment design and soil and water utilization of cultivated-layer for slope farmland in purple hilly area. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Shear strength
Controlled terms:Adhesion - Agriculture - Degradation - Drying - Embankments - Farms - Friction - Internal friction - Moisture - Plants (botany) - Precipitation (meteorology) - Rain - Recovery - Shear flow - Slope stability - Soil conservation - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils - Storms - Tribology - Water conservation - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Decaying-recovering effect - Deformation and failures - Field and laboratory test - Hilly areas - Response characteristic - Slope farmland - Soil and water conservation
Classification code:405 Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying - 406.2 Roads and Streets - 443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.19e+00%, Percentage 2.40e+00%, Percentage 2.46e+00%, Percentage 2.95e+00%, Percentage 3.17e+00%, Percentage 4.25e+01%, Percentage 4.40e+01%, Percentage 4.57e+01%, Percentage 6.50e+01%, Percentage 6.60e-01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 3.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20170103218592
Title:PIV measurement of internal flow in mixed-flow pump under different flow rate conditions
Authors:Li, Wei (1, 2); Ji, Leilei (1, 2); Shi, Weidong (1, 2); Zhou, Ling (1, 2); Zhang, Yang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) National Research Center of Pumps and Pumping System, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:82-88
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this study, a low specific speed mixed-flow pump with guide vanes was investigated experimentally. In order to study the internal flow characteristics in this mixed flow pump under different flow conditions, the internal flow of mixed flow pump under 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 times of the designed flow conditions were studied in this paper based on the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology. Firstly, the external characteristics of mixed flow pump were acquired after conducting the repeated experiment. Then, the velocity distribution of internal flow field in mixed flow pump at inlet axial cross section of impeller, section clearance between impeller and guide vane and section in guide vane were measured. Moreover, the influence of flow rate change on the internal flow in mixed-flow pump was analyzed. The research results showed that the experimental repeatability of external characteristic was preferable and the result of experiment was reliable. The PIV experiment results showed that the distribution of velocity vector, velocity counter and vortex structure in the mixed-flow pump were greatly affected by the changing of the flow rate conditions. The velocity distribution of impeller inlet was consistent under three flow condition and the incoming flow from impeller inlet was along the axis direction. The velocity of impeller inlet increases with the flow rate increasing and the maximum speed can reach to 7.49 m/s. The velocity gradient of high speed zone from hub to rim was higher and the center of the distribution of contoured velocity was on the upper left corner which was decreasing to around continually. A high velocity area appeared vertically near the impeller under different flow rate conditions during the PIV experiment and the velocity of the fluids increased from the hub to the rim which was caused by the structure of the impeller blade. When the rotating speed was constant, the circumferential velocity of the blade near the rim was much bigger which had a great impact on the fluids nearby. The velocity distribution of gap flow field between impeller and guide vane was disordered which was affected by the rotor-stator interaction when the mixed pump operated. The anticlockwise vortex was formed at the inlet edge of guide vane near the hub and the fluid flowing from the impeller outlet was induced to the blade edge. With the increase in flow rate, the anticlockwise vortex tended to be smaller and the internal flow tended to be steady. Under the large flow rate condition, the maximum velocity of fluids almost reached 4.21 m/s in the middle of the axial clearance between the impeller and guide vanes. The flow field near the guide vane inlet was further influenced by the rotor-stator interaction and then the vortex structure was formed obviously which caused the flow passage congestion. Also, the fluids were structured by the end wall and the flow passages so as to the high velocity zones appeared near the end wall, and the velocity of fluids varied from 3.29 m/s to 3.95 m/s. At the same time, the velocity distribution of the fluids in the circumferential direction that flowed from the impeller also showed the movement axially and obliquely.The large scale vortex structure was formed at the guide vane inlet because of the effect of circular volute chamber. With the increase in flow rate, the high speed zone on edge of the guide vane moved to the downstream, the vortex structures at the guide vane inlet and outlet gradually disappeared while the flow losses decreased. The research results provided reference for revealing the internal flow characteristics of mixed flow pump. Moreover, the analysis of the internal flow fields could optimize the design of impeller of mixed flow pump. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Flow rate
Controlled terms:Axial flow - Flow fields - Flow visualization - Impellers - Pumps - Rotors - Speed - Stators - Velocimeters - Velocity - Velocity distribution - Velocity measurement - Vortex flow
Uncontrolled terms:Blade - Flow rate conditions - Internal flows - Mixed flow pump - Particle image velocimetries
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 705.1 Electric Machinery, General - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Velocity 3.29e+00m/s to 3.95e+00m/s, Velocity 4.21e+00m/s, Velocity 7.49e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20170103218594
Title:Review of field-based phenotyping by unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing platform
Authors:Liu, Jiangang (1, 2, 3); Zhao, Chunjiang (1, 2, 3); Yang, Guijun (1, 2, 3); Yu, Haiyang (1, 2); Zhao, Xiaoqing (1); Xu, Bo (1, 2); Niu, Qinglin (1, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agricultural, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (4) School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo; 454000, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Chunjiang(zhaocj@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:98-106
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The field-based phenotyping plays an important role in exploring the laws of crop growth and development. Accurately and rapidly acquiring phenotype of plants or cells in different environments can accelerate the efficiency of understanding the response of crops to environmental factors, which can provide theoretical and technical support for accelerating the development of crop science and prompting the sustainable development of agriculture in China. Traditional method for the determination of crop parameters is based on field sampling and mechanized high-throughput platform, which is time-consuming, and has low efficiency and incomplete spatial coverage. The development of crop science is limited by the quick and accurate acquisition of field-based phenotyping. Proximal remote sensing phenotyping platform represented by the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can be timely, rapid, noninvasive and efficient access to crop phenotypes, which makes it become an important means to obtain crop phenotypic information and a powerful tool to study the phenotypes. According to the latest research achievements of UAV-RSP (remote sensing platform) in analyzing the crop phenotype, the review described the advantage and disadvantage of the application of UAV-RSP with different types of sensors to field-based phenotyping, summed up the methods for quantitative remote sensing inversion of crop phenotypic information, and prospected the application of UAV-RSP to field-based phenotyping. UAV-RSP has the advantages of flexible motor, being suitable for complex field environment, timely data acquisition, high efficiency and low cost, which can be used to rapid and cost-effective phenotype judge for a large number of plots and field trials of massive germplasm. The vehicles with flying capacity without manned control have several types, ranging from multicopters and helicopters to fixed wing. The most frequently used sensors in UAV-RSP include digital camera, multispectral sensor, hyperspectral sensor, thermal imager and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems. The UAV-RSP have been used for acquiring crop traits including morphological parameters, spectrum and texture characteristics, physiological traits, and response to abiotic/biotic stress under different environments. However, the field-based phenotyping by UAV-RSP usually focuses on wheat, maize, rice and sorghum, and there are more crops that need to be investigated. And the crop phenotyping by remote sensing lacks the fusion of multi-source data. Strategies for high-throughput field-based phenotyping were investigated with different methods, which showed obvious difference of estimation accuracy. The accuracy of retrieval model for estimating field-based phenotyping depends on the climate, crops and their growth stages. Methods such as machine learning, spectral retrieval, analysis of canopy temperature and comprehensive evaluation have been widely used for field-based phenotyping by researchers. However, there exist some problems that restrict the application of UAV-based crop phenotyping. The shortcomings include the imperfection of agricultural aviation regulations, the deficiencies of phenotyping for massive germplasm, the lack of method for fast hyperspectral and LiDAR data management, the high price of sensors and the uncertainty of remote sensing retrieval model. The developments of UAV-based phenotyping are as follows: the combination of crop breeding and UAV remote sensing, the efficient data processing, the well-informed analysis of multi-source data, and the development of low-cost sensor. The results of this study have important significance for promoting the application of UAV-RSP and speeding up the development of crop science. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:70
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Climate models - Cost benefit analysis - Cost effectiveness - Costs - Crops - Data acquisition - Data handling - Efficiency - Fixed wings - Information management - Laws and legislation - Learning systems - Optical radar - Physiological models - Sensors - Sustainable development - Throughput - Tracking (position) - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation - Crop growth and development - Light detection and ranging systems - Morphological parameters - Phenotyping - Quantitative remote sensing - Remote sensing platforms - Texture characteristics
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20170103218587
Title:Parameter optimization of vibration subsoiler test bed for reducing resistance and vibration
Authors:Sun, Yapeng (1); Dong, Xiangqian (1); Song, Jiannong (1); Liu, Cailing (1); Wang, Jicheng (1); Zhang, Chao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Soil-Machine-Plant Systematic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Song, Jiannong(songjn@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:43-49
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The oscillatory tillage was proved to be more efficient than rigid tillage. Oscillation could reduce the drag resistance during tillage. But the oscillation had a bed effect on the tractor. Oscillation damaged the tractor and was harmful to tractor driver. The goals were to reduce the drag residence and the effect on the tractor. These two goals couldn't be optimum at the same time. But it had a relative optimum combination. The Six-component test system on the experiment trolley could measure the forces in the directions of heading(X), vertical (Z) and crosswise (Y). Define the mean value of X-direction force as the mean of resisting force F<inf>1</inf>, the interquartile range of Z-direction force as the range of vibratory force F<inf>2</inf>. The working parameter of oscillatory tillage that to be considered were amplitude e(a), frequency (f) and velocity (v) in the experiments. Using quadratic general revolving combination design with 3 factors, the regression models between F<inf>1</inf>, F<inf>2</inf>and amplitude, frequency, velocity were founded. There were two three-factor quadratic regression models. The influence order could be found in the perturbation graph for non-interaction parameters, but couldn't be found for interactive parameters, because the trend of perturbation curve changed when the interactive parameters was changed. The path analysis method could find both direct and indirect influences of interactive parameters. Using the interaction analysis method in the Design-Expert and the path analysis method in the SPSS, the influence order of three factors was determined, a>f>v, to both F<inf>1</inf>and F<inf>2</inf>. There were no optimal solutions for this multi-objective optimization problem, but there were relative optimal solutions for it through the method of desirability function method. The higher the desirability value, the better the solution. From the 3D response surface of desirability at different velocities, in order to achieve high speed work, the relative optimal solution of both the goal of low resisting force and that of low vibratory force was small amplitude, high frequency and high speed, the values were 21 mm, 4.2 Hz and 3.4 km/h. The inaccuracy between the predicted value of regression model and the result of verification test was acceptable. The maximums of resisting forces during oscillation and non-oscillatory tillage were similar, but the force reductions of minimum and mean values were 46.2% and 16.6%. Comparing with the single objective optimal solution of F<inf>1</inf>, the multi-objective optimization reduced the vibratory force. It achieves that resisting force decreases and at the same time the vibration on vertical direction decreases during oscillatory tillage. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Multiobjective optimization
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Drag - Optimal systems - Optimization - Regression analysis - Surface properties - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck)
Uncontrolled terms:Inter quartile ranges - Interaction parameters - Method of desirability function - Multi-objective optimization problem - Parameter optimization - Response surface - Subsoiling - Vibration
Classification code:663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 4.20e+00Hz, Percentage 1.66e+01%, Percentage 4.62e+01%, Size 2.10e-02m, Velocity 9.45e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20170103218606
Title:Recognition for machine picking seed cotton impurities based on GA-SVM model
Authors:Zhang, Chengliang (1); Li, Lei (2); Dong, Quancheng (1); Ge, Rongyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan; 250022, China; (2) School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan; 250353, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:189-196
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The processing technology of the machine picking seed cotton (MPSC) should be influenced significantly by the kinds and the contents of impurities. But during the MPSC processes in China, there is a lot of the mixed level and the mixed ginned, as well as the lack of online detection technology. In view of the present situations, a method for the identification of impurities in MPSC image using genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the SVM parameters has been presented in this paper. First, in order to label three categories of the cotton fiber, the light-colored impurities and the dark impurities, the feature vectors were constructed for the image segmentation by the color characteristics of hue, saturation and intensity of pixel neighborhood, and the texture features of the average brightness, the average contrast, the smoothness, the third moment, the consistency and the entropy. GA of optimal retention strategy was used to optimize the penalty parameter and kernel function parameter to establish the SVM classifier of image segmentation, and then morphological operation such as hole filling, opening operation, closing operation was adopted. The specific operation was the use of open operation on light-colored impurities to eliminate the influence of small area noise; while the use of closed operation on dark impurities to smooth the target boundary on the basis of retaining small areas of dust. Then, for the impurity recognition process, shape features including area, perimeter, eccentricity, rectangle degree and shape factor were added to feature vectors besides color feature and texture feature of marked region; five categories of cottonseed, cotton leaf, bell shell, stiff valve and dust miscellaneous were marked; and the SVM classifier for impurity recognition by GA was established. At last, automatic segmentation and impurity recognition for MPSC image were realized using these two SVM classifiers. For the experiment MPSC was taken as the test material. The color planar array CCD camera of technical grade (MV-EM510C/M, Microvision, Inc.) with the industrial lens (M0824-MPW2) was used for the shooting system which included the LED diffuse light source of a 4-segment strip (AFT-WL21244-22W) and the light source controller (AFT-ALP2430-02). When shooting, the camera and the light source were placed in the darkroom, and the MPSC used for the test was pressed against the transparent glass plate on the other side of the darkroom. The data training and the picture test were conducted using MATLAB R2014b and libsvm-3.21 toolbox, and 60 pictures were equally used for both training and testing. The SVM multi-classifier was established during segmentation and recognition operation instead of simple binary classifier. This method utilized SVM small sample and high dimensionality learning ability, and the segmentation and recognition accuracy were further increased. Experimental results show that, comparing with the segmentation results from fuzzy C - means clustering algorithm and traditional SVM algorithm, the classification accuracy was improved significantly by using neighborhood spatial information. When the contrast of the edge of the target area in the image was weak, the suggested method could effectively avoid the situation of taking the shadow of the target as the edge which had shown great adaptability in applications. In this study, compared with the traditional SVM recognition algorithm, GA was used to automatically optimize SVM penalty parameter and kernel function parameter. SVM classifiers for image segmentation and impurity recognition were obtained through the suggested method overcame the blindness of parameter selection and the shortcomings of BP neural network generalization ability. Since the data distribution shapes of the homogeneous image in the color space are usually of similarity, and the characteristics of MPSC impurities texture are of stability, the optimal SVM parameters are common to the same kind of images, while for the other MPSC images with impurities, these two classifiers can be directly used to achieve the image segmentation and the impurity recognition automatically. The test results showed that the suggested method was suitable for the segmentation of natural impurities in MPSC image of low edge contrast and rich texture information, and its effective recognition rate of natural impurities was 92.6%. The study can provide important reference for the parameter optimization of cotton processing equipment and the development and optimization of domestic cotton picker. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:CCD cameras - Character recognition - Classification (of information) - Classifiers - Clustering algorithms - Color - Color image processing - Cotton - Dust - Face recognition - Fuzzy clustering - Genetic algorithms - Image classification - Image texture - Impurities - Light emitting diodes - Light sources - Mathematical morphology - Neural networks - Optimization - Parameter estimation - Speech recognition
Uncontrolled terms:Classification accuracy - Fuzzy c-means clustering algorithms - Kernel function parameters - Morphological operations - Processing technologies - Recognition - Seed cotton - Transparent glass plates
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1 Light/Optics - 751.5 Speech - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.26e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20170103218586
Title:Design and experiment of rice pneumatic centralized seed distributor
Authors:Dai, Yizheng (1, 2, 3); Luo, Xiwen (1, 2); Wang, Zaiman (1, 2); Zeng, Shan (1, 2); Zang, Ying (1, 2); Yang, Wenwu (1, 2); Zhang, Minghua (1, 2); Wang, Baolong (1, 2); Xing, He (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) Jiangxi Agricultural Machinery Research Institute, Nanchang; 330044, China
Corresponding author:Luo, Xiwen(xwluo@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:36-42
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aiming at the requirements of high speed and large sowing quantity for rice direct seeding, a kind of rice pneumatic centralized seed distributor, including outer cover, inner cover, metering disc, gasket, mounting holes, distribution port, conveying pipe, was designed based on rice pneumatic centralized drilling machine. The distribution mechanism of pneumatic centralized seed distributor was studied according to the adaptability, working speed and seeding quantity adjustment of the drilling machine; the adaptability, uniformity and stability of pneumatic centralized seed distributor were analyzed; the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation with Solidworks Flow software was carried out according to the physical characteristics of rice seeds; the distribution of velocity flow field of the seed distributors with different structure was compared, which contained 3 groups of comparative analysis: Factor 1 was for the internal structure of the conveying pipe, including the corrugated straight pipe and straight pipe without ripple, in which the spreader tube length and distribution port number were the same; Factor 2 was for the length of spreader tube, with 2 lengths of 1.5 and 2.8 m, in which the internal structure of conveying pipe and distribution port number were the same; Factor 3 was for the distribution port number, and one was 10 and the other was 20, in which the internal structure of conveying pipe and spreader tube length were the same. The optimal equal amount flow field (EF) was obtained, whose structure was the central symmetric body, with the velocity and pressure magnitude being equal for each point on the circumference with equal radius; the changes of air velocity flow field were consistent from the beginning to the end, the flow line and the track were coincident, and the seed distributor design parameters were obtained; the seed distributor contained the EF structure, the transportation structure and the spreading structure. And the EF structure was divided into 3 parts: EF<inf>1</inf>(the horizontal part of flow field of the cover), EF<inf>2</inf>(the circular part of flow field of the cover), and EF<inf>3</inf>(the vertical part of flow field of the cover), which were for gathering seeds, dividing seeds and sending seeds, respectively. The structure of the outer cover was optimized through the theoretical analysis and fluid simulation, the velocity magnitude and the dispersion of equal amount flow field were compared, the flow line of EF velocity field was simulated, the proper air source was selected, a seed distributor with homogeneous mixture for air and seeds was designed, and the distribution uniformity and stability of drilling machine were improved. Platform experiment of seed distributor was carried out, and the experimental results were in accord with the CFD simulation analysis. The coefficients of variation of the seeding quantity between rows and intra-row for the 10-row seed distributor, which had the same spreader tubes and corrugated pipe for each row, were 3.58% and 4.55% respectively, and that for the 20-row seed distributor, which had the same spreader tubes and corrugated pipe for each row, were 3.91% and 5.04% respectively, which could meet the requirements of different drilling machines. The CFD and experiment results show that the adding of corrugated structure in the straight pipe can help the rice seeds gathering in the center of the pipe; the length of spreader tubes will influence the seed distribution effect, and therefore especially the intra-row stability, and the length of the seeding pipe should be as uniform as possible; the internal structure of the pipe affects the distribution of the velocity flow; the equidistant circular arc structure formed by the inner and outer covers and the corrugated structure in the conveying pipe are beneficial to the formation of the air and seeds mixed equal amount flow field, which makes the seeding uniformity better. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Air - Computer software - Drilling equipment - Drilling machines (machine tools) - Flow fields - Fluid dynamics - Pipe - Pneumatic equipment - Pneumatics - Spreaders - Tubes (components) - Two phase flow - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficients of variations - Computational fluid dynamics simulations - Distribution of velocity - Distribution uniformity - Distributor - Physical characteristics - Rice - Transportation structures
Classification code:603.1 Machine Tools, General - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 632.3 Pneumatics - 632.4 Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.58e+00%, Percentage 3.91e+00%, Percentage 4.55e+00%, Percentage 5.04e+00%, Size 1.50e+00m, Size 2.80e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20170103218622
Title:Discriminant of withering quality of Keemun black tea based on information fusion of image and spectrum
Authors:Ning, Jingming (1); Sun, Jingjing (1); Zhu, Xiaoyuan (1); Li, Shuhuan (1); Zhang, Zhengzhu (1); Huang, Caiwang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei; 230036, China; (2) Jindong Tea Factory of Qimen, Qimen; 245600, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:303-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Withering is the first procedure and the key step in processing of black tea. It is crucial for the quality of black tea product. Usually, the judgment of the withering degree relies on the processor's judgment, rather than a quantitative analysis by fast evaluation method. In order to develop the digitized discrimination on withering degrees, different degrees of withering samples were collected in our research. In this study, 168 samples provided by Jindong tea factory in Qimen County were investigated. All of the samples belonged to different withering degrees (55 samples of mild withering, 61 samples of moderate withering and 52 samples of excessive withering). The samples were randomly divided into two subsets at the ratio of 2:1. 112 samples were chosen as the calibration set and the remaining 56 samples were prediction set. The calibration set was used to develop the model, while the prediction set was applied to test the robustness of the model. The withering degree was nondestructively evaluated by hyperspectral imaging technology at the range of 908-1735 nm. It was suggested that the ratio of catechins/amino acids was correspondingly decreased with the development of withering degrees. Furthermore, the contents of catechins and amino acids of these samples were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The characteristic spectra were extracted from the region of interest (ROI), and standard normal variate (SNV) method was preprocessed to reduce background noise. All of the hyperspectral images of tea samples with different withering degrees were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). The first two principal component (PC) images were selected because PC1 and PC2 contributed to 99.59% variance of the total. Therefore, the first two PC images were used for selecting dominate wavelengths. And five dominant wavelengths (1 040, 1 182, 1 249, 1 449 and 1 655 nm) were selected as spectral features. Textual features were collected by Grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) from five dominant wavelengths of images. Fourteen dominant textual features were selected by successive projections algorithm (SPA). Subsequently, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM) and extreme learning machine (ELM) classification models were developed based on spectral features, textural features and data fusion, respectively. Compared with the results of the models built with spectral features or textural features, the LDA, SVM and ELM models based on data fusion showed higher correct discrimination rate in prediction set. The correct discrimination rate of LDA, SVM and ELM based on data fusion were 94.64%, 91.07% and 92.86%, respectively. The results indicated that hyperspectral imaging combined with LDA was a potent tool in the discrimination of withering degrees. At the same time, catechins/amino acids ratio was also applied in the discrimination of withering degrees. The study showed that correlate coefficient of prediction set by catechins/amino acids ratio was 0.8765, and root mean square error of prediction was 0.434. The results in this study provide a new method with fast and scientific of digitized discrimination for withering degree during black tea processing. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Beverages - Calibration - Data fusion - Discriminant analysis - Flavonoids - Forecasting - High performance liquid chromatography - Image analysis - Image fusion - Image retrieval - Image segmentation - Imaging techniques - Learning systems - Least squares approximations - Liquid chromatography - Mean square error - Phenols - Spectroscopy - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Black tea - Grey-level co-occurrence matrixes - Hyperspectral imaging technologies - Partial least square (PLS) - Root-mean-square error of predictions - Successive projections algorithms (SPA) - The region of interest (ROI) - Withering
Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 746 Imaging Techniques - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.3 Food Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.11e+01%, Percentage 9.29e+01%, Percentage 9.46e+01%, Percentage 9.96e+01%, Size 1.45e-06m, Size 1.66e-06m, Size 9.08e-07m to 1.74e-06m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20170103218618
Title:Effect of jet-milling on structure and physicochemical properties of maize starch
Authors:Wang, Lidong (1, 2); Xiao, Zhigang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163319, China; (2) Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China
Corresponding author:Xiao, Zhigang(zhigangx@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:276-281
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Jet-milling is one of the effective techniques that can alter structure and properties of starch. In this research, the effect of modification in terms of molecular structure and its physicochemical properties of maize starch was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser particle size analyzer (LPA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rapid visco analyzer (RVA). The properties of starch solubility, swelling power, water binding capacity, freeze-thaw stability, were also studied. The results show that the shape of maize starch granule changed from native polyhedron to anomalistic state through the jet-milling superfine grinding processing. The starch granules were crashed into tiny particles and even part of them fracted. The distribution of starch granules became more concentrated. The distribution of raw maize granules concentrated from 10 μm to 20 μm before the milling, whose median diameter was 14.37 μm. The distribution of micronized maize granules concentrated from 1 μm to 10 μm, and the median diameter decreased to 5.25 μm. Meanwhile, the polarization cross of micronized maize starch graule reduced gradually. Through the jet-milling superfine grinding processing, the feature of peak diffraction in the diffractogram gradually weakened, including the widened half peak width and decreased peak intensity. The micronized starch showed A-type pattern, which displayed the diffraction peak on diffraction angle 2θ at 15°, 17°, 18° and 23°. The crystal structure was destroyed and the crystallinity decreased from polycrystalline to amorphous state while jet-milling, with relative crystallinity decreasing from 33.43% to 15.46%. Through the jet-milling superfine grinding processing, the feature of infrared spectroscopy showed no new characteristic absorption peaks. Vibration band narrowed down and strengthened at 3 422 and 2 930 cm<sup>-1</sup>, while weakened at 1 082 cm<sup>-1</sup>and 992 cm<sup>-1</sup>. Meanwhile, the enthalpy and peak temperature changed after the milling. The pasting temperature of micronized maize starch decreased, including initial temperature, peak temperature and final temperature. Enthalpy also decreased from 22.25 to 14.29 J/g. All that made the significant influence of thermodynamic property of micronized starch. The viscosity of micronized maize starch also decreased, including peak viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown viscosity and set back viscosity. Degree of decay and retrogradation value of micronized maize starch were below 2.5 times and 1.47 times respectively for the native maize starch. The solubility and the swelling power of the samples showed a significant increase at the same measuring temperature, and the solubility and swelling power also increased with increasing temperature at the same superfine milling time. Furthermore, the water binding capacity and freeze-thaw stability of the micronized starch changed for the better than the untreated. The results shows that the jet-milling can change microstructure, physical and chemical properties of maize starch. The effect of jet-milling of maize starch exhibited a better both hot stability and cool stability of paste. It is not a simple physical modification method for starch to be processed by superfine grinding with jet-milling. It is a homeostasis process that changes the complex energy conversion and starch properties. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for improving deep exploitation and utilization of maize starch, respectively. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Starch
Controlled terms:Amorphous materials - Binding energy - Bins - Chemical properties - Crystal structure - Differential scanning calorimetry - Diffraction - Energy conversion - Enthalpy - Fighter aircraft - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Freezing - Granulation - Grinding (machining) - Infrared spectroscopy - Microstructure - Milling (machining) - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Particles (particulate matter) - Physical properties - Scanning electron microscopy - Solubility - Stability - Structural properties - Temperature - Thawing - Viscosity - X ray diffraction analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristic absorption - Fourier transform infrared - Jet milling - Laser particle size analyzer - Maize starch - Physical and chemical properties - Physicochemical property - Structure and properties
Classification code:525.5 Energy Conversion Issues - 604.2 Machining Operations - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 652.1.2 Military Aircraft - 694.4 Storage - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 933.1.1 Crystal Lattice - 933.2 Amorphous Solids - 944.6 Temperature Measurements - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.34e+01% to 1.55e+01%, Size 1.00e-05m to 2.00e-05m, Size 1.00e-06m to 1.00e-05m, Size 1.44e-05m, Size 5.25e-06m, Specific_Energy 2.22e+04J/kg to 1.43e+04J/kg
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20170103218603
Title:Slow and controlled-release property of C<inf>18</inf>polyol coated urea modified by C<inf>36</inf>polyol
Authors:Xu, Qi (1); Chen, Haibin (1); Fan, Xiaolin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Provincial Engineering Research Center of Environment Friendly Fertilizer in South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou City; Guangdong Province; 510642, China
Corresponding author:Fan, Xiaolin(xlfan@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:171-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study the slow and controlled-release properties of dimeric fatty acid polyol (namely C<inf>36</inf>polyol) on C<inf>18</inf>polyol (considering as conventional coating material consisting of castor oil and soybean oil) and its potential application value as coating material, C<inf>18</inf>polyol was used as co-coating material mixed and polymerized with C<inf>36</inf>polyol by 1:2, 2:3, 1:1 proportion to produce three kinds of new C<inf>36</inf>coating materials (NC<inf>36</inf>). Three kinds of NC<inf>36</inf>and the conventional coating materials were used to manufacture four types coated urea as slow and controlled-release urea, named PCU1, PCU2, PCU3 and PCU4. The PCU1 was the control. The average coating thickness is 2.5%, calculated by mass percentage of coating material out of substrate. The pure water incubation and refractive index method was used to test the release rate and longevity of the slow and controlled-release urea before and after impacting test to evaluate the controlled release property of the C<inf>36</inf>polyol. The results showed that the appearances of the coating for the three NC<inf>36</inf>were homogeneous and smooth, and the coating exhibited more flexible compared to the coating of the conventional coating material (PCU1). Furthermore, the surface area of coated fertilizer particle of PCU3 after incubation was increased by 23% in average compared to PCU1. The longevity retention rate (t<inf>R</inf>) of coated fertilizer, expressed as longevity of the coated fertilizer after impacting 20 times divided by that without impacting, was applied to evaluate the controlled release property of the new coating material. The longevity retention rate(t<inf>R</inf>) of coated urea by use of the new material could be as high as 88%, which was 2.5 times higher than that of the control. When the ratio of C<inf>36</inf>to C<inf>18</inf>was 2 to 3 (PCU3), no significant differences in preliminary solubility rate and differential solubility of coated urea were observed compared to control, and coated urea possessed the best ability to resist the impacting to reduce the longevity under this condition. However, when the ratio of C<inf>36</inf>to C<inf>18</inf>beyond 2 to 3, the initial and differential release rate of coated urea were lower than that of control. The nutrient release period or the longevity of the coated urea was significantly affected by both of the proportion of C<inf>36</inf>to C<inf>18</inf>and the amount of the new coating material applied to produce coated urea. Although the initial and differential release rate of the controlled release urea was not influenced by adding C<inf>36</inf>to C<inf>18</inf>with a ratio of 2:3. The coating layer of the mixture polymerid coating material was homogeneous and more flexible shown by significant increase of diameter of the coated urea exposed to water. However, the longevity was not lasted when the amount of coating material applied was less than conventional 3% to 4%. The research results suggested that rational application of C<inf>36</inf>polyol to C<inf>18</inf>with a ratio of 2:3 could significantly improved the property of flexibility of the coating and maintain the longevity of coated fertilizer under condition of strong crashing. It could be concluded that combination of C<inf>36</inf>with C<inf>18</inf>was an effective measure to improve the controlled release ability of the C<inf>18</inf>and maintain longevity of coated urea when the fertilizer suffering strong impacting. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Coated materials
Controlled terms:Alcohols - Coatings - Crashworthiness - Fatty acids - Fertilizers - Impact resistance - Materials - Metabolism - Plating - Refractive index - Silicone coatings - Solubility - Soybean oil - Thickness measurement - Urea
Uncontrolled terms:Coating thickness - Controlled release - Controlled release properties - Conventional coatings - Effective measures - Longevity - Nutrient release - Research results
Classification code:539.3 Metal Plating - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 813 Coatings and Finishes - 813.2 Coating Materials - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.30e+01%, Percentage 2.50e+00%, Percentage 3.00e+00% to 4.00e+00%, Percentage 8.80e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20170103218602
Title:Location choice of fishway entrance in hydropower project based on fish behavioristics and hydraulics
Authors:Zheng, Tiegang (1); Sun, Shuangke (1); Liu, Haitao (1); Jiang, Han (1); Li, Guangning (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Sate Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100038, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:164-170
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A large hydropower project is located on the stream of Yalong River in China, and the multi-year average energy output of hydropower station is 1.6 billion kWh, having a total installed capacity of 360 MW. In order to protect the river ecology and environment, it is planned to build some facilities for fish passing, such as fishway. In order to be effective for a fishway, it is necessary for the migratory fish to find the entrance with as little delay as possible. The entrance to the fishway must be located at the furthest point upstream in the immediate area where fishes are congregating downstream the obstruction. It should not be positioned either in the center of the river or too far downstream. The attractivity of a fishway is linked to its location in relation to the obstruction, and particularly to the location of its entrances and the hydrodynamic conditions (flow discharges, velocities and flow patterns) in the vicinity of the entrances. In other words, successful fishway design requires the close combination of fish biology and hydraulics. Combined with specific engineering, the primary goal is to establish a new idea and method for location choice of fishway entrance. Based on the resources, biology and ecology in the Yalong River, the migratory fishes in the river are divided into 4 categories, and the Schizothorax oconnori, Schizothorax macropogon and Schizothorax waltoni are the main migratory fishes in present study. Through analyzing the swimming abilities of the main migratory fishes, it is found that the regions where the velocity does not exceed 1.2 m/s are fit to install the entrance. In present study, it is first offered that the regions where the velocity ranges from 0.4 to 0.8 m/s are the optimal to install the entrance. And, given other factors, the regions where the velocity is 0.8-1.2, 0-0.4 and 1.2-1.5 m/s are the alternative locations of I, II and III respectively to install the entrance. It is forbidden to install the entrance in the area where the normal velocity exceeds 1.5 m/s. Taking a large hydropower project as the example, the hydraulic characteristics of the velocity and flow field at downstream were analyzed. When the power units were running, there was complex flow pattern in the tail channel, with some circulation and backflow. The maximum and minimum velocities near the left bank at downstream of tail channel were 1.5 and 0.8 m/s, respectively. It was also shown that the migratory fish could travel as far upstream as possible along the left bank. Because of the high velocity at the end of tailrace, the fishes were impossible to pass. It is therefore advisable to install the entrance to the fishway near the tailrace. Considering the velocity and flow pattern, there was backflow region at upstream that was also the situation of the stake number 0+200, which was the obstruction for migratory fishes. In addition, the average velocity near the bank was all larger than 1.1 m/s, which indicated the migratory fishes could not congregate in this area. It was pointed that the optimal location of entrances was the area 200-210 m away from the axis of the dam at the downstream, where the velocity and flow pattern conditions were fit to set the entrance to the fishway. And some fishway entrances should be arranged above the power station generators for standby. Accordingly as an inter-disciplinary subject, the choice of fishway entrance is not perfect. In the further, the study should be developed combined with the special life habits of migratory fish. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Rivers
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Ecology - Fish - Fisheries - Fishways - Flow fields - Flow of fluids - Flow patterns - Flow velocity - Fluid dynamics - Hydraulics - Hydrodynamics - Hydroelectric power - Hydroelectric power plants - Location - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Hydraulic characteristic - Hydrodynamic conditions - Hydropower projects - Hydropower stations - Installed capacity - Minimum velocities - Optimal locations - Swimming ability
Classification code:454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 611.1 Hydroelectric Power Plants - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 632.1 Hydraulics - 723.5 Computer Applications - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Power 3.60e+08W, Size 2.00e+02m to 2.10e+02m, Velocity 1.10e+00m/s, Velocity 1.20e+00m/s, Velocity 1.20e+00m/s to 1.50e+00m/s, Velocity 1.50e+00m/s, Velocity 4.00e-01m/s to 8.00e-01m/s, Velocity 8.00e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20170103218591
Title:Effects of temperature on oxidation characteristics of NO catalyzed by Mn-Ce/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>from diesel engine exhaust
Authors:Wang, Pan (1); Yin, Junchen (1); Luo, Peng (1); Lei, Lili (1); Song, Jinou (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Engine Combustion, Tianjin University, Tianjin; 300072, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:77-81
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the aim of studying the effect of Mn-Ce catalysts on the NO oxidation activity, a series of xMnyCe/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>(x:y is mole ratio, x=4, 6, 8, 10; y=10) catalysts were synthesized by a sol-gel method. The samples were dried at 110℃ for 24 h, calcined in air for 1 h at 300℃ and then for 5 h at 500℃ to obtain the required 40-60 mesh powder.The effect of metallic Mn and Ce on their microstructure and catalytic properties were investigated by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. According to the results of analysis, the diffraction peaks of Mn<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>became stronger and then shifted to weaker with the value of x increasing from 4 to 10, while Mn<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>reached up to its peak value when x was 6. The grain size of cerium in the form of CeO<inf>2</inf>was 26 nm as indicated by Scherrer equation. CeO<inf>2</inf>diffraction peak shifted to a higher angle, due to the cell shrinkage caused by the fact that a part of Ce<sup>4+</sup>ions were replaced by Mn<sup>4+</sup>and Mn<sup>3+</sup>, which improved the oxygen vacancy concentration and increased the activity of catalyst. The dissymmetric peak of Mn 2p<inf>3/2</inf>observed in XPS spectra proved that Mn<sup>3+</sup>and Mn<sup>4+</sup>were both present in the xMn10Ce/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>catalyst. MnO<inf>2</inf>could be reducted to MnO while MnO would be oxidated to MnO<inf>2</inf>by the lattice oxygen generated by CeO<inf>2</inf>. And the peak of O 1s indicated that the content of lattice oxygen of 6Mn10Ce/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>and 8Mn10Ce/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>was different, which was mainly because of the different Mn/Ce ratio. The higher level of O was more favorable to the oxidative of NO. Furthermore, the effects of temperature on the catalytic oxidation activity of NO were investigated based upon a tubular fixed bed reactor in the range of 150-450℃ with an inside diameter of 10 mm and plugged between two silica wool layers to prevent the sample being blew away. The gases used in test were 500 ppm NO, 10% O<inf>2</inf>, with N<inf>2</inf>in balance and a space velocity of 55 000/h. Results show that NO<inf>2</inf>concentration over 6Mn10Ce/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>catalysts reached stable after 900 s under 250℃, while the stable time reduced to 570 s at 300℃ and slowed down with the rising of temperature. NO conversion rate under different Mn/Ce ratios first increased and then decreased with the rise of temperature and reached up to the peak value at 300℃. It should be noticed that NO conversion rate would decrease as the further increase of temperature because of NO generated by the thermodynamics of NO<inf>2</inf>. In addition, NO conversions of all the catalysts kept almost the same in the temperature range from 400 to 450℃, due to the accelerated thermal decomposition of NO<inf>2</inf>under the influence of high temperature. The xMn10Ce/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>(x≥6) catalysts showed better NO catalytic oxidation activity, over the temperature range from 250℃ to 350℃. Among all the catalysts, 6Mn10Ce/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>catalyst showed the highest catalytic activity at low temperature, and NO conversion rate reached up to 44.8% at 200℃ and 83.6% at 300℃,respectively. The reason was that the properties of the catalysts depended mainly on the active components, especially the Mn/Ce ratio. The results also indicated that MnO<inf>x</inf>was the main contributor for NO oxidation, and the catalysts showed better oxidation capacity with the increase of MnO<inf>x</inf>. The NO oxidation activity followed the trend 6Mn10Ce/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>> 8Mn10Ce/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>>10Mn10Ce/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>>4Mn10Ce/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Temperature
Controlled terms:Catalyst activity - Catalysts - Catalytic oxidation - Chemical reactors - Decomposition - Diesel engines - Emission control - Engines - Exhaust systems (engine) - Manganese - Manganese oxide - Nitric oxide - Nitrogen oxides - Oxidation - Oxygen - Oxygen vacancies - Sol-gel process - Sol-gels - Thermodynamics - X ray diffraction - X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Catalytic oxidation activity - Catalytic properties - Effects of temperature - NO catalytic oxidations - Oxidation characteristics - Oxygen vacancy concentration - Scherrer equations - Tubular fixed bed reactors
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 543.2 Manganese and Alloys - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 812.3 Glass - 933.1 Crystalline Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.48e+01%, Percentage 8.36e+01%, Size 1.00e-02m, Size 2.60e-08m, Time 1.00e+00s, Time 1.80e+04s, Time 3.60e+03s, Time 5.70e+02s, Time 8.64e+04s, Time 9.00e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20170103218589
Title:Slave positioning method for cooperative navigation of combine harvester group based on visual servo
Authors:Bai, Xiaoping (1, 2); Hu, Jingtao (1, 2); Wang, Zhuo (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang; 110016, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Networked Control System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang; 110016, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Jingtao(hujingtao@sia.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:59-68
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the improvement of the farm mechanization level, the more corporate' style farming emerges. For example, more than one harvester collaborated with each other completes the task of harvesting operations. The new corporate style farming creates several new challenges for the agricultural machinery navigation, and the group navigation is the trend of agricultural machinery navigation technology. Group positioning and collaborative navigation control are the 2 critical technical problems to be resolved. In order to solve the slave positioning problem, a slave positioning method based on visual servo was proposed. Firstly, the combine group based on mater-slave structure was introduced, and the slave positioning scheme was proposed. In order to fulfill the automatic measurement of the slave position, the relative positioning device was designed. The structure and measurement process of the positioning device were introduced in detail. The positioning device was composed of laser ranging sensor, PTZ (Pan Tilt Zoom) controller and monocular camera. The monocular camera was used to guide the laser ranging sensor to aim at the target. The laser ranging sensor was used to measure the distance between the master and the slave. The laser ranging sensor guaranteed high precision of the measurement data. The position measurement process could be divided into 2 steps. The first step was to measure the relative position posture between the master and the slave. According to the deviation between the target's center and the image center, the system adjusted the platform's direction to change the posture of the camera, so that the 2 centers in the target and the image could coincide approximately. After aiming at the target, the laser sensor was triggered to measure the distance between the master and the slave. The second step was to calculate the slave positon. A global localization model was built up to show the relative location relationship between the master and the slave, and the slave's coordinate under global coordinate system could be calculated. Secondly, in order to solve the 2 key problems in the process of the position measurement, 2 methods were proposed. A method of automatic identification for motion target based on dual windows was proposed to reduce the visual feedback delay. This target identify method filtered out most of the identified area by setting dual windows, and searched the target point only in a small area of the image. A variable-scale variable-universe fuzzy control method was proposed to improve the target control accuracy. This method introduced the contraction-expansion factor to improve the granularity of fuzzy rules without increasing the number of control rules, and introduced the variable scale factor to improve the adaptability to the change in the distance between the master and the slave. Finally, in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model and method in this paper, the slave positioning experiments were carried out. When the slave ran at the speed of 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 m/s, the average positioning error was 0.127 9, 0.128 6 and 0.132 1 m respectively. The experimental results show that the slave positioning accuracy is independent of the forward speed, and can meet the slave positioning requirement. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Navigation
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Automation - Cameras - Control - Fuzzy control - Fuzzy inference - Harvesters - Information dissemination - Position measurement - Visual communication - Visual servoing
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic identification - Average positioning error - Collaborative navigation - Contraction-expansion factor - Cooperative navigations - Global coordinate systems - Group positioning - Variable universe fuzzy controls
Classification code:717.1 Optical Communication Systems - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 903.2 Information Dissemination - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Velocity 1.00e+00m/s, Velocity 1.20e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20170103218595
Title:Transient stochastic analysis on influence of hydraulic heterogeneity on drainage in soils
Authors:Diao, Wanying (1); Liu, Gang (1); Si, Bingcheng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Soil and Water, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) College of Water Resources and Architecture Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Gang(liug@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:107-113
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water draining and redistribution from soil profiles is important for both ecological and hydrological modeling. In reality, the vertical hydraulic conductivity is highly variable because of the heterogeneity of soil. Therefore, the objectives of this study were 1) to conduct the stochastic analysis of a one-dimensional transient drainage problem under a unit gradient assumption; 2) to quantify the influence of uncertainty of the hydraulic conductivity using the perturbation method and kinematic wave model; and 3) to verify the stochastic analysis and the analytical solution. Field experiments were carried out at 2 experimental sites (site A: 57°05'57″N, 111°38'54″W and site B: 56°56'36″N, 111°31'57″W) in the north of Fort McMurray, northeastern Alberta, Canada. A double-ring infiltrometer consisted of 2 metal rings with the inner ring diameter of 60 cm and the outer ring diameter of 120 cm was used to measure soil infiltration and drainage. In addition, soil water content was determined by EnviroSCAN probe (EnviroSCAN, Sentek Pty Ltd., South Australia). The parameters in Brooks-Corey model for homogeneous soil (site A) and heterogeneous soil (site B) were obtained from the particle size distribution (PSD) data. The results showed that the saturated water content (θ<inf>s</inf>) of site A and site B were 0.483 and 0.415 cm<sup>3</sup>/cm<sup>3</sup>, respectively. The PSD index expected value of site A and site B were 3 and 4.09, respectively. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of site A and site B were 937 and 3 049 cm/d, respectively. The water draining process was slowly decreased when the variance of hydraulic conductivity was increased from 0 to 0.5. There was the same relative water storage when the saturated hydraulic conductivity of site A and site B were 1 691.56 and 3 049 cm/d, respectively; and the variance of hydraulic conductivity were 0 and 0.5, respectively. The relative water storage difference among heterogeneous soil was remarkable when the time was more than 9.6 hours, and the trend was that at long time limit, the larger the soil water storage capacity should be. The draining of water was sensitive to the variance of hydraulic conductivity, but it was less sensitive to the fluctuation of PSD index, as well as to the covariance of hydraulic conductivity and PSD index. The larger the heterogeneity of soil hydraulic conductivity was, the smaller the effective saturated hydraulic conductivity was. The introduction of heterogeneities would slow down the draining and increase the water storage ability. Taking the heterogeneous characteristic into account, the site B had larger water storage capacity than the site A when time was more than 4.8 hours. However, the 2 sites had nearly the same water storage ability after 12 hours, when no stochastic characteristic in parameters of Brooks-Corey model was considered, such as soil hydraulic conductivity and PSD index. Two field experiments were in agreement with the theoretical predictions. The ratio of the variance and the expected value operator of hydraulic conductivity were 0.11 and 0.58 for site A and site B, respectively. The heterogeneous site B would hinder the draining of water and increase the water storage ability, which was also coincident with the theoretical prediction. The variance of hydraulic conductivity would cause the slowing down of the drainage process and thus result in a smaller effective saturated hydraulic conductivity. In conclusion, we could improve the water storage ability of soil by introducing heterogeneity in soil structure or particle size distribution. The analytical result agreed with the experimental observation, which hinted that making soil heterogeneous would be better for improving the water storage ability. This study is useful for soil reclamation whose objective is to produce a long-term self-sustaining ecosystem with high field capacity. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Hydraulic conductivity
Controlled terms:Digital storage - Drainage - Ecology - Kinematics - Light transmission - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Perturbation techniques - Size distribution - Soil moisture - Soils - Stochastic models - Stochastic systems - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Brooks-Corey model - Heterogeneity - Heterogeneous characteristic - Kinematic waves - Saturated hydraulic conductivity - Soil hydraulic conductivity - Stochastic characteristic - Vertical hydraulic conductivities
Classification code:454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 741.1 Light/Optics - 921 Mathematics - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.20e+00m, Size 6.00e-01m, Time 1.73e+04s, Time 3.46e+04s, Time 4.32e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20170103218604
Title:Efficiency evaluation of wind protection of windbreaks by remote sensing
Authors:Yu, Ying (1); Yang, Xiguang (2); Fan, Wenyi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin; 150040, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin; 150040, China
Corresponding author:Fan, Wenyi(fanwy@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:177-182
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a major part of agroforestry ecosystem, windbreaks play an important role in agroforestry ecosystem. Porosity is one of the most important structural parameters and usually used to the study of the wind protection of windbreaks. However, a small amount of investigation data and the high cost limit the extension of the related studies. It is desired to have a rapid and cost-effective method of identifying and mapping structural parameters of windbreaks on a large field scale. With the characteristics of high spatial resolution and repetition observation, remote sensing technology helps to fill in gaps of field investigation. In this paper, the porosity was described and estimated by using high-resolution satellite imagery. First, 11 parameters describing windbreaks structure characteristics were summarized. They were average tree height, average tree crown length, average crown breadth, width of windbreak, aboveground biomass, volume, density of biomass volume, leaf area index, gap fraction, the product of average tree crown length and leaf area index, and the product of average tree crown length, leaf area index and width of windbreak. A variable with the highest correlation with the porosity was selected by using statistical analysis and then the porosity estimation model was established. The results indicated that variable combining the average tree crown length, leaf area index and width of windbreaks was highly related to the porosity and the correlation coefficient was -0.941. The average prediction accuracy of statistical model was 85.413%. First, the average tree crown length, leaf area index and width of windbreaks were estimated by using remote sensing data, respectively. The average tree crown length was estimated by using the first principal component of GF-1 data with the average prediction accuracy of 82.788%. The leaf area index was estimated by using the ratio vegetation index with the prediction accuracy of 84.159%. The width of windbreaks was identified by using the object-based image analysis (OBIA) approach. Then, the porosity was calculated by using these 3 variables obtained from the high-resolution satellite imagery. The estimated results indicated that there was a good agreement between the estimated values and the measured data. Following this method, the porosity of windbreaks was estimated, and at the same time its spatial distribution in the study area was obtained. Generally, the windbreaks with a high porosity have more pores, and it indicates that more wind can pass through the windbreak and wind reduction is less effective. According to this, the porosity as a good indicator was used to evaluate the barrier shelter effect. According to the estimated porosity value, the windbreaks were grouped into 3 types, i.e. dense (porosity less than 20%), medium (porosity ranging from 20% to 50%) and sparse (porosity larger than 50%), and the efficiency of wind protection was evaluated. The result showed that the main type of windbreaks was the medium and its area occupied 60.733% of the total area of the windbreaks in study area. Medium type windbreaks usually have the optimum efficiency of wind protection. This study can provide useful guide to wind protection of windbreaks based on remote sensing technology. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cost effectiveness - Ecology - Ecosystems - Efficiency - Estimation - Forecasting - Forestry - Porosity - Principal component analysis - Satellite imagery - Trees (mathematics)
Uncontrolled terms:Agro-forestry ecosystems - First principal components - High resolution satellite imagery - Object based image analysis (OBIA) - Remote sensing technology - Structure characteristic - Structure parameter - Windbreak
Classification code:454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 655.2 Satellites - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01% to 5.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 6.07e+01%, Percentage 8.28e+01%, Percentage 8.42e+01%, Percentage 8.54e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20170103218585
Title:Design and experiment of targeted hole-pricking and deep-application fertilizer applicator between corn rows
Authors:Hu, Hong (1); Li, Hongwen (1); Wang, Qingjie (1); He, Jin (1); Zhang, Yifu (1); Chen, Wanzhi (1); Wang, Xianliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Li, Hongwen(lhwen@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:26-35
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Corn is a kind of important food crop and feed source, which is of great significance for solving the grain problem of human. Practices have proved that reasonable topdressing especially nitrogen (N) fertilizers in corn growth period can promote the corn growth effectively and improve the corn yield. Huge bellbottom period for corn is the most important period for applying topdressing, during which vegetative growth and reproductive growth occur at the same time. Meanwhile, it is the fertilization habit to apply topdressing in corn's huge bellbottom period in China. However, with the trend of rural labor transferring to the town in recent years, as well as the main fertilization machinery in the domestic market being handheld, the operation has low working efficiency and great labor intensity. For these reasons, it is more difficult to apply topdressing in the middle and later stage of corn growth, which can't meet the requirement of high yield and high efficiency for corn cultivation. A targeted hole-pricking and deep-application fertilizer applicator, which worked between corn rows with 500-600 mm row spacing, was designed to deal with the difficulties in applying topdressing during the middle and later growth stage of corn, and the fertilizer applicator could fertilize 2 rows in a single pass. The corn plant position detection mechanism and ratchet clutch mechanism were used to determine the position of pricked holes, and the motion locus of hole-pricking and fertilization mechanism was synergistically controlled by a horizontal displacement compensator and a crank-link mechanism, which was aimed to realize the vertical movement in the processes of targeted hole pricking and the fertilizing with zero speed. Key parameters of corn plant position detection mechanism and hole-pricking and fertilization mechanism were determined based on the theoretical calculation and empirical design, the theoretic position of pricking point was calculated at the ideal conditions, and the motion locus of drill point of hole-pricker was simulated using MATLAB. Meanwhile, the structure and working principle of the main working parts of the fertilizer applicator were introduced. The field experiment verifying the working performance of the fertilizer applicator was conducted in July, 2016 in Qingyuan County, Fushen City, Liaoning Province. As indicated in the field experiment results, the fertilizing amount of per hole was 2.3 g when the fertilizer cavity was 20 mm long; the coefficient of variation for total fertilizing amount was 3.2%; the average fertilizing depth was 91.3 mm; the average fertilizing distance was 127.5 mm; the unfinished topdressing rate was 2.7%; and the qualified rates of fertilizing depth and fertilizing distance were 88.3% and 96.7%, respectively. All the related indicators met the technological requirements. The maximum amplitude at vertical direction was 16.2 mm, and side-slip phenomenon was not observed during the field experiment. The fertilizing amount was less than 52.5 kg·hm<sup>2</sup>when using the targeted hole-pricking and deep-application fertilizer applicator. In the forward process of fertilizer applicator, the hole-pricking and fertilization mechanism pricked holes vertically, the position of the pricked holes was one-to-one corresponding to the corn plant, and there was small soil disturbance. This study provides reference for the design of precise inter-row fertilizer applicator for corn. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Applicators
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Crops - Cultivation - Design - Efficiency - Fertilizers - Machine design - Nitrogen fertilizers - Nitrogen fixation - Plants (botany)
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Corn rows - Crank -link mechanisms - Horizontal displacements - Reproductive growth - Targeted hole-pricking - Theoretical calculations - Working performance
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Mass 2.30e-03kg, Percentage 8.83e+01%, Percentage 9.67e+01%, Size 1.62e-02m, Size 2.00e-02m, Size 5.00e-01m to 6.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20170103218607
Title:Dynamic monitoring and simulation of Cyanobacteria Bloom based on wireless sensor network and GIS
Authors:Yang, Kun (1, 2); Luo, Yi (1, 2, 3); Xu, Yufei (1, 2); Shang, Chunxue (4); Yang, Yang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming; 650500, China; (2) The Engineering Research Center of GIS Technology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Kunming; 650500, China; (3) School of Tourism and Geographical Science, Kunming; 650500, China; (4) Dean's Office, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming; 650500, China
Corresponding author:Luo, Yi(luoyi861030@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:197-205
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Because of the fast development of Chinese urbanization, the intense growth of mankind activities, and the global warming, the inland lake pollution problems have become more serious and complex, the inland lakes are becoming more eutrophic, suffering from both point and non-point pollutions, and exposing to both endogenous and exogenous pollutions, and the deterioration of water quality has severely hindered sustainable social and economic development of nearby cities. Eutrophication is not just the result of natural process, but the aggregated result of the interaction and mutual influences between natural process and human process. As the "eyes" of water protection and management, water quality monitoring is the premise for the forecast of cyanobacteria outbreak and the assessment of bloom intensity. As technology advances, the monitoring tools and measuring indicators become increasingly diverse. In the meantime, the measurement accuracy is also constantly improving. In the domain of water quality monitoring, the combination of position sensors and wireless sensor networks makes the observations with high density, high precision and continuity possible. In addition, such methods can simultaneously collect both water quality data and surrounding environmental data, which can be used to simulate the interaction between the internal and external factors of water pollution as well as the mechanism of pollution process. The cyanobacteria bloom of inland lake has the characteristics of suddenness, randomness, and regionalism, the paper proposed a cyanobacteria bloom dynamic monitoring and spatial-temporal process simulation method based on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and geographic information system (GIS). Firstly, multi-parameter sensor array is designed using water quality sensors in order to acquire real-time water quality data, and the monitoring node is composed of 4-layer architecture, including monitoring layer, data storage layer, model layer, and application layer; secondly, the improved grey model and back propagation (BP) artificial neural network are combined to forecast the cyan bacteria bloom in 24 h. This model incorporates both environmental factors (precipitation, wind speed, and wind direction) and the internal water environment factors (nitrogen, phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, permanganate, chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen, pH value, and temperature). Thirdly, with the advantage of spatial analysis, GIS is used to describe the spatial-temporal processing of cyan bacteria. Finally, the simulation experiment results showed that the correlation coefficient achieved up to 0.995. Moreover, we conducted the empirical experiment in Dianchi Lake, Yunnan, China using the proposed method, and the correlation coefficient was 0.86 and the predicting error was 9.74. The field experiment results show that the method discussed in the paper has certain universality and can provide theoretical basis and data support for protecting and controlling the lake environment. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Wireless sensor networks
Controlled terms:Backpropagation - Bacteria - Biochemical oxygen demand - Chemical oxygen demand - Complex networks - Digital storage - Dissolved oxygen - Eutrophication - Forecasting - Geographic information systems - Global warming - Information systems - Lake pollution - Lakes - Monitoring - Neural networks - Pollution - Precipitation (chemical) - Water pollution - Water quality - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Gray Model - Internal and external factors - Point and non-point pollution - Social and economic development - Spatial-temporal processing - Water quality monitoring - Wireless sensor network (WSNs) - Wireless sensors networks
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 445.2 Water Analysis - 453 Water Pollution - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use
Numerical data indexing:Time 8.64e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20170103218597
Title:Phase change of soil water of vegetable field transformed from paddy field by low field nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors:Kong, Chao (1, 2); Wang, Meiyan (1); Shi, Xuezheng (1); Guo, Naijia (1, 2); Yu, Quanbo (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing; 210008, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Meiyan(mywang@issas.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:124-128
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil pore water is the important part of terrestrial water resource and the basis for plant survival. Furthermore, it is in charge of heat and solute transportation throughout soil profile. This study aimed to identify the variations of soil moisture under land use change from paddy field to greenhouse vegetable field at different time frameworks. To do so, soil samples were taken at the saturated condition of moisture capacity from both paddy and greenhouse plots. The selected greenhouse vegetable site was located in the urban area of Nanjing, China. In this region the main soil type is paddy soil coming from many-year rice-wheat rotation. A new method called low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) technology was adopted to acquire soil samples' transverse relaxation time (T<inf>2</inf>) spectrum. Based on this 4 treatments were chosen, which included a long-term paddy field and 3 greenhouse vegetable sites with different transformation time. Accordingly, the paddy field was supposed to be beginning point (0 year) (PS0), and the conversion ages of the greenhouse vegetable fields were 2, 6, and 8 years (GVS2, GVS6 and GVS8, respectively). Based on the previous survey, greenhouse field in the pakchoi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis) plantation was selected as the research site in this study. Results of soil profile survey indicated that paddy soil profile (0-30 cm) was divided into 2 layers: a plough horizon (0-15 cm) and plow pan (>15-30 cm). Since a new firm structural layer was observed in the lower part of the plough layer, we divided greenhouse vegetable soils' profile (0-30 cm) into 3 layers: plough horizon, new plow pan, and old plow pan. Soil physicochemical properties including soil organic matter, bulk density, pH value and particle size composition were measured for selected sampling sites. The results showed that: 1) Water flow in topsoil macro pores decreased from 29.7% in PS0 to 14.9% in GVS6. In contrast, slight changes occurred in water flow across deep layers; 2) the average annual rate of organic fertilization in PS0, GVS2, GVS6 and GVS8 were 0, 46.5, 36 and 144 t/hm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The organic fertilizer added to GVS8 was 3.1 and 4 times that of GVS2 and GVS6, respectively. Therefore, it suggests that an improvement in plough layer quality caused by heavy application of organic fertilizer can increase water flow and prevent further soil degradation; 3) Land use transformation from paddy field to greenhouse vegetable field for 2 years decreased water holding capacity due to the emergence of new plow pan. In conclusion, the findings of this study confirm that LF-NMR method can be more directly and accurately used to monitor changes in soil moisture content of each phase instantly, and hence it may provide new theoretical and technical support for scientific management of facility agriculture. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Fertilizers - Flow of water - Greenhouses - Hydraulics - Land use - Magnetism - Moisture - Nuclear magnetic resonance - Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy - Particle size - Resonance - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils - Surveys - Urban growth - Vegetables - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Low field nuclear magnetic resonance - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR) - Paddy fields - Particle size composition - Relaxation spectrum - Soil physico-chemical properties - Transverse relaxation time - Vegetable Field
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Age 0.00e+00yr, Age 2.00e+00yr, Age 8.00e+00yr, Percentage 1.49e+01%, Percentage 2.97e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.50e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 3.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20170103218611
Title:Experiment on seedling of compressed substrates with cow dung aerobic composting and earthworm cow dung composting
Authors:Yang, Longyuan (1); Yuan, Qiaoxia (1); Liu, Zhigang (1); Cao, Hongliang (1); Luo, Shuai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Yuan, Qiaoxia(qxyuan@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:226-233
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Compared with the traditional substrate for nursery, compressed substrates could provide a good environment for seedlings to grow. The seedling planted in compressed substrates could be transplanted well into the field as a whole, which could protect the root system of seedling and shorten recovering period, and would promote the development of agricultural mechanization in China. In addition, it could reduce the usage of plastic seedling trays and then reduce plastic pollution. This study was aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using the compost material mainly composed of cow dung and rice straw or the earthworm and cow dung compost as compressed substrates for the production of vegetable seedlings, and optimized the formula of compressed substrates for nursery. The aerobic compost and earthworm compost from cow dung were respectively mixed with peat, water absorption resin and wood vinegar as compressed substrates for the cucumber seedling production. The Four-factor three-level orthogonal experiment was carried out: the levels of the aerobic compost and earthworm compost were respectively 3, 4 and 5 L; the levels of peat were 1, 2 and 3 L; the levels of water absorption resin were 27, 54 and 81 mL; the levels of wood vinegar were 30, 60 and 90 mL; the cucumber was the indicator plant. The expansion properties, broken rate and damage rate of compressed substrates, and the survival rate, stem diameter and plant height of the seedlings were determined for comprehensive evaluation. It showed that the expansion properties, broken rate and damage rate in the seedling period for the compressed substrates obtained from cow dung aerobic compost were better than that for the compressed substrates composed of cow dung earthworm compost, and the expansion coefficient would be increasing with the levels of the aerobic compost increasing, but the opposite trend occurred in the broken rate and damage rate. However, the pH value and EC (electrical conductivity) value of the compressed substrates obtained from cow dung aerobic compost were higher, so the survival rate, stem diameter and plant height of the seedlings in the cow dung aerobic compost compressed substrates were worse, and the survival rate, stem diameter and plant height of the seedlings were increased when the usage of earthworm compost increased. The highest comprehensive evaluation index in the formulas of aerobic compost occurred under the T6 treatment (4 L aerobic compost, 3 L peat, 27 mL water absorption resin, and 60 mL wood vinegar), which was 84.89, and that in the formulas of earthworm compost occurred under the TS8 treatment (3 L earthworm compost, 2 L peat, 27 mL water absorption resin, and 90 mL wood vinegar), which was 86.09. In accordance with the comprehensive evaluation index of compressed substrates, a set of suitable formulas were determined: the 2 kinds of main raw materials were mixed with peat at a rough ratio of 57.14%-60.0% by volume; there were 27 mL expansive agent added in the 5-6 L total material, and 60 mL wood vinegar liquid in the 7 L total material in formulas of aerobic composts, but the latter ratio in the earthworm compost was 18 mL:1 L. With these ratios, the broken rates were both under 5%, the damage rate of cow dung compost formula was under 20% and that of earthworm compost was under 40%, the survival rates of those were beyond 40% and 70%, respectively, and the plant dry weights were both beyond 100 mg. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Composting
Controlled terms:Acetic acid - Compaction - Expansion - Fertilizers - Machinery - Manures - Peat - Plant expansion - Resins - Seed - Substrates - Water absorption - Wood
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural mechanization - Comprehensive evaluation - Comprehensive evaluation index - Earthworm - Electrical conductivity - Expansion coefficients - Orthogonal experiment - Seedling
Classification code:524 Solid Fuels - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.00e-04kg, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 5.71e+01% to 6.00e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Volume 1.00e-03m3, Volume 2.00e-03m3, Volume 2.70e-05m3, Volume 3.00e-03m3, Volume 4.00e-03m3, Volume 5.00e-03m3 to 6.00e-03m3, Volume 6.00e-05m3, Volume 7.00e-03m3, Volume 9.00e-05m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20170103218608
Title:Method for measuring thermodynamic disfigurement area in Chinese solar greenhouse by utilizing thermal infrared image
Authors:Cao, Yanfei (1); Bao, Encai (1); Zou, Zhirong (1); He, Bin (2); Xu, Wenjun (3); An, Kangping (1); Wang, Jianxiong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) The Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Department of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Tian Long Group Company Inner Mongolia Beilong Ecological Agriculture Technology Co., Ltd., Baotou; 014010, China
Corresponding author:Zou, Zhirong(zouzhirong2005@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:206-211
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The Chinese solar greenhouse is a typical greenhouse without heating system, in which the heat insulating layer and the defect of air tightness of the envelope structure are the major factors affecting insulation and heat storage performance. Compared with temperature measurement method of single point, the thermal infrared imaging technology can be used to measure the temperature of the whole area, which can be seen in the form of a color picture. Therefore, the thermal infrared imaging technology can be used as an effective method to detect temperature difference area. The purpose of this study is to develop an efficient method to detect and quantitatively analyze the area of thermodynamic disfigurement in solar greenhouse. The tested solar greenhouse, with length of 52 m and width of 8 m, locate in Yangling, Shanxi province (108°4'E, 34°16'N). The north wall of solar green house, equipped with 16 ventilation vents, was structured by clay-brickwith width of 1 m and polystyrene board with width of 10 cm. E4 thermal mapper, which was perpendicular to the north wall with a distance of 1.5 m, was used to obtain infrared images of the north wall in solar greenhouse. The data that were collected in a typical sunny day (from Dec. 15, 2015, 15:30 to 16:30, the heat insulation sheet was rolled down at 16:30) were used to analyze the accuracy of different area measurement methods. FLIR Tools software was used to extract temperature data in thermal infrared image of the north wall. LabVIEW 13.0 software was used to read and select the interested infrared image area, and the corresponding temperature data were imported. Root mean square (RMS) and histogram were used to set different temperature thresholds. The measured data and calculated data from different area measurement methods were compared. The results showed that the temperature of different regions of the north wall in solar greenhouse can be displayed in the thermal infrared images, the surface temperature of the ventilation vent was lower than the inner surface temperature of northern wall, and the maximum temperature difference was up to 8.4℃. Locations of thermodynamic disfigurement could be quickly detected and positioned. The histogram of thermal infrared image showed that the surface temperature of thermal region and the proportion of the temperature interval had a gradual increase and then a decrease after reaching the peak point, and finally a sudden increase. In these three types of the area measurement methods, histogram method showed best results with the minimum average relative error (ARE) of 5.4%, followed by manual extraction method with ARE of 6.0% and the RSM method with ARE of 11.8%. Based on these results, an efficient method for measuring the area of the thermal region in solar greenhouse was developed to quantitatively analyze the entire thermodynamic disfigurement area and the value of the heat loss in solar greenhouse, which will help the further optimization of the solar green house and supply constructive recommendations for farmers and business leaders. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Greenhouses
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Computer programming languages - Defects - Digital storage - Geodesy - Graphic methods - Heat storage - Heating - Image acquisition - Imaging techniques - Infrared imaging - Infrared radiation - Insulation - Solar heating - Surface properties - Surveying - Temperature - Temperature measurement - Thermal insulation - Thermodynamics - Thermography (imaging)
Uncontrolled terms:Area measurement - Chinese solar greenhouse - Maximum temperature differences - Solar greenhouse - Temperature differences - Temperature measurement methods - Thermal infrared images - Thermal infrared imaging
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 413 Insulating Materials - 413.2 Heat Insulating Materials - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 741.1 Light/Optics - 742.1 Photography - 746 Imaging Techniques - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 944.6 Temperature Measurements - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.18e+01%, Percentage 5.40e+00%, Percentage 6.00e+00%, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 1.00e-01m, Size 1.50e+00m, Size 5.20e+01m, Size 8.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20170103218609
Title:Effect of orifice schemes on air supply and cooling performance of wet curtain fan-fiber duct in beef cattle barn
Authors:Wu, Zhonghong (1, 2); Liu, Mei (1, 2); Zhang, Libin (1, 2); Chen, Zhaohui (1, 2); Liu, Jijun (1, 2); Yang, Shitang (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing; 100193, China; (3) Gao'anYufeng Agriculture Co., Ltd, Gao'an; 330800, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Jijun(liujijun@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:212-217
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fabric air distribution system, one of the terminal equipment in air conditioning system, can achieve uniform linear air supply and affect air jet distribution through unique orifices in the duct. It is widely used in the field of agriculture. In this study,a wet curtain cooling fan-fiber duct system was used in beef cattle barn in summer and designed to meet with jet wind speed at beef standing height (1.3 m from floor) of 1.5, 2.3, 3.1, 3.9 m/s from duct 1, duct 2, duct 3 and duct 4 respectively via different orifice schemes. The study was carried out with Simmental Crossbred Cattle in a semi-open barn. Four wet curtain cooling fans with air volume of 18000 m<sup>3</sup>/h and total pressure of 190 Pa were used as the cooling source. Four fabric ducts (Φ=0.813 m) connecting with cooling fan were mounted above the feed manager wall with a bottom height of 1.8 m from the floor. The operation time of the cooling system was from 09:00 to 19:00 based on the local environmental conditions and farm management. The zone thermal environmental parameters under the four ducts, and some physiological index of beefs were collected to evaluate the effect in alleviating heat stress and find out the best opening scheme. The results show that there were no significant differences of the average temperature and relative humidity among the four duct cooling zone (P>0.05) during the measurement period; the average temperature of the barn decreased by 2.1℃ compared with the outside (P<0.05); and the relative humidity in every duct cooling zone was less than 85%. The average wind speed was highest in duct 3 cooling zone (1.32 m/s) and was lowest in duct 1 cooling zone (0.62 m/s) (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the average carbon dioxide concentration was lowest in duct 3 cooling zone and was highest in duct 1 cooling zone (P<0.05). The beefs' respiration rate negatively correlated with wind speed, with the lowest respiration rate in duct 3 cooling zone (42 beats/min) and highest in duct 1 cooling zone (52 beats/min). The results show that the application of a wet curtain cooling fan-fiber duct in beef cattle barn was effective in relieving cattle's heat stress, especially duct with a designed jet wind speed of 3.1 m/s at beef standing height (1.3 m from floor) had the best effect. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Ducts
Controlled terms:Air conditioning - Air quality - Beef - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Cooling - Farm buildings - Fighter aircraft - Floors - Meats - Orifices - Physiological models - Thermal stress - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Air distribution systems - Beef cattle - Carbon dioxide concentrations - Environmental conditions - Environmental parameter - Jet flow - Physiological indices - Temperature and relative humidity
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 402.1 Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 643.3 Air Conditioning - 652.1.2 Military Aircraft - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 822.3 Food Products - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.50e+01%, Pressure 1.90e+02Pa, Size 1.30e+00m, Size 1.80e+00m, Velocity 1.32e+00m/s, Velocity 3.10e+00m/s, Velocity 3.90e+00m/s, Velocity 6.20e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20170103218616
Title:Extraction and validation of abandoned farmland parcel in typical counties of Chongqing
Authors:Shi, Tiechou (1, 2); Xu, Xiaohong (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Land Resources and Rural-Urban Planning, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang; 050031, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing; 100101, China; (3) Department of Business Administration, Hebei College of Industry and Technology, Shijiazhuang; 050091, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Xiaohong(xuxh81@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:261-267
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Farmland abandonment refers to the phenomenon of cultivated land remaining unused and idle for more than one year. Two-thirds of China's land area is hilly area and plateau area, and slope farmland area is larger. The quality of cultivated land in some provinces is not high as a whole, and there are a lot of phenomena of farmland abandonment. The farmland abandonment is distributed in many international and domestic regions, and in recent years there is a growing trend. But domestic research on farmland abandonment is more often conducted at the macro theoretical level, such as research on phenomenon, mechanisms, and countermeasures of farmland abandonment, however very few organizations or individuals have specified the scale of farmland abandonment or specific related data. Extraction of abandoned parcels is the foundation for further study on the status of farmland abandonment. This article describes the extraction process of abandoned farmland parcels in Chongqing's typical counties in detail, and selects the years of 2002-2011 as the study period; and for the regional level, through the general investigation of abandoned parcel, the article investigates the scale and distribution of abandonment. Farmland figure spots are extracted from the topographical map in 2002 and the current land use map in 2011. Then, the superposition of farmland layers in 2 periods provides a distribution map of abandoned farmlands in 2002-2011. The above step obtains information on abandoned farmlands, including abandoned farmlands that are returned to forest areas during the period of 2002-2011. The research object of this paper is abandoned farmland that was voluntarily abandoned by farmers, especially as this particular type of farmland must be removed. After eliminating the figure spots of returning farmland to forest (2002-2006) and forest projects (2008-2011), we get the distribution map of abandoned arable land. Through verifying abandoned farmland figure spots extracted from maps and Google Earth images, the correct rate of figure spot extraction of abandoned farmland reaches 85.3%. Based on the distribution map, farmland abandonment condition of Chongqing's typical counties is obtained. The study finds that farmland abandonment rates in Shizhu, Wushan and Youyang County were 14.0%, 19.9% and 19.2% respectively in 2011. The total area and farmland abandonment rate of the 3 counties were 56.3 thousand hm<sup>2</sup>and 18.0%. Dryland was the main type of abandoned farmland, which was about 82.4% of the total abandoned farmland; dryland abandonment rate was 20.4%, and paddy field abandonment rate was 11.5%. In the 3 counties, farmland abandonment rates of Wushan and Youyang County were higher than that of Shizhu County. Moreover, in the aspect of abandoned paddy field, the abandonment rates of Wushan and Youyang County were 17.2% and 13.9% respectively, also higher than Shizhu County (6.3%). The phenomenon of farmland abandonment in the study area is more serious, and the main reason is that non-farm employment income increases, causing local farmers to give up farming and to be migrant workers; at the same time, the land is barren in hill and mountain area, and the agricultural production income is low, which causes the massive farmland abandonment. Thus in essence, because the farmers' income is low, they have to give up farming. To alleviate the farmland abandonment, the government needs to protect the income level of farmers. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cultivation - Extraction - Forestry - Land use - Verification
Uncontrolled terms:Abandoned farmland - Agricultural productions - Cultivated lands - Distribution maps - Domestic research - Extraction process - Figure spot - Forest projects
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.15e+01%, Percentage 1.39e+01%, Percentage 1.40e+01%, Percentage 1.72e+01%, Percentage 1.80e+01%, Percentage 1.92e+01%, Percentage 1.99e+01%, Percentage 2.04e+01%, Percentage 6.30e+00%, Percentage 8.24e+01%, Percentage 8.53e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20170103218583
Title:Design and test of 2ZZ-3 type deep scarification-terrace ridge-fertilization combine intertill machine
Authors:Lin, Jing (1); Wang, Lei (1); Li, Baofa (1); Tian, Yang (1); Bo, Hongming (1); Ma, Tie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Collage of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:9-17
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Northeast China is the most important base of commodity grain, and in this region the temperature is low, the wind is quite strong, the precipitation is quite little, and the water resource is quite deficient, so the crops face with serious problem of lack of water resource and dry soil in spring. To address the problems of shallow soil plough layer, serious soil hardening and huge resistance during deep scarification, through combining the key technologies of deep scarification, ridging and fertilization, a kind of combine operation machine was designed, which was named 2ZZ-3 deep scarification ridging fertilization combine intertill machine. This machine suspended on the tractor through the three-link hitch, and it was mainly composed of up hitch, low hitch, rack, controlling depth device, deep scarification and ridging device, fertilization and ditching device. In the process of the work, it could finish the deep scarification, ridging and fertilization at the same time. The machine used the cutting disc to cut the soil block because of the serious hardened and impervious soil. The controlling depth wheel could ensure not to destroy the seedling attributed to the distance between rack and ground, and the fertilizer reached the fertilization shovel cross the fertilization apparatus to finish the fertilization. Finally, the deep scarification and ridging device finished the deep scarification and soil ridging in the furrow. The deep scarification shovel was chisel-tooth shovel; its breaking soil ability was strong, and it suffered low working resistance. Both the controlling depth device and the ripping device could make adjustment during the actual working status in the field. Through the field test of 2ZZ-3 deep scarification ridging fertilization combine intertill machine, the three-factor and three-level orthogonal test was carried out with setting the tractor forward velocity, deep scarification depth and hiller opening angle as the factor, and the injuring rate and soil specific resistance as the evaluation index. The results showed that the importance order of all the factors which influenced the injuring rate and soil specific resistance was deep scarification depth, hiller opening angle and tractor forward velocity. When the deep scarification depth was 25 cm, the hiller opening angle was 60° and the tractor forward velocity was 5 km/h, the machine would reach the optimal combination, and the injuring rate average was 3.31% and the soil specific resistance average was 1.97 N/cm<sup>2</sup>. Through the field test, the working performance of the machine was perfect, all the indices reached the agriculture machine and agronomic requirement, and deep scarification and ridging links were working at the same time, which reduced the power consummation and working resistance. The research provides the reference for the construction of matching implements for reasonable plough layer of dry land of brown soil zone in Northeast Plain. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Automobile testing - Design - Hardening - Machine design - Optimization - Shovels - Soils - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck) - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Cultivator - Earthingup plow - Optimal combination - Orthogonal test - Power consummations - Specific resistances - Subsoiling - Working performance
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 601 Mechanical Design - 662 Automobiles and Smaller Vehicles - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.31e+00%, Size 2.50e-01m, Velocity 1.39e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20170103218600
Title:Characteristics of near-surface wind speed and sand-dust flux at northeast edge of Ulan Buh Desert
Authors:Luo, Fengmin (1); Xin, Zhiming (1); Gao, Junliang (1); Hao, Yuguang (1); Ge, Genbatu (1); Li, Xinle (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Inner Mongolia Dengkou Desert Ecosystem Research Station, State Forestry Administration/Experimental Center of Desert Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dengkou; 015200, China
Corresponding author:Hao, Yuguang(hyuguang@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:147-154
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Deserts are the main source of dust storms in the surface layer, aeolian sand-dust transport is a serious problem in many arid and semi-arid regions in the world, and it is considered to be a significant part of global biogeochemical cycle. Aeolian dust transport processes are closely related to the variation of the height of near-surface horizontal and deposition dust flux. Ulan Buh Desert is one of the 8 largest deserts in China, and is also one of the important dust source regions in northern China. In this paper, fixed monitoring stations were set up in both the desert-oasis ecotone and the oasis at the northeast edge of Ulan Buh Desert, the near-surface (0-50 m) wind speed and sand-dust flux data obtained from the dust observation tower at the Inner Mongolia Dengkou Desert Ecosystem Research Station of the State Forestry Administration in 2013 were analyzed to reveal the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of wind speed and sand-dust flux at the northeast edge of Ulan Buh Desert. The results showed as follows: 1) Both the average wind speed of the year and the average wind speed of different seasons of the near-surface layer in both desert-oasis ecotone and oasis increased with the increase of the height, and the wind speed profile characteristics could be expressed by power exponential function. The wind speed in the desert-oasis ecotone was significantly higher than that in the oasis. 2) The near-surface horizontal sand-dust flux and dust-falling amount in both desert-oasis ecotone and oasis decreased with the increase of the height, and the distribution characteristics also accorded with power exponential function. The horizontal sand-dust flux in the oasis-desert ecotone was significantly higher than that in the oasis, which obviously indicated that the protection forest in the oasis has the effects of weakening the transportation of sand dust. The horizontal sand-dust flux and dust-falling amount in the desert-oasis ecotone had a linear correlation relationship, while the horizontal sand-dust flux and dust-falling amount in the oasis showed an exponent relationship. 3) The variation characteristics of horizontal sand-dust flux and dust-falling amount in the artificial oasis and the oasis-desert ecotone were gradually decreased with the increase of the height in the 4 seasons of a year, the horizontal sand-dust flux and dust-falling amount were concentrated in spring, followed by summer, while those in autumn and winter were relatively low; the horizontal dust flux and the dust-falling amount of oasis-desert transition belt were significantly higher than the inner oasis. The horizontal dust flux and dust-falling amount in the oasis-desert ecotone were significantly higher than that in the oasis in all 4 seasons of a year. The results reveal the spatio-temporal variation rules of near-surface wind speed and sand-dust activity, and illuminate the mechanism of the effects of oasis protection forest on weakening surface wind speed and sand-dust activities, which can help to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the desertification combating and the establishment of oasis protection forest. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Dust
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Biogeochemistry - Ecology - Exponential functions - Forestry - Landforms - Sand - Speed - Storms - Velocity - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid regions - Distribution characteristics - Sand dusts - Spatio-temporal variation - State forestry administrations - Surface layers - Ulan Buh Desert - Variation characteristics
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 481.2 Geochemistry - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 921 Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Size 0.00e+00m to 5.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20170103218584
Title:Design and test of clamping and conveying device for recycling agricultural residual plastic film
Authors:Li, Tianwen (1); Duan, Wenxian (1); Wang, Jikui (1); Li, Yang (1); Bi, Xinsheng (1); Gong, Hehe (1); Ding, Shuangshuang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Jikui(shzwjk@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:18-25
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The machines currently used to recycle residual plastic film operate by picking up the plastic film using an arc-shaped spring-finger and removing the plastic film with a rotary roller. This method is problematic because it has a lower recycling rate. The film is also easily to wind around the operating parts of the mechanism which would lead the film to be difficult to remove. According to the characteristics of film, a clamping and conveying device for removing agricultural residual plastic film pneumatically has been designed. The device is mainly composed of a film-pickup mechanism, a clamping-conveying mechanism and a film pneumatic removal mechanism. The structure, dimensions and the operating parameters of these mechanisms were determined through discussion and analysis. The materials of the scraper and the conveying belt were determined. The position of the scraper component relative to the conveying belts was also obtained by calculation. The process of picking up the film and raising it with a shovel was analyzed. The pressure force acting on the clamped film (applied by one of the scrapers) was theoretically analyzed and tested. In order to convey the agricultural residual plastic film (ARPF), it was found that the minimum clamping force was 4.58 N. Field experiments showed that the film could be scooped up from the ground with shovels and successfully fed into the clamping-conveying mechanism. The film could be clamped stably throughout the film conveying process and removed smoothly by the pneumatic removal mechanism, which prevented the film from adhering to, or winding around, the parts of the mechanism. When the operating speed of prototype was 5-5.5 km/h, the results of the field experiment indicated that the average recycling rate of the ARPF was 92.5% and the average removal rate of the ARPF reached 97.8%. The results of this research may provide references for the development of new machines to recycle residual plastic film. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Design - Machine design - Plastic films - Pneumatics - Recycling - Shovels - Tools
Uncontrolled terms:Conveying mechanisms - Design and tests - Device - Field experiment - Film removal - Operating parameters - Recycle residuals - Removal mechanism
Classification code:452.3 Industrial Wastes - 601 Mechanical Design - 632.3 Pneumatics - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment
Numerical data indexing:Force 4.58e+00N, Percentage 9.25e+01%, Percentage 9.78e+01%, Velocity 1.39e+00m/s to 1.53e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.003
Funding Details: Number; Acronym; Sponsor: 51465050; NSFC; National Natural Science Foundation of China
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20170103218613
Title:Preparation of bamboo biochars by low-temperature hydrothermal method and its adsorption of organics
Authors:Li, Yin (1, 2); Shan, Shengdao (1); Yang, Ruiqin (1); Gai, Xikun (1); Mao, Jianwei (1); Huang, Ningning (1); Tou, Yanping (1); Arun, Meas (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chem & Bio Processing Technology of Farm Products, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou; 310023, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310027, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:240-247
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biochar is a kind of carbon-rich solid material obtained from biomass resources, which can be used as source of energy, catalyst, adsorbent and soil conditioner. Bamboo is a kind of widely used biomass resource containing high fraction of lignocellulose, and bamboo waste from industrial processing is a kind of good raw material for producing biochars. Hydrothermal carbonization approach was applied at low temperatures to produce bamboo biochars, and the selected biochar samples were further modified by being immersed in the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution or calcined in nitrogen atmosphere. The effects of the preparation conditions on the physico-chemical properties of the bamboo biochars were investigated, and the adsorption properties of the biochars for 2-naphthol and Congo red from their aqueous solutions were evaluated. The results showed that the yields of the bamboo biochars from hydrothermal carbonization without modification were between 54.12% and 71.53%, and the functional groups containing oxygen such as -OH (3 200-3 600 cm<sup>-1</sup>), C=O (1 650-1 735 cm<sup>-1</sup>) and C-O (1 000-1 250 cm<sup>-1</sup>) were found to be rich on the surfaces of these biochars; the oxygen content of the bamboo biochar produced at 200℃ and 7 h was as high as 46.33%, and the surface area of the same carbon sample was measured to be 14.10 m<sup>2</sup>/g. The bamboo biochars modified by being immersed in the NaOH solution still showed rich oxygen-containing groups on their surfaces, high yields were also achieved with these samples, much larger surface area (33.22 m<sup>2</sup>/g) was obtained for the biochar sample produced at 200℃ and 7 h and modified by soaking in NaOH solution for 1 h, and the oxygen content of this carbon sample was 50.57%, which was higher than that of the sample before modification treatment. On the other hand, few functional groups were found on the surfaces of the bamboo biochars modified by calcination in nitrogen atmosphere, the yields of these biochar samples were much lower (between 12.99% and 16.21%), even higher surface area (52.39 m<sup>2</sup>/g) was observed for the biochar sample produced at 200℃ and 7 h and modified by calcining in nitrogen atmosphere at 700℃, the carbon content of this carbon sample was 75.87%, and the oxygen content of this sample decreased to 20.89%. All of the bamboo biochar samples without modification treatment could adsorb 2-naphthol and congo red from aqueous solutions, of which the sample produced at 160℃ and 3 h showed the largest adsorption capacity for 2-naphthol (50.3 mg/mL at 25℃, initial concentration of 0.5 mg/mL), and the sample produced at 200℃ and 7 h showed the largest adsorption capacity for Congo red (63.7 mg/mL at 25℃, initial concentration of 0.5 mg/mL), and these 2 kinds of bamboo biochar samples were chosen as the most promising adsorbents for the adsorptive removal of 2-naphthol and Congo red. Surface adsorption was inferred to be the predominant mechanism for the adsorption of Congo red on the surfaces of the bamboo biochars, while a complex mechanism involving partition was suggested for the adsorption of 2-naphthol on the biochars. The NaOH immersion method was favorable for obtaining biochars with higher adsorption capacities for both 2-naphthol and Congo red, and the bamboo biochar sample produced at 200℃ and 7 h and modified by soaking in NaOH solution for 1 h displayed the largest adsorption capacities for both 2-naphthol (62.3 mg/mL at 25℃, equilibrium concentration of 0.3 mg/mL) and Congo red (69.1 mg/mL at 25℃, equilibrium concentration of 0.3 mg/mL). However, calcination in nitrogen didn't show positive effects on the adsorption properties of the bamboo biochars especially for the adsorption of 2-naphthol. The results obtained show that bamboo biochars produced through hydrothermal carbonization can be applied as low cost adsorbents for adsorptive removal of 2-naphthol and Congo red from wastewater. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Adsorption
Controlled terms:Absorption - Adsorbents - Azo dyes - Bamboo - Biomass - Calcination - Carbonization - Naphthol - Nitrogen - Oxygen - Soil conditioners - Solutions - Temperature - Thermochemistry
Uncontrolled terms:2-naphthols - Congo red - Equilibrium concentration - Hydrothermal carbonization - Hydrothermal methods - Low-temperature hydrothermal methods - Oxygen containing groups - Physicochemical property
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.1 Pulp and Paper
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 3.00e-01kg/m3, Mass_Density 5.00e-01kg/m3, Mass_Density 5.03e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 6.23e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 6.37e+01kg/m3, Mass_Density 6.91e+01kg/m3, Percentage 1.30e+01% to 1.62e+01%, Percentage 2.09e+01%, Percentage 4.63e+01%, Percentage 5.06e+01%, Percentage 5.41e+01% to 7.15e+01%, Percentage 7.59e+01%, Specific_Surface_Area 1.41e+04m2/kg, Specific_Surface_Area 3.32e+04m2/kg, Specific_Surface_Area 5.24e+04m2/kg, Time 1.08e+04s, Time 2.52e+04s, Time 3.60e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20170103218610
Title:Estimation and evaluation of non-point source pollutants loads in mountainous area of Sichuan
Authors:Liu, Ju (1, 2); Fu, Bin (1, 3); Wang, Yukuan (1, 3); Xu, Pei (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu; 610041, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China; (3) Wanzhou Station Key Regional Ecology and Environment Monitoring Station, Chongqing; 404020, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Yukuan(wangyukuan@imde.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:218-225
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Non-point source (NPS) pollution produced from agricultural production activity is one of the largest threats to water environment. The management and control of NPS pollutants to achieve the goals of improving surface water quality have gotten an increasing concern throughout the world. Because of the heterogeneity of key driving factors in NPS pollutions such as terrain, precipitation, and vegetation type, the management of NPS pollution in mountainous areas needs more meticulous effort than the plain areas. In this research, considering the characteristics of the spatial heterogeneity of the natural and human factors in mountainous areas, the loads of NPS pollutants, such as total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) are evaluated by the export coefficient model and the InVEST (integrate valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs tool), which is a water purification model. The excesses of NPS pollutants are analyzed according to the water environmental function zoning. The research is intended to reveal the spatial difference of NPS pollution in mountainous areas, determine the key regions for management, and provides a foundation for regional pollution control planning and environmental management efficiency promotion in mountainous areas. The method to estimate and evaluate NPS pollutants loads is developed based on the export coefficient model and InVEST water purification model, and is successfully applied to the case study of Baoxing County, showing the applicability of this method for mountainous areas. The results indicate that: 1) TN and TP loads in Baoxing County are respectively 1 156.44 and 81.41 t/a in 2010, and the spatial distribution of TN and TP loads has the characteristics of uneven distribution, local concentration, and closing to the water. 2) The contributions to pollution from various types of pollutant sources are different. The magnitude order for the contribution from various types of pollutant sources is livestock and poultry breeding > agricultural land > rural life. As above mentioned, the contribution of the livestock and poultry breeding to NPS pollution is the biggest and sustainable resource management should be prioritized in an effort to reduce the burden. Such management practices may involve building methane tanks, field ponds and the comprehensive utilization of waste facilities, which are aimed to reduce the level of NPS pollutant export into water bodies. 3) Compared with the pollutants thresholds of water quality standard at Class III at the watershed scale, the total amounts of TN and TP loads in Baoxing County do not exceed the thresholds. However, at the 30 m × 30 m grid scale, according to the pollutant load, water yield and water quality standard at Class III, TN and TP excesses in Baoxing County are calculated, and the results are respectively 763.63 and 51.16 t/a. The excesses of NPS pollutants in mountainous areas show significant spatial variation. The regions in which TN and TP loads exceed the thresholds are mainly distributed in cultivated land, grassland, residential land and the regions near the water, and these regions are the key regions for NPS pollution control and management. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Water pollution
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Ecosystems - Environmental management - Function evaluation - Models - Plant shutdowns - Pollution - Pollution control - Pollution induced corrosion - Purification - Quality control - River pollution - Surface waters - Vegetation - Waste management - Water pollution control - Water quality - Water treatment plants - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive utilizations - Environmental functions - Non-point source pollutants - Non-point source pollution - Spatial variations - Sustainable resource management - Valuation of ecosystem services - Water yield
Classification code:444.1 Surface Water - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 445.2 Water Analysis - 453 Water Pollution - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 454 Environmental Engineering - 539.1 Metals Corrosion - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.6 Numerical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Size 3.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20170103218614
Title:Process optimization of char prepared from co-pyrolysis of cotton stalk and sludge and analysis on its structure and adsorption capacity
Authors:Deng, Hui (1); Li, Zhengjia (1); Jin, Zhiwen (1); Zhang, Tao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) The Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:248-254
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The production of sludge and cotton stalk arise along with the rapid development of China's economy. Currently the most common methods for sludge and cotton stalk disposal are landfilling, incineration, and application in land in China. And incineration of cotton stalk may bring new air pollution problems; it may contaminate soils and ground water when sludge is used in land as fertilizer. Therefore, it is necessary to find an efficient way for the sludge and cotton stalk recycling. As alternative technology for the common sludge and cotton stalk treatment methods, the pyrolysis has been researched. But there are few researches on the effect of reaction conditions on surface structure properties of chars obtained from co-pyrolysis of sludge and biomass, as well as the research on the relationship between surface structure and adsorption properties. In this study, the pore structure properties (BET surface area, total pore volume and average pore width), the abundance of surface functional groups and the adsorption capacities of sludge and cotton stalk chars (SCA) were analyzed under 5 different reaction conditions. The reaction conditions included sludge content, concentration of KOH (potassium hydroxide) solution, radiation power, radiation time and loading amount. Chars were made from the mixtures of cotton stalk and sludge by microwave heating via KOH activation. The adsorption capacities of SCA were measured by removing methylene blue (MB), acid fuchsin (AF), iodine and copper sulphate (CuSO<inf>4</inf>) in aqueous solution. The correlations between the structure parameters and the adsorption capacities were calculated to test if the structure would affect the adsorption properties of chars. The results showed that all reaction conditions influenced the pore structure properties, and the abundance of surface chemical groups of chars significantly. On the same structure parameter, the effects of 5 conditions were not the same. For all pore or chemical structure parameters, each of these factors showed the influence with different capacities, and all the responses showed different trend with the change of condition levels. The adsorption capacity of SCA could reach the national stand of wooden activated carbon. All reaction conditions influenced the adsorption capacities to the MB and the CuSO<inf>4</inf>significantly, but its influence on the adsorption capacities to AF and iodine was not significant. And for the same adsorption capacity, the reaction conditions showed different influence. The composite index, which was calculated by the adsorption capacity to MB, AF, iodine and CuSO<inf>4</inf>, was used to optimize the preparation process of the char, and the optimal parameters were as follows: the sludge content of 30%, the concentration of KOH solution of 50%, the radiation power of 280 W, the radiation time of 24 min and the loading amount of 150 g. The adsorption capacities of the SCA to MB, AF, iodine and CuSO<inf>4</inf>obtained at the optimal parameters were 157.80, 293.39, 1281.93 and 272.12 mg/g, respectively. The effects of the reaction condition on composite index were as follows: load amount > radiation time > sludge content > radiation power > KOH concentration. The chemical and pore structure properties of the chars and the characteristics of the adsorbate influenced the adsorption properties of SCA significantly. The number of total acidic groups and total pore volume had significant correlation with the adsorption capacity to AF and CuSO<inf>4</inf>respectively. But other single structure characteristic did not significantly correlate with the adsorption capacity of SCA. The adsorption of SCA to the pollutants is not a single physical adsorption or chemical adsorption. The research results can provide a reference for designing an effective adsorbent made from the SCA. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Structural properties
Controlled terms:Activated carbon - Activated carbon treatment - Adsorption - Air pollution - Aromatic compounds - Biomass - Carbon - Chemical activation - Coal tar - Cotton - Groundwater - Groundwater pollution - Incineration - Iodine - Microwave heating - Optimization - Pollution - Pore structure - Potassium - Potassium hydroxide - Pyrolysis - Radiation - Radiation effects - Sludge disposal - Soil testing - Solutions - Surface properties - Surface reactions - Surface structure - Waste incineration - Wastes - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Adsorption capacities - Cotton stalk - Microwave pyrolysis - Sludges - Structure property
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 411.2 Coal Tar - 444.2 Groundwater - 451 Air Pollution - 452.2 Sewage Treatment - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 453 Water Pollution - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 642.1 Process Heating - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.50e-01kg, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Power 2.80e+02W, Time 1.44e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20170103218620
Title:Ultra high pressure increasing thermal conductivity of food materials
Authors:Sun, Wei (1); Li, Jianping (1); Zheng, Xiaowei (1); Zhu, Songming (1); Yu, Yong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China
Corresponding author:Li, Jianping(jpli@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:291-296
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:During high pressure processing, the adiabatic compression increase of food materials would cause non-uniform temperature distribution and heat transfer, which would also influence the inactivation of bacteria, spore, enzyme and the quality of foods. Thermal conductivity of food materials at high pressure is a very important parameter for understanding heat transfer and temperature variation during high pressure processing. Available data and measuring method of thermal conductivity of food materials under high pressure are still scarce. In this study, a thermal conductivity probe developed based on the line heat source theory was installed in a high pressure chamber to measure thermal conductivity of food materials under high pressure. The thermal conductivity probe was calibrated using 1.5% agar gel whose thermal conductivity was very close to that of pure water but the convective effect during the measurement was eliminated due to the gel network at pressure from 0.1 to 400 MPa with a pressure increment of 50 MPa. The results of calibration experiment indicated that thermal conductivity values of 1.5% agar gel measured under different pressures using the thermal conductivity probe were very close to that of reference data of pure water. Calibration factors defined as the ratio of measured and reference values of the thermal conductivity of 1.5% agar gel were found almost no effect by pressure. A general calibration coefficient value of 0.9944 (R square was 0.9997, observation number was 30) was obtained by linear regression analysis (zero intercept) of measured thermal conductivity values of 1.5% agar gel against reference values of pure water. The coefficient value was used for the correction of all experimental results in the following. Thermal conductivities of egg white, egg yolk, ham sausages and cream were measured at pressure from 0.1 to 400 MPa with a pressure increment of 50 MPa. The results demonstrated that the thermal conductivities of these selected food materials at high pressure conditions were higher (up to 28%) than that of the sample at the atmospheric pressure conditions and had a tendency to increase with increasing pressure. Results at atmospheric pressure in this study were compared to estimate values using empirical equation based on water content. The measured thermal conductivities of egg yolk (0.43 W/(m·℃)), ham sausages (0.45 W/(m·℃)) and cream (0.49 W/(m·℃)) were very close to the estimated values (egg yolk 0.40 W/(m·℃), ham sausages 0.43 W/(m·℃), cream 0.41 W/(m·℃)), while the measured value of egg white (0.65 W/(m·℃)) was significantly higher than that of the estimated value (0.53 W/(m·℃)) as well as that of pure water. The reason probably was that the flowability of egg white caused the generation of convective heat transfer. Measured thermal conductivities of egg white decreased at pressure higher than 300 MPa which was different from other three materials. The reason probably was that the pressure processing more than 300 MPa induced coagulation of egg white resulting in decrease of flowability as well as convective heat transfer. The water content of food materials had a significant effect on thermal conductivity. In general, the higher the water content, the higher the thermal conductivity. This rule was also confirmed at high pressure as the thermal conductivity from highest to lowest in order being egg white (83.1% water) > ham sausages (63.5%) > cream (57.5%) > egg yolk (50.7%). An empirical equation was established for prediction of the thermal conductivity of food materials at high pressure. The fourth-order polynomial was used to fit the thermal conductivity values of egg white, egg yolk, ham sausages and cream at pressure range from 0.1 to 400 MPa with temperature of 25℃. The regression coefficients of these equations were all above 0.91. This study could provide basic scientific datas for high pressure processing of food materials. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Thermal conductivity
Controlled terms:Adiabatic engines - Algae - Atmospheric pressure - Calibration - Compressive strength - Data handling - Food processing - Heat convection - Heat transfer - High pressure effects - High pressure engineering - Meats - Polysaccharides - Pressure effects - Probes - Processed foods - Regression analysis - Strength of materials - Temperature distribution - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Calibration coefficients - Calibration experiments - Convective heat transfer - High pressure processing - High-pressure condition - Line heat sources - Thermal conductivity probes - Ultrahigh pressure
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 612.1 Internal Combustion Engines, General - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 822.3 Food Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.50e+00%, Percentage 2.80e+01%, Percentage 5.07e+01%, Percentage 5.75e+01%, Percentage 6.35e+01%, Percentage 8.31e+01%, Pressure 1.00e+05Pa to 4.00e+08Pa, Pressure 3.00e+08Pa, Pressure 5.00e+07Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20170103218619
Title:Parameter optimization of high O<inf>2</inf>dynamic controlled atmosphere storage of agaricus bisporus
Authors:Sun, Han (1); Li, Ling (1); Wang, Xiangyou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo; 255049, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Xiangyou(wxy@sdut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:282-290
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agaricus bisporus is highly perishable due to its thin protective structure, which could protect it from physical and microbial attack. Meantime, the high metabolism of white mushroom could accelerate the progress of senescence including water loss, cap opening and enzymatic browning, and damage its nutrition value and commercial quality seriously. It only has a short shelf life of 3-4 days at ambient temperature after harvest. Thus, an effective storage method plays an important role in mushroom industry. In this study, dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) was used to extend the shelf life of white mushroom. Several studies had confirmed that DCA performed well in some fruits and vegetables storage. Compared with traditional controlled atmosphere, DCA is a technique that periodically changes the ambient gas of products. It is designed to provide an optimal storage condition in different storage periods, aiming at improving the quality of products and preventing the development of physiological disorders. In this study, white mushrooms were stored at (2±1)℃ and the first-stage gas (100% O<inf>2</inf>, 90% O<inf>2</inf>+10% CO<inf>2</inf>, 80% O<inf>2</inf>+20% CO<inf>2</inf>, 70% O<inf>2</inf>+30% CO<inf>2</inf>), transaired time (2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th day ) and second-stage gas (100% O<inf>2</inf>, 90% O<inf>2</inf>+10% CO<inf>2</inf>, 80% O<inf>2</inf>+20% CO<inf>2</inf>, 70% O<inf>2</inf>+30% CO<inf>2</inf>) were determined as a single factor on the effect of ΔE, firmness and sensory value. Meantime, white mushroom storage conditions were optimized for orthogonality, and the physiological and biochemical quality changes under optimal storage condition were obtained during storage of white mushroom by using conductivity meter, O<inf>2</inf>/CO<inf>2</inf>analyzer and other equipments. Under the condition of a single factor, the ΔE, firmness and sensory value were determined and the appropriate first-stage gas of 100% O<inf>2</inf>, 90% O<inf>2</inf>+10% CO<inf>2</inf>, 80% O<inf>2</inf>+20% CO<inf>2</inf>, transaired time of 2nd, 3rd and 4th day and second-stage gas of 100% O<inf>2</inf>, 90% O<inf>2</inf>+10% CO<inf>2</inf>, 80% O<inf>2</inf>+20% CO<inf>2</inf>were employed in orthogonality. The best condition of orthogonal optimization was 100% O<inf>2</inf>first-stage gas, transaired time 3rd day and 80% O<inf>2</inf>+ 20% CO<inf>2</inf>second-stage gas. The ΔE, firmness and sensory value in this condition was 19.40, 6.84×10<sup>5</sup>Pa and 9.52 respectively. The results showed that the first-stage gas whose O<inf>2</inf>fraction above 80% could inhibit the increase of ΔE significantly (P<0.05). The 80% O<inf>2</inf>+20% CO<inf>2</inf>second-stage gas treatment retained significant (P<0.05) lower ΔE and higher firmness than that of other treatments. The transaired time had no significant effect on the quality of mushrooms (P>0.05). During storage of orthogonal optimization, compared with static controlled atmosphere (SCA), DCA could inhibit the decrease of soluble protein content of white mushroom significantly (P<0.05) and retain its good nutrient quality. Meantime, it suppressed the respiration rate and retained certain cell membrane integrity, then further slowed down the senescence of white mushrooms. In addition, white mushroom stored in DCA had moderate peroxidase (POD), higher ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and lower polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity than those stored in SCA, indicating that DCA is potential to slow down the progress of enzymatic browning. In this study, DCA treatment preserved relative good quality of white mushroom during storage and extended its storage time to 28 d, confirming that DCA is a suitable method for white mushroom storage and a potential technique for fruits and vegetables storage. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Carbon dioxide
Controlled terms:Chemical reactions - Cytology - Energy storage - Fruits - Fungi - Gases - Optimization - Oxygen - Physiology - Quality control - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Agaricus bisporus - Commercial qualities - Controlled atmosphere storage - Fruits and vegetables - Orthogonal optimizations - Parameter optimization - Physiological disorders - Protective structures
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 525.7 Energy Storage - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Age 8.22e-03yr to 1.10e-02yr, Percentage 8.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20170103218598
Title:Root systems distribution and water use pattern of vegetation from abandoned croplands during dry and wet season in Loess Hilly Region
Authors:Chang, Enhao (1); Li, Peng (1); Zhang, Tiegang (1); Xiao, Lie (1); Xu, Guoce (1); Zhao, Binhua (1); Zhang, Yi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Xi'an University of Technology, State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi'an; 710048, China
Corresponding author:Li, Peng(lipeng74@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:129-138
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil water is a key limiting factor for plant growth, species richness, primary productivity and grassland stability in arid and semi-arid area all over the world. Root system is the linkage between vegetation and soil for material circulation and energy transformation. Since the Chinese government implemented "Grain for Green" project in 1999, lots of annual croplands was converted to perennial native vegetation, which had significantly altered the eco-hydrological cycle in the Loess Hilly Region. The evaluations of root morphology and water-using characteristics of different vegetations abandoned from croplands are benefit to understand the effect of different vegetation communities on hydrologic cycle and provide theory guidance for vegetation restoration in semi-arid area. In this study, soil and root samples of 5 differents vegetation communities (Artemisia capillaris, A. sacrorum, Bothriochloa ischaemun, Lespedeza davurica and Pinus tabulaeformis) were collected in dry and wet seasons of 2015 in Wangmaogou watershed of Wuding River. The root morphological structures and signatures of stable isotopes were determined by using stable isotope technology. Each vegetation communities was arranged in the 2-3 plots as repeat, arranged 2 plots in Artemisia capillaris, A. sacrorum, Bothriochloa ischaemun and Lespedeza davurica, respectively, arranged 3 plots in Pinus tabulaeformis. Then 5 quadrats were established in each kind of plots. Ensured the same distances between collection points and the shrubs or trees when sampling in Lespedeza davurica or Pinus tabulaeformis, and to avoid the error caused by the different horizontal distances from the stems of the plant (For examples, root biomass, soil water contents, etc.). The results showed that the RLDs (Root length densities) of A. capillaris, A. sacrorum, B. ischaemun, L. davurica and P. tabulaeformis in dry season (16.3, 21.7, 17.3, 17.3, 6.0 mm/cm<sup>3</sup>) were 9.4, 10.2, 5.3, 2.9 and 1.4 times compared that in wet season (1.7, 2.1, 3.2, 5.9, 4.2 mm/cm<sup>3</sup>), respectively. The root systems of A. capillaris, A. sacrorum, B. ischaemun were more sensitive to seasonal variations of soil water than L. davurica and P. tabulaeformis. The soil water contents and δ<sup>18</sup>O of soil water in the surface soil layers were obvious difference between dry and wet season. A. capillaris could only use the soil water from 0-10 cm layer, and A. sacrorum, B. ischaemun mainly absorbed the soil water from 30-40 cm layer during the dry season, while the layers of soil water were moved up to 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers in wet season, respectively. L. davurica and P. tabulaeformis mainly used the soil water from below 60 cm layers in dry season, and absorbed soil water from 20-40 cm layer in wet season. In conclusions, the strategies of soil water uptake were significant difference between dry season and wet season. The root systems used soil water from deeper soil layers in dry season and more closer to surface layers in wet season. These results demonstrated that the changes of soil water and root systems distribution were consistent with the seasonal variation in water uptake patterns estimated by using stable isotope. The results of the present research can provide technical support for vegetation restoration and eco-hydrological process in the Loess Hilly Region. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:50
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Drought - Isotopes - Plants (botany) - Restoration - Sediments - Soil moisture - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid areas - Grain for greens - Loess hilly regions - Morphological structures - Roots distribution - Stable isotope technologies - Vegetation restoration - Water use
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Size 0.00e+00m to 1.00e-01m, Size 1.00e-01m to 2.00e-01m, Size 2.00e-01m to 4.00e-01m, Size 3.00e-01m to 4.00e-01m, Size 6.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20170103218605
Title:Retrieving NDVI in midwestern America using GPS-interferometric reflectometry
Authors:Wu, Jizhong (1); Wu, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing; 211816, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:183-188
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) data, routinely derived from the AVHRR (advanced very high resolution radiometer) or MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) imagery, is a key indicator of vegetation status and a useful parameter in studies of terrestrial vegetation cover, it has been widely used in remote sensing studies to reflect regional and global vegetation dynamics. However, the inherent defects of NDVI, including the atmospheric noise, soil effects and saturation problems are unavoidable, and thus impede further analysis and have a risk to generating erroneous results. Global Positioning System-Interferometric Reflectometry (GPS-IR) is a bistatic radar remote sensing technique that relates temporal changes in reflected GPS signals to changes in environmental parameters surrounding a ground-based GPS site. All GPS satellites transmit signals at L-band, which is similar to those used in active microwave radar applications. L-band signals have a higher correlation with vegetation water content, therefore GPS reflections will be sensitive to water within and on the surface of vegetation, as well as water in soil and snow. The sensing footprint of GPS-IR is on the order of a thousand square meters, which depends on the antenna height and satellite elevation angle. Other than specially-designed antenna or receiver in order to estimate environmental parameters, GPS-IR utilizes geodetic-quality GPS receivers and antennas, which are currently used at many of the already-existing GPS stations. This article presents a new method to retrieve regional NDVI data using NMRI (normalized microwave reflection index), which is an index derived from GPS observations. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of the NDVI retrieval using NMRI. In the experiment, continuous GPS observations of four plate boundary observatory GPS reference stations in midwestern America during the interval 2008-2012 and MOD13Q1 product within the same time from MODIS were used. In the first step, the NMRI time series were calculated with the GPS pseudoranges and carrier phase observations preprocessed with an improved Turboedit method, and then NDVI time series were extracted from MOD13Q1 product. In the second step, NMRI and NDVI were compared and analyzed. The temporal fluctuations of NMRI showed a clear periodicity as well as sudden drops, which were not compatible with the gradual process of vegetation change. Fast Fourier transform revealed that the annual and semi-annual periodicities exhibited dominant amplitude. To obtain cleaned NMRI data, trigonometric polynomial fitting method was adopted to remove outliers. A relatively high correlation coefficient between NMRI and NDVI was found, the coefficients of determination varied from 0.697 to 0.818 (with a significance level of P<0.001), showing a near linear relationship involving these variables. With regression analysis, a linear retrieve model for NDVI could be established on each reference station, the root mean square of NDVI retrieve errors varied from 0.059 to 0.079. The outcomes of this study suggested that GPS-IR would be almost equally capable of retrieving regional NDVI data, in contrast, GPS-IR had the potential to be in near real time, with low price and high temporal resolution, and what's more, existing GPS networks around the world had the potential to be the NDVI sensors, which could be regarded as a new opportunity to obtain NDVI data. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Global positioning system
Controlled terms:Advanced very high resolution radiometers (AVHRR) - Antennas - Fast Fourier transforms - Geodetic satellites - Image reconstruction - Interferometry - Models - Radar - Radiometers - Reflection - Reflectometers - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Risk assessment - Satellite antennas - Satellite imagery - Space-based radar - Time series - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation analysis - Microwave reflection - Normalized difference vegetation index - Reflectometry - Retrieve
Classification code:655.2 Satellites - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 941.3 Optical Instruments - 941.4 Optical Variables Measurements - 944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20170103218590
Title:Optimal design and kinematics analysis of 5-DOF hybrid serial-parallel manipulator
Authors:Zhang, Dongsheng (1); Xu, Yundou (1, 2); Hou, Zhaowei (1); Yao, Jiantao (1, 2); Zhao, Yongsheng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Parallel Robot Mechatronic System Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao; 066004, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Advanced Forging & Stamping Technology and Science of Ministry of Education, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao; 066004, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Yongsheng(yszhao@ysu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:69-76
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, with the development of various types of intelligent robots, new agricultural robots have become frontier technology in the field of international agricultural machinery. And as the complexity and diversity of the agricultural production and operation, the characteristics of advancement and practicability are needed to add to the agricultural robots. In this paper, in order to increase the automation level of agricultural operations and improve the ability of adapting to different working environments, a novel kinematically redundant planar parallel mechanism (PM) with continuous rotational axis and fewer joints is proposed, which has one rotational degree of freedom (DOF) and 2 translational DOFs (2T1R). For the rotational DOF, the rotational axes of the moving platform are mutually parallel at any position of the whole workspace; for the translational DOFs, the directions are simple horizontal and vertical. This robot has a quite simple structure. As we all know, simple structures of the robot can reduce the manufacturing cost to a great extent. This kinematically redundant planar PM is a metamorphic mechanism. For instant, when the moving platform and the intermediate link are locked, the PM becomes an actuation redundant PM. So this PM can be used to research not only the kinematically redundant property but also the actuation redundant property. Actually, this new type PM can be used in the field of food packaging, seed selection, fruit classification, transport, picking, and so on. For the purpose of improving the robot properties, 15 5-DOF hybrid serial-parallel manipulators are constructed on the basis of this type of planar PM. One of these manipulators is selected to do some analysis in this paper, which is more likely to be applied in agriculture. Firstly, the kinematic model of the 5-DOF hybrid manipulator is established. Especially, the forward and inverse kinematics models show the briefness of this robot. What is worth mentioning is that a simple kinematics model is conducive to realize the control of the robot. And this matches the strategy of robot intelligence. The velocity Jacobian matrix is deduced, the singularity analysis of the PM is done according to the Jacobian matrix, and the conditions for reducing singularity are listed. The concept of singularity degree is defined, which can be used to keep away from mechanism singularity. Then based on the flexibility performance index, the optimal design of the 2T1R planar PM is investigated and the performance atlas is drawn. From the performance atlas, we can choose the physical dimensions of the PM. The 3-dimentional model based on a set of optimal physical dimensions is established. After that, in order to reduce weight without the loss of stiffness, the structural topology optimization is accomplished by means of the finite element software. The analysis and comparison of the whole structure are also carried out. This novel hybrid manipulator has the characteristics of simple structure, simple kinematic model, high stiffness, and high degree of modularity, which provides a very variety of application prospects in the field of agricultural machinery. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Manipulators
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Design - Finite element method - Intelligent robots - Inverse kinematics - Inverse problems - Jacobian matrices - Kinematics - Machine design - Matrix algebra - Mechanisms - Optimal systems - Optimization - Robots - Stiffness - Structural optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Degree of freedom - Forward and inverse kinematics - Kinematically redundant - Metamorphic mechanisms - Planar parallel mechanisms - Rotational degree of freedom - Serial-parallel manipulator - Structural topology optimization
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 601.3 Mechanisms - 731.5 Robotics - 731.6 Robot Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 39>
Accession number:20170103218623
Title:Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of capsicum seed protein isolate
Authors:Li, Mo (1); Ni, Yuanying (1); Peng, Yu (1); Wen, Xin (1); Wang, Yuxiao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Ni, Yuanying(niyuany@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:309-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Capsicum seed protein isolate is a new type of plant protein resources. From this research, the protein isolate was separated into water-soluble(WS), salt-soluble(SS), alkaline-soluble(AS) and ethanol-soluble(ES) fractions. Water-soluble and ethanol-soluble fractions were the major constituents, about more than 75% of the total protein. This paper focused on ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology of extracting protein isolate from capsicum seed. Response surface methodology was used to determine optimum conditions for protein extraction. The experiments designed 29 groups of different conditions to extract protein from capsicum defatted flours. Independent variables which would affect protein extracting rate were discussed, such as pH (7, 8, 9, 10 and 11), ultrasonic power (200, 300, 350, 400 and 500 W), extraction time (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min) and material-solvent ratio (1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40 and 1:50). The model equation was set up. In the model equation, the coefficient of association (R<sup>2</sup>) was 0.9748, indicating it's a reasonable matching to the experimental data. The optimized conditions were as follows: pH value was 11, ultrasonic power was 336.21 W, extraction time was 13.31 min and the material-solvent ratio was 1:35.58. According to this optimized condition, the extraction rate of protein isolate was 5.90 g/(100 g) defatted red pepper seed. Due to the limitations of experimental facilities, the optimized conditions were modified. The results were as follows: pH value was 11, ultrasonic power was 350 W, extraction time was 13 min and the material-solvent ratio was 1:36. The optimum conditions were verification. The results showed that extraction at the modified conditions gave a protein yield at 6.05 g/(100 g). The experimental values were found to be in agreement with the predicted ones. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of independent variables was performed. The statistical analysis data revealed that linear, quadratic and interaction terms was significant (P<0.05). The lack of fit test measured the failure of the model to represent data in experimental domain at points which are not included in the regression. There was a non-significant lack of fit that further validates the model (P > 0.05).The significance of each coefficient was determined using the t test and P value. pH value and solvent/meal ratio were the most significant factors (P<0.001). Also, interaction effect of pH and extraction time, interaction effect of extraction time and materials/solvent ratio were both significant (P<0.05). The ultrasonic power was not significant factor (P>0.05). The main factors were analyzed by Design software, which could affect the yield of protein. The results were as follows: pH value>material/solvent ratio>extraction time>ultrasonic power. Compared with traditional extraction methods, the extraction yield of protein increased from 5.24 to 6.05 g/(100g), while the purity of capsicum seed protein isolate enhanced from 78.46% to 83.93% by ultrasonic-assisted method. These results give the advices in processing protein from capsicum seeds according to optimized condition. Furthermore, it provides a theoretical reference for the industrial production and application of capsicum seed protein isolate. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Extraction
Controlled terms:Alkalinity - Analysis of variance (ANOVA) - Ethanol - pH - pH effects - Proteins - Seed - Solvents - Surface properties - Ultrasonics
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental facilities - Experimental values - Independent variables - Industrial production - Optimized conditions - Response surface methodology - Ultrasonic-assisted extractions - Ultrasound-assisted extraction
Classification code:753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922 Statistical Methods - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.00e-01kg, Percentage 7.50e+01%, Percentage 7.85e+01% to 8.39e+01%, Power 3.36e+02W, Power 3.50e+02W, Power 4.00e+02W, Power 5.00e+02W, Time 1.50e+03s, Time 1.80e+03s, Time 7.80e+02s, Time 7.99e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 40>
Accession number:20170103218621
Title:Recognition of harmful fungal species and quantitative detection of fungal contamination in peanuts based on electronic nose technology
Authors:Shen, Fei (1, 2); Liu, Peng (3); Jiang, Xuesong (3); Shao, Xiaolong (1, 2); Wan, Zhongmin (1, 2); Song, Wei (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing; 210023, China; (2) Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing; 210023, China; (3) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing; 210037, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:297-302
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Current methods for fungi contamination determination in peanuts are usually labor-intensive and time-consuming. In this paper, a new method for rapid detection of the contamination by harmful fungi species in peanut kernels based on electronic nose (E-nose) technology was investigated. Peanut samples were firstly irradiated by Co-60 gamma radiation with a dose of 15 kGy to kill all fungi on or within kernels. After irradiation, clean and sterile peanuts were placed in moist chambers and inoculated with 5 different spore suspensions of aspergillus spp., which were A. flavus 3.17, A. flavus 3.395 0, A. parasiticus 3.395, A. parasiticus 3.012 4 and A. ochraceus 3.648 6, the former 3 of which were aflatoxin (AFT) producer, and the latter one was ochratoxin (OT) producer. Spore suspensions were prepared by blending the 7-day old colonies cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) with ultrapure sterilized water. Initial spore concentration was about 5 log (CFU/mL), and then 10 μL spore suspension was dropped onto individual peanut sample by a pipette. All infected samples were stored at 26℃ and 80% relative humidity (RH) for 9 d until all peanut samples were covered with a mass of fungi. Subsequently, the E-nose (Fox 3000, Alpha Mos) was used for the collection of volatile odor information from peanut samples stored for 0, 3, 6 and 9 d, respectively. Finally, response signals of 12 E-nose sensors were extracted by multivariate statistical analysis method. Qualitative and quantitative models for the determination of harmful fungi contamination in peanuts were established. The principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that peanut samples with different storage days could be successfully discriminated for different fungal infection levels. Loading analysis of E-nose sensors indicated that the sensors of T70/2, LY2/LG, P10/1, T30/1 were found to be more sensitive than other sensors. These sensors might play an important role in the discrimination of samples, which provided a reference for the development of special-purpose sensor systems for peanut samples in future. The changes in volatile compounds of infected peanut samples could be mainly attributed to oxynitride, hydrocarbon and aromatic compounds. For the classification of peanut samples with different infection levels, the correct rate of 100%(or approaching) was obtained by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) models. The results also verified the possibility of discriminating peanuts infection by different fungi species. In addition, good correlation between E-nose signals and colony forming units in peanut samples was obtained by partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis models. The coefficient of determination for the prediction set (R<inf>p</inf><sup>2</sup>) and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) for the prediction models were 0.814 5 and 0.244 0 lg (CFU/g), respectively. Both LDA and PLSR methods were proven to be effective in the discrimination/ quantification of fungi contamination in peanuts. The results indicate that E-nose technology can be used as a feasible and reliable method for the determination of peanut quality during the storage, which can provide the theoretical reference for rapid detection of mold contamination during grain storage using volatile odor information. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Electronic nose
Controlled terms:Aromatic hydrocarbons - Blending - Contamination - Crops - Discriminant analysis - Feature extraction - Forecasting - Fungi - Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Models - Multivariant analysis - Oilseeds - Pollution detection - Principal component analysis - Suspensions (fluids) - Volatile organic compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Electronic nose (e-nose) - Linear discriminant analysis - Multivariate statistical analysis - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Peanuts - Rapid detection - Root-mean-square error of predictions
Classification code:801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.92e-02yr, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 8.00e+01%, Volume 1.00e-08m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 41>
Accession number:20170103218617
Title:Evaluation of restoration effect in degraded alpine meadow under different regulation measures
Authors:Liu, Yanbin (1); Zhang, Dianye (1); Zhang, Yongchao (1); Shi, Mingming (1); Shang, Zhenyan (1); He, Lei (1); Zong, Wenjie (2); Fu, Hua (1); Niu, Decao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou; 730020, China; (2) Maqu Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau, Maqu; 747300, China
Corresponding author:Niu, Decao(xiaocao0373@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:268-275
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Alpine meadow mainly locates in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and other high altitude areas, and plays a vital role in maintaining the balance of the global ecosystem. Recently, the extensive degradation of alpine meadow has been caused by the global climate change and the interference of human activities, which has made these areas extremely important for further study. People have applied a few measures to restore the degraded grassland, however there was no quantitative mean that could evaluate the effectiveness of ecological restoration measures synthetically. For the scientific assessment of the effects of different ecological regulation measures on the degraded alpine meadow ecosystems, this research was conducted in Maqu alpine meadow in Gansu Province, northwestern China from May 2010 to December 2012. The VOR (vigor, organization, resilience) and CVOR (condition, vigor, organization, resilience) ecosystem health evaluation models were utilized to evaluate the health condition of the degraded grassland ecosystem after restoration, and the restoration measures included enclosure, ripping, organic material addition, reseeding and comprehensive measure, and the grazing was taken as the control. We implemented enclosure and slicing of the pasture vertically and horizontally with the plough as ripping, implemented enclosure, scarifying and fertilization in the pasture with sheep manure of 22.5 t/hm<sup>2</sup>as organic material addition, and implemented enclosure and reseeding with Elymus nutans of 15 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>as reseeding. And for grazing treatment we used the grazing pressure of about 2-2.5 yak/hm<sup>2</sup>. As for comprehensive measure, we combined the treatment of enclosure with the treatments of ripping, organic material addition and reseeding. For the calculation of evaluation model, we determined soil organic carbon content and gauged above-ground biomass, Shannon-Wiener species diversity index, biomass of functional groups and economic groups of all the grass under different regulation measures to further compute condition index (C), vigor index (V), organization index (O), and resilience index (R). We expected to find which ecological regulation measure was the most effective and contrasted 2 models to check the applicability. The results showed the CVOR health evaluation index was relatively more comprehensive than the VOR health evaluation index considering the importance of basic condition, which could more objectively reflect the additional specific soil nutrient status (organic or inorganic), and more quantitatively manifest the effects of restoration measures of grassland ecosystem, contributing to the specific formulation and the implementation of specific engineering management measures. According to the 2 models, the VOR index evaluation calculation results showed the effects of organic material input and comprehensive measure on recovery and rehabilitation of degraded grassland were more obvious than others, their health values rose by 5%-9% year by year simultaneously, and the value of grazing was lower than other measures significantly (P<0.05). The CVOR index evaluation calculation results showed the effect of comprehensive ecological restoration measure was superior to other single treatment measure and its value reached 0.917 that was significantly higher than others (P<0.05), while grazing led alpine meadow ecosystem to health "warning" level and its value went down to 0.572, which was lower than other measures significantly (P<0.05). The results manifested that the implementation of comprehensive measure in local degraded areas can achieve the purpose of saving the grassland ecosystem health comprehensively and quickly. But in practice due to the comprehensive measure cost is high, for selecting the optimum ecological recovery measure, it requires specific consideration of each measure's dual benefits of economy and ecology so as to adjust the measures to local conditions. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Ecosystems
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Carbon - Climate change - Ecology - Economics - Enclosures - Fertilizers - Health - Land use - Models - Organic carbon - Restoration - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Alpine meadow - Comprehensive indices - Ecological restoration - Global climate changes - Health evaluation - Qinghai-Tibetan plateau - Soil organic carbon content - Species diversity index
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 971 Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e+00% to 9.00e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 42>
Accession number:20170103218601
Title:Runoff, sediment yield and rill development characteristic of unpaved road in mining area under field artificial simulated rainfall condition
Authors:Guo, Mingming (1); Wang, Wenlong (1, 2); Li, Jianming (3); Zhu, Baocai (1, 4); Shi, Qianhua (1); Kang, Hongliang (1); Li, Yanfu (5)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan; 430010, China; (4) College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China; (5) Nanjing Hudraulic Research Institute, Nanjing; 210029, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Wenlong(wlwang@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:24
Issue date:December 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:155-163
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Serious man-made soil and water loss are common on unpaved roads in the mining area of Shenfu Coalfield. In general, unpaved roads are frequently rolled by transport machinery and result in massive mud after rainfall. A certain thickness of loose surface soil layer is generated after the mud is air-dried and rolled, which negatively impacts the ecological environment. An artificially simulated rainfall experiment was carried out in this study. The law of runoff and sediment yields and the characteristic of rill morphology development of unpaved road in mining area were studied at different rainfall intensities and slope degrees. According to the results of field investigations, the slope of roads usually ranged from 2° to 20° in the area and thus we set the slope of plots to 3°, 6°, 9° and 12°. Six rainfall intensities were tested, varying from 0.5 to 3.0 mm/min with an interval of 0.5 mm/min. The thickness of loose surface soil layer was set to 0.5 cm in our experiments. Plot used in the experiment was laid out to be 3 m×1 m and two flow sections were set for the measurement of runoff and sediment. Before each experiment, rainfall intensity was calibrated repeatedly until the rainfall uniformity coefficient reached 80% or higher. Soil particle composition was determined using Mastersizer 2000, whilst soil bulk density and moisture content were measured using the oven-drying method. During each experiment, flow velocity was measured with the dye tracing method. Flow width and depth were measured with a point gauge system. From 3 minutes before the runoff generation, runoff samples were taken once a minute. Other samples were taken every 3 minutes after runoff generation. All of the experiment was repeated twice. Results showed that: 1) Runoff rates varied from 1.12 to 8.24 L/min and had a significant linear relationship with rainfall intensities and no correlation with slope degrees. The Reynolds number and Resistance coefficient were 232.38-2 073.0 and 0.45-4.47, respectively. The turblence intensity of runoff increased with the increases of rainfall intensities and slope degrees. Resistance coefficient varied significantly with slope. 2) The soil detachment rate of unpaved road ranged from 0.92 to 324.46 g/(m<sup>2</sup>·s) and was a significant power function of rainfall intensities, slope degrees and runoff rates. Critical shear stress and stream power activating sediment detachment of unpaved roads were found to be 2.15 N/m<sup>2</sup>and 0.41 W/(m<sup>2</sup>·s). 3) Sheet erosion was the main erosion form on unpaved roads with a slope degree of 3°. The rill formed on the road surface when the slope degree was greater than 3°. The rill breadth depth ratio, rill complexity degree, rill split degree and rill density were 1.80-3.75, 1.07-1.55, 0.20%-10.33% and 0.067-2.01 m/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Overall, the rill density increased with rainfall intensity increased, rill breadth depth ratio decreased with slope degrees increased and rill complexity degree and split degree were positively correlated with the interaction of rainfall intensities and slope degrees. 4) Ratios of rill soil erosion yield to the total soil erosion yield were 18.0%-57.16%. The power function could be used to describe the relationship between total erosion yield and rill split degree and rill density. Exponential and linear functions were found to be useful to express the relationship between total erosion yield and rill breadth depth ratio and complexity degree. The results provide key parameters to the implementation of engineering soil and water conservation measures on unpaved roads and are therefore meaningful for the production safety in the mining area. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Coal deposits - Erosion - Flow velocity - Hydrodynamics - Machinery - Rain - Reynolds number - Roads and streets - Sediments - Shear stress - Soil conservation - Soils - Transportation - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial simulated rainfall - Ecological environments - Mining areas - Morphological characteristic - Rill - Road - Runoff and sediment yields - Soil and water conservation measures
Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 503 Mines and Mining, Coal - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.80e+01% to 5.72e+01%, Percentage 2.00e-01% to 1.03e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+01%, Size 5.00e-03m, Time 1.80e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
- 总编/社长 王应宽
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