<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20165003118670
Title:CACE model and its application in optimization of ecological security pattern
Authors:Sun, Yingbiao (1); Ha, Kai (2); Men, Mingxin (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071000, China; (2) College of Land and Resources, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071000, China 
Corresponding author:Men, Mingxin(menmingxin@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:269-277
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The rapid urbanization in China has caused a series of ecological and environmental problems. The irrational utilization of land resource poses the risk of regional ecological security, especially in ecological fragile regions. Consequently, the study on the optimization of ecological security pattern is essential to the regional ecoplanning and optimal allocation of land resources, and beneficial to the sustainable development. In order to explore the ways of optimizing regional ecological security pattern and ensuring regional ecological safety and rational utilization of land resources, this study was conducted in Huailai County located between 115&deg;16'-115&deg;58'E and 40&deg;04'-40&deg;35'N. By interpreting the remote sensing images of 1993, 2003 and 2013, the study analyzed the hot regions of land use change in Huailai county through the information map spectrum of land use change and by establishing Competitive Advantage of Construction Land and Ecological Land (CACE) Model. The study also analyzed the competitive advantage distribution area and divided the competition critical line of construction land and ecological land. In view of landscape ecology, the study constructed the single factor ecological security pattern of hydrology, geological hazard prevention, biodiversity conservation and soil and water conservation respectively. The maximum value of each single factor was utilized to construct the regional comprehensive ecological security pattern. The optimization direction of ecological security pattern was proposed according to the distribution of dominant region of construction land and ecological land. The results showed that: 1) the hot regions of land use change in Huailai County mainly appeared around Guanting Reservoir and Shacheng Town as the continuous decrease of reservoir water area and the expansion of construction land; 2) the dominant regions of construction land were mainly distributed in the central plains, while the dominant regions of ecological land were mainly distributed in the mountainous regions and the basin regions in the middle part. The distribution exhibited a significant topographic gradient feature; 3) the acreage of the regional comprehensive ecological security pattern in Huailai County was 1470.59 km², accounting for 82.51% of the total area. The acreage of basic ecological security pattern was 521.33 km², accounting for 29.25% of the total area, while the acreage of satisfactory ecological security pattern and ideal ecological security pattern was 206.93 km²(11.61%) and 742.34 km²(41.65%) respectively. The basic ecological security pattern was mainly distributed in the periphery of critical line and endured relatively low pressure from construction land expansion. The satisfactory ecological security pattern was mainly located in the ecological dominant area and partly limited the construction land expansion, serving as a critical ecological buffer zone of Huailai County. The ideal ecological security pattern was mainly in the interior of critical line and receives more pressure from construction land expansion. Then the government should emphasize the construction of ecological corridor network, which guides the disperse integration of nature patch into construction land in the form of corridor and small plaque. The research methods and results can provide valuable information for regional ecological planning and land use structure optimization. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Ecology
Controlled terms:Biodiversity - Biohazards - Competition - Conservation - Image reconstruction - Land use - Natural resources - Remote sensing - Reservoirs (water) - Soil conservation  - Structural optimization - Sustainable development - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Biodiversity conservation - Ecological security - Environmental problems - Huailai county - Land use structure optimizations - Remote sensing images - Soil and water conservation - Topographic gradients
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 441.2  Reservoirs - 444  Water Resources - 454  Environmental Engineering - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Area 1.47e+09m2, Area 2.07e+08m2, Area 5.21e+08m2, Area 7.42e+08m2, Percentage 2.92e+01%, Percentage 8.25e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20165003118671
Title:Photocatalytic degradation of ethylene using titanium dioxide nanotube arrays with Ag doped and irradiated by &gamma;-ray radiolysis
Authors:Zhang, Quan (1); Chen, Xuemei (1); Ye, Shengying (1); Li, Liqin (1); Cui, Xiaolei (1); Wang, Yi (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China 
Corresponding author:Ye, Shengying(yesy@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:278-283
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fruits and vegetables can produce large amounts of ethylene when stored in an enclosed storage space after harvest, which can accelerate the maturity and aging of fruits and vegetables. Due to the existence of ethylene in closed storage environment and inappropriate storage methods, a large amount of horticultural products is deteriorated, resulting in huge economic losses every year. Because of large surface area, stable chemical property, excellent charge transport characteristic and available recycling properties, TiO<inf>2</inf>nanotube arrays (TNTAs) have been used widely in sensors, dye-sensitized solar cells, light catalytic cracking water into hydrogen, degradation of organic pollutants and other related fields. Even though the formation of TNTAs are highly ordered and vertical growth on titanium substrate, the recombination of photo-generated electrons and hole pairs at the surface of TNTAs is an issue, which seriously limits the catalytic efficiency for ethylene degradation. In order to study the influence of semiconductor materials of titanium dioxide nanotube arrays modified with Ag-doped and⁶⁰Co &gamma;-ray irradiation on photocatalytic degradation of ethylene in cold storage environment, we prepared TNTAs with anodic oxidation method followed with⁶⁰Co &gamma;-ray irradiated on it for modification. Anodic oxidation method can be used to prepare titanium dioxide nanotube arrays with different dimensions conveniently through controlling anode potential, electrolyte concentration, and temperature, which have been considered as one of the most popular ways for enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO<inf>2</inf>. Gamma rays have been observed to play a key role in inducing disruption and dislodgement of electrons and sometimes atoms within a crystal to create defects in the crystal structure. After the formation of TNTAs, silver nanoparticles were made by irradiated reduction technology and doped on TNTAs to make up the new photocatalytic material of TNTAs-Ag. The addition of Ag nanoparticles can make photo-generated electrons transfer from a higher energy level of TiO<inf>2</inf>to the noble metal with a lower Fermi level so that the electrons and holes can be separated rapidly. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyze the characterization of the prepared semiconductor materials. Results showed that: irradiated modification can transfer amorphous crystal of TNTAs to anatase crystal. The diffraction peak of anatase crystal becomes more and more sharp and the crystal dimension becomes smaller and smaller with the increase of irradiation dose, indicating that silver particles adhered to the nozzle of TNTAs in the form of cluster deposition and it didn't not enter internal wall after doping the surface of TNTAs. Experiments of photocatalytic degradation of ethylene with TNTAs and TNTAs-Ag under ultraviolet in simulating cold storage environment were also conducted, where rate constant K' was chosen to represent the degradation ability of ethylene. It turned out that: optimal rate constant K' can reach up to 2.03&times;10^-4min^-1when TNTAs were irradiated under 20 kGy. After modifying Ag on irradiated TNTAs, the rate constant K' increased by 189.66% compared with irradiated modification separately, the constant was 5.88&times;10^-4min^-1. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Gamma rays
Controlled terms:Anodic oxidation - Catalytic cracking - Characterization - Cold storage - Cracking (chemical) - Crystal atomic structure - Crystal structure - Doping (additives) - Dye-sensitized solar cells - Electrolytes  - Electrons - Ethylene - Fruits - Irradiation - Losses - Metal nanoparticles - Nanocomposites - Nanoparticles - Nanotubes - Organic pollutants  - Oxides - Precious metals - Radiation chemistry - Rate constants - Scanning electron microscopy - Semiconductor doping - Semiconductor materials - Silver - Solar power generation - Storage (materials)  - Titanium - Titanium dioxide - Vegetables - Water pollution - Water recycling - Water treatment - X ray diffraction - X ray photoelectron spectroscopy - Yarn
Uncontrolled terms:Electrolyte concentration - Field emission scanning electron microscopes - Photo catalytic degradation - Photocatalytic efficiency - Photocatalytic materials - Photogenerated electrons - Titanium dioxide nanotube array - Transport characteristics
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 453  Water Pollution - 539.2.1  Protection Methods - 542.3  Titanium and Alloys - 547.1  Precious Metals - 615.2  Solar Power - 694.4  Storage - 712.1  Semiconducting Materials - 761  Nanotechnology - 801.4.1  Electrochemistry - 801.4.2  Radiation Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 819.4  Fiber Products - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 931.3  Atomic and Molecular Physics - 933.1.1  Crystal Lattice - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Absorbed_Dose 2.00e+04Gy, Percentage 1.90e+02%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20165003118675
Title:Deamidization and double enzyme synergetic hydrolysis increasing hydrolysis effeciency of wheat gluten
Authors:Zhao, Mouming (1); Zou, Jing (1); Zhao, Yaqi (1); Su, Guowan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou; 510640, China 
Corresponding author:Su, Guowan(fegwsu@scut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:303-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Wheat gluten is a kind of high-quality protein, rich in essential amino acids, and its large glutamate and glutamine account for about 35% of the total amino acid. However, present utilization of wheat gluten in food industry has many limitations. Because the high content of hydrophobic amino acid in wheat gluten protein would deteriorate its functional properties such as solubility and emulsification which made it difficult to be processed. Many literatures reported that both heat treatment and acid treatment can remarkably improve the solubility of proteins, and even cause structural transformation, which would make wheat gluten easier to hydrolyze. Meanwhile, glutaminase has elucidated a function of improving the protein solubility by disintegrating non covalent bonds or intermolecular disulfide bond in its hydrophobic regions. And with the interaction with pancreatin-an efficient commercial enzyme in protein hydrolysis, wheat gluten protein was expected to show a better hydrolysis efficiency. In order to explore the effects of different deamidization and double-enzyme synergism treatments on hydrolysis efficiency and antioxidant activity of wheat gluten, we took the method of double-enzyme synergetic hydrolysis combined with deamidization to obtain a kind of product with high hydrolysis efficiency as well as satisfying antioxidant property. Thus, this study took wheat gluten protein as raw material to prepare wheat gluten protein hydrolysate. And the effects of deamidization treatment and double-enzyme synergy on hydrolysis efficiency (protein recovery and degree of hydrolysis), antioxidant activity and molecular weight distribution were discussed. The products were mainly prepared by different enzyme-adding orders as well as different synergetic hydrolysis time. Results showed that the protein enzymatic sensibility of wheat gluten protein could be increased after heat treatment with 0.5 mol/L citric acid (mass ratio of citric acid to wheat gluten was 1:20), but heat treatment alone (90&#8451;, 30 min) showed no significant influence on hydrolysis efficiency. Significant difference in hydrolysis efficiency was observed when wheat gluten was prepared with the enzyme-adding order of pancreatin after glutaminase. The results also indicated that a certain time of enzymatic synergism (not longer than 12 h) was conducive to hydrolysisbut did not show positive effect when longer than 12 h whose hydrolysis efficiency was not as high as that of 7h. This article obtained an optimal hydrolysis efficiency hydrolysate of wheat gluten protein which was obtained by 12h protein-glutaminase (PG) (0.2% mass content) single-prehydrolysis and 7 h pancreatin (0.6% mass content) simultaneously hydrolysis on heat-citric acid-treated wheat gluten material.. The degree of hydrolysis achieved 9.88% and the protein recovery was 70.74%, and high content of low molecular weight products in hydrolysate was obtained according to the molecular weight distribution.. In addition, ABTS⁺radical scavenging ability value and ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) value reached 478.95 mmol /g and 213.85 &mu;mol /g, respectively, which proved that wheat gluten protein prepared by this process was a potential good antioxidant. In conclusion, the optimal preparation can provide theoretical basis for the deep processing of wheat gluten and a guidance for preparing the products with excellent antioxidant properties. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Hydrolysis
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Antioxidants - Citric acid - Covalent bonds - Efficiency - Emulsification - Enzymes - Free radicals - Heat treatment - Hydrophobicity  - Molecular weight - Molecular weight distribution - Plants (botany) - Proteins - Solubility
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-oxidant activities - Antioxidant properties - Deamidation - Enzyme hydrolysis - Intermolecular disulfide bond - Oxygen radical absorbance capacities - Structural transformation - Wheat gluten
Classification code:537.1  Heat Treatment Processes - 801.4  Physical Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 913.1  Production Engineering - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.3  Atomic and Molecular Physics
Numerical data indexing:Molality 2.14e-01mol/kg, Molality 4.79e+02mol/kg, Molar_Concentration 5.00e+02mol/m3, Percentage 2.00e-01%, Percentage 3.50e+01%, Percentage 6.00e-01%, Percentage 7.07e+01%, Percentage 9.88e+00%, Time 1.80e+03s, Time 2.52e+04s, Time 4.32e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.042

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20165003118662
Title:Modeling of water droplet in super-cooling water evaporative system for ice slurry production
Authors:Ma, Shanjun (1); Li, Penghui (2); Kong, Lingjian (2); Li, Shaohua (1); Han, Jitian (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing; 102206, China; (2) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan; 250061, China 
Corresponding author:Han, Jitian(jthan@sdu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:213-217
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ice storage technology is considered as one of the most promising options to achieve the so-called "peak load leveling of power system" and to relieve the contradiction between the supply and demand of peak power currently encountered in China. Among the ice-producing methods being developed around the world, the evaporative supercooling water ice-making one is a new and efficient way for ice slurry production of large scale without ice blockage. Therefore, it is of significant importance to investigate the heat and mass transfer characteristics during the cooling and crystallization process of water droplets in the evaporative supercooling water ice-making chamber to the development of practical ice-making system. In order to analyze the heat and mass transfer characteristics of water droplets in an evaporative super-cooling water system for ice slurry production, we proposed a mathematical model for the cooling and crystallization process of a single water droplet falling in the evaporation chamber with large space, which comprehensively took into account the three different zones of entire liquid phase, solid-liquid interphase and entire solid phase during the cooling and crystallization process of a water droplet. The developed mathematical model was then validated by use of the theoretical and experimental results presented in the available literature and satisfactory agreement was achieved in between the model simulation results and the research ones reported in the literature, indicating the correctness of the mathematical model. The parameter variations of the water droplet with changes in some of the key system operating variables, such as the inlet size and temperature of water droplet, the flow rate and relative humidity of the cold air, were numerically determined by solving the developed mathematical model. Effects of the inlet size and temperature of water droplet, inlet temperature, flow rate and relative humidity of the cold air in the evaporation chamber on the entire cooling and crystallization process were analyzed in detail. The results indicated that the cold air temperature, relative humidity and flow rate had significant effect on the cooling and crystallization process of water droplets. And change in the air temperature had the most obvious impact on the cooling rate of water droplets. Both of the air temperature and relative humidity determined the minimum temperature (i.e., the wet-bulb temperature) that the droplets can reach in the evaporative supercooling water chamber for ice slurry production. Air velocity was one of the key factors influencing the ice crystal production. It can be concluded from the obtained simulation results that decrease in the inlet diameter of water droplets entering the evaporative supercooling chamber was helpful to enhance the speed of evaporative and crystallization process of water droplets. As a result, it was recommended to incorporate water droplets with diameters as small as possible in practical applications. In order to reduce the energy consumption for ice-making, it was important to employ a higher air temperature in meeting the wet-bulb temperature requirement. While increasing the cold air speed can improve the ice slurry output of ice-making system, it may result in increase in the carrying volume of water droplets. Therefore, the cold air speed should be determined according to the corresponding diameters of water droplets entering the supercooling evaporative chamber. The conclusions obtained in this paper were of significance to the efficient structural design and practical operation of the super-cooling water evaporative system for ice slurry production of large scale. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Ice
Controlled terms:Air - Atmospheric temperature - Cold storage - Cooling - Cooling water - Drops - Economics - Energy utilization - Evaporation - Freezing  - Heat transfer - Mass transfer - Structural design - Supercooling - Water cooling systems
Uncontrolled terms:Crystallization process - Evaporation chambers - Evaporative systems - Heat and mass transfer - Ice slurries - Minimum temperatures - Water droplets - Wet bulb temperature
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 616.1  Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 641.3  Mass Transfer - 644.3  Refrigeration Equipment and Components - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20165003118638
Title:Parameter optimization on scraper fertilizer feed unit of 3ZSP-2 type sugarcane intertillage fertilizer applicator-cum-hiller
Authors:Li, Ming (1, 2); Zhang, Ting (1, 2); Dong, Xuehu (2); Wang, Chun (1); Niu, Zhaojun (2); Ge, Chang (2); Wei, Lijiao (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163319, China; (2) Tropical Agricultural Machinery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang; 524091, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Chun(wangchun1963@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:36-42
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the intertillage of sugarcane, the fertilizing with a low evenness and stability will lead to many problems, such as losing a lot of sugarcane seedlings, soil hardening, fertilizer wasting, lower fertilizer use efficiency, and higher input with lower output. So the research on the fertilizing device is vital to control the evenness and stability of fertilizing. This paper focused on improving the fertilizing evenness of 3ZSP-2 type sugarcane intertillage fertilizing hilling machine. The innovational scraper fertilizing device was independently designed. The single-factor experiment on the diameter of disk, rotation speed of disk, gap of scraper, angle of scraper, width of scraper and advancing velocity was conducted in the Tropical Agricultural Machinery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang in April 2014. The pivotal parameters of technology in this study were that the tractor motive power ranged from 22 to 36 W, the working speed ranged from 2 to 5 km/h, the overall dimension was 2300 mm &times; 1100 mm &times; 1640 mm, the diameter of fertilizer box was 730 mm, the diameter of disk was 700 mm, the rotation speed of disk ranged from 6 to 14 rpm, the width of scraper was 45 mm, the angle of scraper ranged from 15&deg; to 19&deg;, and the advancing velocity ranged from 0.7 to 1.1 m/s. The results showed that, the width of scraper, the angle of scraper and the advancing speed had a significant impact on the fertilizing evenness, and the value ranges of the 3 factors were identified. The mathematical model between the 3 experimental factors of the fertilizing device and the evaluation index of fertilizing evenness was established by the experimental method of Box-Behnken design. The influence law of those parameters on the evenness of fertilizer ejecting was analyzed through the Statistical Analysis System. The result concluded that the evenness of fertilizer ejecting increased at first, and then decreased respectively with the increasing of the 3 parameters (the width of scraper ranging from 30 to 50 mm, the angle of scraper ranging from 15&deg; to 19&deg; and the advancing speed ranging from 0.7 to 1.1 m/s). The order of the factors affecting the fertilizing evenness was the width of scraper &gt; the angle of scraper &gt; the advancing velocity. When the interaction was considered, the width of scraper and the advancing velocity had a tremendous impact on the target value, and the width of scraper and the angle of scraper also had a significant effect on the fertilizing evenness. Under the conditions of the width of scraper of 48.4 mm, the angle of scraper of 16.5&deg; and the advancing velocity of 1.09 m/s, which were the optimal parameter combination, the fertilizing evenness was 92.97%, the stability of furrow opening depth was 92.9%, and the coverage rate of fertilizer was 100%. The verification test of optimized fertilizing device was performed in an experimental field whose area was 0.12 hm². Results indicated that, the test result of the optimized machine was consistent with the results of the response surface analysis. The fertilizing deepness of this machine was 17.8 cm, the fertilizing evenness was 92.97%, and the coefficient of stability was 92.9%. All these indices were much higher than the design indices and the original machine, and met the requirements of cultivating, fertilizing and hilling in sugarcane tillage. The optimized mechanism parameters of fertilizing device were found to be technically viable. This study provides a starting point for further research on the optimization design of 3ZSP-2 type sugarcane intertillage fertilizing hilling machine. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Tools
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Fertilizers - Mechanization - Optimization - Speed - Stability - Statistical process control - Sugar cane - Surface analysis  - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Angle of scraper - Distributing uniformity - Intertillage fertilization - Optimal parameter combinations - Response surface analysis - Single-factor experiments - Statistical analysis systems - Width of scraper
Classification code:601  Mechanical Design - 731.1  Control Systems - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 9.29e+01%, Percentage 9.30e+01%, Power 2.20e+01W to 3.60e+01W, Rotational_Speed 6.00e+00RPM to 1.40e+01RPM, Size 1.64e+00m, Size 1.78e-01m, Size 3.00e-02m to 5.00e-02m, Size 4.50e-02m, Size 4.84e-02m, Size 7.00e-01m, Size 7.30e-01m, Velocity 1.09e+00m/s, Velocity 5.56e-01m/s to 1.39e+00m/s, Velocity 7.00e-01m/s to 1.10e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20165003118666
Title:Multi-scale spatial autocorrelation analysis of cultivated land quality in Zhejiang province
Authors:Li, Wuyan (1); Zhu, Congmou (2); Wang, Hua (3); Xu, Baogen (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Real Estate, Zhejiang University of Finance &amp; Economics, Hangzhou; 310018, China; (2) School of Public Administration, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou; 310018, China; (3) Dongfang College, Zhejiang University of Finance &amp; Economics, Jiaxing; 314000, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:239-245
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Understanding the spatial characteristics of cultivated land quality at different spatial scales is the base to formulate appropriate management countermeasures and targeted cultivated land construction. The purpose of this paper was to explore the spatial characteristics of cultivated land quality at the provincial, municipal and county-level scale. Zhejiang province was taken as an example. A combination of spatial autocorrelation models represented by Moran's I index and coefficient of variation method was used for the study. In 2012, data of cultivated land information in 2011 in Zhejiang province were collected from Yellowbook and investigation from local government. Analysis of global spatial autocorrelation of cultivated land quality showed that the Moran's I value was higher than 0.5, showing strong positive autocorrelation. The Moran's I value of economical land index was the highest, followed by the land use index and land natural index. For 11 cities in Zhejiang, the Moran's I value of land natural index was higher in Hanzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Huzhou and Jiaxing, that of land use index was higher in Hanzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo and Huzhou, and that of economical land index in Hanzhou was higher than the provincial level. Furthermore, among 85 counties, the Moran's I value of global spatial autocorrelation was the highest in Xiaoshan (0.87) and the lowest in Gongshu (-0.16) for the natural index, the highest in Xiuzhou (0.87) and the lowest in Gongshu (-0.22) for the land use index, and the highest in Xiuzhou (0.88) and the lowest in Gongshu (-0.13) for the economical land index, respectively. The local spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the high-high area of natural index was clustered in the north of Zhejiang including Xiaxing, Huzhou, Hanzhou et al., the low-low area was in counties such as Dongyang, Yongkang, Wuyi, et al., and the low-high and high-low areas were mainly distributed in the center of Zhejiang such as Yiwu. The high-high area of land use index was concentrated in Xiaxing, Shaoxing, Hanzhou, et al., the low-low area of that was in Fuyang, Lin'an, et al., and low-high and high-low areas were dispersedly distributed. The high-high area of economical index was even scattered mainly in parts of Huzhou, Jiaxing and Shaoxing and so on. The high Moran's I values of the 3 indexes appeared mainly in the north of Zhejiang, sparsely along the coast and the low values were shown in the northwest and center of Zhejiang. In sum, the spatial distribution of cultivated land quality was sensitive to spatial scale. The larger scale indicated high autocorrelation and agglomeration. Among the 3 indexes, the natural index was greatly affected by the scale change, followed by land use index and economical index. Therefore, these characteristics should be taken into account in the cultivated land management and partition. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Spatial variables measurement
Controlled terms:Agglomeration - Aluminum - Autocorrelation - Land use - Quality control
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Cultivated land qualities - Management countermeasures - Scale - Spatial autocorrelation analysis - Spatial autocorrelations - Spatial characteristics - Zhejiang Province
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 541.1  Aluminum - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 921  Mathematics - 943.2  Mechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20165003118654
Title:Relationship between accuracy of winter wheat area remote sensing identification and spatial resolution
Authors:Wang, Limin (1); Liu, Jia (1); Gao, Jianmeng (1); Yang, Lingbo (1); Yang, Fugang (1); Wang, Xiaolong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China 
Corresponding author:Liu, Jia(liujia06@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:152-160
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Intensive study on the relationship among remote sensing data source spatial resolution, farmland landscape fragmentation index, and crop area identification accuracy is the basis for the selection and optimization of crop area monitoring data source. A 12 km &times; 14 km winter wheat planting area in Wuqing District, Tianjin City was taken as the study area. The visual interpretation method was adopted to compare the crop area estimation accuracies of the data with 8 spatial resolution levels of 0.3, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 100 and 250 m, and the Google Earth images were taken as the major data sources which were supported with 16 m GF-1/WFV (wide field view), 30 m LandSat-8/OLI (operational land imager), and 250 m EOS/MODIS (moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) data. Meanwhile, the paper also analyzed the impact of fragmentation indices on area accuracy under the scale effect, the change of the proportion of winter wheat area, the change of crop patches, and the change laws of classification figure DN (digital number) standard deviation. The result shows that, the visual interpreting result of remote-sensing images with the resolution of 0.3 m is a "real value image". Along with the change of spatial resolution from 2 to 250 m, the winter wheat identification accuracies gradually decrease from 98.6% to 70.1%, showing a gradually downward trend. Meanwhile, Kappa coefficient also gradually decreases from 0.96 to 0.39, indicating that the winter wheat classification accuracy is closely related to the resolutions of remote sensing images. Purely from the perspective of winter wheat area estimation accuracy, the decrease speed of resolution is faster than the decrease speed of classification identification accuracy. When the image resolution decreases from 100 to 250 m, even though the slight decrease of classification identification accuracy from 70.3% to 70.1%, the error of winter wheat area estimation increases significantly from 86.0% to 110.6%. The main reason is that relatively low spatial resolution causes the winter wheat patches with small area to be missed. The study area is divided into 3 areas with high, medium and low fragmentation indices. Along with the increase of fragmentation index of farmland landscape, the crop area identification accuracy decreases, and the image accuracy with spatial resolution of 2 m decreases from 98.8% to 94.2% and then to 70.7%. Along with the decrease of spatial resolution, the decrease speed of identification accuracy of winter wheat area in the regions with higher fragmentation index is faster than that of the regions with lower fragmentation index. With the spatial resolution decreasing from 2 to 250 m, the decreased magnitude in the regions with higher fragmentation index is 51.5%, and that in the regions with lower fragmentation index is 46.1%. The main reason is that under the condition of higher fragmentation index, along with the decrease of resolution, the number of mixed pixels is higher than that under the condition of lower fragmentation index, more winter wheat pixels are missed, and the speed of accuracy decrease is also higher. Winter wheat identification capacity is closely associated with its area proportion within the pixels. Along with the decrease of resolution from 2 to 250 m, the average value of the winter wheat area pixel proportion decreases from 0.94 to 0.45. It can be seen from the patch scale analysis that the size of missed patches also gradually increases from 0.13 to 0.57 hm². It is also found that long and narrow crop classification patches are likely to be missed along with the decrease of resolution, because they easily generate mixed pixels, which leads to the convergence between spectrum of winter wheat areas and that of background and thus lowers the identification capacity. The gray standard deviation of winter wheat pixel constantly decreases along with the increase of resolution, indicating that the higher the resolution, the stronger the spectrum consistency of winter wheat pixels, which is more conductive to the classification of winter wheat. The above studies show that in the regions with complicated planting conditions in China, considering both image expenses and computation efficiency, improving image resolution is a precondition for improving winter wheat identification accuracy. Meanwhile, in the regions with relatively high cropland fragmentation index, the same identification accuracy can be achieved by using the images with higher resolution. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Crops - Farms - Image reconstruction - Image resolution - Pixels - Radiometers - Remote sensing - Satellites - Statistics
Uncontrolled terms:Area monitoring - Classification identification - Fragmentation index - Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer - Remote sensing data source - Scale effects - Selection and optimizations - Winter wheat
Classification code:655.2  Satellites - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 944.7  Radiation Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.61e+01%, Percentage 5.15e+01%, Percentage 7.03e+01% to 7.01e+01%, Percentage 7.07e+01%, Percentage 8.60e+01% to 1.11e+02%, Percentage 9.86e+01% to 7.01e+01%, Percentage 9.88e+01% to 9.42e+01%, Size 1.00e+02m to 2.50e+02m, Size 1.40e+04m, Size 2.00e+00m, Size 2.00e+00m to 2.50e+02m, Size 2.50e+02m, Size 3.00e+01m, Size 3.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20165003118656
Title:Feature extraction and image recognition of typical grassland forage based on color moment
Authors:Han, Ding (1, 2); Wu, Pei (1); Zhang, Qiang (3); Han, Guodong (4); Tong, Fei (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China; (2) College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot; 010021, China; (3) Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; R3T 5V6, Canada; (4) College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China 
Corresponding author:Wu, Pei(jdwupei@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:168-175
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To improve pasture monitoring and low-level digitization in Inner Mongolia Ulanqab desert steppe, the feature extraction and image recognition for two typical pastures were conducted in this paper so as to provide a basis for grass species identification and grassland management. The grass images were collected in the desert steppe of Siziwang banner of Inner Mongolia at 3 pm on August 15, 2014, where belongs to the middle temperate semi-arid continental monsoon climate zone. Under the natural sunlight intensity, 100 original images of varying blade sizes and shapes were taken as training and testing samples from prairie by using an intelligent navigation data acquisition vehicle. The method of color moment was used considering that it can reflect the color distribution information comprehensively. The process doesn't need to quantify the color space, and the feature vector dimension is low when the color feature is extracted. In this process, the first moment describes the mean color, the second moment represents the color variance, and the third moment describes the color skewness. From the three components of Red, Green, Blue (R, G, B), nine color moment feature vectors can be obtained and Hue (H) as well as Saturation (S) components were included along with six color moment feature vectors. But the Value (V) component of the brightness information had nothing to do with the color. In all, 15 dimensional vector features were required to be extracted. Then,RGB and HSV color moment were extracted and color rule set was established for the two typical grasses of Leymus chinensis and Chenopodium glaucum. The results showed that the color moment for these two forages had an obvious difference especially in the first color moment of RGB. The interval range of each parameter was an important factor for image classification and recognition. For the 60 collected images in the steppe, the 2G-B-R vegetation index method was employed separately, for separating the pasture from soil background of which the 33 image separations were successful. Then, the fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm based on 2G-B-R color difference characteristic was applied to the other 27 images of them. All the images acquired ideal background segmentation results. After finishing background segmentation, we built a three-layer BP neural network model. To improve the speed of recognition, the method of principal component analysis was used so that we could reduce the input feature parameters from 15 to 10. The number of output nodes of BP network was 2, which was the number of grass segmentation expressed by the binary form. The number of hidden layer nodes was calculated by the classical formula, the range of values was from 4 to 13, and the experiment indicated that the performance of the network can reach the best condition when the number of hidden nodes was 10 in the hidden layer. By taking 40 images as the validation samples, 89.5% of final overall recognition rate and an effective classification result of two pasture images were received. At the same time, the coverages of 9.78% and 34.21% for Chenopodium glaucum and Leymus chinensis were obtained respectively. The experimental results indicated that the image segmentation and classification were perfectly realized by using Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm and BP neural network model based on color moment feature. Automatic identification of grass plays an important role in the grass digitization, the segmentation and recognition for forage image provided a scientific basis for the monitoring of vegetation species diversity, grass degradation and pest control. The results of this research could provide a significant theoretical foundation and data support for forage grass species identification. It would provide an important way in realizing the modern grassland ecological environment protection and development of the grassland economy. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Image classification
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Automation - Clustering algorithms - Color - Color image processing - Colorimetry - Data acquisition - Extraction - Face recognition - Feature extraction  - Fuzzy clustering - Fuzzy systems - Image processing - Image recognition - Image segmentation - Network layers - Neural networks - Principal component analysis - Speech recognition - Vector spaces  - Vectors - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic identification - BP neural networks - Classification and recognition - Color moments - Ecological environment protections - Fuzzy c-means clustering algorithms - Pasture - Three layer BP neural network
Classification code:723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 741.1  Light/Optics - 751.5  Speech - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.1  Information Sources and Analysis - 921  Mathematics - 921.1  Algebra - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 941.4  Optical Variables Measurements - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.42e+01%, Percentage 8.95e+01%, Percentage 9.78e+00%, Size 3.00e-12m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20165003118651
Title:Modification and validation of Ritchie model for evaporation of bare saline alkali soil
Authors:Zheng, Xin (1); Li, Bo (1); Yi, Shujuan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163319, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:131-136
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ritchie model is popular for evaporation estimation, but it needs to be modified before use in local regions, especially in saline alkaline soil. This study carried out a field experiment to modify the coefficient of Ritchie model. The experiment was carried out in bare field of Daqing City in August and September of 2015. The city had annual precipitation of 427.5 mm and annual evaporation of 1635 mm. The soil was sandy loam. A micro-lysimeter was used for evaporation measurement in bare soil. The lysimeter was 2 mm in thickness, 150 mm in height, and 74 mm in inner diameter. The soil in the lysimeter was replaced every 7 days, and after raining. The effects of rainfall and relative humidity on evaporation were analyzed since the other factors such as temperature and wind speed was similar for the 2 months in the study. The results showed that the relationship between evaporation and relative humidity in these 2 months was similar. The maximum relative humidity was 61% and 43% in August and September, and the mean evaporation was 5.2 and 6.2 mm/d in August and September, respectively. For using Ritchie model, the evaporation limit of the first stage was designed as 8 mm. Using the coefficient value from literature 4.62 mm/d^0.5, the model yielded a relatively low evaporation estimation (R²=0.61). Randomly selecting data on 18^th-19^thin August and on 1^st-7^thin September, the model coefficient was determined as 2.81 and 0.01 mm/d^0.5for August and September, respectively. Validation using the other data showed that the measured and calculated evaporation values based on the revised coefficient were closely linearly correlated with R²0.94. The root mean square error was decreased from 3.04 to 0.44 mm/d. Validation using measured evaporation values from maize field in 2016 showed that the measured and calculated values based on revised coefficient were linearly correlated with R²0.95. Thus, the revised coefficient showed high reliability for evaporation estimation in the study area. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Evaporation
Controlled terms:Lysimeters - Mean square error - Models - Soil surveys - Soils - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Annual precipitation - Bare soils - Effects of rainfalls - Evaporation estimation - Model modification - Root mean square errors - Saline -Alkaline soils - Saline-alkali soils
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 943.3  Special Purpose Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.67e-01yr, Age 1.92e-02yr, Percentage 4.30e+01%, Percentage 6.10e+01%, Size 1.50e-01m, Size 1.64e+00m, Size 2.00e-03m, Size 4.27e-01m, Size 7.40e-02m, Size 8.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20165003118665
Title:Indirect test and identification method of dynamic frequencies of typical vibrations on wind wheel
Authors:Lv, Wenchun (1, 2, 3); Ma, Jianlong (1, 3); Wang, Jianwen (1, 3); Li, Peilin (1); Zhang, Yanqi (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot; 010051, China; (2) Mechatronics Engineering Department, Inner Mongolia Technical College of Mechanics and Electrics, Hohhot; 010070, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Wind and Solar Power Energy Utilization Technology Ministry of Education and Inner Mongolia Construction, Hohhot; 010051, China 
Corresponding author:Ma, Jianlong(ma_jianlong@yeah.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:233-238
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nowadays, the test methods of dynamic frequencies of typical vibrations of the wind wheel are badly in need of the wind turbine design, but the effective methods are few because installing the accelerometers on the blades will destroy the flow field and the structure field, and then greatly affect the test reliability. In this paper, an indirect test and identification method of dynamic frequencies of the wind wheel was developed based on the frequency holding characteristic of each sub signal in the multiple mixed vibration signals' transmission. The specific method was to get the acceleration signal from the accelerometer installed at the front end of the generator, and then to get its spectrum signature by the FFT (fast Fourier transform), and finally the dynamic frequencies of typical vibrations of the wind wheel were discriminated based on its mode shapes and spectrum signature. This method was carried out on a small horizontal axis wind turbine with 1.4 m wind wheel diameter while the wind velocity was 10 m/s and the tip speed ratio was 6, and achieved good results. The same tests were done while the wind velocities were 5-10 m/s and the tip speed ratios were 5-7 in order to prove the reliability of the above method, and the results could all prove its reliability. On the other hand, the numerical simulation was carried out based on one way fluid solid coupling. The vibration modes and vibration frequencies of the 2nd-order following typical vibrations were obtained while the wind velocity was 10 m/s and the tip speed ratio was 6, the results showed that the test accuracy of this method was relatively high because the relative errors between the calculated and experimental values were all less than 5%.Thus, it also proved that the above indirect test and identification method was reliable. Finally, considering the applicability of this method for different blade materials and structures, other 2 kinds of blades were tested by using the same method. One blade material was engineering plastic, and its material and structure had very big difference from the above measured blade. The other blade material was the same as the above measured blade, but its airfoil structure was NACA4415 which had big difference from the above measured blade. Both of the test results were good to exclude the above question. In other words, the test results confirmed that the indirect test and identification method of dynamic frequencies of typical vibrations of the wind wheel in this paper has a good adaptability to the wind wheels which have different materials or structures under the wind turbine operating conditions. Research also revealed that this method has a significant advantage in distinguishing the dynamic frequencies of the 1st-order and the following modes, but the recognition effect is obviously decreased along with the rise of the vibration order owing to the enhancement of the intensity of the torsional mode of blades and the decrease of the peak values of dynamic frequency curve. This method proposed in this paper can acquire the dynamic frequencies of typical vibrations of the wind wheel simply and accurately under the premise of not destroying the flow field and the structure field, because it does not need to install a large amount of sensors on the surface of the blade, so it can provide a solution for technical difficulties in monitoring and discriminating the dynamic vibration frequencies under the operating conditions of the wind wheel. At the same time, this research can provide a new reference method for the health monitoring of the wind wheel. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Vibration analysis
Controlled terms:Accelerometers - Fast Fourier transforms - Flow fields - Fourier series - Reliability - Testing - Turbomachine blades - Vibrations (mechanical) - Wheels - Wind  - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms:Acceleration signals - Dynamic frequency - Engineering plastics - FFT (fast Fourier transform) - Horizontal axis wind turbines - Identification method - Technical difficulties - Wind wheels
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 601.2  Machine Components - 615.8  Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations - 931.1  Mechanics - 943.1  Mechanical Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e+00%, Size 1.40e+00m, Velocity 1.00e+01m/s, Velocity 5.00e+00m/s to 1.00e+01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20165003118669
Title:Spatial distribution of As in vegetable field and paddy in southeast of Guangdong province
Authors:Jiang, Xiaolu (1); Zou, Bin (1, 2); Tang, Jingwen (2); Tu, Yulong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring, Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha; 410083, China; (2) Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control &amp; Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha; 410083, China 
Corresponding author:Zou, Bin(210010@csu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:263-268
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The soil As pollution in agricultural land has received increasing attention globally due to its significant potential harm to the environment and human health. Knowing the source as well as the characteristics of pollutants is the premise for their control and treatment. But now, sampling for understanding pollutants in soil is difficult and costly resulting in limited number of soil samples from the As contaminated land. For the problem that it is hard to accurately and efficiently map the spatial distribution of soil As concentration based on limited soil samples. In this study, we collected a total of 104 top soil samples (0~20cm) from agricultural land, in a southeast of Guangdong province. A combined approach of spatial analysis and multiple regression modeling was developed to recognize the statistical characteristic of As concentration in sampling soil, and to reveal their formation causes of spatial variation and associated spatial patterns in vegetable field, paddy and orchard. Results showed that in general, As concentration of soil samples was largely not exceeding the national standard in the agricultural land of the studied area. However, As concentration of few soil samples was still exceeding the National Environment Quality Standard for soil (GB15618-1995), with the maximum value was 137.80 mg/kg. Among three different types of agricultural lands, the soil As concentration in vegetable field was the highest, followed by the paddy and orchard, with mean values of 11.04, 9.89 and 2.54 mg/kg, respectively. The sources of soil As contamination were variable in different agricultural land. In vegetable field, soil As concentration was closely interrelated with shortest distances between samples and chimneys and rivers, and the slope of sample sites. Significance value of the soil As concentration simulation model in vegetable field was 0.010 (P&lt;0.05). In paddy, the dominant factor of soil As concentration was the shortest distances between samples and rivers. Significance value of the soil As concentration simulation model in paddy was 0.044 (P&lt;0.05). However, the multiple linear regression models of soil As concentration simulation in orchard were not significant (P&gt;0.05) in this study. The results suggested that the soil As contamination in vegetable field mainly was affected by the river sewage irrigation and surface runoff of polluted gas from chimneys. The area with high soil As concentration was distributed in the northern part, and lower in other regions. In paddy, the soil As contamination was significantly only affected by the sewage irrigation, with higher As contamination in the north and south, and lower in other regions. But no obvious source of soil As pollution was found in orchard soil. This study would provide a scientific method for accurately mapping the spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution in agricultural land and consequently guide the policy making of precise prevention and control based on sparse sampling data. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Arsenic - Chimneys - Contamination - Farms - Fertilizers - Heavy metals - Irrigation - Linear regression - Mapping  - Orchards - Pollution - Pollution control - Regression analysis - River pollution - Rivers - Sampling - Sewage - Soil surveys - Soils  - Spatial distribution - Spatial variables measurement - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Environment quality - Guangdong Province - Heavy metal pollution - Multiple linear regression models - Multiple regression model - Prevention and controls - Spatial analysis - Statistical characteristics
Classification code:402.1  Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 405.3  Surveying - 452.1  Sewage - 453  Water Pollution - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531  Metallurgy and Metallography - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 943.2  Mechanical Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20165003118652
Title:Compressive sensing and reconstruction of vegetation spectra for retrieving plant physiological and biochemical parameters
Authors:Xu, Ping (1); Liu, Junfeng (1); Zhang, Jingcheng (1); Xue, Lingyun (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Life Information Science &amp; Instrument Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou; 310018, China 
Corresponding author:Zhang, Jingcheng(zhangjcrs@hdu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:137-143
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the development of hyperspectral technology, it is of great significance to establish a specific compression and reconstruction method that can be used for conducting quantitative remote sensing of vegetation. Such a method is expected not only to improve the efficiency of data storage and transmission, but also to maintain the main spectral characteristics in interpreting some physiological and biochemical parameters. In this study, the compressive sensing technique was introduced to the compression and reconstruction of plant spectrum. Three critical physiological and biochemical parameters of plant, i.e. water content, carotenoid content and chlorophyll content, were chosen to test the retrieving efficacy of the proposed method. To facilitate such an analysis, a spectral dataset consisting of 2 500 spectra and corresponding plant physiological and biochemical parameters with multivariate normal distribution was generated by a classic plant leaf radiation model PROSEPCT. Based on the data, the compression and reconstruction method that was specific for vegetation spectral processing was proposed, described and evaluated. To process the spectral dataset using the compressed sensing method, the spectral dataset was firstly sampled by means of constructing random matrix. Then, the sampled data were reconstructed by a classic orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm, and the normalized root mean square error between the reconstructed data and the original data was analyzed. The performance of the method was thoroughly evaluated on 3 different levels: the spectral level, the feature level and the model level. At the spectral level, an error analysis was performed by directly calculating the original spectra and reconstructed spectra of corresponding samples. At the spectral index level, the spectral index was calculated based on both the original spectra and the reconstructed spectra. Then the error of the spectral index was analyzed. At the model level, the retrieving models for water content, carotenoid content and chlorophyll content were calibrated and validated based on the spectral indices from both original data and reconstructed data. For each modeling process, the entire dataset was divided into calibration data and validation data with a ratio of 7:3. All the retrieving models were constructed using a partial least squares regression method. The normalized root mean square error was used to indicate the accuracy of the retrieving models. Over all the analysis, the compressed sensing method was processed with different sampling rates. And the influence of sampling rate was also investigated. The results showed that the required sampling rate was associated with the correlation among the bands. It was found that for the spectral data with more than 65% bands moderately correlated to each other (absolute value of correlation coefficient was greater than 0.8), the reconstruction error conformed a certain pattern in all 3 evaluation levels. For the spectral level, the reconstruction error achieved lower than 2% when the sampling rate was higher than 0.25. For the feature level, the spectral index exhibited different sensitivity to the sampling rate. To ensure that the reconstruction error was no more than 10%, the sampling rate should be higher than 0.25, 0.15 and 0.1 for water content, chlorophyll content and carotenoid content, respectively. In the validation of the retrieving model, when the sampling rate was less than 0.2, the retrieving error of water content and carotenoid content was significantly correlated with the sampling rate. When the sampling rate was greater than 0.2, the normalized root mean square error of the carotenoid and chlorophyll content maintained at 15.4% and 8.2%, whereas that of the water content dropped below 16.5%. Overall, based on the theory of compressed sensing, this work proposed a compression and reconstruction method that is specific for vegetation spectral data. The features in reducing the data volume of plant spectra and the capability in maintaining plant critical spectral characteristics make the method have great potential in supporting vegetation remote sensing. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Physiological models
Controlled terms:Calibration - Channel estimation - Chlorophyll - Compressed sensing - Data compression - Digital storage - Errors - Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Normal distribution  - Optical waveguides - Physiology - Pigments - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Signal reconstruction - Spectrum analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Compressive sensing - Multi-variate normal distributions - Orthogonal matching pursuit - Partial least squares regression - Physiological parameters - Quantitative remote sensing - Spectral indices - Vegetation remote sensing
Classification code:461.9  Biology - 714.3  Waveguides - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.1  Probability Theory - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.54e+01%, Percentage 1.65e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+00%, Percentage 6.50e+01%, Percentage 8.20e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20165003118649
Title:Optimal irrigation regime improving yield and quality of alfalfa in year of sowing
Authors:Zhang, Qianbing (1, 2); Yu, Lei (1, 2); Lu, Weihua (1, 2); Ma, Chunhui (1); He, Haixiu (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science &amp; Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agriculture of Xinjiang Production and Construction Groups, Shihezi; 832003, China; (3) Tenth Division Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Xinjiang Production and Construction Groups, Aletai; 836000, China 
Corresponding author:Ma, Chunhui(chunhuima@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:116-122
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this study, the effects of irrigation quota and its distribution on production performance and water use efficiency of alfalfa in the year of sowing were investigated. Drip irrigation quota treatments included 3 750 (W<inf>1</inf>), 4 500 (W<inf>2</inf>) and 5 250 m³/hm²(W<inf>3</inf>), respectively. Under the irrigation quota of 4 500 m³/hm², irrigation quota were distributed with 3 different modes: 1) 35% of the total irrigation amount before mowing and 65% of the total amount irrigation water after mowing (Q<inf>1</inf>); 2) 50% of the total before mowing and 50% of the total after mowing (Q<inf>2</inf>); 3) 65% of the total of the total before mowing and 35% of the total after mowing (Q<inf>3</inf>). The irrigation was conducted about 8-10 d before mowing and about 5-6 d after mowing. The experiment was conducted in Experimental Station of Shihezi University in 2014 and Demonstration Plot of Tianye Group in 2015. Measurements included plant height, hay yield, leave-stem ratio, stem diameter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber. In addition, water use efficiency was calculated based on evapotranspiration. The results showed that the plant height, leave-stem ratio, stem diameter increased with irrigation. There was significant difference between W<inf>3</inf>and W<inf>2</inf>treatments (P&lt;0.05). Under the W<inf>2</inf>treatment, the Q<inf>1</inf>treatment could promote the growth of alfafa, showing high plant height, leave-stem ratio, stem diameter, and growth rate. The hay yield was the highest in the W<inf>3</inf>treatment, and lowest in the W<inf>1</inf>treatment, and the highest in the Q<inf>1</inf>. It suggested that the large irrigation before mowing and the small irrigation after mowing did not facilitate the hay production. The water use efficiency decreased with the increase of irrigation quota. The water use efficiency of W<inf>3</inf>was significantly lower than that of W<inf>1</inf>(P&lt;0.05). The Q<inf>1</inf>treatment had significantly higher water use efficiency than the Q<inf>3</inf>(P&lt;0.05). The acid and neutral detergent fibers in the W<inf>3</inf>were significantly higher than those in the W<inf>1</inf>and W<inf>2</inf>(P&lt;0.05). Those in the Q<inf>3</inf>were significantly higher than that in the Q<inf>1</inf>(P&lt;0.05). The crude protein in the Q<inf>1</inf>was higher than that in the Q<inf>3</inf>(P&lt;0.05). Thus, the Q<inf>1</inf>treatment could increase the crude protein but lower the acid and neutral detergent fiber contents. In sum, the suitable irrigation amount (4500 m³/hm²) was conducive to increase the hay yield of alfalfa in the year of sowing and maintain high crude protein content and low acid and neutral detergent fiber content. Under the irrigation quota of 4500 m³/hm², the hey yield of Q<inf>1</inf>treatment could be as high as 9 916-10 172 kg/hm², and the WUE of Q<inf>1</inf>treatment was 3.31-3.9 kg/(mm&middot;hm²). Thus, the irrigation with 35% of the total of the same stubble before mowing and 65% of the total of the same stubble after mowing was conducive to increasing the hay yield and improving the nutritional quality of alfalfa in the year of sowing. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Biomass - Efficiency - Fibers - Plants (botany) - Proteins - Water supply - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Acid detergent fiber - Alfalfa - Experimental stations - First growth year - Neutral detergent fiber - Nutritional qualities - Production performance - Water use efficiency
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.50e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 6.50e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20165003118658
Title:Sliding mode control of current of single-phase shunt APF based on exact feedback linearization
Authors:Zhang, Guorong (1); Wu, Zhiqiang (1); Peng, Bo (1); Chen, Xiaran (1); Zhang, Huili (1); Yu, Yanqing (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center for Photovoltaic System Engineering Ministry of Education, School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei; 230009, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:183-189
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Harmonic compensations have become increasingly important in power systems due to the rapid proliferation of nonlinear loads in industrial, commercial, and residential applications. Harmonics not only increase the losses, but also produce unwanted disturbance to the communication network, more voltage and/or current stress, and so on. Different mitigation solutions, such as passive filter, active power line conditioner, and hybrid filter, have been proposed and used to solve the problems. Due to the excellent dynamic performance, shunt-type active power filter (APF) is used to eliminate the current harmonics. The aim of the paper is to apply the feedback linearization theory in the single-phase shunt-type APF via a sliding mode control approach. The control of the active filter is performed by 2 digital control loops: a sliding control surface in the inner loop, which linearizes the system dynamics and compensates the nonlinear load current distortion, and a conventional PI (proportion integration) control in the outer loop that regulates the level of the direct current side capacitor voltage. In this paper, firstly, the modeling of a single-phase APF is presented, which uses a standard full-bridge voltage-source inverter topology and a unipolar method, and the affine nonlinear model is obtained as well. Secondly, the APF's system is linearized by means of a nonlinear coordinate transformation, deduced from the application of the differential geometry theorem to the system. The feedback linearization is achieved by the definition of an output function for the system that is based on the total energy stored in the APF. In the linearization process, any higher order nonlinear term is not ignored, and thus the linearized model can accurately reflect the real system. The feedback linearization of the system is performed without the need to transform the active filter model into a normal form, avoiding the tedious mathematical operations that are involved in this transformation, saving the computation space of the DSP (digital signal processor) and simplifying the final control configuration. Then, a sliding model controller is designed based on the linearized APF model, which guarantees the rapidity and accuracy of the compensation current and weakens the dependence on accurate mathematical mode at the same time. Finally, detailed simulation and experimental results were reported, demonstrating the validity of the proposed control scheme. In MATLAB simulations, the proposed controller was compared under the same control parameters and conditions with a conventional PI control scheme. The current total harmonic distortion (total harmonic distortion, THD) was 3.83% under conventional PI control and was 1.18% under control method proposed in this paper. This comparison showed that the proposed control approach achieved a strong harmonic attenuation all over the frequency spectrum of the supply current, leading to a significant reduction of the current THD. The THD of the grid current that was compensated was 2.71% in experiments. Thus, it can be seen that the proposed method employed in the paper is much more reasonable, and has a high value in practical applications. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Feedback linearization
Controlled terms:Active filters - Computation theory - Controllers - Digital control systems - Digital signal processors - Electric inverters - Feedback - Geometry - Harmonic analysis - Harmonic distortion  - Linearization - Mathematical transformations - MATLAB - Ocean currents - Passive filters - Signal processing - Sliding mode control - Topology - Two term control systems - Wave filters
Uncontrolled terms:Active power Filter - Active power line conditioner - Exact feedback linearization - Feedback linearization theory - Nonlinear coordinate transformation - PI control - Sliding model controllers - Total harmonic distortion (THD)
Classification code:471.4  Seawater, Tides and Waves - 703.2  Electric Filters - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 721.1  Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 731.1  Control Systems - 732.1  Control Equipment - 921  Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.18e+00%, Percentage 2.71e+00%, Percentage 3.83e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20165003118667
Title:Influence of altitude correction of potential productivity of crops on agricultural land physical quality grade in Yunnan province
Authors:Liao, Lijun (1, 2, 3); Yu, Jianxin (1, 2, 3); Zheng, Honggang (1, 2, 3); Zhang, Jiansheng (1, 2); Liu, Shuxia (1, 2); Wei, Wei (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering Research Center of Science and Technology of Land and Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming; 650201, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming; 650201, China; (3) Field Scientific Observation &amp; Research Bases for Land Use in Yunnan Luliang of Ministry of Land and Resources, Kunming; 650201, China 
Corresponding author:Yu, Jianxin(ynndgtzx@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:246-253
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Crop potential productivity (PP) refers to the highest yield of fine crop variety per unit area that might be obtained assuming all or part of the factors are in the optimum state. Thermal potential production (TPP) refers to the highest yield of ideal crop colony in the condition of local sunlight and temperature assuming that the agricultural production condition has been fully guaranteed in adequate supply of water, CO<inf>2</inf>and suitable states of other environmental factors, while climatic potential production (CPP) refers to the theoretical yield of crops taking precipitation effect into further consideration based on TPP. The "Regulation for Gradation on Agriculture Land Quality" GB/T 28407-2012 (Regulation) provides the crops' TPP and CPP nationwide according to the reports of sowing/harvest date from all provinces, and the meteorological data of 2231 stations from the National Meteorological Administration within 30 years (1961-1990). Each county just provides one set of TPP and CPP data for appointment crop according to the meteorological data from only one station in the county, and the PP value of crop only represents the local conditions. Yunnan Province is the most prominent and representative region of stereo climate in China. There are 1669 dams with the area of larger than 1 km²across Yunnan Province, totally covering the area of 245.35 hm². Each county has many combined configurations of "dam-hill-mountain" with larger differences in TPP and CPP. In the first-round grading work on agricultural land quality in Yunnan Province, most of the counties use the TPP and CPP from meteorological stations representing the value of TPP and CPP of the whole county to calculate the agricultural land quality grade index, which must be very different from the actual situations. Therefore, it is particularly necessary to make altitude correction of TPP and CPP in order to ensure the objectivity and veracity of classification results in Yunnan Province. This paper is aimed to obtain the PP value of appointment crops outside the regions with meteorological stations by making altitude correction on TPP and CPP of appointment crops from county meteorological stations in plateau basin regions of Yunnan according to the "Regulation", and to investigate its influence on agricultural land physical quality grade. This paper made an altitude correction model on the TPP and CPP of one-season rice, summer maize and winter wheat according to the TPP and CPP data of appointment crops from 56 county meteorological stations in plateau basin regions where Luliang County locates. Then a paddy land and a dry land of high quality were respectively chosen in each village to verify the rationality of the model according to per unit area yield of actual crops in paddy land and dry land. The differences of agricultural land physical quality grade before and after altitude correction of TPP and CPP in Luliang County were testified. The results showed that the actual crop yield per unit area for one-season rice, summer maize and winter wheat was all less than the value of TPP and CPP before and after altitude correction, and had the same change tendency of the TPP and CPP after altitude correction with the altitude change, and the TPP and CPP after altitude correction of one-season rice, summer maize and winter wheat much more conformed to actual situations than that before. The reduction range of agricultural land physical quality grade after altitude correction was between [-0.8,1.7], 99.76% of which was within 1.5 in Luliang. There is only one meteorological station in each county actually, and most are located in dams, while just few in mountains. The PP could not be calculated based on the meteorological data because lacking the meteorological stations for regions around. Most counties obtained the crops' PP value by using altitude correction in the regions outside meteorological stations in Yunnan. The TPP and CPP after altitude correction were chosen to evaluate the agricultural land physical quality grade if the altitude of the majority of agricultural land in the county was higher than that of the meteorological station, which was a little lower than that before. The regulation model of crop PP changing with altitude is the key to altitude correction, which is directly influenced by choosing standard spot. It is different to build up an altitude correction model for whole province conforming to the actual situation by taking the crops' PP of county meteorological stations as standard spot for certain appointment crops, because the meteorological stations have limited amount and uneven distribution in Yunnan Province. The further research direction is to build up altitude correction model and program in partitions, and to perform the connections in partitions. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Carbon dioxide - Grading - Indium plating - Land use - Meteorology - Productivity
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Altitude corrections - Classification results - Combined configuration - Land quality - Luliang county - Potential production - Potential productivity
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 539.3  Metal Plating - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Age 3.00e+01yr, Area 1.00e+06m2, Percentage 9.98e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20165003118642
Title:Design and test on growing point removal mechanism of melon vegetable grafting stock
Authors:Lou, Jianzhong (1, 2); Li, Jianping (1, 4); Zhu, Pan'an (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310029, China; (2) Department of Mechanical Technology, Zhejiang Institute of Mechanical &amp; Electrical Engineering, Hangzhou; 310053, China; (3) Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou; 325006, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou; 310029, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Jianping(jpli@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:64-69
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Grafting has been widely used in production of melon vegetables, which can effectively prevent vegetable diseases and ensure the quality of vegetables. Different from manual grafting method with low efficiency and low survival rate, vegetable grafting machine significantly reduces the labor intensity and improves the productivity. Insert-type machine does not need to fix the plant that is grafted, and only needs to insert scion directly into the stock, which is easy to operate. It can avoid removing the cotyledon of stock and retain the nutrients, which make the plant more likely to survive after grafting. It has been widely applied at present. Removal of growing point of melon vegetable stock is one of the key problems which need to be solved for this kind of grafting machine designing. The incomplete removal of growing point will lead to the regrowing of growing point, which will affect the joint of scion and stock, even need to use artificial method to remove the growing point again. In this paper, the growing point removal mechanism of melon vegetable grafting was designed. By imitating human finger in conjunction with each joint, the growing point was removed from the stock without being damaged. Through analyzing the trajectory of the removal of growing point, the implementation of growing point forming principle, and establishing the growing point removal model, the stock growing point removal mechanism was designed in order to solve the problems of incomplete removal of growing point and the stock easy to be damaged in removal process. Finger has good flexibility in the removal of the growing point, and the force is automatically reduced through joint buffer when the force is too large, so the finger does not hurt the cotyledons. Finger can instantly bend when it reaches the bottom, which is resulting from the action of removing growth point and makes the growing point divorced from stock. This provides the design basis for the growth point removal mechanism. The movement of the growing pointer removal finger is driven by the crank connecting rod mechanism. When the growing point removal mechanism is close to the growing point, the arc movement is instantly generated and the removal of the growth point of the stock is realized. Because the expansion joint is designed, the removal mechanism of the growth point can realize the removal of the growth point flexibly and avoid the damage of the stock. Under the given conditions, 9 groups of stocks were selected in experimental study. And the experiment results showed that the mechanism could remove the growing point easily, the success rate of the growing point removal reached more than 90%, and the injury rate was less than 5%, which confirmed that the growing point removal mechanism could effectively solve the problems of stock growing point's incomplete removal and stock easy to be injured. Thus, the new growing point removal mechanism can satisfy the requirements for vegetable grafting. It provides a new kind of structure and design ideas for solving the problem of stock seedling damage and growing point removal difficulty. The main reason to the failure of the growing point removal is individual stock stem's serious distortion, and clamping and positioning being very difficult for the grafting machine. In addition, there is individual growth point deviating from center point obviously, which interferes with the removal mechanism, so it is hoped that the mechanism design will get further improvement in the future. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Mechanisms
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Connecting rods - Grafts - Machine design - Motion analysis - Problem solving - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Crank-connecting rod mechanisms - Design and tests - Grafting method - Labor intensity - Mechanism design - Removal mechanism - Removal process - Without being damaged
Classification code:462.4  Prosthetics - 601  Mechanical Design - 601.3  Mechanisms - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 9.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20165003118668
Title:Evaluation of agricultural land soil heavy metal elements exceed standards and safe utilization zones
Authors:Liu, Peijia (1, 3); Wu, Kening (1, 3); Luo, Ming (2); Li, Chenxi (1, 3); Zhu, Peitian (1, 3); Zhang, Qian (1, 3); Xu, Weiwei (4) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing; 100035, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Land Regulation Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing; 100035, China; (4) Research Center of Land Quality Assessment and Pollution Control, Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing; 210018, China 
Corresponding author:Wu, Kening(wukening@cugb.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:254-262
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Land resource is the unique treasures that nature presents for humanity, and it is unreplaceable resource. In order to make land to be used appropriately and efficiently, evaluating land quality, using and controlling the land resources from deterioration in different ways are the basic requirements to protect cultivated land in China. The current standards of (Environmental quality standards for soils, GB15618-1995) involve less pollutants and have a lot of boundednesses for the fact needs. Experts in China all agree that indicators for the soil environmental quality in current system need to be studied, updated and added. In this paper, the evaluation of limits of soil heavy metals that exceed standards are integrated with existing soil environmental quality assessment and food safety evaluation in different pH values of soil and different land use types. The purpose of agricultural land safety use is to minimize the potential ecological risk of farmland, and at the same time not to affect the growth of crop and the output of edible agricultural products that have no threat to human health, and to maintain the agricultural soil environmental quality. We proposed the soil heavy metal standards evaluation system in this study, which was composed of single factor index evaluation, Nemerow index evaluation, and potential ecological harm index evaluation. We summarized evaluation results of soil from 100 land use types from which the soil heavy metal elements exceeded current standards. Then we built an agricultural land safety use evaluation method through analysis and statistics of those 100 types. In this agricultural land safety use evaluation method, we not only fully expressed agricultural land safety use through terminologies, but also highlighted kinds of influence factors for crop growth and human health, and pointed out the controlling direction of land safety use in the future. Taking a county of Jiangsu Province as an example, the evaluation results of soil heavy metal concentrations that exceeded standards showed that, there were three points of Cd heavy pollution grade, one point of Hg heavy pollution grade, one point of As heavy pollution grade, one point of Pb heavy pollution grade, two points of Cu heavy pollution grade, one point of Zn heavy pollution grade, seven points of Nemerow comprehensive heavy pollution grade, and two points of high potential ecological harm in 884 soil sampling points. There were 165.90 hm²agricultural land of Cd heavy pollution grade, 11.85 hm²agricultural land of Hg tiny pollution grade, 11.85 hm²agricultural land of As slight pollution grade, 11.85 hm²agricultural land of Pb heavy pollution grade, 23.70 hm²agricultural land of Cu heavy pollution grade, 11.85 hm²agricultural land of Zn heavy pollution grade, 272.55 hm²agricultural land of Nemerow comprehensive heavy pollution grade and 59.25 hm²agricultural land of high potential ecological harm in 118,500 hm²agricultural land. The agricultural land safety use evaluation results showed that, there were five different comprehensive safety use zones, 79.52% agricultural land of safe utilization zone (level I), 15.38% agricultural land of main safe utilization zone (level II), 4.33% agricultural land of low risk monitoring zone (level III), 0.51% agricultural land of medium risk warning zone (level IV) and 0.25% agricultural land of high risk limiting zone (level V). This agricultural land safety use evaluation method was demonstrated to be scientific and reasonable by analyzing, contrasting and summarizing the spatial distributions of five safety use zones and the existing local industrial enterprises. Different zones had different characters and needed different using methods, protection measures. The results from the methods and measures showed a need of changing land use types, making a thorough investigation of the pollution sources, controlling the pollution sources, repairing soil environment quality and so on. But the evaluation scale and the strategy of safety use in different ways still needed to be studied in the future. Therefore, it provided an important method for ensuring land resources rational utilization and protecting the cultivated lands by carrying out the regional agricultural land safety use evaluation and zoning study. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Accident prevention - Agricultural products - Agriculture - Cadmium - Chemical contamination - Copper - Crops - Ecology - Environmental protection - Health risks  - Heavy metals - Land use - Lead - Mercury (metal) - Natural resources - Pollution - Quality control - Quality management - Safety engineering - Soils  - Standards - Zinc - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Different land use types - Environmental quality - Environmental quality assessment - Environmental quality standards - Index evaluations - Land resources - Potential ecological risk - Soil heavy metal elements
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.7  Health Care - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531  Metallurgy and Metallography - 544.1  Copper - 546.1  Lead and Alloys - 546.3  Zinc and Alloys - 549.3  Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products - 902.2  Codes and Standards - 912.2  Management - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 914  Safety Engineering - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.54e+01%, Percentage 2.50e-01%, Percentage 4.33e+00%, Percentage 5.10e-01%, Percentage 7.95e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20165003118661
Title:Numerical CFD simulation and verification of summer indoor temperature and airflow field in boar building
Authors:Lin, Jiayong (1); Liu, Jijun (4); Meng, Qingli (5); Lei, Minggang (1, 3, 6); Tong, Yu (2); Gao, Yun (2, 6) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (3) National Engineering Research Center for Livestock, Wuhan; 430070, China; (4) College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (5) Beijing Breeding Swine Center, Beijing; 100194, China; (6) The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan; 430070, China 
Corresponding author:Lei, Minggang(leimg@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:207-212
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The environment inside the livestock building plays a vital role in animal growing and livestock production efficiency. The analysis of the airflow field and the temperature field can clarify the real situation of the environment and find flaws caused by the design of ventilation system and building structure, thus helps improve the building design and increase production efficiency. In this study, we used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate the airflow field and the temperature field in a Specific Pathogen Free Swine (SPF) boar building of Beijing breeding swine center, which was ventilated with mechanical evaporative cooling system. The boar building had 47 m length, 14.8 m width and 1.2 m height with a deep manure pit in 0.8 m depth. There were four rows and five aisles placed inside. Farrowing crates were used for breeding boars. Each farrowing crate was size in 2.3 m&times;0.8 m&times;1.2 m. The floor of the building was slatted in a length of 12 cm with a gap of 2 cm width. One end wall was equipped with the evaporative pads and the other one equipped with four 1.25 m ventilation fans and two 0.9 m ventilation fans. Manure pits ventilation system was equipped with four exhaust fans for extracting harmful gases and odors from the building. A standard k-&#603; model was built by simplifying slatted floor to porous media for approximating the real situation inside the building. The simulations of temperature field and airflow field in terms of the model were made for both the boar building with and without boars. Measurements experiments were implemented from 21st to 27th June in 2012. Forty five measurement points were dispersed uniformly in the building at three different heights, 0.60 m, 1.2 m and 1.7 m above the slatted floor. 6 points at different locations at 0.25 m depth underneath the floor were added to measurements. For each measurement point, we collected both air velocities and temperatures, using a temperature and humidity instrument (Testo608-H1) and an anemometer (Testo-405), respectively. Measurements were implemented from 12:00 to 14:00. The air velocities also were measured at evaporative pads, ceiling inlets, ventilation fans. The temperatures of walls, floors and ceiling were collected by a wall thermometer during this time period as well. Temperature and airflow values derived from practical measurements in the building without boars inside were compared with the values form the simulated model. After that, this model was used to simulate the boar building with boars to analyze and observe the reasonability. For the unloaded building, results showed that values at the measurement points from the airflow field were very approximate to those from the experimental measurements, the relative errors of airflow ranged from 0.25% to 30.8%. Among 45 measurement points above the slatted floor, the relative errors of three values were over 20% and 14 values over 10%. Likewise, the difference between the simulated values and measurement values were very small in temperature. The maximum absolute error between the simulated values from the temperature field and the practical values was 0.48 K, the even absolute error and the even relative error were 0.11 K and 0.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the simulations for loaded boar building showed the reasonability both in increasing overall temperature and reducing airspeed behind each boar. Meanwhile wave movements of the airflow under the slatted floor were observed to signify the possibility of the noxious gas drifting into the animal occupied zone that could harm boars. The study of the simulations in boar building can improve the ventilation system of the building and thus protecting boars from noxious gas and high temperatures effectively. It also helped model and analyze swine buildings mounted with prevalent slatted floor and mechanical ventilation system. It also provided the theoretical basis for remaking and constructing the livestock building. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Structural design
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Air - Animals - Aquaculture - Architectural design - Buildings - Computational fluid dynamics - Efficiency - Errors - Evaporative cooling systems  - Exhaust gases - Fertilizers - Floors - Fluid dynamics - Independent component analysis - Manures - Porous materials - Temperature - Ventilation - Ventilation exhausts  - Walls (structural partitions)
Uncontrolled terms:Air flow fields - Animal-occupied zones - Increase productions - Livestock production - Maximum absolute error - Mechanical ventilation system - Temperature and humidities - Ventilation systems
Classification code:402  Buildings and Towers - 408.1  Structural Design, General - 408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 643.5  Ventilation - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1  Production Engineering - 931.1  Mechanics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 2.50e-01% to 3.08e+01%, Percentage 5.00e-01%, Size 1.20e+00m, Size 1.20e-01m, Size 1.25e+00m, Size 1.48e+01m, Size 1.70e+00m, Size 2.00e-02m, Size 2.50e-01m, Size 4.70e+01m, Size 6.00e-01m, Size 8.00e-01m, Size 9.00e-01m, Temperature 1.10e-01K, Temperature 4.80e-01K
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20165003118635
Title:Mathematical modeling and validation of seeder's suction-boundary on pneumatic-roller type metering
Authors:Zhang, Jing (1); Li, Zhiwei (1); Liu, Haochun (1); Wu, Gang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Zhiwei(zhiweili@scau.edu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:12-20
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aiming to explore the influence of pneumatic roller type seeder on the absorbability of small seeds with varied sizes, the paper performs a theoretic analysis on the relation between the seed that is in critical motion in the airflow field outside the suction pore and the corresponding position of the suction pore. The state of gas-flow in the airflow field outside the suction pore is analyzed as well as the connection between the seed's flow resistance in the airflow field and the seed's distance to the center of the airflow field, and furthermore, a force analysis is conducted on the seeds in critical motion in the airflow field. Subsequently, a mathematical model of seeds' suction-boundary is established. Simple comparison approach is adopted. The experiment conditions are that the diameter of the seed is 2 mm, the vacuum pressure of seed metering device is 4 kPa, the diameter of suction pore is 0.25 mm, and the frictional coefficient of seeds is 0.3; then the parameters above are changed respectively: the diameter of the seed is 1.4 mm, the vacuum pressure is 4 kPa, the diameter of suction pore is 0.4 mm, and the frictional coefficient is 0.01; thus the values of suction-boundary are able to be achieved accordingly. According to a set of suction-boundary values, the suction-boundary as well as its motion region will constantly will remain steady as the diameter of seeds decreases. When the vacuum pressure and the diameter of suction pore increase, the suction-boundary along with its motion region will expand accordingly. When the frictional coefficient is reduced, the suction-boundary along with its motion region will expand as well. In the research regarding the influence exerted by the size of seeds' suction-boundary over the absorbability of seed metering device, the seeds of flowering Chinese cabbage and broccoli along with hot pepper are used as experimental materials with the vacuum pressure of seed metering device ranging from 1 to 12 kPa. Other parameters of the experiment are defined as follows: the diameter of suction pore is 0.25 mm, the vibration amplitude of seed-box is 0.4 mm or without vibration, and the speed of roller is 300 trays/h. The experiment manifests that seeds' continuous entry into the suction-boundary serves as a prerequisite for the suction and absorption, and the absorbability of seeds is related to the size of seeds' suction-boundary as well as the shape and the size of seeds. Conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) If seed-box doesn't vibrate, seeds will arch around the suction pore, and the seed metering device will miss the seeds consecutively. Therefore, different approaches need to be tailored for different seeds. (2) For the vegetable seeds with small size, the rate of single seed for flat seeds is much less than that for round-shaped seeds. The shorter the diameter of round-shaped seed is, the harder the high rate of single seed will be achieved. When it comes to small-sized flat seeds and round-shaped seeds with a relatively short diameter, the appropriate method for seed supply and the increase of vacuum degree for seed sowing device will prevent the suction pore from missing seeds; extra seeds on the suction pore are cleaned up subsequently. The functions can make the approach effectively achieve precision seeding of the seed metering device. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Vacuum applications
Controlled terms:Flow of gases - Friction - Models - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Pneumatics - Rollers (machine components) - Seed
Uncontrolled terms:Air flow fields - Experimental materials - Flowering chinese cabbages - Frictional coefficients - Modeling and validation - Roller type - Suction pore - Suction-boundary
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 631.1.2  Gas Dynamics - 632.3  Pneumatics - 632.4  Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 633.1  Vacuum Applications - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Pressure 1.00e+03Pa to 1.20e+04Pa, Pressure 4.00e+03Pa, Size 1.40e-03m, Size 2.00e-03m, Size 2.50e-04m, Size 4.00e-04m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20165003118647
Title:Infiltration characteristics of vertical tube subirrigation as affected by various factors
Authors:Bai, Dan (1); He, Jing (1); Guo, Lin (1); Wang, Xinduan (1); Liang, Zhidong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:101-105
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Subsurface irrigation is a type of water-saving technology. However, poor anti-clogging abilities and large energy consuming of the existing subsurface irrigation emitters present a significant obstacle to the development of subsurface irrigation. Aimed to this problem, a new type of subsurface irrigation emitter, vertical tube emitter, was proposed. This study investigated the effects of pressure head, vertical tube diameter, initial moisture content, and soil bulk density and infiltration time on infiltration characteristics of soil moisture under irrigation system with vertical tube emitter. Laboratory experiments were carried out in State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area in silt loam. The experiment was conducted using an orthogonal design method including 9 treatments and one control test. In the experiment, the pressure head was designed with different levels of 0.6, 1.3 and 2.0 m, the vertical tube diameter was 4, 8 and 12 mm, initial moisture content was 7%, 10% and 13% and soil bulk density was 1.32, 1.37 and 1.42 g/cm³. During the experiment, the cumulative infiltration was measured by difference of water levels in Markov bottle. The water level was recorded every 1, 2, 5, and 10 min in the first 100 min, every 20 min from 100 to 180 min, and every 30 min from 180 to 300 min, and every 60 min from 300 to 420 min. The empirical equation was established between cumulative infiltration and influence factors. The first derivative of the equation with respect to time was considered as the infiltration rate empirical equation. Then the partial deviation of the equation with respect to each factor could reflect sensitivity of infiltration rate to each factor. Based on the curves of influence factors and cumulative infiltration, an empirical model was established to estimate cumulative infiltration. The model had the determination coefficient of 0.96 and the measured and estimated values were correlated with correlation coefficient 0.98 (P&lt;0.01). The model was validated with measured values of control test. The validation revealed R²higher than 0.99 and the root mean square error from 0.1125 to 0.1353 L, indicating that the established model was good at cumulative infiltration estimation under irrigation system with vertical tube emitter. The effect of pressure head, vertical tube diameter and infiltration time on cumulative infiltration was the largest among all the factors. The infiltration rate decreased greatly during the first 2 h of experiment then stabilized after 5-6 h. The stable infiltration rate was 0.08-0.25 L/h when the pressure head was 0.6-2.0 m, vertical tube diameter was 4-12 mm, initial moisture content was 7%-13% and soil bulk density was 1.32-1.42 g/cm³during 7 h. The sensitivity analysis results showed that pressure head was the main factor affecting the infiltration rate, followed by vertical tube diameter, soil bulk density and initial soil moisture content. The infiltration rate had a positive correlation with pressure head and vertical tube diameter, however, had a negative correlation with initial moisture content and soil bulk density. And the rate of change of infiltration rate reduced gradually for all the influence factors. In the future, depth of vertical tube emitter and muddy water infiltration should be considered in studying the infiltration characteristics of soil moisture in the irrigation system with vertical tube emitter, and filed experiments should be combined with pipe network system to study the practical application effects of vertical tube emitter. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Bottles - Fluid mechanics - Irrigation - Mean square error - Moisture - Moisture determination - Sensitivity analysis - Shore protection - Silt - Soil moisture  - Soils - Subirrigation - Tubes (components) - Water conservation - Water levels
Uncontrolled terms:Bulk density - Determination coefficients - Emitters - Infiltration characteristic - Initial Moisture Content - Orthogonal design method - Pressure heads - Vertical tube
Classification code:407.1  Maritime Structures - 444  Water Resources - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 619.1  Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 694.2  Packaging Materials - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 921  Mathematics - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.1  Mechanics - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.32e+03kg/m3 to 1.42e+03kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.42e+03kg/m3, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.30e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+00% to 1.30e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+00%, Size 1.20e-02m, Size 2.00e+00m, Size 4.00e-03m to 1.20e-02m, Size 6.00e-01m to 2.00e+00m, Time 1.08e+04s to 1.80e+04s, Time 1.20e+03s, Time 1.80e+03s, Time 1.80e+04s to 2.16e+04s, Time 1.80e+04s to 2.52e+04s, Time 2.52e+04s, Time 3.60e+03s, Time 6.00e+02s, Time 6.00e+03s to 1.08e+04s, Time 6.00e+03s, Time 7.20e+03s, Volume 1.13e-04m3 to 1.35e-04m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20165003118636
Title:Analysis of movement characteristics of single corn seed under circular electromagnetic vibration
Authors:Xing, Jiejie (1); Xu, Liming (1); Shi, Lina (1); Liu, Wen (1); Gao, Zhenming (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China 
Corresponding author:Xu, Liming(xlmoffice@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:21-28
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, the theory of the motion of the material under the electromagnetic vibration is still not perfect, which results in the lack of theoretical guidance for the optimization of the directional arrangement device of corn seeds based on circular electromagnetic vibration. To solve this problem, the theoretical research on the movement characteristics of single corn seed under the circular electromagnetic vibration was carried out in cylindrical coordinate system, and the working angle amplitude, the occupied circle radius of corn seed and the angular velocity of corn seed's forward circular motion were taken as the main parameters in this paper. And the theoretical research consisted of 2 main parts: relative motion theory and self motion theory. Then, the practical experiments on single corn seed were carried out under 2 conditions of embryo face up and down. The practical experiments included 3 parts: the relative motion characteristics test, the self motion characteristics test and the forward circular motion characteristics test. The state changes of relative motion, self motion and the size changes of the angular velocity of corn seed's forward circular motion were observed under different working angle amplitude and occupied circle radius of corn seed in each test. The theoretical analysis could be verified and supplemented by the practical experiments. The following results were gained: 1) The relative motion characteristics of single corn seed showed that under the electromagnetic vibration there were 4 primary movement states: forward circular motion, reverse circular motion, throwing motion and centrifugal motion, and there were also 4 critical angle amplitudes respectively corresponding to the states. It meant that when the working angle amplitude of circular electromagnetic vibrator reached each critical angle amplitude, the single corn seed would carry out the corresponding movement. The effect of the embryo's direction of single corn seed on 4 critical angle amplitudes was very small. The critical angle amplitude corresponding to throwing motion was always kept to equal to 0.012 9 rad, but the other 3 critical angle amplitudes were related to the occupied circle radius of corn seed, and the relationship was that they would decrease with the occupied circle radius of corn seed increasing. Besides, the critical angle amplitude corresponding to throwing motion was larger than that corresponding to reverse circular motion and then that corresponding to forward circular motion at all time. 2) As the self motion characteristics of single corn seed revealed, the embryo's direction of single corn seed had obvious influence on self motion law of corn seed. The law was that corn seed could adjust its tip orientation concordant with the tangent line of the circular movement by self reverse or forward rotation when its embryo faced up, but the tip orientation of corn seed would be random without a clear law when its embryo faced down. 3) As the forward circular motion velocity characteristics of single corn seed revealed, when the embryo faced up, the angular velocity of corn seed's forward circular motion was always larger than that when the embryo faced down before the amplitude of circular electromagnetic vibrator reached 0.008 rad; the angular velocity of corn seed's forward circular motion could increase with the increase of the angle amplitude, and after 0.008 rad it could decrease regardless of the embryo's direction. The best working angle amplitude of circular electromagnetic vibrator was 0.008 rad, and under this condition, the angular velocity of corn seed's forward circular motion could reach the maximum (4.15 &deg;/s when the embryo of corn seed faced up and 4.03 &deg;/s when the embryo of corn seed faced down). This research enriches the movement theory of materiel under the circular electromagnetic vibration, and provides the theoretical reference to the optimization of directional arrangement device for corn seeds. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Vibration analysis
Controlled terms:Angular velocity - Axial flow - Crops - Seed - Velocity - Vibrators
Uncontrolled terms:Cylindrical coordinate systems - Electromagnetic vibrations - Relative movement - Self-movements - Vibration
Classification code:601.1  Mechanical Devices - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Angular_Velocity 7.03e-02rad/s, Angular_Velocity 7.24e-02rad/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20165003118640
Title:Design of remote control system for automatic sprayer based on GPRS in greenhouse
Authors:Qi, Lijun (1); Du, Zhengwei (1); Ji, Ronghua (2); Wu, Yalei (1); Cao, Junlin (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:51-57
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Because of its huge economic and social benefits, horticulture production in China develops rapidly. However, problems still exist with this rapid development such as improper infrastructure, inadequate facilities, the low product quality and safety, and high labor cost. All those limit the sustainable development of horticulture industry, particularly agricultural production in controlled environment. For lowering intensive labor cost and relieving serious operator's health impact caused by conventional pesticide application in greenhouse, we developed an advanced remote control system for greenhouse sprayer based on GPRS communication technology and distributed control principle. The objective of this paper was to develop a mist sprayer remote control automatic spraying system to lower high labor cost, to improve safety for greenhouse production, and to increase pesticide utilization rate. The system developed was divided into the upper computer and the mist sprayer. The upper computer run the mist sprayer management system software designed in Qt platform. According to the requirements of the mist sprayer management system design for the main interface, we established the mist sprayer management interface and parameter setting interface of the software. Multithreading was used for managing sprayers working in different greenhouses and socket technology to get the intercommunication between host computer and the mist sprayer. GPRS network was used to transmit user's instruction to the mist sprayer. Three work modes were defined as the work condition variation of sprayer. On the sprayer side, we introduced the hardware design of the mist sprayer control system with STM32F103ZET6 for the main controller and SIM900A for GPRS module. The hardware circuit of the control system was designed according to these chips, which comprised of the periphery circuit of the main controller, the GPRS module circuit and the driving circuit of the motor. According to the characteristics of mist sprayer, we made arrangement of mist sprayer track and defined comprehensive mist sprayer orbit movement rules in three modes: standby mode, automatic operation mode, and remote control mode, from which we calculated control object motion parameters to the mist sprayer. The fuzzy-PID strategy was used for the output of PWM that was downloaded by the STM32 controller. The controller received the data from the host computer through SIM900A chip. The mist machine control system software included the main program, GPRS communication program, and working mode subroutine designed by the C programming language in the Keil uVision3 development tools. A series of experiments were designed in this paper to test the e-control system including communication trial, mist test and droplet deposition test. The contents of communication trial were to manufacture circuit board and to send the instructions to the board. If the instructions can be displayed on the LCD screen, we concluded that system can receive the instructions correctly. For the mist test, we used the test sprayer to spray the model plant, then to calculate the errors between theoretical value and actual value. In the droplet deposition test, we let the test sprayer walk along a line with a uniform speed and used the test strip to receive the droplets, then calculated coefficient of variation. The results showed that, the software could send commands correctly to the sprayer. In addition, the error between the actual value and the theoretical value of spray flow, spray volume were 3.9%, 5%, respectively. The system response time was about 2.25 s, while the coefficient of variation of droplet deposition was smallest when the sprayer speed was set at 18 cm/s. The results of this paper suggested that the sprayer designed by the method could effective decrease of the usage of pesticides. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Computer control
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Automation - C (programming language) - Compensation (personnel) - Computer hardware - Computer software - Control - Control systems - Controllers  - Cost accounting - Costs - Deposition - Distributed parameter control systems - Drops - Employment - Fuzzy inference - Greenhouses - Ground penetrating radar systems - Hardware  - Liquid crystal displays - Pesticides - Remote control - Spraying - Subroutines - Sustainable development - Testing - Three term control systems - Wages
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Coefficient of variation - Communication technologies - Controlled environment - Economic and social benefits - Fuzzy - pid controls - Machine control systems - Pesticide applications
Classification code:605  Small Tools and Hardware - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1  Control Equipment - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911  Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.1  Cost Accounting - 912.4  Personnel
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.90e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Time 2.25e+00s, Velocity 1.80e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20165003118676
Title:Physicochemical and gel properties of tangerine peel pectins in microwave extraction processing
Authors:Han, Zongyuan (1); Li, Xiaojing (1); Wu, Xiuyue (1); Wang, Xianfen (1); Wang, Jiaqing (1); Xiao, Zhigang (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Life and Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun; 113122, China; (2) College of Grain Science and Technology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang; 110034, China 
Corresponding author:Xiao, Zhigang(zhigangx@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:309-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Because tangerines' peels have a large amount of pectin, tangerines' peels are ideal materials to extract pectin. In order to increase the utilization rate of tangerines' peels and improve the yield and quality of pectin from tangerines' peels, 5 types of tangerines' peels were adopted as raw materials to extract pectin by the microwave-assisted method, which were Rough-peel mandarin, Lu tangerine, Sha Tang tangerine, Kumquat tangerine, and Gong tangerine. The physicochemical properties and gel properties of pectin were studied, including pectin yield, galacturonic acid content, esterification degree, methoxy content, gel hardness and viscosity. Galacturonic acid content represents its purity and esterification degree or methoxy content decides pectin's type that contains high ester pectin and low ester pectin. The correlation between physicochemical properties and gel properties was studied and the main factors were determined by the principal component analysis. Finally, by the response surface central composite method, the optimization of microwave extraction parameters was performed, which contained microwave power, microwave time, solid-to-liquid ratio and pH value. The results showed that 5 kinds of tangerines' peel pectin was all high ester pectin because the degree of esterification was greater than 50% and the methoxy content was over 7%, and the physicochemical properties and gel properties had significant difference (P&lt;0.05). Pectin yield of Lu tangerine and its galacturonic acid were the highest, 12.36% and 78.61%, respectively; their physicochemical properties and gel properties showed significant correlation (P&lt;0.05), and what was more, pectin yield, methoxy content and degree of esterification had significant positive correlation with gel hardness (P&lt;0.05). Gong tangerine had the largest gel hardness and viscosity and Lu orange was ranked in the middle. Principal component analysis indicated that the methoxy content and pectin yield were the main influencing factors in the principal component 1 and 2 and the methoxy content determined pectin type, and the factor loadings of methoxy content and pectin yield were 0.4554 and 0.6324, respectively. Therefore, pectin type and yield played a decisive role in the choice of tangerines' peels. Further, as the yields gradually increased, its effect on the microwave-assisted extraction processing was more significant and the transformation of soluble pectin was more complete. Lu tangerine was very appropriate as the material to extract pectin because of its highest yield and ideal gel properties. By the response surface method, the optimization results showed that the microwave extraction parameters were the solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:26 g/g, the pH value of 1.30, the microwave power of 440 W, and the microwave time of 62 s, and the optimal pectin yield was 16.00%. Therefore, the microwave-assisted extraction method could improve the ability of pectin to escape from tangerines' peels. The increase in microwave power within a certain range was conducive to cell tissue damage and pectin dissolution, but the power over the range led to the degradation of pectin. In conclusion, this study provides theoretical support for the extraction and application of pectin from tangerines' peels. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Extraction
Controlled terms:Citrus fruits - Correlation methods - Esterification - Esters - Factor analysis - Gels - Hardness - Microwave generation - Microwaves - Optimization  - pH - Principal component analysis - Surface properties - Viscosity
Uncontrolled terms:Microwave-assisted extraction - Microwave-assisted methods - Pectin - Physicochemical property - Positive correlations - Principal Components - Response surface method - Solid-to-liquid ratio
Classification code:631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 711  Electromagnetic Waves - 713.2  Oscillators - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.24e+01%, Percentage 1.60e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+00%, Percentage 7.86e+01%, Power 4.40e+02W, Time 6.20e+01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.043

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20165003118660
Title:Investigation and analysis of main technical problems during construction of solar greenhouse in South Xinjiang by Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
Authors:Qi, Fei (1, 2); Wei, Xiaoming (2, 3); Jin, Xinwen (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi; 832000, China; (2) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing; 100125, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Farm Building in Structure and Construction, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100125, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:199-206
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:South Xinjiang, which has good light and heat resources, is the main region for developing solar greenhouse and making structural adjustments and transforming the development pattern of modern agriculture in Xinjiang. However, the solar greenhouses in South Xinjiang are largely introduced from other places in China, and do not have strong adaptability and pertinence and have many technical problems, especially in terms of constructive techniques, which should be studied and summarized in order to avoid emerging new problems with the rapid development of solar greenhouse. The solar greenhouse programs containing more than 50 greenhouses selected from more than 40 farms of 4 divisions in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps have been used to make an investigation. The effects of environmental control and production under the different modes of construction are compared, and the targeted research and measurement are made for the relevant construction parameters and technical measures. We have found that there are some serious, common problems in the overall style design, the structural arrangement, the component design as well as in the structure of building envelope, such as small south roof angle and big deformation in structure, which have caused the constructive cost waste and functional defect in solar greenhouse. It is necessary for the solar greenhouse in South Xinjiang to make an improvement in research and development and extension of constructive techniques, overall parameter determination, north wall design, skeleton layout, and north roof arrangement, as well as make a careful and scientific evaluation when introducing new type of solar greenhouse. The problems sorted out by this article are also common in North China and very typical and of great representativeness. To consummate the performance index system of the solar greenhouse in South Xinjiang, and reveal the technical research direction and focus, have a strong guiding role in the construction of the solar greenhouse in Xinjiang and even in North China. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Greenhouses
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Classification (of information) - Construction - Environmental management - Parameter estimation - Roofs - Solar heating
Uncontrolled terms:Investigation and analysis - Problem soving - Protected horticulture - Solar greenhouse - Xinjiang
Classification code:405  Construction Equipment and Methods; Surveying - 454.1  Environmental Engineering, General - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20165003118674
Title:Design and experiment of crab legs' shell and meat separation mechanism
Authors:Chen, Chao (1, 2); Li, Tong (1, 2); Zhang, Yongjun (1, 2); Zhou, You (1, 2); Wu, Fan (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Fishery Equipment and Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai; 200092, China; (2) Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai; 200092, China 
Corresponding author:Zhang, Yongjun(zhangyongjun@fmiri.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:297-302
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:River crab is a kind of conventional tasty aquatic product with high value. Now in China there is still a high demand and price for fresh and live crab with bigger size in market, while a low demand and price for the ones with smaller size. Therefore, deep processing of small size crab and producing meat into shelf-stable crab powder as middle food material are considered. In this way not only the utilization of low valued crab is promoted, but also the overall economic return of crab farming is greatly upgraded. In this process, separating the meat and shell of river crab is one of the most important steps. However, in previous studies of mechanical peeling method, the separation result of shell and meat of crab leg was not satisfactory. In allusion to the problems of high labor intensity of shell and meat separation for river crab legs, low efficiency and easy meat contamination, a shell meat separation device of roller extrusion type is designed in the study. The device includes workbench transmission device, feeder and roller extrusion device. The main principle of the device is carrying crab legs by the slanting slide to the tip of a pair of rollers, which have the same diameter and rotating speed but in opposite directions, and then separating crab leg's shell and meat through squeezing action. Transmission device consists of variable frequency motor, reduction gearbox, and so on. Feeder included slide for carrying, studdle and vibrator. The front end of slide for carrying heads inclines to a pair of rollers and the down end is connected with the vibrator which is supported by flexible studdle. Roller extrusion device consists of a pair of rollers and the plastic scrape above. Before operation, the pretreated crab legs are put into downward slant slide, and then crab legs are moving forward along the transportation way under the vibration of the machine into the tip of rollers to receive the backward extrusion. Treated by the upper roller, meat of crab legs are squeezed out and adhesive to the upper roller, and scraped down by plastic scraper blade. Legs' shell falls down along plastic sliding plate. Thus the separation of crab legs and meat is done. To determine the optimum working parameters of the separation device, the separation efficiency, separation rate and meat quality are chosen as the performance indices, the feeding angle, roller clearance and rotating speed are chosen as the influence factors, and orthogonal test of prototype are carried out, in which the feeding angle is 30&deg;-50&deg;, the roller clearance is 0.8-1.2 mm, and the rotating speed is at 25-35 r/min. The experimental subject is healthy and strong crabs with a body weight of about 100 g. The washed crabs are put into the steamer for steaming. All crabs are teamed for 10 min and taken out from the steamer, and then the crab legs are taken down for separation experiment. With the above optimum parameters of the crab legs' shell and meat separation device, the separation efficiency is over 16.9 kg/h, the separation rate (meat gaining rate) is between 92% and 99%, and the corresponding meat quality grade is 7.5-8.8, which show that the device has achieved a better separation efficiency, and realized the mechanical separation of crab legs' shell and meat. The above experimental result also shows that the rotating speed dominates the separation efficiency while the feeding angle and roller clearance affect little; the roller clearance is the very factor affecting the separation rate, followed by the factor of feeding angle, and the rotating speed affects little; the roller clearance is the very significant factor affecting the meat quality while the feeding angle and rotating speed affect little. The experiments present the following result: the optimum operation parameters are the 40&deg; feeding angle, the 35 r/min rotating speed and the 1.2 mm roller clearance. The study provides a reference to the further device design and the perfection of crab legs' shell and meat separation mechanism. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Shellfish
Controlled terms:Design - Efficiency - Experiments - Extrusion - Feeding - Machine design - Machinery - Meats - Processing - Rivers  - Rollers (machine components) - Rotating machinery - Separation - Shells (structures) - Speed - Vibrators
Uncontrolled terms:Crab legs - Experimental subjects - Mechanical separation - Optimum working parameters - Parameter optimization - Separation efficiency - Transmission devices - Variable frequency motors
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 461.9  Biology - 601  Mechanical Design - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 822.3  Food Products - 901.3  Engineering Research - 913.1  Production Engineering - 913.4  Manufacturing
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.00e-01kg, Mass_Flow_Rate 4.69e-03kg/s, Percentage 9.20e+01% to 9.90e+01%, Rotational_Speed 2.50e+01RPM to 3.50e+01RPM, Rotational_Speed 3.50e+01RPM, Size 1.20e-03m, Size 8.00e-04m to 1.20e-03m, Time 6.00e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.041

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20165003118664
Title:Effect of physical and chemical pretreatment on decomposition and nutrient release characteristics of maize straw
Authors:Zhang, Juntong (1); Wang, Jing (1); Zhang, Li (1); Pang, Huancheng (1); Wang, Fei (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, Jiuquan; 735000, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Jing(wangjing02@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:226-232
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Returning maize straw into soil has been demonstrated to improve soil organic matter and increase crop yields, and widely used in China. However, previous studies demonstrated that the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin of maize straw tend to slow down the natural decay rate, thereby reducing the utilization efficiency. Consequently, this can lead to low stand establishment and reduce plant growth and yield of crops in next season, particularly in northeast China. Currently, the problem has not been solved yet regardless of being chopped or burned before returning into soil. Moreover, it is not lawful for the latter one. Therefore, effective practices for accelerating the decomposition and promoting the nutrients release of maize straw should be developed to cope with these challenges. In order to explore a more appropriate pretreatment, a successive laboratory incubation experiment was conducted in Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences with four pretreatments: ammoniated, acidized, microwaved and non-treated treatments. In this experiment, net bag method was used to investigate the decomposing and C, N, P and K releasing characteristics of maize straw. The results showed that the decomposition rate of maize straw were more than 50% after 100 d incubation in all treatments, especially higher decomposition rate were observed in the ammoniated and acidized treatments than those of other treatments. The decomposition rate with ammoniated, acidized and microwaved treatments was 89.22%, 91.68% and 82.26% after 300 d incubation, respectively. In contrast, the decomposition rate with non-treated treatment was 80.81%, which was lower than that of the other three treatments but significant difference was observed only among the ammoniated, acidized and non-treated treatments. Likewise, most of the C, N, P and K in maize straw have been released on the first 100 d incubation. During those days, the acidized treatment increased the N, P and K release rate by 23.95%, 13.11% and 4.27% when compared to non-treated treatment, respectively. Also, the ammoniated treatment increased the N release rate by 9.69% and the microwaved treatment increased the C release rate by 4.28% during this period. After a successive 300 d laboratory incubation, the acidized treatment was more advantageous to the release of K and P, which was 7.73% and 6.34% greater than non-treated treatment, respectively. However, the ammoniated treatment was more advantageous to the release of N and P, which was 6.16% and 5.41% greater than non-treated treatment, respectively. In this period, the microwaved treatment slightly (1.61%) increased K release rate but decreased C, N and P release rate, compared to non-treated treatment. The present results suggest that both the ammoniated and acidized treatments promoted the decomposition and C, N, P and K release rate of maize straw, especially the acidized treatment. It is should be note that microwaved treatment had no significant effectiveness even lowed the decomposition and C, N and P release rate during latter period. However, in light of the environmental difference between laboratory incubation experiment and field trail, further studies are needed to investigate the performance of different pretreatments for maize straw in the actual agricultural production. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Decomposition
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cellulose - Crops - Decay (organic) - Nutrients - Soils - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Agricultural science - Chemical pre-treatment - Environmental difference - Pre-Treatment - Release - Soil organic matters - Utilization efficiency
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 811.3  Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.31e+01%, Percentage 1.61e+00%, Percentage 2.39e+01%, Percentage 4.27e+00%, Percentage 4.28e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 5.41e+00%, Percentage 6.16e+00%, Percentage 6.34e+00%, Percentage 7.73e+00%, Percentage 8.08e+01%, Percentage 8.23e+01%, Percentage 8.92e+01%, Percentage 9.17e+01%, Percentage 9.69e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20165003118663
Title:Multistage vertical-flow constructed wetlands and removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in cold area
Authors:Wang, Yong (1); Zhang, Baoli (1); Tang, Can (2); Lu, Jing (1); Liu, Hao (1); Wu, Wenliang (1); Chen, Qing (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Beijing Tongzhou District Environmental Services Co., LTD, Beijing; 101100, China 
Corresponding author:Zhang, Baoli(baoli@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:218-225
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to solve the problems of low efficiency and unstable operation of constructed wetland in winter, 2 multistage vertical-flow constructed wetlands (MVCWs) systems were designed and constructed for treating the sewage of the residents in Fangshan District, Beijing City. Through the engineering design, adding extra carbon (C) source for denitrification effect, and increasing phosphorus (P) adsorption matrix, the system stability and the removal efficiency of pollutants were improved. MVCWs I was designed for the hydraulic loading of 70 m³/d at Houshiyang Village sewage treatment station in Fangshan District; MVCWs II was designed for the adjustable hydraulic loading, and the equipment was the controllable connection of 6 units with the same size for treating the pollutants under different hydraulic loading, different extra C source amount added, and different operation mode. Results showed that in MVCWsI, the removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 77.0%-93.7%, and the average removal rate was 87.3%; the removal rate of total phosphorus (TP) was 75.8%-97.0%, and the average removal rate was 91.9%; the total nitrogen (TN) removal rate was 26.4%-97.2%, and the average removal rate was 68.9% in the full year operation. MVCWsI had a stable operation throughout the year, although the removal rate of organic pollutants was decreased in winter. MVCWs II was added with the wood chips as the extra C source in the third-stage unit, and added with the aluminum ball to enhance the adsorption of P in the fourth-stage unit, which operated from July to November in 2015. With the semi-batch operation mode and the hydraulic load of 0.5 m³/(m²&middot;d), the average removal rate of COD, TN and TP for MVCWs II were 92.5%, 53.8% and 77.2%, respectively. After adding 62 kg wood chips, in MVCWsII, the COD/TN increased from 0.93 to 1.85, and the TN removal rate increased by 15.6% compared with adding the 31 kg wood chips in the anaerobic stage. By adding extra C source and the design conducive to nitrogen removal, the efficient removal of N in winter without plants could be improved. Although wood chips supplement to MVCWs II could improve microbe conditions and intensify nitrogen removal function, the effluent COD concentration was increased in the unit added with C source. Excessively adding extra C source would cause the COD in the sewage to increase by remaining C, and the C could not be fully used in denitrification, so the extra C source should be added with right amount. In this research, the COD of the water at the outlet increased with the increase of the wood chip added in the unit. However, the average removal rate of the COD in system was not significantly different under different C source adding amount. It was proved that the fourth-stage aerobic unit played an important role in the degradation of the remaining C, and also reflected the necessity of the fourth-stage unit. The vertical-flow constructed wetland multistage reasonable unit design can effectively guarantee the various pollutants' removal efficiency, and improve the efficiency in N removal in the winter without plants. In the MVCWs system design, adding C source for denitrification in the anaerobic stage makes the artificial wetland system run stably for a full year. The study results can provide the reference for the application of constructed wetland in northern China. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Nitrogen removal
Controlled terms:Chemical oxygen demand - Denitrification - Efficiency - Effluents - Hydraulic machinery - Nitrogen - Organic pollutants - Phosphorus - Pollution - Sewage treatment  - System stability - Turbines - Wastewater - Water treatment - Wetlands - Wood - Wood products
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon source - Cold area - Constructed wetlands - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Removal efficiencies - Removal rate of cods - Semi-batch operations - Vertical flow constructed wetlands
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 452.2  Sewage Treatment - 452.3  Industrial Wastes - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 811.2  Wood and Wood Products - 913.1  Production Engineering - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass 3.10e+01kg, Mass 6.20e+01kg, Percentage 1.56e+01%, Percentage 2.64e+01% to 9.72e+01%, Percentage 5.38e+01%, Percentage 6.89e+01%, Percentage 7.58e+01% to 9.70e+01%, Percentage 7.70e+01% to 9.37e+01%, Percentage 7.72e+01%, Percentage 9.25e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20165003118657
Title:Monitoring drought condition based on HJ-1A/1B data in natural rubber plantation
Authors:Li, Hailiang (1, 2); Dai, Shengpei (2); Chen, Bangqian (3); Li, Shichi (4); Tian, Guanghui (5) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Practical Research on Tropical Crops Information Technology In Hainan, Danzhou; 571737, China; (3) Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou; 571737, China; (4) Yangjiang Farm, Hainan State Farms, Qiongzhong; 572928, China; (5) Hainan Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Haikou; 570203, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:176-182
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Crop drought monitoring is one of the main tasks of agricultural monitoring, and the monitoring and quantitative assessment of natural rubber drought has vital practical significance to disaster control, resource safety and the ecology and environment protection of rubber plantations. Yangjiang Farm (109&deg;38'-109&deg;49'E, 19&deg;16'-19&deg;25'N), one of the largest farms in the Hainan State Farms, is located in the north-central Hainan Island. The land area and natural rubber plant area of the farm are 14 367 and 5 190 hm², respectively. It was chosen for this study. In order to improve the accuracy and real-time performance of natural rubber drought monitoring, a comprehensive model was established based on the relationship among the standardized vegetation supply water index (VSWI<inf>S</inf>), compound index (CI) and the synchronous soil moisture data measured in the study area using HJ-1A/1B-CCD data, HJ-1B-IRS data and meteorological data. The VSWI<inf>S</inf>was suitable for monitoring drought at the high density vegetation area, and the CI was suitable for real-time meteorological drought monitoring. A total of 100 sampling points in 4 sample areas was designed and the distance was 30 m between 2 adjacent points. In addition, another 25 points were randomly selected for model validation. Soil moisture of these points was measured from May 11 to May 20 in 2013. The drought was quantitatively characterized by drought index (DI). The DI value was numerically equal to the soil moisture value. By the multiple linear regression, an equation was built to estimate soil moisture based on VSWI<inf>S</inf>and CI. The model had determination coefficient of 0.67 (P&lt;0.05). Thus, the DI value was also obtained. Then, the drought was quantitatively classified by DI values: wet with DI of 0.45-1, normal with DI of 0.30-0.45, light drought with DI of 0.20-0.30, moderate drought with DI of 0.05-0.2, and severe drought with DI of 0-0.05. The smaller DI value suggested more severe drought condition. The model validation showed the relative root mean square error (RMSE<inf>r</inf>), the Nash-sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and the index of agreement were 11.02%, 0.40 and 0.85, respectively, indicating that model was reliable in estimating DI values. The model was used for estimating drought condition of the natural rubber drought in Yiangjiang Farm from May to July 2010. The results revealed that the natural rubber drought in Yiangjiang Farm were greatly different. Overall, the drought in the west and north were more serious than that in the east and south of the farm. It was more sever in early July. Until the late July, the drought was still serious. The natural rubber's growth was greatly affected by the drought condition. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the net primary production (NPP) of natural rubber showed a lag effect with the length of 10 days. The drought affected the NPP of natural rubber about 30 days, longer than its influence on the NDVI of natural rubber. The rubber potential productivity and rubber yield were also affected by the drought, showing a strong synchronization, and it could last for about 30 days. The impact of drought on the yield was longer than that on the potential productivity. The research provides useful information for drought monitoring and its impacts assessment of natural rubber. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Drought
Controlled terms:Landforms - Linear regression - Mean square error - Meteorology - Moisture - Monitoring - Productivity - Rubber - Rubber plantations - Soil moisture  - Soils - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural monitoring - Determination coefficients - Hainan island - HJ satellites - Multiple linear regressions - Normalized difference vegetation index - Quantitative assessments - Root mean square errors
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 481.1  Geology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 818.1  Natural Rubber - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.74e-02yr, Age 8.22e-02yr, Percentage 1.10e+01%, Size 3.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20165003118644
Title:Rice leaf nitrogen content estimation based on hysperspectral imagery of UAV in Yellow River diversion irrigation district
Authors:Qin, Zhanfei (1, 2); Chang, Qingrui (1); Xie, Baoni (2); Shen, Jian (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Land Resource and Urban and Rural Planning, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang; 050031, China 
Corresponding author:Chang, Qingrui(changqr@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:77-85
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nitrogen is essential for the improvement of photosynthesis and productivity of plants. However, nitrogen fertilizer is also a significant non-point source of water and atmospheric pollution. Therefore, a timely and accurate assessment of leaf nitrogen content (LNC) in crops is critical for crop growth diagnosis and precision management, eventually promoting crop yield and quality while minimizing environmental costs. The aim of this study was to determine the most suitable algorithm, based on hyperspectral reflectance data, for the regional assessment of LNC at critical growth stages of paddy rice. In this study rice experiments with different nitrogen levels and growth stages were conducted at different sites of Ningxia irrigation zone. Ground-based hyperspectral datasets were obtained from the stem elongation stage to the dough grain stage at plot and field scales. The plot and field datasets were used for model calibration and validation, respectively. A hyperspectral imagery was obtained over the field region at milk grain stage using UHD 185 carried by an unmanned serial vehicle (UAV). On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the hyperspectral data, significant spectral indices (SIs) such as the normalized difference spectral index (NDSI) and ratio spectral index (RSI) were derived for an accurate and robust assessment of the LNC. Spectral indices representing a complete combination of the spectral bands between 450 nm to 950 nm were calculated using the NDSI and RSI formulations. The contour map of coefficient of determination (R²) between LNC and the combinations of 2 separate wavelengths in the hyperspectrum was used to evaluate the new SIs through comparing the predictions with plot-experiment measurements and determine which one produce the higher prediction accuracy over the others. Then the predictions of the SIs were validated by independent datasets collected at field experiments. The capability of multivariable regression approaches such as partial least-squares regression (PLSR) was examined. R², root mean square error (RMSE), relative error (RE) and relative prediction deviation (RPD) were employed to assess the model performance. The results showed that the reflectance spectra showed a positive response to the LNC in the near-infrared wavelength region and a negative response in the red region. The RSI using derivative values at around 738 to 522 nm was the superior SI in terms of its accuracy, simplicity, and applicability. The best estimation model of LNC was built. The model R²and RMSE were 0.763 and 0.369 for calibration and 0.673 and 0.329 for validation, and the RPD was 2.02. These indicated that the model produced an acceptable result. We explored the relationship between the first derivative of reflectance at 738 and 522 nm as they were affected by the LNC. The first derivative of reflectance at 738 and 522 nm had different spectral responses to the change of LNC. The first derivative of reflectance at 738 and 522 nm were nearly proportional to the similar LNC values. However, the first derivative of reflectance at 738 nm increased and that at 522 nm decreased with the increase of LNC. Independent validation using the UAV dataset demonstrated the robustness of the new SI. The predication of LNC was 1.28%-2.56%, which was similar with measurements (1.34%-2.49%). Our study demonstrated that hyperspectral measurements provided a robust and practical tool to diagnostic mapping of the LNC on a regional scale. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Crops - Forecasting - Grain (agricultural product) - Infrared devices - Irrigation - Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Nitrogen - Optical waveguides - Reflection  - River diversion - River pollution - Spectroscopy - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Band selection - Coefficient of determination - Hyper spectra - Hyperspectral measurements - Hyperspectral reflectance - Model calibration and validation - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Rice
Classification code:441  Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development - 453  Water Pollution - 652.1  Aircraft, General - 714.3  Waveguides - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.28e+00% to 2.56e+00%, Percentage 1.34e+00% to 2.49e+00%, Size 4.50e-07m to 9.50e-07m, Size 5.22e-07m, Size 7.38e-07m to 5.22e-07m, Size 7.38e-07m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20165003118634
Title:Main grain crop postharvest losses and its reducing potential in China
Authors:Gao, Liwei (1, 2); Xu, Shiwei (1, 2); Li, Zhemin (1, 2); Cheng, Shengkui (3); Yu, Wen (1, 2); Zhang, Yongen (1, 2); Li, Denghua (1, 2); Wang, Yu (1, 2); Wu, Chen (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural Information Institute, CAAS, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Digital Agricultural Early-Warning Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100081, China; (3) Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing; 100101, China 
Corresponding author:Xu, Shiwei(xushiwei@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-11
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Recently, there is a growing global concern over food loss and waste and its impacts on resources and environment, especially in the developing countries. And it is estimated that about one third of food output worldwide was lost and wasted each year, which has been consistently recognized to be another threat to global and regional food security. Therefore, in addition to maximizing crop yields to enhance food security, reducing food loss and waste from food system is considered as another key strategy to combat hunger and sustainably provide food for the world. However, knowledge about food loss and waste is entirely inadequate worldwide, especially in developing countries including China. Therefore, it is urgent to conduct researches on food loss and waste in different regions in order to comprehensively evaluate global food security situation. In this research, based on the researches available and the data collected from CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and other literature database, a method was built and developed to quantify crop postharvest losses, despite the uncertainties due to data limitation. Rice, wheat and maize were chosen as the major crops to be analyzed. Crop postharvest segment was divided into 4 sections, including crop harvest, transport, drying and storage, and each section had different loss ways or loss based on different technology or from agricultural machine, in which crop harvest was divided into combine harvesting and two-stage harvesting, transport was divided into package and bulk transporting, drying was divided into air and mechanical drying, and storage was divided into household and depot storage, and correspondingly the data were classified. With the method presented in this research, a comparative analysis of postharvest losses from the major crops in China was carried out. The results showed that there was a much higher total crop postharvest loss (CPHL) ratio in China compared with the developed countries, the CPHL ratios were 6.9% for rice, 7.8% for wheat and 9.0% for maize, respectively, and the total average CPHL value was 7.9%. Moreover, for the CPHL ratio, the section of crop storage had the largest contribution compared with other sections of crop postharvest segment, and the proportion reached 40.3% in the total crop losses. The second was from the section of crop harvest, with the proportion achieving to 31.4%, and the sections from crop transport and drying had the minimum losses, which were 11.1% and 17.2%, respectively. In addition, household grain storage and crop two-stage harvesting were the most serious loss ways. And based on the different scenarios of crop loss reduction, an evaluation was performed for the year of 2010. The different scenarios indicated that by improving agricultural technical conditions from different sections of crop postharvest, the CPHL ratio could be effectively reduced, and the optimal scenario could cut down CPHL ratio to be less than 4%. So, there is a large CPHL reduction potential existing in Chinese crop postharvest sections. However, to achieve the CPHL reduction, the policies of agricultural science and technology made by the Chinese government, have to play an important role in the comprehensive measures such as raising farmers' consciousness of scientific grain storage, promoting mechanization levels of crop harvest and improving crop harvest quality. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:70
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Developing countries - Digital storage - Drying - Energy storage - Food storage - Food supply - Grain (agricultural product) - Harvesting  - Machinery - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural machine - Agricultural science and technologies - Comparative analysis - Food security - Loss reduction - Post-harvest loss - Technical conditions - Transport
Classification code:525.7  Energy Storage - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822  Food Technology
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.11e+01%, Percentage 1.72e+01%, Percentage 3.14e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+00%, Percentage 4.03e+01%, Percentage 6.90e+00%, Percentage 7.80e+00%, Percentage 7.90e+00%, Percentage 9.00e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20165003118659
Title:Temperature humidity performance and application of solar greenhouse suiting for winter and summer
Authors:Wang, Junwei (1, 2, 3); Hong, Zhongju (1, 2); Guo, Shirong (1, 2); Li, Shuhai (1, 2); Sun, Jin (1, 2); Wang, Jian (1, 2); Wei, Bin (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Lab for Modern Facility Agriculture Technology &amp; Equipment, Nanjing; 210095, China; (2) Nanjing Agricultural University (Suqian) Academy of Protected Horticulture, Suqian; 223800, China; (3) College &amp; Landscape of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha; 410128, China 
Corresponding author:Guo, Shirong(srguo@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:190-198
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Solar greenhouse is an important agricultural facility in northern China. It is suitable for production in early spring, late autumn and winter cultivation, but difficult in summer. For northern Jiangsu Province, the air temperature is higher in winter and the high-temperature period is longer than North China, Northeast China and Northwest China. To improve usage efficiency of solar greenhouses in northern Jiangsu Province, the structure of solar greenhouses needs to be modified to improve the insulation in winter and ventilation cooling performance in summer. To achieve this purpose, a novel solar greenhouse with removable north wall (experiment greenhouse) was designed in this study, in which part of the north wall can be dismantabled when necessary while the rest of the wall is fixed. The performance of an experiment greenhouse was compared with a traditional solar greenhouse with north wall of hollow blocks (control greenhouse). Air temperature and relative humidity in the 2 greenhouses were firstly mearsured from July 15 to August 14, 2014 and from December 11, 2014 to January 10, 2015. Secondly, wall thermal parameters (thermal resistance, heat transfer coefficient, heat storage coefficient, thermal inertia index, attenuation coefficient), wall temperature and heat flow density of the 2 solar greenhouses were compared to reveal the insulation performance differences between them. The ventilation cooling performance of 2 greenhouses was compared in term of indoor air flow. Thirdly, indoor crop growth, yield per plant and input-output ratio of 2 solar greenhouses were compared. The calculation showed that the heat storage coefficient, thermal inertia index and attenuation coefficient toward the outside temperature fluctuation of the fixed wall of the experiment greenhouse were 3.9, 10.8 and 18.3 times that of the control greenhouse respectively. The heat storage coefficient of the straw wall of the experiment greenhouse was lower than the traditional hollow block wall, but the thermal inertia index and attenuation coefficient of the former were 3.7 and 1.7 times that of the later. This suggested that the straw could be used as the insulation material of north wall. The experiment results showed that the temperature of the fixed wall in the experiment greenhouse rose more slowly than the control greenhouse in the morning, and decreased more slowly in the afternoon while the temperature was higher during nighttime. But the temperature of the detachable wall exhibited the opposite trend. For the experiment greenhouse, the heat flow density at the inner surface of the fixed wall was about 18.3% greater than the control greenhouse during the nighttime, and the exothermic time was longer by about 2.1 h. The average air temperature in the experiment greenhouse was 1.1 and 1.0&#8451; higher than the control greenhouse, respectively, at daytime and nighttime and the average relative humidity was lower by 9.1% and 6.8%, respectively. The experiment greenhouse had better performance on insulation and humidity control than the control greenhouse in winter. With greater vent area of natural ventilation, the air flow rate inside the experiment greenhouse was obviously higher than the control greenhouse. The heat loss inside the experiment greenhouse was greater than the control greenhouse in summer. The average air temperature at daytime and nighttime in the experiment greenhouse was 4.0 and 3.1&#8451; lower than the control greenhouse in summer respectively; the daily highest temperature was lower by 1.4-8.1&#8451;. The experiment greenhouse had better ventilation cooling performance than the control greenhouse in summer. For crop yield, the tomato yield per plant was 16.7% higher than the control greenhouse in winter. The yield of non-heading Chinese cabbage was 38.5% higher than the control greenhouse in summer. The input-output ratio of the experiment greenhouse was 1:5.64, which was 8.05% higher than the control greenhouse. Overall, the novel greenhouse operated well in both winter and summer. So, the novel greenhouse is a suitable type of greenhouse for year-around production in northern Jiangsu Province. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Greenhouses
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Air - Atmospheric temperature - Cooling - Crops - Cultivation - Heat resistance - Heat storage - Heat transfer - Humidity control  - Insulation - Solar heating - Storage (materials) - Temperature - Thermal insulation - Ventilation
Uncontrolled terms:Application effect - Attenuation coefficient - Average air temperature - Insulation performance - Natural ventilation - North wall - Performance and applications - Temperature fluctuation
Classification code:413  Insulating Materials - 413.2  Heat Insulating Materials - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 643.5  Ventilation - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 694.4  Storage - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.67e+01%, Percentage 1.83e+01%, Percentage 3.85e+01%, Percentage 6.80e+00%, Percentage 8.05e+00%, Percentage 9.10e+00%, Time 7.56e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20165003118648
Title:Suitable ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus application under ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting system improving water use efficiency and yield of foxtail millet in semi-arid area
Authors:Lian, Yanhao (1, 2, 3); Wang, Tianlu (1, 2, 3); Zhang, Xudong (1, 2); Jia, Zhikuan (1, 2, 3); Liu, Qi (1, 2, 3); Han, Qingfang (1, 2, 3) 
Author affiliation:(1) The Chinese Institute of Water-saving Agriculture, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Crop Production and Ecology, Minister of Agriculture, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) College of Agronomy, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China 
Corresponding author:Jia, Zhikuan(zhikuan@tom.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:106-115
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting system is known to be an effective planting method for improving rainwater utilization, but suitable fertilizer application rates for foxtail millet under RFRH planting have not yet been determined. In order to clarify the effects of fertilization under RFRH system and excavate its potential to enhance crop yield, we conducted field experiments during 2012-2015 at the Dryland Agricultural Experiment Station, Pengyang city, Ningxia, at the Loess Plateau, China. The experimental site was located at a longitude of 35&deg;79'E and latitude of 106&deg;48'N, at an elevation of 1658 m above sea level. The field experiment included 2 planting patterns (R, ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting planting; T, traditional flat planting) and 4 fertilizer level (F0, no fertilizer; F1, N:P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>at 93:48 kg/hm²; F2, N:P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>at 186:96 kg/hm², F3, N:P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>at 279:144 kg/hm²), the R model used ridge and furrow widths of 60 cm, a ridge height of 15 cm, and the ridges were mulched with plastic film. The soil moisture of 0-20 cm profile was measured using a manual soil ferric auger at sowing, heading and harvesting stage, soil water storage and crop water consumption were calculated. The dry matter at different growth stages, yield and its components, use efficiency of water and fertilizer, and economic profit were measured. The 4-year experiment results showed that fertilization generally had a significantly positive effect on plant growth, yield formation and water use efficiency. As the increase of fertilizer input rate, the dry matter per plant, grain yield, WUE and economic profit under R planting were improving, but there was no significant increase when fertilizer rate beyond F2 in which the agronomy efficiency decreased, which indicated F2 was a suitable fertilizer input level for R planting. Compare to no fertilizer, the grain yield of the R treatment significantly improved by 28.1%-85.3%, respectively. Compared to traditional flat planting, the R planting could increase yield by 8.3% and 7.8% in the normal year, but decrease yield by 6.1% in the wet year (2012). The yield-increasing effect was best in the medium and low fertilizer treatments. In addition, the R treatment could reduce water consumption than the T treatment. The water consumption of R treatment was 18.3-26.8 mm lower than the T treatment in 2012-2015. In the normal year, the different planting model affected significantly the grain number per ear and harvest index, but did not affect the 1000-seeds weight. The rain number per ear and harvest index of the R treatment was 8.4% and 4.2% higher than the T treatment (P&lt;0.05). In wet year, the planting model did not significantly affect these yield components of millet. Compared with the T treatment, the R treatment significantly increased the water use efficiency of millet in the normal year. The increase under the middle fertilizer treatment was 14.6% and 15.1%. The R treatment could increase agronomy efficiency than the T treatment, which increased with reduction of fertilizer application amount. This effect was better in the normal year than in the wet year. Among all the treatments, the medium fertilizer application in the R treatment in the normal year increased the yield by 7.6%, water use efficiency by 14.9%, agronomy efficiency by 9.9% and economic profit by 6.2% than the T treatment. Therefore, the RFRH system combine with F2 (N: P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>at 186:96 kg/hm²) was a reasonable and efficient model for foxtail millet cultivation in semi-arid areas. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Water treatment
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Agronomy - Arid regions - Crops - Cultivation - Efficiency - Fertilizers - Grain (agricultural product) - Harvesting - Moisture  - Precipitation (chemical) - Precipitation (meteorology) - Profitability - Rain - Sea level - Soil moisture - Soils - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Different growth stages - Fertilizer applications - Foxtail millet - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Ridge and furrow - Ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting systems - Semiarid area - Yield
Classification code:443  Meteorology - 443.3  Precipitation - 444  Water Resources - 445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 471.1  Oceanography, General - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Age 4.00e+00yr, Percentage 1.46e+01%, Percentage 1.49e+01%, Percentage 1.51e+01%, Percentage 2.81e+01% to 8.53e+01%, Percentage 4.20e+00%, Percentage 6.10e+00%, Percentage 6.20e+00%, Percentage 7.60e+00%, Percentage 7.80e+00%, Percentage 8.30e+00%, Percentage 8.40e+00%, Percentage 9.90e+00%, Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e-01m, Size 1.50e-01m, Size 1.66e+03m, Size 1.83e-02m to 2.68e-02m, Size 6.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20165003118646
Title:Hydrodynamic coupled simulation and validation for surface water flow and solute transport in furrow fertigation
Authors:Zhang, Shaohui (1); Bai, Meijian (1); Wei, Zhibin (2); Feng, Bingkai (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100038, China; (2) Management Office of Yehe Irrigatim District in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang; 050200, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:93-100
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Hydrodynamic coupled model of surface water flow and solute transport can provide a powerful tool for design and management of furrow fertigation system. However, the existing models present the shortcomings such as not introducing bed elevation stochastic distribution, splitting solute advection and dispersion processes, as well as the resultant numerical unstable problem. So the exiting models can not be effectively applied to analyze the performance of furrow fertigation system. To solve this problem, the conservative complete hydrodynamic equation and the advection-dispersion equation were applied to describe the surface water flow and solute transport in furrow fertigation, respectively. The finite-volume approach was applied to spatially discretize these governing equations to obtain good mass conservation ability, and then pseudo-time terms were introduced into the governing equations and the fully implicit time scheme was used to reach unconditional stability. After these operations, the conservative complete hydrodynamic and the advection-dispersion equations were turned into a nonlinear algebraic system with diagonal dominance. The Picard iteration approach was introduced to obtain the linearization of this nonlinear algebraic system and all physical processes in furrow fertigation were coupled and simulated in hydrodynamic sense. In the numerical solution development, the water free surface gradient term in conservative complete hydrodynamic equation was added with an extra numerical term. At dry surface domain, this extra numerical term and water free surface gradient term could cancel each other, which represented the real physical process that there were some forces on dry surface domain for water and solute. Consequently, the furrow surface water advance/recession processes under bed elevation stochastic distribution can be accurately simulated. Furrow fertigation experiments were performed to validate the proposed coupled model on October 25, 2015 in Yehe irrigation district, located in Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province. The experiments were divided into 3 groups i.e. full-time, first-half and second-half time fertilizer applications. Each group contained 3 repetitions and thus there were 9 experimental furrows. Ammonium sulphate was selected as fertilizer. During the experiments, ammonium ion could be fast generated and not be combined with other ions, and thus it was monitored to represent solute. During the experiments, furrow surface water advance/recession processes were observed. Meanwhile, at the distance of 0, 30, 50 and 70 m away from furrow upstream end, 4 observation points were distributed in each furrow to observe the solute concentration change. After experiments, the data including furrow surface water advance/recession processes and solute concentration change at all observation points were applied to validate the proposed coupled model. The validation results showed that the proposed coupled model could well simulate the furrow surface water flow and solute transport, and presented very good mass conservation ability. Specifically, the average relative errors between the observed and simulated data by the proposed coupled model were below 5% and 10% for furrow surface water advance and recession processes, respectively. The average relative errors for solute change were below 8%. By contrast, the average relative errors of advance/recession processes by the existing model were from 15% to 20%. The average relative errors for solute change were more than 10%. Additionally, the mass conservation error for the proposed coupled model was below 0.1% and about 2% for the existing model. Thus, the proposed coupled model overcomes the shortcomings of existing models and provides a useful numerical analysis tool for the management and design of furrow fertigation system. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Surface waters
Controlled terms:Advection - Algebra - Dispersions - Errors - Fertilizers - Flow of water - Fluid dynamics - Hydraulics - Hydrodynamics - Ions  - Irrigation - Models - Nonlinear equations - Soil moisture - Solute transport - Stochastic models - Stochastic systems
Uncontrolled terms:Advection-dispersion equation - Coupled - Fertigations - Fertilizer applications - Mass conservation error - Non-linear algebraic system - Stochastic distribution - Unconditional stability
Classification code:444.1  Surface Water - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631.1.1  Liquid Dynamics - 632.1  Hydraulics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 921.1  Algebra - 922.1  Probability Theory - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1  Mechanics - 951  Materials Science - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.00e-01%, Percentage 1.50e+01% to 2.00e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 8.00e+00%, Size 7.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20165003118645
Title:Structural analysis and mixing uniformity experiments of swirling jet mixer for applying fat-soluble pesticides
Authors:Song, Haichao (1, 2); Xu, Youlin (1); Zheng, Jiaqiang (1); Wang, Xiwei (1); Zhang, Min (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing; 210037, China; (2) Nanjing Institute of Industry Technology, Nanjing; 210023, China 
Corresponding author:Xu, Youlin(youlinxu@njfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:86-92
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The on-line pesticide mixing is a process with higher productivity and safer operating conditions, which can reduce pesticide wastes and pollution. To characterize jet mixing characteristics for on-line injection of pesticides, a new mixing device based on the swirling jet mechanism was conceived and developed to improve the mixing uniformity of water and fat-soluble pesticides. The swirl jet mixer consisted of a spiral curved shrink tube, a diffuser and a spiral flow generator, and could accelerate the two-phase flow's spiral movement and blend the 2 kinds of liquids. In order to increase the swirling efficiency of swirling jet mixer, the spiral flow generator had 3 guide vanes (height was 6.5 mm, wrap angle was 15&deg;); the diffuser had also 3 guide vanes, but its height was from 0 to 6.5 mm; the pitch of the spiral curved shrink tube was 128 mm, and its converging angle was 16&deg;. A computational fluid dynamics program (FLUENT) was used to simulate the flow field inside the swirling jet mixer to optimize its design. The boundary conditions of the water and the rapeseed oil were defined to a pressure input. The boundary condition of mixer outlet was defined to a pressure output. The total gauge pressure, the initial gauge pressure and the turbulence intensity were defined. The solid wall was supposed to be a non-slip, impervious and adiabatic boundary. The segregated and implicit modeling was identified by incompressible fluid. The steady flow and the k-&Epsilon; modeling of turbulent flow were identified. The mixing uniformity was evaluated by introducing the uniformity index, and the 2 kinds of liquids were blended homogenously as the uniformity index was 1. Simulation results showed that the uniformity index was 0.999 5 across the entire cross sections inside the mixer, confirming the uniform mixture characteristics with the new mixer design. To verify the simulation results, the experiments were conducted in which the fluorescent tracers were mixed with the pesticides to enable the camera to track the mixing process in the transparent chamber. The mixing process in the on-line injection system actually is a process that water from the water tank and pesticide from the pesticide tank are mixed in the mixer through the liquid convection and pervasion. Water was set as the main flow phase, with the density of 1.0 g/cm³, the kinematic viscosity of 1 mm²/s and the surface tension of 72 mN/m. The rapeseed oil was set as the second flow phase, with the density of 0.9 g/cm³, the kinematic viscosity of 43 mm²/s and the surface tension of 29.8 mN/m. The mixing experimental system for the mixer included water intake system, pesticide intake system and image acquisition system. The water intake system contained water tank, water pump, water flowmeter, water manometer and water piezometer, while the pesticide intake system contained pesticide tank, pesticide pump, pesticide flowmeter, pesticide manometer and pesticide piezometer. The water and the pesticide were mixed straightway by the pesticide mixer before they were sprayed by a nozzle. The experimental results showed that the pressures of the water piezometer, the pesticide piezometer and the outlet of the mixer were separately 0.23, 0.22 and 0.22 MPa. The maximum mixing ratio was 99.442 5% at the outlet of the mixer, so the mixer had significant uniformity index for the fat-soluble pesticide. The simulations and the verification tests indicated that the mixing uniformity was very good in the swirling jet mixer when applying fat-soluble pesticides through on-line injection spray. Therefore, the new swirling jet mixer would solve the non-uniform mixture problem associated with conventional mixers and could significantly improve the on-line injection technology to reduce pesticide waste. The swirling jet mixer was desirable, and its structure was compact. Furthermore, there were mandatory and optional items, and we could choose what we needed according to the spraying conditions. It is conducive to the application and marketing promotion of the plant protection machineries. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Pesticides
Controlled terms:Boundary conditions - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer simulation - Diffusers (fluid) - Electric equipment protection - Experiments - Fighter aircraft - Flow measurement - Flowmeters - Fluids  - Gages - Image acquisition - Inlet flow - Intake systems - Kinematics - Liquids - Machinery - Manometers - Mixers (machinery) - Mixing  - Mixtures - Oilseeds - Surface tension - Tanks (containers) - Two phase flow - Vegetable oils - Viscosity - Viscosity of liquids - Water injection - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Image acquisition systems - Incompressible fluid - Mixing uniformities - Non-uniform mixtures - Spiral flow generators - Structure analysis - Swirling jets - Turbulence intensity
Classification code:612.1  Internal Combustion Engines, General - 619.2  Tanks - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 652.1.2  Military Aircraft - 704.2  Electric Equipment - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5  Computer Applications - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 901.3  Engineering Research - 931.1  Mechanics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 943.1  Mechanical Instruments - 943.3  Special Purpose Instruments - 944.3  Pressure Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.00e+03kg/m3, Mass_Density 9.00e+02kg/m3, Pressure 2.20e+05Pa, Size 1.28e-01m, Size 6.50e-03m, Surface_Tension 2.98e-02N*m, Surface_Tension 7.20e-02N*m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20165003118653
Title:Design of human computer interaction system of virtual crops based on Leap Motion
Authors:Wu, Fuli (1); Ding, Yin (1); Ding, Weilong (1); Xie, Tao (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Computer Science &amp; Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou; 310023, China 
Corresponding author:Ding, Weilong(wlding@zjut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:144-151
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, the Somatosensory Technology has been applied in many fields including entertainment, education, automation and medicine etc. But in agriculture, it still has rarely involved. The traditional human-computer interaction system of virtual plant operating at a particular operating system or on a mobile platform, and interactive mode is interactive through the mouse and keyboard, need parameters and commands more cumbersome user input, resulting in the lack of good user interaction experience. In view of the above situation, in this paper, we designed and developed virtual farming object interaction system based on cloud computing and somatosensory interactive technology. The system firstly generated a 3D model of the virtual crop in the cloud, and the model was stored in the cloud. Our virtual crop model included rice and tomato. The cloud-side provided the data calculation ability and responded the browser requesting, the browser-side was responsible for display, caching and a small amount of calculation, and Leap Motion was responsible for interaction on the browser-side. In order to obtain the relevant parameters for rice modeling, we had done experiments in China National Rice Research Institute in Zhejiang, Hangzhou between 2015 and 2016. The selected rice stage was from the jointing stage to the heading stage. For each plant, we measured three blades in different leaf positions, which included blade lengths, blade widths, the changed widths along the blades, and blade growth positions. The 3D data of virtual crops needed to be generated by algorithms on Amazon cloud platform. The topological structures of tomato plants were described by the parametric L-system in our system, and we separated the structures into stems, rachis, blades, fruit branches and flower branches. Using WebGL to render 3D crop models on browser allowed and incorporated users to directly interact with it. In this paper, we defined a 3D virtual crop data exchange protocol, which supported crop species selection, morphological changes, crop growth, pause, shrinkage, and shadow generations. When the Leap Motion received a gesture signal, users can select crop specie, and then the server would generate the corresponding 3D crop data, including geometry, color and texture information, and returned it to browser in JSON format. We built a one-hand and a two-hand gesture base, and each gesture can realize the free interaction of 3D models. Users can freely switch between one-hand mode and two-hand mode. The interactive system of virtual crops based on Motion Leap was composed of the server and the browser. It achieved the translation, rotation, plant growth, morphological changes and 3D model update operation. Our hardware environment was: 1) quad-core Intel CPU 2.4 GHz, 8 G of RAM on the server-side; 2) Windows 7, quad-core CPU 2.6 GHz, 4 G of RAM, 2 GB NVIDIA GeForce GTX 860 M+Intel HD 4 600 on the browser-side. The system had been implemented in WebGL and JavaScript and effectively running on the major browsers including Firefox, Chrome and IE. Experimental results showed that the users can control the shape and growth of the virtual crop model in real time by using different gestures in the browser, from which they had a good interactive experience. The establishment of the system can provide a technical reference for similar research. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Human computer interaction
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Computer operating systems - Crops - Distributed computer systems - Electronic data interchange - Fruits - Gesture recognition - Intelligent systems - Morphology - Virtual reality  - Windows operating system
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural equipment - Data exchange protocols - Human-computer interaction system - Interactive technology - Leap Motion - Morphological changes - Three-dimensional model - WebGL
Classification code:722.4  Digital Computers and Systems - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 2.40e+09Hz, Frequency 2.60e+09Hz
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20165003118637
Title:Design and experiment of baler for 4L-4.0 combine harvester of rice and wheat
Authors:Li, Yaoming (1); Cheng, Cheng (1); Xu, Lizhang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:29-35
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a kind of product of crops, straws are important part of biomass. China is an agricultural country, and the straw resource is very rich and the annual output is about 700 million tons. The straw resource in China is mainly rice straw, wheat straw and corn stover. The disposal way of the straw is mostly to burn, but this will seriously destroy the ecological environment. So the problem of straw recycling is more and more important, and it requires that straw recycling must has high mechanization level of operation. In view of the shortage and inefficiency of straw harvest machinery, we have developed 4L-4.0 all-in-one machine of combine harvester and baler to solve the difficult problem of straw harvest. It can not only ensure the normal efficiency, but also achieve the function of bundling. Firstly, this article has introduced the overall configuration of the all-in-one machine. The baler is located on the left side of the combine harvester, and the gearbox and flywheel are located on the right side of it. The gearbox is the core component of transmission, and the one we use is a three-stage gear box. Secondly, the feeding mechanism from below and the compression mechanism also have an important significance to the 4L-4.0 all-in-one machine of combine harvester and baler. The advantage of the feeding mechanism from below is that it can reduce the ground clearance and improve the performance of the machine. It is mainly composed of a fork mechanism. We have made a motion simulation of the fork mechanism in order to know the trajectory and speed of the fork mechanism. The research results have showed that this design conforms to the requirements of the work of the machine. In addition, we have made more research on the compression mechanism, which is composed of a center-setting slider-crank, and we have set the compression frequency to be 93 revolutions per minute. The movement of the slider-crank is decided by the length of crank and connecting rod, so we have respectively designed the crank and connecting rod to be 275 and 580 mm. Lastly, we have conducted a field experiment in order to test the performance of the all-in-one machine. We have selected rice and wheat as the target of this experiment. The experimental results show that this 4L-4.0 all-in-one machine of combine harvester and baler can complete the rice harvest and bundling at one time, and also improve the working efficiency. The bundling rate, regular bale ratio, anti-bundling rate and the size of bale all meet the requirements, and the final density of bale ranges from 190 to 200 kg/m3. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Harvesters
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Connecting rods - Efficiency - Feeding - Gears - Harvesting - Machinery - Recycling - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Bundling - Combine harvesters - Compression mechanism - Ecological environments - Field - Revolutions per minutes - Slider-crank mechanism - Working efficiency
Classification code:452.3  Industrial Wastes - 601.2  Machine Components - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.90e+02kg/m3 to 2.00e+02kg/m3, Rotational_Speed 9.30e+01RPM, Size 5.80e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20165003118650
Title:Water and land resources allocation model of pastoral area based on grassland ecological conservation
Authors:Lu, Haiyuan (1, 2); Li, Heping (1, 2); Gao, Zhanyi (1); Wang, Dangxian (3); Wang, Jun (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100038, China; (2) Institute of Water Resources for Pastoral Area, MWR, Hohhot; 010020, China; (3) General Institute of Water Resources &amp; Hydropower Planning and Design, MWR, Beijing; 100011, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Heping(mkslhp@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:123-130
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Grassland is the largest terrestrial ecosystem in China. In recent years, climate change and human activities have seriously degenerated the grassland ecosystem. Therefore, how to maintain the sustainable development of grassland ecosystem has aroused great concern in the world. This study aimed to optimize water and land resources allocation in pastoral areas and determine reasonably the developmental scale of water, land and grass resources and carrying capacity of livestock so as to maintain the sustainable development between resources and livestock depending on the self recovering nature of the natural grassland ecosystem. A water and land allocation model related to water-land-forage-livestock arrangement for grazing areas was proposed on the basis of their conditions and challenges. The premise of this model was the healthy development of grassland ecosystem. The total amount of water consumption in the region determined by the strictest water resources management system was selected as the control index. The bottom line of the model was the carrying capacity of water, land and grassland resources. The criterion of this model was the balance among water, land, forage and livestock. According to this model, water and land resources in pastoral areas could be reasonably allocated. The appropriate scale of agriculture and husbandry could also be determined. The water and land resources allocation model was constructed by the multi-objective programming method. The genetic algorithm (GA) evaluating individual fitness based on target sorting matrix was used to solve the model, and FORTRAN language was used for programming and data processing. Results of the model showed that the suitable appropriate irrigation area in the pastoral area for agriculture and husbandry was 9.361 million hm²in 2030, and the corresponding suitable amount of livestock was 288 million sheep units. Under coupled irrigation and application of artificial and natural grasslands, the overall balance of forage and livestock for rangeland would be achieved in 2020, but there was an imbalance among regions, and the balance of forage and livestock would be completely achieved in 2030. With the area of artificially irrigated grassland was increased, the level of supplementary feeding of livestock would be improved. But by the condition of water resources, the feeding level of livestock in all the regions did not reach barn feeding level. The balance between the development and utilization of rangeland could be achieved in 2030. Thus, the allocation model of water, land, forage and livestock will provide a new approach for maintaining the sustainable development of grassland ecosystem as well as sustainable social and economic development in the pastoral areas. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Climate change - Data handling - Ecology - Economics - Ecosystems - Feeding - FORTRAN (programming language) - Genetic algorithms - Irrigation  - Multiobjective optimization - Natural resources - Planning - Resource allocation - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Development and utilizations - Ecological conservation - Grassland - Land allocation modeling - Multiobjective programming - Pastoral areas - Social and economic development - Water resources management
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 444  Water Resources - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 723.1.1  Computer Programming Languages - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 912.2  Management - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20165003118639
Title:Comparison of straight line driving synchronous control methods and validation of 4WD sprayer chassis with hydraulic power
Authors:Zhang, Hua (1, 2); Zheng, Jiaqiang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing; 210037, China; (2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang; 233100, China 
Corresponding author:Zheng, Jiaqiang(jqzheng@njfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:43-50
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To meet the plant protection and spraying requirements in complex agricultural and forestry environments, a flexible and intelligent sprayer chassis with hydraulic power system was developed in this study. Two synchronous control plans of four hydraulic motors were proposed for straight line driving requirements of sprayer chassis. The first plan was a single stage direct control with solenoid proportional directional valve and the second plan was a two stage synchronization control with synchronous valve and solenoid proportional directional valve bypass regulation. The principle diagrams of two plans were designed. The inner and outer double layer control structure was designed for the first plan. The PID controller was used to track the reference signal in the outer layer and fuzzy coordinated controller in the inner layer was used to adjust the rotary speed synchronous error of four motors. The fuzzy control rules were designed and the SIMULINK model of the first plan was established. The synchronous control effect of the first plan was simulated through MATLAB/SIMULINK. In the second plan, the synchronous divider/collector valve was used for the primary synchronous control of four motors and the solenoid proportional directional valve was used for bypass flow regulation in order to reduce the synchronous error caused by unbalanced load. The simulation model of the second plan was established with AMESim. The synchronous control system responses of two plans under step input (the step value was 230) were simulated and compared under the conditions of boot stage, unbalanced load torque disturbance, accidental power off and power recovery. The maximum motor speed synchronous errors of the first plan were about 8.5 r/min within 0-0.1 s, 0 r/min within 0.1-0.5 s,4 r/min within 0.5-1.0 s and 0.2 r/min within 1.1-1.5 s, respectively. The synchronous control accuracy of the first plan can be kept under 3.7%. The motor speed fell obviously at the time of 0.5 s because of the accidental power off of the valve and subversive consequences might bring out for the chassis. Compared with the first plan, the maximum motor speed synchronous errors of the second plan were about 4.4 r/min within 0-0.1 s, 1.0 r/min within 0.1-0.5 s, 1.8 r/min within 0.5-1.0 s and 2 r/min within 1.1-1.5 s, respectively. The synchronous control accuracy of the second plan can be kept between 0.6%- 1.9%. The motor speed showed slightly fall (about 6 r/min) at the time of 0.5 s and subversive consequences might not be caused. The experimental structure diagram was designed for the second plan and the experiment table was established referring to the diagram. SIMENS S7-200 CPU and four rotary encoders were used to collect the motor speed signal. Quantized fuzzy control table was written into the PLC and analog quantity (voltage signal) was outputted in accordance with the speed signal input. The output voltage signal was used to control the proportional valve amplifier, thus the valve core was driven and the rate of flow was regulated. The motor speed was adjusted until the speed synchronous error met the accuracy requirements. The experiment results showed that the motor speed fell (about 15 r/min) more obvious than the simulation results (about 6 r/min) because of the oil leakage. But synchronous precision can be kept within 1.0%-2.0% which can meet straight line driving requirements. The simulation and experiment results showed that maximum motor speed synchronous error of the second plan reduced about 50% on various research stage of motor compared with the first plan. Theoretical guidance was provided for the straight line control of the four wheel independently driving chassis and the theoretical reference was proposed for hydraulic synchronous control system design in agricultural engineering field with the demand of higher accuracy, higher reliability and economy. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Controllers
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Amplifiers (electronic) - Chassis - Control systems - Electric power system protection - Errors - Fuzzy control - Hydraulic machinery - Hydraulic motors  - MATLAB - Motors - Proportional control systems - Solenoid valves - Solenoids - Speed - Speed control - Structural design - Three term control systems - Voltage measurement
Uncontrolled terms:Coordinated controllers - Hydraulic power systems - Output voltage signals - Straight-line driving - Synchronization control - Synchronous control - Synchronous control systems - Synchronous errors
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 619  Pipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering Generally - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 662.4  Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 704.1  Electric Components - 706.1  Electric Power Systems - 713.1  Amplifiers - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1  Control Equipment - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921  Mathematics - 942.2  Electric Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+00% to 2.00e+00%, Percentage 3.70e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 6.00e-01% to 1.90e+00%, Rotational_Speed 0.00e+00RPM, Rotational_Speed 1.00e+00RPM, Rotational_Speed 1.50e+01RPM, Rotational_Speed 1.80e+00RPM, Rotational_Speed 2.00e+00RPM, Rotational_Speed 2.00e-01RPM, Rotational_Speed 4.40e+00RPM, Rotational_Speed 6.00e+00RPM, Rotational_Speed 8.50e+00RPM, Time 0.00e+00s to 1.00e-01s, Time 1.00e-01s to 5.00e-01s, Time 1.10e+00s to 1.50e+00s, Time 5.00e-01s to 1.00e+00s, Time 5.00e-01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20165003118672
Title:Coalescence dynamic analysis of water droplets in oil in electric field
Authors:Zhang, Jun (1); Zhang, Yuanchun (2); Chen, Zhijie (1); He, Hongzhou (1); Yang, Shaohui (1); Li, Hui (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Energy Cleaning Utilization and Development, College of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen; 361021, China; (2) Research Institute of Changqing Oil Exploration &amp; Development, Xi'an; 710018, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:284-289
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to reveal the characteristics of the droplet coalescence in electric demulsification process, an experiment on electric coalescence between 2 adjacent water droplets in oil in a uniform electric field is conducted. The uniform electric field is generated by 2 parallel plate electrodes. One electrode is connected to the electrostatic voltage generator and the other is grounded. Test medium is sunflower oil as well as water. The viscosity and the density for sunflower oil are 0.085 Pa&middot;s and 892 kg/m³, respectively. The density and the surface tension for water are 998 kg/m³and 0.069 N/m, respectively. Different electrostatic voltage can be applied by electrostatic voltage generator to the electrode so that the desired electric field strength can be obtained. In experiment, an MD55 type microscopic camera, which was made by Guangzhou Mingmei Optoelectronic Technology Co., Ltd., is used to record the positions and shapes of droplets under different time and different electric field strengths. The effect of electric field strength on droplet movement and deformation is analyzed based on the obtained experiment data. Furthermore, considering droplet deformation, the equations of droplet motion are established according to electric dipole model. By means of the droplet motion equations, the electric coalescence process between 2 adjacent droplets is numerically simulated. A typical Runge-Kutta algorithm is adopted in simulation and the time step is 0.000 2 s. Through the simulation, the distances between 2 adjacent water droplets under different time and different electric field strengths are obtained, and they are used to analyze the effects of medium physical properties, droplet size as well as electric field strength on droplet coalescence efficiency. The simulating and experimental results show that the prediction of the present model on the evolution of the distance between 2 droplets is basically consistent with the experiment, and the average relative error of prediction values is about 25.95%. Further analysis reveals that the droplet coalescence is mainly affected by the mutual movement velocity of 2 droplets due to electrostatic attraction and the droplet deformation due to accumulation of surface charge on droplet. When the electric field strength increases, the droplet mutual movement velocity increases. Meanwhile, the drop deformation is also enhanced. This will lead to a faster contact between 2 droplets. Thus, a higher field strength is extremely beneficial to significantly improve the demulsification efficiency. But, it should be also noted that a too large electric field strength may produce droplet electrostatic breakup and this is obviously conducive to demulsification. Therefore, the applied field strength in electric demulsification process cannot reach a critical value in order to avoid droplet electric breakup. The results also show that the effects of continuous phase viscosity and droplet size on coalescence are significant. The continuous phase viscosity increases, the resistance on droplet increases correspondingly, and it will take a long time to achieve contact between 2 droplets. In addition, for larger droplets, an intense electric attraction between them can be produced. Therefore, the droplet coalescence will be more efficient for the emulsion with larger size dispersed droplets. The present results provide an important reference for the design of electric demulsifier and the optimization of operating parameters. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Drop breakup
Controlled terms:Deformation - Demulsification - Drops - Efficiency - Electric fields - Electric grounding - Electrodes - Electrostatics - Emulsification - Emulsions  - Equations of motion - Models - Oil well testing - Runge Kutta methods - Sunflower oil - Viscosity
Uncontrolled terms:Demulsification efficiency - Electric dipole - Electric field strength - Electrostatic attractions - Optoelectronic technology - Parallel-plate electrodes - Simulation - Water droplets
Classification code:511.1  Oil Field Production Operations - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921.2  Calculus - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 8.92e+02kg/m3, Mass_Density 9.98e+02kg/m3, Percentage 2.59e+01%, Surface_Tension 6.90e-02N*m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.039

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20165003118655
Title:Hyperspectral estimation of plant nitrogen content based on Akaike's information criterion
Authors:Yang, Fuqin (1, 2, 3); Dai, Huayang (2); Feng, Haikuan (1); Yang, Guijun (1); Li, Zhenhai (1); Chen, Zhaoxia (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology In Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining &amp; Technology, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) College of Civil Engineering, Henan Institute of Engineering, Zhengzhou; 451191, China 
Corresponding author:Feng, Haikuan(fenghaikuan123@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:161-167
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to measure plant nitrogen content (PNC) rapidly and accurately in different growth stages, the optimal regression model for PNC was constructed based on variable importance projection - partial least squares - Akaike's information criteria (VIP-PLS-AIC) and corresponding PNC data. In this research, 16 spectral indices sensitive to nitrogen and chlorophyll were constructed by using of winter wheat canopy reflectance obtained in National Precision Agriculture Experimental Base from 2014 to 2015. The model was verified by using of data at flag leaf stage from 2012 to 2013. Results showed that in jointing stage the related degree order between VIP evaluation sixteen vegetation index and winter wheat PNC can be drawn as follows: PPR&gt; Red_Width&gt; SRPI&gt; NPCI&gt; NPQI&gt; SIPI&gt; Red_Area&gt; MCARI/MTVI2&gt; TCARI&gt; PSNDc&gt; MCARI&gt; DCNI&gt; REPGAUSS&gt; REP&gt; PRI&gt; SR<inf>(533,565)</inf>. In booting stage the order between VIP and PNC can be drawn as follows: PPR&gt; SRPI&gt; NPCI&gt; NPQI&gt; MCARI/MTVI2&gt; SR<inf>(533,565)</inf>&gt; PRI&gt; SIPI&gt;REPGUSS&gt;REP&gt;Red_Area&gt;PSNDc&gt;Red_ Width&gt;DCNI&gt;MCARI&gt;TCARI. In anthesis stage the order between VIP and PNC can be described as PPR&gt; NPQI&gt; MCARI&gt; MCARI/MTVI2&gt; TCARI&gt; DCNI&gt; REPGAUSS&gt; REP&gt; SR<inf>(533,565)</inf>&gt; SRPI&gt; NPCI&gt; PSNDc&gt; Red_Width&gt; PRI&gt; Red_Area&gt; SIPI. In filling stage, the order between VIP and PNC can be described as TCARI&gt; MCARI&gt; NPQI&gt; DCNI&gt; SIPI&gt; MCARI/MTVI2&gt; PPR&gt; Red_Area&gt; REPGAUSS&gt; REP&gt; PSNDc&gt; Red_Width&gt; SR<inf>(533,565)</inf>&gt; PRI&gt; SRPI&gt; NPCI. The PNC model of winter wheat based on AIC at jointing stage using four vegetation indices as independent variables was the optimal. At flag leaf stage, flowering stage and filling stage they were five, four and six kinds, respectively. The determined coefficients (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE) during four growth stages were 0.71, 0.86, 0.75, 0.46 and 0.23%, 0.13%, 0.12%, 0.15%, respectively. At booting stage the independent variables respectively were VPPR, VSRPI, VNPCI, VNPQI and VMCARI/MTVI2. The booting stage in 2012 to 2013 data was used to validate and the booting stage was the optimal stage for estimating winter wheat PNC using hyperspectral data. The results showed R²and RMSE of validation set at booting stage were 0.81 and 0.41%. Besides, both prediction model and verification model had higher accuracy and reliability. The estimation result of winter wheat PNC based on coupling model VIP-PLS-AIC was ideal and provided an effective method for predicting winter wheat PNC by remote sensing. The overall results showed that the PNC of winter wheat can be reliably monitored with the canopy spectral methods established in the study. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Models - Nitrogen - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Spectrum analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Akaike information criterion - Nitrogen content - Partial least square (PLS) - Variable importances - Winter wheat
Classification code:804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.20e-01%, Percentage 1.30e-01%, Percentage 1.50e-01%, Percentage 2.30e-01%, Percentage 4.10e-01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:20165003118641
Title:Effect of EGR exhaust gas components on oxidation activity of particle from diesel engine
Authors:Zhao, Yang (1); Li, Mingdi (1); Xu, Guangju (1); Chen, Qingzhang (1); Wang, Zhong (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Automobile Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu; 215500, China; (2) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Mingdi(lmd-fj@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:58-63
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:NO<inf>X</inf>and particles emitted from diesel engine have been the major sources of air pollution in China. Particles which contains soluble organic fraction (SOF), soot and inorganic salt are mainly result from incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of fossil fuels and other organic materials. In diesel engine, the poor mixing of fuel and air creates fuel-rich zones that support particles formation at high temperatures. Particles are, therefore, the major emission of diesel engines. Many particles consist of agglomerated primary particles with diameters on the order of 10-30 nm, chiefly including crystalline and amorphous domains. Numbers studies show that they are harmful to human health when inhaled and may cause cancer, for that reason, it is important to reduce the formation or at least the emission of particles to environment. Meanwhile, the strict regulations for PM emission have been enforced in many developed countries. In order to reduce NO<inf>X</inf>and particles emission and meet emission regulations, high pressure fuel injection, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and particle catalytic oxidation/capture technology (POC/DOC/DPF) are utilized in light vehicle diesel engine. As significant in-cylinder purification action for NO<inf>X</inf>, EGR reduces the peak combustion temperature by increasing the specific heat value and diluting oxygen concentration of the mixture gas. Nevertheless, the declines of excess air coefficient and oxygen concentration cause the increase of particles. Diesel particulate filter (DPF) is currently the dominant diesel particulate emissions control technology to meet stringent air quality standards, however, the oxidation ability of particles is clearly important to the regeneration of the filter bed in DPF. The micro-orifice uniform deposition impactor (MOUDI) is a favorable apparatus for obtain the particle size distribution and collect the particles in different size ranges after classification. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has been widely used as an analytical method for investigate the relationship between the material weight and temperature under the condition of programming temperature rise. To understand the effects of EGR exhaust gas components on the oxidation activity of particle from diesel engine, thermo gravimetric experiments on the particle collected under different EGR exhaust gas components were carried out in atmosphere of N<inf>2</inf>and then O<inf>2</inf>by using thermo gravimetric analyzer. The main material content in particle, volatiles precipitation and combustion temperature, combustion characteristic index and activation energy were also analyzed. The results show that the moisture and SOF contents in the particles with application of CO<inf>2</inf>are larger than those with application of exhaust gas and N<inf>2</inf>, but the soot contents have a significant decrease. In the oxidation process of particles, the peak quality rate and corresponding temperature of soot in the particles with application of CO<inf>2</inf>is the lowest. In addition, the volatiles precipitation and combustion temperature, ignition and burn out temperature of soot components are all lower than those with the application of exhaust gas and N<inf>2</inf>. Besides that the particles with application of CO<inf>2</inf>have the lowest activation energy. The results indicated that the CO<inf>2</inf>in EGR exhaust gas components could increase the oxidation ability of particle and improve the combustion performance. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Gases
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Air pollution - Air purification - Air quality - Air quality standards - Carbon dioxide - Catalytic oxidation - Chemical activation - Combustion - Crashworthiness  - Diesel engines - Elementary particles - Engines - Exhaust gas recirculation - Fossil fuels - Fuels - Ignition - Oxidation - Particle size - Particle size analysis  - Particulate emissions - Quality control - Soot - Specific heat - Thermogravimetric analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Combustion characteristics - Diesel particulate filters - Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) - High-pressure fuel injection - Oxidation activities - Soluble organic fraction - Thermo-gravimetric experiments - Thermogravimetric analyzers
Classification code:451  Air Pollution - 521.1  Fuel Combustion - 612.1.1  Internal Combustion Engine Components - 612.2  Diesel Engines - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 801  Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 902.2  Codes and Standards - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention - 931.3  Atomic and Molecular Physics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.00e-08m to 3.00e-08m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 42>

Accession number:20165003118643
Title:Fault feature extraction method for rolling element bearings based on LMD and MED
Authors:Zhou, Shishuai (1); Dou, Dongyang (1, 2); Xue, Bin (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou; 221116, China; (2) Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Large Engineering Equipment Detection and Control, Xuzhou Institute of Technology, Xuzhou; 221111, China 
Corresponding author:Dou, Dongyang(ddy41@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:70-76
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The vibration signals collected from mechanical systems consist of cyclic impulse response, deterministic component and noise. The rolling bearing's fault features are usually so weak that they are overwhelmed by these components, leading difficulty for fault diagnosis. Compared with the inner race and outer race defects of rolling bearing, recognizing the rolling element defects are much more challenging. Therefore, the key problem of fault diagnosis of rolling bears is to exactly extract the weak fault features from a strong noisy background. In this paper, we developed a method based on the minimum entropy deconvolution (MED) and local mean decomposition (LMD) for diagnosing fault features. First, the LMD was used to decompose the original signals into a set of production functions(PFs) adaptively. Each PF was a product of an amplitude envelope signal and a frequency-modulated signal. By doing so, we aimed to obtaining different components embedded in the original signal. These included the cyclic impulse response, deterministic component and noise. However, the cyclic impulse responses were always submerged by noises and they were helpless to make a decision of fault. The MED filter was adopted to search for an optimum set of filter coefficients that recover the output signal (of an inverse filter) with the maximum value of kurtosis. The MED filter was capable of deconvolution of the periodic impulsive excitations from a mixture of response signals and thus enhanced the impulses arising from spalls and cracks in rolling bearings. The MED filter can also be used to remove most noises. Therefore, the former four PFs were further processed by the MED to enhance the fault impulse information. At last,the signal after processed by the LMD and MED was analyzed by envelop analysis. Through this envelop spectrum,the fault features were ultimately extracted. Experimental investigation of 6205-2RS JEM SKF bearings with rolling element defects was performed. The vibration data were obtained from a test rig for simulating various bearing faults in an electrical engineering lab of the Case Western Reserve University. Single point defects were introduced to the test bearings by the electro-discharge machining with the diameters of 0.177 8 mm. The faulty bearings were installed in the drive end, but the accelerometers were placed at the fan end, so the noise was very strong. Using our LMD-MED method, the fault features were successfully extracted. We concluded based on the experiment that the fep index, which indicates the ratio of the peak value at the fault characteristic frequency versus the mean value of the spectrum in 200 Hz band, was increased by 96.4% compared with the original signal. At the same time, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was raised by approximately 18.3% after the signal processing by the LMD and MED. The experiment results proved that the method was effective to detect and extract the fault features of rolling bearings with strong background noises. Besides, these showed that the method based on the minimum entropy deconvolution and local mean decomposition can also provide a very useful reference for fault diagnosis of rolling bears. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Fault detection
Controlled terms:Bearings (machine parts) - Bearings (structural) - Defects - Digital storage - Entropy - Extraction - Failure analysis - Feature extraction - Frequency modulation - Impulse response  - Inverse problems - Minimum entropy methods - Point defects - Roller bearings - Signal processing - Signal to noise ratio - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Case Western Reserve University - Electro discharge machining - Experimental investigations - Fault feature extractions - Frequency modulated signal - Local mean decomposition (LMD) - Local mean decompositions - Minimum entropy deconvolution
Classification code:401.1  Bridges - 601.2  Machine Components - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 931.1  Mechanics - 933.1.1  Crystal Lattice - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 2.00e+02Hz, Percentage 1.83e+01%, Percentage 9.64e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 43>

Accession number:20165003118673
Title:Development of simultaneous detection device for multi-quality parameters of meat based on Vis/NIR spectroscopy
Authors:Wang, Wenxiu (1); Peng, Yankun (1); Sun, Hongwei (1); Wang, Fan (1); Tian, Fang (1); Chen, Xinghai (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, National R&amp;D Center for Agro-processing Equipment, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) ZOLIX INSTRUMENTS CO., LTD, Beijing; 101102, China 
Corresponding author:Peng, Yankun(ypeng@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:23
Issue date:December 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:290-296
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It's of great significance to rapidly, non-destructively and simultaneously detect quality parameters of pork. In order to solve this problem, a detection device for quality parameters of meat based on dual-band visible/near infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy technology was proposed in this paper. Combined with hardware unit and software control program, the device could collect, real-time process, calculate, display and preserve the dual-band spectral information at the same time. Among them, the hardware consisted of three main units, including the spectrum acquisition unit, the light source unit and the control unit. The spectrum acquisition unit included a pick-up optical fiber and two spectrometers whose wavelength ranges were 350~1 100 nm and 1 000~2 500 nm, respectively. For the light source unit, we used tungsten halogen lamp that came to the surface of sample through ring light guide. The light source and pick-up optical fiber were designed as a whole to form a handheld probe. The control unit worked with the help of a microcontroller. The software was self-developed based on Visual Studio 2010 platform using C language. One could aim the handheld probe at samples when detecting and then pressed the button to complete the automatic acquisition. Based on the detection device, Vis/NIR spectral information which covered multiple quality parameters from 350~2 500 nm of pork was collected and pretreated by smoothing method and standard normal variate (SNV) to eliminate the noise in the spectrum and correct the spectral errors caused by the scattering of the samples. Then coefficients of variation at each wavelength for five acquisition results were analyzed to determine whether the system was stable and the data were reliable. At last, partial least square (PLS) prediction models based on single band and dual-band spectrum data between reflection information and pork color (L^*, a^*, b^*), pH value, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), water content, cooking loss and tenderness determined by standard methods were established, respectively, in order to build the most robust models. The best PLS models for L^*, a^*and b^*were established using single band (350~1 100 nm). For other parameters, the best PLS models were based on dual-band spectroscopy with higher detection accuracy and lower prediction error. As real time detection device calls for fast detection speed and high accuracy, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) was employed to select characteristic variables on this basis and new PLS prediction models were established between the chosen important variables and quality attributes values determined by standard methods. The results indicated that CARS method could select the characteristic variables effectively, simplify the established PLS prediction models, reduce the numbers of variables, and improve the running speed and model performance. The correlation coefficients in the prediction set were 0.962 5, 0.933 6, 0.938 9, 0.941 5 and 0.936 3, 0.912 3, 0.920 0 and 0.901 9, prediction errors were 0.628 7, 0.757 6, 0.547 1, 0.0782, 2.835 4 mg/(100 g), 0.380 9%, 2.560 0% and 6.896 7N for L^*, a^*, b^*, pH value, TVB-N, water content, cooking loss and tenderness, respectively. The results showed that the device had advantages of small size, fast detection speed and high detection accuracy which could realize the simultaneous detection of meat quality parameters and the use of dual band spectroscopy could provide the spectral information of multi-quality parameters of pork samples. In conclusion, the self-developed device could satisfy the demands for nondestructive detection device for multiple parameters in the market and had great potential in application. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Display devices
Controlled terms:Adaptive optics - C (programming language) - Coherent scattering - Errors - Forecasting - Hardware - Importance sampling - Infrared spectroscopy - Light sources - Meats  - Models - Optical fibers - pH - Pickups - Probes - Spectrometers - Spectrum analysis - Visual languages
Uncontrolled terms:Dual Band - Fresh meat - Multiparameters - Nondestructive detection - Visible/near infrared spectroscopy
Classification code:605  Small Tools and Hardware - 711  Electromagnetic Waves - 722.2  Computer Peripheral Equipment - 723.1.1  Computer Programming Languages - 741  Light, Optics and Optical Devices - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 822.3  Food Products - 922  Statistical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.00e-01kg, Size 1.00e-06m to 2.50e-06m, Size 3.50e-07m to 1.10e-06m, Size 3.50e-07m to 2.50e-06m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.23.040

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.