<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20163902855577
Title:Land use classification in arid region based on multi-seasonal linear spectral mixture analysis and decision tree method
Authors:Jiang, Wanbei (1); Sun, Qiangqiang (1); Qu, Wei (1); Liu, Xiaona (2); Yu, Wenjing (1); Sun, Danfeng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Research and Development Center for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing; 100097, China 
Corresponding author:Sun, Danfeng(sundf@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-8
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Land-cover/land-cover pattern of arid ecosystem in China, which determines ecosystem service value, is undergoing accelerated changes due to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. To provide a basis for ecosystem service assessment, in this article, we adopted 2015 multi-seasonal data of Landsat 8 for exploring the land cover/use classification method in arid region using the Minqin oasis as a case study area. We firstly conducted a principle component transform on the multi-seasonal remote data for identifying the inherent dimensionality of Landsat OLI spectral space. Then endmember classes and respective representative season were determined through the analysis of principal component feature space for each season. After extracting the endmember spectra by averaging the reflectance of 200~400 endmember pixels, fully-constrained linear spectral mixture model was performed on each seasonal image for yielding quantitative estimates of the areal abundance of endmembers within each pixel. At last, these endmember abundance estimates were used for land cover/use classification in Minqin study area by using the decision tree method. According to the natural environment and land-use characters of study area and given the resolution of remote sensing data and applicability for ecosystem service assessment, in this research, we developed the two-level classification system. Exposed surface, crop land, forest/shrub land, grassland, impervious surface and water area were defined as first-level classes. The exposed surface was subdivided into moving sand, Gobi/hill/bare-land, salinized moving sand, and saline-alkaline land. Crop land was subdivided into spring crop, summer crop, perennial crop based on seasonal growth characteristics. Similarly, forest/shrub land was subdivided into spring forest/shrub, summer forest/shrub, and evergreen forest/shrub. Decision tree was designed based on the seasonality pattern of feature endmember abundance of each target class. The first step in the classification procedure was to overlay the training data on the three-seasonal abundance composite images for identifying the seasonality pattern of each class. The second step was to measure the feature endmember abundance distribution of each class within training samples. Aided by the histogram distribution, the segmenting boundary of each node was established by an interactive process. The results showed that sand, salt, green vegetation, dark materials, and water were five endmember classes used for multi-seasonal linear spectral mixture analysis. But their representative seasons were different. So, we extracted endmember reflectance for sand, salt, and green vegetation from early winter, spring, and summer, respectively. The spectral reflectance of dark material and water endmembers were derived from spring as well as salt. The mean RMSE (root-mean-square error) values were all lower than 0.01, which meant good fitness of linear spectral mixture model for each seasonal image. From the statistics of endmember abundance estimates, we found sand and dark materials were matrix of the study area. The areal percentages of water and salt were relatively low, and their values were not uniform. The green vegetation cover was the lowest, and corresponding abundance varied most. Through analyzing the rate of endmember abundance change between seasons, it seemed that the abundances of sand and dark materials did not vary with seasons. Green vegetation increased significantly from spring to summer, and the overall amounts of water and salt somewhat decreased during the same period. The overall precision of the classification method developed in this study was 90.94%, and the Kappa coefficient was 0.90. It suggested the reliability of the 2015 land cover/use classification results of Minqin. The supplement use of multi-seasonal remote data can help acquire the comprehensive information of target surface feature, which was important for the stability of land cover/use classification results. Owing to the obvious physical meaning of endmember abundance, the design of decision tree can depend on the prior knowledge instead of vast training data. Thus, the classification method developed in this study may have the potential in the land cover/use classification of the whole drylands in China. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Classification (of information)
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Crops - Decision trees - Ecology - Ecosystems - Forestry - Image segmentation - Land use - Mean square error - Mixtures  - Pixels - Principal component analysis - Reflection - Remote sensing - Sand - Space optics - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Analysis of principal components - Land cover - LANDSAT - Linear spectral mixture analysis - Linear spectral mixture model - Remote sensing data - RMSE (root mean square error) - Spectral mixture analysis
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 443  Meteorology - 444  Water Resources - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 656.1  Space Flight - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.09e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20163902855581
Title:Design and test of clamping finger-chain type device for recycling agricultural plastic film
Authors:Duan, Wenxian (1); Wang, Jikui (1); Li, Yang (1); Gong, Hehe (1); Niu, Hailong (1); Luo, Wei (1); Bi, Xinsheng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Jikui(shzwjk@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:35-42
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The domestic equipment for recycling agricultural plastic film has the problems of low recovery rate of plastic film, wrapping the film collecting parts by plastics, or difficulty of separating the straw and soil from the film. In addition, film removing for the current methods is poor and high impurity content of recovered plastic film can't be recycled. In order to solve these problems, the clamping finger-chain type device for recycling agricultural plastic film was designed. The designed device mainly consisted of film collecting device, film removing device, transmission system, side film shoveling, tie rod, transverse beam, residual film box, etc. The film collecting device mainly included film collecting frame, upper film collecting sprocket, under film collecting sprocket, film collecting chain, clamping finger, film cutting saw disk, supporting chain roller, tightening devices, etc. The film removing device mainly included film removing rotation shaft, film removing blade, driving sprocket, film removing bracket, bearing chock, etc. The film collecting device was driven by the ground wheel through the film collecting transmission system and the film removing device was driven by the tractor power output shaft through the film removing transmission. Through the design and mechanical analysis of the clamping finger-chain, the structure size parameters of it were determined, which contained the spacing between two clamping finger-chains was 220 mm, and its working angle was 40&deg;, the effective length of clamping finger L was 135 mm, and the angle between clamping finger and outer link was 20&deg;. The tension mechanism could make the clamping finger-chain be always in a state of tension in the process of operation. The specification parameters of the selected spring were determined by analysis of the tensioning mechanism. Through the structure size design and motion analysis of film removing device, the film removing blade size was determined, and the length was 220 mm and the width was 80 mm. The working speed of film removing rotation shaft was 220 r/min. Based on the motion analysis of the clamping finger end from entering the soil to coming out the soil, the motion equations of finger end were obtained, and then the maximum buried depth of the clamping finger and the sliding length on the ground of the clamping finger were deduced. According to the above formula, the sliding length on the ground of the clamping finger was positively correlated with the ratio of operating speed of machine and line speed of clamping finger-chain. When the ratio of operating speed of machine and line speed of clamping finger-chain was 2, there was less stuff blocked in the lower sprocket and the residual plastic film which was cut into strip could be successfully picked up by clamping finger-chain. At last, the field experiment and statistic data analysis of the device were carried out. The experimental results showed that when the traction speed of tractor was 5.5 km/h, the conveyor inclined angle of the under clamping finger-chain was 40&deg;, and the operating speed was two times of the speed of the film collecting chain. The field test showed that the recovery rate of agricultural plastic film was 90.5%, the effect of collecting film was better and there was no plastic film and other debris, such as straw and mud, blocking the under sprocket or the plastic film being torn up. The effect of film removal was also better and there was no plastic film winding on the upper film collecting sprocket, and there was less straw and soil in the recovered residual membrane which would be convenient to subsequent process and reuse. These indexes met the technical requirements of the plastic film recovery and this device could be used for the development of a new type of residual film recycling machine. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Chains
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Electric power transmission - Equations of motion - Films - Machine design - Motion analysis - Plastic films - Recovery - Recycling  - Soils - Speed - Sprockets - Structural design - Tractors (truck) - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural plastic films - Domestic equipments - Mechanical analysis - Specification parameters - Technical requirement - Tensioning mechanism - Transmission systems - Working analysis
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 452.3  Industrial Wastes - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601  Mechanical Design - 601.2  Machine Components - 602.1  Mechanical Drives - 663.1  Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 706.1.1  Electric Power Transmission - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 817.1  Polymer Products - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921.2  Calculus
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.05e+01%, Rotational_Speed 2.20e+02RPM, Size 1.35e-01m, Size 2.20e-01m, Size 8.00e-02m, Velocity 1.53e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20163902855600
Title:Impact of short infrared wave band on identification accuracy of corn and soybean area
Authors:Wang, Limin (1); Liu, Jia (1); Yang, Lingbo (1); Yang, Fugang (1); Fu, Changhong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:169-178
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To study the impact of short infrared wave bands (1 100-2 500 nm) setting on crop classification accuracy, and to provide data and application support for designed new types of sensors, in the study, we took north part of Bei'an city, Heilongjiang province as the study area, and studied the impact of the short infrared wave bands of 1 560-1 660 nm (SWIR 1) and 2 100-2 300 nm (SWIR 1) on identification accuracy of two crops of corn (Zea may L) and soybean (Glycine max) by selecting OLI (Operational Land Imager) data carried by US LandSat-8. Based on the mono temporal and multi-temporal conditions, and on the basis of five wave bands of coastal blue (433-453 nm), blue (450-515 nm), green (525-600 nm), red (630-680 nm), and near-infrared (845-885 nm), with five wave band combinations without short infrared wave band were used. One additional short infrared wave band (SWIR 1) was involved, and two additional short infrared wave band (SWIR 1and SWIR 2) were also used, with a total of 6 alternative schemes. In the study, we analyzed the remote sensing identification ability of short infrared on two crops: corns and soybeans, based on the maximum likelihood supervised classification method. Mono temporal OLI image Data of August 7, 2014 were taken for the study and five multi temporal image data of June 13, June 29, July 15, August 7, and September 17 of 2014 were also taken. The 5 km &times; 5 km grids of the covered study area were taken as the study units and under the principle of equal probability of corn and soybean area ratio, and 21 ground samples were chosen as training samples. used A visual interpretation method was used for identification of crop within ground samples. Accuracy verification data were from the background investigation results of crop areas in the study area. These data were obtained by using visual correction based on Rapideye image automatic classification with a spatial resolution of 5 m. The result showed that under the condition of mono temporal image classification, introduction of short infrared wave band can greatly improve the classification capacity of corn and soybean. Under the condition of introducing one short infrared wave band, the overall classification accuracy has been improved from 87.0% to 90.8%, up by 3.8%, Kappa coefficient was improved from 0.74 to 0.82, with a significant decrease of "Pepper salt problem", The user's accuracy of corn classification has been improved from original 85.4% to 91.5%, up by 6.1%. Mapping accuracy was improved from 89.6% to 90.3%. The mapping accuracy of soybean has been improved from original 84.5% to 91.5%, up by 7.0%, with user's accuracy improved from 88.9% to 90.2%. The separation degree of corn and soybean has been improved from 1.53 to 1.93, indicating that the short wave infrared wave band can remarkably improve the separation capacity of corn and soybean. Under the condition of multi-temporal image classification, the improvement of identification capacity of corn and soybean by introducing of short infrared wave band was limited. Under the condition of introducing one short infrared wave band, the overall classification accuracy was improved from 92.4% to 92.9%, only up by 0.5%, indicating that multi-temporal data, to some extent, can replace short infrared wave band on improving crop identification effect. Regardless of mono temporal or multi-temporal conditions, introduction of two short infrared wave bands did not show any significant changes on overall identification capacity compared with one short infrared wave band. Both correlations of five images on two short infrared wave bands exceeded 0.96, indicating that introduction of redundant bands with strong correlation has limited effect in improving crop area identification accuracy. The results have further quantified the separating capacity of short infrared wave bands on two crops of corns and soybean, and provided basis for wave band setting of domestic satellite short-wave sensors. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Image classification
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Crops - Image processing - Infrared devices - Infrared radiation - Mapping - Maximum likelihood - Maximum likelihood estimation - Nitrogen fixation - Remote sensing  - Satellites - Separation
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic classification - Classification accuracy - Identification accuracy - Identification capacities - LANDSAT - Maize - Maximum likelihood supervised classifications - Soybean
Classification code:405.3  Surveying - 655.2  Satellites - 741.1  Light/Optics - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 922  Statistical Methods - 922.1  Probability Theory
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.80e+00%, Percentage 5.00e-01%, Percentage 6.10e+00%, Percentage 7.00e+00%, Percentage 8.45e+01% to 9.15e+01%, Percentage 8.54e+01% to 9.15e+01%, Percentage 8.70e+01% to 9.08e+01%, Percentage 8.89e+01% to 9.02e+01%, Percentage 8.96e+01% to 9.03e+01%, Percentage 9.24e+01% to 9.29e+01%, Size 1.10e-06m to 2.50e-06m, Size 1.56e-06m to 1.66e-06m, Size 2.10e-06m to 2.30e-06m, Size 4.33e-07m to 4.53e-07m, Size 4.50e-07m to 5.15e-07m, Size 5.00e+00m, Size 5.00e+03m, Size 5.25e-07m to 6.00e-07m, Size 6.30e-07m to 6.80e-07m, Size 8.45e-07m to 8.85e-07m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20163902855603
Title:Behavior classification and recognition for facility breeding sheep based on acoustic signal weighted feature
Authors:Xuan, Chuanzhong (1); Ma, Yanhua (1); Wu, Pei (1); Zhang, Lina (1); Hao, Min (1); Zhang, Xiyu (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China 
Corresponding author:Wu, Pei(jdwp@imau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:195-202
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sheep farming husbandry in western region of China has been developing in the manner of intensive and large-scale facility production. Due to the high density of sheep in house, any unusual behavior, such as sheep fighting, will cause a great loss if the sheep farmer is not aware of its happening and takes measures in time. Since the sound from sheep can not only reflect the status of sheep's health status but also can reflect its response to environment, the behaviors of sheep can be determined by monitoring the sound from the sheep house. This will provide a theoretical basis on evaluation of the welfare level of sheep raising and breeding. In this study, by establishing an audio signal acquisition system for sheep house based on wireless network, the sound signals from 20 sheep under 5 kinds of behaviors (fight, hunger, cough, bite, and search companions) were collected, and then these signals were processed and 720 clear and non-overlapping sound samples were selected in software of Audacity. Although Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficients (MFCC) has been widely used for feature extraction of animal sound signals due to its capacities of simulating the processing of speech by human ear and its better noise resistance, it neglects the different contribution of each feature component in characterizing the sound signals from the sheep house. Therefore, in this study, a weighted MFCC method was proposed based on the entropy value method to improve the recognition rate of sheep's sounds. The weighted MFCC with its first and second order differential was optimized to obtain a 19-dimension feature parameter via principal component analysis. The recognition model of support vector machine binary tree, in which parameters of four classifiers were worked out through grid optimization test, was completed according to the sonograms rendering of five different sheep behaviors. And then, these behaviors were recognized and classified respectively with improved MFCC, traditional MFCC and Linear Prediction Cepstrum Coefficient (LPCC). The results demonstrated that the average recognition rate with the improved MFCC for five different sheep behaviors was up to 83.6%, which was 14.0% and 26.7% higher respectively than MFCC and LPCC. The recognition rate of sheep fight and sheep cough were only 80.6% and 79.5%, respectively, because fight sound and cough sound had similar short outbreak characteristics. The bite sound recall rate was reached to 92.5%, showing that the bite sound was with distinguished feature and uneasy to be confused with other sounds. So, the improved MFCC showed the better performance in characterizing the sounds from sheep house, and in raising the recognition rate of sheep behaviors. Modern techniques of sound analysis have provided tools for analyzing and classifying animal sounds. Taking advantage of this, future bioacoustical research on welfare assessment should focus on comprehensive studies of a broad spectrum of animal specific distress vocalizations. Increasing precise attributions of such utterances to environments, behavioral contexts and relevant physiological parameters will lead to a deeper understanding of their meaning and significance with respect to well-being of farm animals. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Behavioral research
Controlled terms:Acoustic signal processing - Acoustic waves - Agriculture - Animals - Audio acoustics - Binary trees - Extraction - Facilities - Farms - Feature extraction  - Houses - Physiological models - Principal component analysis - Signal processing - Speech recognition - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Behavior classification - Behavior recognition - Entropy value methods - Mel frequency cepstrum coefficients - MFCC - Physiological parameters - Response to environment - Western region of chinas
Classification code:402.3  Residences - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 751  Acoustics, Noise. Sound - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.40e+01%, Percentage 2.67e+01%, Percentage 7.95e+01%, Percentage 8.06e+01%, Percentage 8.36e+01%, Percentage 9.25e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20163902855579
Title:Improved design and performance experiment on air-suction drum-type seed metering device for rice with auto-cleaning block
Authors:Han, Bao (1); Yang, Ya'nan (1); Meng, Fanchao (1); Liang, Li'na (1); Ge, Yuxiao (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:18-25
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Planting and transplanting technology of rice seedling nurturing in hole tray is a high and stable yield cultivation technique in cold weather ecological conditions in China, and a lot of practical productions have proved that the technology has increased production significantly in the northeastern areas, especially in Heilongjiang Province. For cultivating the seedlings with the best quality, some existing experimental studies indicated that the ideal sowing amount of the normal japonica rice (Kongyu 131, Longging 26 and Long yang 16) was 40-55 g in each 448-cell potted tray, and on average, there were only 2-3 bud seeds per hole. To improve the precision of seeding (2-3 bud seeds per hole) of japonica rice seedling nurturing in hole tray and promote the extension and application of this technique in large areas in north cold rice-growing areas, based on the analysis of development of the air-suction drum-type seed-metering device with auto-cleaning block, the structure of seed box was improved to improve seed-group structure and the liquidity of seeds in the seed room, a new cleaning-seed mechanism was added for raising the seeding precision, and a replenishing place was designed, which was between the 2 seed-cleaning mechanisms aimed at enhancing the filling seed effect. The ranges of the key structure parameters and working parameters of the improved device were defined. According to the pre-experiments and date commonly used in production, opening width of the seed-box, seed-cleaning gap, rolling brush speed and vacuum degree were the main impact factors of the improved device's seeding performance. On the test equipment of self-developed air-suction drum-type seed metering device, whose seeding productivity was 450 trays (448-cell potted tray) per hour, the japonica rice bud seed Kongyu 131 was selected as experimental material, which had been pre-germinated under the moisture content of 22.34%-23.26% (wet basis). Its bud length was less than 1 mm, and the overall dimensions of clustered area of the seeds were as follows: length of 6.74-7.21 mm, width of 3.34-3.72 mm and thickness of 2.20-2.57 mm. And the effects of the 4 main impact factors on missed seed rate (no bud seeds per hole), 1-4 seeds rate (1-4 bud seeds per hole), 2-3 seeds rate (2-3 bud seeds per hole) and damage rate of seeding were studied by four-factor and three-level orthogonal experimental design. The results of orthogonal experiment showed that the order affecting the missed seed rate, 1-4 seeds rate, 2-3 seeds rate and damage rate was seed-cleaning gap &gt; opening width of the seed-box &gt; vacuum degree &gt; rolling brush speed, and the optimal combination parameters were that the opening width of the seed-box was 40 mm, the vacuum degree of suction chamber was 5 kPa, the rolling brush speed was 55 r/min and the seed-cleaning gap was 6 mm; the probability of 2-3 seeds per hole was 83.23%, and the missed seed rate and damage rate were 1.09% and 0.14%, respectively. In addition, the performance contrast test was carried out under the same conditions with 3 kinds of japonica rice bud seeds (Kongyu 131 and Longjing 26 with the similar overall dimensions, and Longyang 16 with some differences from the above) using the air-suction drum-type seed metering device before and after improvement. The experimental results showed that the improved device had a good adaptability for seeding Kongyu 131 and Longjing 26 with the similar size. Compared with the primary metering device, the probability of 2-3 seeds per hole increased by about 3.77 and 6.14 percent point, respectively, the damage rate decreased by about 5.73 and 6.44 percent point, respectively, and the missed seed rate decreased by about 0.51 and 0.57 percent point, respectively. The research further indicated that improving the fluidity of the bud seeds and decreasing the friction force and extrusion force among the seeds not only could decrease the damage rate effectively, but also may increase the probability of 2-3 seeds per hole and meet the seeding requirements of japonica rice seedling nurturing in hole tray. The study provides an important reference for the structure optimization and the seeding performance further improvement of the suction metering device for rice seedling nurturing in hole tray. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Air cleaners - Cleaning - Cultivation - Design of experiments - Equipment testing - Experiments - Friction - Pneumatic equipment - Pneumatic materials handling equipment  - Probability - Structural optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Accelerating germination - Experimental materials - Japonica rice - Orthogonal experiment - Orthogonal experimental design - Performance experiment - Seed metering devices - Structure optimization
Classification code:451.2  Air Pollution Control - 632.4  Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3  Engineering Research - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.1  Probability Theory
Numerical data indexing:Mass 4.00e-02kg to 5.50e-02kg, Percentage 1.09e+00%, Percentage 1.40e-01%, Percentage 2.23e+01% to 2.33e+01%, Percentage 5.70e-01%, Percentage 6.14e+00%, Percentage 6.44e+00%, Percentage 8.32e+01%, Pressure 5.00e+03Pa, Rotational_Speed 5.50e+01RPM, Size 1.00e-03m, Size 2.20e-03m to 2.57e-03m, Size 3.34e-03m to 3.72e-03m, Size 4.00e-02m, Size 6.74e-03m to 7.21e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20163902855615
Title:Evaluation of different processing modes for postharvest Poria cocos
Authors:Zhang, Ping (1, 2); Zheng, Zhian (1, 2); Zhang, Weipeng (1, 2); Zhao, Zusongying (1, 2); Jiang, Qingwu (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) China Research Center for Agricultural Mechanization Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (3) Anhui Jinzhai Qiaokang Yao Ye Co., Ltd., Liu'an; 237000, China 
Corresponding author:Zheng, Zhian(zhengza@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:287-295
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to optimize the Poria cocos processing technology and improve the production quality, this paper divided the Poria cocos post-harvest processes into 4 parts: pretreatment, peeling, cutting, and drying. Based on the survey research, the processing technology of Poria cocos was summarized to 2 categories: decentralized processing mode (DPM) and enterprise processing mode (EPM). The paper put forward the improved processing mode (IPM) on the basis of the optimization of the pretreatment and the drying process. Some experiment had been carried out in the practical producing environment to evaluate these 3 processing routes. This research performed the collection and calculation of data in economy, efficiency and quality aspects. The economy indices included labor costs, raw material costs, energy costs, tools and equipment costs, profit and profit rate. The efficiency indices included pretreatment efficiency, efficiency of peeling, cutting efficiency, and drying efficiency. The quality indices included product appearance, rate of finished products and polysaccharide content. Last of all, this paper made a comprehensive evaluation of 3 different processing routes based on the 3 indices above. The results showed that: 1) IPM could optimize the cost structure, the proportion of the cost and the stability of the investment. The profit and returning rate of IPM, DPM and EPM were 1.91 yuan/kg and 18.73%, 1.4 yuan/kg and 14.23%, and 1.17 yuan/kg and 12.43% respectively. It showed that IPM had the highest profit and returning rate while EPM was the lowest. It also meant that IPM had a better executive value in economy. 2) The drying efficiency of the IPM was 2.95 times that of the hot air drying which was usually used by the EPM, and the IPM was 20.79 times that of the natural drying of the DPM. The result indicated that IPM could effectively improve the efficiency in the drying process and effectively reduce the drying time under the premise of ensuring the quality. It also meant that IPM could avoid the adverse effects (such as mildew) caused by climate change through the timely processing of Poria cocos. 3) The scores ranking of 3 different processing routes in appearance of the products from high to low was DPM (score of 91), IPM (score of 87) and EPM (score of 75). The finished products of DPM and IPM showed a good appearance with flat, white surface and hard texture. In contrast, the surface of EPM finished product was rough, irregular, uneven and spongy. 4) Finished product rate and polysaccharide content by DPM, EPM and IPM were 40.28% and 34.69 mg/g, 39.23% and 27.09 mg/g, and 44.05% and 34.79 mg/g respectively. The consequence showed that IPM could increase the rate of finished product and the polysaccharide content. Moreover, the joint application of transpiration with pulsed vacuum drying technology could effectively ensure the quality of Poria cocos. 5) The comprehensive evaluation results showed that the IPM was more suitable for the processing of Poria cocos. The research results can provide the theoretical guidance and technical support for the production and processing of Poria cocos. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Climate change - Compensation (personnel) - Costs - Cutting - Economics - Efficiency - Investments - Processing - Profitability - Quality control  - Wages
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation - Economy - Enterprise processing - Polysaccharide contents - Poria cocos - Processing technologies - Product appearance - Raw material costs
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 911  Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 912.4  Personnel - 913  Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.24e+01%, Percentage 1.42e+01%, Percentage 1.87e+01%, Percentage 3.92e+01%, Percentage 4.03e+01%, Percentage 4.40e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.039

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20163902855593
Title:Analysis on soil moisture energy feature of apple orchards in Weibei area based on van Genuchten model
Authors:Zhang, Lu (1, 2); Wang, Yiquan (1); Han, Jichang (2); Shi, Zonglin (1); Jiao, Caiqiang (1); Pang, Guowei (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an; 710075, China; (3) College of Urban and Environmental, Northwest University, Xi'an; 710127, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Yiquan(295120895@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:120-126
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In arid and semi-arid regions, the emergence of dry soil layer can limit apple tree's growth, development and yield. This study investigated the spatio-temporal variability of soil water suction in apple orchards in Weibei area, northwest China. As the growth of fruit tree was restricted by drought and water deficit in Weibei area, water suction dynamics in 0-150 cm soil profile during apple tree growth stage was investigated in the present study. We chose both young (&lt;10 years) and old (&gt;20 years) orchards, as well as cropland (control), which located in the same site conditions. Stratified sampling was performed at different growth stages of apple trees from March to September, and the moisture in 0-150 cm soil profile was measured using the oven-drying method. According to the soil profile constitutions in Weibei orchard, the centrifuge method and vapor balance method was integrated to measure soil water characteristic curves of tested soil based on the soil genetic layer. The van Genuchten model was used to fit the water characteristic curves. Soil moisture in young orchards, old orchards and farmlands was converted to soil water suction based on the van Genuchten model. The drought stress of planting fruit was evaluated with the farmland as control. The results showed that the van Genuchten model could well fit soil moisture characteristic curves in orchard topsoil, farmland arable layer, black loessial soil and loess subsoil in Weibei, and the fitting accuracy reached 0.96. Orchard soil moisture gradually decreased from mid-March to early July (loss phase), followed by an increase till the end of September (recovery phase). Farmland was greatly impacted by drought stress in Weibei area, and the 0-100 cm soil layer was with water suction higher than 3.98 (heavy water stress) from mid-March to early July. Affected by vegetation canopy cover and fruit growth period, the impacts of drought on orchard were smaller than that on farmland, while the impacts on old orchard were greater than that on young orchard. The high water suction for young orchards occurred at 0-20 cm soil layer from mid-March to early May and from late May to early July, and extended to 40-70 cm soil layer from mid-June to mid-July. The high water suction for old orchards occurred at 0-40 cm soil layer from mid-March to the end of April, at 30-100 cm soil layer from the end of May to mid-July and at 0-20 cm soil layer from mid-July to the end of August. In conclusion, high water suction can appear intermittently in different growth stages and different soil depths for apple orchards with different ages. The influences of drought stress on orchards are smaller than that on farmland and during the recovery phase, "seasonal interior water stress" can be restored in apple orchards, and thus, planting fruit is helpful to alleviate drought stress in Weibei area. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Curve fitting - Drought - Farms - Forestry - Fruits - Heavy water - Moisture - Orchards - Plants (botany) - Soil moisture  - Soil structure interactions
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid regions - Different growth stages - Dryland - Soil water - Soil-water characteristic curve - Spatiotemporal variability - Van Genuchten model - Water characteristics
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 483.2  Foundations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.6  Numerical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Size 0.00e+00m to 1.00e+00m, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.50e+00m, Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 4.00e-01m, Size 3.00e-01m to 1.00e+00m, Size 4.00e-01m to 7.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20163902855584
Title:Analysis and experiment on atomizing characteristics of supersonic nozzle based on Laval effect
Authors:Yang, Chao (1, 2, 3); Chen, Bo (1, 2); Jiang, Wanlu (1, 2); Gao, Dianrong (1, 2); Jin, Guangjun (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Heavy Machinery Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao; 066004, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Advanced Forging &amp; Stamping Technology and Science, Ministry of Education, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao; 066004, China; (3) Qinhuangdao Capital Starlight Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Qinhuangdao; 066004, China 
Corresponding author:Jiang, Wanlu(wljiang@ysu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:57-64
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Atomizing nozzle is a crucial part of spray device. And it is widely applied in many fields such as agricultural spraying, plant cooling and dust suppression. Moreover, the atomizing performance of nozzle has a great influence on the size and velocity of droplet, and the flow distribution. In order to improve the atomizing performance of the supersonic atomizing nozzle, atomizing principle of the supersonic atomizing nozzle is analyzed in this paper, and it is found that the velocity difference of air phase and water phase has a great effect on the atomizing performance. The spool structure of the atomizing nozzle is changed according to the supersonic principle of Laval nozzle when it is tapered before. The key size of Laval-style structure is important to its accelerated performance, the air inlet diameter is 4.5 mm, the throat diameter is 1.5 mm, the spool outlet diameter is 3.5 mm, the water inlet diameter is 0.9 mm, the subsonic contraction period length is 3.3 mm, the supersonic expansion period length is 6.2 mm, and the expansion period cone angle is 10&deg;. A three-dimensional (3D) geometry model of Laval-style spool is built, supersonic can be achieved while the air pass through the nozzle, and velocity distributions law of the nozzle flow field is obtained by using computational fluid dynamics software Fluent. Furthermore, a test bench is built for atomization and the atomizing testing is carried out. The atomizing effect of nozzle is analyzed and compared before and after the spool structure being changed, and the atomizing performance influence rule of Laval-style atomizing nozzle is studied under different operational parameters. The numerical simulation results show that the velocity within most parts of the nozzle can reach supersonic and the velocity difference of air phase and water phase is significantly increased. In addition, the results of atomization testing indicate that the change of spool structure and the operational parameters have a great influence on atomizing performance, and the Laval-style atomizing nozzle is better than the tapered atomizing nozzle. Compared to the tapered atomizing nozzle, the droplet sprayed from Laval-style atomizing nozzle is smaller, the spray angle is larger, the droplet is more uniformly distributed in the flow field, and the droplet suspending time in the air is longer. In the test, the operational parameters of Laval-style atomizing nozzle include air pressure, water pressure and air-water pressure ratio. The air pressure is within the range of 0.3-0.6 MPa, the water pressure is within the range of 0.1-0.4 MPa, and the air-water pressure ratio is within the range of 0-6. The testing results reveal that it is beneficial to decrease the droplet size by increasing the air pressure or the air-water pressure ratio, but the effect will be the opposite by increasing the water pressure. The droplet size will increase when the values of air pressure and water pressure are almost the same or the droplet flow filed is split. However, the droplet size will decrease when the shrill crash appears during the spray process. Overall, with the air-water pressure ratio increasing in the range of 0-6, the droplet size shows an obvious trend toward decreasing. When the air-water pressure ratio is within the range of 0-3, the droplet size decreases rapidly by an amplitude that is as high as 90.56%, but when the air-water pressure ratio is within the range of 3-6, the droplet size displays a slow decrease. The Sauter mean diameter of droplet can be as small as 18.52 &mu;m when the air-water pressure ratio is 6. The research results of the paper will provide a reference for the further research on the supersonic atomizing nozzle and the design of new atomizing device. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Air
Controlled terms:Atmospheric pressure - Atomization - Computational fluid dynamics - Computational geometry - Drops - Flow fields - Fluid dynamics - Nozzle design - Nozzles - Reels  - Rocket nozzles - Spray nozzles - Supersonic flow - Velocity - Velocity distribution - Water distribution systems
Uncontrolled terms:Computational Fluid Dynamics software - Droplet sizes - Laval effect - Operational parameters - Sauter mean diameter (SMD) - Supersonic expansions - Three-dimensional (3D) geometry - Velocity difference
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 723.5  Computer Applications - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.1  Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.06e+01%, Pressure 1.00e+05Pa to 4.00e+05Pa, Pressure 3.00e+05Pa to 6.00e+05Pa, Size 1.50e-03m, Size 1.85e-05m, Size 3.30e-03m, Size 3.50e-03m, Size 4.50e-03m, Size 6.20e-03m, Size 9.00e-04m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20163902855610
Title:Zoning of rural residential land consolidation based on spatial autocorrelation of geographical spatial suitability index
Authors:Song, Wen (1, 2); Wu, Kening (1, 2); Liu, Haoran (1, 2); Chen, Ying (3); Liu, Peijia (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing; 100035, China; (3) College of Resources and Environment, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou; 730070, China 
Corresponding author:Wu, Kening(knwu@soho.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:249-257
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As an important way, rural residential land consolidation is needed seriously to raise the level of construction land saving and intensive use, to increase the effective area of cultivated land and to achieve the requisition-compensation balance of cultivated land. Consolidation zoning is scientifically and orderly conducive to rural residential land consolidation. Based on geographical spatial properties, in order to study differentiated consolidation directions and modes for regional rural residential land and improve consolidation efficiency, this paper took Beiyuan region of Linxia County in central Gansu Province as an example, administrative village as the study unit and rural residential land as the study object. An evaluation index system based on geographical spatial suitability of rural residential land consolidation was constructed from 4 aspects including geographical environment, spatial location, spatial distribution and spatial pattern based on literature analysis. The comprehensive value of geographical spatial suitability of the rural residential land consolidation was obtained by weighting sum of the standardized values of each selected factors. The comprehensive values were analyzed by using spatial autocorrelation analysis method to get spatial aggregation of geographical spatial suitability degree of the rural residential land consolidation. Differentiated consolidation directions and modes were proposed according to consolidation zoning achieved through combining the spatial aggregation and excessive consolidation area of administrative villages. The results showed that geographical spatial suitability values of rural residential land in Beiyuan Region were from 32.093 to 85.226. There were large differences among administrative villages in different regions and the evaluation index system could reflect the differences of geographical spatial properties of rural residential land in Beiyuan region. The global Moran's index of suitability was 0.66, the confidence level was higher than 99% (extremely significant at 0.01 level) and the geographical spatial suitability degree of the rural settlements consolidation showed significant positive spatial autocorrelation among administrative villages in Beiyuan region. The LISA showed that only significant high-high and low-low aggregation characteristics existed, which consisted with the result of global spatial autocorrelation analysis. It indicated that geographical spatial suitability values of rural residential land changed uniformly and high-low or low-high anomaly characteristics did not exist. The rural residential land in Beiyuan region was divided into 4 types of zoning, including preferential consolidation area, secondary consolidation area, merged consolidation area and selective consolidation area, and rural residential land areas of each zoning respectively were 350.16, 633.59, 320.64 and 531.84 hm². Zoning results contained spatial aggregation characteristics, so rural residential land consolidation could generate scale effect to reduce consolidation cost and improve consolidation benefits. Zoning through overlaying LISA aggregation map and hierarchical map of standard excess area could distinguish the differences of the suitability and benefits of rural residential land consolidation in different regions. This paper can provide valuable information for practice activities of the rural residential land consolidation to improve the consolidation efficiency and benefits, and it can also provide a new feasible thought and method for study on rural residential land consolidation zoning. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Spatial variables measurement
Controlled terms:Autocorrelation - Consolidation - Efficiency - Geographical regions - Housing - Land use - Partitions (building) - Rural areas - Spatial distribution - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Evaluation index system - Geographical environment - Geographical spatial suitability - Requisition-compensation balances - Rural residential - Secondary consolidation - Spatial autocorrelation analysis - Spatial autocorrelations
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1  Urban Planning and Development - 408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921  Mathematics - 943.2  Mechanical Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.90e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20163902855586
Title:Hierarchical energy management and optimization of hybrid electric vehicles based on V2X
Authors:Qian, Lijun (1); Qiu, Lihong (1); Lin, Runing (2); Xin, Fulong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei; 230009, China; (2) North Vehicle Research Institute, Beijing; 100072, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:74-81
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The control systems of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which greatly affect their power performances, fuel economy and emissions are nonlinear, multi-variable, time-varying, and not differentiable, and they are the key objectives and the most difficult parts for HEVs. One of the most popular concerns about HEVs is the realization of real-time control. Researchers have come up with multiple architectures about the optimization of the energy management control of HEVs, and the most commonly used algorithms are dynamic programming (DP), equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS), Pontryagin's minimum strategy (PMP), as well as some algorithms developed from them. In order to achieve the optimal solutions with DP, a given route or velocity profile is required, which is yet normally impossible. Therefore, some researchers come up with the method of model predictive control (MPC) to obtain the predicted driving cycle, so that the need of prior-knowledge can be met. As the combination of DP and ECMS is time-consuming, some researchers finally find ECMS and PMP can be alternatives to achieve global optimal solutions or approximate to them. However, these methods mentioned above cannot realize real-time control, even though many efforts have been done to develop more time-efficient algorithms, and the controlled objects were simplified in different degrees and some details were ignored, such as driver's intention, road conditions, signal lights and mutual effects among vehicles under real driving environment. With the development of intelligent traffic system (ITS), the real-time control based on vehicle connection becomes possible. In the connected vehicle environment, vehicles can communicate with each other and with traffic infrastructure, and they can also share their position and velocity information within the vehicle group with the help of the technologies of dedicated short range communication (DSRC), radio frequency identification devices (RFID), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and cellular network. This paper focused on the hierarchical control of a group of 4 connected vehicles. The upper level controller integrated signal phase and timing (SPAT), multi-island genetic algorithm and nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC), which dealt with the generation of the primary velocity profiles, the best locations and target velocities, and the optimal target velocity sequences respectively. The lower level controller dealt with the energy management of HEV with adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (A-ECMS), and obtained the optimal power splits of the engine and motor at a given time. One thing that should be addressed was that the higher level controller and lower level controller were both virtual controllers embedded in the distant server, which communicated with the driver and vehicle parts by wireless communications. Because of the super calculation ability of the server or cloud computing, the real-time control of HEVs could be achieved. In the upper level controller, the mathematic description of the problem was presented, which consisted of the vehicle longitude dynamics equation, the power request equation and the cost minimization function, and was a weighted sum of the fuel consumption, the velocity deviations between the vehicle and the one at its immediate back, the control variables of traction or braking force per unit mass, and the relative distance between the 2 vehicles. The aim of the higher level controller was to get the optimal velocity profile as well as the avoidance of red light stopping. Another method based on Gipp's car following model was also presented as a baseline method. With the best positions and target velocity sequences obtained from the optimal control problem, the optimal target velocity was calculated using NMPC over a given time horizon. The hierarchical control strategy was validated using hardware-in-the-loop and Clemson Palmetto server. The simulation results showed that the control method proposed in this paper could realize the energy management of the HEVs, avoid red light stopping, and achieve good velocity tracking as well as reduce fuel consumptions. Compared with the baseline method, the average fuel economy improvements for the A-ECMS, ECMS and rule-based controllers were 27.2%, 28.2%, and 29.5%, respectively. When the higher level controller was based on V2X (vehicle to vehicle, and vehicle to infrastructure), compared with ECMS and rule-based controllers, the average fuel economy improvements for A-ECMS-based controller were 10.3% and 14.8%, respectively. Above all, the research method could be a new architecture to the energy management of HEVs. With the help of the architecture and some developed algorithms, the realization of the real-time control for HEVs will be likely possible. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Hybrid vehicles
Controlled terms:Advanced traffic management systems - Automobile drivers - Computer control systems - Computer hardware - Control - Controllers - Dedicated short range communications - Dynamic positioning - Dynamic programming - Electric machine control  - Electric power system control - Electric power system economics - Energy management - Fuel consumption - Fuel economy - Fuels - Genetic algorithms - Hardware - Intelligent vehicle highway systems - Level control  - Model predictive control - Network architecture - Nonlinear systems - Optimal control systems - Optimal systems - Optimization - Predictive control systems - Radio frequency identification (RFID) - Real time control - Reconfigurable hardware  - Signaling - Synthetic apertures - Traction control - Traffic control - Traffic signals - Vehicles - Velocity - Wi-Fi - Wireless telecommunication systems
Uncontrolled terms:Equivalent consumption minimization strategies (ECMS) - Hard-ware-in-the-loop - Hierarchical control - Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) - Intelligent traffic systems - Multi island genetic algorithms - Nonlinear model predictive control - Radio frequency identification devices
Classification code:406.1  Highway Systems - 432  Highway Transportation - 432.4  Highway Traffic Control - 525  Energy Management and Conversion - 605  Small Tools and Hardware - 706.1  Electric Power Systems - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment - 721.3  Computer Circuits - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1  Control Equipment - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.03e+01%, Percentage 1.48e+01%, Percentage 2.72e+01%, Percentage 2.82e+01%, Percentage 2.95e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20163902855608
Title:Effect of biochar addition amount on nitrogen loss during composting process of Elodea Nuttallii
Authors:Wang, Haihou (1); Jin, Meijuan (1); Xu, Jun (1); Yan, Huixia (1); Lu, Changying (1); Shi, Linlin (1); Zhou, Xinwei (1); Shen, Mingxing (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Taihu Research institute of Agricultural Sciences, Key Scientific Observation &amp; Experiment Station Paddy Field Eco-environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Suzhou; 215155, China 
Corresponding author:Shen, Mingxing(smxwwj@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:234-240
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biochar has the potential to reduce nitrogen (N) loss during composting process mainly through mitigating ammonia or water-soluble ammonium. However, until now there is still less quantitative information on the impact of biochar amendments on the N loss as well as on the optimum addition amounts and mixture ratios of biochar and compost. To fill in this knowledge gap, in the present study, a laboratory-scale static aerobic reactor was employed in the composting process of aquatic plants (Elodea nuttallii), in which different amounts of biochar amendment were applied. This experiment was composed of 6 treatments: 1) without biochar addition under traditional operation and composting condition, named as CK; and 2) with 5 different levels of biochar addition, the addition amount were 6%, 18%, 30%, 42% and 54% of the composting dry basis given in CK treatment, named as B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5, respectively. All the treatments applied the same amount of straw of aquatic plants (Elodea nuttallii) and rice as the composting material and had consistent environmental control conditions. The dynamics of accumulated temperature, rate of ammonia volatilization, pH value as well as the content of ammonium-N, nitrate-N and soil organic carbon were observed during the process of composting. Our study revealed the following findings: 1) Compared with the conventional composting process, adding biochar could significantly increase the composting temperature and prolong the duration days of high temperature, and therefore higher cumulative temperature and shortened composting period were obtained with the application of biochar. Furthermore, there was a significant logarithmic correlation (P&lt;0.01) between the number of reduced days in composting cycle and the amount of biochar addition. When the biochar addition was below 50%, every 5% additional biochar amendment could shorten the composting period of approximately 0.4 d. 2) During the composting process, with application of biochar treatment (biochar content of 30%, 42%, and 54%), the accumulated NH<inf>3</inf>volatilization was significantly lower than that of CK treatment (P&lt;0.05). However, compared to CK treatment, accumulated NH<inf>3</inf>volatilization was increased by 26.58% in B1 treatment (biochar content of 6%) and by 6.34% in B2 treatment (biochar content of 18%), respectively, and the nitrogen loss rate was higher than that of CK treatment. The rate of nitrogen loss rate during the composting process and the content of biochar addition showed a significant correlation of cubic curve (P&lt;0.05). The appropriate ratio of biochar to composting was from 27% to 45% (dry biomass). In addition, when the content of biochar addition was in the range of 30%-55%, every 5% additional biochar applied could reduce the rate of nitrogen loss by 4.97% on average. Under biochar amendment, different impact factors that influenced the nitrogen loss were also analyzed using standard partial regression, and it was found the effect decreased gradually in the order of total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and organic carbon. Overall, this study highlights that reasonable application of biochar would have a great potential to reduce nitrogen loss and enhance working efficiency in composting process, which is a promising technology in composting. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Nitrogen
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Composting - Environmental management - Organic carbon - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulated temperatures - Ammonia volatilization - Bio chars - Composting conditions - Composting temperature - Elodea nuttallii - Nitrogen loss - Quantitative information
Classification code:454.1  Environmental Engineering, General - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 804  Chemical Products Generally
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.80e+01%, Percentage 2.66e+01%, Percentage 2.70e+01% to 4.50e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01% to 5.50e+01%, Percentage 4.20e+01%, Percentage 4.97e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 5.40e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+00%, Percentage 6.34e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20163902855578
Title:Design and experiment of balance and low-loss air allotter in air pressure maize precision planter
Authors:Yin, Xiaowei (1); Yang, Li (1); Zhang, Dongxing (1); Cui, Tao (1); Han, Dandan (1); Zhang, Tianliang (1); Yu, Yiming (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China 
Corresponding author:Cui, Tao(cuitao@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:9-17
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Air pressure maize precision planter is suitable for high-speed planting which needs to work under ensured and stable air pressure. However, significant problems exist in the air supply system such as high pressure loss and velocity loss, serious heating and uneven pressure and flow supply. Air supply system seriously affects the working stability of planter. Reasonable allocation of the air flow is one of the most important factors to air pressure maize precision planter. The importance of the allotter in the air supply system cannot be ignored. To solve the problems of high loss in air pressure and velocity, this paper supplies a new type of air allotter which contains one inlet, four outlets and a connection segment with gradient combined curve. According to the theory of steady incompressible flow in pressure conduits, the phenomena of high air loss and uneven flow distribution can be interpreted. The pressure and velocity loss are usually insignificant in comparison with the loss due to pipe friction when the length of pipe or channel is very long. But if the length of pipe or channel is very short, these so-called minor losses may actually be major losses. As long as the air pressure and velocity at the inlet and outlet of the air allotter are known, pressure and velocity loss can be analyzed easily. Therefore, 4 types of air allotters with different airflow directions are designed by analyzing the relationship between loss and structure in turbulent flow. Because of the difficulty in measuring the velocity in real condition, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is applied to obtain ideal data which can be simulated by software such as Gambit, Fluent and Tecplot. In order to find the optimal pathway and direction of the air flow, 4 different types of air allotters were simulated. The result indicated that the paralleled axis of the inlet and the outlet was the best way. In order to find the ideal parameter of the allotter, the simulation experiment was carried out further. Compared with all factor experiments, orthogonal experiment is better and faster to select the optimal structure. So, 3 factors including the shape of connection segment of the allotter, the inlet-outlet diameter ratio and the center distance between inlet and outlet were chosen to test and find out the most significant factors. The simulation result of the range analysis and variance analysis showed that the inlet-outlet diameter ratio and the distance between inlet and outlet's axis in the allotter should be as small as possible within the permitted range. Besides, the results also indicated that the shape of the curve had significant influence on the pressure loss, whereas there was few influence on velocity loss. Structures such as sudden expansion and bends could lead to more pressure and velocity loss which should be avoided in the design of allotters. Thus, the optimal structure of the air allotter consisted of coaxial inlet and outlet and a concave-convex combined curve. Through the dimension driven in SolidWorks, the shape of the concave-convex combined curve could be ensured. An optimal structure with related parameters was estimated finally through the simulation of different types of allotters with different shapes of concave-convex combined curve. The experiment and simulation results indicated that the length of the connection segment of the allotter and the ratio of concave curve to outward curve were 2 significant parameters. Field experiment was conducted with 2 different types of allotters installed on air pressure maize precision planter to validate the result of simulation. The pressure and velocity of the balance and low-loss air allotter were measured by air flow meter KA33 made by KANOMAX. Results proved that the performance of the balance and low-loss air allotter was better than that of other widely used allotters. Comparative experiment showed that the rate of pressure loss of the designed allotter was kept within 10% under different working pressures, while the loss of another allotter was over 30%. The pressure consistency variation coefficient of 4-row seed metering device was less than 4%. The research shows that the allotter cannot be ignored in the research of maize precision planter. Appropriate structure of air allotter can significantly reduce energy consumption and ensure uniform air pressure when the planter works. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Air
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Atmospheric pressure - Computation theory - Computational fluid dynamics - Energy utilization - Flowmeters - Fluid dynamics - Incompressible flow - Parameter estimation - Structural optimization  - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Comparative experiments - Maize precision planter - Orthogonal experiment - Pressure loss - Reduce energy consumption - Seed metering devices - Steady incompressible flows - Variation coefficient
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 721.1  Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 931.1  Mechanics - 943.1  Mechanical Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20163902855588
Title:Experiment on stress relaxation of corn stover during compression with assisted vibration
Authors:Ma, Yanhua (1); Xuan, Chuanzhong (1); Wu, Pei (1); Yang, Jianning (1); Su, He (1); Zhang, Yong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China 
Corresponding author:Wu, Pei(jdwp@imau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:88-94
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Corn stalk is abundant in China, which is usually burnt in the field, resulting in environmental pollution and resource waste. Therefore, the recycling of corn stalks is urgent and necessary. However, the cost of transportation and storage is very high because of its loose structure and low bulk density. The best solution for this problem is to compress it into briquettes, pellets, or logs. Due to the rheological properties of corn stalk during the compressing process, the present compressing equipment commonly has the problems of high energy consumption, low efficiency, and quick wear of the key components, which are the bottleneck of its application and extension. At present, a lot of researches on the compression rheological properties of agricultural materials have been done by many domestic and foreign scholars, and stress relaxation has been analyzed by ideal mechanical components and mechanical models. But the most researches are based on the way of traditional compression. There is no relevant research about the influence of assisted vibration on stress relaxation during compression. In order to solve the problems of compressing equipment, assisted vibration was introduced into the compression process of corn stalks in this paper. By using a vibration-assisted densification test system, the stress relaxation experiments for without and with assistive vibration at supplied pressure of 0.4 MPa were performed in the same conditions: the moisture content of corn stalks at 18%, the particle sizes between 1 and 4 mm, the compression speed of 4.6 mm/s, the feeding rate of 15 g, and 10 s relaxation time. Through fitting the experimental data in MATLAB, the stress relaxation of corn stalk in the compression process with and without assistive vibration was expressed by a 2-order Maxwell model, and the coefficients of determination for the models were both greater than 0.9, which indicated that the fitting model was agreeable with the practical conditions. Based on the rheological model, the parameters of rheological model, such as the velocity of stress relaxation, the stress relaxation time, and the elastic restoring force were analyzed. And the results were as follows: from the curves of stress relaxation rate, it could be seen that the stress relaxation velocity obviously slowed down after 5 s without assistive vibration and slowed down after 3 s with assistive vibration during the compression. According to the models of stress relaxation, the stress relaxation time of the first and second order Maxwell models was respectively 0.96 and 99.4 s under the compression without vibration, and respectively 0.57 and 86.96 s under the compression with vibration. The proportion of residual elastic restoring force under the compression without and with vibration was respectively 77.2% and 76.5%. The results show that the vibration can increase the stress relaxation rate, lower the stress relaxation duration and internal residual stress of the block, and thus reduce the elastic deformation recovery after the block is extruded out of the die, improve the quality of product, and reduce the additional resistance when compression again; at the same time, the vibration can greatly save the time of stress relaxation when the block is compressed to the same density. The research provides a new way of lowering energy and raising production efficiency for the compression equipment. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Stress relaxation
Controlled terms:Compaction - Digital storage - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Equipment - Problem solving - Relaxation time - Rheology - Straw - Stresses
Uncontrolled terms:Additional resistances - Cost of transportation - Elastic restoring forces - Environmental pollutions - High energy consumption - Rheological property - Stress relaxation rate - Vibration
Classification code:525.2  Energy Conservation - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 901  Engineering Profession - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1  Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.50e-02kg, Percentage 1.80e+01%, Percentage 7.65e+01%, Percentage 7.72e+01%, Pressure 4.00e+05Pa, Size 1.00e-03m to 4.00e-03m, Time 3.00e+00s, Time 5.00e+00s, Time 8.70e+01s, Time 9.94e+01s, Velocity 4.60e-03m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20163902855592
Title:Effects of drip irrigation quota on yield and water productivity in watermelon-cotton intercropping system
Authors:Qiang, Xiaoman (1, 2); Sun, Jingsheng (1, 2); Liu, Hao (1, 2); Ning, Huifeng (1, 2); Wu, Xiaolei (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang; 453002, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Xinxiang; 453002, China 
Corresponding author:Sun, Jingsheng(jshsun623@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:113-119
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The intercropping system, which contains combination and collocation of different crops, is a traditional and productive planting of agricultural production. Field intercropping system has been widely proved to be able to improve the productivity of agroecosystem effectively. Compared to monoculture, intercropping can increase the interception of light energy, grain yield and water productivity of croplands. Nowadays, water shortage becomes more severe in the face of the projecting population growth and food demands. Therefore, a more efficient intercropping pattern, including highly efficient utilization of resources and water saving, is urgently needed. Currently, the research and application of drip irrigation in intercropping system are gradually increasing, but the principles of irrigation index and water productivity are relatively inadequate. Therefore, field experiments with 4 treatments were carried out during 2013 in this study in order to reveal the appropriate magnitude of drip irrigation index in a watermelon-cotton intercropping system. Drip irrigation with mulch was integrated into the watermelon-cotton intercropping system and different drip irrigation quotas: i.e., 15 mm (T1), 22.5 mm (T2), 37.5 mm (T3) and 30 mm (CK) were conducted to investigate the impacts of drip irrigation quota on crop growth, yield, water production efficiency and economic benefit in watermelon-cotton intercropping system. The results showed that the main vine length of watermelon was larger in T3 treatment during the early growing stage, but shorter in T2 treatment during the middle and late growing stage, and T1 was the smallest during the whole growing stage. The cotton height of T3 was the largest, and T1 was the smallest; leaf area index of intercropping population showed a double-peak curve and increased with the irrigation quota in symbiotic period, and no significant differences of leaf area index were found among all treatments in non-symbiotic period; the eventual shedding rate of buds and bolls was the minimal in T2, only 59.6%, the second for T1 treatment, and T3 treatment was up to 62.3%. Among all treatments, T2 significantly improved the watermelon-cotton intercropping production, water production efficiency and economic benefits. For T2, the yield of watermelon was 59 697.0 kg/hm², the yield of cotton was 4 851.2 kg/hm², the water productivity was 28.20 yuan/m³, and the total economic output value was as high as 163 054.8 yuan/hm². The irrigation water amount of T1 treatment was the smallest, and the output was the lowest. The main reason was that the water supply of T1 was less than other treatments, and the enhancement of water competition led to the smallest main vine length of watermelon and the lowest plant height of cotton and population LAI in the intercropping system, limiting the exertion of the advantages. The vegetative growth of T3 treatment was over vigorous as a result of the largest irrigation water amount. Accordingly, the WP (water productivity) and comprehensive profit of T3 treatment was the smallest. In conclusion, the suitable drip irrigation quota of watermelon-cotton intercropping was 22.5 mm, and the total irrigation time was 7 in the whole growing stage. Using this irrigation mode to carry out scientific water management can realize the unity of high yield and water productivity and provide reference for scientific utilization of drip irrigation technology in watermelon-cotton intercropping system in this region. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cotton - Crops - Cultivation - Economic and social effects - Plants (botany) - Population statistics - Productivity - Water - Water conservation  - Water management - Water resources - Water supply - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Intercropping - Intercropping systems - Research and application - Utilization of resources - Water productivity - Watermelon - Yield
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.96e+01%, Percentage 6.23e+01%, Size 1.50e-02m, Size 2.25e-02m, Size 3.00e-02m, Size 3.75e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20163902855580
Title:Design and optimization experiment of working performance of sliding push opener
Authors:Zhao, Shuhong (1); Liu, Hongjun (1); Zhang, Xianmin (1); Yang, Yueqian (1); L&uuml;, Bin (1); Tan, Hewen (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:26-34
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:When a large number of fertilizers were applied, deep fertilization was performed to avoid damaging seeds and causing environmental pollution in China. But when deep fertilization was used, it was difficult to control sowing depth which would influence the sowing quality and reduce the crop yield, so the sliding push opener was designed. The sliding push opener consisted of 2 parts: the shovel handle and the sliding pusher. The sliding pusher mainly relied on its surface to work. The surface of the sliding pusher consisted of a curve, a top side and a bottom side. The top side was wider than the bottom side and the vertical height between them was set to be 150 mm. The sliding push opener was an obtuse opener. Shovel handle was a 30 mm &times; 50 mm steel tube through which seeds could be delivered. As the sliding push opener's top side was wider than the bottom one, it was easy to push disturbed soil back into the furrow and control the sowing depth. In order to get the optimal structural parameters of the sliding push opener, the single factor tests, the response surface tests and the verifying tests were carried out. When the sliding push angle was 45&deg;, the single factor tests were carried out for the top width (ranging from 30 to 78 mm) and 5 levels were set; when the top width was 33 mm, the single factor tests were carried out for the sliding push angle (ranging from 45&deg; to 65&deg;) and 5 levels were set. In the response surface tests, the testing factors were top width (ranging from 42 to 66 mm) and sliding push angle (ranging from 35&deg; to 55&deg;), and 3 levels were set for each factor. The response surface testing scheme designed with the central composite face-centered design (CCF) method was a two-factor three-level testing scheme. The response surface analysis method was used to analyze the testing data and optimize the working parameters of the sliding push opener. The Design-expert 8.0.5b software was used to analyze the test data, and then the credible regression mathematical models were obtained; after that the genetic algorithm NSGA-II of multi-objective optimization was used to optimize the regression mathematical models. The results indicated that the order for primary and secondary factors affecting soil returning quantity was: sliding push angle &gt; top width, and that affecting forward resistance was: sliding push angle &gt; top width. The optimal structure parameters were obtained: the bottom width was 30 mm, the height difference of the top and bottom part of sliding push was 150 mm, the top width was 54 mm and the sliding angle was 48&deg;. Under the condition, back soil returning quantity was 8.67 g/cm and the forward resistance was 925.56 N. On the basis of the results of the verifying tests, it was found that the average soil returning quantity was 7.6 g/cm, and the average forward resistance was 935.78 N. The comparison between the optimization results and the verifying results showed that the relative error of soil returning quantity was 14.8% and that of forward force was 1.1%, which meant the optimization results were reliable. The design of the sliding push opener is very important for the consistency of sowing depth. The results of this research can provide new ideas and reference for the design and application of openers. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Software testing
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Design - Experiments - Genetic algorithms - Machine design - Multiobjective optimization - Optimization - Quality control - Shovels  - Soils - Structural optimization - Surface analysis - Surface properties - Tubular steel structures
Uncontrolled terms:Design and application - Design and optimization - Environmental pollutions - Opener - Response surface analysis methods - Soil quantity - Structural parameter - Working performance
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601  Mechanical Design - 723.5  Computer Applications - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901.3  Engineering Research - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Force 9.26e+02N, Force 9.36e+02N, Linear_Density 7.60e-01kg/m, Linear_Density 8.67e-01kg/m, Percentage 1.10e+00%, Percentage 1.48e+01%, Size 1.50e-01m, Size 3.00e-02m, Size 3.00e-02m to 7.80e-02m, Size 3.30e-02m, Size 4.20e-02m to 6.60e-02m, Size 5.00e-02m, Size 5.40e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20163902855618
Title:Using condensed water from evaporation process during production of apple juice concentrate to prepare nutritional water drink
Authors:Deng, Hong (1); Yang, Tiange (1); Wang, Yuzhu (1); Qi, Na (1); Meng, Yonghong (1); Guo, Yurong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an; 710062, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:308-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to achieve the goal of reusing of apple water, the condensed water, which was obtained from the evaporation of apple juice concentrate production, was used as raw material in this paper, and its composition and concentration were also analyzed. On this basis, the water was purified and its nutrients were concentrated through the membrane separation technologies such as ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and then the condensed water was developed into a natural plant water beverage. The results showed that the reducing sugar, total acidity, aroma and total phenolic content of condensed water from apple juice concentrate were 150 &mu;g/mL, 98.5 &mu;g/mL, 166 &mu;g/mL, and 1.046 &mu;g/mL, respectively, while harmful metallic elements of lead, arsenic, mercury were not detected. The content of Alicyclobacillus spp. in excess of the standards was 43 CFU/100 mL. However Alicyclobacillus spp. can be removed from the condensed water by applying with the membrane separation technology of ultrafiltration (operating conditions of 40&#8451;, 0.06 MPa) and its content would reach to less than 1 CFU/100 mL. The nutrients in condensed water which was from apple juice processing can be effectively concentrated by membrane separation technology of reverse osmosis (operating conditions of 0.5 MPa, 5&#8451;), and the retention rates of reducing sugar, total acidity, aroma, and total phenol component were 95.07%, 97.61%, 87.71%, and 94.52%, respectively. Finally, if small amounts of vitamin B and vitamin C were added into this water, a drink of nutritional water with rich apple aroma can be prepared. The results in this study would lay the experimental basis for the further exploration of condensed water during apple juice concentration process and would also provide a research approach for saving water resources for Chinese apple juice concentrate companies. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Water conservation
Controlled terms:Bacilli - Evaporation - Films - Fruit juices - Fruits - Membrane technology - Nutrients - Odors - Phase separation - Reverse osmosis  - Separation - Thermal processing (foods) - Ultrafiltration - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Alicyclobacillus spp - Apple juice concentrates - Condensed water - Evaporation process - Membrane separation technology - Operating condition - Reuse - Total phenolic content
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 461.9  Biology - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.2  Food Processing Operations - 822.3  Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.05e-03kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.50e-01kg/m3, Mass_Density 1.66e-01kg/m3, Mass_Density 9.85e-02kg/m3, Percentage 8.77e+01%, Percentage 9.45e+01%, Percentage 9.51e+01%, Percentage 9.76e+01%, Pressure 5.00e+05Pa, Pressure 6.00e+04Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.042

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20163902855599
Title:Impacts of road surface shape on soil erosion of rural unpaved road
Authors:Wang, Tianwei (1); Yu, Bing (1); Liu, Yaojun (1, 2, 3); Li, Zhaoxia (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Water and Soil Conservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Prevention, Nanchang; 330029, China; (3) Jiangxi Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Nanchang; 330029, China 
Corresponding author:Liu, Yaojun(liuyj461@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:162-168
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Unpaved rural roads are thought to be one of the major sources of sediment in small watershed. Measurements of erosion from unpaved roads in rural regions will be taken to improve our ability to predict the delivery of sediment and its effects on water quality. Road surface shape is an important parameter of the road micro-structure. The road surface shape change the erosion features and play a great role in altering the runoff-sediment transportation processes of the road system. In this paper, 4 typical road surface shapes in rural regions of China were chosen to study the impact of surface shape on road erosion. Soil was sampled from rural road surface. After air dried and sieved through a 2 mm screen, soil was filled in a soil bin with the bulk density of 1.65 g/cm³, which was the most common soil bulk density of unpaved road in study area by field survey. The surface of soil was shaped in convex, lateral, flat, and concave to simulate 4 common road surface shapes. The slope of lateral pavement was set to 4&deg;, and the radian of arch pavement (including concave and convex) was set to 0.1. All of the simulated roads were tested in treatments with 3 slopes, which were 5&deg;, 10&deg; and 15&deg;. American SPRACO cone nozzles were used in rainfall simulation with the vertical height of 4.75 m from the ground. The rainfall intensity was 60 mm/h, and the rainfall duration was 45 min. Runoff and sediments were collected in every 3 min. The runoff coefficient, soil loss rate and a set of hydraulic parameters such as Reynolds number, Froude number and Manning's roughness coefficient were calculated after experiment. The results showed that the runoff was generated rapidly on road surface. High bulk density of pavement soil led to less infiltration and larger runoff coefficient. The initial runoff-yielding time of all types of roads was in 30 s, and the runoff coefficient was greater than 70%. The impacts of shapes on sediment production were much higher than that on runoff generation, so the capability of shapes in changing the hydrological characteristics of the road surface flow was much more important to sediment. The concave road received the highest soil loss rate due to the highest flow velocity and erosivity. Totally speaking, the flow pattern on concave was determined as torrent flow while that on convex and lateral road was subcritical flow. The eroded sediment particle sizes on convex and lateral were much smaller than that on concave and flat. The soil erosion on convex road was the lightest for the micro-structure on erosion controlling. The sensitivities of concave and flat road to slope degree were higher, and sediment production and flow erosivity had great enhancement with the increasing of slope degree. Differences of road surface shapes led to different erosion characteristics. Optimized combination of different road shapes and "road-canal" can reduce the impacts of road construction on the surroundings in the future road design to the most extent. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Surveys
Controlled terms:Erosion - Flow patterns - Flow velocity - Highway planning - Microstructure - Pavements - Rain - Reynolds number - Roads and streets - Runoff  - Rural areas - Rural roads - Sediments - Soils - Transportation - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Erosion characteristics - Hydrological characteristics - Manning's roughness coefficient - Optimized combinations - Road surfaces - Sediment particle size - Simulated rainfall - Unpaved roads
Classification code:406.2  Roads and Streets - 432.1  Highway Transportation, General - 442.1  Flood Control - 443.3  Precipitation - 445.2  Water Analysis - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631  Fluid Flow - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.65e+03kg/m3, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Size 2.00e-03m, Size 4.75e+00m, Time 1.80e+02s, Time 2.70e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20163902855614
Title:Extraction kinetics of rice bran oil and its minor bioactive compounds from rice bran by subcritical propane
Authors:Chen, Zhongwei (1); Zhao, Fangfang (1); Ding, Fen (1); Sun, Jun (1); Han, Jihua (1); Xu, Bin (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China 
Corresponding author:Xu, Bin(food_oil@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:280-286
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rice bran, the main by-product of rice process, contains oil and lots of bioactive compounds, such as &gamma;-oryzanol and &alpha;-tocopherols. Preliminary study shows that the active ingredient in rice bran could be well preserved during the subcritical fluid extraction. In order to reveal the extraction kinetics of rice bran oil (RBO) and its soluble active ingredients during subcritical propane extraction process, rice bran oil and active ingredient (&gamma;-oryzanol and &alpha;-tocopherols) were extracted from fresh rice bran using subcritical propane as medium at different temperature and time. We developed a two-dimensional transitory mathematical model by using Ba&uuml;mler model to simulate the kinetics of RBO and &gamma;-oryzanol, &alpha;-tocopherols during subcritical propane extraction process. The diffusion model of Fick's law, which fit for the system of suspending cylindrical particles in a dilute solution, was used to describe the diffusion process of oil and its minor compounds. The results showed that, Y<inf>t</inf>/Y<inf>&infin;</inf>(the mass ratio of substance that has diffused at time t and infinity time) increased with extraction time. Moreover, the free lipid on rice bran surface was extracted more easily than the cell bound lipid inside. As a result, the increasing rate of Y<inf>t</inf>/Y<inf>&infin;</inf>and the effective diffusion coefficient of RBO at initial stage were both faster than that of second stage during the extraction process. Similarly, the trends of &gamma;-oryzanol and &alpha;-tocopherols were similar. However, due to the higher energy barrier of &gamma;-oryzanol than rice bran oil, the rate of Y<inf>t</inf>/Y<inf>&infin;</inf>increase was slower than that of rice bran oil in the same extraction condition. In general, as temperature increases, the vapor pressure of the extracts increase, resulting the increase of diffusion coefficient and mass transfer coefficient. This can be used to explain the result that higher temperatures enhanced oil and minor compounds extraction from rice bran as the Y<inf>t</inf>/Y<inf>&infin;</inf>and effective diffusion coefficient increased. The De value of &gamma;-oryzanol was lower than that of rice bran oil. Only when the extraction temperature was 55&#8451;, the De value of &gamma;-oryzanol (3.415&times;10^-8m²/s) and RBO(3.461&times;10^-8m²/s)be similar. It indicated that the extraction of &gamma;-oryzanol was more dependent on the temperature. The &alpha;-tocopherols were extracted more difficult because of their amphiphile structure. The effective diffusion coefficient was positively correlated with the temperature. The results also showed that, the extraction of &alpha;-tocopherols was significantly influenced by the temperature. The Ba&uuml;mler model fit well the extraction kinetics of rice bran oil, &gamma;-oryzanol and &alpha;-tocopherols (R²&gt;0.95)during the subcritical propane extraction process. The temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient was represented by an Arrhenius-type equation for target extract, and the extraction of &gamma;-oryzanol depended on temperature mostly. Activation energy of &gamma;-oryzanol (9.11 kJ/mol) was higher than that of oil (5.23 kJ/mol) and &alpha;-tocopherols (7.05 kJ/mol). Based on the extraction kinetics model obtained, high predicted precision of rice bran oil, &gamma;-oryzanol and &alpha;-tocopherols from rice bran extracted by subcritical propane, which were 95.8%, 94.7% and 94.4%, respectively. In conclusion, based on Ba&uuml;mler model, the extraction kinetics of rice bran oil and its concomitant subcritical can be better revealed, and the model can predicted the Y<inf>t</inf>/Y<inf>&infin;</inf>of rice bran oil and its trace active components accurately to guide the subcritical extraction process of rice bran oil and its trace active components. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Oils and fats
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Diffusion - Enzyme kinetics - Extraction - Furfural - Kinetics - Mass transfer - Propane - Temperature - Temperature distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Arrhenius-type equation - Effective diffusion coefficients - Extraction conditions - Extraction temperatures - Higher-energy barriers - Oryzanol - Rice bran oil - Temperature dependence
Classification code:641.1  Thermodynamics - 641.3  Mass Transfer - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.44e+01%, Percentage 9.47e+01%, Percentage 9.58e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20163902855582
Title:Partition method for module clustering of soybean seeding equipment pedigree
Authors:Liu, Hongxin (1); Fu, Lulu (1); Jia, Ru (1); Guo, Lifeng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:43-50
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For agricultural machinery equipment, the gap in research and development efficiency and convenience between existing technology and expectation of engineering technical personnel is wide because of its great variety and complex influence factors. With the development and popularization of the three-dimensional (3D) technology, a lot of part libraries, standard part libraries and industry part libraries have been developed in 3D software, but these libraries only achieve simple collection of resource and primitive accumulation of model. However, with the increasing scale of 3D model data, organization management and efficient retrieval of model resource have become the problems needed to be solved. Therefore, in order to realize 3D model's intelligent storage, organization management and efficient retrieval of equipment digital resource database, soybean planting equipment was as the research object; on the basis of pedigree hierarchical division, aiming at the characteristics of soybean planting equipment, the correlation of function and geometry between each part was analyzed and defined by expert evaluation according to function collaboration performance and joining-dismounting performance, and the comprehensive correlation matrix was built by weighted summation method. The unit parts were aggregated by the maximum tree method of fuzzy clustering analysis, so clustering tree was produced. The class number of parts was determined by the threshold. When the threshold was 0.45, parts were divided into 6 classes. Combined with industry standards and function of the equipment practical application, soybean planting equipment was completed and decomposed into category module and function module. And pedigree topology of soybean planting equipment was established, which had the features of systematicness, integrity and program transformation. In pedigree topological map of soybean planting equipment, classification method of planter was the basic composition unit, and the map had the hierarchical structure corresponding to modular decomposition. It was decomposed into a special module, a standard module and several function modules. The same color between modules had more strong correlation, and the number of modules was used to represent cluster value among parts, the smaller value showing the correlation degree of module was higher. Model resources were organized and identified in form of pedigree module encoding according to pedigree topology map basic route and matter-element semantic encoding of "object, characteristics and value", in order to guide the model standardization labeling, and provide references for program recognition. Topological map information with the pedigree semantic features was transformed into program codes by Visual Basic software, which were used for the acquisition and analysis of model information. And fast retrieval of model was realized by the hierarchical matching judgment, and fuzzy retrieval and directory tree browse were the ways for model retrieval. The study results showed that the topological map with pedigree semantic encoding feature could guide organization and retrieval of model resource. Hierarchical fuzzy matching judgment retrieval methods based on hierarchical topology map could not only complete hierarchical retrieval, but also realize two-way interactive information. That was the basis to establish 3D model resources collection. And the study results provide the technology template and basic theory for development and application of similar complex mechanical equipment digital resource database. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Topology
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Digital storage - Encoding (symbols) - Equipment - Fuzzy clustering - Image matching - Information dissemination - Information management - Information retrieval  - Libraries - Semantics - Standardization - Visual BASIC
Uncontrolled terms:Development and applications - Fuzzy clustering analysis - Interactive informations - Matter elements - Modularity - Organization management - Research and development - Resource retrieval
Classification code:722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901  Engineering Profession - 902.2  Codes and Standards - 903  Information Science - 921.4  Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20163902855596
Title:A review on effects and regulation of paddy alternate wetting and drying on rice nitrogen use efficiency
Authors:Zhong, Chu (1); Cao, Xiaochuang (1); Zhu, Lianfeng (1); Zhang, Junhua (1); Yu, Shengmiao (1); Jin, Qianyu (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou; 310006, China 
Corresponding author:Jin, Qianyu(jinqy@mail.hz.zj.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:139-147
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Since Green Revolution in 1960s, rice yield has increased dramatically worldwide due to extensive application of chemical fertilizer, particularly nitrogen fertilizer. In fact, farmers always obtain high rice yield by excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer. This raises environmental problems and causes low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in rice. Improvement of rice NUE is one of the most efficient ways to resolve those problems, and it has been one of the most concerned research subjects in the field of rice science. Rice production consumes about 80% of agricultural irrigation water in Asia, which is the largest rice planting area in the world. However, seasonal water deficit caused by climate change is becoming a major threat in rice production in many areas. Paddy alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is an important water management technology in counteraction of water deficit and improvement of rice water use efficiency (WUE). It has been accepted as an efficient water regime in main rice planting countries. It is also found that AWD is an effective approach to improve the NUE. Nevertheless, rice NUE is influenced by many factors under AWD irrigation condition, including rice variety, ecological environment, nitrogen fertilizer management, and soil drying intensity. Drying and re-watering cycle in AWD affects biochemical and physical processes such as nitrification, denitrification, mineralization, percolation, and leaching in soil by changing soil water and air equilibrium, which in turn affect the availability of nitrogen nutrition. However, the processes are complex, involving the interactions of soil pH and Eh values, and microbe community and quantity. Proper AWD (e.g. alternate wetting and moderate drying, WMD) facilitates the growth of rice root, improves its ultrastructure and activity, and promotes nitrogen absorption, assimilation, and transference in rice. As a result, NUE of rice is increased. Nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamate: oxo-glutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT) are the most important enzymes in nitrogen assimilation. Their activities are positively correlated with NUE and improved under appropriate AWD condition. WMD has no adverse effects on rice photosynthesis that is the main source of dry matter for rice yield. In addition, it accelerates the transference of dry matter from vegetative organs to seeds developing, and increases harvest index (HI) of rice. Therefore, both rice yield and NUE are enhanced. AWD leads to the change of phytohormone in rice, which might participate in the regulation of rice NUE. Cytokinin is an essential phytohormone in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism. Many studies observed the increase of cytokinin content in both rice roots and leaves under WMD condition. Cytokinin content was positively correlated with net photosynthetic rate. However, the regulative mechanism of cytokinin on photosynthesis and NUE has remained to be elucidated. In this paper, we reviewed the main factors that impact rice NUE under AWD conditions, with emphasis on the influence mechanisms of AWD on rice NUE in the aspects of rhizosphere nitrogen nutrition and environment, root morphology and function, nitrogen assimilation and re-transference, carbon assimilation and allocation, and regulation of phytohormone. Finally, we proposed some suggestions for further research in the field of the relationship between AWD and NUE. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:96
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Amino acids - Climate change - Crops - Drying - Efficiency - Fertilizers - Irrigation - Nitrogen - Nutrition  - Photosynthesis - Plants (botany) - Soil moisture - Soils - Solvents - Thermal processing (foods) - Water management - Water resources - Water supply - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon assimilation - Nitrogen-use efficiency - Phytohormone - Rice - WETTING AND DRYING
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 461.7  Health Care - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 741.1  Light/Optics - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.2  Food Processing Operations - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 8.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20163902855613
Title:Radial seepage model and verification for oil in oilseeds processing by cylinder press
Authors:Liu, Rukuan (1, 2); Ke, Jiajian (3); Xiao, Zhihong (1); Li, Peiwang (1); Zhang, Aihua (1); Li, Changzhu (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Bioenergy, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha; 410004, China; (2) College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha; 410083, China; (3) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha; 410083, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Changzhu(lichangzhu2013@aliyun.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:274-279
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There are 2 kinds of methods for oilseed processing, which are mechanical pressing and solvent extraction. In mechanical pressing, screw pressing is widely used in industry for large-scale oilseeds with a low residual oil in cake while hydraulic pressing is suitable for special oilseeds under a low temperature. One-dimensional pressing is the foundation of mechanical pressing especially for new type of oilseeds with high oil content and high protein content. In process of one-dimensional pressing, oilseeds are squeezed and ruptured under the interaction with the barrel by the axial compression and lateral limit. Oils in the cells are gradually squeezed out only leaving the cake inside the cylinder barrel. In order to quantitate the flow state of oil in cold processing by cylinder pressing, experiments for stress analysis of oilseed were carried out on the basis of one-dimensional pressing model, which was established through simplifying assumptions. Based on the Darcy percolation law and the Terzaghi consolidation theory, 4 assumptions were raised: material layer of oilseeds was saturated by oil; gravity of the oil was ignored and oil flowed only in radial direction in cake pores; material of solid particles could be compressed while its volume and true density would not change, and the oil inside the pores could be incompressible; oilseeds remained in the state of saturation when squeezed and the flow of oil obeyed the Darcy seepage law. The influencing factors, including inner diameter, height of material layer, pressing pressure, pressing time, viscosity of oil, and porosity of oilseeds, were determined to establish the percolation model. Cylinder radius was one of the important factors for hydraulic pressing. The oil yield efficiencies were almost invariant with the increase of cylinder radius at first, and then decreased because oils inside pores could not flow out in time. Meanwhile pressure of hydraulic pressing would decrease with the increase of cylinder radius, leading to a difficulty for oil flow. Results of testing experiments of oil yield efficiency under different barrel diameters showed that the maximum error of the model was 2.10%, reflecting a relatively high accuracy of prediction. In practical pressing, the pressing pressure and time could be easily controlled, and the oils' viscosity and the cake porosity could be changed by setting the pressing parameters, while the size of the cylinder was not easy to be changed once chosen, leading to the importance of cylinder radius. Based on the model for oil yield efficiency deduced in this paper, the analysis results of the relationship between oil yield efficiency and cylinder radius show that radius of cylinder should not be too large. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Oilseeds
Controlled terms:Cylinders (shapes) - Efficiency - Experiments - Flow of fluids - Models - Porosity - Presses (machine tools) - Processing - Seepage - Solvent extraction  - Solvents - Stress analysis - Temperature - Viscosity
Uncontrolled terms:Cold press - Consolidation theory - Fluid velocities - Mechanical pressing - Oil-seed processing - Oilseeds processing - Simplifying assumptions - Terzaghi consolidation theory
Classification code:603.1  Machine Tools, General - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 901.3  Engineering Research - 913.1  Production Engineering - 913.4  Manufacturing - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.10e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20163902855601
Title:Nutrient deficiency diagnosis method for rape leaves using color histogram on HSV space
Authors:Zhang, Kaibing (1, 2); Zhang, Aiqun (1, 3); Li, Chunsheng (1, 3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) School of Electronics and Information, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an; 710048, China; (3) College of Plant Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan; 432000, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Chunsheng(xgxh2006@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:179-187
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Color changes of rape leaves are closely related to the variety and quantity of nutrient deficiency. To achieve a fast accurate nutrient diagnose for rape, an intelligent analysis and diagnose method for rape nutrient deficiency was proposed according to color changes of rape leaf caused by nutrient deficiency, which was based on the non-equal quantization of color histogram in the HSV (hue, saturation, value) color space and combined multiple support vector machine (SVM) classifiers. In order to build a validating database, the Hoagland's formula was used to configure nutrient solution and the Kawasaki soilless formula was employed to cultivate a batch of new double-low rapes (the variety "Sun 2009" (Brassica napus L.)). With the soilless culture technique, 5 different growth conditions, i.e. normal, potassium-deficiency, phosphorus-deficiency, nitrogen-deficiency, and borondeficiency, were mimicked to cultivate rape samples. During the cultivation, the pH value of the nutrient solution was in the range of from 6 to 7. First, the nutrient solution was dispensed as base solution and then was diluted with water to make different working liquids for use. To avoid unexpected precipitation caused by chemical reaction, the nutrient solutions were grouped into 3 different base solutions in terms of their chemical characteristics. Next, these base solutions were configured as the original liquids in a certain order and rule. When irrigating, the original liquids were diluted with water in the proportion of 1:10. In an indoor light situation, a Canon EOS600 digital single lens reflex (DSLR) camera, which was equipped with EF-S18-135mm f/3.5-5.6 IS lens and a high-resolution 18 megapixel (MP) APS-C CMOS sensor, was applied to capture the rape leaf images. For each type of nutrient deficiency, 100 labeled leaf images in young seedling were collected and their enclosing rectangle regions were manually cropped to establish the nutrient deficiency database comprising 500 rape leaf images with 5 different types of nutrient deficiency. There were 2 parts in the validation experiment, namely learning classifiers and classification test. In the first part, the active contour segmentation algorithm was first applied to segment the regions of rape leave images in the training dataset. Then the segmented images were converted from the RGB (red, green, blue) color space to the HSV color space. The HSV color histogram of segmented images was extracted and non-equally quantized into a 56-dimentinal feature vector to represent the color differences between different types of nutrient deficiency in rapes. For the constructed training set comprising the feature vectors and labels, 5 SVM classifiers with the RBF (radial basis function) kernel function, were trained by a one-to-many scheme for the recognition of different types of nutrient deficiency. The obtained parameters of the classifiers were saved for the subsequent classification task. In the second stage, the HSV feature of a given rape leaf image in the test set was obtained by the same segmentation and feature extraction procedure as the previous learning stage. Next, the obtained feature vector was input into 5 SVM classifiers in sequence. The class of the classifier whose output was maximal among these classifiers was determined as the final nutrient deficiency class of the input rape leaf image. The experimental results on nutrient deficiency classification indicate that the proposed method can accurately identify the common nutrient deficiency, which provides an effective way for the digitalized and intelligent analysis and diagnose of rape nutrient deficiency. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Classification (of information)
Controlled terms:Color - Color image processing - Colorimetry - Feature extraction - Graphic methods - Image processing - Image retrieval - Image segmentation - Liquids - Nutrients  - Plants (botany) - Precipitation (chemical) - Radial basis function networks - Support vector machines - Vector spaces - Vectors
Uncontrolled terms:Active contour segmentation - Chemical characteristic - Color histogram - Digital single lens reflexes - Double-low rapes - HSV color spaces - Nutrient deficiency - RBF(radial basis function)
Classification code:716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.1  Light/Optics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 921  Mathematics - 921.1  Algebra - 941.4  Optical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20163902855616
Title:Optimization of boiling granulation technology of Puerariae radix
Authors:Yin, Lebin (1, 3); Xia, Qiuliang (1); Zhang, Chenfei (1); Yang, Ying (1); Xia, Xiaoling (2); Zhao, Liangzhong (1, 3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang; 422000, China; (2) Hunan Hexin Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Wugang; 422400, China; (3) Soybean Processing Techniques of the Application and Basic Research Base in Hunan Province, Shaoyang; 422000, China 
Corresponding author:Zhao, Liangzhong(sys169@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:296-301
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To explore the use of boiling granulation technology for the optimization of high dietary fiber Puerariae radix powder with granulation process, in this study, the main parameters (i.e., atomizing pressure, inlet air temperature, peristaltic pump speed) of granulation process were optimized by the response surface methodology on the basis of single factor experiments. Based on that, the regression model was generated. The single factor experiment results showed that the parameters of boiling granulation were relative better when atomizing pressure at 0.20 MPa, inlet air temperature at 60&#8451;, peristaltic pump speed at 3 r/min. We analyzed the above single factor experiment results by response surface methodology to obtain the optimal granulation process regression modelThe variance analysis of the regression model, the regression probability was P&lt;0.0100. On the other hand, the test for lack of fit of the regression model was P=0.5100&gt;0.1000, showing that the response surface test results and the regression model fitted well, and the test error was small. Therefore, the regression model can be used to analyze and predict the tested results. The determination coefficient of the regression model was R²=0.9881. The CV was 2.21% indicating that the confidence of the model was high, and the model could better reflect the real test results. Therefore, this regression model could be used to analyze the change of response parameters. The F value from the variance analysis indicated the effect of the three factors on the dissolution rate of Puerariae radix powder after boiling granulation with B&gt;A&gt;C. The analysis also showed that the effect factors of A, B and C on the dissolution rate of Puerariae radix powder were very significant (P&lt;0.01), while A and B, A and C or B and C had no significant difference on the dissolution rate of Puerariae radix powder (P&gt;0.05). Through the method of the response surface analysis software to forecast the optimum technological condition of the regression model, it was concluded that the theoretical optimum boiling granulation process parameters were: atomizing pressure 0.19 MPa, inlet air temperature 59.21&#8451;, peristaltic pump speed 3.13 r/min, and the predictive dissolution rate of Puerariae radix powder after granulation was 66.48%&plusmn;0.383%. To verified this, and based on the actual convenience operation of the plant, we put conditions of the best boiling granulation process as atomizing pressure 0.19 MPa, inlet air temperature 59&#8451;, peristaltic pump speed 3 r/min. The verification test showed that the dissolution rate of Puerariae radix powder was 66.49%&plusmn;2.44% for the best boiling granulation conditions with three replicates. However the regression model predictive response dissolution rate of Puerariae radix powder was 66.48%&plusmn;0.383%, the relative error was below 1%, the differentiation was not significant, indicating this optimization of boiling granulation technology of Puerariae radix was practicable. Under the optimal condition the dissolution rate of Puerariae radix powder was 33.98 percentage points higher compared to 32.51%&plusmn;0.63% before boiling granulation, and the product yield reached 91.62%. The relative error between the estimating date of regressive model and actual date was less than 1%, showing that the granulation conditions were reasonable. Under the best granulation conditions, there was no significant difference at the Puerarin content. Our results offer theory utilization evidence for the further development of the instant Puerariae radix powder. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Regression analysis
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Dissolution - Errors - Experiments - Factor analysis - Granulation - Models - Optimization - Pumps - Surface analysis  - Surface properties - Thermal load
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - Dissolution rates - Granulation technology - Inlet air temperatures - Optimum technological conditions - Response surface analysis - Response surface methodology - Single-factor experiments
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 618.2  Pumps - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 901.3  Engineering Research - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 2.21e+00%, Percentage 9.16e+01%, Pressure 1.90e+05Pa, Pressure 2.00e+05Pa, Rotational_Speed 3.00e+00RPM, Rotational_Speed 3.13e+00RPM
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.040

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20163902855590
Title:Mechanical model and validation of frost heave damage of precast concrete slab lining trapezoidal canal in open system
Authors:Xiao, Min (1); Wang, Zhengzhong (1, 2); Liu, Quanhong (1); Liu, Yue (1); Guo, Rui (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, CAS, Lanzhou; 730000, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Zhengzhong(wangzz0910@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:100-105
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The precast concrete slab lining trapezoidal canal is widely applied in cold regions of northern China, but the calculation method of frost heaving force distribution and the mechanics model of frost heaving damage under high groundwater level conditions have not yet been set up. Due to similar weather condition and soil texture in the specific region, the strength capacity of groundwater supply on each point of the concrete lining slab becomes the decisive factor of the strength of frost heaving on each point. Through Winkler assumption for mechanic characteristics of soil, the strength of frost heaving on each point of the concrete lining slab is only related to the capacity of water supply on the corresponding point; according to the functional relations between frost heaving force, frost heaving strength and groundwater depth, the article proposed a method to calculate the frost heaving force distribution on the concrete lining slab. By applying the idea to a type of precast concrete slab lining trapezoidal channel whose precast concrete slab size was moderate, a mechanics model of frost heaving damage in open system was established. The article divided precast concrete slab lining canal into 2 types. One had large precast concrete slabs, and as caulking material was cement mortar with weak bond strength, the integrality of the type was worse; the other had moderate precast concrete slab size and caulking material was usually flexible material with strong bond strength such as polyurethane, plastic waterproof ointment, so the integrality of the type was excellent and it was the main research object of this article. With the preceding model the distribution of axial-tension, shear force and moment in the canal slope lining plate can be calculated, respectively. Combining mechanical analysis with engineering practices, the manifestations and the reasons of frost heaving damage of precast concrete slab lining trapezoidal channel were classified as axial-crack, shear failure and bending rupture of joints between precast concrete slabs. According to different forms and reasons of frost heaving damage, the controlled sections for checking the possibility of frost heaving damage were confirmed, and the corresponding judge rules were proposed. The method to check normal displacement caused by frost heaving on joints between precast concrete slabs was put forward based on the unit-load method. The calculation method and the mechanics model discussed in the article were based on different groundwater supply intensity of different point on canal lining, so it had great commonality, and it could calculate the distribution of frost heaving force on concrete lining canal with different types of cross-section. Finally, an engineering example was carried out, and the results showed that the model was reasonable and reliable and can serve as reference and theoretical basis for engineering designs. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Precast concrete
Controlled terms:Bond strength (materials) - Canals - Concrete slabs - Concretes - Frozen soils - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Hydraulic structures - Linings - Mechanics  - Moisture - Soils - Water supply - Waterproof cement
Uncontrolled terms:Engineering practices - Frost heave - Functional relation - Mechanic model - Mechanical analysis - Precast slabs - Trapezoidal channels - Unit-load methods
Classification code:407.2  Waterways - 412  Concrete - 412.1  Cement - 444.2  Groundwater - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 931.1  Mechanics - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20163902855605
Title:Cooling effects of spraying combined with tunnel negative pressure ventilation in enclosed feedlot barn
Authors:Chen, Zhaohui (1, 2); Liu, Yuanyuan (1, 2); Wu, Zhonghong (1, 2); Liu, Jijun (1, 2); Yang, Shitang (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing; 100193, China; (3) Gao'an Yufeng Agriculture Co., Ltd, Gao'an; 330800, China 
Corresponding author:Liu, Jijun(liujijun@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:211-218
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Spraying combined with the tunnel negative pressure ventilation to cool animals is widely used in swine and poultry house, but it is rarely used in feedlot barn. The objectives of this study were to explore the operation mode of spraying combined with the tunnel negative pressure ventilation in enclosed feedlot barn and compare its effects on environmental factors, physiological indexes and growth performance of beef cattle with the efficient cooling method that spraying combined with fans in open feedlot barn in summer in Southern China. Jinjiang Yellow Crossbred Cattle (average body weight 273.4 kg) were fed in the treatment and the control barn for 30 days. In the treatment barn, low pressure two-stage atomizing sprayers and fans were installed in the automatic control rolling blinds barn, and the system cooling the beef cattle by spraying combined with the tunnel negative pressure ventilation. In the control barn, high pressure atomizing sprayers and fans were installed in the open barn to cool the beef cattle by spraying combined with fans. Before the animal study, four comparison intermittent operation modes (A: 5 min on and 5 min off, B: 5 min on and 10 min off, C: 10 min on and 5 min off, D: 10 min on and 10 min off) were conducted to determine the best operation mode of spraying combined with the tunnel negative pressure ventilation. According to the changes of indoor temperature and relative humidity and the variations of temperature-humidity index between the four operation modes, the spraying in the treatment ran intermittently 10 min on and 10 min off between 9:00-12:00 and 16:00-19:00, and 10 min on and 5min off between 12:00-16:00. Meanwhile, the spraying in the control ran intermittently 5 min on and 10 min off between 09:00-19:00. Then, the data of environmental factors, rectal temperature (Tr), lying rate (LR), respiration rate (RR), average daily gain (ADG) and economic benefits were collected. The results showed that, compared with the control barn, the average air temperature was decreased by 2.2 &#8451; (P&lt;0.01) while the relative humidity was increased by 11.3% (P&lt;0.01) in the treatment barn. For the cattle, spraying combined with the tunnel negative pressure ventilation can reduce its Tr by 0.26&#8451; (P&lt;0.01) and improve its LR by 12% (P&lt;0.01) than spraying combined with fans in open feedlot barn, but there was no significant difference on its RR. Compared with the cattle in the control barn, the ADG of the cattle in the treatment barn was increased by 0.19 kg/d (P&gt;0.05), and gross profit of the treatment barn was increased by 72.67 Yuan per head per month. In conclusion, the spraying combined with the tunnel negative pressure ventilation in enclosed feedlot barn had a significant effect on improving the environment and the performance of the beef cattle, and it contributed to relieve the heat stress of beef cattle and improve its production performance. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Farm buildings
Controlled terms:Animals - Atmospheric humidity - Automation - Beef - Cooling - Heating - Humidity control - Meats - Spraying
Uncontrolled terms:Average air temperature - Enclosed feedlot barn - Improving the environments - Intermittent operation - Low pressures - Negative pressures - Production performance - Temperature humidity index
Classification code:402.1  Industrial and Agricultural Buildings - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 822.3  Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Age 8.22e-02yr, Mass 2.73e+02kg, Percentage 1.13e+01%, Percentage 1.20e+01%, Time 3.00e+02s, Time 6.00e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20163902855595
Title:Active and passive cooperative algorithm at L-Band for bare soil moisture inversion
Authors:Ma, Hongzhang (1); Liu, Sumei (1); Peng, Aihua (1); Sun, Lin (2); Sun, Genyun (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao; 266580, China; (2) College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao; 266590, China; (3) School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao; 266580, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:133-138
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil moisture (SM) is an important parameter for drought monitoring as well as soil erosion, crop production and surface temperature. Microwave remote sensing especially at L-band is one of the most promising approaches to monitor the variable of SM at the global scale with frequent revisiting times. We carried out a large number of experimental and theoretical studies to assess the potential of monitoring soil moisture by means of both active and passive microwave satellite observations. Improving the inversion accuracy of soil moisture by combining active and passive microwave remote sensing data is an important task for the development of quantitative remote sensing. In this paper, the main objective was to estimate soil volumetric water content (SVWC) of bare soil collaborative using the active and passive observations. A novel approach, which was based on the simulation database of the advanced integral equation model (AIEM), was presented. In the method, we took the advantages of the active and passive microwave remote sensing data to obtain SVWC. Based on the analysis of the simulation database, some significant patterns had been found that the characteristics of the vertical polarization microwave emissivity (E<inf>V</inf>) had stronger sensitivity to the soil moisture than the roughness while the active microwave backscatter coefficient was more sensitive to the soil roughness than passive microwave. Among the vertical polarization microwave emissivity (E<inf>V</inf>), horizontal polarization microwave emissivity (E<inf>H</inf>) and VV backscatter coefficient (&sigma;<inf>vv</inf>), the effect of roughness on the &sigma;<inf>vv</inf>was greater than on passive microwave surface emissivity (E<inf>V</inf>and E<inf>H</inf>) and the effect of roughness on E<inf>V</inf>was minimized. The E<inf>V</inf>and the &sigma;<inf>vv</inf>were used to estimate the soil surface roughness, and on the premise of knowing soil surface roughness, soil moisture can be accurately calculated by passive microwave data. This algorithm had following two steps, the first step was to estimate the soil surface roughness using the vertical polarization emissivity and VV polarization backscatter coefficient; and the second step was to estimate SVWC using a combination of the E<inf>V</inf>and E<inf>H</inf>at L band under the condition of soil roughness was known. At last, based on the dataset of the SMAP experimental campaigns carried out in 2012 (SMAPVEX12), we evaluated the superiority of the algorithm. The validation data were obtained through the online Data Pool at the National Snow and Ice Data Center of the SMAPVEX12, the good inversion results were achieved with R²equal to 0.6637 and the RMSE equal to 0.0607 cm³/cm³. One of the biggest advantages of the algorithm developed in this paper was that the coefficient of algorithm was calculated by the simulated data set, which different from the conventional experience algorithm that depended on the field data, which reduced greatly the limitations of the algorithm in practical application. The threshold value 0.25 of NDVI was used to select the appropriate sampling points for validation and the error of the result partly came from the effect of the little vegetation covering the surface, so the algorithm proposed in this paper should be revalidated using the observed data of the bare soil in the future. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Surface roughness
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Atmospheric temperature - Backscattering - Cultivation - Electromagnetic wave emission - Integral equations - Microwaves - Models - Moisture - Moisture control  - Polarization - Remote sensing - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Advanced integral equations - Backscatter coefficients - Bare soils - Microwave remote sensing - Passive microwave remote sensing - Passive microwaves - Quantitative remote sensing - Soil volumetric water contents
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 711  Electromagnetic Waves - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 921.2  Calculus - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20163902855594
Title:Spatial pattern and interrelation of soil water content and thermal conductivity in greenhouse
Authors:Li, Jianbo (1); Wang, Weihua (1); Su, Yiming (2); Ji, Quanju (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming; 650500, China; (2) School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth; WA 6009, Australia; (3) School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Weihua(wangweihua1220@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:127-132
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil hydrothermal coupling process widely exists in engineering and agriculture field. As 2 important physical features of soil, soil water content and thermal conductivity are meaningful for soil organic matter accumulation, chemical reaction rate and coupled transfer of water and heat. Many relevant tests were completed in laboratories, and test conditions were mostly artificial conditions instead of open air conditions, under which research area was different from one another, which could make the stability influenced easily by other factors. This experiment was conducted under a stable greenhouse condition and research area was in small scale, which helped to make sure the similarity of different sampling areas. To explore the distribution characteristics and relevance between soil water content and thermal conductivity, an 8 m &times; 8 m tomato field in the experimental greenhouse was selected. The division was conducted with 1 m &times; 1 m grid and 64 sampling points were set in total. The sampling method was to use soil drill to obtain samples from 0-40 cm depth soil layer. Drying method was used for measuring soil water content. By means of the portable soil thermal conductivity instrument (MTN01), which was based on the non-steady-state probe (NSSP) technology, thermal conductivity of the 0-20 cm depth soil layer was measured. On the basis of classical statistics, geostatistics, regression analysis and spectrum analysis theories, the distribution characteristics and relevance between soil water content and thermal conductivity were studied. Contour map were used to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of soil water content and thermal conductivity. Also spectrum analysis of soil thermal conductivity on the sequence of soil water content was carried out. According to the principle of spatial spectrum analysis, soil water content was used as distance sequence with thermal conductivity as variable sequence, 32 intervals were set up with step length of 0.35%, and then the Fourier transform was conducted. The result showed that soil water content at the 0-40 cm depth had a trend of increasing firstly and then decreasing, and the peak of the average value was observed in depth of 20-30 cm. For the thermal conductivity, the 10-20 cm depth layer was 15.60% higher than the 0-10 cm layer. There was a strong spatial relationship between soil water content and thermal conductivity in all depths of soil layer. In addition, in the experiment, the spatial correlation range caused by random factors was relatively low. The smallest range (1.31 m) was larger than the sampling distance (1 m), which meant the grid arranged can meet the requirement of spatial analysis. On the condition of uniform water supply, the evaporation intensity of soil layers of different depths in the experimental field and the soil water content of adjacent field would influence the spatial distribution of soil water content. When the soil water content varied between 17% and 28%, for 0-20 cm soil layer, the spatial distribution of soil water content and thermal conductivity were highly correlated, and the result of regression and fit showed that it was a linear positive correlation (R²=0.837). The result of spectrum analysis showed thermal conductivity had a long-term negative correlation in the sequence of soil water content. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:13
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Chemical analysis - Correlation methods - Greenhouses - Moisture - Regression analysis - Soil moisture - Soils - Spatial distribution - Spatial variables measurement - Spectrum analysis  - Thermal conductivity - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Distribution characteristics - Evaporation intensity - Greenhouse conditions - Positive correlations - Soil organic matters - Soil thermal conductivity - Spatial relationships - Spatial variations
Classification code:446.1  Water Supply Systems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 921  Mathematics - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 943.2  Mechanical Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.56e+01%, Percentage 1.70e+01% to 2.80e+01%, Percentage 3.50e-01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.00e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 4.00e-01m, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 1.00e-01m to 2.00e-01m, Size 1.31e+00m, Size 2.00e-01m to 3.00e-01m, Size 8.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20163902855587
Title:Effect of outlet diameter of cone-in-cone insert on silo flow pattern
Authors:Tan, Yuanqiang (1, 2); Xiao, Xiangwu (1); Zheng, Junhui (1); Jiang, Shengqiang (1); Gao, Wei (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan; 411105, China; (2) Institute of Manufacturing Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen; 361021, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:82-87
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the food, chemical, pharmaceutical and other industrial engineering field, about 50% of the products and 75% of raw materials are usually stored in the form of particles in the silo. The silo flow pattern can be divided into the mass flow and the funnel flow. In the process of silo design, the mass flow pattern is preferred. With the appropriate presence of cone-in-cone insert, the funnel flow pattern can be changed into mass flow pattern in funnel flow silo. In order to understand the effect of structure and position parameters of cone-in-cone insert on the flow pattern and develop a theory model to design them properly, the discharging processes of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer (ABS) beads in scale-down funnel flow silo were simulated using the discrete element method (DEM). The validity of the DEM simulations was confirmed by comparing with the experimental results. Mass flow index (MFI) was used to judge silo flow pattern. Firstly, the effects of the height of cone-in-cone insert, the distance between outlet of cone-in-cone insert and discharge outlet of silo and the angle of cone-in-cone insert on the flow pattern were studied. The simulation results revealed that when the outlet diameter of cone-in-cone insert was equal to the discharge outlet diameter of silo and the angle of cone-in-cone insert was less than 120&deg;, the funnel flow pattern could not be changed into the mass flow in silo, and MFI increased with the increase of the height of cone-in-cone insert and the distance between outlet of cone-in-cone insert and discharge outlet of silo. Then, the effects of the outlet diameter of cone-in-cone insert on the flow pattern and the pressure on the silo wall were analyzed. The results showed that with the decrease of the outlet diameter of cone-in-cone insert, the MFI increased and the funnel flow could change into the mass flow in funnel flow silo. The maximum compressive force on the silo wall was reduced and the compressive force was evenly distributed on the silo wall with the appropriate presence of cone-in-cone insert in silo, and the maximum pressure on the silo wall decreased and the position of maximum pressure moved gradually to the silo transition zone with the decrease of the outlet diameter of cone-in-cone insert. In order to ensure the design effectiveness and installation stability of the cone-in-cone insert, the distance between outlet of cone-in-cone insert and discharge outlet of silo and the height of silo should not be larger than the height of silo conical surface. Based on the simulation results, the smaller value of the outlet diameter of cone-in-cone insert was preferred when it was greater than 6 times of the maximum diameter of particle in silo, the larger value of the angle of cone-in-cone insert was preferred when it was less than the angle of silo conical surface, and the ratio of the distance between cone-in-cone insert and silo conical surface to the outlet diameter of cone-in-cone insert should be equal or larger than 1 when the discharge outlet diameter of silo was constant. These design criteria should be abided to ensure mass flow pattern in mass flow silo. The research results provide reference for determining the structure and position parameters of cone-in-cone insert in engineering. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Flow patterns
Controlled terms:ABS resins - Computer simulation - Finite difference method - Mass transfer - Models - Silos (agricultural) - Structural design - Styrene - Walls (structural partitions)
Uncontrolled terms:Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers - Compressive forces - Diameter of particle - Discharging process - Funnel flow silo - Maximum pressure - Position parameters - Transition zones
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 641.3  Mass Transfer - 723.5  Computer Applications - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 921.6  Numerical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 7.50e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20163902855589
Title:Transmission loss predicting model for reactive muffler considering its structural parameters
Authors:Zuo, Shuguang (1); Liu, Jingfang (1); Wu, Xudong (1); Xiang, Longyang (1); Zhang, Jun (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai; 201804, China 
Corresponding author:Wu, Xudong(1118wuxudong@tongji.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:95-99
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Reactive mufflers have been widely used for noise attenuation due to their relatively simple structure, low cost, and broadband sound attenuation. Typical examples are pumps and compressors, engine exhausts, building ventilation systems, and so on. An important index for the acoustic performance of muffler is transmission loss. For the reactive muffler, the transmission loss is closely related to its structure parameters, such as radius of inlet or outlet pipe, radius of expansion chamber, location of baffle, and radius of baffle hole. Therefore, the focal point of this paper is to analyze the relationship between structural parameters and transmission loss of mufflers. Firstly, a two-dimensional theoretical model of a dual-chamber reactive muffler was proposed based on the sound wave equations in the muffler. This two-dimensional analytical method that calculates the transmission loss of the two-chamber muffler has 2 advantages. On the one hand, analytical method can calculate higher frequency than transfer matrix method which is limited in cutoff frequency; on the other hand, the calculation speed of analytical method above is faster than traditional finite element method. What was more, the accuracy of the model was verified by transmission loss experiment, which was illustrated in previous paper. Then, based on the theoretical model above, a group of orthogonal test L9 (3⁴) of a dual-chamber muffler was conducted to analyze the effect of the structural parameters on its transmission loss. Test index was the average value of transmission loss in 1 000-3 000 Hz frequency band, in which the noise is relatively difficult to attenuate. The result showed that the primary and secondary order that the reactive muffler structural parameters influenced its transmission loss was radius of expansion chamber, radius of baffle hole, location of baffle, and radius of inlet or outlet pipe. Moreover, a group of optimized parameters of the muffler were determined in the orthogonal test. The transmission loss of optimized muffler significantly was raised in 1 000-2 000 Hz frequency band and the acoustic performance increased by 5.8% compared to the maximum value of the orthogonal test. Then, a uniform design U25 (25⁹) of a dual-chamber muffler was conducted to obtain transmission loss predicting model for a reactive muffler. Test index was the same as the orthogonal test. According to the results of the uniform design, the quadratic polynomial regression equation of transmission loss was derived from regression analysis, which could reflect directly the relationship between transmission loss and structural parameters of a dual-chamber reactive muffler. Comparing the average transmission loss from regression function with the theoretical calculated one, the average error was 2.85%, which showed a good agreement. Furthermore, other 2 groups of structural parameters of a dual-chamber muffler which were different from the uniform design were chosen to verify the transmission loss predicting model. The errors between the regression values and the theoretical values were less than 3%, which showed that the accuracy of the predicting model was acceptable. The optimal solution of the regression equation was solved. Compared to the optimal value of the orthogonal test, the average value of transmission loss of the optimal solution in 1 000-3 000 Hz increased by 19.5%. The study in this paper demonstrates that the transmission loss predicting model of a dual-chamber reactive muffler can be used to predict the transmission loss effectively and efficiently, which is helpful for the analysis and design of the muffler. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Structural design
Controlled terms:Acoustic noise - Acoustics - Cutoff frequency - Exhaust systems (engine) - Finite element method - Forecasting - Frequency bands - Losses - Mufflers - Optimal systems  - Regression analysis - Testing - Transfer matrix method - Transmissions - Ventilation - Ventilation exhausts - Wave equations - Wave transmission
Uncontrolled terms:Acoustic performance - Building ventilations - Orthogonal test - Predicting models - Quadratic polynomial - Structural parameter - Theoretical modeling - Uniform design
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 602.2  Mechanical Transmissions - 612.1.1  Internal Combustion Engine Components - 643.5  Ventilation - 751  Acoustics, Noise. Sound - 751.4  Acoustic Noise - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 921  Mathematics - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 1.00e+03Hz to 2.00e+03Hz, Frequency 1.00e+03Hz to 3.00e+03Hz, Percentage 1.95e+01%, Percentage 2.85e+00%, Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 5.80e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20163902855609
Title:Analysis of shrinkage characteristics of sludge in superheated steam and hot air drying processes based on image processing
Authors:Zhang, Xukun (1); Wang, Gaomin (1); Wen, Xiangdong (1); Zou, Jiafu (1); Yao, Bin (1); Wu, Qingrong (1); Xing, Pu (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Institute of Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang; 330063, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:241-248
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Large amounts of sewage sludge with high moisture content are generated every year. There are varieties of methods to manage sewage sludge such as land filling, composting, pyrolysis, incineration and thermal drying. Decreasing the moisture content of sludge is a critical step in harmlessness, bulkiness reduction, and resource utilization. Thermal drying has been proven to be an effective approach to reduce solid volumes compared with other ways. Drying is a complex process which may consist of molecular diffusion, capillary flow, Knudsen flow, surface diffusion and so on. Generally, the phenomena of shrinkage crack and skin layer formation can be observed during the drying process and each of them occurs can modify the drying kinetics. Currently, there are many studies on sludge shrinkage in hot air drying but lack of studies in superheated steam drying which has the advantages of energy saving, high efficiency and great heat and mass transfer coefficients. Furthermore, most of moisture diffusion models proposed by researchers are not consider the shrinkage and regard the finite regular geometry as an infinite one when they deal with the drying process, it may result in large error or erroneous results. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the shrinkage characteristics of sludge in superheated steam and hot air drying processes and their influences on the effective diffusion coefficients. The experimental devices for superheated steam drying under atmospheric pressure and hot air drying were built. The drying experiments were carried out with caky sludge samples of 10 mm in thickness and 50 mm in diameter at the temperature of 160 and 200&#8451;. During the drying process, the photographs of sludge samples were obtained with digital camera by taking out the sludge samples from the drying chamber every tem minutes. In order to study the shrinkage phenomenon and its characteristic of caky sludge, the image processing technique was used to processing and analyze the photographs. In addition, the moisture diffusion theory model based on Fick's second law, infinite slab model and infinite cylinder model concerning finite round slab was also built, which considered the shrinkage phenomenon, by superimposition technique. Combining the empirical model, the expression of calculating effective diffusion coefficients was elicited. The results showed that the shrinkage phenomena can be observed remarkably during the drying process and the variation law was corresponding with the moisture that decreased sharply in great range at the forepart and reduced slowly in narrow range after that. The volume ratio is about 0.3 and the volume shrinkage coefficient equal to 0.7 at the end of superheated steam and hot air drying at the temperature of 160 and 200&#8451;.The influences on sludge shrinkage were consistent between superheated steam and hot air drying. The change of effective diffusion coefficients was coincident with the moisture ratio. Considering the shrinkage of sludge samples, the average effective diffusion coefficients of superheated steam drying were equal to 1.92&times;10^-8, 3.75&times;10^-8m²/s at the temperature of 160 and 200&#8451;, respectively. The average effective diffusion coefficients of hot air drying were equal to 0.94&times;10^-8, 1.31&times;10^-8m²/s in the same conditions, respectively. The average effective diffusion coefficients were half compared with those without shrinkage. A valuable reference for analysis of drying process mechanism, process parameter optimization of sludge drying and design of drying devices can be provided from the experimental results. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Atmospheric pressure - Diffusion - Energy conservation - Image analysis - Image processing - Incineration - Mass transfer - Models - Moisture - Moisture determination  - Photography - Sewage sludge - Shrinkage - Solar dryers - Steam - Waste incineration
Uncontrolled terms:Effective diffusion coefficients - Heat and mass transfer coefficients - Image processing technique - Process parameter optimization - Shrinkage characteristic - Sludge - Superheated steam drying - Volume shrinkage coefficients
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 452.2  Sewage Treatment - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 641.3  Mass Transfer - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 746  Imaging Techniques - 944.2  Moisture Measurements - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.00e-02m, Size 5.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20163902855606
Title:Zonation for nonpoint source pollution control in Hongfenghu reservoir watershed
Authors:Geng, Runzhe (1); Yin, Peihong (1); Yuan, Qingdan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Policy Research Center for Environment and Economy, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing; 100029, China 
Corresponding author:Yin, Peihong(yinpeihong@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:219-225
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Eutrophication caused by the enrichment of nitrogen and phosphorus is degrading surface water quality throughout the world. Sources of nutrients include over-fertilized agriculture lands, urban areas with excessive usage of herbicides and insecticides, and eroded soils. Due to the variation of nutrient export over the area and time, it is difficult to identify, assess and control nonpoint source (NPS) pollution. The prevention and mitigation of NPS pollution have become priority tasks in water monitoring and restoration programs in many countries. The interaction of human activities with the inherent variations in soil type, climate, topography and hydrology gives rise to large spatial and temporal variation in nutrient concentrations in surface runoff. Many research efforts are made to explore the processes and spatial characteristics of NPS pollution for prevention and mitigation measures. Major pollutants, particularly from agricultural activities, which include nitrogen, phosphorus nutrients and sediment that have been released into aquatic environments, have caused problems in the Hongfenghu Reservoir watershed, Guiyang. It is necessary to identify the spatial and temporal distributions of NPS pollutants and the highly polluted areas for the purpose of watershed management. In this paper, GIS technology, ArcSWAT model, ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and CA (Cluster analysis) were used to identify the zonation of NPS sources and control in Yangchanghe river watershed which is one of the main tributaries in northwest of Hongfenghu Reservoir watershed, with relative strong intensive agricultural activities. The results showed that the spatial distribution of NPS pollution load in Yangchanghe river watershed was of great heterogeneity, the agricultural land at higher elevation had the highest NPS pollution loads, and the Liu Guang, Huang La, Jiu Zhou and Bai Yun towns were identified as the critical towns for NPS pollution control. In addition, the most important factor for total N (TN) and total P (TP) loss was related to fertilizer application amount. Slope length, land use, and slope degree were also important factors. The content of organic P in soil may contribute to TP loss due to long term cultivation and overuse of fertilizer in Yangchanghe river watershed. Moreover, three zones for NPS control in Yangchanghe river watershed were divided as division zone for eco-agricultural area where the agricultural activities was intensive, pollution treatment zone where was a livestock production area and villages, and ecological restoration zone where there were serious soil erosions at higher elevation. Therefore, optimal strategies and practices were needed to simultaneously control P and N export at the farm and watershed scales. One water quality problem may be aggravated while solving another. In a humid-temperate climate, on-farm practices to reduce surface runoff and P export by increasing infiltration would typically increase ground water P concentration and NO<inf>3</inf>leaching. Further, different nutrient control goals require adequate methods for different scales within the Yangchanghe river watershed. For the upstream fresh waters and the fresh water arms of the Yangchanghe river watershed, controlling P export should be the primary concern. For the upstream aquifer systems, and within the Hong Fenghu reservoir, controlling N export should be the primary concern. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:River pollution
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Aquifers - Cluster analysis - Cultivation - Eutrophication - Fertilizers - Geographic information systems - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Land use  - Nitrogen - Nutrients - Phosphorus - Pollution - Pollution control - Pollution induced corrosion - Reservoirs (water) - Restoration - Rivers - Runoff  - Soil conservation - Soil pollution - Soil pollution control - Soils - Surface waters - Water - Water conservation - Water management - Water pollution - Water pollution control  - Water quality - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:ANOVA (analysis of variance) - Non-point source pollution - Nonpoint source pollution control - Nutrient concentrations - Spatial and temporal distribution - Spatial and temporal variation - SWAT model - Zonation
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 441.2  Reservoirs - 444  Water Resources - 445.2  Water Analysis - 453  Water Pollution - 453.2  Water Pollution Control - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 539.1  Metals Corrosion - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 903.3  Information Retrieval and Use
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20163902855591
Title:Subsoiling facilitating accumulation and transportation of dry matter and phosphorus of spring maize
Authors:Zhang, Ruifu (1, 2); Yang, Hengshan (2); Gao, Julin (1); Zhang, Yuqin (2); Wang, Zhigang (1); Fan, Xiuyan (2); Bi, Wenbo (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot; 010019, China; (2) College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao; 028042, China 
Corresponding author:Gao, Julin(nmgaojulin@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:106-112
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Years of small power mechanical shallow rotary tillage often lead to shallow top soil layer and thick plough pan in the root layer. In addition, available phosphorus (P) content is relatively low in calcareous soil, so the nutrient use efficiency of P is low, limiting the maize yield. Subsoiling is an effective mean to solve those issues. In this study, the effects of subsoiling on dry matter, P accumulation and transportation of spring maize were studied. Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335 were used as materials and 2 treatments (rotary tillage vs. subsoiling plus rotary tillage) were set through field experiments consecutively for 2 years. The results showed that under the subsoiling plus rotary tillage, the yields of the 2 varieties were increased, and the yield difference between the 2 treatments was significant (P&lt;0.05); and the main reason was that the 1000-grain weight was increased, but grain number per spike and effective spike had no significant difference. From the point of view of yield, Zhengdan 958 was more sensitive to subsoiling plus rotary tillage than rotary tillage in 2 years. The leaf area index of maize in subsoiling plus rotary tillage was higher than rotary tillage in trumpeting stage, and it was more obvious from silking stage to milk stage; the leaf area index became smaller and smaller from milk stage to mature stage in 2 tillage types. The weight of dry matter of stem and leaf was the most in silking stage, and subsoiling plus rotary tillage was higher than rotary tillage (P&lt;0.05); the dry matter weight of stem and leaf in subsoiling plus rotary tillage was also higher than rotary tillage at mature stage, but the difference was not significant. For the dry matter per plant, subsoiling plus rotary tillage was higher than rotary tillage. Transportation amount of dry matter was improved in subsoiling plus rotary tillage (P&lt;0.05). Contribution rate of dry matter transportation to grain was improved in subsoiling plus rotary tillage. P accumulation amount of stem was increased in subsoiling plus rotary tillage (P&lt;0.05); P accumulation amount of leaf was also increased in subsoiling plus rotary tillage, but not significantly. P accumulation amount of stem and leaf were reduced at mature stage in subsoiling plus rotary tillage, but the difference was not significant. Transportation amount of P was improved in subsoiling plus rotary tillage, and it was significant for stem but not significant for leaf; and contribution rate of P transportation to grain was improved in subsoiling plus rotary tillage. P harvest index, absorption efficiency and partial productivity in subsoiling plus rotary tillage were higher than those in rotary tillage (P&lt;0.05) for Zhengdan 958, but not for Xianyu 335. Subsoiling plus rotary tillage promoted the dry matter weight, transportation amount of dry matter, and P accumulation and transportation of spring maize, and contribution rates of P and matter transportation to grain were also higher in subsoiling plus rotary tillage; and subsoiling plus rotary tillage increased harvest index, absorption efficiency and partial productivity of P as well as yield, but different varieties existed significant difference, and the yield and P efficiency of Zhengdan 958 were more sensitive to subsoiling tillage. This study can provide a basis for the high yield and high efficiency cultivation of spring maize. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cultivation - Efficiency - Forestry - Nutrients - Phosphorus - Productivity - Soils - Supply chains - Transportation
Uncontrolled terms:Absorption efficiency - Available phosphorus - Contribution rate - Dry matters - Nutrient-use efficiencies - Spring maize - Yield - Yield differences
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912  Industrial Engineering and Management - 913  Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.00e+00yr
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20163902855612
Title:Cooling effect of fluorine free refrigerant HCR-22 used in heat pipe
Authors:Liu, Jinguang (1, 2); Xiong, Xubo (3); Wang, Shiqing (1, 2); Zhang, Yan (1, 2); Jiang, Wenli (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Food Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao; 266109, China; (2) Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agricultural Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao; 266109, China; (3) Qingdao Aoweikang Biological Engineering Technology Co. Ltd., Qingdao; 266071, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Shiqing(wangshiqing@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:268-273
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to reduce Freon refrigerant's damage to the ozone layer and its high potential value of climate warming, an accumulation of cold source device by the detached low temperature heat pipe was designed. The heat pipe cold storage device was composed of a reservoir, heat pipe, and temperature monitoring system. The refrigerant absorbs heat from the reservoir in the evaporation section of the heat pipe followed by its gasification. After that the exchanged heat and release of latent heat of vaporization with cold air in the condensation section of the heat pipe occur followed by liquefication of refrigerant. The liquefied refrigerant flows back to the evaporation section of the heat pipe by the action of gravity. As such an automatic cycle is accomplished in this way. With continuous progress of the gasification and liquefaction for the refrigerant, the coldness resource is continuously transferred and stored in the reservoir, and the temperature of reservoir gradually decreases. In this study, we replaced the traditional refrigerant R-22 with a new type of fluorine free refrigerant HCR-22, taking cold storage capacity as an index, and conducted an experiment for 70 h. We studied the cold storage effects of two kinds of refrigerant in different liquid filling ratio and condensation/evaporation section area ratio. The test results showed that the best filling ratio of HCR-22 for low temperature heat pipe was 80%, which was the same as R-22. When the heat pipe module was running 70 h, the cold storage capacity of refrigerant HCR-22 was higher, and the cold storage capacity of HCR-22 and R-22 were 16 230.52 and 16 252.09 kJ, respectively. Under the condition of best liquid filling, HCR-22 for low temperature heat pipe of the optimal condensation/evaporation section area ratio was 2.8:1, less than 3:1 with the R-22. Obviously, the use of HCR-22 refrigerant can save more metal materials. The heat transfer stability of HCR-22 and R-22 was the same in the phase change heat transfer, and the temperature variation was smooth in the test process, but the amount of refrigerant used by HCR-22 was only 1/3 of the R-22. Being an environmentally friendly and nature refrigerant, HCR-22 was composed of carbon and hydrogen, fluorine free, and found to have zero ozone depletion potential and lower global warming potential. If the natural cold source was chosen in the middle or high latitude winter, the detached low temperature heat pipe used in this experiment may lead to the process of cold storage with low energy consumption, and low economic and environmental costs. The achievement applied in grain storage can reduce the energy consumption and the cost of refrigeration equipment with green grain storage at low temperature accomplished. This study provides evidences and technical support for the new type refrigerant HCR-22 replacing the traditional refrigerant R-22 refrigerant, and provides protection for the popularization and application of low temperature heat pipe. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Heat pipes
Controlled terms:Carbon - Cold storage - Condensation - Energy utilization - Evaporation - Filling - Fluorine - Gasification - Global warming - Heat transfer  - Ozone - Ozone layer - Refrigerants - Storage (materials) - Temperature - Virtual storage
Uncontrolled terms:Condensation/evaporation - Global warming potential - HCR-22 - Latent heat of vaporization - Ozone depletion potential - Phase change heat transfer - R-22 - Refrigeration equipment
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 619.1  Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 694.4  Storage - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally
Numerical data indexing:Energy 2.52e+05J, Percentage 8.00e+01%, Time 2.52e+05s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20163902855602
Title:Kinect scanning plant depth image restoration based on K-means and K-nearest neighbor algorithms
Authors:Shen, Yue (1); Xu, Hui (1); Liu, Hui (1); Li, Ning (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:188-194
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The Kinect sensor scanning images for agricultural plants are vulnerable to field light conditions and background noise, etc. In addition, the amount of data of the color image and depth image affect the efficiency and accuracy of the plant area, which leads to the difficulty of meeting the requirement for the Kinect sensor in agricultural plant detection. For the above problems, considering the influence of the light conditions and complex background information in agricultural environment on the quality of the plant detection and the depth data acquisition, in this paper, we proposed a plant depth detection image restoration method based on K-means and K-nearest neighbor. We also developed a novel method of image restoration to reduce the impact of background information to improve the accuracy of the color image segmentation, and to enhance the accuracy of depth data. Firstly, a RGB threshold segmentation algorithm was applied to original RGB-formatted plant color images to extract plant target areas from backgrounds. Three components R, G, and B were respectively separated from RGB color space, and the difference between G and R or B was primary extract of the plant area information. Meanwhile, for the color characteristic of the environment, a K-means clustering segmentation algorithm was performed on the extracted plant target areas to remove background noise and enhance target contours. Secondly, to fix the errors of the depth data and meet the requirements of the agricultural plant detection operations, the color image and depth image were registered to restore the suspicious pixels depth data based on K-nearest neighbor algorithm. Then, a K-nearest neighbor algorithm was presented to recovery the black hole pixels for depth images. Finally, we acquired the depth data of target plant from the detected images. Compared with conventional RGB threshold segmentation method and K-means algorithm method, the proposed method can be used to solve the problem of the color image noise. The experiment results showed that, the segmentation error can be reduced by 12.12% with RGB threshold segmentation method, and 41.48% with K-means algorithm method. The average segmentation error can be up to 12.33% by using RGB threshold segmentation first and then the K-means algorithm. Furthermore, the proposed method can be used to restore the depth data, and can significantly reduce the effect of the backgrounds. Thus it had a good improvement to the edge sharpness of the depth data, and the accuracy of the empty point depth data of single frame. The result of this study can be a reference for agricultural plant detection and 3D reconstruction, precision of target spraying. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Clustering algorithms - Color - Color image processing - Data acquisition - Data handling - Errors - Image processing - Image reconstruction  - Learning algorithms - Motion compensation - Nearest neighbor search - Pattern recognition - Pixels - Plant extracts - Restoration - Text processing
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural environments - Color image segmentation - Depth data - Depth data acquisition - K nearest neighbor algorithm - k-Means algorithm - Plant detections - Threshold segmentation
Classification code:461.9  Biology - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1  Light/Optics - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.1  Information Sources and Analysis - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.21e+01%, Percentage 1.23e+01%, Percentage 4.15e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20163902855585
Title:Analysis on reliability of agricultural machinery clutch based on generalized grey relational method
Authors:Hu, Dongfang (1); He, Minlu (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechatronics Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang; 471003, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:65-73
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China is a large agricultural country, and the tractor is the main agricultural machinery; therefore, its automation degree can represent the level of agricultural mechanization in a country to a large extent. As the core driving part of the tractor, clutch is directly connected with the engine, transfers power by the friction torque of master-slave movable sheets, and realizes the working state of the vehicle powertrain system through the clutch engaging and disengaging. Clutch reliability is worth attention due to that the quality of its separation and bonding directly affects the quality and safety of vehicle shift, however, current study on the clutch is mainly in terms of engagement and gear shifting impact, more emphasis is on the research of the individual parts, and there are few attentions in the analysis of the assembly characteristics for the clutch. The reliability of the clutch assembly cannot be separated from the interaction between the components. Gray relational theory is used to explore the actual movement laws, and mainly according to the known information, it uses the sequence operator to further extract valuable information to realize the correct description and effective monitoring of system behavior and evolution law. After the investigation of the actual working conditions of the clutch, the structural failure of the clutch is mainly attributed to 20 factors. Among the verified factors, strength, stiffness, damping, and heat resistance of key parts of clutch are selected as the research targets. In order to analyze the influence of the components on the clutch, the three-dimensional model of the clutch is established in UG (Epigraphics NX, UG)according to the specific structure of the clutch. Considering the failure form, production process, test engineering and customer feedback of clutch, the performance index of the clutch is treated according to the mathematical model of the subjective comprehensive evaluation, the clutch grey correlation model is established, and the reliability of the clutch is determined. Then, the reliability of the clutch is evaluated. Firstly, 12 sets of virtual prototype sequences are selected as the sample data in the ANSYS-workbench simulation environment, and the approximation degree of each sampling sequence and the characteristic behavior sequence are compared through the data line diagram drawn in Matlab, in order to obtain the optimal prototype sequence. When the traditional grey correlation method is used to evaluate the overall reliability of clutch, the No. 10 sample is better, including the disc spring deformation characteristics, master-slave wheel hub strength, and mechanical efficiency of spline, which 3 indicators are below the set of behavior feature sequence. But this method is not suitable for indicators dispersed distribution, object sequence characteristics cannot be fully reflected, and it is prone to generate miscarriage of justice due to that the sequence of local data value is too large. When the generalized grey incidence analysis method is adopted, the correlation degree between the sampling sequence and the characteristic sequence is analyzed from the angle of the curve by using the absolute grey correlation method; and the correlation between curves is described by the relative grey correlation method from the angle of relative change rate of curve. The similarity and proximity between the 2 curves are analyzed according to the gray correlation method, and the No. 7 sample is determined as the optimal virtual prototype sequence. Compared with the No. 10 sample sequence analysis results, in the No. 7 sample series, the temperature characteristics of the master-slave disk and the seismic characteristic of shock absorber spring are below the characteristic behavior sequence. Comparing the analysis results of the 2 methods with the statistics of the clutch production site, the optimal solution of generalized grey relational analysis method is more close to the practical engineering, and this analysis method can provide a reference for the research of similar products' reliability. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Clutches - Correlation methods - Couplings - Crashworthiness - Customer satisfaction - Fracture mechanics - Heat resistance - Information theory  - MATLAB - Outages - Reliability - Reliability analysis - Shock absorbers - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck) - Virtual prototyping - Virtual reality
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural mechanization - Behavior sequences - Comprehensive evaluation - Deformation Characteristics - Generalized grey relational - Gray relational - Grey correlation methods - Temperature characteristic
Classification code:602.2  Mechanical Transmissions - 663.1  Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 706.1  Electric Power Systems - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5  Computer Applications - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.1  Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20163902855583
Title:Lateral natural frequency modeling and verification for vibration systems of wheeled tractors
Authors:Xue, Jinlin (1, 3); Wang, Zhenzhen (1); Yilidaeryiliyasi (2); Nie, Xintian (1); Zhu, Sihong (1, 3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Transportation, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Wulumuqi; 830052, China; (3) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Intelligent Agricultural Equipment, Nanjing; 210031, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:51-56
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In China, operators of off-road vehicles such as agricultural vehicles and mining vehicles are exposed to excessively high levels of vibrations in all of 3 translational modes - vertical, longitudinal and lateral mode, which can pose health risks to the drivers. According to international organization for standardization 2631-1:1997, the lateral vibration can be more hazardous to operators' work performance, comfort and health than the vertical vibration when the vibration frequency is below 3 Hz, and meanwhile, some vibration systems of off-road vehicles can resonate in this frequency range. But seldom research was conducted on the lateral vibration characteristics of off-road vehicles. In this paper, a new theoretical vibration model including the lateral and roll directions of ride vibration in space was constructed for the unsuspended tractor with 2 degrees of freedom, and the theoretical formula was presented for calculating the lateral natural frequency of domestic tractors. In this lateral vibration model, the radical and lateral stiffness of tires was taken into account. By the use of a CF700 tractor without suspensions from Changfa Group in Jiangsu Province, the accuracy of the theoretical values of the lateral vibration model was improved according to the measured radial stiffness of the tire on the test rig, which was independently developed in light of free vibration logarithmic decrement method for measuring the radial stiffness and damping of tractor tires. And the lateral stiffness of tires was calculated by the mathematic formulas. Subsequently, the rolling moment of inertia of the CF700 tractor's body was obtained on another test rig, which was independently developed based on simple pendulum with edge and spring method for measuring the moments of inertia of both pitch and roll. The experiments were repeated 3 times. Then, the theoretical and experimental methods were combined to calculate the theoretical values of the lateral natural frequency of the CF700 tractor. Driving experiments were conducted on an ISO-5008 standard track to investigate the lateral vibration characteristics and to verify the validity of the theoretical values of the lateral natural frequency for the CF700 tractor. The lateral vibrations of the CF700 tractor were measured approximately at 5 forward speeds of 5, 9, 11, 13 and 15 km/h. The measurement was repeated 5 times for each speed. The experimental values were obtained mainly with the LMS test system and the on-board strain-gage-based transducers and triaxial accelerometers. The discrete time series of the measured data were resolved and reconstructed by wavelet and Fourier analysis. The results showed that the experimental values of the lateral natural frequency of the CF700 tractor were 1.975, 1.953, 1.904, 1.902 and 1.901 Hz respectively at 5 forward speeds. And the peak values of lateral vibration acceleration power spectral density were respectively 0.52, 2.84, 3.43, 4.08 and 4.95 (m&middot;s²)²/Hz. And the theoretical calculated values of the lateral natural frequency of the CF700 tractor were respectively 1.9603, 1.9314, 1.8996, 1.8996 and 1.8996 Hz. Compared with the measured lateral natural frequency, the maximum relative error was 1.11% for the theoretical calculated value. Therefore, it verified the accuracy of the theoretical formula of the lateral natural frequency. And it further indicated that the lateral natural frequency decreased to a constant with the increase of the travelling speed of the CF700 tractor. Also, it showed that higher travelling speed produced higher peak level of lateral vibration acceleration power spectral density, which made drivers feel the more lateral vibration intensity of off-road vehicles. Therefore, the lateral vibration of off-road vehicles needs to be isolated. The work provides an important reference for the design of the lateral vibration reduction system of seat suspension of agricultural tractors or other off-road vehicles. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Vibrations (mechanical)
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Automobile suspensions - Automobile testing - Damping - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Fourier analysis - Fourier series - Health risks - Magnetic levitation vehicles - Mechanics  - Natural frequencies - Off road vehicles - Power spectral density - Radial tires - Roads and streets - Spectral density - Speed - Stiffness - Strain gages - Suspensions (components)  - Time series analysis - Tires - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck) - Transportation - Vehicles - Vibration analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural vehicles - International organization for standardizations - Logarithmic decrement method - Maximum relative errors - Moment of inertia - Theoretical modeling - Tire stiffness - Triaxial accelerometer
Classification code:406.2  Roads and Streets - 461.7  Health Care - 601.2  Machine Components - 662  Automobiles and Smaller Vehicles - 662.4  Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 663.1  Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 818.5  Rubber Products - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921  Mathematics - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.1  Mechanics - 943.1  Mechanical Instruments - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 1.90e+00Hz, Frequency 3.00e+00Hz, Percentage 1.11e+00%, Velocity 4.17e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20163902855617
Title:Detection of pesticide residues in lettuce based on fluorescence spectra
Authors:Sun, Jun (1, 2); Zhou, Xin (1); Mao, Hanping (2); Wu, Xiaohong (1); Yang, Ning (1); Zhang, Xiaodong (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College in Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:302-307
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Lettuce is a kind of important food for people all over the world, which contains a lot of protein, carbohydrate, vitamin and some nutrient elements. However, pesticide residue in lettuce leaves is becoming one of the most urgent problems and it needs to be solved as soon as possible in the world. Therefore, fast and efficient nondestructive detection of pesticide residues with different concentration in lettuce leaves plays a key role in the growth of lettuce and also improves food safety supervision. In this paper, we aimed to identify pesticide residues with different concentration in lettuce leaves in a novel and rapid nondestructive way by using fluorescence spectra technology. The fluorescence spectral data of 180 lettuce leaf samples with pesticide residues of 3 concentrations (the ratio of pesticides to water was 1:500, 1:1000 and 1:1200) were obtained using Cary Eclipse fluorescence spectrometer (at an excitation wavelength of 245 nm, an emission wavelength in the range of 300-510 nm and discharge voltage of 600 V). Besides, the actual concentrations of pesticide sprayed were 12.77, 2.55 and 1.28 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, Savitzky-Golay (SG), Standard Normalized Variable (SNV), Standard Normalized Variable detrending (SNV detrending), Savitzky-Golay coupled with Standard Normalized Variable (SG-SNV), Savitzky-Golay coupled with Standard Normalized Variable detrending (SG-SNV detrending) were used to preprocess the raw spectra, respectively. Finally, support vector machine (SVM) classification models were established based on full spectra (FS), fluorescence characteristic peak (FCP) and wavelet feature (WF), respectively. The Monte Carlo Cross Validation algorithm (MCCV) was used to select a total of 120 lettuce leaves samples as the training set, the remaining 60 lettuce leaves samples were taken as the prediction set, and the number of MCCV cycle was set as 1000. Moreover, the sample selection would be completed when the training set and the prediction set accuracy were less than 2%. Besides, FCP mainly contained the band including 371.07, 424, 440, 460 and 486.96 nm. Furthermore, the WF was selected by wavelet transform using db4, db6, sym5 and sym7 as wavelet basis functions, respectively. The results showed that the prediction set identification rate of SVM model based on WF obtained the best results compared with the SVM models based on the FS and FCP. SG-SNV detrending - FS-SVM model obtained the best performance among all FS-SVM models, with an identification rate of 100% in the calibration set and 63.33% in the prediction set. Furthermore, SG-SNV detrending -FCP-SVM model obtained the best performance among all FCP-SVM models with an identification rate of 95% in the calibration set and 70% in the prediction set. Moreover, SG-SNV detrending -WF-SVM model obtained the best performance among all SVM models with an identification rate of 98.33% in the calibration set and 93.33% in the prediction set, in which sym5 was used as wavelet basis function and the optimal wavelet decomposition level was 4. The results indicated that it was feasible to use fluorescence spectra technology to identify different concentration of pesticide residues in lettuce leaves. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Pesticides
Controlled terms:Calibration - Chemical contamination - Crops - Feature extraction - Fluorescence - Food safety - Forecasting - Functions - Nondestructive examination - Offshore pipelines  - Support vector machines - Wavelet decomposition - Wavelet transforms
Uncontrolled terms:Classification models - Cross validation algorithms - Fluorescence characteristics - Fluorescence spectra - Fluorescence spectrometers - Lettuce - Nondestructive detection - Wavelet basis functions
Classification code:511.2  Oil Field Equipment - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.1  Light/Optics - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products - 921  Mathematics - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.28e-03kg/m3, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 2.00e+00%, Percentage 6.33e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Percentage 9.33e+01%, Percentage 9.50e+01%, Percentage 9.83e+01%, Size 2.45e-07m, Size 3.00e-07m to 5.10e-07m, Size 4.87e-07m, Voltage 6.00e+02V
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.041

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20163902855604
Title:Establishment and application of crops straw supply model for north China plain area
Authors:Huo, Lili (1); Wu, Juanjuan (1, 2); Zhao, Lixin (1); Yao, Zonglu (1); Hou, Shulin (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agricultural Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100125, China; (2) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China 
Corresponding author:Zhao, Lixin(zhaolixin5092@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:203-210
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Straw is important biomass feedstock. Due to the collection, storage and many other problems, their supply system can't be steady, and there are more than 200 million tons of straw resources not utilized effectively. In order to ensure a steady supply of straw and to increase the utilization rate of straw resources, we established a straw supply model based on straw collection in field - straw centralized storage - straw utilization. And taking the area of the North China Plain (Feicheng, Shandong Province) as an example, we got the site selection and the number of the straw collection and storage station and power plant, and analyzed the cost and energy consumption in the process of straw supply, which included field collection, primary transportation, storage in straw collection and storage station, secondary transportation and straw handling. The results showed that the straw supply model could reasonably analyze the point of straw application site, build and optimize the location and number of storage stations, and could reduce the construction investment, personnel and equipment of storage stations effectively, thus saving supply costs and energy consumption. So the straw supply model could be applied in practical calculation. The annual yield of corn stalk was up to 453 000 t in Feicheng, Shandong Province. Among them, the collectable amount was 100 000 t. The geographical coordinate of the optimal location was 116.741&deg;N, 36.069&deg;E when the available quantity of straw resource was about 100 000 t. The analytic hierarchy process was used to get the optimal location when the number of collection and storage stations was 10, and the transportation cost of straw delivery was about 169.14 yuan/t. Among them, analyzed by supply chain, the portions of straw collecting costs and transportation costs were higher, accounting for 55% and 23% of the total costs respectively. Analyzed by economic evaluation index, the portions of straw purchasing costs, labor costs, and fuel and power costs were higher, accounting for 41.39%, 30.14% and 25.90% of the total costs respectively. The total energy consumption of straw supply system was 186 MJ/t, among which the higher fuel consumption occurred in links of transportation and baling, accounting for 45% and 34% of the total energy consumption respectively. Through optimization, we centrally established 10 collection and storage stations. Compared with the original program that collection and storage station was established in every township, this program could reduce costs by 4.6%, and reduce energy consumption by 4.12%. It could save the initial investment cost of collection and storage stations by 25.85%; the primary transport costs increased by 4.81%, but the secondary transport costs was reduced by 19.68%. The straw supply model in this paper provides an instructional reference for establishing a reasonable straw supply model in different areas in China, and has a positive guiding significance for keeping steady straw supply, effectively reducing the cost of supply, and reducing energy consumption. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Cost reduction
Controlled terms:Biomass - Compensation (personnel) - Construction equipment - Cost accounting - Costs - Energy utilization - Investments - Location - Site selection - Straw  - Supply chains - Transportation - Wages
Uncontrolled terms:Construction investments - Continuous supply - Geographical coordinates - Guiding significances - Reduce energy consumption - Reducing energy consumption - Storage and transportations - Total energy consumption
Classification code:405.1  Construction Equipment - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 911  Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.1  Cost Accounting - 912  Industrial Engineering and Management - 912.4  Personnel - 913  Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.97e+01%, Percentage 2.30e+01%, Percentage 2.59e+01%, Percentage 3.01e+01%, Percentage 3.40e+01%, Percentage 4.12e+00%, Percentage 4.14e+01%, Percentage 4.50e+01%, Percentage 4.60e+00%, Percentage 4.81e+00%, Percentage 5.50e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20163902855607
Title:Contamination characteristics and source apportionment of soil heavy metals in Lalin River basin
Authors:Li, Jiao (1); Chen, Haiyang (1); Teng, Yanguo (1); Dong, Qingqing (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing; 100875, China 
Corresponding author:Teng, Yanguo(teng1974@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:226-233
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China faces great challenges in protecting its soil from contamination caused by rapid industrialization and urbanization over the last three decades. In order to reduce the risk of heavy metals pollution, it is very essential to study soil heavy metal contamination characteristics and quantify the sources of soil heavy metals. The results of source apportionment can provide the scientific supporting for soil quality management in the specific region. In this study, a total of 173 soil samples at depth 0-20 cm were collected, and concentrations and spatial patterns of soil heavy metals (including cadmium, chromium, arsenic, mercury, lead, copper, zinc, nickel, manganese, cobalt, vanadium and selenium) in Lalin River basin were analyzed, which is one of the most typical agricultural areas in Northeast China. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to explore the variety of spatial distributions for 12 heavy metals. Geoaccumulation index and potential ecological risk index were applied to evaluate the degree of soil heavy metal contamination. Positive matrix factorization method was introduced to apportion the sources of soil heavy metals. Results demonstrated that the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, As, Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn, Co, V, and Se in soil samples were 0.13, 46.28, 10.12, 0.07, 23.38, 17.09, 54.06, 21.26, 575.4, 14.04, 62.11 and 0.158 mg/kg, respectively. The mean values of Cr, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn and V did not exceed their respective soil background values, while the mean values for Co and Se were slightly higher than their background values in Lalin River. Concentrations of Cd and Ni in some soil samples were greater than the Grade&#8545;of the Standard according to the Soil Environmental Quality of China. The geostatistical interpolation results of heavy metal concentrations showed the spatial variations for these heavy metals were significant difference. According to the geoaccumulation index, the soils in Lalin River basin were mainly contaminated by Cd and Hg, with followed by As, with no or moderated contaminated level for the others. The geoaccumulation index values of 45.1% samples for Cd and 37.0% samples for Hg were greater than 0, while their mean values for the potential ecological risk index (RI) were 49.83 and 70.29, respectively. The range of RI was from 29.81 to 659.70, with a mean value of 140.18, indicating high ecological risk. Moreover, the potential ecological risk index on the left bank area was significantly higher than the right bank area of the Lalin River. A three-factor modeling resulting from PMF provided the most satisfactory results of soil heavy metals sources. Industrial activities, the application of pesticides and fertilizers were identified as the main anthropogenic sources for soil heavy metals in this study area, accounting for 29.4% and 32.6% of the total contribution, respectively. The remainder was the natural source, accounting for 38.0% of source contributions. The accumulation of Cd and Se in soils was mostly affected by agricultural activities, while Cr, Cu and Zn were also affected by some extent in this study area. For Hg and As, their content in soils was mainly associated with industrial activities. These suggested that the impact of human activities on soil heavy metals in Lalin River basin has exceeded the impact of natural source. Therefore, the use of pesticides and fertilizers and the "three wastes" emissions from key industrial enterprises in this area should be strictly controlled. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:River pollution
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Contamination - Copper - Ecology - Factorization - Fertilizers - Geographic information systems - Heavy metals - Industrial emissions - Lead  - Manganese - Matrix algebra - Nickel - Pesticides - Pollution - Quality management - Rivers - Soil pollution - Soil surveys - Soils  - Watersheds - Zinc
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural activities - Geo-accumulation index - Geostatistical interpolation - Heavy metal concentration - Heavy metals pollution - Positive Matrix Factorization - Potential ecological risk - River basins
Classification code:444.1  Surface Water - 451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 453  Water Pollution - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531  Metallurgy and Metallography - 543.2  Manganese and Alloys - 544.1  Copper - 546.1  Lead and Alloys - 546.3  Zinc and Alloys - 548.1  Nickel - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.3  Information Retrieval and Use - 912.2  Management - 921  Mathematics - 921.1  Algebra
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.94e+01%, Percentage 3.26e+01%, Percentage 3.70e+01%, Percentage 3.80e+01%, Percentage 4.51e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20163902855597
Title:Effects of combined application of manure and inorganic fertilizer on N<inf>2</inf>O emissions and sources in vegetable soils
Authors:Lin, Wei (1); Zhang, Wei (1); Li, Yuzhong (1, 2); Xu, Chunying (1); Li, Qiaozhen (1); Zheng, Qian (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institue of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China (MOA), Beijing; 100081, China; (2) Environmental Stable Isotope Lab., Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Yuzhong(liyuzhong@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:148-153
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The soils are dominating source of nitrous oxide (N<inf>2</inf>O), a greenhouse gas that contributes to stratospheric ozone destruction. In China, vegetable soils are amended with the highest level of N fertilizers among agricultural soils, causing large N<inf>2</inf>O flux. Bacterial nitrification and denitrification are thought to be the primary process for N<inf>2</inf>O emission from soil. Recently, it has been suggested that the intramolecular distribution of¹⁵N between central (&alpha;) and terminal (&beta;) position in the liner N<inf>2</inf>O molecule (^&beta;N^&alpha;NO, known as site preference or SP), can indicate which processes contribute to N<inf>2</inf>O fluxes. The goal of this test was to confirm N<inf>2</inf>O isotopomer signature stability effects on source partitioning of N<inf>2</inf>O and the contribution of microbial process to N<inf>2</inf>O production and consumption. Here, a microcosm experiment was performed to partition N<inf>2</inf>O production pathways and its change pattern emitted from vegetable soils amended with different manure, inorganic fertilizers and their combinations by using abundant isotope technique, which mainly focused on SP. The experiments set up five different manure and inorganic fertilizers treatments: 100%M (manure fertilizers), 100%U (inorganic fertilizers), 80%M+20%U, 50%M+50%U, CK (no fertilizers). N<inf>2</inf>O concentration,¹⁵N^&alpha;and¹⁵N^bulkwere measured by an element analyzer isotope ratio mass spectrometer and a trace gas analysis system. SP was calculated by N<inf>2</inf>O isotope characteristic value, giving the contribution to denitrification and nitrification. The results showed that inorganic fertilizer drove significantly higher N<inf>2</inf>O emissions than that of manure fertilizer. The higher quantity of inorganic fertilizer was used, the more N<inf>2</inf>O was released. The cumulative emissions of N<inf>2</inf>O from manure fertilizer treatment were 6.63 folds higher than that of inorganic fertilizer. The values of SP increased first and then decreased gradually with time, suggesting that production processes of N<inf>2</inf>O were associated with different microbial pathways. Denitrification was the dominant microbial process within seven days after fertilization in each fertilizer combination, the highest proportion reached 78.89%, SP value of 6.97&permil; and then nitrification became the main pathway with the highest proportion of 76.48%, SP value of 25.24&permil;. Denitrification was likely to occur when applying inorganic fertilizer, the average proportion reached 52.98%, SP value of 15.52&permil; and the application of manure fertilizer enhanced the nitrification process with the average proportion of 71.35%and SP value of 23.55&permil;. Considering both values of N<inf>2</inf>O emissions and SP, it was suggested that manure fertilizer had a positive effect on reducing N<inf>2</inf>O emissions in Drab Fluvo-aquic soil of Beijing. Of course, denitrification is most important source of N<inf>2</inf>O production. The results provide scientific basis for the rational fertilization in vegetable production. At the same time, we need to make further work to explore and characterize isotopic signature of N<inf>2</inf>O to find out microbial identification of N<inf>2</inf>O. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Denitrification - Greenhouse gases - Isotopes - Manures - Microorganisms - Nitrification - Nitrogen oxides - Ozone layer - Soils - Trace elements  - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Intramolecular distribution - Isotope ratio mass spectrometer - Microbial identification - Nitrification and denitrification - Production and consumption - Site preferences - Stable isotopes - Stratospheric ozone destruction
Classification code:451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 461.9  Biology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.30e+01%, Percentage 7.65e+01%, Percentage 7.89e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:20163902855611
Title:Correlation between levels of cultivated land intensive use and carbon emission efficiency in Hebei Province
Authors:Sun, Yingbiao (1); Su, Xiongzhi (1); Xu, Hao (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071000, China 
Corresponding author:Xu, Hao(xuhao22003@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:258-267
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The investigation on carbon dioxide emission efficiency is essential in achieving the environmental and ecological benefits of cultivated land intensive use. However, the specific investigation of the relationship between cultivated land intensive use and carbon dioxide emission efficiency is still limited, especially in the provincial scale. Therefore, the research explored the variation law of carbon dioxide emission efficiency under cultivated land intensive use of different levels in Hebei Province, owing to its essential geographical position in the food security and economic development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region. The main methods included the construction of the model of cultivated land intensive use and the model of data envelopment analysis (DEA). The indices were chosen from input (labor, capital and technology per agricultural acreage) and output. As carbon emission was considered as the cost, the agricultural added value, grain production and family business income per unit carbon dioxide emission were determined as output indices. GIS (geographic information system) spatial analysis was adopted to investigate the level of cultivated land intensive use and the features of the temporal and spatial variation of carbon dioxide emission efficiency in 138 counties (cities) in Hebei Province. Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and Moran scatter diagram were adopted to measure the aggregation degree of cultivated land intensive use and carbon dioxide emission efficiency. On the basis above, the research investigated the features of spatial clustering difference of cultivated land intensive use and total carbon dioxide emission efficiency, and analyzed the variation law of carbon dioxide emission efficiency under cultivated land intensive use of different levels. The results were as follows: 1) The level of cultivated land intensive use in Hebei Province presented the expanding trend from plain to mountain and from hill to Bashang Plateau. 2) The effective areas of total carbon dioxide emission efficiency were mainly centered on the Bashang Plateau and mountain and hill areas, while the total carbon dioxide emission efficiency was relatively low in developed areas such as Shijiazhuang, Xingtai and Tangshan, because of the insufficient utilization of input and the consequent failure of restricting the scale of carbon dioxide emission during the increase of grain production and agricultural added value. 3) Inverse association was presented between the level of cultivated land intensive use and the total carbon dioxide emission efficiency spatially, and the local aggregation effect was constantly reinforced over time. Most areas showed HL (high cultivated land intensity use - low carbon dioxide emission efficiency) clustering and LH (low cultivated land intensity use - high carbon dioxide emission efficiency) clustering, indicating the necessity of investigating the relationship between cultivated land intensive use and carbon emission optimization. The risk of over intensive use existed in the areas of HL clustering, which demanded the protection of ecological benefit. The ecological vulnerability was the bottleneck of the areas of LH clustering, and therefore, its priority should be guaranteed during the optimization of resource utilization. Owing to the limitation of reserved cultivated land resources, the carbon emission should be emphasized during the land resource management in Shijiazhuang City, Tangshan City, Qinhuangdao City, Langfang City and Chengde City. Relatively, Baoding City and Handan City owned sufficient reserved cultivated land resources, thus demanding comprehensive land improvement. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Carbon dioxide
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Carbon - Correlation methods - Data envelopment analysis - Ecology - Economics - Efficiency - Emission control - Food supply - Geographic information systems  - Global warming - Grain (agricultural product) - Land use - Natural resources - Spatial variables measurement
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon emission efficiencies - Carbon emission optimizations - Cultivated land intensive use - Ecological vulnerability - Efficiency analysis - Exploratory spatial data analysis - GIS (geographic information system) - Temporal and spatial variation
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 451.2  Air Pollution Control - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products - 903.3  Information Retrieval and Use - 913.1  Production Engineering - 922  Statistical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 943.2  Mechanical Variables Measurements - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 42>

Accession number:20163902855598
Title:Rill morphology development of engineering accumulation and its relationship with runoff and sediment
Authors:Niu, Yaobin (1, 2); Gao, Zhaoliang (1, 2); Li, Yonghong (1, 3); Luo, Ke (1); Yuan, Xuehong (2, 4); Du, Jie (1); Zhang, Xiang (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (4) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China 
Corresponding author:Gao, Zhaoliang(gzl@ms.iswc.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:19
Issue date:October 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:154-161
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Recently, infrastructure construction developed rapidly and produced a large amount of engineering accumulation, which becomes a new critical point of soil and water loss. Particularly, rills formed quickly on the slope of engineering accumulation under high rainfall intensity and triggered intense soil erosion. Therefore, it is essential to study on the dynamic process of rill development and its impact on runoff and sediment yield. In this study, scouring-erosion experiments were conducted on steep slopes of engineering accumulation under different slope gradients (24&deg;, 28&deg; and 32&deg;) with different flow discharge (5, 9, 13 and 17 L/min), simulating the surface runoff process under the rainfall intensity of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm/min. The zonal soil type in test area is Heilu soil. The experimental plots were constructed in engineering excavated slope, meanwhile, soil parent material was the Loess of Malan at first and then turned into spoil derived from construction sites. The spoil here was sandy loam, with a soil-stone ratio more than 9:1 and the size of particles &lt;1 mm. Each plot was 20 m long and 5 m wide, with 0.5 m deep soil layer and without vegetation. It was used to simulate the dumping engineering accumulation of gully region in loess plateau. According to the experiment design, runoff plot was divided into 5 one-meter-wide smaller plots by iron sheets, one of which was rebuilt as steps. To ensure the same original background, four rill experiment plots were backfilled and compacted after last experimental events. Because the randomness of the slope rill development may cause much difficulty on continuous observation, the slope surface was slightly concavely shaped to form a single rill. The morphological parameters such as rill width, rill depth, width-depth ratio and sectional area were selected to reveal the dynamic change of rill shape during erosion processes. The results showed: 1) The rill width and the rill depth both rapidly increased within the first 9 mins. The rill width accounted to 57%-90% of the ultimate width and the rill depth accounted to 38%-73% of the final depth.;2) With the scouring time continuing, the width-depth ratio first decreased and then showed a stable trend. Within the starting 27 mins, the width-depth ratio rapidly decreased and indicated the attenuated ability of rill development along the lengthways slope, finally, the ratio was stable between 0.81 and 1.48, with the ultimate rill section presented as a rectangular shape. 3) The rill width and rill depth had a positive correlation with flow intensity and flow intensity had a more significant effect on rill development compared to slope gradients. 4) The rill width and rill depth showed logarithmic relationships with discharge time; the sectional area had a linear relationship with discharge time; the rill width had an exponential relationship with runoff; the rill depth had a power function relationship with runoff; the sectional area had power function relationships with both cumulative sediment yield and cumulative runoff. Temporal variability existed in rill morphological development on slope. As a whole, sectional area described the dynamic process of erosion and the width-depth ratio was an important indicator to reveal the characteristics of rill morphological development and erosive ability. This research may provide some theoretical reference for quantifying dynamic changes of rill morphology index on slopes of engineering accumulation. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Erosion - Landforms - Morphology - Professional aspects - Rain - Scour - Sediments - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Flow - Infrastructure construction - Logarithmic relationship - Morphological development - Morphological parameters - Morphology development - Runoff and sediment yields - Sediment yields
Classification code:442.1  Flood Control - 443.3  Precipitation - 481.1  Geology - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 901.1  Engineering Professional Aspects - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.80e+01% to 7.30e+01%, Percentage 5.70e+01% to 9.00e+01%, Size 2.00e+01m, Size 5.00e+00m, Size 5.00e-01m, Time 1.62e+03s, Time 5.40e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.19.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.