<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20163902858245
Title:Establishment of specific heat prediction model for weaned piglet mash feed
Authors:Kong, Dandan (1); Chen, Xiao (1); Yang, Jie (1); Zhang, Guodong (1); Peng, Fei (1); Wang, Hongying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National R&D Center for Agro-Processing Equipment, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Hongying(hongyingw@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:307-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Weaned piglet's pellet feeds are designed for healthy growth of weaned piglet. Conditioning is a key factor affecting pellet feed quality and pellet mill throughput, which can be defined as the process of transforming the physical state of the mixed mash with the addition of saturated steam to facilitate the compaction of the feed mash. Knowledge of the thermal properties of mash feed is required to perform the heat transfer calculations that are involved in the optimal design of conditioner and evaluation of operating parameters. Specific heat is an important thermodynamic parameter used in heat transfer and energy balance calculations. Conditioning processing involves broad temperature (25-95℃) and moisture content (12%-16.5%, wet base) ranges. The objectives of this investigation were to determine the specific heat of mash feeds for weaned piglet as affected by moisture content, temperature and grinding particle size. In this work, the specific heat of mash feeds for weaned piglet in 4 grinding particle sizes (geometric mean diameter of 346.34, 364.57, 388.93 and 404.25 μm, and sieve aperture of Φ1.0, Φ1.5, Φ2.0 and Φ2.5 mm) was measured as a function of moisture content (10%-18%) and temperature (25-100℃) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The mash feeds were processed in Xinsanfeng feed mill in Miyun District, Beijing, while the determination of specific heat was conducted in China Agriculture University from April to November in 2015.As for the experiment design, the method of total experiment with full randomization was applied with 3 factors which included 4 kinds of grinding particle sizes (346.34, 364.57, 388.93 and 404.25 μm), 16 levels of temperatures (25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100℃) and 5 levels of moisture contents (10%, 12%, 14%, 16% and 18%). The influences of these variables on the specific heat were analyzed and a prediction model of specific heat concerning these variables was established. The specific heat was found to be significantly dependent on moisture content, temperature and grinding particle size, and the effect of moisture content was greater than the other 2 factors. In addition, the specific heat was proved to be significantly dependent on the interactions of moisture content and grinding particle size/temperature. Specific heat of mash feeds over 4 grinding particle sizes increased in the range of 1.572-2.747, 1.533-2.783, 1.562-2.869 and 1.548-2.881 kJ/kg·K with the increase in moisture content and temperature respectively. Specific heat had a linear positive correlation with moisture content and a logarithmic correlation with temperature. At 25℃ and 85℃, the specific heat values of mash feeds over 4 grinding particle sizes varied in the range of 1.533-2.037 and 2.289-2.758 kJ/kg·K with the increase of moisture content respectively. The specific heat of mash feeds with higher grinding particle size (404.25 and 388.93 μm) was greater than that with lower grinding particle size, especially at high temperature (60-100℃) and high moisture content (18%). As the grinding particle size of mash feed is reduced, the surface area is increased geometrically. So per unit weight of mash feed with lower particle size will condense more heat and water. This will result in the mash feed with lower particle size having higher degrees of starch gelatinization and protein denaturation. The variations in state and components of mash feeds may contribute to the differences in specific heat. Regression models with high R2 values were established to predict the specific heat of mash feeds as a function of 2 dependent terms of only moisture content and temperature, and of 3 dependent terms of moisture content, temperature and grinding particle size. The inclusion of grinding particle size dependent term in the empirical equation is expected to enhance the predictive capacity of model at high moisture contents in comparison with that equation only including moisture content and temperature. The results provide basic data for the establishment of the heat-transfer equation in conditioning of feeds for weaned piglet, and offer theoretical reference for the optimization of process parameters in thermo-processing. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Specific heat
Controlled terms:Design of experiments - Differential scanning calorimetry - Forecasting - Gelation - Grinding (machining) - Heat transfer - Models - Moisture - Moisture determination - Particle size - Pelletizing - Regression analysis - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Energy balance calculations - Geometric mean diameters - Heat transfer calculations - Heat transfer equations - High moisture contents - Optimization of process parameters - Positive correlations - Thermodynamic parameter
Classification code:604.2 Machining Operations - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 901.3 Engineering Research - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 944.6 Temperature Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.00e+01% to 1.80e+01%, Percentage 1.20e+01%, Percentage 1.20e+01% to 1.65e+01%, Percentage 1.40e+01%, Percentage 1.60e+01%, Percentage 1.80e+01%, Size 3.89e-04m, Size 4.04e-04m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20163902858244
Title:Extraction and gelatinization characteristics of Chenopodium quinoa Willd starch based on ridge analysis
Authors:Fu, Lihong (1); Li, Xiaobin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China; (2) College of Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China
Corresponding author:Li, Xiaobin(lxb8008105858@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:299-306
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), which is a pseudocereal or pseudograin, has been recognized as a complete food due to high nutritional value. Recently, quinoa has attracted more and more attention. Starch is main nutritional constituent of quinoa. In order to understand the gelatinization characteristics of starch, quinoas were collected from Xinzhou City in Shanxi Province. The granule morphology, functional group, swelling power, transparencies, freezing thawing stability, texture and rheological characteristics of starch granules were investigated in this study. Firstly, the quinoa starches were obtained by alkali extraction method. The cardinal parameters of extracting technique have been studied including solid-liquid ratio, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration and extraction time. The ridge analysis was used to find the condition on a set of design variables that maximize or minimize an estimated second-order correlation function on spheres of varying radius. According to the ridge analysis, the optimum parameters were as follows: solid-liquid ratio of 1:5 (g/mL), NaOH concentration of 0.2% and extraction time of 5.5 h. Under this condition, the extraction rate of starch was 98.94%±0.26%. The shape and chemical structure of starch granules were examined by the scanning microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The starch granules of quinoa had irregular shape. The functional groups of quinoa starch contained -OH, -CH<inf>2</inf>, -CHO, C-O-C and pyran ring, and quinoa starch had typical molecular structure of native starch. And the 1047 cm<sup>-1</sup>/1022 cm<sup>-1</sup>absorption peak ratio was 0.77. The gelatinization characteristics of starch were also studied, including swelling property, transmittance, freeze-thaw stability and retrogradation. The swelling property of quinoa starch was related to pasting temperature, and increased with the increasing of temperature. The swelling was divided into 2 stages: the initial swelling period and rapid swelling period. So, the quinoa starch was restricted swelling starch. And its highest swelling degree was 15.581 g/g at 95℃. The transmittance and retrogradation were closely related to standing time. The initial transmittance rate of starch was 1.7, which decreased with retention time. However, the retrogradation volumes increased with the time, which remained basically unchanged after 12 h. The syneresis rate was 10.50% during the first freeze-thaw cycle. The syneresis rate increased with the number of freeze-thaw cycles and entered stable value (33.01%) after 3 cycles. The texture properties of starch gelatinization were analyzed by TMS-Pro texture analyzer. The texture indices, which contained hardness, cohesion, elasticity, adhesiveness and chewiness, increased with the concentration of starch. Through rotational rheometer, the result showed that quinoa starch belonged to pseudoplastic fluid. When angular frequency range was 0-100 rad/s, loss modulus was higher than storage modulus. Thus, the starch paste was a compact cross-linked structure. As a main chemical component of quinoa, the physicochemical properties of starch would directly affect food processing and product quality. In this paper, the structure and physicochemical properties of quinoa starch have been studied systematically by various experimental methods, and the present result will offer a basic theoretical support for expanding the applications of quinoa starch. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Starch
Controlled terms:Chemical analysis - Crosslinking - Extraction - Food processing - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Freezing - Gelation - Granulation - Optimization - Structural properties - Swelling - Thawing
Uncontrolled terms:Fourier transform infrared spectrometer - Freezing-thawing stabilities - Gelatinization characteristics - Physicochemical property - Quinoa - Rheological characteristics - Ridge analysis - Second-order correlation functions
Classification code:801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Angular_Velocity 0.00e+00rad/s to 1.00e+02rad/s, Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 1.05e+01%, Percentage 2.00e-01%, Percentage 3.30e+01%, Time 1.98e+04s, Time 4.32e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20163902858219
Title:Simulation on underground pipe-soil heat exchange structure deformation due to frost heave
Authors:Bai, Li (1); Wang, Youtang (2); Gao, Qing (3); Jiang, Yan (3); Li, Zhaoqiang (4)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun; 130118, China; (2) School of Architectural Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo; 255049, China; (3) Department of Thermal Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun; 130025, China; (4) Jilin Medicine and Food Engineering Co., Ltd, Changchun; 130021, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Youtang(wyt@sdut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:118-124
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The research background of this paper is the ground source heat pump (GSHP) technology applied in the field of agriculture energy conservation. The typical application is the GSHP used in greenhouse. However, the operating temperature of ground heat exchange pipe usually sustains below 0℃, when the GSHP runs during the winter night in cold regions. The sustaining low temperature can lead to pore water freeze and volume expansion in soil, which is called frost heave. In this paper, numerical simulation study was conducted to investigate the deformation of pipe-soil heat exchange structure due to frost heave. The numerical model, on the basis of porosity rate function, frozen soil constitutive equation, water content equation and phase change heat transfer theory, was built on the simulation platform ABAQUS and thermal-mechanical coupled subroutine compiled in Fortran. The semicircle soil computational domain and U-pipe were adopted in 2-D geometrical model. Based on the assumptions of this model, its application was restricted to: 1) The initial soil is homogeneous and saturated; 2) The difference of soils inside and outside borehole is neglected; 3) The internal and external pressure of the pipe is uniform; 4) The heat transfer takes place by conduction only; 5) The operational mode of pipe is cooling or constant temperature. This numerical model was verified by frost heave experiment, and the verification included mainly soil freezing temperature field and pipe deformation strain. The result of verification showed that the temperature of center point in the freezing area had a maximum absolute error of 0.6℃, the freezing radius had a maximum relative error of 9.1%, and the pipe strains had a maximum relative error of 16.4%. This numerical model could be applied for the study of pipe-soil structure frost heave and deformation. By means of this model, the characteristics of soil stress and pipe deformation during soil frost heave were analyzed. The results showed that elliptical deformation appeared in the pipe cross-sections under the frost heave force, which manifested as the decreasing diameter in X-axis and the increasing diameter in Y-axis. The soil stress and pipes' elliptical deformation increased with the extension of freezing area, under 1℃ temperature difference between outlet and inlet pipe, the deformation of outlet pipe was greater than inlet pipe. Meanwhile, the deformation caused the pipe cross-sections' circulating area gradual decrease, and the decrease rate showed linear increase with the extension of freezing area. Moreover, the influence of different pipe cooling rate (0.1℃/h, 0.2℃/h, 0.3℃/h) were also investigated. For almost the same freezing range, the lower cooling rate of heat exchange pipe could lead to larger soil stress and pipe deformation. It can be found from the simulation, when the soil freezing diameter increased to 365 mm, the circulating area decrease rates of inlet pipe were about 3.5% in the 3 different cooling rate, and the circulating area decrease rates of outlet pipe were 4.6%, 4% and 3.8%, respectively, in cooling rate of 0.1℃/h, 0.2℃/h and 0.3℃/h. By contrast, the cooling rate showed almost no influence on the inlet pipe deformation, but an obvious influence on the outlet pipe deformation. In order to reduce the impact on the pipe cross-sections for the same heat exchange, it is reasonable to adopt a rapid cooling mode. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Geothermal heat pumps
Controlled terms:Computation theory - Cooling - Deformation - Errors - Freezing - Frozen soils - Heat exchangers - Heat pump systems - Heat transfer - Numerical models - Pipe - Soil mechanics - Soils - Strain - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Frost heave - Groundsource heat pump (GSHP) - Maximum relative errors - Numerical simulation studies - Phase change heat transfer - Soil stress - Soil structure - Temperature differences
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 921 Mathematics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.64e+01%, Percentage 3.50e+00%, Percentage 3.80e+00%, Percentage 4.00e+00%, Percentage 4.60e+00%, Percentage 9.10e+00%, Size 3.65e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20163902858211
Title:Optimization and experiment of operating performance of collector for corn whole plastic film mulching on double ridges
Authors:Dai, Fei (1); Zhao, Wuyun (1); Zhang, Fengwei (1); Wu, Zhengwen (2); Song, Xuefeng (1); Wu, Yifei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou; 730070, China; (2) Gansu Wuwei Business Flourishes Agricultural Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Wuwei; 733018, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Wuyun(zhaowy@gsau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:50-60
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The corn seeding patterns with whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges in the dry land is the new technology for rainwater harvesting and soil moisture conservation and drought resistance in northwest arid area of China. Market demand of this new technology is very large, and hence, until December 2015 the promotion cultivation area of corn seeding patterns with whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges had reached 8.02×10<sup>5</sup>hm<sup>2</sup>in Gansu Province. However, with the input quantity of plastic film and application area increasing, the problem was not allowed to ignore that the large amount of plastic film was residual in the fields after harvesting the corn, which caused serious field soil pollution and environmental pollution. Therefore, to promote the mechanization of residual film recycling had become an inevitable trend. Meanwhile, the first-generation collector for corn whole plastic film mulching on double ridges was designed by our research team. In order to improve the work performance of the collector for corn whole plastic film mulching on double ridges, the film-stubble distribution characteristics and the mechanization recycling process of residual plastic film were investigated, and through the analysis of the related operation mechanism of key components (loosening residual plastic film device, and collecting residual plastic film mechanism) and the process of collecting plastic film mechanism, the related parameters were determined, which were the parameters affecting the leakage rate of residual plastic film and the wrapping rate of residual plastic film. So in order to reduce the frequency of field experiment, based on field experiment and four-factor three-level Box-Behnken experimental design method, the mathematical models between the key parameters and the leakage rate of residual plastic film and the wrapping rate of residual plastic film were established, the regression equations of the 4 factors were fitted through the Design Expert 8.050 (experimental design expert) software, and the influence rule of parameters on the test index was studied. Using the variance analysis of regression equation and the response surface method, the influence of some interaction factors on the leakage rate and wrapping rate of residual plastic film was investigated, and the value range and the optimal combination of the parameters were determined. The results showed that the forward velocity was 0.46 m/s, the eccentric film-picking roller speed was 163 r/min, the film-curling roller speed was 77 r/min and the rotating speed of middle film-conveying axle was 45 r/min. Confirmatory field tests showed that with the optimal working parameters, the collector for corn whole plastic film mulching on double ridges had very good work performance, and the average value of the residual rate of film was 6.06% and the wrapping film rate was 0.73%, which met the requirements of the relevant national standards and was also significantly improved compared with that before the optimization. This approach of research is suitable for the parameter optimization of the collector for corn whole plastic film mulching on double ridges, and also provides the reference for the research and development of film collecting equipment in the northwest arid area of China. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Plastic films
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Arid regions - Cultivation - Design of experiments - Experiments - Mechanization - Models - Moisture control - Optimization - Pollution - Recycling - Software testing - Soil conservation - Soil moisture - Soil pollution - Statistics - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Box-Behnken experimental design - Distribution characteristics - Environmental pollutions - Operating performance - Parameter optimization - Plastic film mulching - Research and development - Response surface method
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601 Mechanical Design - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 6.06e+00%, Percentage 7.30e-01%, Rotational_Speed 1.63e+02RPM, Rotational_Speed 4.50e+01RPM, Rotational_Speed 7.70e+01RPM, Velocity 4.60e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20163902858231
Title:Characteristics of mercury form in soil-rice system and food security assessment in wastewater-irrigated paddy fields of Tianjin
Authors:Wu, Chao (1, 2); Zhang, Zhaoji (1); Fei, Yuhong (1, 2); Wu, Guoqing (1, 2); Qian, Yong (1, 2); Meng, Suhua (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang; 050061, China; (2) Hebei Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Shijiazhuang; 050061, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Zhaoji(zhaoji99@263.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:207-212
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Three wastewater-irrigated paddy fields in Beitang, Dagu and Beijng drainage river basin and a control paddy field in Haihe basin were chosen to study the effect of mercury (Hg) form on the concentration and distribution of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in rice organisms and assess the risk of Hg exposure for the population with rice consumption. Eight sets of whole rice plants and corresponding soils samples were collected in each polluted area and 4 sets of samples were collected in control area. For soil samples, we also analyzed 5 Hg forms by sequential extraction, which were soluble and exchangeable form, specifically sorbed form, oxide-bound form, organic-bound form, and residual form in order. Safety threshold of soluble and exchangeable Hg in wastewater-irrigated paddy soil was determined preliminarily. The results showed that the THg contents in paddy soil of Beitang, Dagu and Beijng drainage river were (1215±135), (806±255) and (378±162) ng/g, respectively, which were significantly higher than that in the control site of Haihe area ((154±43) ng/g). The corresponding soil MeHg concentrations were (4.15±0.34), (2.99±0.37), (1.046±0.28) and (0.34±0.22) ng/g, accounting for 0.42%, 0.37%, 0.28% and 0.22% of THg, respectively. The relative partitioning of various Hg forms according to the sequence was as follows: Residual form > organic-bound form > oxide-bound form > specifically sorbed form > soluble and exchangeable form in paddy soil of Dagu and Beijing drainage river and Haihe River, whereas organic-bound form in paddy soils of Beitang was the highest and the order was organic-bound form > residual form > oxide-bound form > specifically sorbed form > soluble and exchangeable form. The THg in rice tissues was distributed differently in different areas due to the THg in ground tissues influenced by Hg in the atmosphere. In the control site and less contaminated area of Beijing drainage river, the THg distribution was as follows: leaf > root > stem > grain, while in the more serious sites of Dagu and Beitang drainage river, the order was root > leaf > stem > grain. Higher organic-bound Hg and MeHg were found in the paddy soil of Beitang drainage river, suggesting that the higher MeHg in the paddy soils may be related to the higher ratio of organic-bound Hg which may promote MeHg to produce. The highest MeHg concentration was in grain, followed by root, stem and leaf, which showed the same patterns in all study areas and significantly correlated with MeHg in soils. Rice grain had a strong ability on the bioaccumulation of MeHg, and the bioaccumulation factor was between 1.63 and 3.70. Based on the calculation of security value for daily MeHg intake and the maximum permissible limit of 20 ng/g issued by Chinese National Standard Agency, the soluble and exchangeable Hg in soil should not exceed 9.19 and 6.25 ng/g, respectively. The probable daily intake (PDI) of MeHg for an adult population in studied wastewater-irrigated area was 0.0016-0.24 µg/kg, which showed that there was a great concern of MeHg exposure risk for rice consumption in wastewater-irrigated area. The exceeding standard rate of MeHg PDI in wastewater-irrigated area was up to 20.83%. We may remedy the polluted soils or change crops planted in the soil. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Bioaccumulation - Biochemistry - Catchments - Chemical contamination - Food safety - Food supply - Grain (agricultural product) - Heavy metals - Histology - Mercury (metal) - Risk analysis - Risk assessment - River pollution - Rivers - Safety engineering - Soils - Tissue
Uncontrolled terms:Adult populations - Bioaccumulation factor - Chinese national standard - Contaminated areas - Ecotoxicological risks - Methyl mercury - Probable daily intakes - Sequential extraction
Classification code:453 Water Pollution - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 801.2 Biochemistry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.3 Food Products - 914 Safety Engineering - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 922 Statistical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.08e+01%, Percentage 2.20e-01%, Percentage 2.80e-01%, Percentage 3.70e-01%, Percentage 4.20e-01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20163902858217
Title:Optimal water store control of ponds in irrigation district based on stochastic precipitation simulation
Authors:Hu, Nengjie (1); Shao, Dongguo (1); Chen, Shu (1); Xu, Baoli (1); Fang, Longzhang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430072, China
Corresponding author:Shao, Dongguo(dgshao@whu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:105-110
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ponds are widely distributed throughout Southern China. However, ponds have not fully played their role because of the shortage of the feasible optimal operating schemes for ponds. The main purpose of this paper was to determine an optimal operating scheme of ponds through mathematical statistics method and simulation. Firstly, distribution of a ten-day rainfall in the past 30 years (1981-2012) was fully analyzed. Then the Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the ten-day rainfall in the next 500 years. After that, a model was constructed to calculate the water quantity balances in fields, ponds and reservoirs, with the goal of maximizing the yield per unit area. Based on their built-in flexibility for storing water and their timely and reliable water supply, ponds were firstly used. Then reservoirs and ponds were adopted to irrigate crops in irrigation peak periods. The model was to simulate the different operating rules of ponds in each year, and the optimal operating rule of ponds for each year was selected by using orthogonal experiment method. At last, the operating rule under different typical year was attained by analyzing the above results. The methodology was applied to the Yangshudang reservoir irrigation district, which is a sub-region of Zhanghe irrigation district, to demonstrate its applicability. It features a subtropical monsoon climate with an average annual rainfall of 862.8 mm. Although the Yangshudang reservoir with the active storage capacity of 13.5 million cubic meters is the main irrigation water source, there are more than 3480 ponds with the storage capacity of 3.7295 million cubic meters that can support supplementary irrigation. From the results, in normal year, ponds should reserve 10% in mid-June, reserve 20% in mid-July, reserve 30% in late May, early June, late June, early July, and could be used up in the other ten-day. In dry year, ponds should reserve 10% in late May, reserve 20% in early June and late June, reserve 30% in mid-June, early July and mid-July, and could be used up in the other ten-day. In special dry year, ponds should reserve 10% in late May and mid-July, reserve 20% in late June, early July and late July, reserve 30% in early June and mid-June, and could be used up in the other ten-day. Comparing the probability to ensure basic yield, the irrigation effect was obvious under the optimal operating rule. In normal year, the probability of relative yield greater than 0.6 was increased by 2.38%. In dry year, the probability of relative yield greater than 0.6 was increased by 8.80%. In special dry year, the probability of relative yield greater than 0.6 was increased by 11.29%. This study is of great significance for reservoir-pond co-regulation and improving the irrigation effect. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Lakes
Controlled terms:Irrigation - Irrigation canals - Monte Carlo methods - Ponding - Ponds - Probability - Rain - Reservoirs (water) - Statistics - Stochastic systems - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Irrigation districts - Irrigation effects - Irrigation waters - Mathematical statistics methods - Operating schemes - Optimal controls - Orthogonal experiment methods - Subtropical monsoon climate
Classification code:441.2 Reservoirs - 443.3 Precipitation - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 961 Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 3.00e+01yr, Age 5.00e+02yr, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.13e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 2.38e+00%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 8.80e+00%, Size 8.63e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20163902858246
Title:Energy consumption optimization model of agricultural hexapod robot with self-locking joints
Authors:Zhang, Chun (1); Yang, Mingjin (1); Chen, Jian (1); Jiang, Meng (1); Ma, Yongchang (1); Ji, Jie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Jian(jianchen@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:73-83
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Abstract: Hexapod robot has the potential to be an important agricultural equipment in hilly areas in the future, but its feature of high energy consumption has become a technical bottleneck in practical application. Energy self-sufficiency may be within our reach if the robot is driven by electric motors and can be charged by solar energy, but this type of robot often has no self-locking joints, which leads to certain energy consumption against gravity even when they stand still; although the joint brake mechanism may be helpful, but shortcomings like energy penalty and lack of compact in mechanism that come with it will appear. If the joints are self-locking to ensure no energy consumption when the robot stands still, then the energy consumption when moving will increase dramatically. Based on the above problems, to minimize overall energy consumption of the robot when it's moving or long-time standing still, a hexapod robot design with optimal disposition of self-locking joints was given, the energy consumption optimization model was also built only considering that the robot had a specific motion which avoided a non-deterministic polynomial hard problem, and thus the model just needed to optimize the energy consumption instantaneously. A defect of such an existing optimization model based on the torque distribution algorithm was corrected by introducing the difference of torque transmission efficiencies of robot joints in forward and reverse drive; in order to adapt the compacted soil ground in hilly areas, the constraints of the existing model which were suitable for the rigid environment were modified based on terrain mechanics. For different self-locking joints configurations, there would be different energy consumption optimization models, and their corresponding objective functions were given separately; this allowed energy consumption comparison of different configurations being conducted based on the minimum values of objective functions from different optimization models, and then the self-locking joints must be positioned properly and used as few as possible in the optimal configuration. In order to validate the optimization models and the effect of optimal disposition of self-locking joints, an experiment and optimization simulations were carried out. Torque transmission efficiencies of a self-locking worm joint in forward and reverse drive were tested in the experiment. The test data agreed with the ones obtained from the theoretical formula, which proved the correctness for the model to introduce the difference of torque transmission efficiency and the accurateness of the model compared with the existing one. Optimization results of the model proposed in this paper were contrasted with that of the existing one through Matlab and Adams co-simulation. Comparison results show that: joint torques as the optimum solution obtained from the optimization model of this paper have fewer chances to do negative work when robot is moving, which is better in accord with the "gravitationally decoupled actuation" and "coupled drive" concepts, and thus the total energy consumption of robot can be further reduced by more than 40% compared with the existing model. For a given robot configuration, the power consumption is more than 38 W when standing still if the robot has no self-locking joints, and the energy consumption when moving is 3 times higher than the former one if all the joints are self-locking; only when applying the optimization model and the optimal joints disposition, the robot can not only stand still with no energy consumption but also consume energy basically at the same level as the former one when moving, and the energy consumption of the robot is only 14.2%, 45.5% and 16.3% higher than that with no self-locking joints when walking downhill, uphill along a 30° ramp and level, respectively. The energy consumption optimization model proposed in the paper provides theoretical supports for the design and optimization of agricultural hexapod robot with self-locking joints. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Locks (fasteners)
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Digital storage - Energy utilization - Machine design - MATLAB - Models - Optimization - Robots - Solar energy - Torque - Transmissions
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural equipment - Energy consumption optimization - Energy self-sufficiency - High energy consumption - Hilly areas - Optimization-simulation - Selflocking - Total energy consumption
Classification code:525.3 Energy Utilization - 601 Mechanical Design - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 731.5 Robotics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.42e+01%, Percentage 1.63e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 4.55e+01%, Power 3.80e+01W
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20163902858218
Title:Experiment on hydraulic characteristics of trapezoidal side weir for small channels
Authors:Wang, Yingying (1); Wang, Wen'e (1); Hu, Xiaotao (1); Ge, Wanyi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Wen'e(wangwene@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:111-117
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water shortage is one of the problems that limit economic development in China. However, farmers adopt flood irrigation in most irrigated areas for lacking of suitable flow-measurement devices, which leads to water waste. Thus studying convenient and adaptable flow-measurement devices is particularly important. Side weirs have simple structure and high precision. They are installed in the side of channels and directly connected with the small channels without changing the cross-section structures of channels. To explore convenient and adaptable flow-measurement devices used in small channels or water inlets in the field, a simple trapezoidal side weir combined with diversion sluices for small channels was designed. Based on previous researches of rectangular side weirs, different angles of side weir were set at -9°, -6°, -3°, 0°, 3°, 6° and 9°. Experiments were conducted in rectangular channel under different discharges up to 40 L/s to study side weirs' hydraulic characteristics in Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas in Northwest A&F University. Flow profiles, Froude number, discharge coefficient and head loss were obtained from experiments. Water profiles in different locations were compared, which reflected that the flow profiles nearby side weir fluctuated obviously. Based on the dimensionless, the relationship between discharge coefficient and its impact factors were studied. The results showed that side weirs could affect flow in main channel, and the influence range was from side weir to the center of main channel. Flow profiles function derived from this study could be applied in practice, with maximum relative error 1.85%. Moreover, discharges formula was established based on it. Discharge coefficient decreased with increasing ratio between side weir height and flow depth upstream when the crest angles of trapezoidal side weirs were greater than 0° and increased when the crest angles of trapezoidal side weirs were less than 0°. While the relationship between discharge coefficient and Froude number shows the opposite trends, namely discharge coefficient increased with Froude number when the crest angles of trapezoidal side weirs were greater than 0° and decreased when crest angles of the trapezoidal side weirs were less than 0°. Regression models developed for discharge versus water head, side weir width could meet the common requirements of flow measurement in irrigated areas, whose maximum absolute of relative error was 8.97%. The percentage of head loss was bigger when discharge was smaller under the same crest angle of side weir. The percentage of head loss changed more obviously when the side weir crest angle was bigger under the same discharge. Thus to get small head loss, discharges over side weirs shouldn't be too small and side weir crest angles shouldn't be too big in the practical application. Regression models developed for flow depths versus discharges and crest angles of side weirs had high precision with determination coefficient more than 0.9, and it was suggested to be used for calculation of the appropriate height of side weir when the geometric dimension of channels and discharge ranges are known. The study could provide useful information for application of side weir in channels. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Weirs
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Buoyancy - Canals - Design - Flow measurement - Fluid dynamics - Froude number - Hydraulic structures - Regression analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid areas - Determination coefficients - Discharge coefficients - Economic development - Geometric dimensions - Hydraulic characteristic - Maximum relative errors - Trapezoidal side weirs
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 441.1 Dams - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.85e+00%, Percentage 8.97e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20163902858205
Title:Dry drainage effect of Hetao irrigation district based on remote sensing evapotranspiration
Authors:Yu, Bing (1); Jiang, Lei (1); Shang, Songhao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing; 100084, China
Corresponding author:Shang, Songhao(shangsh@tsinghua.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-8
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In arid region, a great amount of irrigation water diverted to irrigation districts leads to the rising of groundwater table in irrigated agricultural area. As a result, groundwater and salt flow from agricultural area to non-agricultural area, leading to the internal drainage for groundwater and dry drainage for salt. In order to analyze the water and salt transfer between agricultural and non-agricultural areas, water and salt balance models of agricultural and non-agricultural areas were proposed based on evapotranspiration estimated from hybrid dual-source scheme and trapezoid framework based evapotranspiration model (HTEM). Four counties (Linhe, Wuyuan, Dengkou and Hangjinhouqi) in Hetao irrigation district of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region were selected as the study area, and the soil water balance and total water balance models were applied to estimate groundwater evaporation of agricultural and non-agricultural area, and groundwater and salt transfer from agricultural area to non-agricultural area on the annual time scale. Results showed that annual average evapotranspiration in the study region in 2006-2012 was 5.278 billion m<sup>3</sup>, among which the agricultural area occupied about 62%, and annual evapotranspiration rate of the agricultural area (679.1 mm) was higher than that of non-agricultural area (395.3 mm). Evapotranspiration during the vegetation growth period from April to October occupied about 90% of the total, while that during frost period from November to March was only about 10% of the total but should not be neglected. Annual average groundwater evaporation was 1.347 billion m<sup>3</sup>, where agricultural and non-agricultural areas accounted for approximately 50%, respectively. The annual average amount of groundwater transfer from agricultural area to non-agricultural area was 355 million m<sup>3</sup>, which accounted for 10% of annual average net water diversion and was close to the amount of drainage water into the Ulangsuhai Lake from the whole irrigation district. The annual average amount of salt transfer from agricultural area to non-agricultural area was 1.517 million t through groundwater. This resulted in an annual average desalinization of 0.4 t/hm<sup>2</sup>in agricultural area and cumulative salt content of 2.7 t/hm<sup>2</sup>in non-agricultural area. The results suggested that interior drainage and dry drainage play important roles in controlling groundwater table and soil salinization of agricultural area in Hetao irrigation district, and they should be integrated with the drainage projects in the planning of water and salt drainage. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Evaporation - Evapotranspiration - Flood control - Groundwater - Irrigation - Models - Remote sensing - Soil moisture - Water supply - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Annual evapotranspirations - Dry drainages - Evapotranspiration modeling - Hetao irrigation districts - Inner Mongolia autonomous regions - Irrigation districts - Water and salts - Water balance models
Classification code:442.1 Flood Control - 444.2 Groundwater - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 6.20e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Size 3.95e-01m, Size 6.79e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20163902858226
Title:Winter wheat cultivated area estimation and implementation evaluation of grain direct subsidy policy based on GF-1 imagery
Authors:Ma, Shangjie (1); Yi, Xiangsheng (1); You, Jiong (1); Guo, Lin (1); Lou, Jing (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Agriculture Resource Monitoring Station, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing; 100125, China; (2) Anhui Institute of Economic Research, Hefei; 230001, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:169-174
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The implementation of grain direct subsidy policy plays a positive role in increasing grain output, farmers' income, and promoting the development of agriculture. The precision of issuing the subsidy affects its efficiency of supporting agriculture. In order to obtain the accurate winter wheat planting area, improve the efficiency of grain direct subsidy policy implement, and enhance the impact of public funding in supporting agriculture development, a method of evaluating the implementation performance of the policy by using the technology of remote sensing was researched in this study. Suixi County, a main grain production region in the north of Anhui Province, was selected as the study area. GF-1 image with 16-m resolution was used as the data source to extract the winter wheat planting information and exactly calculate the area. There were 2 steps for information extraction and pretreatment: 1) The first was to calculate the area of winter wheat from remote sensing; 2) The second was to get the accurate planting area of winter wheat by interpreting the image and getting the winter wheat planting spatial distribution polygons and the polyline of linear features, analyzing the measured width of linear features, getting the statistical width of the typical linear features, using the buffer analysis method in Geological Information System (GIS), getting the polygons of the linear feature, and then overlaying the two layers and clipping the linear features from winter wheat features. Small features were subtracted by a coefficient in 36 sampling frames to obtain the accurate area of winter wheat. Finally, the adjusted area from remote sensing and the statistically obtained area of grain direct subsidy were compared both in county scale and town scale. Two important conclusions were drawn: 1) In the whole county, the area of winter wheat statistic subsidy was consistent with the adjusted area based on remote sensing. The area of winter wheat statistic subsidy was 1239.17 km<sup>2</sup>, and the adjusted area based on remote sensing was 1227.37 km<sup>2</sup>. The difference between them was only 11.8 km<sup>2</sup>, a relative error 0.96%; 2) In the town scale, the absolute of relative error between the statistical and adjusted area were less than 10% in 5 towns, and less than 13% in 8 towns. The Development Zone and Suixi Town had the biggest relative error. This was probably caused by the special types of land use in the two towns. The main types of land use in the two towns was industrial and commercial land use, with small and fragmented distribution of winter wheat fields, leading to difficulty in interpreting winter wheat cultivation area. Totally, the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of the statistical and adjusted area among all the towns was 0.90 and the determination coefficient R<sup>2</sup>of them was 0.93. In future, the higher spatial resolution and the multi-temporal data can be used to improve the precision of the winter wheat interpreting in special regions, such as the Development Zone and Suixi Town, where extracting winter wheat information is difficult. In practical application, it may be important to combine the basic data such as remote sensing data, the digital products of determining, registering and certifying the rights to manage rural land, with the digital results of spatial distribution of cultivated land together. It will monitor the crop planting condition accurately in house-hold scale, and will help to improve the efficiency of fiscal funds for supporting agriculture. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Cultivation - Data mining - Economic analysis - Efficiency - Errors - Geographic information systems - Image processing - Information systems - Land use - Remote sensing - Spatial distribution - Statistics
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture development - Determination coefficients - Geological information systems - GF-1 - Multi-temporal data - Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient - Remote sensing data - Winter wheat field
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Area 1.18e+07m2, Area 1.23e+09m2, Area 1.24e+09m2, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 1.30e+01%, Size 1.60e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20163902858212
Title:Design and experiment of control system for suspended electric flexible thinner
Authors:Li, Jun (1, 2); Xu, Yan (1); Xu, Jitong (1); Yang, Zhou (1, 2); Lu, Huazhong (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou; 510642, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Zhou(yangzhou@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:61-66
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Thinning is required in fruit tree production to ensure high quality fruit and proper fruit size, which is one of the most labor-intensive practices. Mechanical blossom thinning is an environmental friendly alternative to chemical blossom thinning. Good tree training techniques are required to get high-level blossom removal for mechanical thinning. Electric flexible thinner can realize blossom thinning by rotating flexible strings. There is a challenge in mechanical thinning due to the varying shape of tree canopy. To improve the adaptability of the electric flexible thinner on fruit tree variety, canopy shape and size, it is important to develop a profiling control system. In this paper, the structure of the actuators for profiling action of the electric flexible thinner was proposed. The flexible thinner was suspended on the rear three-point hitch of a tractor and consisted of a vertical rotating spindle attached with several segments of nylon cords in horizontal direction. The spindle was rotated by a brushless direct current motor and its spatial position could be adjusted by translational screw and profile adjusting screw. The ball screws were driven and controlled via stepper motors, which could control the offset into the trees and the angle of the thinner. With the ball screws, the thinning spindle could be stretched and tilted to conform to the height and inclination of the tree canopy. The range measuring rod could map the canopy as it passed and was placed ahead of the spindle to avoid sensor collision with rotating cords. Two pairs of ultrasonic sensors suspended on the range measuring rod could provide the angle and lateral offset sensing of the flexible thinner position by sending infrared laser pulses out and measuring the round-trip flight time to the trees. The spindle rotation speed, screw displacement and thinning angle were adjusted by the electric motors. During the blossom thinning process, the centrifugal force on the panicles of the fruit tree was used to cause rotating nylon cords to thin blossom. The intensity of thinning could be controlled by changing the spindle rotation speed, tractor speed and string arrangement and other parameters. To get the key parameters of profiling control, the geometric relationship between flexible thinner and canopy edge was analyzed. Using the modular structure, the hardware and software of profiling control system were developed. The controller performed the planning task and calculated the number of pulses for stepper motors of ball screws between the current position of the thinner and the currently measured canopy. All field tests with the electric flexible thinner were conducted at a tractor speed of 1.93 km/h. The field test results of single litchi plant illustrated the position servo control performance of two ball screws of the electric flexible thinner. The measured dynamic mean errors of the translational screw and profile adjusting screw were 0.17 and 0.07 cm respectively. To improve the performance of profiling controller, it required to move the thinner quickly without affecting thinning speed and to reduce the control latency to acceptable levels. The experimental results show that the actuators have good position adjusting accuracy and the proposed profiling control system can meet the requirements of real-time control. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Ball screws
Controlled terms:Actuators - Control - Control systems - Controllers - DC motors - Design - Errors - Fasteners - Flight control systems - Forestry - Fruits - Machinery - Mechanization - Orchards - Polyamides - Rayon - Real time control - Speed - Stepping motors - Tracking (position) - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck)
Uncontrolled terms:Brushless direct current motor - Environmental-friendly - Flexible thinner - Geometric relationships - Hardware and software - Mechanical thinning - Training techniques - Ultrasonic range
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 705.3 Electric Motors - 705.3.2 DC Motors - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 732.1 Control Equipment - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 819.2 Synthetic Fibers - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Size 7.00e-04m, Velocity 5.36e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20163902858223
Title:Distribution of Yellow River's silt in field under border irrigation
Authors:Yao, Xin (1, 2); Li, Jinshan (1); Huang, Xiuqiao (1); Sun, Xiulu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Henan Key Laboratory of Water-saving Agriculture Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang; 453003, China; (2) Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China
Corresponding author:Li, Jinshan(lijinshan72@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:147-152
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The irrigation water from Yellow River contains high content of sediments, and will greatly affect soil in irrigated field. In order to explore the water and silt distribution in the field, a field experiment was conducted in Zuncun Yellow River irrigation district from May to July, 2015.The experimental site is located in Yuncheng, Shanxi Province, China (110°50'E, 35°03'N). Border irrigation is the main irrigation method in the local area, and it was applied in the test field. We had set 2 border fields in the experiment and the width of the border was 1.8 and 2.7 m, respectively. The length of the border field was 300 m and the mean slope of each border was 0.1%. The unit-width discharge was 9.26 L/(s·m). The irrigation was conducted on June 19 and July 30, respectively. The test procedure included: 1) measurement of volumetric soil moisture 24 hours before and after irrigation; 2) recording of water movement and regression in each border; 3) collection of water samples and measurement of sediment concentration; 4) calculation of the sediment-carrying capacity in the sediment-laden flow; 5) analysis on the variation trend of the sediment content in irrigation water; and 6) study on the deposited sediment distribution along the border length after irrigation. The experimental apparatus included Parshall flume, ultrasonic flowmeter, time domain reflectometry, laser particle size analyzer, et al. The results showed that: 1) During the border irrigation, the distribution of soil moisture was relatively even; 2) The irrigation water flowed fast at the beginning of irrigation and the velocity of water flow decreased along the border length; 3) The sediments concentration in the water decreased by 81% from the head to the end of the border field; 4) The maximum sediment-carrying capacity of the flow was 0.005 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, far less than the sediments content in irrigation water; 5) The median diameter and the average particle size of the sediments in irrigation water decreased gradually with water flow advancing, and the bigger the diameter of sediment particle was, the sooner it deposited; and 6) The deposit sediments consisted of clay, silt and sand. The major composition of the deposited sediments was silt, and its proportion was as high as 70%. The results indicated that water infiltration and drainage reduced the water flow rate, and then hydraulic loss decreased sediment-carrying capacity of the flow. Then the suspended sediment particles in the sediment-laden flow settled down by gravity, and the deposited sediments form a dense layer in soil. On the other hand, border irrigation promoted faster flow advancement, and the dense layer greatly reduced the deep leakage. We concluded that the sediments in Yellow River could reduce the capacity of infiltration and make moisture distribution even, and Yellow River's silt distribution in the field followed a certain pattern above. It is estimated that, in a long run, the soil texture will change under the Yellow River border irrigation. And the variation was similar at the head and end of the border. The mechanism involved in the influence of silt on soil remains to be investigated. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Clay deposits - Elementary particles - Flow of water - Hydraulics - Irrigation - Moisture - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Rivers - Sediments - Silt - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils - Suspended sediments - Time domain analysis - Water - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Field distribution - Laser particle size analyzer - Sediment carrying capacity - Sediment concentration - Sediments concentration - Time domain reflectometry - Volumetric soil moistures - Yellow river
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 505.1 Nonmetallic Mines - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921 Mathematics - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 5.00e-03kg/m3, Percentage 1.00e-01%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Percentage 8.10e+01%, Size 2.70e+00m, Size 3.00e+02m, Time 8.64e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20163902858225
Title:Copula runoff model and risk of water shortage in west-to-east water transfer of Pearl River Delta, China
Authors:Tu, Xinjun (1, 2, 3); Chen, Xiaohong (1, 2); Diao, Zhenju (1, 2); Zhao, Yong (3); Du, Yiliang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Water Resources and Environment, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; 510275, China; (2) Engineering and Technology Center of Water Security in Southern China of Guangdong, Guangzhou; 510275, China; (3) State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100038, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:162-168
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the implement of water transfer project, it is essential to build the joint distribution model of low flow between the inflow and outflow region and to analyze the risk of water shortage or the assurance of water resources in the outflow region when water shortage occurs in the inflow region. In the paper, the goodness-of-test approach based on the Cramervon Mises statistics of the Rosenblatt transfer was applied for modeling bivariate joint distribution. The analysis of change point and the method of mean shift were used for reconstruction of time series of low flow. Joint distribution modeling of low flow between the inflow and outflow regions of the Project of West-to-East Water Transfer of the Pearl River Delta was built. According to the predefined thresholds set by the instream ecological flow and the lowest flow of water demand, individual and joint risks of water shortage in the inflow and outflow regions and their alterations under changing environment were investigated. Results demonstrated that Archimedean copulas, i.e. Clayton, Frank and Gumbel-Houggard models were better for modeling the joint distribution of low flow between the inflow and outflow regions. The change point of the low flow in the inflow region occurred in 1972, but there was no difference in the selection of copulas and their parameters on modeling the joint distribution of the inflow and outflow regions, regardless of using any one of the reconstructive time series, namely the forward and backward returned series. The lowest monthly stremflow in terms of mean value increased by 65.5% under changing environment, in particular the regulations of water reservoirs in the inflow region. In consequence, individual risks of water shortage in the inflow region and joint risks between the inflow and outflow regions remarkably decreased. However, the risk rate still accounted for 37.7% provided that the instream flow fulfilled the water demand in the inflow region. Though the joint risk rate decreased from 35.8% to 16.7% associated with the regulation of water reservoirs in the inflow region, the assurance rate decreased from 54.8% to 21.0% due to the positive dependence of low flow between the inflow and outflow regions. As water shortage in the inflow region was known, the assurance rate of water resources by 55.8% in the outflow region was slightly greater than its risk rate of water shortage (44.2%). In addition, the risk rate of water shortage in the outflow region accounted for 38.2% in case of maintaining its instream flow. Thus, it needs to be poured more attention how the specific regime of water resources regulation is put forward for the operation of the Project of West-to-East Water Transfer of the Pearl River Delta in the future, even though much more water in the outflow region than in the inflow region. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Gems - Reservoirs (water) - Risks - Rivers - Stream flow - Surface water resources - Time series - Time series analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Changing environment - Forward-and-backward - Instream ecological flows - Joint distributions - Pearl River delta - Positive dependence - Water shortages - Water transfer projects
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 441.2 Reservoirs - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 482.2.1 Gems - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.58e+01% to 1.67e+01%, Percentage 3.77e+01%, Percentage 3.82e+01%, Percentage 4.42e+01%, Percentage 5.48e+01% to 2.10e+01%, Percentage 5.58e+01%, Percentage 6.55e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20163902858208
Title:Design of seed churning device in air-assisted centralized metering device for rapeseed and wheat and experiment on seed filling performance
Authors:Lei, Xiaolong (1); Liao, Yitao (1, 2); Li, Zhaodong (1); Zhang, Wenyu (1); Li, Shanshan (1); Liao, Qingxi (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Collaborative Innovation Center for Oil Crops in South China, Changsha; 410128, China
Corresponding author:Liao, Qingxi(liaoqx@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:26-34
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Seed filling performance plays an important role in seed feeding quantity and uniformity in air-assisted centralized metering system. Wheat seed's filling performance in seed feeding device is not good due to its poor mobility and large repose angle. In order to improve wheat seeds' filling performance, seed churning device as a part of seed feeding device was designed. The major components of seed churning device which was installed in seed filling room included churning tooth and shaft. It transported seeds to seed filling zone and increased seeds' compressive force. The main factors affecting seed filling performance included the seed churning tooth's shape, length and its arrangement, the diameter of churning shaft, and the ratio of rotational speed between seed churning device and feeding mechanism. Seed churning tooth's shape included cylinder and cuboid and its arrangement consisted of double helix, line arrangement and cross arrangement. Mechanical models were established to estimate the seed filling process under the effect of seed churning device. It demonstrated that seed filling performance was correlated with lateral force of seeds related to seed churning device's force. In EDEM (engineering discrete element method) simulation, the effects of installation location of churning device on seeds' compressive force, tangential force, number of seeds in shaping hole and its coefficient variation were studied. The seed filling performance of churning device was investigated in bench test. Two shapes and three arrangements of seed churning tooth were evaluated for filling angle, which was measured by high speed camera using pco.dimax HD system, number of seeds in each shaping hole and seed filling failure rate at 3 lengths of churning tooth (4, 6, and 8 mm). The effects of number of conical-hole wheels, rotational speed ratio between seed churning device and feeding mechanism, and rotational speed were evaluated by examining the mean seed feeding rate, coefficient of variation of seed feeding rate and seed damage rate using three-factor full factorial test. Results showed that: 1) Seed feeding device with churning device gave superior filling performance at all treatments by increasing seeds' compressive force, tangential force, number of seeds in shaping hole, filling angle and seed filling rate. Higher compressive force, tangential force and number of seeds in each shaping hole were observed at larger lateral distance and lower longitudinal distance. The seed feeding device with a location of churning device (-65, 5) produced superior results with 1.92 seeds in each shaping hole and a coefficient of variation of 4.05. 2) Seed churning tooth's length affected filling angle and number of seeds in each shaping hole significantly and number of seeds in each shaping hole was different significantly among different arrangements of churning tooth. The ranking order of the factors affecting filling angle and number of seeds in each shaping hole was: churning tooth's length > arrangements of churning tooth > churning tooth's shape. The seed feeding device with a churning tooth's shape of cylinder, a churning tooth's length of 6 mm, and an arrangements of churning tooth of double helix produced superior results with a filling angle of 78.20°, and a number of seeds in each shaping hole of 1.73 and its coefficient of variation of 0.69%. 3) Seed feeding rate increased with the increasing of number of conical-hole wheels, rotational speed ratio between seed churning device and feeding mechanism, and rotational speed. Optimization of the regression equations incorporating number of conical-hole wheels and rotation ratio through multi-objective programming revealed that the rotational speed ratio between seed churning device and feeding mechanism was 1.154 and the number of conical-hole wheels was 6.Based on the optimized operational parameters, seed feeding rate and its coefficient of variation were 690-1340 g/min and 0.23%-0.80% with rotational speed of 20-40 r/min, respectively. Results suggest that seed churning device can improve seed filling and feeding performance. Through the investigation of seed churning device involved in this research, it may contribute to optimizing the structure of seed feeding device and improving the filling performance. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Filling
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Cylinders (shapes) - Experiments - Failure analysis - Feeding - High speed cameras - Multiobjective optimization - Seed - Speed - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Installation locations - Longitudinal distance - Multiobjective programming - Operational parameters - Regression equation - Seed filling - Wheat
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Flow_Rate 1.15e-02kg/s to 2.23e-02kg/s, Percentage 2.30e-01% to 8.00e-01%, Percentage 6.90e-01%, Rotational_Speed 2.00e+01RPM to 4.00e+01RPM, Size 6.00e-03m, Size 8.00e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20163902858228
Title:UAV flight status real-time monitoring evaluation system based on Labview
Authors:Zhang, Kun (1, 2); Zhang, Tiemin (1); Liao, Yiyong (1); Lan, Yubin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) State Key Labs of Robotics, Shenyang; 110016, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Tiemin(tm-zhang@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:183-189
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) is widely used in modern agriculture because of its various advantages. But it is difficult to detect flight performance and the accuracy of human eye observation is poor. In order to monitor UAV flight status and assess performance of UAV automatically, this paper designed a UAV flight status real-time monitoring and performance evaluation system based on the LabVIEW. The system could be separated to airborne parts and ground parts; airborne parts included information collection module and wireless communication module, and ground parts included wireless communication module and monitoring software. The information collection module used AHRS IG-500N to obtain UAV flight status which consisted of triaxial attitude angle, triaxial acceleration, triaxial angular velocity, triaxial speed, GPS (global positioning system) latitude and longitude, GPS altitude, temperature and barometric pressure. After being preprocessed by MCU STM32F103ZE which converted hexadecimal data to ASCII, these data were sent to the ground computer through a pair of wireless transmission module GE MDS EL 805. The monitoring software based on the LabVIEW extracted these data through serial port for the maximum and minimum filtering. Then it displayed the real-time triaxial attitude angle and flight altitude, and used three-dimensional model created by Solidworks to simulate the real-time attitude of the UAV. In addition, it used Gauss-Kruger projection transformation to transform the latitude and longitude coordinates into the corresponding geodetic coordinates. By accumulating three-dimensional space between adjacent points of real-time trajectory of UAV, the software could calculate air miles. The distribution density of points on the whole original setting route was not uniform, and the software used a setting distance to process the route in order to get a uniformly distributed setting route. It could reduce the computation load and improve the accuracy of flight path deviation calculation. The software displayed the real-time route and the setting route of the UAV in one control at the same time, so the users could clearly see the difference between them from the system. The flight path deviation was the minimum distance between the real-time position and the corresponding position of setting route. By comparing the minimum distance and the offset distance between the real-time position and the corresponding position of the setting route, the system could also achieve and graphically display the flight path deviation of UAV. It showed the rest of the information as real-time value and saved all the data during the test. The system was tested in a university in China on September 15, 2015. The size of the test field was about 50 m×70 m, and the coordinates of the test field were 23°09'76″N and 113°20'37″E. The UAV used in this test was WSZ-1805 electric octocopter which was designed for plant protection. The flight operator should control the UAV taking off, flying along the setting route, flight altitude keeping, hovering at a special location, and landing at another special location through vision. Results of the visual control test showed that the system software could display all the information clearly, the distances between the flight operator and the UAV were between 25 and 40 meters, the flight path deviation reached 5.2 m, the average position deviation of hovering reached 6.4 m, the average altitude deviation of height keeping flight reached 0.9 m, the fluctuation ranges of roll angle and pitch angle were both within 8°, and the temperature of the sensor dropped by 2℃ during the whole test. Outputs of the monitoring software were the same as the results of data analysis. The system is stable and reliable. It can be used to monitor, display, evaluate and record the flight status of the UAV real-timely. It can improve the accuracy of UAV flight status monitoring, and provide reference for further scientific assessment of UAV flight performance and training UAV flight operator. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Aircraft control - Altitude control - Atmospheric pressure - Computer programming languages - Display devices - Flight paths - Geodetic satellites - Global positioning system - Personnel training - Sensors - Software testing - Tracking (position) - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Wireless telecommunication systems
Uncontrolled terms:Flight status - Gps (global positioning system) - LabViEW - Performance evaluation system - Projection transformation - Three dimensional space - UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) - Wireless transmi-ssion modules
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 652 Aircraft and Avionics - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 912.4 Personnel
Numerical data indexing:Size 2.50e+01m to 4.00e+01m, Size 5.20e+00m, Size 6.40e+00m, Size 7.00e+00m, Size 9.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20163902858210
Title:Design and experiment on rear suspended passive aerator in saline-alkali land
Authors:Zhang, Yifu (1); Li, Hongwen (1); Hu, Hong (1); Chen, Wanzhi (1); Wang, Xianliang (1); Niu, Qi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Li, Hongwen(lhwen@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:42-49
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil salinization has always been considered as a prominent problem of ecological environment in the arid and semi-arid agricultural region. According to statistics, there have been more than 1.0×10<sup>9</sup>hm<sup>2</sup>areas suffering from soil salinization, which are widely distributed in more than 100 countries around the world. So the reclamation and utilization of saline-alkali soil, the same as prevention of soil salinization, has become an important research hotspot for social economical sustainable development. The purpose of improving saline-alkali soil is to enhance soil physical and chemical properties, make it benefit crop growth, and ultimately realize high efficiency and productivity. Among the agronomic improving measures, land leveling accelerates soil water infiltration uniformly, and decreases salt spots. Moreover, the closed drainage method can heighten the irrigation leaching, and evidently inhibit the accumulation of salt on the soil surface. As a soil preparation measure, plowing is documented to reduce soil moisture evaporation and control salt accumulation effectively by cutting the capillary in soil and then loosing cultivated horizon. However, the above treatments are faced with the challenges of heavy workload, high cost, and so on, which increases the agriculture production cost and limits the promotion and application of saline-alkali soil in a large scale. In order to overcome above shortages of the measures to improve saline-alkali soil, a rear suspended passive aerator was designed. The aerator could be applied to loosen soil, enhance soil permeability and improve soil environment. Based on the establishment of kinematics model of five-bar punching mechanism, the constraint condition for key parts was analyzed. Combined with the analysis of working principles and motion characteristics, the structure parameters of punching parts were determined. The optimum machine speed under different punching depth was also calculated, and specifically, the optimum machine speed was 4.7 km/h when the punching depth was 70 mm, while the punching depth turned to 100 mm, the speed was 3.7 km/h. Meanwhile, a passive device was designed to increase the verticality of holes punched by this aerator. The simulation analysis for the verticality of punching process was carried out with computer simulation, and the result showed that the swing angle of punching needle was ranged from -2.2° to 2.3° during the punching process. The computer simulation demonstrated a well punching result under the optimum machine speed condition. A field experiment of prototype was carried out at the experimental station of Gongli Company in Heze City, Shandong Province from August to October in 2015. The matched power of tractor was 75 kW, and an AIC3 600 type model vibration analyzer made in China was installed to monitor the vibration and machine speed of prototype. Six kinds of machine speeds (3, 3.5, 3.7, 4,4.7 and 5 km/h) were considered in experimental design (3 repetitions). Each experiment was tested 5 times, and the impacts of machine speed on verticality, vibration and separation distance between holes were analyzed. The result showed that the angle between hole profile and horizontal direction ranged from 86.4° to 88.5° under the machine speed of 3-5 km/h, and the coefficient of variation was less than 1.6%. The result also indicated that the hole number within 1 m<sup>2</sup>was 51-128, and the work efficiency was 3600-6000 m<sup>2</sup>/h during the punching process. Furthermore, the vibration analyzer test result indicated that the maximal amplitude value was 85 μm, and the maximal amplitude speed was 2.7 mm/s, which met the design requirement. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Soil testing
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Computer simulation - Design - Design of experiments - Efficiency - Machinery - Mechanization - Moisture control - Soil moisture - Soils - Speed - Sustainable development - Vibration analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Aerator - Coefficient of variation - Ecological environments - Passive - Reclamation and utilization - Saline-alkali soils - Soil permeability - Soil physical and chemical properties
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601 Mechanical Design - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Area 1.00e+00m2, Percentage 1.60e+00%, Power 7.50e+04W, Size 1.00e-01m, Size 7.00e-02m, Size 8.50e-05m, Velocity 1.03e+00m/s, Velocity 1.31e+00m/s, Velocity 1.39e+00m/s, Velocity 2.70e-03m/s, Velocity 8.33e-01m/s to 1.39e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20163902858216
Title:Modal analysis and validation of U-shaped aqueducts based on fluid solid interaction model
Authors:Zhang, Jianwei (1); Cao, Kelei (1); Zhao, Yu (1); Jiang, Qi (1); Wang, Tao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou; 450011, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:98-104
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The key point to analyze dynamic characteristic of aqueduct is the coupling effect caused by the interaction between water and aqueduct. In order to simulate the coupling effect effectively and improve the accuracy of working modal characteristics, Jingdian project in Gansu (103.45-104.04°E, 37.26-37.36°N) was selected as the research object. Added masses model and fluid solid interaction (FSI) system coupling model were built under different forms of water coupling. First, different coupling models were calculated and analyzed under the conditions of different water levels by using different modal extraction methods based on different solving principles,obtaining graphics of principal frequency and vibration shapes of aqueduct structure. Then the same span aqueduct was tested to get the dynamic displacement response under operational excitation conditions, and the tested response signals were de-noised by wavelet threshold and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to extract effective vibration information. Thus the structural natural frequency could be identified by hilbert-huang transform (HHT) modal parameter identification method. Finally, the modal frequency in normal water level condition of added mass model and the FSI system coupling model was compared with frequency measured by HHT method. The results showed that the calculation results of different coupling models had a certain degree of decline compared with the results under the anhydrous condition, and the largest amplitude of fundamental frequency was 15.03%. So the interaction of water and aqueduct had a greater impact on natural frequency of aqueduct structure and could not be ignored in structural dynamic characteristics analysis. The frequency error percentage between added mass coupling modal calculation results and identification results was 3.23%-10.56%, while the simulation results of the FSI system coupling model suited well with the HHT identification results, and the effective frequency error ranged from 0.18% to 4.59%. The maximum frequency error of FSI system coupling model was 5.97% smaller than the added masses model. What's more, the frequency error of same order was smaller than the added massed model, and it could offset the modal lack of the added massed model. The comparison results of finite element simulation and modal identification showed that the HHT modal identification method was able to extract the modal parameters of the aqueduct, which had high identification precision. Coupling model of FSI system considering the coupling effect of solid-liquid was superior to added masses model in simulation order and precision and could reflect the real characteristics of aqueduct more comprehensively and accurately. Meanwhile, the FSI system coupling model could be applied in the dynamic characteristics analysis of other kinds of aqueduct and could also provide guidance for the selection of dynamic model while evaluating health condition of aqueduct structure. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Finite element method
Controlled terms:Errors - Extraction - Flow interactions - Hydraulic structures - Identification (control systems) - Irrigation - Mathematical transformations - Modal analysis - Natural frequencies - Parameter estimation - Polybutadienes - Signal processing - Structural analysis - Structural dynamics - Vibration analysis - Water levels - Wavelet decomposition
Uncontrolled terms:Added mass - Aqueduct - Dynamic characteristics analysis - Empirical Mode Decomposition - Filtering method - Finite element simulations - Modal parameter identification - System modeling
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 731.1 Control Systems - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921 Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 1.80e-01% to 4.59e+00%, Percentage 3.23e+00% to 1.06e+01%, Percentage 5.97e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20163902858232
Title:Anaerobic digestion performance analysis of mixed vegetable wastes under gradient organic loading rate
Authors:Yuan, Maomao (1); Liu, Yanping (1); Chen, Xue (2); Li, Xiujin (1); Yuan, Hairong (1); Zou, Dexun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing; 100029, China; (2) China Power Conservation & Environment Protection Co., LTD., Beijing; 100020, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Yanping(liushuihan@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:213-218
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Vegetable wastes are generated in large amount in the processes of harvesting, transportation, storage, market and process. It was estimated that about 130 million tons vegetable wastes were produced annually in China, but less than 20% of those were properly treated. Several grievous environmental issues such as foul smell, polluted water, contaminations to soil, and threats to food safety and human health are therefore brought about now and then. Anaerobic digestion represents an environmentally-friend and cost competitive technology which achieves waste treatment and recovery of renewable energy biogas simultaneously. Furthermore, the nutrient abundant digestive juice is a highly valuable bio-fertilizer for agriculture. As is well known, organic loading rate (OLR) is one of the most influential parameters of anaerobic digestion as well as one of the key design parameters of full-scale anaerobic digestion plants. The characteristics of easy biodegradation, high moisture and organic matter content accelerate the anaerobic digestion of vegetable wastes, and OLR therefore plays a vital role to ensure the stable and efficient operation of the anaerobic reactor. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the OLR on the performance of vegetable wastes anaerobic digestion and to provide detailed information for anaerobic digestion process design. In order to evaluate the digestion performance and figure out the dynamic of the substrate conversion, the experiment was carried out with the continuous stirred-tank reactors at 35℃ for 170 days. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 20 days while the OLR was set at 1.0, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0, 2.25, 2.5, 3.0, 3.25 and 3.5 g/(L·d) respectively during the whole study. The criteria such as biogas daily yield, methane content, volatile solid (VS) removal percentage were used for assessing the anaerobic digestion performance, while the pH value, alkalinity, oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were tested to evaluate the process stability. The results indicated that the biogas yield rate reached the maximum value of 0.54 L/(g/(L·d)) when the OLR was 2.75 g/(L·d). The methane content was stably kept at 51%-59% when the OLR was kept lower than 3.25 g/(L·d), while dropped to 40% when the OLR was increased to 3.5 g/(L·d). The VS removal percentage reached the maximum value of 66.81% when the OLR was 2.75 and 3.0 g/(L·d). The pH value was stably kept at 7.1-7.4 when the OLR was kept lower than 3.25 g/(L·d) but dropped to lower than 6.5 when the OLR was increased to 3.5 g/(L·d). The ORP was kept between -320 and -340 mV during the whole study. The alkalinity was increased from 4600 to 7900 mg/L when the OLR was increasing in the range of lower than 3.25 g/(L·d) but dropped to 4776 mg/L when the OLR was increased to 3.5 g/(L·d). The concentrations of VFAs and ethanol were 409-481 and 380-490 mg/L respectively when the OLR was kept lower than 3.25 g/(L·d) while as high as 1756 (acetic acid equivalent concentration) and 920 mg/L respectively when the OLR was increased to 3.5 g/(L·d), with 35.5% of the VFAs being propionic acid. Therefore, from this research, it was concluded that the anaerobic digestion of the mixture of vegetable wastes provided sufficient buffer capacity and system stability when the OLR was kept lower than 3.25 and 2.75 g/(L·d), which should be considered as the optimal OLR. Besides, the threshold value of 3.5 g/(L·d) for the OLR should not be surpassed in order to prevent the reactor from operation failure resulted from acidification, especially in some full-scale anaerobic digestion plants. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Alkalinity - Biodegradation - Biogas - Fatty acids - Fertilizers - Health risks - Methanation - Methane - pH - pH effects - Propionic acid - Redox reactions - Sludge digestion - Stability criteria - System stability - Vegetables - Volatile fatty acids - Waste treatment - Wastes - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic digestion process - Continuous stirred tank reactor - Hydraulic retention time - Key design parameters - Organic loading rates - Organic matter content - Oxidation reduction potential - Volatile fatty acids (VFAs)
Classification code:452.2 Sewage Treatment - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 453 Water Pollution - 461.7 Health Care - 461.8 Biotechnology - 522 Gas Fuels - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 801.2 Biochemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 961 Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Age 4.66e-01yr, Age 5.48e-02yr, Mass_Density 3.80e-01kg/m3 to 4.90e-01kg/m3, Mass_Density 4.60e+00kg/m3 to 7.90e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 4.78e+00kg/m3, Mass_Density 9.20e-01kg/m3, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 3.55e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 5.10e+01% to 5.90e+01%, Percentage 6.68e+01%, Voltage -3.40e-01V
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20163902858236
Title:Area accuracy analysis for investigation of rural land contractual management right
Authors:Zhao, Hu (1, 2); Pei, Zhiyuan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing; 100125, China; (2) Agricultural Remote Sensing Center, Ministry of China, Beijing; 100125, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:241-246
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Area accuracy is one of the most important technical indices in the investigation of the right of rural land contractual management. This study was designed to quantify the influence factors to area accuracy from theoretical and practical aspects. We first analyzed the factors relating to rural land area survey accuracy based on the measurement error propagation theory. The relationship between the boundary point and area accuracy was evaluated from the theoretical view point. The influence of the following factors on the area was analyzed: the shape of the land parcel, the number of boundary points, the distribution of boundary points and the mean square error of boundary point. Then, the influence of different survey methods, such as the analytic method, the aerial photography method and the graphic method on the area accuracy, was quantitatively assessed at typical south China (Sichuan Province) and north China (Liaoning Province) rural areas with taking into account the terrain type (plain and mountain area). We also evaluated the influence of 3 different survey methods under different conditions, for example, various shape (the ratio of length to width changed from 1 to 10) or area size (from 0 to 12 hm2). Finally, the area lower limit of land parcel by using different methods was calculated and analyzed from a practical view. We did back-calculation works based on the mathematical formula describing the relationship between land parcel area and the land shape, area relative error and mean square error of boundary point. Different area lower limits were presented by considering various land shape and error of boundary point. The imagery of the Second National Land Survey was also analyzed for its applicability in the investigation of the right of rural land contractual management. The results showed that: 1) Theoretically, the relative area accuracy was mainly influenced by the mean square error of boundary point, the area of the land parcel and the shape of the land (ratio of length to width). The influences of the number and distribution of boundary points on the relative area accuracy were insignificant for the strict setting rules of the boundary points. From the operational view, the appropriate increase of the number of the boundary points would greatly improve the area accuracy in the land survey; 2) Only considering to keep the relative area accuracy within a reasonable range, the analytic (surveying with global position system-real time kinematic, GPS-RTK) method was generally applicable over all regions of the whole country. Imagery with the scale no less than 1:1000 could be applied for most of the southern region with the ratio of length to width being equal to 2,and for most of the northern region with the ratio of length to width equaling 9, the imagery scale should be no less than 1:2000; 3) To carry out the rural land parcel contractual management survey with "the Second National Land Survey" images with a scale of 1:10000, the land area in plain should not be less than 1.25 and 4.56 hm2 in north and south China. In mountainous area, the land parcel area should not be less than 2.81 and 10.25 hm2 respectively. The study provides both theoretical and practical suggestions for the investigation of the land area accuracy of rural contracted land with different methods. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Aerial photography - Errors - Graphic methods - Land use - Landforms - Mean square error - Planning - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy analysis - Area accuracy - Error propagation - Global position systems - Liaoning Province - Mathematical formulas - Ratio of length to widths - Real time kinematic
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 481.1 Geology - 742.1 Photography - 912.2 Management - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20163902858213
Title:Simulation and experiment of badger claw toe bionic excavator bucket tooth for improving performance of digging and cutting
Authors:Ma, Yunhai (1, 2, 3); Pei, Gaoyuan (1, 2); Wang, Hubiao (1, 2); Lü, Xueman (1, 2, 4); Song, Guofeng (1, 2); Tong, Jin (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun; 130022, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun; 130022, China; (3) State Key Laboratory of Soil-Plant-Machinery System Technology, Beijing; 100083, China; (4) China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun; 130033, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:67-72
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to solve the problems of high resistance and fracture in excavator bucket tooth, a bionic excavator bucket tooth was designed. Bucket tooth is assembled in the bucket tip, which is an important component of excavator, and its performance directly impacts the performance of bucket and even excavator. The bucket tooth is prone to abrasive wear during the operation, which could result in the reduction of cutting capacity. Improvement of bucket tooth configuration is one of the methods to improve the performance of bucket tooth. In this paper the badger was selected as the research object. Badger is a mammal, which is distributed in most parts of Europe and Asia. Badger is good at digging and it is a kind of burrowing animal. Badger owns slender and bending front claws, which are a powerful tool for digging. Therefore, by inspiration of that, the claws could provide a good bionic prototype for the design of bucket tooth. All of the following experiments were finished in the Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University. Handheld three-dimensional (3D) scanner (Handyscan700, Canada, Creaform company) was used to obtain the 3D point cloud of badger claw toe. This experiment was carried out in April 15, 2015. Due to the darker surface of badger claw toe, the toe had been sprayed with a layer of white power to enhance the results before scanning. The scanning results were imported into the reverse engineering software (Geomagic), and the contour curve of the longitudinal section of the badger claw toe was obtained through a series of processing. Then, the curve equation of the inner surface and the outer surface of the badger claw was obtained by curve fitting. Taking 80 type bucket tooth as a reference, the curve equations were applied to the design of bionic bucket tooth, and the bucket tooth model was established by utilizing the curves. Finite element analysis software (Abaqus) was implemented to analyze the mechanical properties of 80 type bucket tooth and bionic bucket tooth. The material, density, elastic modulus, Poisson ratio, yield strength of bucket tooth model were Mn13, 7900 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, 210 GPa, 0.3 and 390 MPa respectively. The working face of the 80 type bucket tooth model was applied to a positive pressure, and the pressure value was increased from 1 to 12 MPa. For each simulation, the positive pressure load was increased by 1 MPa. The equivalent stress of bucket tooth models was analyzed. The result showed that the maximum equivalent stress of the bionic bucket tooth was less than the 80 type bucket tooth in the same case of applying load. The models of bucket tooth wedging soil were established by Abaqus. In order to save computation time, the size of the bucket tooth models was the quarter of reality, which could not affect the results. The depth into earth was 20 mm. The result showed that when the depth was the same, the energy loss of the bionic bucket tooth was less than 80 type bucket tooth. The bucket tooth models were imported into 3D printer (ProJet5500X, 3D Systems Company, America) for processing. The bucket tooth material was ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer) rubber. In addition, in order to save the material and processing cost, the sample size was 0.6 times of the prototype. This experiment was carried out on December 28, 2015. The bucket teeth samples were installed in the Electromechanical Universal Testing Machine, and then the buried resistance was tested. This experiment was carried out on October 25, 2015. The cutting direction selected was vertically downward, and the cutting speed was 100 cm per minute. Five times repeated trials were implemented, and the average values were attained. The maximum cutting depth was set to 40 mm. The results showed that the wedging resistance of bionic bucket tooth was 11.9%-12.6% lower than the 80 type bucket tooth under the same condition. In this paper, the bionic bucket tooth can provide a reference for designing excavator bucket tooth with better mechanical properties. Further more, it can provide a new idea for the contact soil parts to reduce resistance and has important reference value for design. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:13
Main heading:Finite element method
Controlled terms:3D printers - ABAQUS - ABS resins - Animals - Bionics - Computer simulation - Construction equipment - Curve fitting - Electric resistance - Energy dissipation - Excavation - Excavators - Mechanical properties - Models - Reverse engineering - Styrene - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers - Badger - Bucket tooth - Equivalent stress - Finite element analysis software - Improving performance - Threedimensional (3-d) - Universal testing machines
Classification code:405.1 Construction Equipment - 461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 525.4 Energy Losses (industrial and residential) - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 723.5 Computer Applications - 745.1.1 Printing Equipment - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 7.90e+03kg/m3, Percentage 1.19e+01% to 1.26e+01%, Pressure 1.00e+06Pa, Pressure 1.00e+06Pa to 1.20e+07Pa, Pressure 2.10e+11Pa, Pressure 3.90e+08Pa, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 2.00e-02m, Size 4.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20163902858227
Title:Comparative of remote sensing estimation models of winter wheat biomass based on random forest algorithm
Authors:Yue, Jibo (1, 2); Yang, Guijun (2, 3, 4, 5); Feng, Haikuan (2, 3, 4, 5)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo; 454000, China; (2) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (5) Beijing Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Internet of Things, Beijing; 100097, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Guijun(guijun.yang@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:175-182
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biomass is one of important agricultural crop parameters, and has significant meanings in agriculture production management and decision-making. The estimated of biomass by remote sensing is of great importance for the real-time and dynamic crop information and can be acquired by remote sensing detection technology. The random forest algorithm (RF), from which machine learning is used, shows considerable potential for estimated crop parameters. However, there has been little study on estimation of crop parameters by RF model, especially using a combined of optical and SAR Data. In this study, we focused on analyzing different RF models data selection impact on the accuracy of estimation winter wheat biomass using spectral reflectance, radar backscatter, spectral Vis (Vegetation Indices) and radar Vis. In this paper, RF model, optical and SAR data were used to estimate the biomass of winter wheat. The objective of the study was to demonstrate the feasibility of random forest algorithm for monitoring on winter wheat biomass, meanwhile, the method of remote sensing data selection was compared. In the most important winter wheat producing region in China, Guanzhong plain, field experiments were carried out in Yangling district, Shannxi province. The synchronous RADARSAT-2 SAR data and GF1-WFV multiple spectral data which were close to the sampling time were obtained as the remote sensing data in this experiment. Firstly, the biomass of winter wheat at elongation, heading and filling stage were measured. Remote sensing data were pretreated as spectral reflectance, radar backscatter, spectral Vis and radar Vis. Then, the correlation coefficient analysis (r), the importance of out-of-bag data (OOB) and grey relational analysis (GRA) were used in the study. According to the above three analysis methods to select the data, and the input data were sorted according to the analysis results. Three models served for biomass estimation of winter biomass based on random forest algorithm: r-BF, OOB-RF and GRA-RF. The three models were validated using the in situ measured data, and 17 experiments of each model were designed to verify the accuracy of the model changes. As accurate valuation methods, the determination coefficients (R<sup>2</sup>), the corresponding mean absolute errors (MAE) and the root mean square errors (RMSE) for estimated biomass were calculated respectively with the measured data. The r-RF (R<sup>2</sup>=0.70, MAE=0.162 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, RMSE=0.218 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and OOB-RF (R<sup>2</sup>=0.70, MAE=0.164 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, RMSE=0.221 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) models achieved similarly very high accuracy, and the accuracy increased with the increase of the input variables, and then decreased. GRA-RF (R<sup>2</sup>=0.65, MAE=0.172 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, RMSE=0.236 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) model was worse than the previous two, the r-RF and OOB-RF showed a more robust predictive ability than GRA-RF model. Most importantly, the results indicated that it is necessary to select the appropriate data inputs to increase the accuracy of the RF model, rather than the input of many vegetation indices. The potential of random forest algorithm to estimate the biomass of winter wheat was show in this research. Our results indicated that the RF could be used to robustly estimate winter wheat biomass. This study may provide a guideline for improving the estimations of biomass of winter wheat using RF model. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Parameter estimation
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Artificial intelligence - Backscattering - Biomass - Crops - Data flow analysis - Data reduction - Decision making - Decision trees - Learning algorithms - Learning systems - Mean square error - Models - Radar - Reflection - Remote sensing - Synthetic aperture radar - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture productions - Correlation coefficient - Determination coefficients - Grey relational analyses (GRA) - Grey relational analysis - Random forest algorithm - Remote sensing estimations - Winter wheat
Classification code:716.2 Radar Systems and Equipment - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912.2 Management - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20163902858221
Title:Optimization of furrow irrigation mode for summer maize based on weighted grey correlation model
Authors:Wang, Shunsheng (1); Wang, Kangsan (1); Liu, Dongxin (1); Li, Huanhuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou; 450000, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:133-139
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A suitable cultivation mode directly affects the effect of water saving and yield of crops. In order to study the application of the grey correlation model in the research of water saving irrigation, based on water consumption, yield and its components (spike length, ear perimeter, grain number per spike, rows per ear, hundred grain weight, yield) of summer maize, this paper used the improved grey correlation evaluation model to optimize irrigation methods. The test was carried out in North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power located at 34°47'N and 113°46'E and altitude 110.4 m from June 2, 2012 to September 18, 2012. Two kinds of planting modes under furrow irrigation (conventional furrow irrigation and wide ridge and furrow irrigation) were set up, and each mode included 3 kinds of water control lower limit: soil moisture control lower limit of 60%FC (field water holding capacity), 70%FC and 80%FC. The results showed that in a single level comprehensive evaluation and under the same planting mode, the summer maize yield evaluation at 70%FC was highest, the evaluation value of wide ridge and furrow planting was 0.977. Under the same planting mode, the correlation degree of water consumption evaluation index decreased with the increase of the lower limit of the water control, and the water consumption of wide ridge planting with irrigation low limit of 60%FC was the least, which was 349.66 mm, and the evaluation values of water consumption was 1.000. Under the condition of wide ridge planting mode, the water use efficiency of the 3 kinds of water treatments was higher than that of the conventional planting, and water use efficiency of wide ridge planting of 70%FC was the highest and water use efficiency of conventional planting of 80%FC was the lowest, which was 1.97 and 1.41 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively, and the evaluation value of water use efficiency was 1.000 and 0.333, respectively. With the same water control lower limit, the comprehensive evaluation of yield and water consumption and water use efficiency of wide ridge and furrow irrigation planting mode was better than that of conventional furrow irrigation planting mode, indicating that the wide ridge planting compared to conventional furrow irrigation has certain effect of water saving and yield increasing. In the comprehensive evaluation of first layers, the grey relational degree of wide ridge and furrow irrigation cultivation with irrigation low limit of 70%FC was the biggest (0.852), so the lower irrigation limit for 70%FC was best. The grey relational degree of wide ridge and furrow irrigation cultivation with irrigation low limit of 60%FC was second (0.788) only to 70%FC, and the evaluation results of the weighted grey relational comprehensive evaluation model were consistent with the field test results. Therefore, the selection of the irrigation and planting mode was suggested to be based on local water resources. For the relatively abundant water resources area, wide ridge and furrow irrigation with irrigation low limit of 70%FC was recommended and wide ridge and furrow irrigation cultivation with irrigation low limit of 60%FC was recommended to use for areas with relatively scarce water resources. The research can guide the application of the weighted grey correlation method in the research of water-saving irrigation. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Cultivation - Efficiency - Irrigation - Moisture - Moisture control - Soil moisture - Water conservation - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Comprehensive evaluation - Grey correlation - Grey correlation evaluations - Grey correlation methods - Grey relational comprehensive evaluations - Water-saving irrigation - Weight
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.41e+00kg/m3, Size 1.10e+02m, Size 3.50e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20163902858233
Title:Seasonal subtle alternation of yak foraging and its effect under pasturing condition
Authors:Meng, Qinghui (1, 2); Chen, Yongxing (1); Bai, Jiade (2); Liu, Yanju (2); Tao, Xiuping (1); Liu, Chong (1); Dong, Hongmin (1); Guo, Qingyun (2); Zhong, Zhenyu (2); Zhu, Jiawei (2); Meng, Yuping (2); Chen, Kaisheng (3); Cheng, Zhenhua (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing; 100076, China; (3) Tianzhu Bureau of Animal Husbandry, Tianzhu; 733200, China; (4) Tianjin Agricultural Environmental Monitoring Centers, Tianjin; 300061, China
Corresponding author:Dong, Hongmin(Donghm@mail.caas.net.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:219-224
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the seasonal alternation of herbage height, yak regulates its foraging behavioral pattern to achieve the best matching. The grazing behavior of yak is the best foraging pattern in summer, the browsing and grazing combined pattern is the sub-optimal way in spring and autumn, and the browsing behavior, as the retained incisor in yak's historical evolution, is adopted in winter. In order to find out how the foraging pattern adjustment caused by the incisors influenced the dry matter intake and enteric-fermentation methane seasonal micro-fluctuation, from September 2014 to September 2015 in Tianzhu County, Gansu Province, we tested 3 pattern (grazing, browsing, grazing + browsing combined pattern) alternation and their environmental influences. The analysis results showed that the yaks in July and August had the highest protein intake (10.70%±0.38%), the lowest crude fiber (18.68%±5.31%) and lignin intake (1.89%±0.49%), and the shortest ruminant interval (1.1±0.3 h), which adopted the grazing pattern. In April, the yaks adopted the grazing and browsing combined pattern, and hemicellulose (15.68%±5.17%) and crude fat intake (1.08%±0.09%) were the minimum; in May, the foraging ratio of yaks (1.15±0.16 bite/s) was the fastest; in June, the crude ash intake (18.29%±2.39%) was the highest and the fetal birth weight was also the biggest; in September, the foraging intake (1.97±0.27 g/bite), the fat intake (3.77%±0.08%), the average daily gain (97.43±5.18 g/d), and the enteric methane emissions (315.70±21.24 g/d) were the highest; in October, the total dry matter intake (9749.40±2783.66 g/d) and the ruminant ratio (1.24±0.15 chyme-mass/min) were the highest; in November, the hemicellulose intake (19.46%±2.58%) was the highest; in December, the ruminant interval (2.9±0.2 h) was the longest. In February, the yaks adopted the browsing pattern, the total intake (0.95±0.14 g/bite) was the lowest, and the browsing ratio (0.73±0.24 bite/s), the protein intake (2.72%±0.49%), and the crude ash intake (7.14%±3.25%) were the lowest; in March, the cellulose (39.25%±7.15%) and lignin (12.57%±0.46%) had the highest intake, and the daily browsing intake (4417.29±1114.56 g/d), the ruminant ratio (0.76±0.16 chyme-mass/min), the average daily gain (-48.87±3.56 g/d), and the enteric-fermentation methane emissions (237.57±22.39 g/d) were the lowest. The feed intake per chewing in October was the highest. The intake per chewing was the lowest in March. The speed of food intake reached the fastest in May and the browsing pattern was mainly adopted, with little "empty grazing", then the yaks were regulating to the browsing and grazing combined pattern from October to December And then the intake speed was accelerated. The total daily intake reached the peak in October, and the daily body weight gain was the fastest; then the daily intake sharply declined in November. The daily intake reached the lowest in February and March. The highest ruminated efficiency was in October, and the slowest was in March. The shortest ruminant interval was in July, and the longest interval was in December. From June to September, there was the highest grass protein growth, and yaks regulated to the grazing pattern; and there was lower protein in winter grass, so yaks changed to the browsing pattern. From January to March, grass had the highest cellulose, and yaks changed to the browsing pattern; and in lower cellulose season, yaks used the grazing pattern. From January to September, yaks adopted the grazing pattern, and the enteric-fermentation methane emissions also reached the annual peak; the vitamin and nutrient declined in the milk during yak's lactation; and for the browsing pattern from January to March, the methane emissions were the lowest. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Methane
Controlled terms:Animals - Cellulose - Fermentation - Lignin - Nutrition - Production - Proteins
Uncontrolled terms:Browsing behavior - Incisors - Methane emissions - Sward height - Tracer methods
Classification code:461.7 Health Care - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+00%, Time 3.60e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20163902858207
Title:Development and experiment on 4LZZ-1.0 type plot grain combine
Authors:Wang, Jiasheng (1); Wang, Dongwei (1); Shang, Shuqi (1); Wang, Yanyao (1); Kuai, Jie (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao; 266109, China; (2) Jiangsu Yucheng Dynamic Group Ltd, Taizhou; 225300, China
Corresponding author:Shang, Shuqi(sqingnong@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:19-25
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:According to the present situation of the low mechanization of field experiments and the lack of plot equipment in China, 4LZZ-1.0 type plot grain combine was developed to cope with the planting pattern and agronomic requirement of Chinese grain breeding. The grain plot combine has the functions of holding and dividing grain stems, cutting grain stems, threshing and cleaning of grain and bagging seeds. The major design was given in details. The head with air cleaning device, threshing system, cleaning system, and pneumatic transmission system were designed, and their key parameters were calculated. The equipment had hydrostatic wheel walking device with working speed of 0-0.7 m/s, and full feeding method was used in this grain plot combine. The engine power was 40 kW, and the width of head was 1500 mm to meet the requirement of plot harvest width in China. The rotary speed of the reel was 10-20 r/min, and the velocity of conveyer belt on header centre was 0.82 m/s, so that there was no blocking of grain on the head. Air flowed at a speed of 7 m/s from 2 rows of small air holes which were in two insides of the head to clean the grain seeds in the head. A CVT (continuously variable transmission) device was used to control the speed of threshing cylinder to be from 300 to 2100 r/min. The optimal parameters were obtained by means of orthogonal test, which were threshing cylinder speed of 1264 r/min, concave clearance of 14 mm and feeding rate of 1.5 kg/h. An agricultural centrifugal fan with the axial length of 800 mm was selected as the cleaning fan with a blade diameter of 210 mm. The normal fan speed was 1350 r/min for seed cleaning during harvesting, and the maximum fan speed was 2200 r/min for cleaning seeds from the machine at stopped state before harvesting the next plot. Force analysis of seed on sieve was performed and the crane speed of 310 r/min was determined to make sure appropriate vibrating parameters of sieves for cleaning grain seeds. The air flow speed of pneumatic transmission system was set as 25 m/s for the grain seeds being blown off along the pipe, and the air flowing rate was calculated to be 3134 m3/h according to the feeding rate of seeds, air flow speed and mixing ratio of seeds and air. A Venturi feeder was used to feed seeds for the pneumatic transmission system, and the sectional area ratio between spout and pipe was 1:3. The field experiment and performance results showed that this combine has achieved a stable performance. The main performance indices tested were as follows: the productivity was 39.4 plots (4.7 m×2.7 m)/h, the threshing rate was 99.97%, the dirt percentage was 1.46%, the loss rate was 1%, the time interval between 2 plots was 50.94 s, and the seeds mixture rate was 0. Each of the performance indices has reached or exceeded the designed technical specifications. It is concluded that the plot grain combine is suitable for harvesting grain crops like wheat in the breeding plot, with the superiorities such as high productivity, low loss rate and no seed mixture in different plots. This study has been of benefit to improving the efficiency and precision of plant field experiments. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Air - Air cleaners - Belt conveyors - Cleaning - Compressed air - Crops - Electric power transmission - Fans - Feeding - Harvesters - Harvesting - Mixtures - Optimal systems - Pneumatics - Productivity - Sieves - Speed - Transmissions
Uncontrolled terms:Combine harvesters - Concave clearances - Continuously variable transmission - Optimal parameter - Performance indices - Plot - Technical specifications - Transmission systems
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 618.3 Blowers and Fans - 632.3 Pneumatics - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 692.1 Conveyors - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 961 Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Flow_Rate 4.17e-04kg/s, Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 1.46e+00%, Power 4.00e+04W, Rotational_Speed 1.00e+01RPM to 2.00e+01RPM, Rotational_Speed 1.26e+03RPM, Rotational_Speed 1.35e+03RPM, Rotational_Speed 2.20e+03RPM, Rotational_Speed 3.00e+02RPM to 2.10e+03RPM, Rotational_Speed 3.10e+02RPM, Size 1.40e-02m, Size 2.10e-01m, Size 7.00e+00m, Size 8.00e-01m, Time 5.09e+01s, Velocity 0.00e+00m/s to 7.00e-01m/s, Velocity 2.50e+01m/s, Velocity 7.00e+00m/s, Velocity 8.20e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20163902858222
Title:Development of soil moisture monitor and forecast system
Authors:Zhang, Xiaoyue (1); Li, Rongping (1); Jiao, Min (1); Zhang, Qi (1); Wang, Ying (1); Li, Ji (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Liaoning Institute of Meteorological Science, Shenyang; 110166, China
Corresponding author:Li, Rongping(rongpingli@aliyun.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:140-146
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A system was designed for monitoring current soil moisture and predicting soil moisture changes in the next 1-7 days in Liaoning province. In this system, data of soil volumetric water content from 54 automatic observation stations and weather forecast data from Central Meteorological Observatory in Liaoning were used. The soil moisture data of 8 soil layers was included, and they were different among different stations. The parameters of stations like longitude, latitude, altitude, etc were obtained from the observation stations. The soil parameters like field capacity, soil bulk density, wilting humidity were obtained by measuring soil samples when the stations were established. The next 7 days weather forecast data from the National Meteorological Center of CMA included daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation, and cloudiness. A regression model of the sunshine and cloudiness was established based on the information of 54 stations during 1981 to 2010. All the data above were input into the system for monitoring and forecasting the soil moisture. The system was developed by VC++ and Fortran based on soil water dynamic and CERES-MAIZE model. The model simulated the runoff process, infiltration process, evapotranspiration process and root water uptake process to obtain the soil moisture data of 8 layers. The system was used to predict the next 1-7 days soil moisture from June to August 2015 in order to verify the accuracy of the forecast. Results showed that when the absolute error between forecast and measured relative soil moisture was less than 3%, the highest accuracy was 52.9% for the next 1-d forecast. When the difference was less than 5%, the highest accuracy was 70.3%. When the absolute error was less than 10%, the accuracy was 78.5% for the 7 d forecast. The highest accuracy was 91.1% for the next 1-d forecast. The prediction accuracy decreased with increasing forecast date. In addition, drought level was predicted using the data of June-August, 2015. According to the threshold of relative soil moisture, 5 type of drought grade included severe drought, moderate drought, light drought, suitable, saturation with relative soil moisture less than 40%, 40% to 50%, 50% to 60%, 60% to 90%, and larger than and equal to 90%. The lowest value of drought level accuracy was 70.1%, and the highest value of drought level accuracy was 81.9%. Liaoning province suffered varying degrees of drought in the summer of 2015, which had impacted growth of maize and other field crops. The system played an important supporting role in agriculture meteorological service, as proved by its application in July 24.The study provides an effective system for improving the quality and efficiency in agriculture meteorological service. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Weather forecasting
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Clouds - Crops - Drought - Forecasting - Models - Moisture - Moisture control - Monitoring - Regression analysis - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Forecast systems - Infiltration process - Maximum temperature - Meteorological observatories - Minimum temperatures - Relative soil moistures - Soil volumetric water contents - Web based
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.92e-02yr, Age 2.74e-03yr to 1.92e-02yr, Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+01% to 5.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 5.00e+01% to 6.00e+01%, Percentage 5.29e+01%, Percentage 6.00e+01% to 9.00e+01%, Percentage 7.01e+01%, Percentage 7.03e+01%, Percentage 7.85e+01%, Percentage 8.19e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.11e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20163902858237
Title:Effect of high pulsed electric field pretreatment on dynamic viscoelasticity of fruits and vegetables
Authors:Wu, Xinhui (1); Guo, Yuming (1); Feng, Huimin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Yuming(guoyuming99@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:247-254
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:High pulsed electric field (HPEF) pretreatment is helpful to induce breakdown and displacement effect in cell of fruits and vegetables, which is useful to improve drying speed. We should study the effect of HPEF on the physical properties of fruits and vegetables, which puts the base for optimizing the parameters and mechanism analysis. In this study, 2 kinds of fruits and 2 kinds of vegetables, apple, pear, potato and radish were chosen as raw material. The moisture contents of apple, pear, potato and radish were approximately 86.89%, 89.46%, 78.35% and 93.61%, respectively. Immediately before measuring, the fruits and vegetables were washed and peeled by hand, and then cut into 13 mm diameter and 5 mm thickness using a cork borer. High pulsed electric field generator was used for the HPEF pretreatment of the fruits and vegetables, and the parameters were set as follows: 1) 1000 V/cm pulse strength, 60 μs pulse length, pulse number of 15, 2) 1250 V/cm pulse strength, 90 μs pulse length, pulse number of 30, and 3) 1500 V/cm pulse strength, 120 μs pulse length, pulse number of 45. After HPEF pretreatment, the dynamic viscoelasticity behavior was performed with DMA testing machine using compression platen (diameter of 15 mm). The linear viscoelastic range (LVR) was determined through stress sweeps. A constant amplitude of 10 μm was then chosen (common to the LVR of all samples) to obtain the mechanical spectra as frequency sweeps from 1 to 100 Hz at 25℃ and temperature sweeps from 25 to 90℃ at 10 Hz. The test and analysis of dynamic viscoelastic of fruits and vegetables were performed by TA Universal Analysis software. Analysis of variance was applied to the data. In order to study the differences among samples, all the data were analyzed with the use of SAS (statistical analysis system) software (version of 9.2). The microstructure analysis was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on apple samples with the 3 sets of pretreatment parameters, and untreated samples. The storage modulus, loss modulus and loss tangent on different HPEF pretreatment parameters and different oscillation frequency were plotted to characterize the viscoelastic behavior. The theoretical analysis about dynamic viscoelastic mechanics was presented. Results showed that all samples showed a slight linear increase in storage modulus, loss modulus and loss tangent as frequency diminished. A statistically significant difference in storage modulus, loss modulus and loss tangent between different varieties was confirmed. For apple samples, the HPEF pretreatment led to the decrease of storage modulus and loss modulus by 72.36% and 78.09%, respectively. It was primarily attributed to the changes of the cell structure and the intracellular space of the cell as revealed by the SEM. The same decreasing tendency of storage modulus and loss modulus with the increasing of HPEF parameters was observed for potatoes. However, the radish showed a contrary tendency that the storage modulus and loss modulus of radish tissue increased with the increasing of HPEF parameters. High cell turgor pressure may be the main reason for the increase in radish dynamic viscoelasticity after HPEF pretreatment. To pears, as HPEF pretreatment parameters were 1000 V/cm pulse strength, 60 μs pulse length, and pulse number of 15, the storage modulus and loss modulus of pear tissue reached the maximum. The reason may be the changes in pear cell turgor pressure caused by low HPEF pretreatment, and then with the further increasing of the HPEF parameters, pear cell membrane could be damaged and the dynamic viscoelasticity of pear tissue decreased. With the temperature increasing, the storage modulus of apple, pear, potato, and radish decreased by 34.44%±3.47%, 49.04%±10.64%, 28.12%±10%, and 55.25%±5.61%, respectively. The loss modulus of them decreased by 66.49%±8.05%, 82.12%±15.12%, 44.66%±7.79%, and 67.84%±2.54%, respectively. These results can provide useful information for the optimization of drying process parameters and the improvement of the industrial pretreatment technique in vacuum freeze-drying processing. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Cells - Cytology - Digital storage - Drying - Dynamics - Elastic moduli - Electric fields - Electric losses - Food storage - Scanning electron microscopy - Software testing - Storage (materials) - Thermal processing (foods) - Tissue - Vegetables - Viscoelasticity
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture products - High pulsed electric fields - Loss moduli - Micro-mechanical analysis - Microstructure analysis - Statistical analysis systems - Statistically significant difference - Visco-elastic behaviors
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 694.4 Storage - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Electric_Field_Strength 1.00e+05V/m, Electric_Field_Strength 1.25e+05V/m, Electric_Field_Strength 1.50e+05V/m, Frequency 1.00e+00Hz to 1.00e+02Hz, Frequency 1.00e+01Hz, Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 7.24e+01%, Percentage 7.81e+01%, Percentage 7.83e+01%, Percentage 8.69e+01%, Percentage 8.95e+01%, Percentage 9.36e+01%, Size 1.00e-05m, Size 1.30e-02m, Size 1.50e-02m, Size 5.00e-03m, Time 1.20e-04s, Time 6.00e-05s, Time 9.00e-05s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20163902858242
Title:Subunit dissociation of peanut protein isolate induced by coupled ultrasound-acid pretreatment
Authors:Huang, Liurong (1, 2); Zhang, Xunfa (1); Li, Yuxiang (1); Ji, Dexiang (1); Ma, Haile (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Physical Processing of Agricultural Products of Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:285-290
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Peanut protein, an abundant and low-cost by-product of peanut oil production industry, is rich in essential amino acids. Traditionally, this protein has been used for animal feed and fertilizer, and it is desirable to find new uses for peanut protein. The ultrasound technology, as an emerging non-thermal processing physical technology, has extensive applications in food system. To improve the functional properties and expand its application range, peanut protein isolate was treated with ultrasound and acid. A volume of 100 mL of peanut protein isolate solution (the concentration was 0.01 g/mL) was prepared and adjusted to pH value of 3.0 with 0.1 mol/L HCl. The mixtures were immediately treated using an ultrasonic cell crusher with a flat tip probe at 20 kHz at 600 W ultrasonic power for 5 min (ratio of work time to break time was 2 s:2 s). The effects of acid, ultrasound and coupled ultrasound-acid pretreatments on the solubility, ultraviolet spectra, fluorescence spectra, secondary structure and nanostructure of peanut protein isolate were investigated. The transformation mechanism of the peanut protein aggregation state induced by ultrasound and acid was also discussed. Results of solubility showed that the ultrasound pretreatment promoted the transformation from insoluble aggregates to soluble aggregates. With the pretreatments of ultrasound and coupled ultrasound-acid, solubility of peanut protein isolate was increased by 12.9% and 15.3% respectively (P<0.05). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in solubility between control and acid pretreatment. Acid and ultrasound pretreatments caused the increase of absorbance in ultraviolet spectra and the red shift of maximum emission wavelength in fluorescence spectra, which indicated that more phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine residues were exposed outside the polypeptide chains due to molecular unfolding and subunit dissociation. The CD spectra showed that coupled ultrasound-acid pretreatment resulted in the increase in the α-helix content by 21.9 % and random coils content by 1.8%, while β sheet decreased by 3.6% (P<0.05). The changes in the contents of the secondary structure might have been attributed to the disruptions of the interactions between local sequences of amino acids and between different parts of the molecule. Moreover, the analyses of microstructure by atomic force microscope revealed that the particle height and size decreased significantly with the pretreatments of ultrasound, acid and combination of both. Combination of ultrasound and acid was especially effective to promote dissociation of protein. Through the investigations of solubility, ultraviolet spectra, fluorescence spectra, secondary structures and nanostructure, we could find that acid and ultrasound pretreatments destroyed hydrophobic interactions of protein molecules, induced molecular unfolding, and caused more hydrophobic groups and regions inside the molecules to be exposed to the outside. As a result, the maximum emission wavelength of fluorescence shifted and particle size decreased. Therefore, we conclude that ultrasound pretreatment under acid condition can remarkably promote subunit dissociation and unfolding of peanut protein, which will provide the theoretical basis and technological support for the preparation of functional protein obtained by subunit recombination. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Proteins
Controlled terms:Acids - Aggregates - Amino acids - Atomic force microscopy - Dissociation - Fluorescence - Hydrophobicity - Molecules - Nanostructures - Oils and fats - Oilseeds - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Solubility - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis - Structure (composition) - Thermal processing (foods) - Ultrasonic waves - Ultrasonics - Ultraviolet spectroscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Essential amino acids - Hydrophobic interactions - Non-thermal processing - Peanut proteins - Technological supports - Transformation mechanisms - Ultrasound pre treatments - Ultrasound technology
Classification code:406 Highway Engineering - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 761 Nanotechnology - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 933 Solid State Physics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 2.00e+04Hz, Mass_Density 1.00e+01kg/m3, Molar_Concentration 1.00e+02mol/m3, Percentage 1.29e+01%, Percentage 1.53e+01%, Percentage 1.80e+00%, Percentage 2.19e+01%, Percentage 3.60e+00%, Power 6.00e+02W, Time 2.00e+00s, Time 3.00e+02s, Volume 1.00e-04m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20163902858239
Title:Hot air drying combined vacuum ventilation tempering improving quality of dried okra products
Authors:Duan, Xu (1); Liu, Wenchao (1); Ren, Guangyue (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food & Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang; 471023, China
Corresponding author:Ren, Guangyue(guangyueyao@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:263-270
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Okras (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) belong to the Malvaceae family. It is proved that okra can act as a tonic for both man and woman and enable them to increase their vitality and vigour. Due to high content of vitamin A and C, calcium, dietary fiber and low content of saturated fat, okra products, which are consumed in dried, frozen, fresh forms and also available in canned and pickled forms, are popular around the world. Like others vegetables, okra is susceptible to rapid deterioration because of its high moisture content. Various physiological and morphological changes occur after harvest, which make these okras unacceptable for consumption, and thus it is necessary to remove the moisture of okras. Hot air drying is the most widely used and inexpensive drying technique for okra. Nevertheless, long-time drying at relatively high temperature during the falling rate period often leads to the overheating of dried products, and undesirable thermal degradation of the finished products may occur. Hence, it is necessary to apply innovative techniques on hot air drying to solve these drawbacks, which can increase drying rate and reduce quality loss. One of the methods that may be recommended is drying with tempering cycles. Tempering allows moisture diffusion from the interior to the external surface of the sample kernels to decrease the moisture gradients. Hence, the material structure can be well protected during drying process, and with the uniform distribution of moisture, the drying rate of next stage will be higher. While in a vacuum environment, the oxygen (O<inf>2</inf>) content is in a low level, which can reduce many undesirable oxidation reaction and slow down the physiological activity of materials. Moreover, many researchers have reported the vacuum tempering method can obviously reduce the tempering time compared to traditional natural tempering. Ventilation tempering is carried out under the condition of decreasing temperature, the moisture can be uniformly distributed not only by moisture gradient but also by temperature gradient. Consequently, combining the vacuum tempering method with ventilation tempering can reduce tempering time more significantly along with obtaining good product quality. As above introduction, applying the combined tempering method on hot air drying may overcome some limitations of traditional hot air drying process, which can be called as vacuum ventilation tempering combined with hot air drying (MVVT-HAD). To achieve high quality products, vacuum ventilation tempering was applied on okras hot air drying, and the change trends of drying and quality characteristics of okras were investigated in this study; the effect of tempering process on the drying mechanism of okras was analyzed by using the Weibull distribution function. The drying and quality kinetics model, which was applicable in okras MVVT-HAD process, was constructed by using a nonlinear regression analysis; and the weighted comprehensive evaluation of okras MVVT-HAD process was also carried out based on total drying time, total energy consumption, rehydration ratio, hue angle, and total nutrient retention ratio. Results showed that, tempering treatment could improve the drying rate of okras hot air drying, and with longer tempering time the effect would be more obvious; Weibull distribution function could accurately describe the change tendency of water ratio with drying time of okras during MVVT-HAD process; the scale parameter of okras was reduced with the prolongation of the tempering time length; different tempering time length had the same effect on drying moisture diffusion mechanism in okras hot air drying; taking total drying time, total energy consumption, rehydration ratio, hue angle and total nutrient retention ratio into account, 60 min tempering time length was proposed as the favorable condition for okras hot air drying. The study shows that MVVT treatment can enhance the drying rate and drying quality of okras during HAD stage, and our paper provides a theoretical basis for the application of MVVT-HAD on industrial production of high quality dried products of okras. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Distribution functions - Energy utilization - Enzyme kinetics - Mechanisms - Models - Moisture - Nutrients - Physiology - Plants (botany) - Quality control - Regression analysis - Solar dryers - Temperature - Tempering - Vacuum applications - Ventilation - Weibull distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Abelmoschus esculentus - Comprehensive evaluation - High moisture contents - Non-linear regression analysis - Okra - Physiological activity - Quality characteristic - Total energy consumption
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 601.3 Mechanisms - 633.1 Vacuum Applications - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 643.5 Ventilation - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Time 3.60e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20163902858209
Title:Test on harvest performance of cotton picking head with rubber-bar roller
Authors:Wang, Lei (1, 2); Zhang, Hongwen (1, 2); Liu, Qiao (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Agricultural Machinery of Xinjiang BINGTUAN, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China; (3) College of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Hongwen(zhw_mac@shzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:35-41
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Xinjiang is the largest production base of commodity cotton in China, and cotton is the main economic industry in Xinjiang. Cotton-picker in the commercial market is mainly horizontal spindle cotton-picker, and its characteristics are high net harvest rate and low impurity rate. The new cotton picker with rubber stick roller has simple structure, which consists of metal roller and flexible rubber truncheon mounted on the drum. In operation, the rotation of the rubber stick combats brush and comb for mature boll, and completes cotton picking of wide and narrow row planting patterns. This structure effectively reduces and avoids breaking branches and picking immature cotton bolls, which has high harvesting efficiency and net harvest rate. There was no significant difference in the collect rate of seed cotton picked with rubber-bar roller and with horizontal spindle, but the impurity rate of seed cotton picked with rubber-bar roller was higher. To study the effects of the motion parameters of rubber-roller harvester on cotton harvesting performance in Xinjiang cotton planting pattern, the harvesting principle and the components of rubber-roller harvester were introduced in this paper. The functional relationships between the speed ratio and the harvest angle of rubber bar, the absolute velocity and the roller speed were established based on the displacement and velocity equations of rubber bar, and the influences of speed ratio on cotton harvesting performance were analyzed. In order to shorten the design cycle of cotton picker with rubber stick roller and further improve the job quality of cotton picker, with drawing support from overall performance test, the rubber stick overall function, roller speed, walking speed and axial spacing of roller rubber stick were taken as impact factors, the net harvest rate of cotton, the loss rate of dropping cotton, and the impurity rate were taken as response indices, and the second orthogonal rotation combination test was executed, which used the Design-Expert software at the same time. Finally, the primary and secondary factors were obtained, the regression models were established, and the effect of various factors on the performance indices was analyzed. According to the requirements of cotton harvest in agricultural technology for constraints, the research got the best combination of the parameters by final multi objectives, which was as follows: the rotary speed was 450 r/min, the travel speed was 2.4 km/h, and the axial spacing of rubber sticks was 44 mm. According to optimization parameter combination, the verification test was repeated 5 times to eliminate random error. The performance test results were the net harvest rate of 95.78%, the loss rate of dropping cotton of 0.89%, and the impurity rate of 17.44%, which consisted with the field verification test. The 4FS-3 cotton picker with roller rubber stick in harvesting field test showed that the net harvest rate was 95.29%, the loss rate of dropping cotton was 0.97%, and the impurity rate was 17.11% for cotton picker with roller rubber stick. The main performance indicators have reached the national pick machine's operation performance requirements. The study provides a theoretical basis for the design of key component of picking head and the operating parameters improvement, which effectively improves the harvest efficiency and quality of operations. Exactly it has a certain significance to promote the cotton picker localization and promote the healthy development of domestic cotton industry. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:11
Main heading:Cotton
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Efficiency - Harvesters - Harvesting - Machinery - Mechanization - Models - Optimization - Orthogonal functions - Regression analysis - Rollers (machine components) - Rubber - Software testing - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural technologies - Functional relationship - Operation performance - Optimization parameter - Performance indicators - Picking heads - Picking performance - Roller with rubber stick
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 723.5 Computer Applications - 818.1 Natural Rubber - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.71e+01%, Percentage 1.74e+01%, Percentage 8.90e-01%, Percentage 9.53e+01%, Percentage 9.58e+01%, Percentage 9.70e-01%, Rotational_Speed 4.50e+02RPM, Size 4.40e-02m, Velocity 6.67e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20163902858235
Title:Analysis on pattern and influence factors of rural settlements in grain main production area of Songnen Plain
Authors:E, Shixuan (1); Lei, Guoping (1); Song, Ge (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Land Management, Northeast University, Shenyang; 110169, China
Corresponding author:Lei, Guoping(guopinglei@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:234-240
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The purpose of this study was to reveal the pattern and influence factors of rural settlements in main grain producing area, which had great significance for rural residential land consolidation under the background of urbanization. Keshan County was taken as an example in this paper, rural settlements data were extracted from the Countryside Land Survey Database of the 2nd National Land Survey in 2009, which was used as basic information source, and field research and interviews were conducted towards local settlements. Meanwhile, socio-economic data came from the Statistical Yearbook of Keshan County and other statistics of corresponding departments. Multiple GIS (geographic information system) spatial analysis software was used. Specifically, natural breaks method was employed to divide the scale of rural settlements, and these settlements were finally classified into 4 kinds based on size, including micro, small, medium and large rural settlements. Kernel density estimation method was utilized to analyze the distribution density of rural settlements. Then, certain spatial methods, such as, Getis-ord General G and Getis-Ord Gi<sup>*</sup>, were used to explore the distribution pattern and size of rural settlements. The pattern of rural settlements was explored through analyzing the scale, density and clustering characteristics, and the effect of topography and agricultural productivity level and geographical conditions on the pattern of rural settlements was also investigated. Results were obtained as follows: 1) The numbers of micro, small and medium rural settlements were too many, accounting for 89.44% of the total number of rural settlements, whose area was 67.56% of the total; their public infrastructures were not matching and service facilities were lacking, and the roads connecting these rural settlements were highly dense, which not only wasted a lot of land resources but also divided cultivated land into small pieces and destroyed its integrity. In addition, the degree of mechanization of agriculture in main grain producing areas reached more than 85%, so this organization did not adapt to the development of agricultural productivity and the life of internal residents. 2) Kernel density peak value of rural settlements was 1.58 /km<sup>2</sup>, kernel density of rural settlements in grain main production area of Songnen Plain ranged from 0.14 to 2.30 /km<sup>2</sup>, the overall distribution density of rural settlements was relatively low, and the scale presented globally low clustering spatial distribution, being consistent with the characteristics of main grain producing areas. Rural settlements in Keshan Town, north of Shuanghe and Kubei Town, northeast Xianghua Town, and middle part of Beixing and Henan Town showed a characteristic of small clustering spatial distribution, while the partial regions in Xilian, Xihe, Fazhan, Xijian Town and Keshan Farm as well as the sporadic regions in Gucheng, Xianghua and Beilian Town presented a feature of high agglomeration spatial distribution. 3) Scale distribution characteristics of rural settlements presented a trend, namely "low altitude hilly area < low altitude alluvial plain area < low altitude diluvia mesa area". The rural settlements in plain area took on a small clustering spatial distribution characteristic, the rural settlements in hilly area had a spatial distribution characteristic of high density, small concentration and low density mass concentration, and the rural settlements in diluvia mesa area had a characteristic of big scale spatial distribution and clustering. 4) Topography was the formation basis of initial location of the rural residential areas. But with the transformation of social economy, the improvement of agricultural productivity had a more obvious effect on rural settlement pattern adjustment in major grain producing areas. In location factors, the influence of urban radiation on settlement pattern was limited to a certain range. Traffic significantly changed the local spatial pattern of residential areas, and had obvious distance attenuation effect. Therefore, this study can provide a reference for the spatial layout optimization and regulation of rural settlements in these experimental areas. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Consolidation - Economics - Geographic information systems - Grain (agricultural product) - Housing - Land use - Landforms - Machinery - Productivity - Remote sensing - Spatial distribution - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Distribution characteristics - GIS (geographic information system) - Kernel Density Estimation methods - Keshan county - Production area - Rural settlement - Settlement patterns - Spatial layout optimizations
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 481.1 Geology - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 921 Mathematics - 971 Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 6.76e+01%, Percentage 8.50e+01%, Percentage 8.94e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20163902858229
Title:Trajectory planning and test for all coverage, automatic and uniform feeding in river crab aquaculture
Authors:Sun, Yueping (1, 2); Zhao, Dean (1, 2); Hong, Jianqing (1); Zhang, Jun (1); Li, Fazhong (1); Luo, Ji (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) School Key Laboratory of Facility Agriculture Measurement and Control Technology and Equipment of Machinery Industry, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:190-200
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Uniform feeding is needed for raising river crab on the whole pond. It mainly relies on artificial experience to determine the feeding amount and feeding route, and is always performed by workboat equipped with feeding device with manual driving or remote control on pond, which will result in strong random route, and low accuracy and efficiency and is difficult to guarantee the feeding effect. In view of the above situation, a full coverage trajectory planning method for automatic feeding system carried by workboat based on GPS (global positioning system) was proposed to meet the requirement of automatic and uniform feeding for raising river crab. In this paper, the quadrilateral pond area was selected on Google satellite map by using automatic feeding trajectory planning system based on GIS (geography information system), the GPS latitude and longitude coordinates of 4 vertices were converted to the plane coordinates with direct Gauss-Kruger projection calculation formula, and the working area was set by using safe distance and direction vector. A target function with minimum mean square error between expected distribution density and actual feed cumulative density was created to measure the feeding uniformity, and the optimal operation parameters were solved by using genetic algorithm. Feature point coordinates of trajectory planning were calculated by finding cross points between working area boundary and parallel lines along the longest side, the plane coordinates of feature points were converted to GPS latitude and longitude coordinates with inverse Gauss-Kruger projection calculation formula, and then reciprocating traverse trajectory for automatic feeding was generated and sent to automatic feeding system through the GPRS (general packet radio service) communication module. The simulation results showed that in an irregular convex quadrilateral area of 2298.08 m<sup>2</sup>, when the expectation value of distribution density was 9 g/m<sup>2</sup>, the feeding performance indices of optimal calculation trajectory planning were better than that of traditional empirical estimation trajectory planning when feeding system worked with the parameters respectively. For the optimal calculation trajectory planning, corresponding total path length was 235.39 m, feeding path length was 195.16 m, total working time was 789.10 s, feed average density was 8.85 g/m<sup>2</sup>, and feeding coverage rate was 86.84%. Feeding contrast tests between traditional empirical estimation trajectory planning and optimal calculation trajectory planning were performed in Jiangsu University in April 2016. Results showed that experimental trajectories of workboat using the 2 groups of parameters both had only small offsets with the planned trajectories, which were consistent with the simulation results, and all feeding performance indices of optimal calculation trajectory planning were better than that of traditional empirical estimation trajectory planning. For the optimal calculation trajectory planning, corresponding practical total path length was 251.52 m, feeding path length was 200.45 m, total working time was 868.5 s, feeding time was 501.1 s, feed average density was 8.58 g/m<sup>2</sup>, and feeding coverage rate was 88.46%. And the relative error was 6.85%, 2.71%, 10.07%, 10.41%, 3.06% and 1.87% when comparing with the simulation results respectively, which showed the feasibility of the coverage trajectory planning method. Furthermore, trajectory planning verification simulation on another larger river crab pond of 15057.56 m<sup>2</sup>was performed, which corroborated that the automatic coverage trajectory planning system was also effective and applicable for large area river crab pond. The system could generate feeding trajectory directly and automatically when getting vertex coordinates of pond area, which would improve the accuracy and efficiency of trajectory planning, guarantee the uniform feeding and increase the economic benefits. This research provides technology reference for further study of trajectory planning for automatic uniform feeding on the whole pond in river crab aquaculture and other aquaculture for feeding along the pond or on the whole pond. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Feeding
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Efficiency - Emergency traffic control - Genetic algorithms - Global positioning system - Inverse problems - Lakes - Materials handling equipment - Mean square error - Navigation - Optimal systems - Parameter estimation - Radio communication - Remote control - Rivers - Shellfish - Trajectories
Uncontrolled terms:Coverage - Feeding system - Geography information systems - GPRS (general packet radio service) - Gps (global positioning system) - Minimum mean square errors - Reciprocating traverse - Trajectory Planning
Classification code:432.4 Highway Traffic Control - 461.9 Biology - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 731.1 Control Systems - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.1 Production Engineering - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 961 Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Area 1.51e+04m2, Area 2.30e+03m2, Percentage 1.01e+01%, Percentage 1.04e+01%, Percentage 1.87e+00%, Percentage 2.71e+00%, Percentage 3.06e+00%, Percentage 6.85e+00%, Percentage 8.68e+01%, Percentage 8.85e+01%, Size 1.95e+02m, Size 2.00e+02m, Size 2.35e+02m, Size 2.52e+02m, Surface_Density 8.58e-03kg/m2, Surface_Density 8.85e-03kg/m2, Surface_Density 9.00e-03kg/m2, Time 5.01e+02s, Time 8.68e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20163902858230
Title:Design of floor structure in radiant floor system based on heat transfer effectiveness-number of transfer units method
Authors:Li, Qingqing (1); Chen, Chao (2); Zhang, Ye (3); Shao, Zongyi (4)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao; 266109, China; (2) College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing; 100124, China; (3) Civil Engineering Department, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830036, China; (4) Beijing Key Lab of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing; 100044, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:201-206
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the development of radiant floor system engineering applications in civil and agricultural buildings, an engineering problem has been gradually becoming urgent, that is how to match the terminal of a radiant floor system for changeable and flexible application. This problem is closely related to thermal performance of the floor. Therefore, it is very important and necessary to study the heat transfer process of the floor, and obtain the regulation and characteristics of heat transfer to solve it. As the core component of heat transfer in radiant floor system, the floor can be regarded as one kind of special heat exchanger. Based on the basic theory and parameters of heat exchanger, thermal performance can be analyzed and evaluated. Based on the application of thermal resistance in series, the heat transfer of multi-layer floor structure is equivalent to that of homogeneous structure, whose analytical solution and heat resistance of floor are obtained. Assuming that the heat conduction in pipes wall is one-dimensional problem, the thermal resistance of the wall is amended after the model based on the equivalent thermal resistance. Furtherly, combined with the basic theory of the thermal design of the heat exchanger, the heat transfer effectiveness Ε is raised when the radiant floor is regarded as some kind of heat exchanger. According to the heat transfer effectiveness, the number of transfer units can be obtained, and then the Ε-NTU (number of transfer units) method for thermal design of floor structure is creatively proposed, which is compared with the design graph and design tables in ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) Handbook. Finally, the Ε-NTU method for thermal design of floor structure was put into practice for the designs of radiant floor system in the buildings located in Beijing. According to the supply temperature provided and the heating load calculated, the total thermal resistance of floor structure was obtained, and then the parameters of floor layers and pipe spacing were determined. The experimental data indicate that the temperatures of the rooms meet the design requirements very well. It shows that the Ε-NTU design method can be more convenient for the design of floor heat transfer structure with flexible application. The corresponding floor structure can be determined according to the supply temperature, indoor temperature and heating load, and the supply temperature can be determined according to the different floor structures. The floor surface temperature under the supply temperature and the floor structure can be checked. A new way of thinking for the floor thermal design is provided. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Structural design
Controlled terms:Air conditioning - Atmospheric temperature - Design - Floors - Heat conduction - Heat exchangers - Heat resistance - Heat transfer - Heating - Specific heat - Walls (structural partitions)
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural buildings - Effectiveness number of transfer units - Engineering applications - Floor surface temperature - Heat transfer structures - Number of transfer units - One dimensional problems - Radiant floors
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 643.3 Air Conditioning
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20163902858214
Title:Spray target laser scanning detection and three-dimensional reconstruction under simulated complex terrain
Authors:Liu, Hui (1); Li, Ning (1); Shen, Yue (1); Xu, Hui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:84-91
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Spray target detection is one of critical steps in variable-rate spray applications. Laser sensor scanning technologies have been used to detect spray targets for precision variable-rate sprayers due to its high accuracy, rapid scan speed, and insensitivity to light sources. However, potential uneven road conditions could reduce detection accuracy of object scanning with laser sensor. In order to obtain accurate shapes of laser scanning targets and acquire three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction images under complex terrain conditions, an indoor target detection platform with a laser sensor scanner was built to conduct spray target detection experiments under simulated uneven road conditions, and 3 correction methods were proposed to correct laser scanning data distortion due to the influence of complex field conditions. The target laser scanning detection platform consisted of a slide motion control unit and a laser sensor data collection unit. The slide motion control unit was able to control laser travel speed and laser moving distance on the sliding table. The laser sensor data collection unit was capable of detecting spray targets with the laser scanner and saving laser data for post process. The changes of attitude angles of laser sensor in 3 directions including pitch angle, roll angle and yaw angle were used to simulate complex terrain during field operations. Three data correction methods were proposed to diminish the influence caused by attitude angle deviations. They were the methods of re-matching polar coordinate value and trigonometric function for pitch angle deviation correction, re-combination of detection frames and detection points for roll angle deviation correction, and correcting the coefficient value of depth data for yaw angle deviation correction, respectively. The verification experiments for the proposed 3 correction methods to overcome complex field road conditions were divided into 3 test steps. Firstly, an artificial tree and a tree-shape carved board were detected with zero attitude angle deviation of laser sensor by specifying constant detection distances and laser travel speeds. Secondly, the tree-shape carved board was selected as the laser scanning target to test each deviation correction method of single attitude angle. Six angle values including -30°, -20°, -10°, 10°, 20°, and 30° were chosen for roll angle to simulate single uneven road conditions. So were angle values setting for pitch angle and yam angle. Finally, the artificial tree was selected as the laser scanning test target to verify the effectiveness of the combined attitude angle deviation correction. Three groups of combined attitude angle deviations were selected to simulate complex road conditions and to test the correction effects under the combinations of roll angle, pitch angle and yaw angle. All of acquired laser scanning object data were analyzed and corrected by the 3 proposed data correction algorithms. The data correction process and 3-D image reconstruction were conducted using Matlab software. The experiment results showed the spray object scanning with laser sensor could achieve precise outline shape detection of targets and obtain accurate 3-D reconstruction images when the laser sensor had not attitude angle deviations and the target detection test platform was under ideal and flat road environments. The relative errors of the height, width and canopy height of tree-shape carved board were all less than 5.0% by using the deviation correction method of single attitude angle to overcome simulated uneven road conditions. The relative errors of the corresponding parameters of the artificial tree were all less than 10.0% by using the deviation correction method of combined attitude angle to decrease the influence of complex uneven road conditions. The 3-D reconstruction images also had significant improvements after the correction algorithms. The test results verified the effectiveness of the 3 data correction methods for attitude angle deviation correction under simulated complex road conditions. The proposed methods have the potential to be integrated into variable-rate sprayers for precise spray field applications. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Image reconstruction
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Data acquisition - Electromagnetic wave attenuation - Forestry - Image matching - Image processing - Landforms - Laser applications - Light sources - MATLAB - Motion control - Roads and streets - Scanning - Sensors - Spraying - Surface analysis - Testing - Transportation
Uncontrolled terms:3D reconstruction - Attitude angle - Laser scanning - Sliding table system - Variable rate
Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 481.1 Geology - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 744.9 Laser Applications - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921 Mathematics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20163902858206
Title:Configuration partition of land use optimization in arid inland river basin based on ecological security pattern
Authors:Wei, Wei (1); Shi, Peiji (1); Zhou, Junju (1); Xie, Binbin (2); Li, Chuanhua (1); Lei, Li (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geographical and Environment Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou; 730070, China; (2) School of Urban Economics and Tourism Culture, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou; 730070, China; (3) Management Bureau of Shiyang River Basin, Gansu Provincial Department of Water Resources, Wuwei; 733000, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Peiji(shipj@nwnu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:9-18
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To solve the increasingly serious ecological problem and shortage of water and soil resource during the development of social and economy and urbanization process, the reasonable determination of the land use structure and layout in future is the key. In this paper, the GIS (geographic information system) technology and the MCR (minimum cumulative resistance) model as well as the CLUE-S (conversion of land use and its effects at small regional extent) model were applied to optimize the land use structure and its allocation in Shiyang river basin. First, the correct driving factors were selected to make prediction map. In this paper, 18 driving factors of land use were selected for logistic regression. Besides, ecological security patterns were constructed to maintain the basic ecosystem services of Shiyang river basin based on the theory of landscape security pattern. Second, we set the corresponding land use change and spatial optimizing allocation of the basin in 2030 under 3 development modes by MCR model and CLUE-S model, and then predicted the land use distribution under an ecological security pattern scenario, a farmland protection scenario, and a free development scenario. Third, taking the optimization of land use resources as an objective, the spatial distributions of energy exchange and transfer resistance and cost resistance of the land use resources in Shiyang river basin were analyzed according to the minimum accumulative resistance surface, the accumulative cost resistance model and the surface dissipative technology. The result showed that Shiyang river basin could be divided into 6 types which were core area of ecological protection, key area to be optimized, potential optimal allocation area, key area of ecological protection, ecological restoration-concern area and ecological comprehensive management area according to the configuration methods. Besides, The results showed that the farmland area decreased by 314.41 km<sup>2</sup>(about 5.32%), but the woodland and grassland increased evidently by the area of 1424.17 km<sup>2</sup>(about 33.85%) and 1485.13 km<sup>2</sup>(about 12.05%) respectively and unused land also had a great reduction under an ecological security pattern scenario. In contrast, the farmland area increased by 5.85% in 2030 (about 386.53 km<sup>2</sup>), woodland and grassland also increased by 7.61% (229.38 km<sup>2</sup>) and 0.77% (84.58 km<sup>2</sup>) respectively, and unused land reduced by 3.91%, about 789.92 km2 under a farmland protection scenario. This scenario took the land use exploitation and renovation as well as homestead consolidation as the main objectives, and controlled the urban and residential land expansion scientifically and effectively. In a free development scenario, the current free development situation and the government macro policy guidance were comprehensively considered and the quantity and spatial structure development were also taken into consideration. Comprehensively considering the sustainable development in Shiyang river basin from the perspective of social, economic, ecological development and farmland protection, the free development scenario is relatively reasonable, and it can not only maintain the farmland increase, but also consider the demand of the ecological restoration and urban development. The other 2 scenarios can be a supplement for regional land optimal allocation. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Ecology - Economic and social effects - Economics - Ecosystems - Farms - Geographic information systems - Models - Optimization - Restoration - Rivers - Surface resistance - Urban growth - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Arid inland river basins - Comprehensive managements - Development situations - Ecological development - Ecological restoration - Ecological security - GIS (geographic information system) - Shiyang river basins
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 444.1 Surface Water - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science - 971 Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Area 1.42e+09m2, Area 1.49e+09m2, Area 2.29e+08m2, Area 3.14e+08m2, Area 3.87e+08m2, Area 7.90e+08m2, Area 8.46e+07m2, Percentage 1.21e+01%, Percentage 3.39e+01%, Percentage 3.91e+00%, Percentage 5.32e+00%, Percentage 5.85e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20163902858238
Title:Design of nondestructive detection device for moldy core in apples based on characteristic spectrum
Authors:Zhang, Haihui (1); Chen, Ketao (1); Su, Dong (1); Hu, Jin (1); Zhang, Zuojing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:255-262
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The existing detection devices for moldy core in apples have critical shortcomings like high detection costs, high energy consumption, complicated analysis processing and redundant spectral information in wide waveband, for the light sources in most of them are composed of high-power and wide-band illuminant (like tungsten-halogen bulbs), and data acquisition and processing of them rely on the spectrometer and the computer. In this paper, a portable and low cost nondestructive detection device for moldy core in apples was designed based on the conclusion that the apple diameters and the intensities of some characteristic transmission spectra were the most important affecting factors of nondestructive detection for moldy core. In order to determine the specific band related to moldy core in apple, a test platform was built to obtain the transmission spectrum data by using tungsten-halogen bulbs, spectrometer and computer. A waveband of 690-730 nm was confirmed as the characteristic spectrum band through correlation analysis from a band range of 200-1025 nm. According to this band, a series of narrow band LEDs (light emitting diode) were adopted and used to make a special light source. Then, an information collection device was designed to obtain apple diameters and intensities of characteristic transmission spectra. The device consisted of a core processing unit, a driver circuit of LEDs, a conversion and detection circuit of photoelectricity and a measure module of apple diameter. Microprogrammed control unit (MCU) MSP430 was used as the core processing unit to call other function modules and process data. Pulse width modulation (PWM) chip PT4115 was used as a driver to control let-through currents of LEDs. The linear guide and limit sensor were combined to measure apple diameters online. To get an intelligent detection model for sorting out moldy core apple based on apple diameter and intensities of characteristic transmission spectra obtained by above information collection device, 120 Fuji apples produced in Qianxian, Shaanxi were selected, which were always put in a refrigeration storage at a steady temperature of 4℃. These apples were taken out on May 1, 2015, and after they returned to room temperature, 80% of them, which were placed in the same stalk directions, were used as the test samples to build discrimination model. The statistical data showed that 24 of samples were moldy core apples and the other 72 were healthy ones. A back-propagation (BP) neural network was adopted to set up a dependable discriminant model after analyzing the distribution diagram of samples, the inputs of which were apples' diameters and characteristic spectral transmission intensities, while the output was apples' healthy status. Apples' healthy status only had a positive or negative value: 1 represented a healthy apple and -1 meant a bad one. The detection model was converted to embedded language and downloaded into MCU. Now an integrated and model-embedded device was made successfully. The remaining 20% apples of the total samples were used to test the designed detection device with the embedded intelligent discriminant BP model. All test sets were requested to have the same placement position as the apple position when BP model was built. The test result was that one in 6 sick apples was detected wrongly and all of 18 healthy apples were detected correctly, which showed an accuracy of 95.83%. The phenomenon that this apple was identified wrongly was due to the emptiness and mild moldy core in apple core, for it was easily sorted out when an apple had an obvious symptom. This study indicates that the designed detection device has a good ability to distinguish apples with moldy core strongly and reliably, and it will have a good application prospect in apple industry. Meanwhile the research method for detecting internal disease of apple in this paper also can provide a reference for other fruits. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Backpropagation - Classification (of information) - Cost benefit analysis - Data acquisition - Data handling - Digital storage - Energy utilization - Light emitting diodes - Light sources - Microcontrollers - Plasma diagnostics - Pulse width modulation - Spectrometers - Spectrum analysis - Tungsten - Voltage control
Uncontrolled terms:BP networks - Characteristic spectrum - Moldy core in apples - Nondestructive determination - Spectral transmission
Classification code:525.3 Energy Utilization - 543.5 Tungsten and Alloys - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 932.3 Plasma Physics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+01%, Percentage 9.58e+01%, Size 2.00e-07m to 1.03e-06m, Size 6.90e-07m to 7.30e-07m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20163902858224
Title:Hydrodynamic characteristics of engineering accumulation erosion under side slope runoff erosion process in field scouring experiment
Authors:Ding, Wenbin (1); Shi, Dongmei (1); He, Wenjian (2); Jiang, Guangyi (2); Jiang, Ping (3); Li, Yexin (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China; (2) Chongqing Eco-environment Monitoring Station of Soil and Water Conservation, Chongqing; 401147, China; (3) Chongqing Hydropower Survey and Design Institute, Chongqing; 400020, China; (4) College of environment Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Liaoning; 123000, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Dongmei(shidm_1970@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:153-161
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Various engineering accumulations, caused by all man-made activities during mining process, have resulted in serious artificial soil and water loss in the coal mine area because of great difference in material composition, slope structure and runoff and sediment characteristics from original landforms, which would make great potential risk for the mining safety production and the surrounding areas. Recently, researches begin to focus on artificial soil and water loss in project areas, however, mechanism of runoff erosion on engineering accumulation slopes is still unclear, especially hydrodynamic characteristics in the process of runoff erosion needs further study. Taking typical coal mine engineering accumulation as example, soil test method and field scouring experiment were conducted to study the runoff erosion characteristics and critical hydrodynamic conditions of engineering accumulation slopes in the coal mine area. In this paper, some physical properties, hydraulic properties and runoff erosion process on slopes of engineering accumulations with different producing sources were all comparatively studied. Field scouring experiments were carried out from July to August 2013 at the Soil Erosion Experiment Site for production and construction projects in Southwest University, Chongqing. The field scouring experiments contained 5 flow discharges (i.e. 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 L/min) and 4 slope gradients (i.e. 25°, 30°, 35° and 40°). The paper mainly studied the hydrodynamic characteristics of engineering accumulation slopes in order to reveal the characteristics of runoff and sediment yield and soil erosion rate, and to analyze the relationship between soil erosion and critical hydrodynamic conditions and the critical slope gradient under different flow discharges. The results indicated that: 1) During runoff erosion process, both flow velocity, flow shear stress and runoff power of engineering accumulation slopes exhibited different degrees of fluctuation, showing a range of 0.187-0.526 m/s, 24.336-126.542 Pa and 2.763-46.861 N/(m·s), respectively, however, resistance coefficient existed a fluctuation from weak to strong in the range of 2.236-19.337. 2) Both runoff yield rate and sediment production rate of engineering accumulation slopes exhibited a trend of first increase and then stability during runoff erosion process except for the 10 L/min flow discharge. The runoff yield rate tended to 0.5, 3.0, 3.8, 6.3 and 9.0 L/min, respectively, under different flow discharges (10 to 30 L/min), however the sediment yiled rate varied between 0 and 27.51 kg/min and the soil detachment rate changed between 9.570 and 4616.064 g/(m<sup>2</sup>·min). 3) There were great difference in critical flow shear stress and critical runoff power among engineering accumulation slopes with different slope gradients. At sheet erosion stage, both the critical flow shear stress and critical runoff power of 30° engineering accumulation were the minimum, whose values were 23.95 Pa and 1.76 N/(m·s), respectively; at rill erosion stage, however, the critical flow shear stress of 25° engineering accumulation was the minimum and the critical runoff power of 40° engineering accumulation was the least; and the soil erosion rate had a significant linear relationship with the flow shear stress and runoff power. 4) When flow discharge was 10-30 L/min, the critical slope gradients of engineering accumulations were 34.8°, 35°, 33.7°, 34° and 35.2°, respectively. These results not only could provide essential technical-parameters for predicting soil and water loss caused by mining production, but also would help to arrange some vegetation measures for soil and water ecological restoration of these engineering accumulations. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Coal - Coal mines - Erosion - Flow velocity - Flowmeters - Fluid dynamics - Hydrodynamics - Professional aspects - Sediments - Shear flow - Shear stress - Slope stability - Soil testing - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Critical condition - Critical slope gradients - Erosion characteristics - Hydrodynamic characteristics - Hydrodynamic conditions - Resistance coefficients - Runoff and sediment yields - Sediment production rate
Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 442.1 Flood Control - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 503.1 Coal Mines - 524 Solid Fuels - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 901.1 Engineering Professional Aspects - 931.1 Mechanics - 943.1 Mechanical Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Flow_Rate 0.00e+00kg/s to 4.59e-01kg/s, Pressure 2.39e+01Pa, Pressure 2.43e+01Pa to 1.27e+02Pa, Velocity 1.87e-01m/s to 5.26e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20163902858234
Title:Spatial and temporal distribution of land use pattern change in Songnen high plain
Authors:Song, Ge (1, 2); Wang, Yue (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Land Management, School of Humanities and Law, Northeast University, Shenyang; 110169, China; (2) Institute of Revitalizing Northeast China, Shenyang; 110169, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:225-233
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Land use pattern can affect regional ecological environment, and it is important for diagnosing if regional land use is reasonable. Land use pattern is an important element to analyze and explain spatial phenomenon, process and mechanism of regional land use. This research took Bayan County as the study area to solve the problem that the social and economic attributes of land use pattern did not consider spatial characteristics to make up for deficiencies of comparative analysis of a variety of social and economic attributes of land use pattern in space by using Tupu analysis. To reveal the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and its differentiation of land use pattern change in the study area from 1979 to 2015, comprehensive dynamic degree of land use in different periods (1979-1991, 1991-2003 and 2003-2015) was estimated, land use intensity and land use diversity degree at different time points in the years (1979, 1991, 2003 and 2015) were calculated and land use information Tupu in semi-variogram was set up by using geographic information system and remote sensing technology and Matlab programming. The conclusions included: 1) Structure factors, random factors and the interaction of structure factors and random factors caused the spatial heterogeneity of comprehensive dynamic degree, land use intensity and land use diversity degree. The land utilization procedure was not only affected by natural factors and human interferences, but the effects were different. Comprehensive dynamic degree of land use was mainly influenced by natural factors from 1979 to 1991 in study area. Comprehensive dynamic degree of land use was influenced by natural factors and human interferences from 1991 to 2003 in study area. Comprehensive dynamic degree of land use was common affected by natural factors and human interferences, and the human interferences had a deeper influence. Land use intensity was mainly influenced by natural factors in 1979 and 1991 and by natural factors and human interferences in 2003 and 2015. 2) The rate of land use change showed obvious differences from 1979 to 2015. The comprehensive dynamic degree of land use presented a declining trend in different periods during 1979-1991, 1991-2003 and 2003-2015. The average of comprehensive dynamic degree of land use was 1.12%, 1.11% and 0.85%, respectively. The comprehensive dynamic degree of land use was relatively high in the administrative boundaries; and 3) The land use intensity presented an increasing trend in study area in 1979, 1991, 2003 and 2015.The average value of land use intensity was 3.66, 3.68, 3.76 and 3.82, respectively. The land use diversity degree presented a declining trend in study area in 1979, 1991, 2003 and 2015. The average value of land use diversity degree was 0.29, 0.28, 0.27 and 0.26, respectively. The higher the land use intensity was, and the lower the land use diversity degree was, which indicated there was a conflict between the distribution of land use intensity and the distribution of land use diversity degree. The results of this research would improve the regional ecological environment. Besides, it also had theoretical and practical significance to achieve regional sustainable land use. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Ecology - Forestry - Geographic information systems - Geographical distribution - Information systems - Information use - Landforms - MATLAB - Remote sensing - Space optics - Spatial distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological environments - Interaction of structures - Remote sensing technology - Songnen high plain - Spatial and temporal distribution - Spatial characteristics - Spatial heterogeneity - Sustainable land use
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 405.3 Surveying - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 656.1 Space Flight - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 921 Mathematics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.11e+00%, Percentage 1.12e+00%, Percentage 8.50e-01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20163902858240
Title:Parameter optimization for energy consumption of solar drying of Penaeus vannamei and pilot scale rest
Authors:Wang, Weihua (1); Wang, Hai (2); He, Silu (1); Wang, Jie (1); Ran, Guowei (2); Guo, Xuexia (2); Liu, Yu (2); Zhang, Huiyuan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technical, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding; 071000, China; (2) Institute of Agro-Products Processing Engineering, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing; 100125, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Hai(wanghai948@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:271-278
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Penaeus vannamei is the agricultural product with high nutrition and delicious taste. It is becoming increasingly popular in both domestic and foreign consumers and has realized its health benefits to people. But Penaeus vannamei is a kind of product with seasonal characteristics for harvest and has short storage period due to the vulnerability to infection by the microbes and spoilages during storage. As a result, we may suffer a great loss in the end. So the drying of Penaeus vannamei is becoming an important processing. The drying of Penaeus vannamei is mainly the traditional natural drying at present. It has many disadvantages: products being spoilt due to wind, rain, and dust, great loss due to animals and birds, and deterioration due to decomposition by fungi and insect. Further, the process will spend much time, need a lot of labors and occupy a large area for spreading the produce out to dry. So the natural drying under the open sky can not guarantee the quality of final products. It is difficult to meet the needs of industrial production. The drying using coal-fire needs a lot of energy consumption and causes heavy pollution during the drying process. Whatever, the artificial mechanical drying such as vacuum freeze-drying and hot-air drying is energy intensive and expensive, and it will ultimately increase the product cost. Solar drying system can process Penaeus vannamei in clean and sanitary conditions. It takes little time and energy, occupies fewer areas and improves product quality. Solar drying is efficient and can protect the environment. To reduce the Penaeus vannamei drying energy consumption and improve the drying quality, the effects of solar drying temperature, drying capacity and airflow rate on the drying process were investigated in the laboratory. The results showed that the increase of the drying temperature and airflow rate and the reduction of the drying capacity could improve the drying rate and shorten the drying time. In the later stage of drying, the effect of drying parameters on water activity was significant. Different drying temperature had significant effect on the texture of Penaeus vannamei after rehydration. The change of color was not so obvious with different drying parameters but had a big difference with raw Penaeus vannamei. The 3 drying parameters had significant effect on dry shrinkage and rehydration ratio. With the increase of temperature and airflow rate, the energy consumption had a significant increase. Increasing the drying capacity could improve the utilization of the energy consumption. The drying time also had much relationship with the energy consumption. Through laboratory experiment, the drying temperature was 45-55℃, airflow rate was 6-8 m/s, and drying capacity was 3-4 kg. And the relationships between the drying temperature, drying capacity and airflow rate and energy consumption were analyzed through the response surface method. The quadratic regression models were established. The optimal parameters were as follows: solar drying temperature of 53.40℃, airflow rate of 7.43 m/s, and drying capacity of 3.65 kg. Based on the laboratory test, the pilot scale test of solar drying of Penaeus vannamei was carried out. It have dried 100 kg Penaeus vannamei (69.5 kg after Salt solution pre-cooking), got 38.16 kg final product and took 4.5 hours. The total energy consumption of solar drying was 549827.05 kJ, including effective use of solar energy 379619.05 kJ and the electric power 47.28 kW·h. The energy consumption was 0.68 kW·h/kg.Compared with electric heating drying,it could save 1.51 kW·h/kg energy consumption. Compared with coal drying, it could make 0.75 kg/kg CO<inf>2</inf>emission reduction. The results will provide the basis for the industrial production of Penaeus vannamei solar drying. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Carbon dioxide - Emission control - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Optimization - Regression analysis - Solar dryers - Solar energy
Uncontrolled terms:Drying energy consumption - Laboratory experiments - Parameter optimization - Penaeus vannamei - Response surface method - Seasonal characteristics - Solar drying - Total energy consumption
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Energy 3.80e+08J, Energy 5.50e+08J, Mass 1.00e+02kg, Mass 3.00e+00kg to 4.00e+00kg, Mass 3.65e+00kg, Mass 3.82e+01kg, Mass 6.95e+01kg, Time 1.62e+04s, Velocity 6.00e+00m/s to 8.00e+00m/s, Velocity 7.43e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 39>
Accession number:20163902858215
Title:Analysis of combustion and emission characteristics of electronic controlled low pressure injected small gasoline engine
Authors:Liu, Shengji (1); Han, Weiwei (1); Zeng, Jinjin (1); Wang, Jian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:92-97
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Low fuel consumption and low emissions of internal combustion engines were the subject of the current industry research. The annual production and export of non-road spark ignition engines were very huge but more than 98% of these engines used carburetor to form mixture. Considering the emission regulations of Europe, the United States (US) and China were more and more strict, non-road spark ignition engines using carburetor could not meet the requirement gradually and there were many shortcomings of carburetor compared with the electronic controlled system. Taking 168F gasoline engine as the sample engine, using the electronic controlled low pressure injection system developed independently, according to the working conditions of the US EPA emission test, the combustion and emission characteristics were researched in this paper under the injection pressure of 35 kPa (the minimum injection pressure could satisfy the need of start performance, working conditions and calibration software), 70 kPa (the minimum injection pressure of the early single point injection gasoline engine) and 0.3 MPa (the normal injection pressure of automobile engine using port fuel injection). The test was performed on CW-9 eddy current dynamometer bench and the emissions were measured by Horiba MEXA-7200D exhaust analyzer. The KISTLER5117BFD17 spark plug pressure sensor and DEWETRON-800 combustion analyzer were used to judge and analyze the combustion process in the cylinder. Using different injection pressure, the excess air coefficient had no significant difference at the same working condition through controlling the injection pulse width. The open loop control of low pressure injection aiming at low emissions could be achieved and the universal performances of the gasoline engine were optimized. With the decrease of the injection pressure, the maximum cylinder pressure decreased slightly and the crank angle corresponding to the maximum pressure postponed at the rated condition; the combustion duration increased slightly; the maximum combustion temperature in cylinder decreased; the fuel consumption increased slightly. Carbon monoxide (CO) emission remained almost unchanged, and hydrocarbon (HC) emission showed a trend of increase while nitrogen oxide (NO<inf>x</inf>) emission decreased. Compared to the original machine with carburetor, the power performance remained the same but the emission and economy performances were improved significantly. At the injection pressure of 35 kPa, 70 kPa and 0.3 MPa, the specific emissions of CO were respectively 259.9, 258.5 and 258.3 g/(kW·h), and the specific emissions of HC+NO<inf>x</inf>were respectively 7.41, 7.35 and 6.99 g/(kW·h). The gasoline engine with the lowest injection pressure (35 kPa) could meet the limit requirements of US EPA III emission regulations, and its starting performance and operating stability were improved significantly compared to the original machine with the carburetor; and it could also reduce the cost of the whole electric controlled system. Therefore the engine with the lowest injection pressure (35 kPa) can promote the development of non-road spark ignition engine and realize the electric control. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Ignition
Controlled terms:Air engines - Automobile engines - Carbon - Carbon monoxide - Combustion - Diesel engines - Electric ignition - Electric machine control - Emission control - Engines - Fuel consumption - Fuels - Gasoline - Internal combustion engines - Nitrogen oxides - Roads and streets - Software testing - Transportation
Uncontrolled terms:Eddy current dynamometer - Electronic controls - Emission characteristics - Excess air coefficient - Low pressure injection systems - Maximum combustion temperature - Maximum cylinder pressure - Non-road
Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 521.1 Fuel Combustion - 523 Liquid Fuels - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 612.1 Internal Combustion Engines, General - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 641 Heat and Mass Transfer; Thermodynamics - 661.1 Automotive Engines - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.2 Control System Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.80e+01%, Pressure 3.00e+05Pa, Pressure 3.50e+04Pa, Pressure 7.00e+04Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 40>
Accession number:20163902858243
Title:Physical-enzymatic modification methods improving emulsifying properties of soybean protein isolate under acidic conditions
Authors:Li, Tingting (1); Zhao, Caihong (1); Wu, Haibo (1, 2); Wang, Jiaxi (3); Hao, Jianmin (1); Yu, Donglei (1); Fang, Yuanyuan (1); Zhu, Xiuqing (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) The National Research Center of Soybean Engineering and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150028, China; (3) School of Information and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou; 221116, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Xiuqing(xqzhuwang@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:291-298
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soybean protein isolated (SPI) is a kind of important raw material and widely used in food processing industry due to the excellent nutrition and functionality. Among all the properties towards SPI, emulsifying property is one of the most important functions. If adding SPI to foods, it can maintain emulsified state of system and improve the taste. However, because of the compact globular structure stabilized mainly by hydrogen bonds and disulfide bonds, native soy proteins have lower molecular flexibility and a rather poor emulsifying capability compared to other protein emulsifiers such as milk protein. Emulsifying performance of ordinary SPI is degraded obviously in acidic conditions, which limits its application in a few kinds of food (such as acidic beverages, salad dressings). Therefore, an effective approach to improve emulsifying properties of SPI in acidic conditions has became a needed technology. In order to improve the emulsifying properties of SPI under acidic conditions, this paper mainly studied the effects of physical-enzymatic modification methods on the emulsifying properties of SPI. The comparison between different modification methods showed that the physical-enzymatic modification, also called ultrasound-enzymatic modification and extrusion-enzymatic modification, had the best emulsifying property under the acid condition of pH value of 4. The study used extrusion's characteristics, which produced the effect of shearing, extensional deformations, inertial effects and cavitations to destroy cell tissue and structure, and also used the ultrasonic's characteristics of rapidness and energy saving by producing the effect of cavitation, shearing and intense mixing in liquid with the dispersion effect to damage the cell wall. Micro-structure features of modified SPI at pH value of 4 were analyzed based on particle size distribution, circular dichroism spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and the influence of different modification methods on protein structure was also analyzed. Results were as follows: the emulsifying activity index (EAI) and emulsifying stability index (ESI) of the SPI modified by ultrasound combined with phytase-acidic protease separately reached 0.53 m<sup>2</sup>/g and 17 min, which significantly increased by 196% and 25.9% compared to those of the original SPI condition (P<0.05). Likewise, the EAI and ESI of the SPI modified by extrusion combined with bromelain separately reached 0.46 m<sup>2</sup>/g and 17 min, which increased by 155% and 25.9% (P<0.05). Compared with the original SPI at pH value of 4,the physical-enzymatic treatment significantly improved the solubility of SPI (P<0.05) under the ultrasound combined with phytase-acidic protease modification and the extrusion combined with bromelain modification. The analysis of structure illuminated that compared with ordinary SPI, the SPI under physical-enzymatic modification methods could decrease average particle size. The CLSM showed that in emulsion, oil and protein solution were melting stably, which improved the spatial repulsion force between oil droplets. The number of free hydrosulfide thiols in tertiary structure of the SPI under physical-enzymatic modification was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the amount of disulfide bonds was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Under the observation of SEM, the microstructure of the SPI under physical-enzymatic modification was loose and crushing uniformly. Thus, the improvement of emulsifying property of the SPI was achieved by the deep change of protein structure. This research can provide references for the study on improving emulsifying properties of SPI under acidic conditions. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Emulsification
Controlled terms:Bromelain - Cavitation - Circular dichroism spectroscopy - Covalent bonds - Dichroism - Energy conservation - Enzymes - Extrusion - Food processing - Hydrogen bonds - Microstructure - Oils and fats - Particle size - Particle size analysis - pH - Proteins - Scanning electron microscopy - Shearing - Structural properties - Structure (composition) - Ultrasonics
Uncontrolled terms:Confocal laser scanning microscopy - Emulsifying activity indices - Emulsifying stabilities - Enzymatic modification - Extensional deformation - Food processing industry - Molecular flexibility - Soybean protein isolates
Classification code:525.2 Energy Conservation - 604.1 Metal Cutting - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 741.1 Light/Optics - 753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.55e+02%, Percentage 1.96e+02%, Percentage 2.59e+01%, Specific_Surface_Area 4.60e+02m2/kg, Specific_Surface_Area 5.30e+02m2/kg, Time 1.02e+03s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 41>
Accession number:20163902858220
Title:Aerated irrigation improving photosynthesis characteristics and dry matter accumulation of greenhouse tomato
Authors:Li, Yuan (1, 3); Niu, Wenquan (1, 2, 3, 4); Lü, Wang (2, 3); Gu, Jun (1, 3); Zou, Xiaoyang (3, 4); Wang, Jingwei (1, 3); Liu, Lu (1, 3); Zhang, Mingzhi (2, 3); Xu, Jian (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (4) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Niu, Wenquan(nwq@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:125-132
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is well known that most plants' roots require an adequate and continuous supply of oxygen in soil to respire, grow, develop, and function normally. Industrial agriculture has developed rapidly but is accompanied by excessive irrigation and fertilization, minimal tillage and agricultural machinery driving over the soil. All these farming activities can result in soil compaction. In compacted soil, the increase in soil bulk density and the accompanying decrease in porosity can hinder the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases between the atmosphere and the soil, thereby causing hypoxic stress in plant roots. In addition to compaction, some natural factors, such as extraordinarily high groundwater table, long-term rainfall and tillage under clay or clay loam conditions, can often lead to soil oxygen content reduced, which limits crop yield and quality improvement. Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) are one of the most vulnerable mesophytes to hypoxia in the root environment. Soil aeration has been found to be very useful in overcoming problems associated with hypoxia in the root-zone of irrigated crops including tomato, cotton, cucumber and zucchini. Over a range of soil water contents and soil types, the performance of crops can be improved under oxygen-deficient conditions. It is hypothesized that varying the aeration volume and burial depths of drip irrigation tubes (aeration position) would result in the different soil air environment in the root-zone. To date, there are no reports in the literature which specifically examined the sensitivity of tomato plants to soil aeration volume and burial depths of drip irrigation tubes in Lou soil, and the effect on the photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at Yangling (E108°02', N34°17'), Shaanxi, between October, 2014 and May, 2015. The tested variety of tomato was Fenyuyanggang (New Horizon Facilities Agricultural Development Co. Ltd., Northwest A&F University, China). Air was used for soil aeration, and the soil for the test was a silty clay loam (soil order was Inceptisol based on the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) soil taxonomy). The volume of air in each plot was injected into the drip tubing via a manifold connected to the air compressor. The experiment was designed to study the responses of photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll content and dry matter accumulation of greenhouse-produced tomato to 4 aeration volumes in combination with 2 depths of drip-tubing placed in the soil. The drip irrigation placement depths were respectively 15 and 40 cm below the surface of the ridge. Artificial aeration treatments were 0, 24.6, 49.4 and 74.2 L/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Results showed that drip tubing placement and artificial aeration treatments significantly affected photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll content and dry matter accumulation. The changing trend of net photosynthetic rate showed an increase at first and then a decrease with the increase of aeration volume at both 15 and 40 cm depth of the tube. Chlorophyll a and dry matter accumulation of tomato also showed an increase firstly and then a decrease with the increase of aeration volume at 15 cm depth of the tube. However, chlorophyll a and dry matter accumulation increased with the increasing of the volume of aeration at 40 cm depth of the tube. Synthesizing each kind of situation, both 15 and 40 cm depth of the tube could apply to artificial soil aeration. The optimum artificial aeration volume was 49.4 L/m<sup>2</sup>at the 15 cm deep of the tube. However, at the 40 cm deep of the tube, 74.2 L/m<sup>2</sup>aeration volume was better than the other treatments. For the observed responses, the information on how the tomato adapts to artificial soil aeration will provide guidance for field production practices as well as indications of possible mechanisms. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:42
Main heading:Density of gases
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Bioelectric potentials - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Chlorophyll - Compaction - Crops - Fruits - Greenhouses - Groundwater - Irrigation - Oxygen - Oxygen supply - Photosynthesis - Plants (botany) - Soil mechanics - Soil moisture - Soils - Subirrigation - Tubes (components) - Tubing
Uncontrolled terms:Chlorophyll contents - Dry matter accumulation - Root zone aeration - Subsurface drip irrigation - Tomato
Classification code:444.2 Groundwater - 461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 741.1 Light/Optics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.50e-01m, Size 4.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 42>
Accession number:20163902858241
Title:Analysis of sizes, zeta potential and protein component of oil bodies extracted from different peanut varieties
Authors:Hao, Lihua (1); Chen, Fusheng (1); Liu, Kunlun (1); Bu, Guanhao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou; 450001, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Fusheng(fushengc@haut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:18
Issue date:September 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:279-284
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Oil bodies obtained from oilseeds will have extensive applications in the future, which serve as emulsifying agent for a wide variety of food products. Peanuts contain oil bodies that are coated by a layer of oleosin proteins that can absorb exogenous protein in the extraction. In nature, this protein coating protects the oil bodies from environmental stresses and may be utilized by food manufacturers in the process. Aqueous extraction was used to extract oil bodies from 5 different peanut varieties in the present work. The size distributions, zeta potentials, amino acid contents, and protein molecular weight distribution of oil bodies were the major focuses of this study with the purpose of offering scientific basis for the application of peanut oil bodies in food formulations. The results of size distribution analysis of oil bodies from 5 peanut varieties after aqueous extraction showed that the median diameter of oil bodies increased dramatically, and the order of increment degree was Yuhua9719 > Yuhua9830 > Yuhua23 > Yuhua27 > Yuhua9502. It was found that endogenous protein and exogenous protein existed in the surface of oil bodies extracted from 5 peanut varieties with aqueous media. And there existed clear difference in protein type and number. The results of zeta potentials under different external environmental condition showed that the zeta potentials of oil-body suspensions (in 10 mmol/L phosphate buffer) in different salt concentration (0-100 mmol/L) were positive at the pH value of 3.0, while the zeta potentials remained negative at the pH value of 7.4 and 9.0. It was also found that the levels of polar amino acid contents were higher than the non-polar amino acid, while the amount of negatively charged amino acids was bigger than the positively charged ones according to amino acid analysis of oil bodies extracted from 5 different peanut varieties. It indicated that there may exist some connection that oil bodies protein of more kinds and larger molecular were attributed to size distribution of wide range and large median diameter to some extent. It also demonstrated that the charge property of oil bodies was likely attributed to polar amino acid or non-polar amino acid contents and properties. These results suggest that oil bodies extracted from 5 peanuts varieties have different stability and may provide a new insight of choosing suitable peanut variety for the food industry. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Oils and fats
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Emulsification - Extraction - Food products - Molecular weight - Molecular weight distribution - Oilseeds - pH - Physical properties - Proteins - Size distribution - Suspensions (fluids) - Zeta potential
Uncontrolled terms:Acid content - Amino acid analysis - Aqueous extraction - Environmental conditions - Environmental stress - Nonpolar amino acids - Peanut - Sizes distribution
Classification code:801.1 Chemistry, General - 801.3 Colloid Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.3 Food Products - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
Numerical data indexing:Molar_Concentration 0.00e+00mol/m3 to 1.00e+02mol/m3, Molar_Concentration 1.00e+01mol/m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
- 总编/社长 王应宽
- 地址 北京朝阳区麦子店街41号
- 邮编 100125
- 电话 010－59197078/7077/7076
- 邮箱 tcsae@tcsae.org
微信公众号
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友情链接
- Bioresource Technology
- Industrial Crops and Products
- Biomass & Bioenergy
- Biosystems Engineering
- Aquacultural Engineering
- International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
- Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
- Paddy and Water Environment
- Journal of Agricultural Engineering
- Transactions of the ASABE
- Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental
- Applied Engineering in Agriculture
- Engenharia Agricola
- AMA-Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America
- 中华人民共和国农业农村部-MARA
- 中国科学技术协会CAST
- 国家新闻出版署
- 中华人民共和国科学技术部
- 国家自然科学基金委员会
- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
- CIGR
- ASABE
- EurAgEng-European Society for Agricultural Engineers
- American Society of Agronomy
- Crop Science Society of America
- Soil Science Society of America
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- 维普