<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20164603020562
Title:Variances of carbon storage in soil particle-sized fractions following conversion of cropland to forest in Loess Hilly Region
Authors:Tong, Xiaogang (1, 3); Han, Xinhui (2); Li, Jiao (1); Yang, Yunfen (1); Wang, Jian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Han, Xinhui(hanxinhui@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:170-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the implementation of Grain for Green Project in the Loess Hill region of China, a large amount of arable land has been replaced by shrubs and trees, resulting in increased storage of soil organic carbon (SOC). To elucidate the mechanisms of change in the SOC and differences in the storage of SOC among the afforested lands, we separated the whole SOC into three particle-sized fractions: sand associated carbon (sand-C, ≥53-2000 µm), silt associated carbon (silt-C, ≥ 2-53 µm) and clay associated carbon (clay-C, <2 µm). Soils were collected from cropland land and from areas with five tree species, robinia (Robiniapseudoacacia L), apricot(Armeniacasibirica), poplar (Populustomentosa), buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L) and caragana (Caraganakorshinskii), which have grown on former cropland for 15 years. The result showed that compared with cropland, the content of SOC in whole soil at all afforested lands were significantly increased by 1.9-1.0 g/kg from top soil of 0-10 cm to soil depth of >40-60 cm, while the content of silt-C, clay-C and sand-C was increased by 1.0-0.6, 0.4-0.3, 0.5-0.1 g/kg, respectively. As a result, the stock of whole SOC and silt-C in 0-20 cm soil depth followed the increased ordercaragana = poplar< buckthorn < apricot <robinia, and increased 2.4-5.8 and 1.2-3.5 Mg/hm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Carbon in the clay-C and sand-C fraction in the shallow soil layer was not significant differences among the afforested lands, and averagely increased 0.7 and 0.9 Mg/hm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Moreover, the stock of whole SOC, silt-C and clay-C in soil depth of 0-60 cm was in the order caragana = poplar = buckthorn < apricot <robinia, and increased by 7.1-12.1, 3.8-6.8 and 1.8-3.2 Mg/hm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. There were no differences for sand-C stock in the 0-60 cm soil layer among the afforested sites, and the sand-C averagely increased 1.5 Mg/hm<sup>2</sup>compared with cropland. However, the variation of sand-C stock was 1.6 times higher than the variation in silt-C and clay-C stock, implying that the sand-C was more sensitive when farmland was converted to forest than organic carbon associated with silt and clay. Additionally, the mass percentage of soil fraction was only increased by average 49.3% in the fraction of sand plus soil organic matter in 0-60 cm soil depth at all afforested lands. The particle-sized carbon fractions accounting for whole SOC followed the order silt-C (56.8%) >Clay-C (29.3%) >Sand-C (13.8%). There was only 4%-8% of the whole SOC lost because that dissolved organic carbon and trace amounts of soil was lost during the process of fractionation. In conclusion, our results indicated that carbon absorbed by silt fraction was the major mechanism for SOC change and accumulation during conversion of cropland to forest. The afforestation of former arable land with robinia and apricotcould increase more SOC in whole soil and particle-sized fraction that other afforested lands. Thus planting robinia and apricot at former arable land could be the best ecological technology for carbon sequestration in the soils of the region. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Silt
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Elementary particles - Forestry - Land use - Organic carbon - Reforestation - Sand - Sediments - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon sequestration - Carbon storage in soils - Dissolved organic carbon - Ecological technologies - Grain for green projects - Loess Hill Region - Loess hilly regions - Soil organic matters
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.50e+01yr, Percentage 1.38e+01%, Percentage 2.93e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+00% to 8.00e+00%, Percentage 4.93e+01%, Percentage 5.68e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.00e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 6.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20164603020545
Title:Design and experiment of 2ZGK-6 type spacing-adjustable wide-narrow row high speed rice transplanter
Authors:Zhu, Dequan (1); Xiong, Wei (1); Jiang, Rui (1); Wu, Liquan (2); Wang, Chaoxian (1); Zhu, Hong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei; 230036, China; (2) School of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei; 230036, China
Corresponding author:Jiang, Rui(dqzhu@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:37-45
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rice production is distributed broadly in China. The rice growing environment conditions are different in different regions, so there is large difference in rice transplanting spacing. Even in the same growing area, the rice transplanting density and the planting spacing are different due to the difference of the transplanting rice species and the growing conditions. The wide-narrow row planting is beneficial to the field management, which can effectively use the field marginal effects, improve the performance of air and light, and enhance the plant photosynthesis. The microclimate in the field is changed to reduce the humidity between plants, and the pests and diseases of rice. Considering the diversity of rice species and the conditions of soil, water and fertilizer, the conventional transplanter which had fixed row spacing, including the constant row spacing transplanter and the wide-narrow row spacing transplanter, could not meet the rice spacing requirements and caused the low adaptability and the low efficiency. For overcoming above shortcomings together with considering the quality of mechanized transplanting and the agronomic requirements of rice, a spacing-adjustable wide-narrow row high speed rice transplanter, which could transplant the rice seedlings with wide row spacing of 300 mm and adjustable narrow row spacing in the range of 200-300 mm, was designed creatively by using the technology of multi-body dynamics, multidisciplinary design optimization, virtual prototyping and simulation. The force analysis of seeding box, supporting beam and screw shaft was carried out to achieve their reasonable structures. The transplanting spacing of this machine was adjustable according to the requirements of specific rice planting density. The machine could meet the agronomic requirements of rice planting spacing in the different regions, and achieved the full potential of individual strain and rice population and improved the adaptation scope and use efficiency. The rice tranplanter was developed based on the Kubota SPU68C high speed rice transplanter. The key structural parameters of the machine were determined according to the adjustable spacing performance requirements. A coaxial forward and reverse double-helix adjusting mechanism, an eccentric locking mechanism, a separable combination seeding box and other key parts were designed and manufactured. According to the agronomic requirements of mechanized transplanting technology for different rice species, the single cropping mid-season rice species Xinliangyou 98 and the double cropping late rice species Zhendao 18 were chosen as test materials, the field experiments were carried out with the prototype of spacing-adjustable wide-narrow row high speed rice transplanter, and the transplanting seedling quality and the machine performance were studied. Field test results showed that the machine performance was pretty good, the damaged rate of seedling was less than 2.5%, the leakage transplanting rate was less than 3%, the qualified rate of relative uniformity degree was more than 96%, the floating rate of seedling was less than 2.5%, the overturning rate of seedling was less than 2.5%, and the acceptance rate of planting depth was more than 92%, which met the Criteria of Rice Transplanter Technical Conditions (GB/T 20864-2007). The good actual yield results were also achieved with planting the single cropping mid-season rice species Xinliangyou 98 with wide row spacing of 300 mm and narrow row spacing of 250 mm, and the double cropping late rice species Zhendao 18 with wide row spacing of 300 mm and narrow row spacing of 200 mm. The effect of transplanting spacing on the yield of the double cropping late rice is larger than that on the single cropping mid-season rice. The machine has changed the conventional mechanical rice transplanting method. It meets the actual rice production requirements in different regions, effectively solves the problems of the transplanter with fixed spacing which is difficult to meet the diversity of rice species and growing environments, improves the adaptability and the efficiency of machine, and raises the productivity and the mechanization level of rice production. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Acceptance tests - Agronomy - Design aids - Distributed computer systems - Efficiency - Forestry - Locks (fasteners) - Mechanisms - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Adjustable spacing - Field experiment - Growing environments - Locking mechanism - Multidisciplinary design optimization - Performance requirements - Rice transplanter - Technical conditions
Classification code:601.3 Mechanisms - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 902.1 Engineering Graphics - 913 Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.50e+00%, Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 9.20e+01%, Percentage 9.60e+01%, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 2.00e-01m to 3.00e-01m, Size 2.50e-01m, Size 3.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20164603020563
Title:Development of SPAD value measure instrument for pepper canopy based on machine vision
Authors:Feng, Lei (1); Luo, Yifan (1); He, Yong (1); Li, Xiaoli (1); Nie, Pengcheng (1); Liu, Fei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China
Corresponding author:He, Yong(yhe@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:177-182
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to rapidly and accurately acquire pepper canopy SPAD (soil and plant analyzer development) value, we developed an instrument based on machine vision. A steeper was used in the instrument to control a turntable which was mounted on the front of a CCD camera lens. There were a green band filter and a near infrared bands filter on the turntable. With the turntable turning, the two filters can be changed before the CCD camera lens. It allowed us to get a green band image and a near-infrared image of the crop canopy. As we know that the reflectance of crop and soil is very different. Based on it, we divided soil and canopy in the image. We created a reference plate with four different colors on it to help us perform image processing. First, we shot a green band image and a near-infrared image of a same crop canopy using the method previously described. Then we did gray processing for the near-infrared image. According to the gray value of the color on the reference plate between the soil and crop canopy on the near-infrared band, we can divide the background soil and the crop canopy in the near-infrared image. As the green band image and the near-infrared image were for the same crop canopy, we can divide the background soil and the crop canopy in the green band image easily using the result of the near-infrared image. In the same environment, the gray value was related to the reflectance. Based on this feature, we can use the reference plate to make the model of the relationship between the gray value and reflectance for each image. Then, we can determine the canopy reflectance in green band and near-infrared band by the model and the gray value of the canopy in each image. Finally, we determined GNDVI (green normalized difference vegetation index) value of the canopy and used it to determine the SPAD value of the canopy. We wrote a computer program corresponding to the entire image processing by VB (visual basic). In order to test the reliability of the instrument, we used the instrument to do the relevant experiments and analyzed the experimental results. In this study, we made a mathematical model for the relationship between the SPAD value of the pepper canopy and the GNDVI value which was measured by this instrument. We also built a validation set to verify the result. In the experiment, we collected a total of 40 pepper canopy images and used the instrument to get the images of pepper canopy and calculated the GNDVI value. Then, we used SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter to measure the leaf SPAD value which belonged to the canopy in the image. Depending on the size of the leaves, we made three to five points to measure. Then, we averaged the SPAD value of all measuring points as the SPAD value of the canopy, and randomly selected 30 samples from all the samples to make a mathematical model between the SPAD value of the pepper canopy and the GNDVI value. The test results showed there was good linear relationship between the SPAD value of the pepper canopy and the GNDVI value. The determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) was 0.8768. It showed that the GNDVI value can be used to estimate the canopy SPAD value. We also used the remaining 10 samples to test the model. The result showed that the instrument had good reliability. In summary the instrument was suitable for measuring pepper canopy SPAD value. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Camera lenses - CCD cameras - Computer vision - Crops - Infrared devices - Infrared imaging - Machining - Plants (botany) - Reflection - Soils - Vegetation - Vision - Visual BASIC
Uncontrolled terms:Canopy reflectance - Chlorophyll meters - Crop canopy - Determination coefficients - Green normalized difference vegetation index - Linear relationships - Near infrared band - Near- infrared images
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 604.2 Machining Operations - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 723.5 Computer Applications - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 746 Imaging Techniques - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20164603020543
Title:Optimization experiment of machine-mounted seed cotton pre-treatment apparatus for cotton stripper harvester
Authors:Huang, Mingsen (1); Shi, Lei (1); Zhang, Yutong (1); Chen, Changlin (1); Sun, Yongfei (1); Xie, Qing (1); Kong, Fanting (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Lei(shileijsnj@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:21-29
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To determine the optimal parameter combination of the machine mounted seed cotton pretreatment apparatus of stripper cotton harvester, in 2014 and 2015, we conducted optimization experiments by using an orthogonal and a response surface experiments designed by Box-Behenken in Anyang, Henan. The current stripper cotton harvester takes in lots of large impurities like branches, which are unable to be cleaned out during harvesting. This becomes the most limitation for the machine, and is caused by its property of being easy to twist with seed cotton. In the past experiments, researchers found that most branches mixed with seed cotton reaching a length at 20 cm, which makes the problem harder to be resolved. Small impurities such as bolls and leaves, though take a smaller percentage, are not only difficult to be cleaned out once they entered pretreatment apparatus due to its brittleness, but also easy to be crushed down and twisted deeply with seed cotton which would directly influence the price of seed cotton. The stripper harvester we used in this experiment was a brush rolling cotton harvester invented by Nanjing institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, on which the seed cotton pretreatment apparatus was mounted. The apparatus is consisted of a mesh box, a material striking and opening apparatus and 'one-cleaning and two-recycling' type cleaner. Seed cotton cleaned collected from the cotton room of the harvester and impurities recycled from the pretreatment apparatus would be cleaned again by hand to determine the impurity rate and loss rate of seed cotton. In the experiments, we took the moving speed of the cotton harvester, linear speed of the cleaning rollers and the distance between the cleaning bar and the cleaning roller as experiment factors, and the impurity rate of seed cotton and loss rate of cleaning as response functions to optimize the construction configurations and working parameters of the apparatus. The orthogonal experiment conducted in 2014 showed that the apparatus worked best when the moving speed of the cotton harvester, the linear speed of the cleaning rollers, and the distance between the cleaning bars and the cleaning roller were 1.3 km/h, 10.8 m/s and 10 mm, respectively. However, the orthogonal experiment only showed the better parameter combination of the level selected which was not accurate enough. Thus, to testify the result of the experiment conducted in 2014 and obtain more precise results, a Box-Behnken response surface experiment was conducted in 2015. The experiment showed that, with a result being close to the former one, that the apparatus worked best when the moving speed of the cotton harvester, the linear speed of the cleaning rollers, and the distance between the cleaning bars and the cleaning roller were 1.3 km/h, 9.83m/s and 13.23mm, respectively, with the impurity rate and loss rate being 5.56% and 0.84%, respectively. At the same time, we established the mathematical regression model of factors and performance indexes, and determined the effects of the factors on the impurity rate and loss rate. The data showed that the technical indexes could meet the demands of design. The cotton fiber detection conducted by authorized agencies showed that indexes of machine picked seed cotton reached standard or above the standard, and could meet the demand of cotton production. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Cotton
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Cleaning - Equipment - Fracture mechanics - Harvesters - Impurities - Machinery - Recycling - Regression analysis - Rollers (machine components) - Seed - Speed - Surface properties
Uncontrolled terms:Impurity rates - Orthogonal experiment - Pre-Treatment - Response surface method - Seed cotton
Classification code:452.3 Industrial Wastes - 601.2 Machine Components - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901 Engineering Profession - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.56e+00%, Percentage 8.40e-01%, Size 1.00e-02m, Size 1.32e-02m, Size 2.00e-01m, Velocity 1.08e+01m/s, Velocity 3.61e-01m/s, Velocity 9.83e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20164603020567
Title:Fault diagnosis model for biological electric shock based on residual current intrinsic mode function energy features
Authors:Wang, Jinli (1); Liu, Yongmei (1); Du, Songhuai (2); Guan, Haiou (3); Liu, Guangeng (2); Su, Juan (2); Han, Xiaohui (2); Wang, Li (1)
Author affiliation:(1) China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing; 100192, China; (2) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) College of Information Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163319, China
Corresponding author:Du, Songhuai(songhuaidu@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:202-208
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Residual current operated protective devices (RCDs) have a wide range of application in low-voltage power grids. RCDs play an important role in preventing electric shock hazard and avoiding fire disaster caused by ground fault. In general, the root mean square (RMS) value of whole leakage current signal detected is considered as the unique criterion to determine whether the protector acts or not. The traditional RCDs cannot classify and identify electric shock fault type automatically based on whole leakage current signal. Theoretical analysis and operation experience indicate that such a criterion is unavailable in identification if an organism electric shock fault has occurred. The uncertain potential regularity and mapping relations exist between the biological shock fault diagnosis and residual current. To decrease the malfunction and tripping phenomenon and increase the reliability and the rate of proper commissioning for RCDs, a fault diagnosis model for biological electric shock based on residual current intrinsic mode function (IMF) multidimensional energy features is proposed innovatively for residual current protection technologies in the future low-voltage power grid. First, the electric shock current of organism (animal) is decomposed into five IMF components and one residual component by Hilbert-Huang transform method. The energy share of low frequency component IMF4 and IMF5 is as high as 86.35%, which can meet the needs of more than 86% for the measured signal, and the correlation coefficient of the amplitude of the low frequency IMF components is up to 0.99 or more. And the distribution of IMF energy on time and various frequency scales is made clear when the biological electric shock fault occurs. Residual current signal performance information is converted into energy feature vectors. The extraction method of IMF energy features in residual current is established. Then, the five-dimensional energy eigenvector in each residual current IMF component is selected to provide effective characteristics information source for biological shock fault diagnosis model. By combining the rapid optimization of quantum genetic computation and the self-adaptability of neural computation, the quantum genetic fuzzy neural network is established as the decision system of electric shock failure mode classification. The method has the advantages of self-adaptive resolution, good fault tolerance, high robustness and high accuracy. And the accuracy of simulation experiment reaches 100%, and the method avoids the local minimum of traditional gradient descent learning algorithm and improves the learning efficiency. The network error is 0.00099758 when the optimal learning algorithm is iterated to 1 156 times, which meets the error accuracy requirement. The problem that the electric shock fault type is not identified effectively in the engineering is resolved using this method. The reliable theoretical basis and supporting method for developing new generation residual current protection device are provided to ensure the personal safety and the safe operation of the low-voltage power grid, which is based on the action being caused by electric current component of the human body electric shock. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Electric fault currents
Controlled terms:Disaster prevention - Electric current control - Electric grounding - Electric power system control - Electric power systems - Electric power transmission networks - Failure analysis - Fault detection - Fault tolerance - Functions - Fuzzy inference - Fuzzy logic - Fuzzy neural networks - Learning algorithms - Mathematical transformations - Models - Optimization - Outages - Signal processing
Uncontrolled terms:Diagnosis model - Effective characteristics - Energy feature - Failure mode classifications - Gradient descent learning algorithm - Intrinsic Mode functions - Residual current - Residual current protection device
Classification code:701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921 Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 8.60e+01%, Percentage 8.63e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20164603020578
Title:Optimization of process parameters for multi-frequency rapid compression molding of corn stalk silk used for forage
Authors:Wang, Ruili (1); Wei, Kaifeng (1); Liu, Yang (1); Chen, Zhongyu (1); Ma, Fang (1); Liu, Dejun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Dejun(ldjldj@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:277-281
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to obtain the best process parameters of compression molding with corn straw after silking, corn stalk collected from the test field of Land and Environment College, Shenyang Agricultural University was studied by using the WDW-200 testing machine controlled by computer and the cylinder sleeve from a six-cylinder engine as the mould. In consideration of physical characteristics of the compressed briquettes used for forage, the relaxation ratio of the briquettes was taken as objective function. The key experimental factors included the moisture content of the materials, the maximum pressure (namely the minimum pressure for compression molding), the frequency of compression and the velocity of compression, and the quadratic regression rotary combination test of relaxation ratio of the compressed briquettes with the corn stalk after silking was performed. At the same time, the regression model between the relaxation ratio and the 4 factors was established. The experimental results indicated that the materials moisture content ranging from 7.8% to 18.3%, the minimum pressure 6.22 MPa for compression molding, compression for 2-6 times and the velocity of compression ranging from 128 to 337 mm/min were the optimum technological conditions for the compression molding. Then the validation test under the optimum technological conditions was carried out and the results indicated that the relaxation ratio of the briquettes was from 1.2 to 1.5, which could satisfy the request of the lower energy consumption and the stable shape. As to the established regression equation, the relative error between the predicted value and the measured value was 2.87% under the optimal condition. Additionally, the influences of the moisture content of the materials, the minimum pressure for compression molding, the frequency of compression and the velocity of compression on the slack ratios of the compressed briquettes were analyzed. The influence of the moisture content of material was obvious, and the higher moisture content of material made corn straw hard to mold even compressed with higher pressure, but the compressed briquette with too low moisture content of material maybe took off the dreg. To ensure the relaxation ratio of the compressed briquettes is less than 1.5, the moisture content of the corn straw after silking must be lower than 20%, and to obtain the better compression molding effect, the moisture content of corn straw after silking should be maintained above 10%. When the relaxation ratio reaches a certain value, the increasing of the maximum pressure is useless, thus the appropriate compressive force not only reduces the energy consumption and improves the efficiency, but also reduces the damage to the equipment. The compression frequency and the compression velocity had linear relationship with the relaxation ratio of the briquette, and they had also certain interactions on the relaxation ratio of the briquette; the lower compressive force with high-frequency fast compression can get a similar compression molding effect with the single higher compressive force. The experiment is significant for the optimization of the compression process of corn straw used for forage. The experimental results provide an important reference for the development of compression equipment and the understanding of compression molding product characteristics. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Compression molding
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Briquets - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Engine cylinders - Moisture - Moisture determination - Molding - Molds - Optimization - Regression analysis - Straw - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Forage - Multi frequency - Optimization of process parameters - Optimum technological conditions - Physical characteristics - Product characteristics - Quadratic regression - Relaxation ratios
Classification code:524 Solid Fuels - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine Components - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 2.87e+00%, Percentage 7.80e+00% to 1.83e+01%, Pressure 6.22e+06Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20164603020550
Title:Speed changing law of hydro-mechanical CVT based on maximum efficiency of tractors
Authors:Zhang, Mingzhu (1); Wang, Quansheng (1); Bai, Dongyang (1); Yin, Yuxin (1); Hao, Xiaoyang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechatronics Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang; 471003, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:74-78
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To realize the optimal economic control of a tractor with the multi-range hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission (HMCVT) under any steady running speed and allowable traction load, the speed changing law of the best economy for tractors was studied in this paper. In the conventional economy research of tractors equipped with multi-range hydro-mechanical CVT, to realize the best economy of the tractor and the optimal matching of the transmission with the engine, the main method is that the engine is kept on the optimal economic work range by adjusting the throttle of engine and the transmission ratio of multi-range hydro-mechanical CVT. This method lacks considering the efficiency influence of multi-range hydro-mechanical CVT. Really, the efficiency of multi-range hydro-mechanical CVT has large difference in different transmission ratio. This feature influences the economy and efficiency of tractors. It was considered in this paper that the economy of tractor was decreased due to the losing of power passing through the transmission when the power is transmitted from engine to load by transmission. If the total efficiency of tractors was largest, the power losing in the transmission train was least on finishing a unit of production task. The best economy of tractors could be denoted by the maximum efficiency of tractors. According to the energy transmission characteristics of tractors, considering the difference of efficiency of multi-range hydro-mechanical CVT under different transmission ratio, the study of the best economy for tractors was transformed into the research of maximum efficiency for tractors. It was presented that the speed change law of multi-range hydro-mechanical CVT based on the maximum efficiency of tractors. Based on the analysis of the efficiency characteristics of the whole transmission system, the total vehicle efficiency was optimized for the objective function of maximum efficiency and constraint conditions. Using the circularly optimizing method of 4 parameters which were target tractor speed, traction load, engine speed and engine torque, the optimal transmission ratio, optimal engine speed and torque were obtained on the working field of tractors. The result showed that the optimized tractor efficiency were between 35% and 40% under any target vehicle speed and traction load. The optimal values of transmission ratio of multi-range hydro-mechanical CVT, engine speed and torque were obtained when the vehicle efficiency was biggest. The speed changing law of the multi-range hydro-mechanical CVT was determined based on the maximum vehicle efficiency. The research showed that the best economy of tractors under any speed and traction load could be achieved based on the rule of maximizing the efficiency of whole vehicle. The speed changing law of the multi-range hydro-mechanical CVT for best economy of tractors, which was established based on the maximization of vehicle efficiency, laid a foundation for making the best economic control strategy of tractors with the multi-range hydro-mechanical CVT. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Transmissions
Controlled terms:Efficiency - Electric power transmission - Engines - Maximum principle - Speed - Traction control - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck) - Variable speed transmissions - Vehicle transmissions - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Best economy - Constraint conditions - Continuously variable transmission - Efficiency characteristic - Hydro-mechanical CVT - Optimal transmission - Transmission ratios - Transmission systems
Classification code:602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 731.2 Control System Applications - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.50e+01% to 4.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20164603020579
Title:Online detection of scattered duck egg based on vibration and EEMD-CMAC
Authors:Lu, Wei (1); Ding, Jing (1); Luo, Hui (1); Wang, Ling (1); Dai, Dejian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Jiangsu Province Engineering Laboratory of Modern Facility Agriculture Technology and Equipment, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:282-289
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aiming at solving duck egg scattered-yolk problem during transport or the long-term storage, a method is proposed which is a duck egg online non-destructive testing based on vibration information. At the moment, for lack of online non-destruction detection researches for scattered-yolk problem in duck egg' pipeline in domestic and international sections. Eggs during packaging, processing and transportation link prone to yolk scattered, and result in the decrease of freshness, which makes necessary to pick the scattered egg out timely to avoid flowing into the market. Aiming at the difficult problem of the detection for scattered egg, in this study, we conducted a nondestructive experiment to detect scattered egg effectively by use of combinations of two ways. On the one hand, information of scattered egg was strengthened by putting the magnetostrictive vibrator frequency sweep vibration enhanced audio information; and on the other, multi-dimensional information was analyzed by using the acoustic method.The research was based on the egg detection pipeline system whose central unit is a tailor-made press structure. The pipeline system is controlled by PC software Programmed based on LabWindows\CVI platform. By the connection between upper machine and lower machine, controlling the press structure cooperate with production line to realize detection. Egg can be detected under a constant pressure automatically when it is coming. Experiments were carried out on 100 fresh eggs and 100 scattered eggs. Since the vibration was stationary random signal when eggs in contact with the magnetostriction. Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) analysis is suitable for nonlinear and non-stationary signal. Then, in this range, we collected voice band signals of fresh egg or scattered one. The voice band signals were analyzed by combing EEMD analysis with PCA (Principle Component Analysis) primary element analysis. Under the different pressure, the energy spectrum entropies of fresh egg and scattered egg were extracted respectively which were obtained from different frequency band between 21 - 8000 Hz and processed by PCA. Accordingly, the most suitable frequency sweep range was selected when the difference on EEMD was most remarkable between the fresh egg and scattered egg. On the basis of these, there were four kinds of Neural Networks models to build, Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), Radical Basis Function Neural Network(RBFNN) and Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller(CMAC) in the research, the detection model of scattered egg based on Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller CMAC was the best among the four models. To verify this, we conducted another experiment, using 320 eggs (200 training set, including 100 fresh eggs and 100 scattered eggs. 120 testing set, including 60 fresh eggs and 60 scattered eggs). Two hundred of them were used for CMAC model development and the rest were used to test the model. The results showed that the best frequency sweep range was 201-6000 Hz. In the frequency sweep range, discriminant rate for testing the last 120 eggs including fresh and scattered eggs hybrid modeling training by the system was 98.66%, and the test set recognition rate reaches 97.03%. The detection time was 1s which can meet the need of online detection of pipeline. This study showed that it was feasible to test the scattered-yolk duck egg with the magnetostrictive vibrator frequency sweep to motivate the unknown quality duck egg combined with the EEMD-CMAC detection model which can meet the requirements of agricultural products pipeline detection. It meant this new method effectively solves the difficulty of scattered egg detection with excellent performance which can be applied to industrial production line. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Vibration analysis
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural products - Algorithms - Audio acoustics - Backpropagation - Brain - Computer software - Controllers - Frequency bands - Least squares approximations - Magnetostrictive devices - Models - Neural networks - Nondestructive examination - Pipelines - Piping systems - Presses (machine tools) - Principal component analysis - Vibrators - Water pipelines
Uncontrolled terms:Back-propagation neural networks - Cerebella model articulation controllers - Cerebellar model articulation controller - Ensemble empirical mode decompositions (EEMD) - Nonlinear and non-stationary signals - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Radical basis function neural networks - Scattered egg
Classification code:461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 601.1 Mechanical Devices - 603.1 Machine Tools, General - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 732.1 Control Equipment - 751.1 Acoustic Waves - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 2.01e+02Hz to 6.00e+03Hz, Frequency 2.10e+01Hz to 8.00e+03Hz, Percentage 9.70e+01%, Percentage 9.87e+01%, Time 1.00e+00s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20164603020551
Title:Mechanics properties analysis and test of four rubber tracked assembly vehicle steering system
Authors:Guo, Haoliang (1, 2); Mu, Xihui (2); Yang, Xiaoyong (3); Lv, Kai (4); Zhao, Zihan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Ammunition Engineering, Ordnance Engineering College, Shijiazhuang; 050003, China; (2) Ordnance Technology Research Institute, Shijiazhuang; 050003, China; (3) Third Assembly Factory of First Tractor Company Limited, Luoyang; 471004, China; (4) Military Transportation University, Tianjin; 300161, China
Corresponding author:Mu, Xihui(king_876@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:79-86
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rubber tracked assembly is a special walking device which can overall swap with the tire quickly, reduced ground pressure and enhanced off-road ability of wheeled vehicles. In this paper, a divided steering linkage mechanism of four-rubber tracked vehicle steering system was studied. First, through the mathematical model of divided steering linkage mechanism to obtain the relationship between internal, external steering angle, and displacement of the hydro-cylinder, then steering angle characteristics curves can be drawn when two and four tracks turning. The internal steering angle was 50°, and the external steering angle was 38°. By testing the oil pressure of steering system, maximum steering driving force output by the steering hydro-cylinder was obtained. By establishing the maximum steering driving torque mathematical model, the trend of the maximum steering driving moment change with steering angle of the left front track was obtained. When two tracks turning, the initial steering driving moment of the front axle were the same, which was reduced with the growth of the left front track steering angle, and the steering driving moment of internal decreased faster. When four tracks turning, the steering driving moment of rear axle was significantly smaller than the front axle, and the initial steering driving moment of front and rear axle were the same, which was reduced with the growth of the left front track steering angle. Then, the force of tracks on the cement hard ground was analyzed, and the mathematical model of the maximum average steering resistance moment was then established. Finally, a method based on the stress and strain test of the steering bar to analyze the steering resistance moment was proposed, which helped to obtain the change law of the steering resistance torque when the rubber tracked assembly turned on the concrete ground. When the front axle was turned left to the end, the steering resistance moment of the right front track was advanced with the growth of the rotation angle, and then decreases gradually. The steering resistance moment of the left front track was always increases, but the total steering driving moment remained stable. When the front axle was turned back to the middle position, the resistance moments of two tracks were continued the state and values. The steering resistance moment of the left front track was greater than that the right front track at the beginning. Finally, the value of the two tracks was consistent and stable, and the closed loop was formed. Through two tracks and four tracks steering test, at the maximum angle of the left front track, the overall steering resistance moment and maximum total steering driving moment reached to equilibrium state, which verified the mathematical model of the steering system, the maximum average steering resistance moment and based on the stress and strain test of the steering bar analysis of steering resistance moment method was correct. In this paper, we provided reference to the structural parameters design of four rubber tracked assembly vehicle, also helped study on the rubber tracked assembly ground pressure and wheels arrangement. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Automobile steering equipment
Controlled terms:Axles - Cylinders (shapes) - Drive axles - Front axles - Method of moments - Off road vehicles - Rear axles - Rubber - Steering - Tracked vehicles - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Equilibrium state - Mechanics property - Resistance moments - Resistance torques - Steering linkage - Steering resistance moments - Stress and strain - Structural parameter
Classification code:662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 663 Buses, Tractors and Trucks - 818.1 Natural Rubber - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20164603020573
Title:Structure of hydrolyzed soy protein modified urea formaldehyde and its nitrogen release characteristic
Authors:Qu, Ping (1, 2); Chang, Zhizhou (1); Zhao, Yongfu (2); Huang, Hongying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing; 210014, China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Hongying(sfmicrolab@aliyun.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:240-245
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The production and consumption of nitrogen fertilizer in China rank first in the world, and the nitrogen utilization rate by crops is far below the world average. An effective way to improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is to develop and use slow release nitrogen fertilizer, which can reduce the production cost, decline the usage of nitrogen fertilizer, and reduce the environmental pollution in the production process. For this reason, to develop and apply slow release nitrogen fertilizer have an important significance. Urea formaldehyde is one of the great potential slow release nitrogen fertilizers. However, low molecular weight of urea formaldehyde releases nitrogen faster in the early growing season, while high molecular weight of urea formaldehyde releases nitrogen slower during the late growing season. In recent years, blended urea formaldehyde of high and low molecular weight has been reported to improve its nutrient release rate. However, the nitrogen release rate of urea formaldehyde cannot be achieved by the physical blending. Therefore, it is necessary to change the molecular structure so that its nitrogen release rate can be changed. In the traditional modification method, the ratio of urea to formaldehyde, the pH value of reaction system, reaction temperature and reaction time are used. The methods can only adjust the molecular structure, the size of the molecular weight, and content of each component, but urea formaldehyde slow-release fertilizer chemical modification is relatively small. However, the small molecular weight of poly (methylene urea) that generated in the synthesis process appears promising. As such, we developed an effective method to optimize the nitrogen release rate in urea formaldehyde by copolymerizing with other materials. The nitrogen release rate was improved by the introduced hydrolyzed soy protein. The nitrogen release rate of modified urea formaldehyde was reduced in the earlier stage and faster in the later stage from soil column leaching experiments. The hydrolysis degree of soy protein was lower, the nitrogen release rate was faster. The nitrogen release rate of the modified urea formaldehyde was up to 74.4%, and the nitrogen release rate of unmodified urea formaldehyde was 46.8%, with the nitrogen release rate was improved 58.9%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope were applied to characterize the hydrolyzed soy protein modified urea formaldehyde. The functional groups of soy protein were exposed after hydrolyzation. The hydrolysis degree of soy protein became higher, more formaldehyde was reacted. The reactive groups of hydrolyzed soy protein can react with formaldehyde and copolymerize into the urea formaldehyde molecular. The crystallinity of modified urea formaldehyde was lower because of the introduced hydrolyzed soy protein. The maximum mass loss rate of temperature of modified urea formaldehyde decreased as the decreasing of the hydrolysis degree of soy protein, which decreased 11.9℃ at most, compared with non-modified urea formaldehyde. Therefore, the nitrogen release rate can be regulated by the hydrolysis degree of soy protein to adapt to crop life cycles, which was an effective way to improve nitrogen use efficiency. The hydrolyzed soy protein modified urea formaldehyde shows a good application potential. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Blending - Chemical modification - Crops - Fertilizers - Formaldehyde - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Hydrolysis - Life cycle - Metabolism - Molecular structure - Molecular weight - Nitrogen - Nutrients - Proteins - Scanning electron microscopy - Soils - Thermogravimetric analysis - Urea - Urea fertilizers - Urea formaldehyde resins - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental pollutions - High molecular weight - Nitrogen release - Nitrogen-use efficiency - Production and consumption - Slow release fertilizers - Soy protein - Urea formaldehyde
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.68e+01%, Percentage 5.89e+01%, Percentage 7.44e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20164603020544
Title:Parameter optimization and experiment of funnel-shaped heavy impurity separator in seed cotton cleaning process
Authors:Wang, Zhaoguo (1); Feng, Xianying (1); Wang, Haopeng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan; 250061, China; (2) Shandong Police College, Jinan; 250014, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Xianying(fxying@sdu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:30-36
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Seed cotton cleaning is widely used in the cotton processing industry. A funnel-shaped heavy impurity separator can not only remove impurities effectively, such as nails, pebbles and cotton shells, but also can improve cotton grade without causing any damage. However, with the improvement of cotton processing technology, how to improve cleaning efficiency and reduce the loss rate of seed cotton become important. In order to improve the efficiency of a funnel-shaped heavy impurity separator in removing impurities and reducing the loss rate of cotton, in this paper, we took MQZH-10-funnel-shaped separator as the object of the research. There are four main parameters (air velocity in seed cotton inlet, angle of adjustable deflector, air velocity in auxiliary air inlet, angle of adjustable baffle) which affect the loss rate of cotton and the separating rate of impurities in this paper. In order to measure the cleaning efficiency of funnel-shaped heavy impurity separator, in this paper, we set up four indicators (the loss rate of seed cotton, loss rate of nails, loss rate of pebble, loss rate of cotton shell), and analyzed the moving track of the seed cotton and impurities in a simulated way, which was based on the discrete phase model (DPM) of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The moving track analysis of the DPM model showed that the moving track of seed cotton particles was different from the impurity particles. Most of seed cotton particles followed the airflow, escaping from the cotton outlet because of its lighter quality, and few escaped from the notch. However, due to the heavier weight, the impurity particles produced large inertia so that most of them escaped from the notch, while a small number escaped from the cotton outlet.Then, the quadratic regression orthogonal experimental method with 4 factors and 5 levels for each factor was employed with 36 experiments in total. By quadratic regression orthogonal experimental method, experimental results of the variance analysis showed that the order (from high to low) of these 4 factors which influenced the loss rate of cotton was air velocity in seed cotton inlet > air velocity in auxiliary air inlet > angle of adjustable deflector > angle of adjustable baffle. The order (from high to low) of the impurities separating rate was air velocity in seed cotton inlet > angle of adjustable deflector > air velocity in auxiliary air inlet > angle of adjustable baffle. When the funnel-shaped heavy impurity separator cleaned impurities, the influence of the 4 parameters towards the 4 indicators should be considered to maximize the cleaning efficiency under the premise of low cotton rates. Hence, the comprehensive optimization method towards the above-mentioned 4 parameters was conducted in order to find the best combination of this 4 parameters to satisfy the above 4 indicators. To do this, the "linear effect coefficient method" was used to normalize the target functions and establish the comprehensive target function by the use of linear weighting method. What's more, the evaluation function method was used to converse multi-objective optimization into a single objective nonlinear optimization problem. In the end, multi-objective nonlinear optimization method was used to determine the best parameter combination of the funnel-shaped heavy impurity separator in separating aspect. The optimal parameters were: air velocity in seed cotton inlet, 21m/s, angle of adjustable deflector, 44°, air velocity in auxiliary air inlet, 2m/s, angle of adjustable baffle, 45°. Under these conditions, the loss rate of seed cotton was 0.48%, loss rate of nails was 96.59%, loss rate of pebble was 85.96%, loss rate of cotton shell was 31.57%. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Cotton
Controlled terms:Air - Air intakes - Cleaning - Computational fluid dynamics - Efficiency - Fluid dynamics - Impurities - Multiobjective optimization - Nonlinear programming - Optimization - Removal - Separation - Separators - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive optimizations - Discrete phase model - Experimental methods - Non-linear optimization problems - Nonlinear optimization methods - Parameter combination - Parameter optimization - Quadratic regression
Classification code:631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.16e+01%, Percentage 4.80e-01%, Percentage 8.60e+01%, Percentage 9.66e+01%, Velocity 2.00e+00m/s, Velocity 2.10e+01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20164603020546
Title:Design and parameter optimization of ditching and compacting parts of rapeseed carpet seedling transplanter
Authors:Wu, Jun (1); Tang, Qing (1); Yuan, Wensheng (1); Wang, Sufei (1); Wu, Chongyou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute For Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Chongyou(cywu59@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:46-53
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nowadays, rapeseed has been considered as the most important oil crop in China, and the rapeseed seedling transplantation has become a main cultivation pattern in the crop rotation of rice and rapeseed. The existing transplanter is still with low working efficiency and not suitable for paddy soil, which has poor fluidity of soil. In aiming of solving these problems, a fully automatic cultivation pattern was proposed, which cut and picked seedling blocks with high speed and then transplanted them under the condition of sticky heavy soil. By using the slicing and transplanting principle of rice transplanter, the functions of ditching, covering and compacting the soil were set up, and finally a rapeseed seedling carpet transplanter was formed, which was suitable for the transplantation in paddy stubble field instead of being limited in paddy field. In view of the original machine's drawbacks such as little installation space of underframe and light counterbalance weight, the paper described a design of a driven ditching device with oblique ripple and a V-shaped press wheel.In the process of observing the power, the design skillfully use the origin fan pulley on the engine of the transplanter chassis to drive the hydraulic pump. In aim of realizing a continuous adjustment of the running speed and ripple disc coulter of the machine to meet the requirement of different soil conditions, a series of hydraulic valve has been put into use. The designed machine could adapt to different soil condition. By analyzing the characteristics of transplanter and the requirements for transplanting the rapeseed blanket seedlings, the paper accomplished the calculation of the diameter and width of wave coulter. The paper carried out an analysis on motion trail based on the determination of disc parameter, and established the association of principal parameters such as forward speed, depth of ditching and rotation speed of wave coulter. The conclusion was drawn that when the maximum forward speed reached 1.5 m/s, the rotation speed of disc was 115 r/min. In order to confirm the optimum design parameters of press wheel, we performed the field experiment. The response surface design (RSD) was applied to establish a mathematical regression model between main influence factors and inspection targets by analyzing the forward speed, press wheel angle, undercut angle of one wheel and distance between centers, and finally the optimal data were obtained as follows: the forward speed was 0.95 m/s, the angle of press wheel was 19°, the undercut angle of one wheel was 45.8° and the distance between centers was 64 mm. The optimized structure design and operating parameters were both able to achieve the requirements for transplanting the rapeseed blanket seedlings. As a summary, the research establishes a theoretical basis for the rapeseed carpet seedlings transplanting under the condition of sticky heavy soil, and offers a reference for designing this type of transplanter. At the same time, it also has an important significance to solve the technical bottleneck problem of rapeseed transplanting mechanization. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Oilseeds
Controlled terms:Crops - Digital storage - Disks (machine components) - Hydraulic machinery - Machinery - Mechanization - Optimization - Presses (machine tools) - Regression analysis - Soils - Speed - Surface properties - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Compacting - Ditching - Dryland - Rapeseed carpet seedling transplanter - Response surface
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 603.1 Machine Tools, General - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Rotational_Speed 1.15e+02RPM, Size 6.40e-02m, Velocity 1.50e+00m/s, Velocity 9.50e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20164603020564
Title:Seed maize identification based on texture analysis of GF remote sensing data
Authors:Zhang, Chao (1, 2); Jin, Hongshan (1); Liu, Zhe (1); Li, Zhixiao (1); Ning, Mingyu (3); Sun, Haiyan (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Agricultural Land Quality Monitoring and Control, The Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing; 100035, China; (3) The National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Beijing; 100125, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Zhe(liuz@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:183-188
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to accurately gather the area and yield information of seed crops and guarantee the seed supplying safety, it's necessary to use the remote sensing technology to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the traditional manual statistic survey means. However, the crop identification based on multi-temporal remote sensing data cannot be used in actual seed maize identification because of the low accuracy. Now the domestic remote sensing satellite GF-1 and GF-2 have been launched, and the data characteristic of high spatial and high temporal resolution plays an important role in the field of remote sensing for agricultural condition. With the feature of high spatial and high temporal resolution of the data, this paper builds a method to identify the seed maize focusing on the planting feature of seed maize. At first, according to regional crop calendar, use the domestic GF-1's WFV sensor multi-temporal data ranging from April, 2015 to September, 2015 and calculate an EVI (enhanced vegetation index) image for each temporal data which corresponds to every node value at the time series EVI curve, and then extract the maize fields. Since the tassel of the seed maize is removed at the line ratio of 1: 6-1: 8 so that the female maize's spectral reflectance is higher than the male maize's, and this feature shows the straight striped texture reflected in the one-meter resolution remote sensing image. Therefore the next stage is regarding the plots as the object and making use of the one-meter spatial resolution remote sensing image of GF-2's PAN when removing the tassel to detect the straight texture by the Sobel edge detection operator in the plot object based on the extracted maize area. Then connect the break point at the same direction around a setting appropriate threshold to a line by the Hough transform, and count the number of lines in the plot object. According to whether the sum of lines in the plot is over the setting minimum value, judge whether the crop plot is the seed maize. At last, this paper takes the key seed maize region in Kan'erzi Town, Qitai County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region as the test area to verify the above method. The final test result from the confusion matrix shows that the accuracy of classification based on the Hough transform is 90.0%, and the Kappa coefficient is 0.80, which have met the accuracy demands. This seed maize identification method constructed in this paper can obtain the seed maize area with high precision and high efficiency, which not only broadens the application field of domestic remote sensing data, but also supplies a new technology support for the regulation of seed maize. Since the texture of seed maize plot is not always regular but linear within a certain range, it's essential to select a reasonable parameter which indicates how much extent of the scatter marked a line in the detecting process of Hough transform. But different crop has different plant regularity so that every crop presents unique texture feature in the high spatial resolution remote sensing image. This method based on the Hough transform is applicable to seed maize identification but limited for other crops, so it's the further research to establish crop texture library based on a variety of filtering operators in the field of image process. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Crops - Edge detection - Efficiency - Feature extraction - Hough transforms - Image processing - Image reconstruction - Image resolution - Image texture - Mathematical transformations - Seed - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy of classifications - Enhanced vegetation index - GF-1 WFV - GF-2 Pan - Multi-temporal remote sensing - Remote sensing satellites - Remote sensing technology - Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region
Classification code:723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20164603020577
Title:Heat treatment process optimization of roller material of wheat mill against abrasive wear
Authors:Zhang, Keping (1); Jiang, Liangpeng (1); Huang, Xiaopeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou; 730070, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:271-276
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The wear of plant abrasive is the main reason to roller wear failure in wheat roller milling industry, while the heat treatment is the general strengthening means of surface hardness of low chromium white iron which is usually used as roller material. In this paper, 3 principles of abrasive wear were applied, and low chromium white iron was chosen as the test samples and wheat powder was chosen as abrasive. The wear test was conducted on wear test machine under the similar work process of industrial roller milling. The test was divided into 2 phases. In the first phase, 9 groups of samples were heat treated with different process parameters according to the design of orthogonal test, and then cooled to the room temperature by air cooling. The wear tests of wheat powder were conducted for all 9 groups of samples under room temperature condition for 2 h. The wear tests repeated 3 times and the average quality losses were recorded. The various factors of heat treatment process were sorted by SPSS (statistical product and service solutions) statistical analysis software. The effects of the factors in heat treatment process were analyzed, and the optimum process was obtained using Duncan multiple comparison. In the second phase, 2 groups of samples under identical conditions were contrasted. The first group of samples had not been heat treated, and the second had been heat treated according to the optimum heat treatment process. The wear test in the second phase contained 5 test cycles, and each cycle was conducted for 2 h. The various wear characteristics were analyzed, such as wear quality losses, and feature of wear surface; the metallographic examination, the energy dispersive spectrometer analysis and the scanning electron microscope morphology were performed. Then the reinforcement effects of heat treatment under the optimum heat treatment technology were investigated. The results showed that the optimum heat treatment technology is 960℃ with 1 h air quenching and 250℃ with 2 h tempering. The recommendation for roller production is that roller surface hardness should be strengthened according to the heat treatment process of 960℃ air quenching and 250℃ tempering. The wear quality loss of low chromium white iron samples under the optimum technological combination was about 42% of its original quality loss. The network broken phenomenon of eutectic carbide was obvious in cast structure, which existed in the form of semi-continuous networks or isolated blocks in the matrix. The groove trace of the worn surface was shallow and narrow, and the peak-to-valley value of ridges was low. The content of metal elements decreased while the non-metallic element content increased. The hardness increased significantly. The wear mechanism was mainly the micro-cut abrasive wear because wheat powder abrasive formed the "incompressible group", and the worn surface had obvious plough-cutting and furrow. Otherwise, if the wheat powder abrasive did not form the "incompressible group", the wear mechanism would be mainly the multiple plastic deformation and low cycle fatigue wear. The metal was finally separated from the sample matrix because of strengthening and exceeding plastic deformation. The research results can provide references for strengthening the roller wear-resistant performance and reducing the metal contamination during flour roller milling process. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Heat treatment
Controlled terms:Abrasion - Abrasives - Carbides - Chromium - Crops - Fatigue of materials - Hardness - Iron - Machinery - Mechanization - Metals - Milling (machining) - Optimization - Plastic deformation - Powder metals - Quality control - Quenching - Rollers (machine components) - Scanning electron microscopy - Spectrometers - Strengthening (metal) - Tempering - Tribology - Wear of materials
Uncontrolled terms:Energy dispersive spectrometers - Heat treatment process - Metallographic examination - Roller - Room-temperature conditions - Technological combination - Wheat milling - White iron
Classification code:531.1 Metallurgy - 537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 543.1 Chromium and Alloys - 545.1 Iron - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 604.2 Machining Operations - 606.1 Abrasive Materials - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.20e+01%, Time 3.60e+03s, Time 7.20e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20164603020555
Title:Lightweight design of gear pumps with ultra low viscosity medium used in spacecraft
Authors:Li, Yulong (1); Sun, Fucun (1); Yao, Qi (2); Xie, Wen (2); Li, Peng (2); Liu, Xiong (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Industrial Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu; 610106, China; (2) Beijing Satellite Manufacturer, Beijing; 100080, China; (3) Graduate School, Xihua University, Chengdu; 610039, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Fucun(fch.sun@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:109-114
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For higher volumetric efficiency and lower launch cost of gear pumps with ultra low viscosity working medium used in spacecraft. In this paper, the volumetric efficiency formula of gear pumps was firstly derived from the two main leakages of axial gap and radial gap, At the same time, a new contact ratio factor formula appropriate for undercut gear and standard gear was proposed by the estimation of limited meshing point in driven gear or driving gear. When the undercut point of driven gear was being meshed, if the corresponding meshing pressure angle of driving gear was less than the addendum pressure angle, which showed that the addendum point of driving gear couldn't be meshed, the contact ratio of gear pair should be calculated by the undercut point position of driven gear; conversely, it showed that the undercut point of driven gear couldn't be meshed, the contact ratio should be calculated by the addendum point position of driving gear. Secondly, based on the newly created volumetric efficiency formula and contact ratio factor formula, and the optimal design method theory, with the 2 key parameters i.e. the minimum allowable volumetric efficiency of 90% and the ultra low viscosity value of 0.00018 Pa·s, the optimization design model was established, which took the minimum unit displacement volume being equivalent to the pump weight as the optimization goal. By the optimization of basis parameters of gear pairs including modulus, tooth number, addendum coefficient, pressure angle and displacement factor, the volumetric efficiency decline problem was consequently solved, and the minimum space launch cost of pump weight was guaranteed. Thirdly, the effects of structural parameters of gear pumps on the optimization result were analyzed. All optimization results showed that if the usual addendum contact ratio factor formula of driving gear was used for calculating contact ratio factor in the optimization design model, with the optimized basis gear parameters, the actual contact ratio factor was -0.3429, which was not reliable for undercut gear, and the continuous gear transmission also couldn't be guaranteed, so only the newly created contact ratio factor formula was reliable; the influence degrees of the pump parameters including pressure angle, shaft radius, tip radius of rack cutter, and starting angle of transition region on the optimization result were respectively 6.07%, 7.8%, 2.9% and 6.4%. On the whole, these parameters had little influence on the optimization result; especially, the free space was endowed to the structure design to reduce the radial force. But the influences of radial gap and axial gap on the optimization result were very large, and unexpectedly, there was no optimal solution with the axial gap value of 0.06 mm, so the upper limit values of radial gap and axial gap could be determined by the influence turning points. For example, the upper limit value of axial gap was 0.04 mm, and the upper limit value of radial gap was 0.07 mm. For other pump parameters, there were such turning points. For example, the upper limit value of shaft radius was 13 mm, and the upper limit value of starting angle of transition region was 180°. As a whole, the designed pump shape had a small axial size and a large radial size. Finally, the first attempt of the optimal gear pump design for spacecraft clarified that the ultra low viscosity medium was also applicable to gear pumps, and catered to the development of Chinese aerospace industry. The study provides a demonstration of the optimal design method for other hydraulic pumps with ultra low viscosity medium as well. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Pumps
Controlled terms:Aerospace industry - Design - Efficiency - Gear pumps - Gears - Optimal systems - Optimization - Spacecraft - Viscosity
Uncontrolled terms:Contact ratio - Displacement volume - Low viscosity - Optimal design methods - Optimization design - Optimization goals - Structural parameter - Volumetric efficiency
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 655.1 Spacecraft, General - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 961 Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.90e+00%, Percentage 6.07e+00%, Percentage 6.40e+00%, Percentage 7.80e+00%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Size 1.30e-02m, Size 4.00e-05m, Size 6.00e-05m, Size 7.00e-05m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20164603020554
Title:Use of hyperspectral images from UAV-based imaging spectroradiometer to estimate cotton leaf area index
Authors:Tian, Minglu (1); Ban, Songtao (1); Chang, Qingrui (1); You, Mingming (1); Luo, Dan (1); Wang, Li (1); Wang, Shuo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Chang, Qingrui(changqr@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:102-108
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Remote sensing technology can be used to estimate the leaf area index (LAI) value of crops rapidly and harmlessly. This study collected the hyperspectral images of cotton field using a new type of imaging spectroradiometer (UHD185), which has 138 channels from visible to near-infrared band range with high spatial resolution. The weight of UHD185 is less than 500 g and it can be easily mounted on a multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which makes it possible to acquire hyperspectral ortho images of crops at different spatial scales in any growth stage according to the requirements of crop growth monitoring. Cotton LAI values of 80 sampling points were measured by the SUNSCAN canopy analyzer during the UAV campaign, and the spectral information of cotton canopy at each point was extracted from the hyperspectral images after atmospheric and radiometric correction. The aim was to seek a new method to build the hyperspectral estimation model of cotton LAI using hyperspectral images. In the processing of multispectral image data, the bands used to calculate vegetation index (VI) are usually fixed. However, there are many other bands that can be also used to calculate VIs in hyperspectral images and these bands may contain important information about the ground objects. In this research, the extremal reflectance in the range of certain bands was chosen to calculate the extremum vegetation index (E_VI), intending to get the most significant vegetation feature of each pixel. Four VIs i.e. ratio vegetation index (RVI), difference vegetation index (DVI), normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI), and green-band normalized differential vegetation index (GNDVI), which are closely related to vegetation coverage, were selected to estimate the cotton LAI value. Original spectral reflectance, selected spectral reflectance by successive projections algorithm (SPA), fixed-band vegetation index (F_VI) and E_VI were taken as independent variables respectively to build hyperspectral cotton LAI estimation models using least squares and partial least squares (PLS) regression methods. The results indicated: 1) When using spectral reflectance to estimate cotton LAI, the SPA successfully simplified the model and improved the accuracy at the same time; 2) Models containing VIs had better predictive ability than those which used spectral reflectance as independent variables; (3) RVI was the best VI to estimate cotton LAI when using single VI as parameter; (4) E_VI improved the accuracy of LAI estimation models significantly compared with F_VI; (5) The LAI - E_VIs - PLS model, which takes multiple E_VIs as independent variables and uses PLS regression method, had the highest accuracy and best predictive ability (R<sup>2</sup>=0.85, RMSE=0.02). The cotton LAI estimation map was made by resolving each pixel in the cotton hyperspectral images using the LAI - E_VIs - PLS model. The result was validated by the measured LAI and showed good precision (R<sup>2</sup>=0.88, RMSE=0.29). Therefore, this new method to monitor the LAI of crops is feasible © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Cotton - Crops - Infrared devices - Least squares approximations - Pixels - Radiometers - Reflection - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Scales (weighing instruments) - Spectrometers - Spectroscopy - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Hyper-spectral images - Imaging spectroradiometers - Leaf Area Index - Normalized differential vegetation indices - Partial least-squares regression - Remote sensing technology - Successive projections algorithms (SPA) - Vegetation index
Classification code:652.1 Aircraft, General - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Mass 5.00e-01kg
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20164603020582
Title:Evaluation on peels texture of different apple cultivars based on rheological properties
Authors:Wang, Juxia (1); Cui, Qingliang (1); Li, Hongbo (1); Liu, Yaping (2); Wang, Yu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China; (2) College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China
Corresponding author:Cui, Qingliang(qlcui@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:305-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to explore crack damage of apple peel in the process of naturally growing and evaluate quality of different peels varieties, peel samples coming the shadow side and sunlit side of three apple cultivars, Danxia, Fuji, Star-krimson were chosen for longitudinal tests of tensile stress relaxation and creep by means of electronic universal testing machine. Stress-time curve of relaxation test and strain-time curve of creep test were obtained from the tests; and initial stress, residual stress and strain holding of peel relaxation and initial strain, stress holding and creep value of peel creep were also gained. We then set up relaxation five component Maxwell model and creep Burgers model by use of experimental data; and established relaxation and creep characteristic parameters for correlation analysis; and used the relaxation and creep model parameters for principle component analysis. The results indicated that under the action of the same load, discrete degree of peel initial stress was far lower than that of peel residual stress. The standard deviation of initial stress was within 0.4 percent of the average, but the residual stress standard deviation reached about 10% of its average. Initial stress, residual stress, strain holding, initial strain, and stress holding of Star-krimson peel had significant differences (p <0.01) from Danxia and Fuji peels. For different varieties, peel relaxation initial stress, relaxation residual stress; and creep initial strain were large, but creep value was small. For relaxation model parameters of peel, the equilibrium modulus of Star-krimson peel was much larger (p < 0.01) than that of Danxia and Fuji peel; but its relaxation time were much less (p < 0.05) than that of Danxia and Fuji peel. Viscosity factors of Star-krimson peel showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) from that of Fuji peel. For creep model parameters of peel, the mean value of instant elastic modulus of Star-krimson peel was the greatest and that of Fuji peel was the lowest; but decay time and viscosity factors of Fuji peel were the largest. There was a significant (p < 0.05) difference between instant elastic modulus, decay time, viscosity factors of Star-krimson peel and that of Fuji peel. It was found that the relaxation and creep test can objectively describe internal tissue structure differences around different peels; and organization structure of Star-krimson peel had better fluidity and stronger elasticity and that of Fuji peel had weaker fluidity and stronger viscidity. When the principle component analysis was performed for relaxation and creep model parameters of peel, eigenvalue was more than 1 for selected principle component and accumulative contribution rate of Danxia, Fuji, and Star-krimson peel reached 85.13%, 83.94% and 91.68%, respectively. Contribution rate of elasticity factor which was on behalf of peel quality was relatively larger in Star-krimson peel, but contribution rate of viscidity factor was relatively higher in Fuji peel, this reflected that Fuji peel surface was easier fragmentation than Star-krimson peel surface;and Fuji peel surface was also easy to injury including harvest, packaging, transportation and storage. The results have significances to provide better apple cultivation and perfect apple texture evaluation system. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Creep - Creep testing - Cultivation - Digital storage - Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions - Elastic moduli - Elasticity - Fluidity - Fruits - Peeling - Principal component analysis - Residual stresses - Rheology - Stars - Statistics - Stress relaxation - Stress-strain curves - Tensile testing - Testing - Textures - Viscosity
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulative contribution rates - Apple - Principal Components - Principle component analysis - Residual stress and strains - Rheological property - Texture evaluation systems - Universal testing machines
Classification code:657.2 Extraterrestrial Physics and Stellar Phenomena - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.51e+01%, Percentage 9.17e+01%, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 4.00e-01%, Percentage 8.39e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20164603020557
Title:Water-saving and stable yield effects of regulation on soil wetted depth in different growth stage of spring maize
Authors:Zhou, Shiwei (1); Hu, Xiaotao (1); Wang, Wen'e (1); Zhang, Yajun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Hu, Xiaotao(huxiaotao11@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:125-132
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Appropriate partial root zone water stress not only improves the yield and quality of crops, but also increases crop water utilization efficiency, so as to reduce waste of water resources. It is a much-used method to build the suitable environment of root zone water stress by regulating the crop root zone soil water distribution in horizontal direction in the previous studies. The regulation of root zone soil water distribution in horizontal direction had limitations. In order to disabuse the limitations, in this paper, we took spring corn in Shiyang River Basin as the research object. As such, the crop root zone soil water distribution in vertical direction was regulated by the way of controlling planned wetted soil depth in different growth stage under mulching. In the experiment, there were three levels of planned wetted soil depth, 30, 40 and 50 cm in seeding stage; three levels of planned wetted soil depth, 40, 50 and 60 cm in jointing stage; three levels of planned wetted soil depth, 50, 60 and 70 cm in tasseling to mature stage. This study analyzed the effect of the regulation in vertical direction on soil water content in different depths, the distribution of root, plant height, leaf area, biomass, yield and water use efficiency. The results showed that soil water profile could be better regulated by controlling planned wetted soil depth in different growth stage. The higher planned wetted soil depth could increase root length and increase the root length in deep soil significantly. The higher planned wetted soil depth also could increase the distribution of root in the deep soil layer. Soil water stress tended to occur in the deep soil layer (50~100 cm). And the water content changing with time in stress threshold value fluctuated up and down. Soil water stress didn't occur in the upper soil layer (0~40 cm). The distribution of crop root system could also affect the changes of soil water in time and space. The regulation in vertical direction could regulate the crop consumption of water, and affect the use of rainfall and water in deeper soil depth, adjusted the allocation of drymatter in crops' organizations, implementing water-saving for crop production. The higher or lower planned wetted soil depth both could increase the use of irrigation water and rainfall or water in deep soil. The lower planned wetted soil depth made more root distribute in the upper soil layer, so as to increase the use of rainfall. The higher planned wetted soil depth made more root distribute in the deep soil layer, so as to increase the use of soil water in the deep soil layer. Appropriate water stress could increase the harvest index, make more dry matter allocate to corn grain. In the study, both the irrigation water use efficiency and water use efficiency were used to evaluate the treatments' effect on water-saving, which showed that the optimal regulation in vertical direction was 30, 40 and 50 cm of planned wetted soil depth at seeding, jointing, and tasseling to mature stages under mulching, respectively. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Crops - Cultivation - Efficiency - Irrigation - Plants (botany) - Rain - Soil moisture - Water - Water conservation - Water resources - Water supply - Water supply systems - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Mulching - Root length density - Spring maize - Water stress - Water use efficiency
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Size 0.00e+00m to 4.00e-01m, Size 5.00e-01m to 1.00e+00m, Size 5.00e-01m, Size 6.00e-01m, Size 7.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20164603020574
Title:Prediction model of land dynamic settlement in coal mining subsidence area
Authors:Zhang, Ziyue (1); Zou, Youfeng (1); Chen, Junjie (1); Wang, Yunguang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Surveying & Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo; 454003, China; (2) College of Energy Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo; 454003, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:246-251
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The surface of the coal mining subsidence area will continue to sink at a relatively slow speed until it reaches limit, and the continuous settlement will inevitably affect the choice of land reclamation time, the growing crops which need nutrients from the land, and the normal use of agricultural facilities. It is very necessary to study the dynamic settlement of land over time to guarantee the time of land reclamation and the effectiveness of agricultural production. Time effect parameter in the Knothe function was analyzed in this study, and found that the parameter value had a great influence on the dynamic calculation of the surface subsidence and stability time. In the short period after mining, the bigger the parameter was, the greater the surface subsidence, and vice versa. And the bigger the parameter, the shorter the time needed for the surface from starting sinking to reaching the stability, and vice versa. In fact, the parameter was changing over time; the parameter in different periods were obtained based on the surface dynamic subsidence and time firstly, then the values were fitted, and the parameter in any period could be obtained according to the fitted formula. The dynamic settlement of coal mining subsidence area was closely related to the time; the Knothe function was introduced into the probability integral model, and the new idea of the ultimate subsidence and stage subsidence in the coal mining subsidence area was proposed. The prediction model of land dynamic settlement in coal mining subsidence area was constructed based on the Knothe function, which could be used to calculate the stage subsidence value at any time according to the engineering requirements. The subsidence factor, which changed with the time and was obtained from the time effect parameter, was the most important parameter in the prediction model. In order to verify the reliability and practicability of the prediction model, the paper took the measured surface subsidence data from the 2407 working face as an example, and carried out the application of the model as well as got the parameter. The time effect parameter at the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th observation were calculated, respectively, and the empirical formula of the time effect factor with the time was obtained by fitting. By using the fitting formula, the time effect factor at the 11th observation was calculated. The calculated and the actual observation value of the time effect factor were compared, and the relative error was only 2.6% and the fitting effect was good. In addition, the measured and predicted values of the surface subsidence at the 9th observation were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the maximum relative error of single point was 8.8%, the average relative error of single point was 1.2%, the overall root mean square error was 187 mm, and the overall relative root mean square error was 5.6%. The difference between the predicted and measured value was small, which further proved the reliability of the model. According to the calculation model, the ultimate and the stage subsidence in multiple periods for the surface of coal mining subsidence area were calculated. The analysis showed that the prediction model conformed to the actual condition. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Coal mines
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Coal - Coal reclamation - Cutting machines (mining) - Errors - Forecasting - Land reclamation - Land use - Mean square error - Models - Reclamation - Stages - Subsidence
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Average relative error - Coal mining subsidences - Maximum relative errors - Root mean square errors - Subsidence areas - Surface dynamic subsidence - Time effect
Classification code:402.2 Public Buildings - 403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 502.2 Mine and Quarry Equipment - 503.1 Coal Mines - 524 Solid Fuels - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.20e+00%, Percentage 2.60e+00%, Percentage 5.60e+00%, Percentage 8.80e+00%, Size 1.87e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20164603020572
Title:Degradation performance experiment of paper and straw-based seedling pot
Authors:Jiang, Xizhi (1); Zhao, Yongfu (1); Qu, Ping (1); Li, Li (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute for Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Yongfu(zyfzyf2002@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:235-239
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Most of the articles about the degradation performance of biodegradable nursery pots were focused on degradation morphology, strength of pot body, changes of soil, effect of raising seedings and so on. However, it rarely study on degradation rate, molecular structure of degradation process and changes of crystallinity. In order to study the degradation performance of biodegradable nursery pots, three types containing paper pot, undecomposed straw pot and decomposed straw pot were used to carry out the experiment in this paper. The degradation rate, molecular structure and crystallinity were evaluated and analyzed through the experiments of degradation test in soil, Fourier infrared scanning and x-ray diffraction. It is necessary to have a further research on degradation performance of biodegradable nursery containers and mechanism of degradation. The results showed that the degradation rate of paper pot with the best degradation property was growing at a rate of about 2 times. The maximum degradation rate was up to 85%. The undecomposed straw pot has always maintained a stable and increasing degradation rate. The undecomposed straw pot with degradation rate of 78% in the eighth week was higher than that of decomposed straw pot. The changes of mass loss and degradation rate were likely to be affect by a variety of microbial community structure. On the one hand, due to partial degradation of cellulose and semicellulose, the remaining part kept stable performance. On the other hand, the changes of microbial structure and activity affected the degradation performance. By comparison, FTIR absorption strength of the biodegradable nursery pots was decreased in different degree due to the changes of molecular structure during biodegradation. The absorption strength of paper pot decreased in the location of 3340 cm<sup>-1</sup>and 2920 cm<sup>-1</sup>indicated that the degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose. In addition, the relative peak of 1640 cm<sup>-1</sup>and 1460 cm<sup>-1</sup>decreased with the further degradation, showing that lignin was degraded in the biological reaction. The peak strength of CH stretch band was enhanced obviously at 892 cm<sup>-1</sup>. It showed that the substitution reaction of aromatic ring was an important part of the degradation process of lignin. The main group structure of undecomposed straw pot and decomposed straw pot were basically the same. The absorption peaks strength decreased at 3340 cm<sup>-1</sup>and 1010 cm<sup>-1</sup>might be due to the oxidative decomposition of benzene methanol unit. The peak strength of CH stretch band decreased at 2920 cm<sup>-1</sup>probably because of the decomposition of carbohydrates and the fracture of partial fatty chain. The degradation of lignin resulted in the decrease of peak strength of 1650 cm<sup>-1</sup>. The x-ray diffraction peak intensity of paper pot with the best degradation property decreased obviously after 8 weeks test. The diffraction peak disappeared at 2 θ=15.6°. At the same time, The intensity of diffraction peak decreased at 2 θ=22.5°. In addition, it appeared new diffraction peaks at 2 θ=27° of undecomposed straw pot and decomposed straw pot. This might be due to the changes of crystalline which caused by the degradation of straw. The biodegradable nursery containers with excellent degradation property could improve the problem of environmental pollution effectively. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Photodegradation
Controlled terms:Biodegradation - Cellulose - Containers - Degradation - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Lignin - Molecular structure - Societies and institutions - Soil testing - Straw - Substitution reactions - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Cellulose and hemicellulose - Crystallinities - Decomposed straw pot - Environmental pollutions - Mechanism of degradation - Microbial community structures - Undecomposed straw pot - X ray diffraction peak intensity
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 901.1.1 Societies and Institutions
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.53e-01yr, Percentage 7.80e+01%, Percentage 8.50e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20164603020561
Title:Estimation of desert soil organic carbon content based on hyperspectral data preprocessing with fractional differential
Authors:Wang, Jingzhe (1, 2); Tiyip, Tashpolat (1, 2); Ding, Jianli (1, 2); Zhang, Dong (1, 2); Liu, Wei (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology under Ministry of Education, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China
Corresponding author:Tiyip, Tashpolat(tash@xju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:161-169
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial soil property which has attracted wide attention in the field of global change. This is especially true in the arid and semi-arid regions. In recent years, it is a hot topic to estimate SOC content by hyperspectral remote sensing technology, however, it is hard to estimate SOC content in desert area precisely when it is less than 2%. Existing work, including related research history and current status, has mostly focused on integer differential, which yet might influence the effective information detection and cause the loss of spectral information to some extent. Therefore, this study aimed to bring fractional order differential algorithm into the preprocessing of hyperspectral data. With 103 surface soil samples collected from the Ebinur Lake basin in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, China, the SOC contents and reflectance spectra were measured in the laboratory. After removing the marginal bands (350-400 and 2401-2500 nm) and smoothed by Savitzky-Golay filter, the raw hyperspectral reflectance (R) data were transformed by 4 mathematical methods, i.e., the reciprocal, logarithm, logarithm-reciprocal and root mean square method, respectively. Secondly, their 0-2 order differentials (taking 0.2-order as step) were calculated by Grünwald-Letnikov fractional differential equation. And then, we computed the correlation coefficients between each fractional order differential value of R, its 4 mathematical transformation forms and SOC content. After choosing the feature bands whose correlation coefficient passed the significance test at 0.01 level, 103 samples were divided into 2 parts: 69 for model calibration and 34 for validation. Subsequently, partial least squares regression (PLSR) was employed to build the hyperspectral estimation models of SOC content. And then, root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), determination coefficient of calibration (R<sup>2</sup><inf>c</inf>), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), determination coefficient of predicting (R<sup>2</sup><inf>p</inf>) and relative prediction deviation (RPD) were used for accuracy assessment. The results showed that: 1) Fractional order differential algorithm could refine the correlation coefficient curves between the SOC content and the raw hyperspectral reflectance in the wavelength ranges of 450-600, 640-700 and 1400-1500 nm, and also reduce the information loss to some extent; 2) With the order increasing, the number of bands whose correlation coefficient passed the significance test at 0.01 level firstly increased and then decreased, but the number of bands did not reach the maximum at the same order, and some differences occurred; 3) Comparing the predictive effects of 55 SOC estimating models calibrated by PLSR, the model based on 1.6-order differential of logarithm transform was much better than others, and had better performance in predicting SOC content in the study area (RMSEC=2.433 g/kg, R<sup>2</sup><inf>c</inf>=0.786, RMSEP=2.263 g/kg, R<sup>2</sup><inf>p</inf>=0.825, RPD=2.392). And indeed, the models based on fractional order differentials were more robust and accurate than the conventional integer differential ones. Over all, it is a fairly satisfactory preprocessing method of hyperspectral data in the quantitative study on soil nutrients by means of remote sensing. In order to achieve more universal and stable inversion model, the next step is to enlarge the sampling area and the number of soil samples as much as possible to improve and perfect the soil hyperspectral database. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Soil testing
Controlled terms:Calibration - Differential equations - Estimation - Forecasting - Gears - Least squares approximations - Mathematical transformations - Mean square error - Organic carbon - Reflection - Remote sensing - Soil surveys - Soils - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Fractional differential - Fractional differential equations - Hyper spectra - Hyperspectral remote sensing technology - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Pre-Treatment - Root mean square error of calibrations - Root-mean-square error of predictions
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.2 Machine Components - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.00e+00%, Size 1.40e-06m to 1.50e-06m, Size 2.40e-06m to 2.50e-06m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20164603020576
Title:Evaluation of farmers' income effect in immigration regions of ecological resettlement project in Guangxi Province
Authors:Hu, Yecui (1, 2); Wu, Shufang (1); Wang, Jing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing; 100035, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:264-270
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Implementing an environmental resettlement program in ecologically fragile and poverty-stricken areas is believed to be an intervention that is effective at alleviating poverty. It does not merely aim to promote self-reliance to lift people out of poverty, but also to inculcate social responsibility, for example, by easing incongruities in the people-land relationship and by recover environment from degradation in ecological fragile areas. Due to shortage of resources, fragile environment is very serious in Karst area in Southwest China. Since 1990, the country began to implement environmental resettlement program. The aim is to transfer some extremely poor farmers from a particular rocky region where per capita cultivated land is under 0.02 hm<sup>2</sup>and basic living conditions are untenable to another area in the province where land resources are relatively abundant. Based on the background, it is necessary to quantitatively evaluate ecological immigrant project on farmers' income contribution, objectively evaluate the implementation effect and obstacle factors of the ecological immigrant project, and to provide policy support and consolidate the achievements of immigration. Based on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), we investigated 30 villages in Guangxi Huangjiang Karst resettlement area for production level and living standard data of peasant households before and after resettlement, and resettled and local people, respectively. After quantitative analysis methods (e.g., Difference-in-Difference) were employed to evaluate the farmer' income effects and sustainability of the project, we concluded that environmental resettlement program relieved the human-land conflict in the eco-fragile region, and enhanced incomes of the resettled households. The farmers' household income through crop production, aquaculture, or wage has significantly improved. However, problems remained, for example, the resettlement household incomes increased more slowly compared with the natives. In addition to the non-agricultural income, impact of environmental resettlement program to other income showed a significant negative effect, immigrant income growth lagged far behind to the natives. Although the average cultivated land area had little effect on total income and net income of the households, average area of paddy field and the proportion of labor was significantly (P < 0.05) and positively correlated to farmers' income growth. To maintain the sustainability of environmental resettlement program, government should combine the implementation of the resettlement with evaluation of the program, and as such government could make a timely adjustment of various policy measures according to the evaluation results. The results indicated that the studied area should advance agricultural structural adjustment, and promote agricultural production efficiency and increase farmers' income by providing working opportunities for immigrants outside of agriculture area. Redistribution of natural resources should be carried out before implementation of environmental resettlement program. Optimal arrangement of the current land system will let the migrants and natives enjoy equal opportunities for resources, and prevent frictions between the immigrant and natives in the competition of the limited resources, increase the sustainability of environmental resettlement program. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Economic analysis
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cultivation - Ecology - Economic and social effects - Economics - Engineering - Land use - Natural resources - Rural areas - Social aspects - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Difference-in-differences - Ecological resettlement - Immigrant areas - Participatory rural appraisals - Peasant households
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 901.4 Impact of Technology on Society - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20164603020565
Title:Maize plant drought stress phenotype testing method based on time-series images
Authors:Wang, Chuanyu (1, 2); Guo, Xinyu (1, 2); Du, Jianjun (1, 2); Wen, Weiliang (1, 2); Wu, Sheng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing; 100097, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Xinyu(guoxy@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:189-195
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Plant phenotype is a key link in understanding gene function and environmental effects, and with the demand of further research of plant function genomics, the traditional phenotypic observation has become the main bottleneck. High-throughput plant phenome analysis technology such as image processing is an effective way to solve this problem. In this paper, a maize plant drought stress phenotype testing method was proposed based on the time-series images. Firstly, an acquisition system of time-series images was developed. System hardware included the mvc3000 high speed industrial camera (the maximum resolution 1600×1200 pixels, 24 FPS (frames per second)), the Pentax len (8.5 mm, f/1.5), the storage card (32G), the holder and the background. Software development environment included Win7 operating system, Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 Professional, and OpenCV2.4.3. Maize plant time-series images were acquired from 08: 00 to 17: 00 every 10 mins, and various natural light conditions strongly affected the profile of the crop images taken outdoors. This often made it rather difficult for vegetation parts segmented from the background parts in an image. We adopted the K-means and SVM (support vector machine) algorithm to create a classifier used in rough segmentation, and the classifier was composed of 24 dimension feature vectors including color features, texture features, and gradient features. The result refinement was implemented with a non-local mean (NLM) filter, and actually the anisotropic structural-aware filter was adopted to implement the NLM function, in which the pixels were reinforced with each other in the same structure and even if they were not the first-order neighboring pixels. Secondly, the plant organs such as stem and leaf were segmented in binary image with a scan line method, which used the plant morphology characteristics such as alternate phyllotaxis, curved blade, and leaf margin in folds as prior knowledge. The method denoted the pixels according to the number of neighborhoods. Specifically, each row of pixels in the scan line was marked as a candidate region, and the candidate regions were labeled as the original organ or new organ according to the number of neighborhoods. When all of the candidate regions were labeled, a cluster of regions which presented rectangular shape were defined as plant stem. A labeled cluster of leaf would be merged to the other cluster if they shared neighborhood regions up to 70%. Finally, the ratio SOP1/SOP2 was used to characterize the drought stress response. SOP is the intersection point of stem and leaf, SOP is a point in stem line, LEN is the length of leaf tip to stem line, SOP1 is a point in leaf curve with length 1/4LEN, SOP2 is a point in leaf curve with length 2/3 LEN. SOP1/SOP2 represented the degree of leaf bending. It was comparable even between the different leaf orders, and had strong robustness to environmental factor disturbance. The field tests showed that the SOP1/SOP2 of drought-resistant genetically-modified maize presented an ascending trend before midday and a descending trend after then, which could be caused by transpiration leading to leaf water loss. The change trend of environmental factors such as air relative humidity against SOP1/SOP2 showed that under drought stress condition, genetically-modified maize was more sensitive to moisture content of the atmosphere, and the test on conventional maize plant showed that the SOP1/SOP2 lacked the regularity with the time. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Binary images - Classification (of information) - Drought - Genetically modified plants - Image acquisition - Image segmentation - Pixels - Software design - Support vector machines - Time series - Windows operating system
Uncontrolled terms:Drought stress - Drought stress conditions - Drought stress response - Genetically modified maize - Maize - Plant phenotype - Software development environment - SVM(support vector machine)
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 461.9 Biology - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 7.00e+01%, Size 8.50e-03m, Time 6.00e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20164603020552
Title:Steady and dynamic performance simulation and experiment of diesel engine based on Modelica language
Authors:Li, Wenhui (1); Liu, Changcheng (1); Ma, Xiuzhen (1); Xia, Wen (1); Zhang, Zijian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin; 150001, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:87-94
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In view of the problems of traditional diesel engine modeling, such as low modeling efficiency and versatility, poor openness of software platform, and abstract modeling method, this paper used Modelica language to set up a simulation model of diesel engine, expecting to be able to solve the above problems and ensure the accuracy of the dynamic and steady state simulation of the diesel engine. Firstly, according to the actual physical structure of diesel engine and object-oriented modeling method of Modelica language, a diesel engine model was divided into several sub-models, such as combustion chamber sub-model, air valve sub-model, and turbocharger sub-model. Secondly, for the sake of delivering the information between different sub-models, this paper defined some interface types according to the actual function of each sub-model. There were 3 kinds of transfer variables between these interfaces, i.e. flow variable, potential variable and real number variable. For example, the turbocharger had a rotating interface and two gas interfaces; the flow and potential variables delivered in rotating interface were the torque and the angle of rotation, respectively, and the flow and potential variables delivered in gas interfaces were the mass flow and enthalpy flux, the temperature and pressure of gas, respectively. Thirdly, the equations describing the internal behavior of sub-models and the multi-domain unified physical modeling specification Modelica language were used to set up the sub-models mentioned above, respectively. Compared to other modeling methods of diesel engine, Modelica has some outstanding characteristics, such as object-oriented modeling, non-causal modeling, exhaust temperature before turbo; the complex physical structure of a diesel engine can be restored by the combination way of the composition and topology structure of the model, and the universality and inheritance of the model are better. As Modelica has the non-causal modeling feature, the modelers need not to consider the causal relationship between the various variables and only need to pay attention to how to use the equations to describe the internal behavior of the model, and therefore the modeling efficiency is improved. These are especially important for the modeling of diesel engine. Finally, taking the D4114B type electricity-generating diesel engine as an example, the simulation model was established by the connection of the interfaces between the sub-models, and the modification of the structure parameters and boundary parameters. The steady state performance of D4114B type diesel engine was simulated under the rated speed with the simulation model, and under 25%, 45%, 70%, 90% and 100% load condition, the simulation values of several parameters were compared with the experimental values, such as explosion pressure and hourly oil consumption. The maximum of the relative error was 8.9%, which showed that the established model could describe the steady state process of diesel precisely. On the basis of steady simulation, the dynamic simulation of the model was realized. The change rules of some transient performance parameters of diesel engine were analyzed when the load was suddenly changed at the rated speed, such as rotational speed, fuel quantity per cycle for single cylinder, and output torque. In order to respond to the changing process of dynamic simulation precisely, some discrete points were chosen from these simulation curves, and the corresponding data of discrete points were listed. The simulation value of rotation speed of diesel engine was compared with the experimental value, and the two were in good agreement, so the model could forecast the dynamic performance of diesel engine well. This paper can provide the reference for the following study of diesel engine based on the Modelica language. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Diesel engines
Controlled terms:Combustion chambers - Compressors - Computer simulation languages - Computer software - Dynamics - Efficiency - Engine cylinders - Engines - Modeling languages - Models - Object oriented programming - Phase interfaces - Rotation - Superchargers - Topology - Turbomachinery - Unified Modeling Language
Uncontrolled terms:Causal relationships - Modelica language - Object oriented model - Simulation - Steady state performance - Steady-state simulations - Temperature and pressures - Transient performance
Classification code:612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine Components - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 618.1 Compressors - 654.2 Rocket Engines - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 4.50e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Percentage 8.90e+00%, Percentage 9.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20164603020553
Title:Optimal scale of crop classification using unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing imagery based on wavelet packet transform
Authors:Zhang, Chao (1, 2); Liu, Jiajia (1); Su, Wei (1); Qiao, Min (1); Yang, Jianyu (1, 2); Zhu, Dehai (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Agricultural Land Quality, Monitoring and Control of the Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing; 100035, China
Corresponding author:Su, Wei(suwei@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:95-101
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For the high-resolution remote sensing imagery, the space scale has effect on the classification accuracy and efficiency. The UAV image can achieve very high spatial resolution, which has promoted the development of object-oriented classification, at the same time, it also takes some influence on high-resolution remote sensing imagery classification. Therefore, it's necessary to select optimal scale for classification. In this paper, to resolve high-resolution remote sensing imagery classification problem, we used UAV aerial crop images in Zhuozhou, Hebei province, as a data source, and applied wavelet packet transform to the multi-scale quantitative analysis of classification characteristics that belong to high-resolution remote sensing imagery. Wavelet packet decomposition was applied to seven of the most popular crops images, and then considering multi-factors, the most optimal wavelet packet decomposition tree were selected. Then, we selected the high frequency leaf node of each level according to the optimal wavelet packet decomposition tree and built the texture characteristic vector by four kinds of textural information including mean, variance, energy and energy difference which were computed statistically by the wavelet packet coefficient of selected node. Spectral information was obtained from the low frequency part. The classification characteristic vector was built by integrating the texture characteristic vector and the spectral information. To analyze the separability of the crop sample in different levels of wavelet packet decomposition tree, we needed to calculate the J-M distance of the classification characteristic vector between samples in different levels by matching the wavelet packet levels and the resolution, and then acquiring the optimal spatial scales for object-oriented classification. To verify the result, we conducted object-oriented classification experiment based on wavelet packet transform on imagery of different resolution, and chose accuracy of object-oriented classification and time-consuming of division as evaluation criterion to evaluate the result. The original images were decomposed to five levels, from which wavelet packet transform method was used. The texture information and spectral information which can extract from the optimal wavelet packet decomposition tree were used to build classification characteristic diagram. Then we acquired resampling images of different resolutions which matched with the wavelet packet decomposition levels. Classification characteristic diagram as the thematic layers was used to classify the imagery. Finally we employed overall accuracy, Kappa and time-consuming to assess the suitable scale. The results showed that, 1) In the third and fourth levels of wavelet packet decomposition tree (the spatial resolution was 0.32 -0.64 m), the J-M distance of different samples become maximum which meant the strongest separability; 2) The accuracy of object-oriented classification based on wavelet packet transform was the highest in overall accuracy (0.90 and 0.89) when the spatial resolution was 0.32-0.64 m, and also saved a lot of time than the higher resolution (0.16 m). We concluded that it was suitable for crop object-oriented classification in the third and fourth levels of wavelet packet decomposition (the spatial resolution is 0.32-0.64 m). The method used in this paper for selecting optimal spatial scale for crop classification in high-resolution remote sensing imagery base on wavelet packet transform can accurately select the spatial scale with optimal classification accuracy and the highest classification efficiency. To some extent, the classification accuracy was improved by the classification characteristic which extracted via the method of wavelet packet transform. This proposed method may help with the fine recognition of crops using high-resolution remote sensing images. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Crops - Forestry - Image reconstruction - Image resolution - Space optics - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Vectors - Wavelet analysis - Wavelet decomposition - Wavelet transforms
Uncontrolled terms:Classification accuracy and efficiency - High resolution remote sensing imagery - High resolution remote sensing images - Object oriented classification - Scales - Very high spatial resolutions - Wavelet Packet - Wavelet Packet Decomposition
Classification code:652.1 Aircraft, General - 656.1 Space Flight - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.60e-01m, Size 3.20e-01m to 6.40e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20164603020566
Title:Improved scatter-matrix-based feature selection method for vegetation classification of hyperspectral image
Authors:Xia, Daoping (1, 2); Fu, Yuanyuan (3); Wang, Jihua (3, 4, 5); Zheng, Xiaodong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science and Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang; 443002, China; (2) Hubei Engineering Research Center of Construction Quality Testing Equipment, Yichang; 443002, China; (3) Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information Technique, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310029, China; (4) Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing; 100097, China; (5) College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang; 443002, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:196-201
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to the advances in hyperspectral sensor technology, hyperspectral images have gained a great attention in the precision agriculture. Compared to multispectral images, e.g., Landsat TM (thematic mapper) and MODIS (moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) images, hyperspectral images have higher spectral resolution and provide more contiguous spectrum. Thus, hyperspectral images are expected to have good capability in quantifying vegetation biophysical and biochemical attributes which can reflect crop growth status and guide site-specific agricultural management. In practical applications, vegetation classification is usually required to be conducted first and then the vegetation of interest is discriminated from others. It is easy to distinguish vegetated areas from other surface types by setting the threshold of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). As to the discrimination of different vegetation types using hyperspectral image, it is a typical hyperspectral image classification problem. The scatter-matrix-based class separability measure is often favored and chosen as a selection criterion in feature selection due to its simplicity and robustness. The scatter-matrix-based class separability measure is constructed by using 2 of 3 scatter matrices which are within-class scatter matrix, between-class scatter matrix and total scatter matrix. Traditionally, these scatter matrices are calculated from the perspective of all classes. However, direct optimization of this measure tends to select a set of discriminative but mutually redundant features, which restricts the improvement of classification accuracy. In order to avoid selecting mutually redundant features as much as possible, this study proposes an improved scatter-matrix-based feature selection method, which tries to calculate scatter-matrix-based class separability values for each pair of classes and then takes the average of all the pairwise class separability values as the final selection criterion. Feature selection is performed by maximizing the criterion using sequential floating forward search (SFFS). In order to verify whether the proposed feature selection method could well avoid selecting mutually redundant features, the mean square correlation coefficients were calculated for the proposed feature selection method and the conventional scatter-matrix-based feature selection method, and a quantitative comparison was conducted. The classification accuracy of the proposed method was compared with that of several representative feature selection methods that were respectively based on MI (mutual information) and class separability measure. The experiments and comparative analyses were conducted with a widely used hyperspectral image, which was collected over the agriculture area in northwestern Indiana, USA (United States of America) by the AVIRIS (Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer). The experimental results indicated that: (1) The proposed feature selection method could better alleviate the problem of selecting mutually redundant features, compared to the feature selection method of conventional scatter-matrix-based class separability measure; (2) Compared with the MI-based feature selection methods, the scatter-matrix-based feature selection methods generally got higher classification accuracies, and especially the proposed feature selection method produced the highest classification accuracies on both data sets (87.2% and 90.1%) for vegetation classification of hyperspectral image. The comparative experiments on the classification of a typical agricultural hyperspectral image demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed feature selection method in the vegetation classification of hyperspectral image. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Image classification
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Classification (of information) - Feature extraction - Image analysis - Image reconstruction - Independent component analysis - Radiometers - Satellite imagery - Spectrometers - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometers - Band selection - Class separability measure - Hyper-spectral images - Hyperspectral image classification - Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer - Mutual informations - Normalized difference vegetation index
Classification code:655.2 Satellites - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.72e+01%, Percentage 9.01e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20164603020559
Title:Coupling model of EPIC-Nitrogen2D and crop growth, soil water, nitrogen dynamics in winter wheat
Authors:Zhu, Yan (1); Liu, Kun (1); Wang, Liying (2); Shi, Liangsheng (1); Yang, Jinzhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Lab of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430072, China; (2) China Water Resources Pearl River Planning Surveying & Designing Co., LTD., Guangzhou; 510610, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Jinzhong(jzyang126@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:141-151
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Quantitative estimation of soil moisture, nitrogen transformation and transport, and crop growth is important for improving nitrogen use efficiency and decreasing nitrogen pollution in agricultural areas. The objective of this study was to develop a transient soil water and nitrogen dynamics model with the consideration of crop growth. A crop growth module was developed based on Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model. It was then discretized by Galerkin finite element method to be integrated with the unsaturated-saturated soil water and nitrogen transformation and transport model Nitrogen2D. The integrated model was multi-functional in simulating soil water movements, soil nitrate and ammonium transformation and transport processes, and crop growth of specified type of crop. The crop growth module could calculate the root growing dynamics and its distribution in the soil, as well as the biomass in real time. And the module could also simulate the root uptake of water and nitrogen according to the real time root distribution. The yield of crop and nitrogen uptake mass would be output at the end of the crop growth period duration. The model was adopted to simulate the soil water and nitrogen distribution dynamics and winter wheat crop growth progresses in the irrigation and drainage experimental sites in Wuhan University, China. The experiments were implemented in 3 lysimeters, each with a size of 2 m × 2 m × 3 m. Winter wheat was planted and irrigated 3 times by the treated sewage water during the growing season. The nitrate and ammonium concentrations in the irrigation water were measured. The information on climatic factors such as temperature, precipitation was adopted. The reference evapotranspiration was calculated by Penman-Monteith equation. The temporal soil moisture content, soil temperature, ammonium and nitrate concentrations at different depths were measured, as well as the soil moisture, nitrate and ammonium concentration profiles before planting and after harvesting. The biomass and nitrogen uptake mass were measured after harvesting. The soil moisture and pressure head in the soil profile were measured simultaneously to obtain the soil water parameters of van Genutchen model. The model parameters including nitrogen transformation and transport parameters, and crop growth parameters were calibrated and validated by comparing the simulations with the measurements in test pit 8, 10 and 18. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient and agreement index of the simulated soil moisture content were 0.59-0.90, and 0.86-0.97 and these 2 statistical indexes for the simulated nitrogen concentration were 0.44-0.93, and 0.52-0.98. The simulation results showed good agreements with the measurements and indicated the model reliability for water and nitrogen simulation with crop growth. This study further compared the nitrogen root uptake results simulated by the proposed crop growth module and by a simple root uptake module. The results showed that the results from the crop growth module were in much agreement with the measurements with the relative root mean square error (RRMSE) 3.4%-46%, while the larger deviations between the simple model and the measurements were observed with the RRMSE 25%-176%, due to ignoring the root growing dynamics in real time and the effects of soil environments. Thus the integrated crop growth module and Nitrogen2D can be used for simulating soil water movements, the fate of nitrogen and crop growth in agricultural areas. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Climate change - Crops - Dynamics - Ecology - Efficiency - Finite element method - Irrigation - Mean square error - Models - Moisture - Moisture determination - Nitrates - Nitrogen - Sewage - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soil testing - Soils - Water pollution - Water supply - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Ammonium concentrations - Crop growth model - Galerkin finite element methods - Nitrogen transformations - Nitrogen2D EPIC - Penman-Monteith equations - Reference evapotranspiration - Unsaturated-saturated zone
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 452.1 Sewage - 453 Water Pollution - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.50e+01% to 1.76e+02%, Percentage 3.40e+00% to 4.60e+01%, Size 3.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20164603020580
Title:Non-destructive examination for freshness of eggs based on dielectric properties and yolk index regression model
Authors:Sun, Jun (1); Liu, Bin (1); Mao, Hanping (2); Wu, Xiaohong (1); Gao, Hongyan (2); Yang, Ning (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:290-295
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Egg is an important source of protein nutrition in China. Eggs which have high protein, low fat and a variety of nutritional elements, easy to digest and absorb, and so on are popular with people. Detection of freshness of egg effectively is not only to protect the interests of consumers, but also beneficial to the management of producers and operators. At present, fluorescence spectrum, infrared spectrum, image processing and dielectric property detection are the main methods of egg nondestructive testing. Dielectric property detection technology is a fast and nondestructive testing technology. The characteristics of dielectric properties have been shown to have special advantages in the field of agricultural product quality evaluation and grading. There are many achievements in non-destructive testing of agricultural products by using dielectric properties. In order to achieve a more accurate and rapid determination of egg yolk index, we studied the relationship between the dielectric properties and egg yolk index. Based on the dielectric properties, we established an egg fresh degree nondestructive detection model, and obtained the egg yolk index information. In this experiment, we used parallel plate method to measure the dielectric properties of different fresh eggs between 1 and 200 kHz. This experiment was based on different fresh degree eggs. We measured the dielectric properties of different fresh eggs between 1 and 200 kHz by using the parallel plate method. We used MATLAB to analyze the effects of frequency and freshness on the dielectric properties of eggs, and to draw the curve. The research results showed that the measurement frequency and the fresh degree had a significant effect on the dielectric properties. Between 1 and 200 kHz, the relative dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of eggs decreased with the increase of the test frequency. When the frequency was less than 50 kHz, the decline was obvious. When the frequency was more than 50 kHz, the decline was not obvious. Between 1 and 200 kHz, the relative dielectric constant of the egg decreased with the increase of the egg fresh degree. When the egg yolk index was less than 0.2, the relative dielectric constant decreased significantly. When the egg yolk index was greater than 0.2, the relative dielectric constant change was not obvious. We used MATLAB to fit the equation of relative dielectric constant and egg yolk index. Comparison of the determination coefficient, we found that the best fitting effect of measurement data under frequency of 1.2 kHz. The determination coefficient was 0.995. In order to test the correctness of the model, we randomly selected 50 eggs to measure. Validation of the results was that the determination coefficient was 0.9115 and the yolk index error within was ±4.2%. The results showed that the egg yolk index obtained by the fitting equation can predict the egg yolk index, which provided a new feasible method for the measurement of fresh degree of eggs. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Dielectric properties
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Agriculture - Dielectric losses - Grading - Image processing - Nondestructive examination - Nutrition - Proteins - Quality control - Regression analysis - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - Dielectric loss factors - Effect of measurements - Egg yolks - Fitting equations - Non destructive testing - Nondestructive detection - Relative dielectric constant
Classification code:461.7 Health Care - 708.1 Dielectric Materials - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 1.00e+03Hz to 2.00e+05Hz, Frequency 1.20e+03Hz, Frequency 5.00e+04Hz
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20164603020558
Title:Effects of deficit irrigation on growth and yield of self-rooted and grafted muskmelon
Authors:Chen, Xiufan (1); Yuan, Baozhong (1); Bie, Zhilong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Yuan, Baozhong(yuanbz@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:133-140
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Deficit irrigation is an effective method for water resource saving while maintaining crop yield. This study aimed to investigate effects of different irrigation low limits on yield and growth of self-rooted and grafted muskmelon in greenhouse. The experiment was conducted in 2015 in a plastic greenhouse of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China (114°22'E, 30°29'N). The soil was clay-loam with field water holding capacity (FC) of 32.6%. Three different drip irrigation low limits were designed based on FC including 45%FC, 65%FC and 85%FC during the reproductive stage of self-rooted and grafted muskmelon and for all the treatments the irrigation lower limit in the vegetative growth stage was kept as 65%FC. There were a total of 6 treatments, and each replicated 3 times. The muskmelon species was Elizabeth with a growing period of 90 d. The white seed pumpkin was used as the graft stock for the grafted muskmelon treatments. During the experiment, the measurements were leaf SPAD, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, aboveground dry matter, root dry matter, yield and weight per fruit. The root-aboveground dry matter ratio and irrigation water use efficiency was calculated. The results showed that: 1) the plant height and stem diameter became different after 9 days of transplanting, and kept increased. The plant height of the self-rooted muskmelon was higher than that of the grafted muskmelon but the stem diameter of the former was lower than that of the latter; 2) The leaf area of grafted muskmelon under deficient irrigation increased faster than that of the self-rooted muskmelon. In the vegetative growth stage, due to the same irrigation low limit, the SPAD values of the most treatments did not show significant difference. In the reproductive stage, the different irrigation low limits caused different SPAD values, which decreased with reduction of irrigation. Under the 45%FC treatment, the grafted muskmelon had higher SPAD value than the self-rooted muskmelon. With decreasing irrigation low limits, the root and aboveground dry matter decreased and the root-aboveground dry matter ratio increased. The 65%FC treatment had significantly higher root dry matter than 45%FC, but was similar with the 85%FC treatment. The aboveground dry matter of the grafted muskmelon was significantly higher that of the self-rooted muskmelon under the treatments of 45%FC and 85%FC; 3) The yield was ordered by 85%FC for the grafted or self-rooted muskmelon, 65%FC for the grafted muskmelon, 65%FC for the self-rooted muskmelon, 45%FC for the grafted muskmelon, and 45%FC for the self-rooted muskmelon. Under the deficient irrigation, the 65%FC for the grafted muskmelon was the highest. Compared with full irrigation (85%FC), the 65%FC for the grafted muskmelon had 17.3% and 21.6% lower yield than the self-rooted and grafted muskmelon, however had 30.5% and 37.7% higher water use efficiency than the grafted and self-rooted muskmelon. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Biomass - Efficiency - Grafts - Greenhouses - Subirrigation - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Deficient irrigation - Investigate effects - Irrigation water use efficiency - Muskmelon - Self-rooted - Water holding capacity - Water use efficiency - Yield
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 462.4 Prosthetics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.47e-02yr, Percentage 1.73e+01%, Percentage 2.16e+01%, Percentage 3.05e+01%, Percentage 3.26e+01%, Percentage 3.77e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20164603020548
Title:Improvement and verification of pressure-sinkage model in homogeneous soil
Authors:Zhao, Jiafeng (1); Wang, Wei (1); Sun, Zhongxing (1); Su, Xujun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Artillery Engineering, Ordnance Engineering College, Shijiazhuang; 050000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:60-66
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Vehicles mobility performance relies on the sustentation of the soil. The sinkage and driving resistance are closely related to soil pressure-bearing characteristics. There are many soil pressure-sinkage theories that allow the designers of off-road vehicles to understand and predict vehicle mobility performance over the soft soil. In this paper, these theories were firstly divided into 3 categories in accordance with the mechanism and terramechanics after a brief introduction. Then their characteristics, applicability and meaning of equations were analyzed in detail. Bekker proposed the pressure-sinkage model based on the previous research and got soil subsidence parameters by loading plate bearing. The method is simple and still widely used today, but it is difficult in obtaining in-suit bearing test curve. American scholar Karafiath et al. predicted soil subsidence pressure curve by means of soil mechanics method, which is ideal and does not agree with the actual soil pressure stress value, especially for sandy compacted soil. British scholar Reece et al. described soil subsidence pressure curve combined with the ultimate bearing capacity concept in soil mechanics and Bekker's methods. It is relatively accurate as it has a comparative system theory. On this basis, in order to achieve an accurate prediction of soil pressure-subsidence curve by soil parameters, a new plate pressure-sinkage model was proposed combined with the exponential model and soil mechanics methods. Using the mechanical parameters in Bekker's literature about clayed soil, we found that the error between the ultimate bearing capacity and the corresponding pressure values calculated by Bekker's equation was about from 5% to 21%, and the error between the sinkage index value calculated and the actual value was about from 7% to 36%. Using the relevant research results from Zhuang Jide et al, it showed a very high coefficient between the predicted curve by parameters calculation and the actual curve obtained from the tests in sandy soil. The correlation coefficient between the subsidence curve with the improved model and the curve by calculating in the sandy soil test was 0.9998. The error between the ultimate bearing capacity and the corresponding pressure values calculated by Bekker's equation was about 9.26%, and the error between the sinkage index value calculated and the actual value was about 2.04%. We also used the soil test data of paddy soil in College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University for validation. The deformation index changed with the moisture content. Curve coincidence degree was better comparing the field measured one with the one from the improved model, in which the sinkage index value ranged from 0.32 to 0.52. Therefore, the model is valid and stable for sticky and frictional soils. It is predictable that the load curve can be constructed using the mechanical parameters of soil, which provides a new theoretical idea for solving pressure-sinkage problem. It should be mentioned that, these models are applicable for homogeneous soil but not for layered soil, such as southern paddy fields. Also we find that the sinkage index value of bearing-pressure model is stable, and whether it can be used as soil confined nature eigenvalue is worthy of further discussion. Also, although the improved model has ideal effects in these examples, its specific soil type and boundary conditions still need to be validated. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Aluminum - Bearing capacity - Bearings (machine parts) - Curves (road) - Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions - Errors - Mechanics - Plating - Pressure - Sand - Soil mechanics - Soil testing - Stresses - Subsidence - Vehicle performance - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Bearing characteristic - Bearing pressure - Correlation coefficient - Mechanical parameters - Parameters calculations - Sinkage - Terramechanics - Ultimate bearing capacity
Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 539.3 Metal Plating - 541.1 Aluminum - 601.2 Machine Components - 662.1 Automobiles - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.04e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00% to 2.10e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+00% to 3.60e+01%, Percentage 9.26e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20164603020547
Title:Force analysis of rotary blade based on distinct element method
Authors:Fang, Huimin (1, 2); Ji, Changying (1); Zhang, Qingyi (1); Guo, Jun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China; (2) Shandong Academy of Agricultural Machinery Sciences, Jinan; 250100, China
Corresponding author:Ji, Changying(chyji@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:54-59
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Tillage practice is one of the energy-consumed links in agricultural production, while the energy can be saved through proper management of tillage practices. In order to manage the tillage process reasonably, a better understanding of soil-tool interaction should be developed. In fact, the soil-tool interaction is a complex process because of the spatial variability of soil, tool dynamics and soil movement. The process becomes more complex due to the addition of straw, as straw-soil-tool interaction involves the incorporation, displacement and movement of straw. Basically, soil-tool interactions are usually characterized by forces arising at the soil-tool interface. In case of rotary tillage, the force variation of rotary blade plays a pivotal role in the field of blade geometry optimization and energy consumption. However, it is very difficult to acquire this information in field tests due to the presence of many uncontrollable variables such as weather and soil moisture content. The simulation of tillage process by a rotary blade using distinct element method (DEM) is hypothesized to provide a better understanding of the force variation in complex field conditions. Therefore, the present study was carried out with the DEM simulation on the basis of the experiments performed in an indoor soil bin. Based on these situations, the DEM models for the interaction of soil and rotary blade and the interaction of straw, soil, and rotary blade were established. Secondly, the indoor soil bin experiments were conducted. Blade torques at every moment were used to study torque requirement in simulation, and a torque sensor (LKN207) was installed between the output shaft of motor and the rotor of blade through chain transmission to measure the torque force at 0.025 s interval. Both simulation and experiment were performed with 4 rotational speeds of blade (77, 100, 123, and 146 r/min), the constant forward speed of 0.222 m/s and the depth of 100 mm under 2 soil conditions (with and without straw covered). It was observed that the torque requirement in both soil bin experiment and simulation increased with increasing rotational speed of blade. In the simulation, the torque first increased with the increasing of rotational angle and then decreased gradually. This phenomenon was also observed for the soil bin experiment, but the torque forces obtained were slightly higher than those obtained by simulation. The average error of torque between simulation results and experimental results was about 16.3% for the soil without straw covered while 19.1% for the soil with straw covered. The resultant force, forward and side force under both soil conditions increased from 0 to a maximum value and then decreased to 0. The vertical force increased from 0 to a maximum and then decreased to 0 in upward direction, and later another rising and falling period occurred in the opposite direction. The maximum resultant force, horizontal force and vertical force during the tillage increased with the increasing of rotational speeds, whereas there was no clear trend of variance for the side force. The variations of 3-dimensional force with different rotational speeds under 2 soil conditions were also compared. The results revealed that all the forces acting on the blade under the soil with straw covered were higher than those observed under the soil without straw covered in the initial period of the tillage, and later the maximum forces of blade working in the soil with straw covered were also higher. A high correlation between the simulation results and theoretical results was obtained in horizontal and vertical directions. It can be inferred that the simulation of soil-blade and straw-soil-blade interaction using the DEM provides a better understanding of force and torque requirement during the tillage, which is helpful for the design and optimization of rotary blade. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Bins - Energy utilization - Soil moisture - Speed - Straw - Torque - Turbomachine blades
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Design and optimization - Distinct element methods - Forces - Rotary blades - Spatial variability - Tillage practices - Vertical direction
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 694.4 Storage - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.63e+01%, Percentage 1.91e+01%, Rotational_Speed 1.46e+02RPM, Size 1.00e-01m, Time 2.50e-02s, Velocity 2.22e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20164603020556
Title:Response mechanism and simulation of winter wheat phonology to soil water stress
Authors:Liu, Jian (1, 2); Yao, Ning (1, 2); Lin, Haixia (1, 2); Zhou, Yuangang (1, 2); Wu, Shufang (1, 2); Feng, Hao (2, 3); Zhang, Tibin (3); Bai, Jiangping (4); He, Jianqiang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory for Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid Area of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Institute of Soiler and Wat Conservation, Chinese Academy of Science & Ministry of Water Resource, Yangling; 712100, China; (4) Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou; 730070, China
Corresponding author:He, Jianqiang(jianqiang_he@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:115-124
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Crop growth simulation models are important in agricultural planning and management. The simulation of crop phenology is the basis of correct simulation of growth and development processes in crop models. Calculation of accumulative thermal time is a common way of simulating crop phonological development in crop models, while the effects of photoperiod and vernalization are also considered. However, the response of crop phenology to water stress is rarely quantified and often neglected. The main objective of this study was to explore and quantify the mechanism of phenology response of winter wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) to water stress. Experiments were conducted in plastic columns under a rainout shelter for winter wheat growing under water stresses at different growth stages in two growing seasons (from October 2013 to June 2014 and from October 2014 to June 2015). Another independent field experiment was conducted under a rainout shelter for winter wheat under water stresses at different growth stages in three continuous growing seasons (2012-2013, 2013-2014, and 2014-2015). In this study, relative water availability (A<inf>w</inf>) was chosen as water stress index. When A<inf>w</inf>was below a certain value of A (defined as critical point of accelerating development), crop began to hasten development, while there was no effect on crop phenological development above A. When A<inf>w</inf>was below a certain value of S (defined as critical point of ceasing development), crop development stopped. Thus, it was reasonable to propose that there existed a certain value of D (defined as critical point of decelerating development) between points A and S. Thus, A<inf>w</inf>would hasten crop development between A and D and delay development between D and S. When A<inf>w</inf>did not affect crop phenological development, the value of water modification factor (WMF) was set as 1; when accelerating crop development, WMF was greater than 1; and when decelerating development, WMF was smaller than 1. Then, modified physiological day (MPD) was computed through multiplying WMF with physiological day (PD). The values of MPD were used to quantify the phenology response of winter wheat to soil water stress. The soil column experimental data of 2014-2015 growing season were used to calibrate the phenology water stress response function. The estimated values of relative water availability of points A, D, and S were 0.30, 0.10 and 0, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) between simulated and observed jointing and flowering dates were 0.8 and 1.7 d. The values of absolute relative error (ARE) were below 0.68% and 2.09%, respectively. When verifying the phenology water stress response function with the data of 2013-2014 soil column experiment, the RMSE between simulated and observed jointing and flowering dates were 0.9 and 1.1 d and ARE were less than 1.37% and 1.68%, respectively. When verifying the modified phenology algorithm with the data of independent field experiment of three growing seasons, the RMSE between simulated and observed flowering and maturity dates were 2.4 and 2.0 d and ARE were less than 4.21% and 2.67%, respectively. Compared with the simulation results of CERES-Wheat model in the DSSAT, it showed that the modified algorithm was able to reflect the influences of water stress on winter phenology while CERES-Wheat model showed no difference among different treatments in the same year. The RMSE between CERES-Wheat simulated and observed flowering and maturity dates were 4.0 and 5.5 d and the maximum error were 8 and 6 d, respectively. The results of calibration and verification showed that the phenology water stress response function developed in this study could be used to accurately simulate the variations in phenological dates of different winter wheat varieties caused by different scenarios of soil water stress. This response function needs to be evaluated further in more field experiments and then be embedded in current popular crop models, such as CERES-Wheat in the DSSAT model, to improve their simulation accuracy of phenology under water stress conditions. Consequently, modified crop models are supposed to have a better accuracy and applicability in arid and semi-arid areas. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:44
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Biology - Errors - Mean square error - Models - Physiology - Plants (botany) - Soil moisture - Soils - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulated temperatures - Phenology - Soil water availability - Water stress - Winter wheat
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.37e+00%, Percentage 1.68e+00%, Percentage 2.09e+00%, Percentage 2.67e+00%, Percentage 4.21e+00%, Percentage 6.80e-01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20164603020575
Title:Analysis of spatial differentiation of landscape ecological quality and its affecting factors in metropolitan suburbs
Authors:Ren, Guoping (1, 2); Liu, Liming (1); Zhuo, Dong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) College of Urban Management, Hunan City University, Yiyang; 413000, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Liming(liulm@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:252-263
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The spatial stationary data are usually used in most ordinary linear regression analysis, which often has limitation of ignoring the local variations of spatial data. In this paper, in order to evaluation and classification of landscape ecological quality of 184 administrative villages in the western suburbs of Qingpu district in Shanghai City, we constructed evaluation index system of landscape ecological quality. The comprehensive index evaluation method and the equal distance space classification method were used. A new technique called local linear geographically weighted regression model (LLGWR model) was introduced to evaluate the impacts of landscape ecological quality. Comparison was made among ordinary linear regression model (OLS model), geographical weighted regression model (GWR model), and local linear geographically weighted regression model (LLGWR model) for the accuracy of the spatial differences of landscape ecological quality of administrative villages in Qingpu District. The results showed that: the variation range of landscape ecological quality index of administrative villages was 0.03- 5.49 in Qingpu District in the year of 2014. The characteristic of landscape ecological quality in that region was high in the west and low in the east. The relationship between the landscape ecological quality and the influence factors of the eight kinds of pressure types showed the characteristic of local change with the change of the spatial position even with the same factors acted on the landscape ecological quality. Compared among the results of the interpretation of the three models, we concluded that GWR model and LLGWR model were superior to the OLS model in the process of spatial heterogeneity and spatial heterogeneity; LLGWR model was better than the GWR model in dealing with the problem of "boundary fuzzy" which was caused by "boundary effect". In addition, village domain changes of landscape ecological quality had differences in space and scale sensitivity. Landscape and ecological quality changes were positively related to the factors such as amount of farmland per capita, Engel coefficient, and urbanization rate. The changes of landscape ecological quality was negative related factors such as demographic dependency ratio, second industry accounted for GDP ratio, population density, settlement and farmland ratio, and distance to the nearest township. Our results have important guidance function to sustainable development of landscape ecosystem and the spatial land consolidation in Metropolitan Suburbs. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Ecology - Farms - Linear regression - Models - Population statistics - Regression analysis - Rural areas - Urban planning - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological quality - Evaluation and classifications - Evaluation index system - Geographical weighted regressions - Geographically weighted regression models - Linear regression models - Ordinary linear regression analysis - Qingpu District in Shanghai
Classification code:403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20164603020549
Title:Design of air-assisted electric knapsack sprayer and experiment of its operation performance
Authors:Wang, Shilin (1); Song, Jianli (1); He, Xiongkui (1); Li, Yanjie (1); Ling, Yun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China
Corresponding author:Song, Jianli(songjianli170@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:67-73
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The major plant protection equipment in small fields is knapsack sprayer at present in China. When the canopies are tall or dense, the level/electric knapsack sprayers perform very poorly in droplet penetration. Motor knapsack mist sprayer is heavy, noisy and inconvenient to operate. An air-assisted electric knapsack sprayer was developed to improve the spraying efficiency of knapsack sprayer. The key component of the air-assisted electric knapsack sprayer is its atomizer with a motor installed behind the nozzle to drive a five-blade fan. When the motor rotates in a high speed to generate air flow, droplets are pushed to deposit to canopies. At the same time, the air flow blows and reverses leaves, so the droplets can deposit on both sides of leaves. The air-assisted sprayer can adjust its spray pressure from 0.15 to 0.6 MPa and the wind speed near air-flow outlet from 0 to 8 m/s. The atomization of 3 LECHLER hollow cone nozzles (TR80-01, TR80-02, and TR80-03) installed in the air-assisted electric knapsack sprayer was tested under the spraying pressure of 0.3 MPa. Droplet volume medium diameter (VMD) was measured by laser particle size analyzer, spraying angle and spraying sheet length were measured by high-speed photography, and spraying range was measured by water sensitive paper (wsp) under the wind speed of 0, 4, 6 and 8 m/s. ImageJ software was used to analyze the pictures taken by high-speed photography and DepositScan software was used to measure the density of droplets on water sensitive paper. Operating performance of air-assisted electric knapsack sprayer was measured in a tomato greenhouse compared with a conventional level knapsack sprayer. The tomato canopy was divided into 8 areas to determine the amount of pesticide deposition, 2 parts (left and right) from the vertical direction and 4 parts (top, middle upper, middle lower and bottom) from the horizontal direction. The distribution and deposition of the pesticides in tomato canopies were tested by LC-MS. The effect of biological control was also analyzed. The results showed that the droplets VMD increased with the increase of wind speed, and the spraying angle and spraying sheet length decreased with the increase of wind speed. Spraying range of the 3 nozzles (TR80-01, TR80-02, and TR80-03) under the wind speed of 8 m/s (the maximum wind) was 2.6, 2.0 and 1.9 times that without air flow. This air-assisted electric knapsack sprayer could increase the pesticides application efficiency and improve the pesticides distribution uniformity on the upper side and underside of leaves. The air-assisted electric knapsack sprayer using TR80-01 and TR80-02 nozzles could increase the application efficiency of pesticides by 1.38 and 1.14 times compared with the conventional level knapsack sprayer respectively. There was no significant difference in the control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum compared with the conventional level knapsack sprayer; there was also no difference for the air-assisted electric knapsack sprayer when its application dosage reduced by about ½ (TR80-01 nozzle) and ⅓ (TR80-02 nozzle) in the first 5 days after spraying, and the control result using air-assisted electric knapsack sprayer was better than that using the traditional level knapsack sprayer on the 7th day. The air-assisted electric knapsack sprayer is more quiet and lighter than engine-driving knapsack mist sprayer, and moreover it is suitable for spraying work in greenhouse because there is no exhaust gas. Different kinds of nozzles can be installed on the air-assisted electric knapsack sprayer according to the requirements of pesticide application. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Air - Atomizers - Deposition - Deposits - Drops - Efficiency - Fruits - Greenhouses - High speed photography - Nozzles - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Pesticides - Photography - Plants (botany) - Speed - Spraying - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Distribution uniformity - Droplet spectrums - Laser particle size analyzer - Operating performance - Operation performance - Pesticide applications - Trialeurodes vaporariorum - Water sensitive paper
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 742.1 Photography - 746 Imaging Techniques - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.37e-02yr, Pressure 1.50e+05Pa to 6.00e+05Pa, Pressure 3.00e+05Pa, Velocity 0.00e+00m/s to 8.00e+00m/s, Velocity 8.00e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20164603020569
Title:Experiment on active solar heating effect for monomer building in northwest region
Authors:Li, Jinping (1, 2, 3); Si, Zetian (1, 2, 3); Kong, Ying (1, 2, 3); Wang, Lei (1, 2, 3); Zhen, Xiaofei (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Western China Energy & Environment Research Center, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (2) China Northwestern Collaborative Innovation Center of Low-carbon Urbanization Technologies, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Energy Supply System Drived by Biomass Energy and Solar Energy of Gansu Province, Lanzhou; 730050, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:217-222
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the area of northwest China, the coal is the main fuel for heating, and the way for heating in rural area is traditional and backward, which has low energy efficiency and poor indoor thermal comfort. To make a good use of abundant solar energy to meet the requirement of indoor thermal comfort of monomer building in the rural area of northwest China, 2 monomer buildings are taken as the research objects, which are located at Zhangma Village, Minqin County, Gansu Province, and the area of each building is 117 m<sup>2</sup>. One of them is regarded as the experimental building with the external wall insulation transformation, and the other is regarded as the reference building. The experimental building uses solar powered radiator heating system and solar powered low temperature floor heating system in 2 heating seasons respectively, and both of the 2 systems are driven by a forced circulation. The solar collecting system consists of 6 evacuated tubular solar collectors; the collectors are connected in series, and each one is made up of 40 vaccum tubes. The reference building uses coal-fired boiler powered radiator heating system which is driven by a natural circulation. The stability of energy supply, the indoor thermal comfort and the thermal economic performance are studied by testing for 3 kinds of heating methods. The test has been done from December 1, 2014 to March 31, 2015, and from December 1, 2015 to March 31, 2016. The following parameters are measured: solar radiation on the collection face of solar collectors, hot water temperature in solar collector, indoor temperature and relative humidity, inlet and outlet temperature of heat pipe, ambient temperature, and flow rate of circulating water, which are recorded by the computer automatically. The experiment results indicate that the low-temperature solar floor heating is the best. Firstly, after the floor heating system takes place of the radiator heating, the number of the days with using the solar heating is significantly increased, the number of the days with using the coal-fired boiler is significantly reduced. It shows that the system has a good ability for resisting disturbance from its surroundings, and it is obvious that the stability of energy supply has been improved. Secondly, when the minimum ambient temperature is -10℃, the indoor average temperature of experimental building can achieve 14℃, the indoor relative humidity of floor heating is maintained at 51%-60%, while the indoor relative humidity of radiator heating is maintained at 47%-65%. Compared with the radiator heating, the indoor temperature and relative humidity of floor heating are more stable and have smaller fluctuations, so it has better thermal comfort. Finally, the daily average heat-collecting efficiency of solar collector is related to the average daily temperature difference between hot water and ambient air. After taking place of the radiator, the average daily temperature difference of hot water and ambient air is reduced, so the daily average heat-collecting efficiency is improved. In the second heating season, the solar fraction increases from 30.8% to 60.3%, the quality of the saved coal is 2372.4 kg, and the reduction of CO<inf>2</inf>emissions is 6.22 t, which show that the solar floor heating has a better energy-saving property; it is also an environment-friendly heating method, and the payback period is about 3.34 years. So this system can basically satisfy the continuous and stable heating demand in winter for the monomer building, which has a broad application prospect and will be worth popularizing in the northwest regions. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Solar heating
Controlled terms:Boiler circulation - Boilers - Buildings - Carbon dioxide - Coal - Coal fired boilers - Collector efficiency - Energy conservation - Energy efficiency - Energy resources - Floors - Fossil fuel power plants - Heat pipes - Heating - Heating equipment - Investments - Monomers - Radiators - Rural areas - Solar collectors - Solar energy - Space heating - Temperature - Thermal comfort - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Collecting efficiency - Economic performance - Energy supplies - Experimental buildings - External wall insulations - Floor heating systems - Heating in rural areas - Indoor thermal comfort
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 524 Solid Fuels - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 614 Steam Power Plants - 614.2 Steam Power Plant Equipment and Operation - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 643 Space Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning - 643.1 Space Heating - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 702.3 Solar Cells - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds
Numerical data indexing:Age 3.34e+00yr, Area 1.17e+02m2, Mass 2.37e+03kg, Percentage 3.08e+01% to 6.03e+01%, Percentage 4.70e+01% to 6.50e+01%, Percentage 5.10e+01% to 6.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20164603020560
Title:Modifying Hargreaves model considering radiation to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration in hilly area of central Sichuan Basin
Authors:Jia, Yue (1); Cui, Ningbo (1, 2); Wei, Xinping (1); Gong, Daozhi (3); Hu, Xiaotao (4)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering & College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu; 610065, China; (2) Provincial Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture in Hill Areas of Southern China, Chengdu; 610065, China; (3) State Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Water Use and Disaster Loss Reduction of Crops, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing; 100081, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Cui, Ningbo(cuiningbo@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:152-160
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET<inf>0</inf>) is an important parameter in water cycle and water balance. Accurate estimation of ET<inf>0</inf>becomes vital in planning and optimizing irrigation schedules and irrigation system management. Numerous methods have been proposed for estimating ET<inf>0</inf>, among which the Penman-Monteith (P-M) method recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 1998 provides the most accurate results across the world wherever in arid or humid environment. But the main problems when computing ET<inf>0</inf>by the P-M method are its complicated nonlinear process and requirements of many climatic variables. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop a much simpler and more appropriate method in areas with limited data, such as the Hargreaves-Samani (H-S) method. In order to improve the ET<inf>0</inf>calculation accuracy of the H-S method, in this research the daily data of 13 representative meteorological stations from 1954 to 2013 in hilly area of central Sichuan was used to calculate the ET<inf>0</inf>. The H-S method was modified based on the Bayesian principle and the impact of the radiation, and at the same time the accuracy of the modified method was evaluated. The result showed that in ZoneI the parameter a was 0.915, in Zone II was 0.922, in Zone III was 0.912, and the parameter b was the function of radiation. The trend of the modified method's computing result was similar to the P-M method and both showed a parabolic shape. Compared with the H-S method, the average absolute error of ten-day ET<inf>0</inf>with the modified H-S method decreased from 0.93 to 0.15 mm/d in Zone I, from 0.95 to 0.19 mm/d in Zone II and from 0.93 to 0.28 mm/d in Zone III. The fitting equation slope of ten-day ET<inf>0</inf>was 0.89, 0.94 and 0.90 respectively in these areas using the modified method, and the calculation accuracy was enhanced remarkably. During the period between March and October, the average absolute error of monthly ET<inf>0</inf>decreased from 0.89 to 0.46 mm/d in Zone I, from 1.14 to 0.29 mm/d in ZoneII and from 1.28 to 0.21 mm/d in Zone III, respectively. In January, February and December, the average absolute error of monthly ET<inf>0</inf>changed from 0.14 to 0.35 mm/d in ZoneI, decreased from 0.31 to 0.30 mm/d in Zone II and from 0.32 to 0.28 mm/d in Zone III. The fitting equation slope of monthly ET<inf>0</inf>was 0.83, 0.89 and 0.90 respectively in these areas using the modified method. The accuracy of modified method decreased when the altitude increased. In the whole year, the accuracy increased by 47%, the accuracy in Zone I increased by 35% and the accuracy in Zone II increased by 48% especially in the main crop growth period. Therefore, the modified H-S method based on the Bayesian theory is more adaptive and accurate, and can be used as a simple method for the calculation of ET<inf>0</inf>in hilly area of central Sichuan Basin. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Computation theory - Errors - Evapotranspiration - Heat radiation - Irrigation - Models
Uncontrolled terms:Applicability evaluation - Average absolute error - Central Sichuan Basin - Food and agriculture organizations - Hargreaves - Meteorological station - Reference crop evapotranspirations - The Bias principle
Classification code:641.2 Heat Transfer - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.50e+01%, Percentage 4.70e+01%, Percentage 4.80e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20164603020568
Title:Analysis and experiment of performance on water circulation system of steel pipe network formed by roof truss for heat collection and release in Chinese solar greenhouse
Authors:Ma, Chengwei (1); Jiang, Yichen (2); Cheng, Jieyu (1); Zhao, Shumei (1); Xia, Nan (3); Wang, Pingzhi (1); Yang, Ping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Center of Agriculture Machinery Extension, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100079, China; (3) Beijing Zhongnong Futong Horticulture Co., Ltd, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Shumei(zhaoshum@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:209-216
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A water circulation system of pipe network formed by roof truss for heat collection and release was developed to enhance the indoor temperature at night in Chinese solar greenhouse. This low-cost solar-utilizing system was a pipe network formed by top and bottom booms of roof truss and water could flow in it. The pipe network was used as a solar heat collector in the daytime and a radiator in the evening. In the daytime, when the surfaces of pipes absorbed solar radiant heat and their temperature became higher, the heat could be collected by the flowing water in pipes and stored in an insulated tank. In the evening, when the indoor temperature of greenhouse became lower, the heat stored in the tank could be released into greenhouse by the flowing water in pipes. Theoretical calculation showed that the solar energy interception rate of the pipe network could reach 7%-8% when the spacing of roof trusses was 1 m, and the diameter of boom pipes was 33.5 mm, and that the water in tank could store the heat absorbed by pipe network for 2-3 d when the cubage of tank was 1.5-2.5 m<sup>3</sup>/100 m<sup>2</sup>(greenhouse floor area). A winter experiment was conducted in a solar greenhouse with the floor area of 620 m<sup>2</sup>in Beijing. The pipe network consisted of 68 roof trusses with the spacing of 1 m, and both top and bottom booms were made of steel pipes with the inner diameter of 25.7 mm and the outer diameter of 33.5 mm. The effective cubage of the tank was 8.6 m<sup>3</sup>. When the system of pipe network was operating, the water in the tank would be pumped into the top booms and then flowed into the bottom booms, and finally it returned to the tank. The system would be operated for heat storage when the indoor temperature of greenhouse became over 20℃ in the daytime, and for heat release when the indoor temperature of greenhouse became below 10℃ in the evening. The results showed that the average rise in the temperature of the water in the tank was 4.7℃, the average thermal storage capacity was 149 MJ, and the average thermal storage flux was 8 721 W in the daytime, and that the average drop in the temperature of the water in the tank was 2.5℃, the average heat release capacity was 78.9 MJ, and the average heat release flux was 5 974 W in the evening. Compared with a control solar greenhouse, the minimum daily average indoor temperature in the test greenhouse was improved by 2.4℃ at night. The water circulation system of pipe network is formed by the greenhouse's own roof truss, and therefore it consumes less extra materials, its manufacturing cost is lower, and it has not any impact on the greenhouse production space. Moreover, it has the advantages of simpler operation, lower operating cost, easier maintenance, and so on. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Greenhouses
Controlled terms:Costs - Floors - Heat storage - Heating - Roofs - Solar energy - Solar heating - Space heating - Steel pipe - Storage (materials) - Tanks (containers) - Trusses
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese solar greenhouse - Heat collectors - Heat release capacities - Pipe networks - Roof truss - Solar greenhouse - Theoretical calculations - Water circulation system
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 619.2 Tanks - 643.1 Space Heating - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 694.4 Storage - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
Numerical data indexing:Area 6.20e+02m2, Energy 1.49e+08J, Energy 7.89e+07J, Percentage 7.00e+00% to 8.00e+00%, Power 5.97e+03W, Power 8.72e+03W, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 2.57e-02m, Size 3.35e-02m, Volume 8.60e+00m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20164603020542
Title:Construction and evaluation of modern agricultural processing industrial upgrading model
Authors:Sun, Junshe (1); Wang, Minjing (1); Pei, Haisheng (1); Chen, Zhou (1); Yang, Yue (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing; 100125, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:13-20
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China's agricultural product processing industry is changing from be driven by factors to by innovation, and the scientific and technological innovation is as the core to build industrial upgrading pattern, and then introduces the capital to enter and guide the development of the industry, which is of great significance. In this paper we analyze the factors of the agricultural product processing industry, and put forward four kinds of innovations, which are technological innovation, industrial innovation, market innovation and management innovation. Four systems, i.e. the scientific and technological innovation system, the industrial innovation system, the market innovation system and the management innovation system are constructed, and the theory, tools and methods of systematology with the coupling form of the systems are adopted, which lay a methodology foundation for constructing the upgrade mode of the modern agricultural product processing industry. According to the principles of science, practicality and simplicity, the weights of these indices were reckoned by the comparison matrix of analytic hierarchy process built in the software of MATLAB 7.6. Partial classification criteria of evaluation index system were built by the combined method of qualitative analysis and quantitative calculation. By using the method of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, the whole staffs of 15 people, who were industry experts and scholars, government regulators, and technical and managerial personnel from agricultural product processing enterprise, evaluated the agricultural product processing pattern implementation degree. Shandong Surabaya Crystal Starch Products Co., Ltd. in Sishui County, Shandong Province, China, was chosen for a case study. The enterprise was founded in 2000. The main product of the enterprise is traditional sweet potato starch, starch sheet, and so on. Due to the problems of traditional sweet potato processing industry, the company is facing the development bottleneck. In recent years, the company and the universities, scientific research institutes have established an integrated model of science and technology cooperation, and the direction of products focuses on the healthy consumption market, the construction of sweet potato whole industry chain development planning, the phased development key technology and the realization of the industrialization. At the same time, the enterprise establishes a modern enterprise management system with a clear property right, and connects the company with capital markets, expands the financing channels, and establishes the specialized marketing system, which obtain the good results. A system of comprehensive evaluation index system for the modern agricultural products processing model was established, which consists of 4 criteria layers and 19 indices. The empirical analysis showed that the Shandong Surabaya Crystal Starch Products Co., Ltd. had a comprehensive evaluation score of 2.9058, which indicated that the model was in the medium level, and the evaluation result was consistent with the real production. The following respects should be paid more attention: Production-teaching-research combination method of cooperation needs to be more in-depth and detailed; Enterprise needs to be transformed and upgraded, and at the same time, there exists the shortage of the human resources and the technology and management talent, and hence the requirement for the upgrading and the shortage of the resource do not match; Low carbon technology application still needs the policies to guide and support, and to define the new product's contribution to the total needs to effectively combine the actual production with the company market development ability; Company marketing ability still needs to strengthen, and the cultivation of team innovation spirit and innovative culture remains to be improved. The system of clear property right of modern enterprise management should be improved to attract capital to stimulate enterprise to enter a stage of rapid development. Through the evaluation, the relative advantages and disadvantages existing in the development of agricultural product processing enterprises can be found. The study not only has a high reference value for the transformation and upgrading of traditional agricultural processing industry, but also provides a theoretical support for the research of modern agricultural industry mode. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:6
Main heading:Innovation
Controlled terms:Agricultural engineering - Agricultural products - Agriculture - Carbon - Commerce - Cultivation - Enterprise resource management - Human resource management - Management science - Marketing - MATLAB - Models - Personnel - Processing - Research and development management - Starch
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation - Comprehensive evaluation index system - Enterprise management system - Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation - Industrial innovation systems - Industrial upgrading - Scientific and technological innovations - Scientific research institutes
Classification code:804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.4 Marketing - 912 Industrial Engineering and Management - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 39>
Accession number:20164603020541
Title:Application status and developing trend of open field water-saving Internet of Things technology
Authors:Tian, Hongwu (1, 2); Zheng, Wengang (2, 3); Li, Han (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (4) Key Laboratory for Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zheng, Wengang(zhengwg@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-12
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agricultural water saving is a main concern in long-term development in China. The combination of Internet of Things (IOT) technology and its applications of agriculture is an important driving force to promote the upgrading and transformation of traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. Focusing on the water need of open field plant (mainly refers to food crop), this paper summarized the development status and limitations when IOT technology was used in the key link of water saving applications. Three layers of IOT technology, including perception, transportation and application were discussed. Crop water need information perception layer was with a great importance in view of its fundamental role. This layer had 3 sections, small-scale soil moisture and crop water stress monitoring technology, medium-scale crop evapotranspiration quantification and estimation, and large-scale remote sensing including estimation of soil moisture, inversion and prediction for evapotranspiration were analyzed in detail. For the small-scale, different soil moisture detection methods were compared, including oven-dried method, neutron method, near-infrared reflectance method, tensiometer method and dielectric method. Typical equipments and sensors produced for the methods by different companies were also listed. In terms of crop water stress monitoring technology, 2 categories method such as tissue water status method and stomatal conductance method were listed and compared. The change from direct soil moisture monitoring to indirect crop water stress monitoring was presented as an new trend. For the medium-scale, 9 specific methods belonged to the 2 classification: measurement method and estimation method. In the aspect of large-scale, remote sensing was considered to be effective and economically feasible. Through spectrum detection method, a boarder range of crop evapotranspiration could be estimated and predicted, and it promoted the development of agriculture water saving from micro to macro. In the information transportation layer, environmental adaptability, communication reliability, cost and power consumption of the terminal equipment which was used in open filed scene were discussed. Meanwhile, the common wireless communication technologies were compared in terms of frequency, communication distance, data rate, security, etc. In the application layer, the advanced soil moisture monitoring and irrigation decision support system application status in China and abroad were analyzed, and the importance of public information service was pointed out. Based on the different characteristics of the 3 layer structure and Chinese agricultural develop strategy, the developing trend of water saving techniques, software service, association relationship, industrialization development mode for agriculture, and application pattern were also discussed under the changed background of fast development of new technologies of Big Data, Cloud Computing and Internet Plus technologies, etc. The roles and status of hardware used in application would change to software and its supporting service. It could help users to cut the cost investment. The revolution from causality to association promoted by the combination of Big Data and connection would be in favor of reasonable planning and effective utilization of water resource. Land reform policy in China would be an important driver for the changof traditional agriculture, and would make good use of agronomic technology, machinery technology, information technology and automation technology. Besides, suggestion was also made to technology supply based on actual demand, and the harmonious development of public service and customized service. In conclusion, 3 new strategies were proposed, including change from technology to service, from determination to prediction and from micro to macro. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:67
Main heading:Big data
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Application programs - Artificial intelligence - Crops - Decision support systems - Evapotranspiration - Information services - Information technology - Infrared devices - Internet - Internet of things - Machinery - Microwave measurement - Moisture - Moisture control - Moisture determination - Remote sensing - Soil moisture - Soils - Water conservation - Water resources - Wireless sensor networks - Wireless telecommunication systems
Uncontrolled terms:Communication reliabilities - Developing trend - Environmental adaptability - Internet of things technologies - Near infra-red reflectances - Soil moisture monitoring - Water - savings - Wireless communication technology
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 903 Information Science - 903.4 Information Services - 942.2 Electric Variables Measurements - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 40>
Accession number:20164603020570
Title:Effect of wind, wave and current on movement characteristics of array of floating wind turbine Spar platform
Authors:Ding, Qinwei (1); Li, Chun (1, 2); Ye, Kehua (1); Yang, Yang (1); Ye, Zhou (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai; 200093, China; (2) Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, Shanghai; 200093, China
Corresponding author:Li, Chun(lichunusst@gmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:223-229
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The demand for renewable energy has increased steadily in recent years in response to the shortage of traditional energy as well as the environment pollution. Among the available renewable energy resources, wind energy is considered to be one of the most promising forms of energy. Compared with the onshore wind energy, the offshore wind energy is optimized due to its high speed, small shear force and saving of resources. It is the definite tendency for the future wind farms to be offshore, from shallow to deep sea, and change to floating type. Pursuant to the limitation of technology and budget, the current offshore wind turbines mostly adopt the fixed base and the location is normally within 30 m shallow sea area. The economic analysis shows that for the better wind resources in the deep sea area with more than 60 m depth, the floating type platform should be adopted. Obviously, the stability of platform structure is the fundamental guarantee of the safe operation for the offshore floating wind turbine. In order to investigate the dynamic response of wind turbine platform matrix, this paper proposes a multi-platform array scheme of share mooring system with 3×3 square array; the models are established based on the OC3-Hywind Spar Buoy platform with NREL 5MW wind turbine, and with the radiation and diffraction theory and the finite element method, the comparison of dynamic response characteristicsis carried out between the single platform and the 3×3 square array platform. The dynamic response of floating platform with no wind operation is resolved. The velocity fluctuation of the floating platform motion is converted into the velocity fluctuation of the wind flow at the rotor, which is then superposed with the inflow wind speed to be taken as the relative wind speed. The blade element momentum theory and the variations are used to resolve the wind loading. The first order wave force on the floating platform is resolved with the radiation and diffraction theory. The near field method is used to resolve the second order average drift force. The current load is simplified just as the drag force. The simulation is carried out by the commercial FEM software ANSYS AQWA. The results are as follows: the surge, heave and pitch response of Spar platform are all concentrated in low frequency waves, whose frequency is lower than 0.5 rad/s; the platforms located on the 4 vertexesin the 3×3 square array have higher swaying response with the response amplitude between -0.2 and 0.2 m, and the swaying response of other platforms can be neglected. With the intensification of environmental load, single platform's surge response increases sharply with the response amplitude increasing from -0.25-0.25 m to -1.5-1.5 m, but multiple platforms' surge response does not change significantly. At the same time, the multi-platform pitching response is significantly lower than the single platform. The results verify the effectiveness of the scheme in this paper and therefore provide theoretical reference for the construction of the future wind farm on the sea. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Offshore wind turbines
Controlled terms:Budget control - Buoyancy - Computer software - Diffraction - Diffraction gratings - Drag - Dynamic response - Economic analysis - Electric utilities - Energy resources - Finite element method - Floating breakwaters - Models - Mooring - Offshore oil wells - Pollution control - Renewable energy resources - Spar platforms - Wind - Wind effects - Wind power - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms:Array - Blade element momentum theory - Environment pollution - Floating wind turbines - Movement characteristics - Off-shore wind energy - Offshore floating wind turbines - Velocity fluctuations
Classification code:407.1 Maritime Structures - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 511.2 Oil Field Equipment - 512.1.1 Oil Fields - 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Power 5.00e+06W, Size -1.50e+00m, Size -2.00e-01m to 2.00e-01m, Size -2.50e-01m, Size 3.00e+01m, Size 6.00e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 41>
Accession number:20164603020571
Title:Security analysis of 3D-printed wind-energy concentration device in wind tunnel test
Authors:Ji, Zhongtao (1, 2); Tian, De (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory for Alternate Electrical Power System With Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing; 102206, China; (2) College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing; 655011, China
Corresponding author:Tian, De(tdncepu@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:230-234
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Wind-energy concentration device model can be efficiently made by 3D (three-dimensional) printers, but its security must be tested. This research adopts a fluid-solid interaction (FSI) method to study the security of the 3D printed wind-energy concentration device model in wind tunnel tests. At first, by using the CAD (computer aided design) software, a solid field model of a wind-energy concentration device is created with a proportion of 1: 4.5. Then the solid field model is imported into the finite element analysis software. Based on the size of the wind tunnel, a cubic area of 20 m × 3 m × 3 m (length × width × height) is established, and the concentration device model has the same axial line with the length direction. Then by the Boolean subtraction method, a geometric fluid field is built through subtracting the solid field area in the box area. The interface between the fluid field and the concentration device model is just fluid-solid interaction interface. And the fluid field is simulated and calculated with the help of the CFD (computational fluid dynamics) software. An SST k-ω turbulence model is adopted. In terms of the meshes, a non-uniform tetrahedron meshing is applied. Different numbers of meshes are meshed and the grid independence test is performed. This research takes air as the fluid medium. The temperature is 273.15 K and the pressure is 101325 Pa. The density, velocity, viscosity, thermal conductivity coefficient, constant-pressure specific heat capacity, mass flow rate, turbulent kinetic energy (k value) and specific dissipation rate (ω) are 1.293 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, 30 m/s, 1.72×10<sup>-5</sup>kg/(m·s), 0.0244 W/(m·K), 1005 J/(kg·K), 349.11 kg/s, 1.3336 m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>and 150.6047 s<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. This research adopts the mass flow inlet and pressure flow outlet. Surface roughness of the wind-energy concentration device model is set to 0.3 mm. When the component residual reaches 1.0×10<sup>-4</sup>kg/s, the equation is thought to converge and the distribution of the wind speed in the fluid field is gained. The results show that the mean wind speed of 6 points on the mounting plane of wind turbine in the concentration device is 1.40 times the inlet wind velocity of the whole flow field, proximate to the average time of 1.40 in the actual measurement in the references. This shows that when applied in the wind tunnel with the size and design described in the paper, the simulative calculation based on the 1: 4.5 design proportion of wind-energy concentration device model is correct. In the structural static module, the whole solid field is divided into tetrahedral meshes, each structural unit being 0.002 m. The stress cloud plot and the solid field deformation plot are gained after the distribution of wind pressure is loaded on the wind-energy concentration device model. The plots show that the maximum stress area lies on the outer edge of the diffusion pipe, with a maximum stress of 3.5385 MPa. This is far less than the tensile strength of 40.2 MPa and the bending strength of 67.8 MPa in the candidate DSM Somos Imagine 8 000 type photosensitive resin used in the 3D printing. And the maximum deformation is just 1.8675 mm. Therefore, this material satisfies the specifications of strength and resilience and can be adopted in the 3D printing of the wind-energy concentration device model used for the testing of flow field in the wind tunnel. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Finite element method
Controlled terms:3D printers - Air - Bending strength - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer aided design - Deformation - Diffusion in liquids - Flow fields - Flow interactions - Kinetic energy - Kinetics - Mass transfer - Oceanography - Printing - Specific heat - Structural dynamics - Surface roughness - Tensile strength - Thermal conductivity - Turbulence models - Velocity - Wind - Wind effects - Wind power - Wind stress - Wind tunnels - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms:3-D printing - CFD (computational fluid dynamics) - Energy concentration - Finite element analysis software - Fluid solid interaction - Specific dissipation rate - Thermal conductivity coefficient - Turbulent kinetic energy
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 471.1 Oceanography, General - 615.8 Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 651.2 Wind Tunnels - 723.5 Computer Applications - 745.1 Printing - 745.1.1 Printing Equipment - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.29e+00kg/m3, Mass_Flow_Rate 3.49e+02kg/s, Pressure 1.01e+05Pa, Pressure 3.54e+06Pa, Pressure 4.02e+07Pa, Pressure 6.78e+07Pa, Size 1.87e-03m, Size 2.00e-03m, Size 3.00e+00m, Size 3.00e-04m, Temperature 2.73e+02K, Thermal_Conductivity 2.44e-02W/m*K, Velocity 3.00e+01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 42>
Accession number:20164603020581
Title:Application of multi-scale interval interpolation wavelet in beef image of marbling segmentation
Authors:Zhang, Yan'e (1); Wei, Yinghui (1); Mei, Shuli (1); Zhu, Mengting (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:21
Issue date:November 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:296-304
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The richness of the marbling in beef, as an important index of beef quality, can be used to characterize the beef fat content. In particular, the area ratio of marbling, big fat density, and small fat density are the main indicators for most existing beef grade determination. Researchers have investigated that computer vision and image processing is applicable to the automatic grading of beef marbling, and thus plays a great role in promoting the development of the beef industry. However, images may be polluted when experiencing acquisition, transmitting and other processing. Consequently, the quality of the images may be reduced, and thereby, more uncertainties emerge. Importantly, the texture of the beef marbling image becomes blurred and texture contour is not clear. It will further affect the subsequent procedures of texture segmentation and extraction. Therefore, it is necessary to use the de-noising method with better edge preserving property to keep the edge and texture information of the image. In this study, we aimed to use the method of multi-scale interval interpolation wavelet to de-noise images, and thereby to smooth the gray values to segment and extract the regions of beef muscle, large and small fat particles from the beef marbling image. Here, we used the method of multi-scale interval interpolation wavelet to solve the partial differential equation, thus to de-noise images. Specifically, from this method, the edge-preserving smoothing for different object area can be realized, so that the texture and edge of beef marble were made more clearly. In addition, in this method, we chose the external collocation points adaptively, thus the computational efficiency can be greatly improved. In particular, extension method based on Center Similarity Transformation can be used to solve the boundary effect effectively. Firstly, on the basis of the objective evaluation index of the image, the PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) mean value of the image de-noised by the proposed algorithm was higherthan the mean values obtained by using the mean filtering, median filtering and Wiener filtering of 9.0, 8.2 and 6.6 dB, respectively. In addition, the SSIM (Structural Similarity Image Measurement) value of the image de-noised by the proposed algorithm was also the largest among values obtained by algorithms mentioned above. Secondly, it is known that different objectives have different gray values, which is taken as the principle of segmentation. Hence, the processed image was segmented using different gray thresholds. In detail, the procedures of segmentation included two steps. The first step was to obtain the gray thresholds by prior knowledge, and the next was to segment the image for dividing the background, external fat, adhesive fat, small and big fat from the image by those thresholds. Finally, we compared the results of segmentation derived from our methods with the results of segmentation from Otsu. Here we showed that using the de-noised method of multi-scale interval interpolation wavelet was useful to achieve a local uniform smooth and keep the object contour information of beef images, thus to improve the accuracy of the segmentation and extraction of fat particles. The result of segmentation by gray thresholds was more accurate than the results of Otsu and retained more details about the texture of beef marbling. Furthermore, we also found that our result almost had no omission in segmenting and extracting fat particles, especially for small fat particles. Overall, our results provided a new de-noised method to improve the accuracy of beef grading. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Image texture
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Beef - Computational efficiency - Computer vision - Extraction - Grading - Image coding - Image denoising - Image processing - Image segmentation - Interpolation - Meats - Median filters - Signal to noise ratio
Uncontrolled terms:Edge-preserving smoothing - Multi-scale interval interpolation wavelet - Objective evaluation - Perona-malik models - PSNR (peak signal to noise ratio) - Similarity transformation - Structural similarity - Texture segmentation
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.5 Computer Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 822.3 Food Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Decibel 6.60e+00dB
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.21.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
- 总编/社长 王应宽
- 地址 北京朝阳区麦子店街41号
- 邮编 100125
- 电话 010－59197078/7077/7076
- 邮箱 tcsae@tcsae.org
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友情链接
- Bioresource Technology
- Industrial Crops and Products
- Biomass & Bioenergy
- Biosystems Engineering
- Aquacultural Engineering
- International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
- Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
- Paddy and Water Environment
- Journal of Agricultural Engineering
- Transactions of the ASABE
- Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental
- Applied Engineering in Agriculture
- Engenharia Agricola
- AMA-Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America
- 中华人民共和国农业农村部-MARA
- 中国科学技术协会CAST
- 国家新闻出版署
- 中华人民共和国科学技术部
- 国家自然科学基金委员会
- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
- CIGR
- ASABE
- EurAgEng-European Society for Agricultural Engineers
- American Society of Agronomy
- Crop Science Society of America
- Soil Science Society of America
- 期刊界
- CNKI
- 万方数据
- 维普