<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20163502759530
Title:Denoising for locust slice image with texture preserving based on coupling technology of variational method and shearlet transform
Authors:Mei, Shuli (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Mei, Shuli(meishuli@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:152-159
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Image processing and analysis play the key roles in the smart agriculture system. As the agricultural images are often taken in the open air, the heavy atmospheric haze and dust in the air are often included in the images. It's very difficult to differentiate the noises and the detail texture in the images using existing common methods. As the detail texture is often employed to identify the important feature of different plants, the texture preserving image denoising algorithm plays an important role in the agricultural field. The existed methods can't identify the detail texture and the noise, and so it is difficult to fulfill the texture preserving image denoising. The shearlet transform proposed in recent years possesses the multi-scale directivity as the shear matrix is introduced into it. So the shearlet transform can be used to describe the detail texture precisely. However, the shortcoming of the shearlet transform is that it often mistakes the noise as the texture in many cases. On the contrary, the variational method views all the objects in the images as the smooth domains, this results in detail texture in the images being often destroyed. To solve the problem, we proposed a coupling technology of the multi-scale variational method based on the interpolation wavelet frame and the shearlet transform, in which the variational method was employed to identify the contour and the shearlet transform to describe the texture precisely. According to this method, the image was firstly decomposed and reconstructed by means of the shearlet transform, which can remove most of the noise in the image. Second, the variational method based on the multi-scale interpolative wavelet frame was employed to smooth the denoised image. This can divide the image into some domains, and they possessed different texture feature which could be identified by means of the correlation value derived from the gray-level co-occurrence matrix of the grayscale image. Compared to the variational method under the total variation (TV) frame, the multi-scale interpolative wavelet frame can identify more detail domains which was helpful to improve the quality of the denoised images. To the image noised by the Gauss noise with the standard derivation 10, the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of the denoised image obtained by the variational method based on the multi-scale interpolative wavelet frame was 1.3131 larger than PSRN obtained by one based on the TV frame, and the structural similarity image measurement (SSIM) increased by 4.5% accordingly. Next, the variational method and the shearlet transform method can be used to remove the noises existed in the cartoon region and the texture region, respectively. This can overcome the shortcomings of only one method and remain all the merits in all the denoising algorithms. For instance, median filtering can be applied to remove the noise in the smooth domain, and the shearlet transform can be employed to remove the noise in the domain with abundant textures. Last, the locust slice images were taken as the examples to illustrate the proposed method. The numerical experiments showed that coupling technology proposed in this paper can improve the image denoising precision effectively compared to each single method. The value of the PSNR was improved by 6.37% compared to the multi-scale variational method, and by 5.90% compared to the shearlet transform method. Compared with another attractive algorithm K-SVD which is an excellent algorithm for designing of overcomplete dictionaries for sparse representation, the coupling technology also had apparent superiority. To the locust slice images noised by the Gauss noise with the standard derivation 40, PSRN obtained by the coupling technology increased by 0.43 compared to the K-SVD algorithm, and SSIM was improved by 2.5% accordingly. In addition, the coupling technology was independent of the images, and the K-SVD algorithm yielded sparse representation for the training signals which limits its application to some extent. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Image denoising
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Couplings - Image processing - Image texture - Median filters - Numerical methods - Ordinary differential equations - Signal to noise ratio
Uncontrolled terms:De-noising - Gray level co-occurrence matrix - Image processing and analysis - Over-complete dictionaries - Peak signal to noise ratio - Shearlet transforms - Slice image - Variational methods
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.2 Calculus - 921.6 Numerical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.50e+00%, Percentage 4.50e+00%, Percentage 5.90e+00%, Percentage 6.37e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20163502759549
Title:Optimization of combined phenols extraction with sulfuric acid from hulless barley bran
Authors:Xu, Fei (1, 2); Yang, Xijuan (2, 3); Dang, Bin (2, 3); Zhao, Yadong (1, 2); Wu, Kunlun (3); Chi, Dezhao (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining; 810016, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province Tibetan Plateau Agric-Product Processing, Xining; 810016, China; (3) State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining; 810016, China
Corresponding author:Dang, Bin(dangbin811@tom.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:301-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Hulless barley belongs to the genus Hordeum in the family Gramineae, and it is the mutation of cultivated barley in botany. It is also called naked barley because its lemma and palea are separated from caryopsis and its grain exposes. Hulless barley is the most characteristic crop on the Tibetan Plateau, and it has a high value in nutrition and health care. In addition to some well known functional ingredients, like dietary fiber and β-glucan, hulless barley also contains a variety of phenolic compounds, such as tocol, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. As important dietary antioxidant components, these substances play a prominent protective effect on human cardiovascular disease, diabete, obesity and cancer. The content of phenolic compounds in barley is much higher than other cereals. Currently, researches on hulless barley are mainly focused on the feed industry, traditional food processing industry, wine making industry and β-glucan. Phenols, which are important functional components, have not received enough attention, so the related studies about the phenolic in hulless barley are of great significance. Free form, soluble combined form and insoluble combined form are the 3 main states of polyphenols in grain, and combined form is the most common state of polyphenols in grain. Research found that when respectively using acid and alkaline hydrolysis to extract combined phenols from lychee, different type and content were obtained, and the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the former were higher than the latter; a similar result was also obtained when using wheat as raw material, but related researches on combined phenol of hulless barley have not yet been reported. In order to further develop the most characteristics crop on the Tibetan plateau, taking hulless barley as the raw material, central composite design was used to optimize the extraction process of combined phenols based on the single factor experiments in this paper. Different extraction reagents, NaOH, HCl and H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>were compared and H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>solution was selected as the best extraction reagent. Acid concentration, extraction pH value, solid-liquid ratio, and extraction temperature were studied with combined phenols content and DPPH radical scavenging capacity as indices. Solid-liquid ratio, acid concentration and extraction temperature were selected as 3 factors when using Box-Behnken central composite design to optimize the extraction parameters. Results showed that the optimum extraction parameters should be as follows: solid-liquid ratio of 1:17 g/mL, acid concentration of 11.10%, and extraction temperature of 75℃. Under the condition, polyphenol content was 224.33 mg/(100 g) and DPPH radical scavenging capacity was 9 919.28 μmol/(100 g) which were consistent with predicted values and significantly better than rice, wheat and oat. High performance liquid chromatography was used to detect this optimum extract and 8 kinds of phenolic acids and 8 kinds of flavonoids were found using acid method, such as, gallic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid, syringic acid, 4-coumaric acid, rutin, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, naringin, hesperidin, benzoic acid, adjacent coumaric acid, myricetin, quercetin, veratric acid, naringenin, kaempferol, and total content was up to 325.104 mg/(100 g). By comparing the difference of different reagents in the extraction of combined phenol from hulless barley and optimizing the extraction parameters, this paper provides a scientific basis and method for the developing and utilization of hulless barley as health food. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Extraction
Controlled terms:Alkalinity - Antioxidants - Benzoic acid - Crops - Diseases - Flavonoids - Food processing - Grain (agricultural product) - High performance liquid chromatography - Liquid chromatography - Liquids - Nutrition - Optimization - Phenols - Plants (botany) - Processing - Salicylic acid
Uncontrolled terms:Antioxidant components - Cardio-vascular disease - Central composite - Central composite designs - Dpph radical scavenging capacities - Extraction temperatures - Hulless barleies - Single-factor experiments
Classification code:461.7 Health Care - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
Numerical data indexing:Mass 1.00e-01kg, Mass_Density 1.70e+04kg/m3, Percentage 1.11e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20163502759528
Title:Water droplets fluorescence image segmentation of cucumber leaves based on K-means clustering with opening and closing alternately filtering
Authors:Yang, Xinting (1, 2); Sun, Wenjuan (1, 2); Li, Ming (2); Chen, Meixiang (2); Ming, Nan (2); Han, Jiawei (2); Li, Wenyong (2); Chen, Ming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai; 201306, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture/Key Laboratory for Information Technology in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture/Beijing Engineering Research Center for Agricultural IOT, Beijing; 100097, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:136-143
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Monitoring moisture condition of cucumber leaves is to calculate leaf wetness duration for the disease forecasting in greenhouse, which is especially important for improving the yield and quality of agricultural products. K-means clustering with opening and closing alternately filtering algorithm was used for the fluorescence images segmentation of water droplets on cucumber leaves. The healthy and clean cucumber leaves in the artificial climate chamber were chosen as the experimental materials. In the experiment, we used a pipette with different volume of water (100 or 200 mL) to drop water on cucumber leaves. Each time, water was dropped to different parts of the cucumber leaves, including leaf surface and margin to simulate different leaf wetness situation. We used the fluorescence imaging instrument to collect the image at day and night. In this article, the image segmentation method was divided into two parts, which included K- means clustering and opening and closing alternately filtering. The main steps of segmentation algorithm of water droplet fluorescence image were as follows. The original images were collected in RGB color space, but the color distribution of the RGB color space was uneven. The advantages of the L*a*b* color space could make up for the shortage. So the original image was firstly converted to the L*a*b* color space from RGB color space. In the L*a*b* color space, all color information was contained in a* and b* components. Secondly the color difference between the two-dimensional data space of a* and b* was used, and Euclidean distance was chosen to measure the similarity between pixels. The fluorescence images were clustered by K- means. After finish of the clustering operation, the images were grayed, and then they were corrected by use of mathematical morphology methods. For morphology methods operation steps, open operation was firstly applied and then close operation was applied. The operations were repeated until the desired results were obtained and finally the image segmentation was completed. The experiment was carried out to segment ten fluorescence images of cucumber leaves with different numbers of water droplets. In order to verify the validity of the method, we compared our results with three other segmentation algorithms based on H component, active contour model (C_V model), and fusion of K-means and Ncut. The results showed that the average matching rate was 81.27% and the average misclassification rate of this method was 9.57%. Compared with the three methods, the average matching rate from our method was improved by 44.11%, 11.50% and 10.90%, respectively. In comparison to the three methods, the average misclassification rate of the method was reduced by 23.03%, 5.47% and 5.05%, respectively. From the experimental data, the segmentation results of the fluorescence images were satisfactory. This method can be used to segment water droplets from the fluorescence images of water droplets on cucumber leaves accurately, which provides a new way to monitor the wetness duration of cucumber leaves by computer vision. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Algorithms - Clustering algorithms - Color - Colorimetry - Computer vision - Drops - Filtration - Fluorescence - Image matching - Image processing - Mathematical morphology - Moisture control - Passive filters
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial climate chamber - Closing operation - Color space - Experimental materials - Leaf wetness durations - Misclassification rates - Segmentation algorithms - Wet leaf
Classification code:703.2 Electric Filters - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.2 Vision - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 941.4 Optical Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.09e+01%, Percentage 1.15e+01%, Percentage 2.30e+01%, Percentage 4.41e+01%, Percentage 5.05e+00%, Percentage 5.47e+00%, Percentage 8.13e+01%, Percentage 9.57e+00%, Volume 2.00e-04m3
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20163502759521
Title:Frost heave model of canal considering influence of moisture migration and phase transformation on temperature field
Authors:Liu, Yue (1); Wang, Zhengzhong (1, 2); Wang, Yi (1); Liu, Quanhong (1); Guo, Rui (1); Xiao, Min (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, CAS, Lanzhou; 730000, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Zhengzhong(wangzz0910@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:83-88
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The great latent heat of the water transfer and phase transformation in the winter has a significant effect on the temperature field of the canal base soil. The researches on the freezing-thawing of frozen soil with moisture phase change are mostly based on the road foundation, buried pipe, and so on. The study on frost heave damage of lining canal is relatively less. As the canal is in water-carrying condition for a long time, the moisture content of canal foundation soil is high, especially in excavation canal because of the high groundwater table caused by moisture convergence. Under the preceding special geological conditions, as the canal foundation soil is freezing, not only is the water frozen in situ, but also the unfrozen water migrates to the freezing front and changes phase, and then the temperature field and displacement field in canal foundation are influenced by reason of tremendous latent heat of phase change. Although in some past thermal-mechanics coupling calculations the latent heat of moisture phase change is in consideration, the source of moisture with phase change is not completely considered, the computed results of temperature field are not precise enough, and the inaccuracy of the results can lead to the error of frost heave deformation calculated by thermal-mechanics coupling models. So the article established a frost heave model for canal foundation frozen soil, and the water migration and phase change were taken into account in this model. The model regarded the permafrost as cryogenic expansion material, in which the latent heat was added to the conduction equation, and the latent heat is equivalent heat capacity. According to Clapeyron equation and Darcy's law, the article established the expression of moisture migration of freezing fronts in saturated freezing soil, and the latent heat of moisture migration was as the source term of conduction equation. In order to verify the reasonableness of the model, the COMSOL was used, which is a kind of large-scale software for multi-physics fields coupling for numerical calculation. Results showed that in the temperature and displacement field the phase change produced a great influence. After considering the phase change, the freezing depth of the soil advanced slowly, the maximum frozen depth was 1.5 m, and it was near to the actual value which was 1.8 m. But if the moisture phase change was not in consideration, the calculation value of maximum frozen depth was 3 m, and it was much greater than the actual value. As the moisture phase change was in consideration, the maximum normal displacements on the shady slope, sunny slop and canal bottom were 9.65, 4.81 and 2.0 cm, respectively. Compared with the model not considering phase change, the frost heave model proposed in this article is more in line with the actual situation. So in order to make the calculation results accord well with actual value, the influence of moisture phase change on temperature fields and displacement fields can't be neglected. The present results can provide reference to engineering design for frost heave resistance in cold region. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Phase transitions
Controlled terms:Canals - Flow of fluids - Foundations - Freezing - Frozen soils - Groundwater - Hydraulic structures - Latent heat - Moisture - Permafrost - Soils - Specific heat - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Coupling calculations - Equivalent heat capacities - Frost heave deformation - Frost heaving - Geological conditions - High groundwater table - Moisture migration - Saturated freezing soils
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 444.2 Groundwater - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 483.2 Foundations - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.50e+00m, Size 1.80e+00m, Size 2.00e-02m, Size 3.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20163502759526
Title:Wind tunnel simulation for contribution of tall target jujube to protective effect of shelterbelt
Authors:Zheng, Bo (1); Liu, Tong (1); Sun, Qinming (1); Zhu, Lekui (1); Liu, Zunchi (1); Zhang, Lichun (1); Ouyang, Yineng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China; (2) College of Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Tong(betula@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:120-126
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Shelterbelt plays an important role in promoting a stable and high yield of crops by reducing wind speed. However, it is often ignored that plants such as tall fruiters have an impact on wind speed during shelterbelt configuration. In this study, we examined 3 shelterbelt models which were the jujube tree models with a height of 1.5 cm and different degrees of porosity (30.12%, 25.01% and 20.92%) and a shelterbelt average height of 7 cm. These models were used for wind tunnel simulation under different wind speeds (8, 10 and 14 m/s) to evaluate the effects of tall fruiters on the wind field and the protective effects of the shelterbelt. The results showed that jujube exerted a notable effect on the wind field and demonstrated the protective effect of shelterbelt, particularly by reducing wind speed in the ground layer in all the test conditions. The protective effect continued to increase with the increase in the number of jujubes. Therefore, we conclude that it is very important to pay attention to the type of crop (particularly tall fruiters) when studying the configuration of the shelterbelt. Under the same porosity condition, with the increase of wind speed, the protective effect of the shelterbelt with no jujubes reduced; however, there was not much difference observed for the shelterbelt with jujubes. In addition, the increase amplitude of protective effect exerted by the jujube increased with the increase of wind speed; the protective effect increased by 16.01%, 23.65% and 29.05% in wind fields under 8, 10 and 14 m/s wind speed, respectively. Because every plant had a range of wind resistance, the protective effect of the jujube shelterbelt did not decrease with the increase of wind speed. Under the same wind speed, with the decreasing porosity of the shelterbelt, the protective effect of the shelterbelt with no jujube increased; however, there was not much difference observed for the shelterbelt with jujubes. The increase amplitude of protective effect exerted by the jujube decreased with the decrease of porosity; the protective effect increased by 22.72%, 15.22% and 1.28% with the porosity of 30.12%, 25.01% and 20.92%, respectively. Because jujube compensated for the decreasing porosity, the shelterbelt with jujube did not decrease in its protective effects with the decrease in porosity. But porosity decreasing made the protective effect of shelterbelt increase and that of jujube decrease, so the contribution of jujube was smaller and smaller. We found that a porosity of 30.12% was optimal for the shelterbelt with jujubes, which demonstrated the maximum protective effect at this degree of porosity. In addition, we found that a smaller degree of porosity may create turbulence, which harmed the plants, increased the areas of shelterbelt and decreased the areas for plants, and was used rarely in real life. For example, in South Xinjiang, if the shelterbelt spacing was increased from 10 to 20 times of the shelterbelt average height, it would increase the plant area by 0.54%. If the jujube produced an annual 20 thousand yuan per 667 m<sup>2</sup>, 756 million yuan per year would be obtained for 7 million 667 m<sup>2</sup>jujube in South Xinjiang. Therefore, if completely considering the protective effect of plants, it can decrease the shelterbelt areas and increase crop areas, and promote the economic effect of crops. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Wind
Controlled terms:Crops - Porosity - Speed - Velocity - Wind tunnels
Uncontrolled terms:Average height - Degree of porosity - Ground layer - Jujube - Protective effects - Test condition - Wind resistance - Wind-tunnel simulation
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 651.2 Wind Tunnels - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Area 6.67e+02m2, Percentage 1.28e+00%, Percentage 1.52e+01%, Percentage 1.60e+01%, Percentage 2.09e+01%, Percentage 2.27e+01%, Percentage 2.36e+01%, Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 2.91e+01%, Percentage 3.01e+01%, Percentage 5.40e-01%, Size 1.50e-02m, Size 7.00e-02m, Velocity 1.40e+01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20163502759539
Title:Effect of vegetation recovery measures on rill erosion of dump side slope in coal mine with different casting time
Authors:Shi, Qianhua (1); Wang, Wenlong (1, 2); Liu, Ruishun (3); Guo, Mingming (1); Ouyang, Chaobo (4); Li, Jianming (5); Kang, Hongliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateaus, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Datum Technology Limited Company, Beijing; 100084, China; (4) Power China ZhongNan Engineering Corporation Limited, Changsha; 410014, China; (5) Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan; 430010, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Wenlong(wlwang@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:226-232
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a large field accumulating salvaged material formed in the opencast working process of coal mining, dump is characterized by unique structure and complex material composition, causing severe soil and water loss. Characteristics of soil erosion on the side slope of dump are significantly different from those on the protogenesis slope. A field investigation was carried out to investigate the soil physical properties and rill morphology of the dump side slope as affected by the vegetation recovery measure used and disposal period served in the Yongli Coal Mine, Inner Mongolia. Bare land and field with vegetation measures of Salix cheilophila., Hippophae rhamnoides Linn., Brassica campestris L. and Astragalus adsurgens Pall with different disposal period (1, 3 and 5 a) were selected. Plot (3 m×12 m) used in the investigation was laid out with an average slope of 35.7°, and the coverage of vegetation varied from 0 to 90%. Soil bulk density was measured using oven-drying method and soil particle composition was determined by a laser diffraction analyzer. The results showed that: 1) The mean contents of clay, silt and sand of the side slope of dump were 7.28%, 22.26% and 70.46%, respectively. The ranges of fractal dimension and soil bulk density were 2.48-2.66 and 1.20-1.44 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, respectively. As the disposal period increased from 1 to 5 a, the fractal dimension and bulk density all increased no matter for which vegetation measure. The application of vegetation measures effectively reduced the soil bulk density and improved the soil structure of dump side slope. 2) The number of rills, rill density, mean rill depth, mean rill width, rill width-depth ratio and rill split degree fell within the ranges of 5-14, 0.54-2.19 m/m<sup>2</sup>, 2.50-18.15 m, 5.31-24.81 m, 1.34-2.60 and 0.04%-0.32%, respectively. With the increase of disposal period, the total rill length, rill density and maximal rill length for both the bare land and the plot with Salix cheilophila., Hippophae rhamnoides Linn, Brassica campestris or Astragalus adsurgens Pall increased; whereas, the rill width-depth ratio for the plot with Salix cheilophila., Hippophae rhamnoides Linn, Brassica campestris or Astragalus adsurgens Pall did not increase but reached the maximum when the dump slope had been served for 3 a. 3) The soil erosion modulus increased by 4.11% and 581.28% on bare land and decreased by 27.27% and 50.65% on slope covered by Salix cheilophila, Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. and Astragalus adsurgens Pall while the casting time increased to 3 and 5a. When the casting time increased from 1 to 3a, the soil erosion modulus decreased 43.86% of the slope covered by Salix cheilophila and Salix cheilophila. The soil erosion modulus of slope covered by Salix cheilophila, Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. and Brassica campestris L. and the slope covered by Salix cheilophila. and Astragalus adsurgens Pall was greater than bare land when the casting time was 1 a. The rill breadth-depth ratio of bare land decreased from 2.23 to 1.34 as the casting time increased. 4) The rill erosion amount was extremely significantly correlated with the mean rill depth, maximal rill depth and mean rill width. Among these rill morphological indicators, the total rill length, mean rill depth and maximal rill length exhibited significant correlations with the others and they could be used for evaluation of rill erosion and rill morphology. These findings hold important implications for the eco-recovery of coal mine area. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Coal mines
Controlled terms:Coal - Erosion - Fractal dimension - Fractals - Metal recovery - Morphology - Recovery - Soils - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Field investigation - Hippophae rhamnoides - Morphological indicator - Rill - Side slope - Soil and water loss - Soil erosion modulus - Soil physical property
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 503.1 Coal Mines - 524 Solid Fuels - 921 Mathematics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 1.20e+03kg/m3 to 1.44e+03kg/m3, Percentage 0.00e+00% to 9.00e+01%, Percentage 2.23e+01%, Percentage 2.73e+01%, Percentage 4.00e-02% to 3.20e-01%, Percentage 4.11e+00%, Percentage 4.39e+01%, Percentage 5.06e+01%, Percentage 5.81e+02%, Percentage 7.05e+01%, Percentage 7.28e+00%, Size 2.50e+00m to 1.81e+01m, Size 5.31e+00m to 2.48e+01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20163502759516
Title:Design and experiment of variable spraying system based on multiple combined nozzles
Authors:Xu, Yanlei (1, 2); Bao, Jialin (1); Fu, Daping (3); Zhu, Chiyang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun; 130118, China; (2) China Key Laboratory of Bionics Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun; 130025, China; (3) College of Engineering Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun; 130118, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:47-54
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, in the process of agricultural production, a great use of herbicides have caused the serious pollution of soil environment and the declines of agricultural product quality, and it does not conform to the idea of the sustainable development of agriculture. Variable rate spraying technology is an important development direction to solve this problem. Mostly, the existing variable spraying system changes spraying quantity by adjusting the pressure and by the method of PWM (pulse width modulation) regulating. Pressure regulating mode at the same time of changing nozzle spraying quantity will change the liquid droplets size and spray pattern, and affect the variable spraying operation effect. For the PWM adjustment method, there is the phenomenon that spray status is not continuous at low frequency adjustment, while higher requirements exist for the life and reliability of the electromagnetic valve at high frequency adjustment. And its cost also increases accordingly. The present design of variable spraying system also has the disadvantages of high cost. In order to overcome the shortcomings of existing variable spraying system, this paper designed variable system based on the combined nozzle spraying and had corresponding test analysis. Firstly, the variable-spraying affecting factors model was established. On this basis, this paper designed the variable spraying system of multiple nozzle combination, with single ridge corresponding to the combination of 3 nozzles. High-performance electromagnetic valves were installed in front of each nozzle. By means of controlling the open-close combination of three-way electromagnetic valves, 7 kinds of nozzle spraying combinations were formed. Finally, it achieved 7 kinds of spraying amounts. The designed system could not only control the overall amount of spraying, but also increase regulating range of spraying quantity. In this paper, we designed the pipe of variable spraying system. It mainly included spraying box, strainer, diaphragm pump, safety valve, spraying divider, drip-proof nozzle, pipeline, and so on. Mathematical model of spraying network was established by using fluid network theory; and we analyzed the flow resistance of the system. In this paper, using machine vision system for collection and analysis of field crops, we made out the distribution level of weeds through the analysis of the weed ratio in the field crop with controlling the corresponding nozzle on or off. Such a design method not only achieved the function that system could do variable spraying according to the actual distribution of weed, but also greatly improved the image processing speed of the system, which enabled the whole system to achieve real-time collecting and processing. When variable spraying system was working, host system collected data, and then it disposed the distribution information of weeds, and passed the decision-making information after treating to MCU. Finally, MCU processing decision-making information was used to control the electromagnetic valve of switch state combination, and switch state combination of nozzle was controlled. Different combinations were formed by different size of nozzle in order to realize the function of variable spraying. At the same time, in the process of operation, the information feedback module was designed for the system such as Holzer flow, speed, pressure and liquid level. The liquid crystal display module could display spraying system working condition in real time. Also, in the process of system designing and debugging, we adopted the process of modular design. In this way, it not only simplified the debugging workload, but also made it easier to conduct the maintenance and upgrade of programs. In the end, in order to verify the feasibility and validity of the variable spraying system of multiple nozzle combination, this experiment was carried out on the spray performance comprehensive test bench. By analyzing the test data, it indicates that variable spraying system of multiple nozzle combination is feasible. Each mode spraying had the theoretical value error of less than 10%, and variable spraying system had a wide adjustable range, greatly decreasing the amount of pesticide spraying. In conclusion, the variable spraying system is simple to operate and has low cost, and it is easy to promote. This design can save pesticide and protect the ecological environment, with other multiple benefits for economy and environment. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural products - Agriculture - Computer vision - Costs - Counting circuits - Crops - Decision making - Design - Image processing - Liquid crystal displays - Liquids - Machinery - Mechanization - Microcontrollers - Nozzle design - Nozzles - Pesticides - Program debugging - Pulse width modulation - Sustainable development - Voltage control
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Development directions - Ecological environments - Electromagnetic valves - Information feedback - Machine vision systems - Network modeling - Variable rate spraying
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 713.4 Pulse Circuits - 723.1 Computer Programming - 723.5 Computer Applications - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912.2 Management
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20163502759513
Title:Design and experiment of testing device for soil working tool in no-tillage planter
Authors:Liu, Yanfen (1); Lin, Jing (1); Hao, Baoyu (1); Li, Baofa (1); Ma, Tie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China
Corresponding author:Lin, Jing(synydxlj69@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:24-31
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ridge culture can slow down the runoff of rain and prolong the infiltration time of rain, it plays a role on intercepting rain and protecting soil; furthermore, it could increase the cultivated area, thicken the soil layer which close to crop root system, make it easy to receive the illumination, improve the temperature of ground surface, benefit growth and promote the maturity of crops. The corn ridge culture no-till planter from Northeast China exists many problems so far, such as too large equipment quantity, destroying ridge shape while operating, serious compaction of soil, thicken the plow pan, caused deterioration of physiochemical properties of arable soil and fertility decline. In order to optimize the design soil work tool of no-till planter, the domestic and overseas development states of soil work tool testing device was analyzed, and combined with the situation of corn conservation tillage in Northeast China, the testing device of soil work tool was researched, designed and manufactured. The testing device could be applied to different farming methods, different ridge distances and variety of soil working tools. The testing device is a mounted device, which mainly composes of force measurement framework, four-bar profiling mechanism, pull pressure sensor, angular displacement sensor, linear displacement sensor and soil work tool fixture. There are two pull pressure sensors installed on and below the four-bar profiling mechanism, angular displacement sensor installed on the axis of rotation; soil work tool fixed to the force measurement framework with linear displacement sensor on it. It will detect the up and down displacement change of force measurement framework while testing (scilicet the change of the entering soil depth of work tool). Given the resultant force of upper and lower link and the gravity of testing device, the working resistance of soil work tool can be calculated. The resultant force of upper and lower link, gravity, and working resistance meet at one point, formed a balanced system of force. The data collecting card will collect testing data, which will be sent to computer in time. Computer software could record data accurately and display dynamic data waveforms. It can determine working resistance (size, orientation, focus) of the soil working tool, working depth and additional weight of machines by processing the data which obtained from test results, and provide reference for optimal design of soil working tool. Through test the working performance of Archimedes spiral disc cutting knife which is soil working tool, concluded that working resistance for breaking the corn stubble on the root is 1868.38 N, force direction angle is 67.66 degrees, stubble cutting depth is 7.52 cm, the distance between line of action and center of soil work tool is 4.59 cm, the total weight of devices and additional weight should be greater than 175.79 kg. On this basis, through analyze the time-dependent graphs of disc cutting knife working resistance, which include horizontal component of force that against the advancing direction of test device and vertical component of force that perpendicular to ground, obtained a mechanism that image of cutting time and cutting resistance when disc cutting knife cutting corn stubble, which laid a foundation and experimental verification for load specific property of no-tillage planter. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Soil testing
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Crops - Cultivation - Data acquisition - Data handling - Design - Disks (machine components) - Displacement measurement - Force measurement - Mechanical testing - Plants (botany) - Pressure sensors - Rain - Soil conservation - Soil surveys - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Angular displacement sensors - Conservation tillage - Experimental verification - Linear displacement sensor - No-till planters - Physio-chemical properties - Stubble-breaking disc - Testing device
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.2 Machine Components - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 944.3 Pressure Measuring Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Force 1.87e+03N, Mass 1.76e+02kg, Size 4.59e-02m, Size 7.52e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20163502759541
Title:Design and experiment of vacuum pulsed drying equipment based on carbon fiber infrared heating plate
Authors:Zhang, Weipeng (1, 3); Xiao, Hongwei (1); Zheng, Zhian (1, 3); Pan, Zhongli (2); Xue, Lingyang (1); Zhang, Yuming (4); Fang, Xiaoming (5); Liu, Yanhong (1); Gao, Zhenjiang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis One Shields Ave, Davis; CA; 95616, United States; (3) China Research Center for Agricultural Mechanization Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (4) Shanghai Reli Technology Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai; 200125, China; (5) Bee Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100093, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Zhenjiang(zjgao@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:242-251
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The carbon fiber infrared plate has been used in fruits and vegetables drying as an innovative heating source, which has the advantages of higher heating rate, compact radiation distance, and simple structure. Apple is one of the most common drying materials. Whereas, the traditional natural open sun drying of apple cubes takes almost two days. In addition, during long drying time, products are very sensitive to microbial spoilage. Infrared radiation heating has several advantages such as high efficiency, low energy consumption, and high quality of dried products, and has been widely used in food industry. Many previous investigations indicate that vacuum pulsed drying can extensively enhance the drying rate and keep good quality of the dried products, such as bright color, high content of the heat sensitivity nutrients. In this work, based on carbon fiber infrared heating technology, a vacuum pulsed drying equipment was designed in order to combine the advantages of infrared heating and vacuum pulsed drying technology. The equipment was composed of a drying chamber, vacuum system, single drying unit and control system. For the convenience of analysis, the actual vacuum pulsed process was divided into four stages: The vacuum phase, the vacuum holding stage, the breaking stage, and the normal pressure stage. The automatic control scheme was realized based on MODBUS control protocol with the flow-process framework of the control system containing the touch screen and single chip microcomputer system. Sequential control system was realized for the continuous conversion of drying chamber from vacuum to atmospheric pressure. Combined with the feedback of the material internal temperature, drying temperature can be controlled effectively by monitoring temperature of the carbon fiber plate. The 20 mm×20 mm×5 mm apple cubes were dried to test this equipment. Result indicated that the equipment design and control system of the drying equipment were reliable, which can realize the continuous pulsing from vacuum to atmospheric pressure. When the internal temperature of the samples was kept at 31℃, its drying time took about just 380 min, which was decreased about 30% compared with infrared hot air drying at the same drying temperature. Our results also showed that the most suitable power density of carbon fiber infrared heating plate was 1.1 kW/m<sup>2</sup>and the distance between heating surface and the upper surface of material plate was only 3 cm. In addition, when the surface temperature of the carbon fiber infrared plate was 65℃, the internal temperature of apple cubes was 31℃ at the vacuum holding stage, and it would rise to 37℃ quickly at the normal pressure stage. The energy supply of carbon fiber infrared heating plate was excessive at the late stage of drying, and the surface temperature had a trend of fluctuating downward. The findings indicated that it was helpful to reduce the temperature of infrared plate, especially in the late drying stages. Moreover, the color attributes of the products dried under vacuum pulsed drying based on infrared heating were better that of the infrared hot air dried samples. The findings of the current work provide theoretical basis and technology references for the design of vacuum pulsed drying equipment based on carbon fiber infrared heating and its practical application in agricultural products' drying. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Infrared drying
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Atmospheric pressure - Atmospheric temperature - Automation - Carbon fibers - Control systems - Design - Drying - Energy utilization - Equipment - Fibers - Fruits - Geometry - Heating - Infrared heating - Infrared radiation - Plates (structural components) - Process control - Product design - Solar dryers - Spoilage - Surface properties - Thermal processing (foods) - Touch screens
Uncontrolled terms:Apple cubes - Equipment design - Fruits and vegetables - Infrared radiation heating - Internal temperature - Low energy consumption - Sequential control system - Single chip microcomputers
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 461.9 Biology - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 642.1 Process Heating - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 741.1 Light/Optics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 901 Engineering Profession - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.00e+01%, Size 3.00e-02m, Surface_Power_Density 1.10e+03W/m2, Time 2.28e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20163502759543
Title:Effects of three drying technologies on drying characteristics and quality attributes of jujube crisps
Authors:Qian, Jingya (1); Zhang, Qian (2); Wang, Jun (1); Fang, Xiaoming (1, 3); Zhang, Weipeng (1); Gao, Zhenjiang (1); Liu, Yanhong (1); Xiao, Hongwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China; (3) Bee Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100094, China
Corresponding author:Xiao, Hongwei(xhwcaugxy@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:259-265
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With rich contents of vitamin C, various amino-acids, polysaccharide and phytochemicals, jujube is widely planted and consumed in China. Seasonality and perishability of fresh jujube demand to apply preservation technologies, such as vacuum-fried, but the favored product after this processing has the potential risk on our health because of its higher oil content and low nutrient retention. To realize product diversification and satisfy requirements of novel-health products for human beings, it is essential to exploit new processing method of jujube. In order to reduce the oil content of jujube crisps, improve the retention rate of vitamin C and explore new drying techniques for jujube crisps production, fresh jujube slices (thickness of 4 mm) in crisp ripe stage were dried with 3 new types of drying technologies, namely air impingement drying (temperature of 70℃, air velocity of 8 m/s), medium and short infrared wave drying (temperature of 70℃, air velocity of 8 m/s) and pulsed vacuum drying (temperature of 80℃, vacuum and normal pressure retention time of 10 and 2 min, respectively). Effects of the 3 drying technologies on the drying characteristics, color parameters, retention of vitamin C content, crispness, rehydration ratio and microstructures were investigated. Results showed that: 1) All drying process of the three drying methods showed the falling rate period without constant speed stage, and the shortest drying time was obtained under air impingement drying technology, which the drying time was only 105 min. 2) Effective moisture diffusivities were 1.55×10<sup>-9</sup>, 1.03×10<sup>-9</sup>, and 0.89×10<sup>-9</sup>m<sup>2</sup>/s for air impingement drying, medium and short infrared wave drying, and pulsed vacuum drying, respectively. 3) Drying methods had a significant impact on the color of dried samples, and the color of jujube crisps under pulsed vacuum drying was very similar to that of the fresh ones. 4) Pulsed vacuum drying could keep more vitamin C content compared to the other two drying technologies. The retention rates of vitamin C were 51.5%, 49.0%, 66.6% for the samples dried by air impingement drying, medium and short infrared wave drying, and pulsed vacuum drying, respectively.5) Compared with air impingement drying and medium and short infrared wave drying, jujube crisps dried by pulsed vacuum drying had the highest crispness. 6) Microstructure detection indicated that all the 3 drying technologies could make a porous structure and thus change the properties of jujube slices. The pulsed vacuum drying led to a more uniform porous structure, which probably contributed to the higher crispness and rehydration ratio of the samples dried by pulsed vacuum drying. In conclusion, although pulsed vacuum drying technology took a relatively long drying time to get the same moisture ratio, the qualities of jujube crisps by pulsed vacuum drying were much better than those by air impingement drying and medium and short infrared wave drying. The findings of current work can provide theoretical basis and technical support for the practical application of pulsed vacuum drying to produce jujube crisps. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Infrared drying
Controlled terms:Air - Color - Drying - Health risks - Microstructure - Models - Moisture - Porosity - Processing - Quality control
Uncontrolled terms:Crispness - Drying characteristics - Effective moisture diffusivity - Jujube crisps - Microstructure detections - Preservation technologies - Product diversification - Vitamin C
Classification code:461.7 Health Care - 741.1 Light/Optics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 913.4 Manufacturing - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 4.90e+01%, Percentage 5.15e+01%, Percentage 6.66e+01%, Size 4.00e-03m, Time 1.20e+02s, Time 6.30e+03s, Velocity 8.00e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20163502759532
Title:Laboratory test on effects of high voltage electricity on electrostatic properties and promoting photosynthesis of plants
Authors:Zhu, Shiqiu (1); Zhang, Linxue (1); Chen, Zhou (1); Xu, Yan (1); Wang, Mengdi (1); Yan, Jianhe (1); Liu, Binjiang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Dalian Agriculture Mechanization Institute, Liaoning; 162100, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:168-173
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The photosynthesis and growth of plants are affected by many environment factors such as temperature, humidity, light, carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>) concentration, electrical field and magnetic field. In this paper the effects of high voltage electricity on the photosynthesis of plants are studied experimentally. Two boxes A and B which have positive or negative high voltage electricity are used. Plants can be grown in the garden pot with electricity, and electrical sources are fixed inside the bottom of the boxes. On the top of box a LED (light-emitting diode) bulb is settled as photosynthesis light. We use red light in these experiments. Another box C with no electricity is used for contrast research. First, the static-electrical parameters such as capacitance and current of living tissue of pepper tree leaves are measured while the plants are cultivated with high static-electricity in the boxes. Experimental results show no matter which positive or negative electricity is added on the plants, the capacitances at different points of leaves are lowed by about 0.01 nF, and the currents at different points of plants increase by 1.00-2.00 μA. A high electrical field of several kilovolts per meter is created at the edges of leaves and branches while the plants are cultivated with high voltage electricity. In order to study how the photosynthesis of plants is affected by positive or negative electricity, the CO<inf>2</inf>concentrations in the closed boxes A, B and C are measured during the same cultivation time, respectively. The results show that the CO<inf>2</inf>concentration in the box B where plants are charged negatively decreases the most. In the experiment of green pineapple the decrease rate of CO<inf>2</inf>concentration is 2 μL/(L·min) in A box, 2.35 μL/(L·min) in B box and 1.2 μL/(L·min) in C box. In the experiment of golden diamond tree the decrease rate of CO<inf>2</inf>concentration is 0.3 μL/(L·min) in A box, 0.98 μL/(L·min) in B box and 0.12 μL/(L·min) in C box, respectively. In the experiments of pepper tree the decrease rate of CO<inf>2</inf>concentration is 1.35, 1.50 and 1.02 μL/(L·min) in the boxes A, B and C respectively during the time from 10:50 to 11:30, and 0.88, 1.73 and 0.53 μL/(L·min) in the boxes A, B and C respectively during the period of 13:10-13:50. The measured results show the similar tendency of CO<inf>2</inf>concentration decreasing and the photosynthesis of negatively charged plants is more improved. The photosynthesis of positively charged plants is also improved compared with the plants that are not charged. The chlorophyll fluorescence data of green pineapple are measured. The primary light energy conversion efficiency, yield and photochemical quenching parameter of green pineapple after cultivation with negative electricity are higher than those charged positively or not charged. This experimental study shows that negative high voltage electricity on plants increases the CO<inf>2</inf>absorption rates of plants and promotes their photosynthesis greatly. In order to make clear the relationship between the electrical parameters of plants and the transmission of electrical signals in plants triggered by electrical stimuli, many experimental and theoretical works need to be carried out. How the electrical stimuli affect the photosynthesis and respiration of plants will be studied next. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:10
Main heading:Electric network parameters
Controlled terms:Atmospheric composition - Capacitance - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Conversion efficiency - Electricity - Energy conversion - Forestry - Light - Light emitting diodes - Photosynthesis - Plants (botany)
Uncontrolled terms:Chlorophyll fluorescence - Electrical parameter - Electrostatic properties - High voltage - Light-energy conversion efficiency - Photochemical quenching - Plants - Promotion
Classification code:525.5 Energy Conversion Issues - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 703.1 Electric Networks - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801 Chemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds
Numerical data indexing:Capacitance 1.00e-11F, Electric_Current 1.00e-06A to 2.00e-06A
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20163502759536
Title:Evaluation on influence of land consolidation project on cultivated land quality based on agricultural land classification correction method
Authors:Kuang, Lihua (1); Ye, Yingcong (2); Zhao, Xiaomin (1, 2); Guo, Xi (2); Xie, Wen (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210095, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Watershed Agricultural Resources and Ecology of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang; 330045, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Xiaomin(zhaoxm889@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:198-205
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Land consolidation projects could promote the cultivated land natural quality and improve the production conditions. It had certain value to study the influence of land consolidation project on cultivated land quality. In this paper, we took land consolidation project, which was constructed in the year of 2012, in Shanggao County of Jiangxi Province as the study area, and analyzed the influence of land consolidation project on cultivated land natural quality and production conditions. The land quality and production condition change was based on cultivated land grades before and after land consolidation on the basis of the last cultivated land quality grade annual updating results. Part of the factors which determined the cultivated land natural quality would be affected by the land consolidation project. In this study, the initial grading factors could be divided into two categories, the first were the stable factors, the attribute remained the same after the land consolidation project, and the second were the changing factors, the attribute changed after the land consolidation project. For these stable factors, in this paper, we took the original data directly. For these changing factors, we would collect the data after the land consolidation project through field investigation and indoor analysis. The weights and scoring rules of the natural quality grading factors stayed the same. Then we recalculated the natural quality index again. The canonical correlation analysis method was used to determine the land use correction factors from the influence factors of land consolidation project on the cultivated land production conditions. Then, we determined the weights of the factors on the base of Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The ratio of the scores before and after land consolidation was the land use correction coefficient and modified the original land use coefficient so that the revised land use index could be derived according to the original evaluation process. In the paper, we developed the cultivated land quality natural grade and the land use grade according to Agricultural Land Classification for Jiangxi Province. Then we compared and analyzed the changing situation of cultivated land quality grade before and after land consolidation. At last, in this paper, we used the multiple regression analysis methods to determine correction factors which had significant influence on the cultivated land quality. The land use correction factors were plots regularity, road network density, effective irrigation area index, distribution of the drought and flood. The results showed that the average natural quality grade were raised from 9.06 to 8.81 after the land consolidation, the general land utilization level increased 1.13 after the land consolidation. The average land use grade was raised from 6.03 to 4.68 after the land consolidation. The major influential factors of land consolidation project on cultivated land quality were organic matter content, soil pH, drainage, irrigation, plots regularity, road network density. The results demonstrated that the land consolidation projects could increase cultivated land quality and improve production conditions. It could accurately reflect the characteristics of the land consolidation project through the changing factors of cultivated land quality and the correction factors of land use. The method for agricultural land quality improvement and evaluation was feasible after land consolidation. The evaluation results could be used as the basis for the land management performance evaluation. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Analytic hierarchy process - Consolidation - Electric power factor correction - Factor analysis - Grading - Irrigation - Land use - Motor transportation - Regression analysis - Roads and streets
Uncontrolled terms:Analytic hierarchy process (ahp) - Canonical correlation analysis - Correction coefficients - Cultivated land qualities - Field investigation - Land consolidations - Multiple regression analysis - Organic matter content
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 406.2 Roads and Streets - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20163502759517
Title:Effect of injection pressure and ambient pressure on spray characteristics of pine oil-diesel blends
Authors:Huang, Haozhong (1); Shi, Cheng (1); Zhang, Peng (1); Wang, Qingxin (1); Liu, Qingsheng (1); Ban, Zhibo (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning; 530004, China; (2) Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Co., Ltd., Yulin; 537005, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:55-61
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The fuel spray performance and atomization quality played a fundamental role in promoting the level of combustion efficiency and exhaust emissions in internal combustion engines. In order to achieve better atomizing mode of diesel, we conducted experiments to study the spray characteristics of diesel blending pine oil. A diesel/pine oil spray trial platform was constructed to carry out a visual constant volume chamber and the high-pressure common rail test bench. The high-speed photograph technique was applied to systematically investigate the spray process of blended fuel. The study was conducted under the pine oil blending ratios of with 0, 20%, 40% and 50%, respectively. Then, the influences of injection pressure, ambient pressure and fuel property on macroscopic spray parameters (including spray cone angle, spray penetration distance and fuel flow area) were investigated. The results showed that at first, the spray penetration distance of blended fuel presented a certain degree of linear growth with the fuel injection, and then the increasing rate of the penetration distance decreased. On the other hand, it was observed that the spray cone angle was wider at the beginning of the spray development, and it gradually converged to a smaller and constant value. In general, the variation of the spray cone angle is stabilized during spray process. For the same ambient pressure (5 MPa), the blended fuel had a longer penetration distance with increasing the fuel injection pressure from 90 MPa to 150 MPa. And the effect of injection pressure on the spray cone angle according to the variation in injection pressure showed that the spray cone angle at a 150 MPa injection pressure was larger than that at 90 MPa of injection pressure. The percentage increased in the mean spray cone angle and penetration distance was 9.2% and 15%, respectively. When the ambient pressure increased from 3 MPa to 5 MPa at the same injection pressure (12 MPa), the increment of ambient pressure led to obvious increase of the spray cone angle as well as sharp decrease of the penetration distance. During the spray evolution process, the mean spray cone angle increased about 2.6°. The spray penetration distance decreased about 11 mm at the end of the injection. This indicated that the rise of ambient pressure had a significant effect on spray characteristics. In the range of experimental condition, good correlation was found between the spray penetration distance of blended fuel and the modified Hiroyasu's empirical equation. When injection pressure was 150 MPa and ambient pressure was 5 MPa, the effect of Reynolds number was greater than that of Weber number as blending ratios of pine oil increased by 50%. This suggested that the fuel viscosity played an important role in spray characteristics. The spray performance of blended fuel was basically similar to conventional diesel fuel with the variation of injection pressure and ambient pressure. In addition, analyses showed that the spray penetration distance, spray cone angle and fuel flow area increased slightly after blended a certain proportion of pine oil into diesel, which was very conducive to improve air and fuel mixture effect with pine oil. It can be concluded that investigating the spray characteristics of diesel and pine oil blends would be significantly beneficial for enhancing the atomization quality of pure diesel, and also provided a valuable reference on the spray characteristics to choose an acceptable and appropriate alternative fuel for common rail diesel engine. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Pressure effects
Controlled terms:Alternative fuels - Atomization - Blending - Combustion - Diesel engines - Diesel fuels - Engines - Fuel injection - Fuels - Internal combustion engines - Pressure - Reynolds number - Spraying
Uncontrolled terms:Ambient pressures - Blended fuels - Common rail diesel engines - Constant volume chamber - Experimental conditions - High pressure common rail - Pine oil - Spray characteristics
Classification code:523 Liquid Fuels - 612.1 Internal Combustion Engines, General - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 9.20e+00%, Pressure 1.20e+07Pa, Pressure 1.50e+08Pa, Pressure 3.00e+06Pa to 5.00e+06Pa, Pressure 5.00e+06Pa, Pressure 9.00e+07Pa to 1.50e+08Pa, Pressure 9.00e+07Pa, Size 1.10e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20163502759533
Title:Dissolved oxygen prediction in water based on K-means clustering and ELM neural network for aquaculture
Authors:Huan, Juan (1, 2); Liu, Xingqiao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) School of Information Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou; 213164, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Xingqiao(xqliu@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:174-181
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Dissolved oxygen plays a vital role in water management as it is an important factor that determines the growth status of the fish. Either inadequate or excessive level of dissolved oxygen will be harmful to the survivability of the fish in their respective habitats. The accurate analysis of the data collected from the aquaculture ponds and the prediction for the anticipated level of dissolved oxygen are helpful for both water quality management and aquaculture production. Current studies reveal and understand the complex features of the water quality process mainly from the perspective of mathematical statistics. However, they cannot analyze the effects of changes in the environment on water quality, and cannot do well in dissolved oxygen prediction under the changing environment either. This paper proposed a new strategy to predict dissolved oxygen based on K-means clustering and ELM (extreme learning machine) neural networks. As the curves of similar days showed high correlation of dissolved oxygen, the history samples were divided into several classes to optimize sample space and improve prediction accuracy. After data normalization, the weights of the environmental factors on the dissolved oxygen were determined by Pearson correlation coefficient. The similarity statistics of similar days were improved and defined, which overcame the limitation of Euclidean distance and cosine calculation method. According to the similarity statistics, K-means clustering method was employed to divide the historical samples into several clusters with different daily samples. When the most similar cluster to the forecasting day was identified, the way could reduce the interference between samples and mine the inherent law of the dissolved oxygen data. Then, the ELM neural network of the identified cluster was constructed with the training samples and test data set, and the future amount of dissolved oxygen was predicted with the similar sample set and the real-time environmental factors of the forecasting day as the input data. A total of 23 424 data records of the aquaculture ponds in Wujin, Changzhou, China, were collected and used in the experiments. Taking 5 clusters as the example, ELM neural network was compared with other traditional BP (back propagation) neural networks and SVM (support vector machine). Its prediction accuracy was acceptable, and the running time was only 0.1 s, while that of BP neural network was 10.25 s and that of SVM was slower. It is visible ELM prediction network has a great advantage. Additionally, the caculation speed and prediction efficiency of the model are better than others in terms of the root mean square error and the mean absolute percentage error. Experiment results showed that MAPE and RMSE of our prediction method reached 1.4% and 10.8% respectively under normal climate condition. In case of a sudden change of weather, the MAPE and RMSE were 2.6% and 11.6%, respectively. It has higher forecasting accuracy and faster computation speed, which is beneficial to water quality control in aquaculture. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Dissolved oxygen
Controlled terms:Aquaculture - Backpropagation - Biochemical oxygen demand - Clustering algorithms - Complex networks - Correlation methods - Curve fitting - Data flow analysis - Dissolution - Fish - Forecasting - Lakes - Learning systems - Mean square error - Models - Neural networks - Oxygen - Quality control - Quality management - Statistical tests - Statistics - Support vector machines - Water conservation - Water management - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:BP (back propagation) neural network - ELM (extreme learning machine) - K-means clustering - K-means clustering method - Mean absolute percentage error - Pearson correlation coefficients - Similar day - SVM(support vector machine)
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 445.2 Water Analysis - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 912.2 Management - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.08e+01%, Percentage 1.16e+01%, Percentage 1.40e+00%, Percentage 2.60e+00%, Time 1.00e-01s, Time 1.02e+01s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20163502759511
Title:Design and experiment of blades-combined no and minimum-till wheat planter under controlled traffic farming system
Authors:Wang, Qingjie (1); Zhao, Hongbo (1); He, Jin (1); Li, Hongwen (1); Chen, Wanzhi (1); Cao, Xianghong (1); Rasaily, Rabi G. (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17, Qinghuadonglu, Haidian District, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, Nakhu 13, Kathmandu; 44600, Nepal
Corresponding author:Li, Hongwen(lhwen@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:12-17
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:During the operation of agricultural machinery, farmland soil compaction caused by the combination weight of tractor and implements resulted in reduction of soil porosity and increase of soil bulk density, which have a negative effect on soil tilth. The controlled traffic conservation tillage is the combination of controlled traffic tillage and conservation tillage, a tillage system takes measures as follows: straw mulching, seeding in no-till or minimum-till field, and separating the crop growth zone from the tractor track. To reduce soil compaction, improve the environmental conditions for plant growth and strengthen the technology convergence of agricultural machinery and agronomy, a no and minimum-till wheat planter for controlled traffic tillage was developed based on the requirements of mechanized conservation tillage technology. This individual profiling planter consists of a frame, straw chopping devices for anti-blocking, wedge-shaped openers for fertilization, double-disk openers for seeding, and seed & fertilizer boxes. The anti-blocking straw chopping devices was combined by a wedge shaped opener with Y and L type blades. The opener's blade front edge embedded into Y type blades' front fork (overlap depth is about 10 mm). But the two edges are non-interference. Y type blades crushed straw while kicking out the straw and stubble from opener shanks. L type blades are equipped on both sides of the opener's front edge, the included angle α of Y-type blade was set to 120° and L-type blade Φ was designed to 120°. Each opener has three sets of blades (three Y type blades and six L type blades). While the planter is working, the tractor would pull the planter with a forward speed of 3-5 km/h. The tractor tires and land wheels of planter would roll on the tractor track. Power from the tractor PTO shaft is transmitted to the driver cutter shaft trough the gearbox and power transmission system. The rotating cutter shaft would lead to the high-speed rotation of flails which chop the straws to help the wedge-shaped openers with furrowing and fertilizing. Subsequently, a double-disk opener would do the second-furrowing to accomplish seeding, pressing and soil-covering. A field experiment was conducted on June, 2011 in the conservation tillage experimental field located in Zhuozhou city, Hebei province. During the experiment, the planter showed stable working performance and good passing ability. The results also indicated that this planter could plant effectively under no and minimum-till, and all the indicators met the design requirements for no-till planter. According to the comparison experiments on two treatments, the controlled traffic tillage and uncontrolled traffic tillage, it was concluded that all the performance indicators under the controlled traffic tillage system were slightly superior to the ones under uncontrolled traffic tillage system, although the no and minimum till planter designed for controlled traffic tillage could also meet the seeding requirements under uncontrolled traffic tillage system. For controlled traffic tillage system, the average seeding depth was 3.6 cm with a qualified rate of 87.9%, and the average fertilizer application depth was 8.2 cm with a qualified rate of 84.8%, which met the design requirements. The two-year experiment results indicated that, compared with the uncontrolled traffic tillage, the controlled traffic tillage could save fuel consumption by 22.49% because of better tire adhesion. It might proved that the controlled traffic conservation tillage technology could improve the soil structure and reduce the costs significantly. Controlled traffic no and minimum-till seeding technique is a technology which not only improve the seeding quality, but also save the fuel, and finally realize the energy conservation and emission reduction. With the promotion of land circulation policy, this research result could be of value for the scale cultivation and efficient management of land. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agricultural implements - Agriculture - Compaction - Crops - Cultivation - Design - Electric power transmission - Emission control - Environmental technology - Fertilizers - Fuel consumption - Fuels - Machine design - Porosity - Quality control - Seed - Soil conservation - Soil mechanics - Soils - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck)
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Conservation tillage - Controlled traffic - Energy conservation and emission reductions - Environmental conditions - Fertilizer applications - Power transmission systems - Seeder
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 454 Environmental Engineering - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 601 Mechanical Design - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.25e+01%, Percentage 8.48e+01%, Percentage 8.79e+01%, Size 1.00e-02m, Size 3.60e-02m, Size 8.20e-02m, Velocity 8.33e-01m/s to 1.39e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20163502759534
Title:Impacts of farmland transfer on rice yield and nitrogen pollution in Dongting Lake district
Authors:Yuan, Chengcheng (1); Liu, Liming (1); Ren, Guoping (1); Fu, Yonghu (1); Yin, Guanyi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Liming(liulm@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:182-190
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the rapid development of urbanization, farmland transfer has become a more and more common phenomenon to improve farmland use efficiency, alleviate small farmland fragmentation, and release the farm labor force in China. To assess the comprehensive effect of land transfer on rice cropping and nitrogen use for policy-maker, an agent-based (ABM) and substance flow analysis (SFA) coupled models were constructed. In this paper, farmland transfer was assumed that it was only related with the internal factors of households which mainly included those linked to the ability and the willingness. According to the analysis of households' ability and willingness, farmers' decision behaviors included expand, shrink, stable or stop farming/inheritance, which directly influenced the transfers of farmland and the change of cropping system in study area. The rice yield and nitrogen flow of a region was calculated by SFA model which regarded the cropping system changes as an important input data. Thus those results as an important input data were adopted in the ABM model. As mentions above, we built an integrated SFA and ABM model. Daligang Township, located in a typical subtropical hilly region and mainly planted double-cropping rice in the past, was taken as a case study area. Land use data, agricultural productivity data, household survey data and statistical data were used to feed the coupled model. This model was initialized from 1997 to 1999 and simulated from 2000 to 2014. The data of sown area of double rice cropping system and total rice product yield were used to test the reliability of the simulated results. The results indicated that: 1) Along with the transfer of farmland, the farmland was gradually controlled by farmers with balanced household, farming-oriented household or large-scale households, which improving the ratio of planting double-rice and rice yield; 2) Because of the changes of cropping system, the amount of nitrogen lost from farm field through ammonia volatilization, denitrification, runoff and leaching decreased at the beginning, then increased; 3) As a result of the expansion of farmland transferring and the rural management area, poor productivity farmland was also transferred to high intensive utilization, however, these region were most likely to cause environmental problems due to congenital nature conditions. Owing to the complexity and uncertainty of human decision-making behaviors and environment, we didn't consider some factors, such as, the effect of climate change and farmers' irrational behaviors, to simplify the coupled model. These factors would affect the accuracy of simulated results. Although the coupled model had these limitations, the coupled model offered a useful tool to model the process of farmland transfer, analyze the effect of farmland transfer on cropping and environment, and provide advice for policy-maker to make a trade-off between food security and environmental risk. Hence, coupling the ABM and SFA model can be used to evaluate land transfer and their potential risk in agricultural land use system in the future. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Behavioral research - Climate change - Climate models - Crops - Cultivation - Decision making - Economic and social effects - Food supply - Input output programs - Land use - Nitrogen - Productivity - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productivity - Ammonia volatilization - Environmental problems - Farmland transfer - Human decision making - Rice - Rice cropping systems - Substance flow analysis
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 443 Meteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 723.1 Computer Programming - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.3 Food Products - 912.2 Management - 921 Mathematics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20163502759542
Title:Drying characteristics of diced potato with thin-layer by hot-wind based on Weibull distribution function
Authors:Yin, Huimin (1, 2); Nie, Yuyan (3); Shen, Jin (3); Wu, Wenfu (1); Dou, Jianpeng (1); Cheng, Rongmin (4); Chen, Junyi (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun; 130022, China; (2) College of Engineering and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun; 130118, China; (3) Institute of Agricultural Produce and Byproduce Processing, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing; 100125, China; (4) College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun; 130012, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Wenfu(wwfzlb@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:252-258
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Potato, which is widely regarded as a total nutrient food, is the fourth major food crop after wheat, corn and rice in the world. In the same time, potato is one of the most highly productive food crops in China with potentiality of further development in the future and has been widely used in the food, feedstuffs and pharmaceutical industry. So it has also been endowed with the properties of both food crops and commercial crops. The preservation techniques in China, the largest potato producer, are so lagging that the loss amount is estimated to be over 15% each year, which is far above that of developed countries in Europe and America. The potato drying process is an important step as it plays a crucial role in reducing the moisture of agricultural products, extending the storage period and improving the additional values. As the most extensive method among all artificial drying processes, hot air drying has the properties of easy manipulation, low cost, and fewer demands for the environment, space and equipment. Research on the property of hot air drying, development of drying models and determination of water transfer parameters has great importance to the effectiveness in predicting, regulating and optimizing of the drying process. In this paper, the drying curves, the material temperature, the moisture effective diffusivity velocity and the activation energy are discussed at the different hot-air temperature, air velocity and dice length based on the thin layer drying experiments. The hot air temperatures are taken as 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90℃. The air velocities are 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 m/s. The potato dices have the cross section of 10 mm × 10 mm, and the lengths are classed as 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 mm. The main results are as follows. The hot air drying of fresh diced potatoes has typical characteristics of the Weibull distribution with the falling rate. The process can be divided into 2 phases, i.e. the stage at first increase phase and then the deceleration phase. The drying time is shortened with the rising of the hot air temperature and the decreasing of the dice length, and the air velocity has a little effect on the time except the early stages when the increasing air velocity can give the promotion of drying rate. The hot-air drying process of fresh diced potatoes obeys the Weibull function, and the value of R<sup>2</sup>ranges from 0.991 to 0.999, which means the hot-air drying process is in good agreement with the Weibull distribution function. The scale parameter in the model grows with the increase of hot-air temperature and air velocity, and decreases with the rise of dice length. The shape parameter in the model has positive correlation with the dice length and air velocity, while air temperature causes little impact on the shape parameter. The moisture effective diffusivity velocity, which is between 1.859×10<sup>-9</sup>and 12.509×10<sup>-9</sup>m<sup>2</sup>/s, is significantly (P<0.05)correlated to the hot-air temperature and air velocity, but the dice length is not significantly (P>0.05). The geometric dimension parameter is relevant to the dice length and air velocity, which increases with the rise of air velocity and dice length). The activation energy of hot-air potato drying is found to be 19.107 kJ/mol, which is lower than the average activation energy of diced or chipped fruit and vegetable, and thus hot-air potato drying is easier to accomplish. This research will help to provide theoretical and technical foundation to the hot-air drying of the fresh diced potato. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Agricultural products - Air - Atmospheric temperature - Chemical activation - Crops - Distribution functions - Food storage - Models - Moisture - Plants (botany) - Solar dryers - Temperature - Thermal processing (foods) - Velocity - Weibull distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Drying characteristics - Effective diffusivities - Hot air drying - Pharmaceutical industry - Positive correlations - Potato - Preservation techniques - Weibull functions
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.1 Food Products Plants and Equipment - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.50e+01%, Size 1.00e-02m, Size 1.50e-02m, Velocity 3.50e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20163502759520
Title:Hydraulic performance and energy dissipation effect of two-ways mixed flow emitter in drip irrigation
Authors:Guo, Lin (1); Bai, Dan (1); Wang, Xinduan (1); He, Jing (1); Zhou, Wen (2); Cheng, Peng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China; (2) School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou; 450011, China
Corresponding author:Bai, Dan(baidan@xaut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:77-82
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The two-ways mixed flow emitter is a new kind of drip irrigation emitter. The main energy dissipation mechanism is forming many kinds of flow patterns, such as sharp turn flow, two-ways flow and mixed flow to increase more local head loss and eliminate extra inlet pressure. These flow patterns are produced by dividing water device and blocking water device in the flow channel. This structure can enhance the effect of dividing flow, sudden shrinkage, and sudden enlargement of flow channel section. In order to study the hydraulic performance and the effects of geometric parameters on hydraulic characteristic, we arranged 25 experimental schemes according to the orthogonal experimental design method with flow index as evaluation criteria. Five key geometric parameters (distance between dividing water device and flow channel side wall, distance between blocking water device tooth and dividing water device, distance between blocking water device and flow channel side wall, maximal flow channel width of blocking water device and dividing water device, bottom pillar height of blocking water device) were chosen and to flow rate and flow index under different pressures were determined. Laboratory experiments were carried out in State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi'an University of Technology. Each experimental scheme was set 5 repeats by using high-precision engraving technology and average flow rate was taken to ensure the accuracy of results. Based on the flow rate of each experimental scheme, the flow index was obtained by using multivariable regression method. At the same time, the local loss coefficient of unit flow channel was calculated on the basis of hydraulic theory. In addition, the results of orthogonal experiment were analyzed with intuitive analysis and variance analysis. Then the regression model between geometric parameters and flow index was built. The results showed that the logarithm of flow rate had a good linear relationship with the logarithm of inlet pressure (R<sup>2</sup>=0.998-0.999). Based on the relationship, the flow index for the experiment ranged from 0.432 to 0.464, indicating excellent hydraulic performance. The local loss coefficient of unit flow channel was in the range from 6.698-19.130. The energy dissipation effect of two-ways mixed flow emitter was obviously improved compared with the traditional flow channel structure with local loss coefficient of 2.1-4.8. Among the 5 geometric parameters, the maximal flow channel width between blocking water device and dividing water device was the most important influential factor for the flow index, and followed by the distance between dividing water device and flow channel side wall, the bottom pillar height of the blocking water device, the distance between blocking water device tooth and dividing water device. And the effect of these factors on the flow index was significant. However, the distance between blocking water device and flow channel side wall did not significantly affect the flow index. And the regression equation based on the parameters and flow index was well established with R<sup>2</sup>of 0.94 (P<0.01). The regression model was verified using the hydraulic experiments with the other three groups of structure parameters. The relative error of estimated and experimental flow index was from -0.46% to 1.17%, which verified the accuracy and reliability of the regression model. These conclusions can provide theoretical evidence for structure design, pre-research and evaluation of hydraulic performance of two-ways mixed flow emitter. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Wall flow
Controlled terms:Channel flow - Energy dissipation - Flow patterns - Flow rate - Fluid mechanics - Geometry - Irrigation - Regression analysis - Shore protection - Structural design - Structure (composition) - Walls (structural partitions)
Uncontrolled terms:Drip irrigation - Energy dissipation mechanism - Geometric parameters - Hydraulic characteristic - Local head loss - Multivariable regression - Orthogonal experimental design method - Working mechanisms
Classification code:407.1 Maritime Structures - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 525.4 Energy Losses (industrial and residential) - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage -4.60e-01% to 1.17e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20163502759535
Title:Ammonia nitrogen separation performance and kinetics from biogas slurry using vacuum distillation method
Authors:He, Qingyao (1); Wang, Wenchao (1); Liu, Lu (1); Yu, Ge (1); Yan, Shuiping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Yan, Shuiping(yanshp@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:191-197
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to high ammonia nitrogen concentration, biogas slurry can contribute to air and water pollution through volatilization of free ammonia. Additionally, high ammonia nitrogen concentration may result in high phytotoxicity to plant germination and growth when biogas slurry is put into agricultural or horticultural applications. So ammonia nitrogen in biogas slurry should be removed. Conventional methods for removing ammonia nitrogen are based on gas or thermal stripping. However, these methods have low ammonia nitrogen removal rate and are time-consumed. Due to the higher ammonia mass transfer driving force ascribed to the lower ammonia partial pressure in gas phase, vacuum distillation has the advantages of high ammonia nitrogen removal kinetics constant and short time required. Furthermore, ammonia can also be recovered and enriched to act as the valuable carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>) absorbent to upgrade biogas. Therefore, in this study, ammonia nitrogen separation from biogas slurry by using vacuum distillation method was conducted in a rotary evaporator. And the key operating parameters including sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dosage, temperature and pressure were investigated and optimized. The first-order rate constant (k), ammonia nitrogen removal time constant (τ), ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency (η) and ammonia nitrogen separation factor (S<inf>t</inf>) were adopted to evaluate the ammonia nitrogen removal performance. Results showed that when raw biogas slurry without pH adjustment was vacuumed, CO<inf>2</inf>loading of biogas slurry reduced from 0.15 to 0.08 mol CO<inf>2</inf>/L under the conditions of 45 °C and 5 kPa. But the first-order rate constant and ammonia nitrogen separation factor were low and ammonia nitrogen removal time constant was very high. Increasing NaOH dosage to elevate the initial pH value of biogas slurry was positive for enhancing the first-order rate constant and ammonia nitrogen separation factor. Additionally, if high first-order rate constant value was targeted, high removal temperature and low operating pressure should be required. However, it will lead to the decrease of ammonia nitrogen separation factor value. So, the orthogonal tests were conducted in this study to optimize the operating parameters in order to obtain high the first-order rate constant and ammonia nitrogen separation factor values simultaneously. The results showed that the importance order for ammonia nitrogen removal performance was ranked as pH value > pressure > temperature. And when NaOH dosage was 15 g/L (pH=13.04), removal temperature was 35 ˚C and pressure was 15 kPa, the comprehensive ammonia nitrogen removal performance was the best among all the experiments in the orthogonal tests. Under these optimal operating conditions, the first-order rate constant was 0.97 h<sup>-1</sup>, and ammonia nitrogen separation factor was about 395.96 when 90% of the total ammonia nitrogen was removed. It implied that when biogas slurry with high pH value was vacuumed, relatively high ammonia nitrogen removal performance may be achieved, and aqueous ammonia solution with higher concentration may be recovered as well to act as the potential CO<inf>2</inf>absorbent to upgrade biogas. In addition, compared with the conventional ammonia nitrogen removal methods like thermal stripping (maximum first-order rate constant was 1.21 h<sup>-1</sup>) and gas stripping (maximum first-order rate constant was 0.86 h<sup>-1</sup>), vacuum distillation had a higher first-order rate constant value at the similar conditions. It meant that vacuum distillation method may achieve a relatively higher ammonia nitrogen removal rate and lower time required to reach the same removal efficiency. It should be noted that the first-order rate constant could be enhanced through adjusting temperature and pressure. These results reported in this study may provide a reference for the future research aiming at ammonia nitrogen separation from biogas slurry with high removal efficiency and low energy consumption. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Nitrogen
Controlled terms:Absorption - Ammonia - Biogas - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Distillation - Energy utilization - Enzyme kinetics - Kinetics - Mass transfer - Nitrogen removal - Optimization - pH - Rate constants - Separation - Stripping (removal) - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Ammonia nitrogen removal - Aqueous ammonia solution - Biogas slurry - First-order rate constants - Optimal operating conditions - Temperature and pressures - Total ammonia nitrogens - Vacuum distillation
Classification code:453 Water Pollution - 522 Gas Fuels - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
Numerical data indexing:Pressure 1.50e+04Pa, Pressure 5.00e+03Pa, Temperature 3.18e+02K, Mass_Density 1.50e+01kg/m3, Percentage 9.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20163502759524
Title:Response of detachment rate of loess slope to hydrodynamic characteristics under concentrate flow condition
Authors:Xiao, Hai (1); Liu, Gang (1, 2); Liu, Puling (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) State key laboratory of Erosion and Dryland Agriculture on the Loess Plateaus, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS&MWR, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Puling(pliu@ms.iswc.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:106-111
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rill erosion caused by concentrate flow is one of the main erosion types on cultivated slope in the Loess Plateau. It is necessary to research on the response of concentrate flow hydrodynamic characteristics for a better understanding of rill erosion mechanism. However, the optimal runoff hydrodynamic parameter for estimating detachment rate was still ambiguous. An indoor concentrate scouring experiment was carried out was carried out in the State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland arming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, China to investigate the response of runoff hydrodynamic characteristics to detachment rate under concentrate flow condition with different inflow rates and slope gradients. Loessal soil collected from Yanan (35°21'-37°31'N and 107°41'-110°31'E) in Shaanxi province, a kind of typical soil in the Loess Plateau, was prepared for this research. The experiments were applied to a soil plot with 5 m long, 1 m wide and 0.5 m deep. Packing was carried out layer by layer to attain the desired uniform bulk density (about 1.25 g/cm<sup>-3</sup>) with 40 cm in depth. The bottoms of the boxes were perforated and covered with a layer of 10 cm sand under the gauze to facilitate even drainage of percolating soil water. After packing, the soil was watered to saturation with an electric sprayer to reduce the variability caused by packing. Four flow rate (10, 15, 20 and 25 L/min) combined with four slope gradient (10°, 15°, 20° and 25°) were designed for this research. The experiment lasted for 10 min after runoff initiation. Runoff and sediments were collected in a series of plastic containers at intervals of 1 min throughout the 10 min. The volume of water in each container was measured, and the sediment was dried in an oven and weighed. The flow velocity was measured by dye-tracing technique within the 1-4 m away from the bottom and the flow width was also measured at 4 sections between 0.5-4.5 m to estimate flow depth at every minute during the experiment. The relations between runoff hydrodynamic characteristics, including shear stress, stream power, unit stream power and unit energy of water-carrying section, and detachment rate were analyzed. The results showed that all the mean and instantaneous runoff hydrodynamic characteristics factors fitted the detachment rate well with different regressions equations except instantaneous unit energy of water-carrying section. The mean runoff hydrodynamic characteristics factors were better than those of average values for fitting with detachment rate. The optimal runoff hydrodynamic characteristics factor in our research was mean stream power because it was of the largest determination coefficient 0.97. The curve of linear regressions of mean shear stress and stream power with detachment rate became ascended because of collapse during the experiment process, which also led to a negative value for corresponding critical shear stress and stream power. By comparing results with that from a published paper that only considered the flow effect on soil surface in the same soil, the detachment rate directly estimated based on mean stream power were more reasonable than those estimated based on mean shear stress. The collapse could account for 90.93% of the detachment rate, indicating an important role of collapse during rill development process. The results provide valuable information for a better understand of the response of concentrate flow hydrodynamic characteristic factors to detachment rate and its corresponding erosion mechanism. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Catchments - Containers - Erosion - Flow velocity - Fluid dynamics - Hydrodynamics - Landforms - Plastic containers - Rivers - Sediments - Shear flow - Shear stress - Soil conservation - Soil moisture - Soils - Water conservation - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese Academy of Sciences - Collapse effect - Concentrate flow - Determination coefficients - Hydrodynamic characteristics - Hydrodynamic parameters - Soil and water conservation - Soil detachment
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 817.1 Polymer Products - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.09e+01%, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 1.00e+00m to 4.00e+00m, Size 1.00e-01m, Size 4.00e-01m, Size 5.00e+00m, Size 5.00e-01m to 4.50e+00m, Size 5.00e-01m, Time 6.00e+01s, Time 6.00e+02s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20163502759537
Title:Spatial-temporal pattern differentiation and influencing mechanism of land reclamation in China
Authors:Yang, Yongjun (1, 2); Zhang, Shaoliang (3); Bian, Zhengfu (1); Erskine, Peter (2); Li, Xiaoshun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou; 221116, China; (2) Center for Mined Land Rehabilitation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane; 4067, Australia; (3) Low Carbon Energy Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou; 221116, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Shaoliang(slzhang@cumt.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:206-214
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A large quantity of land resources have been damaged due to intense human activities and natural disasters, such as mining operation, infrastructure construction, and landslide. The expectation to restore the function of the degraded land is increasingly drawing much attention from both publics and governments. After decades' efforts, there is still a heavy task of land reclamation that needs to be finished in China. Due to the strong regional differentiation, the situation of land reclamation in each province is different from others. In order to reduce the regional differences with a purpose of promoting the land reclamation in China, it is essential to explore the spatial-temporal pattern differentiation and influence mechanism of land reclamation. This paper took 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous districts in China as research area to reveal the spatial pattern of the quantity of land reclamation and its influence factors. The considered factors included the economic, social, technical, institutional and natural conditions. Data were collected from related statistical yearbook, published paper and China national knowledge internet (CNKI). We employed exploratory spatial data analysis to detect the spatial pattern of land reclamation in China. Besides, factor analysis was used to discover the public driving force of land reclamation. Panel data model was used to quantify the influence of different factors on the quantity of land reclamation in different regions. It could be found that: 1) The quantity of land reclamation in China was featured by a weak spatial autocorrelation and three-grade distribution pattern, and it showed a spatial nonstationary process with inter-annual instability from 1999 to 2013. This pattern was partly in accordance with the economic development and affected by some factors such as the distribution of mineral resource and differentiated land reclamation policies; 2) Due to the weak spatial aggregation, only one area with H-H (high-high) clustered reclamation was detected in eastern China (the center was Jiangsu Province), and not any other significant hot area was been found; 3) The 3 public factors mainly affecting land reclamation were mission, drive and support respectively. It can be inferred that the most significant motive force of land reclamation in China is economic driving force, and the second force is mission of land reclamation. This indicates that, to some degree, the insufficient quantity of land reclamation cannot only attribute to the technical problem. Obviously, it is a synthesis problem related to other factors, especially the economy. For eastern China, land reclamation is mainly driven by the pressure of land resource shortage and economic attraction. Central China is also suffering from the pressure of land resource shortage, but its land reclamation is negatively affected by the ongoing mining activity. In western China, there is more mission of land reclamation, but the natural condition acts as a significant limiting factor. Based on the results above, some policy suggestions, such as improving the mission-driving mechanism, reforming the guidance of policy, enhancing the transfer of technology and coordinating land reclamation project, have been proposed. The results and conclusions above are expected to provide reference for the planning and management of land reclamation. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Land reclamation
Controlled terms:Digital storage - Disasters - Economic and social effects - Economics - Land use - Mineral resources - Models - Natural resources - Reclamation
Uncontrolled terms:Driving mechanism - Exploratory spatial data analysis - Influencing mechanisms - Infrastructure construction - Reclaimed land - Spatial autocorrelations - Spatial temporals - Transfer of technology
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20163502759529
Title:Recognition for insects via spatial pyramid model using sparse coding
Authors:Xie, Chengjun (1); Li, Rui (1); Dong, Wei (2); Song, Liangtu (1); Zhang, Jie (1); Chen, Hongbo (1); Chen, Tianjiao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei; 230031, China; (2) Agricultural Economy and Information Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei; 230031, China
Corresponding author:Li, Rui(li_rui1985@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:144-151
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Automatic classification of insect species in field crops such as corn, soybean, wheat, and canola is more difficult than the generic object classification because of complex background in filed and high appearance similarity among insect species. In this paper, we propose an insect recognition system on the basis of advanced sparse coding and spatial pyramid model. We firstly learn features from a large amount of unlabeled insect image patches to construct an over-complete dictionary. The sparse coding of insect image patches is obtained by encoding over the dictionary. To enhance discriminative ability of the sparse coding, we then apply multiple scales of filters coupled with different spaces. Finally, the multiple space features of sparse coding are seamlessly embedded into a multi-kernel framework for robust classification. Traditionally, insect recognition has mainly relied on manual identification by expert entomologists. However, for laymen without a thorough understanding of the terminology of insect taxonomy and morphological characteristics, it is hard to discriminate insect categories at the species level. Therefore, effective identification of insects is a key issue that needs to be well addressed. To improve the recognition accuracy, we develop an insect recognition system using advanced sparse coding, spatial pyramid model and multiple-kernel learning techniques. Different from traditional feature representation, a novel feature representation that is multiple-space sparse coding of insect objects is proposed by this work. The work flow of our method can be decomposed into 2 stages. The first stage focuses on image or insect object representation. At this stage, the features of insect images are extracted using advanced sparse coding and spatial pyramid model. The second stage, which deals with effective fusion of multiple insect-categorization features, constructs a kernel-level fusion classifier using all the sparse coding features. At the first stage, for an insect image given, the features of insect images are extracted firstly. The features are then represented as a linear combination of the corresponding training feature dictionary. Then, a multiple-space sparse coding with spatial pyramid model is used to represent insect image in a joint sparse way over all the features. In this process, for the object image, an over-complete dictionary with unlabeled insect images is learned first. Then, the local image patches of the insect object are represented by their sparse codes with the training dictionary. Despite the fact that appearance is modeled using local patches, the global structure information is necessary for accurate insect identification. Consequently, insect appearance is represented by concatenating the location and orientation sparse-coding of all image patches. To obtain the more compact representations of insect images, we use spatial pyramid model at multi-scale levels, which achieves better robustness to noise and clutter, and thus better copes with severe variations in the pose, scale or rotation. In this paper, we use the 3-scale level pyramid to represent insect image. At the top level of the pyramid, there are 4 image patches which represent the whole image. Each image block size is 50×50. The middle level contains 16 equal size non-overlapping image patches, for which each image block size is 25×25; and the bottom level has 64 image patches for which each image block size is 12×12. Then, the local image features of the 3-level pyramid are combined to represent the insect appearance. The larger scale level provides better geometric features when the classifying insects undergo large appearance variations, while smaller scale level obtains finer features. Finally,the features from fine to coarse levels across different scales are concatenated together to generate the final feature representation of insect images for insect classification. At the second stage, the multiple-kernel learning approach is adopted to combine multiple-space sparse coding. As different features of insect images contribute differently to the classification of insect species, the multiple-space sparse coding technique can combine multiple features of insect species to enhance the recognition performance. Given positive and negative insect samples, the features are extracted. Local image patches of the samples are then represented by multiple-space sparse coding using the corresponding training dictionary. Finally, the multiple-kernel learning classifier is constructed by learning the multiple-space sparse coding of the negative and positive samples for insect categorization and recognition. To meet the need of practical insect image identification, we collected insect images covering various species across several common field crops including corn, soybean, wheat, and canola. Samples of 35 common pest species found in field crops were collected, such as Pieris rapae (Linnaeus), and Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg). Experimental results showed that our proposed method performed well on the classification of insect species, and outperformed the state-of-the-art methods of the generic insect recognition. Our method improved the recognition rate by more than 9% compared to other methods for the same data sets. In addition, the proposed method had also a good performance and enhanced the average recognition accuracy by 14.1% for the different data sets. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Image coding
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Classification (of information) - Codes (symbols) - Crops - Image processing - Image recognition - Pest control
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic classification - Dictionary learning - Generic object classifications - Morphological characteristic - Over-complete dictionaries - Sparse coding - Spatial pyramids - State-of-the-art methods
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 821.4 Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.41e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20163502759512
Title:Row cleaner and depth control unit improving sowing performance of maize no-till precision planter
Authors:Yang, Li (1); Zhang, Rui (1); Liu, Quanwei (1); Yin, Xiaowei (1); He, Xiantao (1); Cui, Tao (1); Zhang, Dongxing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Dongxing(zhangdx@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:18-23
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:No-till planting practices that promote soil and water conservation have gradually been accepted in the North China Plain, where the main cropping system is annual wheat-maize double crops. Winter wheat is harvested in June and thereafter maize is planted immediately in field covered with residues. As the existence of wheat straw and stubble, it is hard to maintain uniformity of seed spacing in rows and planting depth. Furthermore, diseases and pests are more likely to occur on maize seedlings covered with wheat straw. To overcome the problems mentioned above, a planter with row cleaners and depth control units was developed, which was used for maize no-till planting in field covered with wheat stubble. The row cleaner was used for removing residues from seed row zone and preparing clean seed beds, while the depth control unit was used for following the terrain of field and maintaining the target planting depth. The row cleaner consisted of an active rotor and a residue separating fence, the active rotor was mounted vertically on the fertilizer opener, and the residue separating fence was mounted behind it on the shank of the fertilizer opener. Meanwhile, the depth control planting unit consisted of a parallelogram frame, a pair of gauge wheels, a planting depth regulator, a double-disk opener, a seed positioning wheel, a pair of press wheels, a metering device and a crossbeam. Field experiment was conducted in June 2015 in Gu'an County, Hebei Province, which was at the center of the North China Plain, and where the soil type was clay loam and the average soil moisture content was 16% at the depth of 0-0.20 m. The field was covered with the residues of 1.24 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and the height of wheat stubble was from 0.25 to 0.30 m while the average length of wheat straw left on the field was 0.25 m. The experiment was conducted to compare the performances of new designed planter with a conventional planter without row cleaner and depth control unit when working at 3 forward speeds (4, 6 and 8 km/h). The performances of residue removing, the depth of seed placement and the emergence rate were measured, as well as the indices of sowing performance (qualified index, multiple index and missing index). The results showed that the row cleaner and the depth control unit had significant effect on the performance of residue removing, the depth of seed placement, the emergence rate and the sowing performance. With row cleaner, the planter was not easy to be blocked and the rate of seeds exposed at the surface was only 1.8% at the forward speed of 8 km/h, which was particularly lower than the conventional planter. The seed spacing of new designed planter was more uniform than the conventional planter, with the qualified index, multiple index and missing index of 89.6%, 8.1% and 2.3% respectively at the forward speed of 8 km/h, while for the planter without row cleaner and depth control unit, the indices were 82.8%, 15.4% and 1.8% correspondingly. Meanwhile, the mean planting depths of new designed planter were closer to nominal planting depth under each speed compared to the conventional planter. What was more, the coefficient of variation of depth was only 9.2% at the forward speed of 8 km/h, leading to more centralized emergence time, with almost 97% seeds emerging within 3 days. However, the emergence rate of the conventional planter in these 3 days was 77.3% in all. Results indicate that the new planter with row cleaners and depth control units has good planting performance with low rate of seeds exposed at the surface, centralized emergence time and uniform seed spacing, which can satisfy the requirement of no-till precision planting in fields covered with wheat residue. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Crops - Fences - Fertilizers - Machinery - Plants (botany) - Soil conservation - Soil moisture - Soils - Speed - Straw - Water conservation - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Coefficient of variation - Depth control - Metering devices - No-till planters - North China Plain - Seeder - Soil and water conservation
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.2 Machine Components - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
Numerical data indexing:Age 8.22e-03yr, Percentage 1.54e+01%, Percentage 1.60e+01%, Percentage 1.80e+00%, Percentage 2.30e+00%, Percentage 7.73e+01%, Percentage 8.10e+00%, Percentage 8.28e+01%, Percentage 8.96e+01%, Percentage 9.20e+00%, Percentage 9.70e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e-01m, Size 2.50e-01m, Size 2.50e-01m to 3.00e-01m, Surface_Density 1.24e+00kg/m2, Velocity 2.22e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20163502759547
Title:Effect of electrodialysis desalination technology parameters on ratio of desalinization and quality of soy sauce
Authors:Zhang, Jianyou (1); Wang, Fang (1); Zhou, Yao (1); Ding, Yuting (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Ocean College, Zhengjiang University of Technology, Hangzhou; 310014, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Yuting(dingyt@zjut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:287-293
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soy sauce is a kind of nutritional condiment which contains various bioactive components. In the production of soy sauce, a lot of salt has been added in order to prevent the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. However, excessive intake of high salt food is harmful to our health, so the study of the desalination of soy sauce is very valuable. The technology of electrodialysis has applications in the areas of pollution controlling, resource recoverying and chemical processing. At present, no information is available about the effect of electrodialysis desalination (ED) on the changes of flavor compounds and amino acids of ED-treated soy sauce. In this paper, a traditional Chinese soy sauce containing 16 g/100 mL sodium chloride was desalted by laboratory-scale electrodialyser equipped with a stack composed of eight cation and seven anion-exchange membranes, and the impact of operating voltage, flow rate and pH value on desalination was evaluated. The optimal condition of electrodialysis was obtained through the single factor experiment. The result indicated that the salt content could be reduced by 81.6% at the voltage of 9 V, the flow rate of 2.4 cm/s, and the pH value of 4.2 with 19.4% amino acid nitrogen losing. The analysis of variance showed that pH value had a significant effect on the loss of amino acid nitrogen (P<0.05), while the desalination rate was not changed remarkably (P>0.05). After electrodialysis, the changes of free amino acids and volatile flavor compounds were analyzed with amino acid automatic analyzer and GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometer). The results showed that part of free amino acid and aroma of soy sauce lost. The influence of electrodialysis on the changes of free amino acids in soy sauce was determined under various pH value conditions (3.2, 3.7, 4.2, 4.7 and 5.2). Several kinds of bitter amino acids lost, and histidine, arginine and lysine lost by 23.79%, 26.39% and 28.5% respectively. As their isoelectric point was deviated from the solution pH value, they were positively charged in solution and susceptible to leave the material liquid chamber with the effect of electric field. Besides, some flavor compounds of soy sauce lost, including alcohols and phenols, especially the 4-ethyl-2-methoxy-phenol and 2-methoxy-phenol significantly decreased. However, due to its low odor threshold, it had little effect on the flavor of soy sauce. Since the ED unit was generally operated in the batch mode, it would be feasible to produce soy sauce with arbitrary salt concentration. The results prove that electrodialysis is a feasible method with a remarkable decrease of salt content. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Amino acids
Controlled terms:Chemical industry - Chromatography - Desalination - Electric fields - Electrodialysis - Films - Flavor compounds - Flavors - Gas chromatography - Ion exchange membranes - Microorganisms - Nitrogen - pH - pH effects
Uncontrolled terms:Anion exchange membrane - Bioactive components - Desalination technologies - Gas chromatography-mass spectrometers - Pathogenic microorganisms - Single-factor experiments - Soy sauce - Volatile flavor compounds
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 461.9 Biology - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 805 Chemical Engineering, General - 822.3 Food Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.94e+01%, Percentage 2.38e+01%, Percentage 2.64e+01%, Percentage 2.85e+01%, Percentage 8.16e+01%, Velocity 2.40e-02m/s, Voltage 9.00e+00V
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20163502759518
Title:Steering power ratio affected by soil sinkage with differential steering in tracked vehicle
Authors:Chi, Yuan (1); Zhang, Rongrong (1); Ren, Jie (1); Li, Hanhan (1); Wang, Yong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:62-68
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study the steering performance of tracked vehicle adopting differential steering mechanism, the influence factors of steering power ratio need to be analyzed comprehensively. In early study, the influence factors of steering power ratio including turning radius, skid ratio and steering coefficient have been researched. Except those, steering power ratio of tracked vehicle is affected by the soil sinkage depth. At first, relationship between steering power ratio and sinkage was theoretically analyzed. Then the equation of steering power ratio, turning radius, skid ratio and sinkage was obtained. At the same time, steering power ratio is related to the soil parameters. In order to determine the soil parameters of the steering experiment ground, plate sinkage test was carried out. The test results showed that cohesive modulus of soil is 1.05933 kN/m<sup>n+1</sup>, frictional modulus of soil is 16.33049 kN/m<sup>n+2</sup>, deformation exponent is 0.6306. Then, experiments of considering the influences of sinkage and soil parameters were performed. A new measuring method has been proposed to reduce the experimental error of steering power ratio that the vehicle was steered in a small part of a circle instead of a full circle. The purpose is to reduce measuring error of steering power ratio caused by the different contact condition between track and ground. Experimental prototype was steered in large turning radius and in small on the ground in Northeast Agricultural University. Water content of soil is 12.09%. The average value of soil shear modulus is 0.4529 m. Soil cohesion is 17 716 Pa. Internal friction angle is 15.892°. Through changing the rotational speed of the straight motor and steering motor, the different radius of experimental prototype can be implemented. The experimental data were recorded by sensors of moment and rotational speed, lap top and intelligent multi-channels recorder. Experiment value of steering power ratio can be calculated. Turning radius and central angle were measured by using T-ruler, tape, screwdriver and protractor. Use flour to mark the circle trace of the spot touching the ground which lies in the front and outside of the high speed track. Through drawing perpendicular bisector of two chords, center of circular trace could be got. Turning time was recorded by intelligent multi-channels recorder. According to the time from the beginning to the ending of steering motor's moment recorded by the recording device, the turning time could be obtained. Sinkage was measured by the self-made measurement device. After analyzing the experimental results, relationship among experimental turning radius, sinkage and experimental steering power ratio have been obtained. Steering power ratio was increased from 1.65 to 6.08. Sinkage was increased from 3.60 mm to 10.42 mm. Turning radius was reduced from 1.00 m to 0.29 m. Experiment results showed that steering power ratio increases as experimental turning radius decreases when tracked experimental prototype being steered on soft terrain. This is due to that track has lateral extrusion and push action to the soil. Contrary to that, the soil has an opposite action to track. When the rotational speed of the motor for steering was increased, turning radius was reduced. The greater the resistance of the track from soil was, the bigger steering power ratio was. Experimental sinkage increases as experimental steering power ratio increases. Because the bigger steering power ratio was, the greater lateral resistance between track and soil surface was, and sinkage was increased. At the same time, sinkage increases as turning radius decreases. The magnitude calculated based on the formula of steering power ratio is close to that measured by the test. The absolute error range is 0.16~1.74. The experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical analysis, and it can further perfect the tracked vehicle theory being steered differentially. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Automobile steering equipment
Controlled terms:Errors - Friction - Soils - Steering - Tracked vehicles - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Differential steering - Differential steering mechanism - Experimental errors - Experimental prototype - Internal friction angle - Power ratio - Sinkage - Steering performance
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 663 Buses, Tractors and Trucks
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.21e+01%, Pressure 1.77e+04Pa, Size 1.00e+00m to 2.90e-01m, Size 3.60e-03m to 1.04e-02m, Size 4.53e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20163502759515
Title:Effect of spray parameters of small unmanned helicopter on distribution regularity of droplet deposition in hybrid rice canopy
Authors:Chen, Shengde (1, 2); Lan, Yubin (1, 2); Li, Jiyu (1, 2); Zhou, Zhiyan (1, 2); Jin, Ji (1, 2); Liu, Aimin (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Aviation Application (ERCAAA), Guangzhou; Guangdong; 510642, China; (3) Hunan Longping Seed Industry Co. LTD, Changsha; 410006, China
Corresponding author:Lan, Yubin(ylan@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:40-46
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to find out the distribution regularity of droplet deposition of small unmanned helicopter in rice canopy, spray test with different flight parameters was carried out to study the effect of different operation parameters on the distribution of droplet deposition. The distribution regularity of droplet deposition was obtained by drawing the operation trajectory with BeiDou Navigation Satellite System carried by one-rotor small unmanned helicopter HY-B-10L. The spraying and deposition of the growth regulator (Ponceau 2R solution with the mass fraction of 5‰) were simulated, and the parameters results of droplet deposition in the target areas and non-target areas were analyzed by Image processing software Deposit-Scan. The analysis results showed that: The trends of droplet deposition were similar in the 3 trials, the parameters of flight height and flight speed both had a great influence on the mean droplet deposition amount in the collection point of target areas but had not significant influence on the uniformity of droplet deposition. In the target area, the droplet deposition decreased with the increase of the flight height in the 3 trials. The total droplet deposition was respectively 2.380, 1.905 and 1.156 μL/cm<sup>2</sup>, and the average droplet deposition of collection point was respectively 0.198, 0.159 and 0.064 μL/cm<sup>2</sup>. The uniformity of droplets deposition was the best in the flight height of 1.92 m, the best value of uniformity could reach 29%, and the amount of droplets drift was 0.174 μL/cm<sup>2</sup>, which was the least in the drift area in this case, while the amount of droplets drift in the flight height of 3.15 m was 0.270 μL/cm<sup>2</sup>, which was the largest value. The larger value of droplet drift was 0.205 μL/cm<sup>2</sup>in the flight height of 1.33 m, and it had the worst uniformity in the 3 trials. In addition, the amounts of the droplet deposition in the first and second collection zone were clearly more than the amount of the third collection zone which had a faster flight speed in the target area. In the 3 trials, the average amount of droplet deposition in the first and second collection zone was higher than the amount in the third collection zone by 184.27%, 53.51% and 72.31% respectively. Due to the effect of environmental wind field, the amount of droplets deposition and the drift distance of droplets on the left side of flight route were more than that on the right side of flight route, and with the effect of flight speed, the amount of droplet deposition in the third collection zone on the left side of flight route was more than the droplet deposition in the first and second collection zone on the right side in the drift area. The results have fully revealed the effect of operation parameters on the distribution regularity of droplet deposition and drift, and surmised the impact on the droplet deposition from the perspective of wind field factor. It also has an important guiding significance for the reasonable spraying and increasing the spraying efficiency. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Drops
Controlled terms:Air navigation - Crops - Deposition - Helicopters - Image processing - Machinery - Mechanization - Radio navigation - Spraying - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Uncontrolled terms:Beidou navigation satellite systems - Distribution regularities - Droplet deposition - Effect of operations - Guiding significances - Image-processing software - Operation parameters - Small unmanned helicopters
Classification code:431.5 Air Navigation and Traffic Control - 601 Mechanical Design - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 652.4 Helicopters - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.84e+02%, Percentage 2.90e+01%, Percentage 5.35e+01%, Percentage 7.23e+01%, Size 1.33e+00m, Size 1.92e+00m, Size 3.15e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20163502759514
Title:Simulation and experiment of air-suction collecting and conveying equipment for small berry
Authors:Zhao, Yongchao (1); Kong, Degang (1); Huo, Junwei (2); Wang, Yecheng (1); He, Yu (1); Zhang, Yun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China
Corresponding author:Kong, Degang(kong-degang@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:32-39
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Currently, researches both in domestic and oversea on fruit harvesting machine mainly focus on vibrating type, and making fruit separated from plants through vibration. Most of the related studies and reports of fruit harvesting machine are aimed at recovery efficiency, while the studies of small berries collecting and transportation are still relatively rare. In order to solve harvesting problem of small berry and figure out transmission characteristics of the air-suction conveying equipment, especially to get the best dimension of the conveying pipe diameter, this paper attempts to optimize the parameters of small berries collecting conveyer with blackcurrant (broad variety) as the research object, and thus confirms the optimal diameter size of the pipeline. First of all, based on the physical properties of the fruit blackcurrant, the suspended velocity is about 5 m/s by resorting to aerodynamic and other related theory. In order to prevent blackcurrant fruit movement from being too fast to fracture, the maximum wind speed is about 73 m/s by means of analyzing and calculating. Therefore, the suitable wind speed range of blackcurrant fruit movement in the conveying pipe is nearly 5-73 m/s. Secondly, using coupling EDEM- FLUENT software for modeling and simulation of conveying equipment, the gas pressure contours of 3 kinds of conveying pipes with different national standard diameter were analyzed, and it was concluded that air pressure inside the pipeline reduced gradually with the air flow direction. Through calculating the pressure drop to compare the conveying efficiency of 3 kinds of pipelines with different diameter, the pressure drop of φ40 pipe was larger than the remaining pipes, which meant that the φ40 pipe had a higher transmission efficiency than the remaining pipes in the same flow. According to the results, the value of the maximum force for the φ40 pipe which broke through critical point was less than the remaining pipes during the process of conveying, and the fruit breaking rate of the φ40 pipe was low using the software to monitor the maximum force of blackcurrant fruit in the conveying pipe. Finally, we designed and made the experimental device of blackcurrant collecting and transmission. The conveying efficiency and fruit breaking rate of 3 kinds of pipelines were tested under different gas flow, and the test results were statistically analyzed. With the increase of gas flow, the conveying efficiency and fruit breaking rate of 3 kinds of pipelines accordingly increased. Under the same gas flow, the transmission efficiency of φ40 pipe is high. When the flow increased, the transmission efficiency grew rapidly. When the gas flow rate increased, only the growth rate of fruit breaking rate of φ40 pipe gradually slowed. The regression equation of conveying efficiency and fruit breaking rate with the flow conformed to the law of quadratic curve and the regression coefficient was greater than 0.9. The result presents that the best inside diameter of pipeline is 40 mm, and the conclusion also provides the reference for research and development of other small berry picking machines. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Collector efficiency
Controlled terms:Atmospheric pressure - Computer software - Conveying - Couplings - Drops - Efficiency - Equipment - Flow of gases - Fruits - Gases - Harvesters - Harvesting - Models - Optimization - Pipelines - Pressure - Pressure drop - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Blackcurrant - Breakage rates - Model and simulation - Regression coefficient - Research and development - Transmission characteristics - Transmission efficiency - Transport efficiency
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 631.1.2 Gas Dynamics - 692.1 Conveyors - 702.3 Solar Cells - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901 Engineering Profession - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Size 4.00e-02m, Velocity 5.00e+00m/s to 7.30e+01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20163502759531
Title:Error analysis of measuring diameter at breast height and tree height and volume of standing tree by total station
Authors:Yu, Donghai (1); Feng, Zhongke (1); Cao, Zhong (2); Jiang, Junzhiwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Precision Forestry Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Kunming Survey & Design Institute of State Forestry Administration, Kunming; 650216, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Zhongke(fengzhongke@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:160-167
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height and volume are the most significant factors in forestry investigation. The measurement precision of DBH and tree height directly affects the accuracy of individual volume. In traditional forestry works, cutting down trees and using analytic timber are for compiling the volume tables, which are yet faced with the problems such as high consumption, low efficiency and large destruction. In recent years, the emergence of the modern instruments gradually lays the foundation for achieving high precision nondestructive standing tree measurements. Total station is a kind of precise tool that can be used to measure distance and angle and to process data automatically. And it will be widely used in forestry production practice and scientific research in the future because of the high measurement accuracy, so studying the accuracy of measuring trees has practical significance for the forestry work. Calculating DBH, tree height and volume by measuring zenith angles, horizontal angles and distance from the center of the instrument to the tree is the principle of measuring standing trees by using total station. Based on the theory of measuring DBH, tree height and volume of standing tree by total station and taking the variance and covariance of measurement factors into consideration, the research deduced the mathematical models to calculate the error of DBH, height and volume of standing tree according to error propagation laws. We chose larches in Beijing as the experimental samples, and analyzed 10 sample groups of different sizes for the difference of relative errors. The results show: 1) There are correlations between the height and the diameter of random tree section, and the value range of correlation coefficient is (0, 0.3); besides, the variance and covariance of these 2 factors affect the error of each segment volume; furthermore, the error of total volume is affected not only by the variance of each section volume, but also by the covariance between 2 adjacent segments' volumes, and the value range of correlation coefficient is (0.5,0.7); 2) The relative error of DBH, tree height and volume decreases with the increase of the sample size when the different samples are measured by total station. For 10 groups of samples, the relative error of DBH reduces from 0.108% to 0.052%, that of tree height reduces from 0.051% to 0.012% and that of volume reduces from 1.104% to 0.053%. And the average relative error of DBH, tree height and volume is 0.070%, 0.023% and 0.235% respectively. The relative error of DBH and height measurement is less than that of volume when the same sample is measured. The accuracies of DBH are much higher than the DBH measurement standard for national forest resource continuous investigation. The accuracies of tree height and volume of all samples are also much higher than the forest investigation standard for which tree height and volume measurement errors ought to be less than 3%-5%. Volume measurement error is required to be less than 3% for establishing volume tables, so using total station to collect the samples of various specifications can also meet the accuracy of volume tables. In conclusion, total station can satisfy the different needs of forestry survey. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Forestry
Controlled terms:Error analysis - Errors - Measurement errors - Measurements - Nondestructive examination - Timber - Titration - Volume measurement - Wood
Uncontrolled terms:Average relative error - Correlation coefficient - Diameter-at-breast heights - Error propagation law - Measurement precision - Measurement standards - Standing tree measurements - Total station
Classification code:801 Chemistry - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.08e-01% to 5.20e-02%, Percentage 1.10e+00% to 5.30e-02%, Percentage 2.30e-02%, Percentage 2.35e-01%, Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 3.00e+00% to 5.00e+00%, Percentage 5.10e-02% to 1.20e-02%, Percentage 7.00e-02%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20163502759519
Title:Noise source recognition of permanent magnet synchronous motor based on order analysis
Authors:Lin, Fu (1); Zuo, Shuguang (1); Wu, Xudong (1); Wu, Shuanglong (1); Mao, Yu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai; 201804, China
Corresponding author:Zuo, Shuguang(sgzuo@tongji.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:69-76
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The noise source of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) was identified in this paper. Firstly, the noise signal in the acceleration process was tested and the short time Fourier transform (STFT) was used to perform the time-frequency analysis. Main noise characteristics including frequency order and resonance region were obtained. Then, the order feature of rolling bearing was studied and the fractional order noise produced by ball pass frequency was recognized. Based on the Maxwell stress tensor method, the frequency order of radial electromagnetic force acting on the teeth surface was derived. The characteristics of the ideal radial force under sinusoidal current with no rotor eccentricity were derived. The influence of current harmonics on the radial force was discussed. Current in the acceleration process was monitored and STFT was used to analyze the type of current harmonics. It was found current harmonics could be divided into 2 types: 1) current harmonics which were multiples of the fundamental current frequency and 2) current harmonics which were close to the switching frequency. The force order produced by the first type of current harmonics was the same as that in the ideal condition and the second type of current harmonics produced force harmonics around the switching frequency. By introducing the eccentricity correction factor the force harmonic due to rotor dynamic eccentricity was analyzed. It was found that rotor dynamic eccentricity induced extra space and frequency harmonics. Especially, low space harmonic which contributed most to the overall noise level was produced in the eccentricity case. In order to obtain the modal parameters in the resonance region, the finite element (FE) model of stator was established. The material anisotropy of stator core and winding was considered according to the actual structure of stator and modal shape. Modal tests of stator core and stator assembly were conducted to validate the equivalent model of stator core and winding, respectively. The relative errors of modal frequency of the stator core and stator assembly model were all below 5% and satisfied the requirement of engineering error. Furthermore, constraint modal analysis of stator was conducted by applying the actual constraints in the test bench to the equivalent model, and modal parameters of the stator under actual installation conditions were obtained. Finally, with the excitation feature information of rolling bearing and electromagnetic force accounting for current harmonics and rotor dynamic eccentricity, the source of main tested noise order was identified. The modal parameters in the resonance region were also recognized through the modal analysis of stator. It is concluded from the recognition research in this paper that the fractional order noise comes from the ball frequency which mainly depends on the number of balls. In the ideal condition, the frequency order of electromagnetic force is the even multiple of fundamental current frequency. The influence of current harmonics on electromagnetic noise depends on the harmonic type. Current harmonics close to the switching frequency play a more important role than those which are multiples of the fundamental current frequency. The noise order produced by rotor dynamic eccentricity mainly comes from the resonance when the force harmonics due to the eccentricity pass through the modal frequency of stator. The contribution of each source to the overall noise was also analyzed. And it is found that the noise produced by the force due to the interaction of permanent magnet field and armature reaction field from current harmonics contributes the most remarkable part, the noise produced by rotor eccentricity takes the second place and the fractional order noise by rolling bearings comes last. The work in this paper can be used to identify and diagnose the noise source of PMSM and lay the foundation for the vibration and noise reduction further. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Permanent magnets
Controlled terms:Bearings (machine parts) - Composite beams and girders - Electric excitation - Finite element method - Harmonic analysis - Magnets - Modal analysis - Resonance - Roller bearings - Rotors - Stators - Switching frequency - Synchronous motors - Winding
Uncontrolled terms:Current harmonics - Eccentricity - Maxwell stress tensor method - Noise diagnosis - Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor - Radial forces - Short time Fourier transforms - Vibration and noise reduction
Classification code:412 Concrete - 601.2 Machine Components - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 704 Electric Components and Equipment - 704.1 Electric Components - 705.1 Electric Machinery, General - 705.3.1 AC Motors - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20163502759548
Title:Preparation and characterization of chitosan/gelatin composite films incorporated with four natural pigments
Authors:Zou, Xiaobo (1); Wang, Sheng (1); Shi, Jiyong (1); Zhai, Xiaodong (1); Huang, Xiaowei (1); Zhao, Hao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:294-300
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to obtain antioxidant active packaging materials, chitosan/gelatin (CG) composite films incorporated with 4 kinds of natural pigments were developed. The 4 kinds of natural pigments were extracted from red cabbage, black rice, rose and blueberry, respectively, and the anthocyanins content in each pigment was measured. The films were prepared by casting and solvent-evaporation method. The composite film-forming solutions were prepared by dispersing chitosan (1%) in the aqueous solution of 0.5% glacial acetic acid mixed with 1% gelatin at the volume ratio of 7:3. As for the film, the final concentration of anthocyanins in the film was established as 25% of the total volume of the mixture of hydrogels. The physical, mechanical, antioxidant and structural properties of the composite films were also investigated. Physical and mechanical properties of the films showed that the CG film had a lower water-vapor permeability (10.69×10<sup>-11</sup>g/(m·s·Pa)) when not incorporated with natural pigments. The incorporation of rose pigments led to the reduction of the water-vapor permeability while the other extracts did inversely. The lowest water-vapor permeability value was 10.05×10<sup>-11</sup>g/(m·s·Pa) and the incorporation of blueberry pigment reached the maximum level of 14.52×10<sup>-11</sup>g/(m·s·Pa). Furthermore, the addition of rose pigment led to a reduction of elongation at break but an increase of tensile strength, with the lowest elongation at break of 37.66% and the greatest tensile strength of 27.03 MPa. However, black rice pigment extract led to an increase of elongation at break from 52.59% to 57.67% compared with CG film without incorporating natural pigments. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the incorporation of natural pigments brought about the interactions between its hydroxyl groups and the amino groups of chitosan. Significant structural transformation could be observed from scanning electron microscope (SEM), and each film showed homogeneous surfaces without pores and with excellent structural integrity, indicating a high compatibility between the components. DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-Diphenyl-1- (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl) radical scavenging activity assay was selected to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the films. The antioxidant activity of the films increased significantly with the addition of natural pigments. The film incorporated with rose pigment showed a higher antioxidant activity whose DPPH radical scavenging activity reached 95.47%, while the incorporation of black rice pigment led to a lower antioxidant activity of 39.98%. Moreover, the addition of natural pigments caused significant changes in moisture content, water solubility, thickness and color. The incorporation of red cabbage extract increased the film's moisture content and water solubility compared with CG film without incorporating natural pigments, which reached their maximum levels of 23.56% and 28.42%, respectively. Natural pigments exist in a wide variety of flowers, vegetables and fruits, it is available and inexpensive. The results indicate that incorporating natural pigments with CG film is a feasible way to develop new composite film for active packaging. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Composite films
Controlled terms:Anthocyanins - Antioxidants - Chitin - Chitosan - Elongation - Extraction - Film preparation - Films - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Free radicals - Mechanical permeability - Mechanical properties - Moisture - Moisture determination - Packaging materials - Physical properties - Plants (botany) - Scanning electron microscopy - Solubility - Solutions - Tensile strength - Water vapor
Uncontrolled terms:1 ,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl - Active packaging materials - Anti-oxidant activities - DPPH radical scavenging activities - Natural pigment - Physical and mechanical properties - Radical scavenging activity assays - Solvent evaporation method
Classification code:694.2 Packaging Materials - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 2.36e+01%, Percentage 2.50e+01%, Percentage 2.84e+01%, Percentage 3.77e+01%, Percentage 4.00e+01%, Percentage 5.00e-01%, Percentage 5.26e+01% to 5.77e+01%, Percentage 9.55e+01%, Pressure 2.70e+07Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20163502759545
Title:Analysis on moisture transport in process of rice soaking using low field nuclear magnetic resonance and its imaging
Authors:Song, Ping (1, 2, 3, 4); Xu, Jing (1); Ma, He'nan (5); Wang, Cheng (2, 3, 4); Yang, Tao (1); Li, Na (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China; (2) National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (4) Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment Technology for Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (5) Network Crime Investigation Department, National Police University of China, Shenyang; 110854, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Tao(328748306@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:274-280
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study the internal water flow process of rice seed in presoaking and visualize the internal water transport process, an experiment of monitoring three varieties of rice seeds, namely SYAU No. 9816, Qi-shan-zhan, and Xiu-zi-nuo, during a 48h presoaking process with TD-NMR and MRI technology has been conducted. To learn the effect of the presoaking process on rice seed water distribution and water absorption, during the experiment period, the PDWIs of all samples have been obtained with SE pulse sequence, and the T2 spectral deconvolution images have been obtained with the CPMG pulse sequence every 6 hours. During the observation period, after presoaking for 0 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, spin-echo (spin echo, SE) pulse sequence had been used to obtain proton density-weighted images of all the samples. CPMG (carr-purcell-meiboomgill sequence, CPMG) sequence had been used to obtain the transverse relaxation time T2 inversion spectrum of all the samples, so as to analyze the impact of seed soaking of the internal water distribution of rice seeds. NIUMAG MRI image processing software had been used on the 256 pixel × 256 pixel grayscale images acquired by the magnetic resonance imaging software for unified grayscale, pseudo color images, filtering and other processing, to adapt the images into forms that were more suitable for observation. The average value of the 3 CPMG pulse sequence value generated by the analysis software after repeated application of NMR signal at different corresponding time and the peak value had been calculated and the average value had been imported into NMR inversion software to obtain T2 spectral deconvolution. The experiment results showed that: MRI is an effective water detection technology, with whose help the internal water of rice seeds during presoaking can be monitored efficiently, accurately, without any loss. The use of T2 relaxation spectrum and proton density-weighted images helped to obtain a sample of internal hydrogen proton density and distribution, so as to reflect the moisture content and water flow information of the sample. PDWI can show the distribution of hydrogen proton within the samples. As in a PDWI, the part will be brighter if the density of hydrogen proton in that part is higher and the hydrogen protons within rice seeds mainly come from water, the brighter the part of the image is the higher level of water content in that part of the seeds it is. Therefore, with PDWI, the internal water distribution of rice seeds can be detected and explicitly shown. By observing the grayscale and the signal intensity curve of the three different kinds of rice after 48-hour presoaking time at various sampling points, the results found embryos had the highest moisture content, the seed coat came second, and endosperm had the lowest moisture content. A serial of pseudo-color maps of rice seeds obtained every 6 hours during presoaking can manifest the internal water dynamic flow process within the seeds. The map analysis showed that the water first penetrated the semi-permeable membrane of the embryos, went inside of the seed from the embryo end, penetrated the seed coat into the seed, and finally reached the endosperm. According to the T2 spectral deconvolution signal amplitude spectrum, water absorption of the rice seeds can be calculated. After each period of presoaking at various monitoring points, Xiu-zi-nuo showed the highest level of water absorption, Qi-shan-zhan came the next, and SYAU No. 9816 had the lowest level of water absorption. The paper analyzed the causes of the difference in water absorption: amylopectin has better water absorption than amylase, and Xiu-zi-nuo has the highest amylopectin content within the three different seed types, while SYAU No. 9816 has the highest amylose content. This conclusion was perfectly verified by the MRI results. The experiment results may provide valuable data for the module construction of water transport theory during rice seed presoaking. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Water absorption
Controlled terms:Absorption spectroscopy - Amylopectins - Application programs - Color - Color image processing - Flow of water - Hydraulics - Hydrogen - Image processing - Magnetic resonance imaging - Magnetism - Moisture - Moisture determination - Nuclear magnetic resonance - Pixels - Resonance - Seed - Spectrum analysis - Spin polarization - Statistical mechanics - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) - Presoaking - Proton density - Pseudo-colors - Spectral deconvolution - Water transport
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931.1 Mechanics - 932.1 High Energy Physics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Time 0.00e+00s, Time 1.08e+05s, Time 1.30e+05s, Time 1.73e+05s, Time 2.16e+04s, Time 4.32e+04s, Time 6.48e+04s, Time 8.64e+04s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20163502759510
Title:Research advances in milk production and detection by infrared spectroscopy
Authors:Yang, Jinhui (1, 2, 3); Zheng, Nan (1, 2, 3); Yang, Yongxin (4); Zhang, Yangdong (1, 2, 3); Li, Songli (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products(Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing; 100193, China; (3) State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100193, China; (4) Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei; 230031, China
Corresponding author:Zheng, Nan(zhengnan_1980@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-11
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Infrared spectrum (IR) reflects the molecular structure of unknown material, and responds with varied chemical bonds. So it is used to determine chemical composition contents and evaluate product quality in livestock products extensively. Milk is a key part in human nutrition intake. And the exact determination of nutrients and the proper evaluation of quality have important significance for milk production. This paper introduced the application of IR in each link of milk production. Fat and protein contents in milk vary in different dairy farms, and many factors affect milk quality, which contribute to the final price of raw milk in acquisition. Milk composition determination using IR is likely to give a quick and comprehensive evaluation for milk quality. Unknown and undeclared adulterants of milk threaten consumers' health seriously. Qualitative and quantitative analysis models provide a convenient identification method for milk adulteration based on spectrum variation of adulterants. Milk trait related to cow health and robustness is very important for dairy farm management. Diagnosis of ketoacidosis and body energy status using IR instruments is helpful for accurate breeding in dairy farm. This paper reviewed recent literatures in order to evaluate the general trends of infrared spectroscopy application on milk production. On the basis of introducing the data processing and model building, this paper presented a review of the overseas and domestic researches on milk composition and milk coagulation properties using IR, especially for milk protein fraction and fatty acids composition. We compared the model performance of optical spectroscopy from different research reports. The effects of reference method, sample size and unit on model parameters were discussed in particular. Moreover, IR was efficient for phenotypes assessment and genetic selection based on these models. The variances of absorption on IR caused by adulterants spiked in milk not only indicated the appearance of milk adulteration, but also displayed the difference between cow milk and soy milk. Milk spectrum was proved to be heritable in specified wavelength, while some other bands varied with different enviromental factors. And many literatures confirmed the correlation between cow's feed and milk optical characteristic. Although nonnegligible random error and data variability existed in sampling, IR reflected energy status of dairy cows with moderate accuracy. Mid-IR has been also studied as a potential tool to predict several milk traits related to cow health, such as ketone bodies, which were closely related to cow fertility and production. IR was also used to predict methane emissions from cow digestive tract. The advantages of infrared spectroscopy analysis were emphasized, and we also listed potential challenges existing in instrument setting, data collection and model building. The objective of this paper was to highlight the application of infrared spectroscopy on milk traits, which was related to milk composition and quality, and dairy farm management. Considering the overall trends, we proposed some future research directions of this methodology on milk production, including prediction of trace nutrients, uniformity of references methods and units, possibility of spectrum assessment, and diagnosis of disorder and fertility. With the future developments in these areas, infrared methods would be more popular in milk composition determination, quality control, and dairy farm managements, with higher accuracy, efficiency and convenience. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:110
Main heading:Dairies
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Bond strength (chemical) - Chemical analysis - Data handling - Farms - Fatty acids - Forecasting - Health - Infrared spectroscopy - Ketones - Model buildings - Nutrients - Optical correlation - Plasma diagnostics - Proteins - Quality control - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Dairy farms - Data processing and modeling - Future research directions - Milk adulterations - Milk traits - Nondestructive detection - Qualitative and quantitative analysis - Spectroscopy applications
Classification code:461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.1 Food Products Plants and Equipment - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 932.3 Plasma Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20163502759540
Title:Analysis of spatio-temporal evolution and driving factors of vegetation fraction for opencast coal mine in grassland area
Authors:Zhang, Shiwen (1); Ning, Huirong (2); Xu, Daliang (1); Ye, Huichun (3); Zheng, Yin (1); Zhang, Hongyan (4); Huang, Yuanfang (5)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan; 232001, China; (2) School of Economics and Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei; 230036, China; (3) Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100094, China; (4) College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (5) College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Yuanfang(yfhuang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:233-241
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Based on Landsat TM satellite remote sensing image data, the paper utilized the vegetation index and vegetation fraction to analyze their spatio-temporal evolution and its driving factors. Spatial heterogeneity and its driving mechanism of vegetation fraction were analyzed under the linkage of mining and reclamation. Based on regression coefficient, standard deviation, gradation conversion matrix, and so on, we revealed the response of the vegetation cover to the mining and reclamation activities with time through the analyses of the trend and fluctuation of vegetation coverage in the study area, the mining area and the reclamation area. The results showed that the vegetation fraction and its grade in different years had some similarity, and the pattern of spatio-temporal evolution was broken by mining and reclamation activities in open pit mines to some extent. The vegetation coverage in the study area was mainly the middle (Grade IV) and the middle-low (Grade III) level, and according to the average of many years, both of them accounted for more than 80% of the total area of the study area. The ratio of the area with increased vegetation cover degree to the area with decreased vegetation cover degree was 2:3, and correlation coefficient was between -0.9266 and 0.4805. The correlation was not significant in the range of positive value, but was significant in the negative part. Correlation coefficient from -0.9266 to -0.895 was through the significance test of 0.025, and vegetation damage was the most severe, which belonged to a very significant change, and almost all were distributed in the exploited Xi'er, Xiyi and Dong'er open-pit stope and their solid waste yard, industrial sites and road with an area of about 4.85 km<sup>2</sup>. The standard deviation (SD) of inter-annual vegetation fraction for the study area was in 0-0.49. The vegetation fraction of open pit area, dump and surrounding areas with a range of 1.5 km was significantly decreased, and had gradually converged. Reclamation revegetation would experience a "high-low-high" cycle in the study area, and according to the changes of vegetation reclamation, protection period must ensure more than 6 years in semiarid grassland. In the study area, the land reclamation standard was higher than the surrounding area, and the recovery effect was better. More than 70% of areas had the transition of vegetation fraction, and the transition was relatively frequent. The fluctuation degree for the area of Grade III and II was the largest, which were the most damaged. There was 90 percent of the area of Grade I which was transferred by the mining activities. To enhance the vegetation coverage in the study area, it was required to reduce the social pressure and improve the ecological resilience. To reduce social pressure, we should consider the coal mining and solid waste stacking technology, with minimal impact on the ecological process in the form of a layered, limited mining area and stope arrangement for solid waste. The improvement of ecological resilience should increase the input of land reclamation, and steadily improve the coefficient of vegetation restoration in the mining area. The research results will provide information support for the ecological environmental protection and decision making, restoration and management in the area of open pit coal mine. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Open pit mining
Controlled terms:Coal - Coal mines - Coal reclamation - Decision making - Ecology - Image reconstruction - Land reclamation - Land use - Reclamation - Remote sensing - Restoration - Revegetation - Soil conservation - Solid wastes - Statistics - Stoping - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Driving factors - Regression coefficient - Satellite remote sensing - Spatial heterogeneity - Spatiotemporal evolution - Vegetation fractions - Vegetation restoration
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations - 503.1 Coal Mines - 524 Solid Fuels - 912.2 Management - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Age 6.00e+00yr, Area 4.85e+06m2, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Percentage 8.00e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Size 1.50e+03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20163502759546
Title:Effect of dynamic high-pressure microfluidization on functional properties of soy protein isolate-soybean soluble polysaccharides system
Authors:Sha, Xiaomei (1); Hu, Zizi (1); Tu, Zongcai (1, 2); Wang, Hui (2); Huang, Tao (2); Zhang, Lu (1); Yang, Ping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang; 330022, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang; 330047, China
Corresponding author:Tu, Zongcai(tuzc_mail@aliyun.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:281-286
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soy protein isolate (SPI) is an important highly purified commercial soy protein product, and has been widely used in food manufacturing owing to its good nutrition and abundant availability. However, application of SPI is still restricted due to its poor solubility and interfacial properties. Dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) is an emerging physical technology widely used to modify the functional properties and structure of protein. It is an available method using the combined forces of high-velocity impact, high-frequency vibration, instantaneous pressure drop, powerful shear, cavitation force and ultra-high pressures. In recent years, DHPM has been successfully used for improving the functional properties of whey protein, rice protein, SPI, as well as used to increase the enzymatic hydrolysis of soy isolated protein and the emulsifying properties of hydrolysates, and improve the extraction yield of polyphenols and polysaccharides from plant materials. Our previous research indicated that DHPM treatment at 20-160 MPa could significantly change the solubility, foaming and emulsifying properties, and decrease the average particle size of SPI. Moreover, DHPM could promote the glycation reaction between bovine serum albumin and glucose. In addition, it was found that high pressure homogenization could improve the foam overrun of soy protein isolate - hydroxypropyl methyl celluloses dispersed systems and potentially create new functional aggregates. Soybean soluble polysaccharides (SSPS) could bind with protein via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, and stabilize the protein-polysaccharide complexes in aqueous solution. Therefore, for improving functional properties of SPI, the influence of DHPM in various pressures on the functional properties of SPI in the presence of SSPS, namely SPI-SSPS system, was investigated in this work. The SPI-SSPS was processed at 0, 60, 100, 140 and 180 MPa of DHPM treatment, respectively. The foaming and emulsifying properties, as well as solubility, particle size distribution and surface hydrophobicity of SPI-SSPS were detected to evaluate the influence. The results indicated that DHPM treatment improved the solubility and foaming properties of SPI, and the presence of SSPS greatly strengthened these effects (P<0.05). Samples subjected to 100 and 60 MPa treatments showed the best foaming ability and foaming stability, which were 1.2 and 2.4 folds of that from untreated sample, respectively. DHPM treatment at 140 MPa yielded the highest solubility, which was 1.8 folds of that from control. However, DHPM processing significantly decreased emulsifying properties, particle size distribution and surface hydrophobicity of SPI-SSPS (P<0.05). With DHPM pressure increasing, average particle size and surface hydrophobicity of SPI-SSPS gradually declined. Moreover, the smallest average particle size and the lowest fluorescence intensity were obtained at 180 MPa treatment. In some way, the reduced surface hydrophobicity could be used to explain the increased foaming properties and the decreased emulsifying properties. To show good foaming, the protein must be capable of migrating at the air-water interface, unfolding and rearranging at the interface. With surface hydrophobicity decreasing, more hydrophilic groups were unmasked, causing that the protein was kept better touching with water molecule and developed to strong film at the air-water interface. For emulsifying properties, surface hydrophobicity was able to influence the ability of the protein to be adsorbed to the oil side of the oil-water interface. Lower hydrophobicity of the protein led to weaker adsorption with consequent worse emulsion capacities. However, in this work, the surface hydrophobicity was not highly correlated with the emulsifying or forming properties as suggested by the different changing trends of them under the varying pressure of DHPM. It indicated that surface hydrophobicity may not be the only factor that causes the changes in the emulsifying or forming properties. Above findings suggest that DHPM processing combined with SSPS is a potential alternative to modify certain functional properties including solubility and foaming properties of SPI to extend its application in food industry. The results in this study can give the reference for the functional modification of SPI. However, further research is needed to elucidate the detailed mechanism of DHPM processing on the interfacial properties of SPI-SSPS, as well as the interaction between SPI and SSPS. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Emulsification
Controlled terms:Air - Body fluids - Dynamics - Enzymatic hydrolysis - High pressure effects - Hydrophobicity - Interfaces (materials) - Light transmission - Molecules - Oils and fats - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Phase interfaces - Polysaccharides - Pressure - Proteins - Shear flow - Size distribution - Solubility - Solutions
Uncontrolled terms:Dynamic high pressure microfluidization (DHPM) - Dynamic high-pressure microfluidization - Fluorescence intensities - Foaming properties - High pressure homogenization - Hydrophobic interactions - Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose - Protein-polysaccharide complex
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Pressure 1.40e+08Pa, Pressure 1.80e+08Pa, Pressure 2.00e+07Pa to 1.60e+08Pa, Pressure 6.00e+07Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20163502759522
Title:Nutrition diagnosis for N in bell pepper based on critical nitrogen model in solar greenhouse
Authors:Xiang, Youzhen (1); Zhang, Fucang (1); Fan, Junliang (1); Qiang, Shengcai (1); Zou, Haiyang (1); Yan, Shicheng (1); Wu, You (1); Tian, Jianke (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Fucang(zhangfc@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:89-97
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The unreasonable application of water and nitrogen significantly affects the growth and the yield of greenhouse vegetables in northwest China, which has raised the need to adjust the crop irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilizer requirements. Based on the aboveground biomass, the assessment of crop N status is an effective approach to optimize N management in greenhouse vegetable production. The research was conducted in a sunlit, ventilated greenhouse at the Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid Areas, Ministry of Education, in Yangling District, Shanxi Province, during the spring-summer (April-July) seasons of 2014 and 2015. The site is located at 34°20'N, 108°04'E. There were 4 irrigation levels (W1: 105%ET<inf>0</inf>, W2: 90%ET<inf>0</inf>, W3: 75%ET<inf>0</inf>, and W4: 60%ET<inf>0</inf>, ET<inf>0</inf>is reference crop evapotranspiration) and four nitrogen levels (N1: 300, N2: 225, N3: 150, and N4: 75 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>), resulting in a total of 16 treatments. The plant samples at different treatments were taken 8 times during the study periods, i.e.,33, 54, 62, 72, 81, 91, 101, and 112 days separately after being transplanted, which were used to measure the aboveground biomass and total nitrogen of bell peppers. The yields of bell pepper were measured during the harvesting time. Soil moisture was measured before transplanting and after harvest using the time domain reflectometry. Water use efficiency was calculated by water balance method. Results showed that the total N uptake, aboveground biomass, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were affected by the irrigation levels. The diagnosis results of the greenhouse pepper's nitrogen nutrition based on critical N model were the same between the model of nitrogen nutrition (NNI) and the model of N uptake. The optimal N fertilizer were between 150 and 225 kg/hm<sup>-2</sup>, but more closer to 225 kg/hm<sup>-2</sup>. The irrigation levels of 75%ET<inf>0</inf>and 90%ET<inf>0</inf>were more favorable to the increase in nitrogen nutrition uptake. The 2 irrigation levels economic yields were 34.14 and 35.33 t/hm<sup>2</sup>, and WUE were 17.07 and 15.30 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively. However, the economic yield and WUE could not achieve optimal results at the same time. The aboveground biomasses of bell pepper at the 2 irrigation had no significant difference when the N application rate was more than 150 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>. The optimal N application rates were 194.00 and 192.69 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>based on the economic yield, while the optimal N application rates were 191.13 and 191.83 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>based on WUE. Considering the water shortage condition in the northwest China, the irrigation level of 75%ET<inf>0</inf>(N fertilizer application rate of about 190 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>) was suggested to be optimal for greenhouse bell pepper production since it could save water by about 11%, while the economic yield only declined by about 3% compared with the irrigation level of 90%ET<inf>0</inf>. The study can provide theoretical basis and technical support for improving water and nitrogen management of greenhouse bell peppers in northwest China. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Bells - Biomass - Crops - Efficiency - Fertilizers - Greenhouses - Irrigation - Nitrogen - Nutrition - Soil moisture - Vegetables - Water management - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Bell peppers - Effective approaches - Greenhouse vegetables - Ministry of Education - Nitrogen concentrations - Nitrogen nutrition - Reference crop evapotranspirations - Time domain reflectometry
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 461.7 Health Care - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 752.1 Acoustic Devices - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Age 3.07e-01yr, Mass_Density 1.53e+01kg/m3, Percentage 1.10e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20163502759527
Title:Remote sensing monitoring winter wheat area based on weighted NDVI index
Authors:Wang, Limin (1); Liu, Jia (1); Yang, Lingbo (1); Yang, Fugang (1); Teng, Fei (1); Wang, Xiaolong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:127-135
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Remote sensing technology is a major method to obtain spatial distribution and quantity of winter wheat area, and classification method suitable for business operation is a key technology target of annual winter wheat remote sensing monitoring. Aimed at the conditions and demands of winter wheat background survey business operation in agriculture information service, this paper has proposed a weighted NDVI index (WNDVI) based on normal difference vegetation index (NDVI) time sequence. By taking the extraction of 2013-2014 winter wheat area of Anping County, Hebei Province as an example, the algorithm is realized by using GF-1/WFV (wide field view) data. The main idea of the algorithm is to amplify the difference between winter wheat land type and other ground object types by establishing a winter wheat area index based on time sequence images, and to differentiate winter wheat land type from the others and thus to obtain the crop area of winter wheat by automated threshold value setting method. The algorithm includes the following 5 parts: acquisition of winter wheat time sequence images, sample points setting based on grid, establishment of winter wheat area index, identifying winter wheat area index estimation threshold value by iteration, and accuracy validation. Acquisition of images is based on the identification of growth time of winter wheat, and the principle is to ensure to get one GF-1/WFV cloudless image each month. Growth period of winter wheat in Anping County is from October 1st to June 30th of the next year, including 9 growing stages, i.e. seeding, germinating, tillering, overwintering, reviving, jointing, head sprouting, milking maturity and maturity. One GF-1/WFV cloudless image is selected in the middle 10 days of each month, and a total of 9 images are selected for pre-processing and NDVI calculation. Meanwhile, the study area is divided into a certain number of grids, and each grid is further divided into 2×2 sub-grids. The ground object types of central points in upper left and lower right grid are identified by visual interpretation, expert knowledge and field investigation. In this paper, a total of 10×10 equal interval grids with the average grid size of 4.1 km × 4.0 km, as well as 400 sub-grids with the size of 2.05 km × 2.0 km are obtained. The average NDVI values of winter wheat and other ground objects on all upper left centers of this period are calculated. If the winter wheat NDVI is higher than that of other ground objects, the weight of the images of the period is set to 1, and otherwise, set to -1. The winter wheat area index images can be obtained by using the weighted average of NDVI images of all time phases. After obtaining winter wheat area index, it is also necessary to set appropriate threshold value for winter wheat area extraction. The paper takes the visual interpretation classification results of lower right grid points as the basis for threshold value extraction. The specific method is to divide winter wheat area index from small to large with certain intervals, and then to make dimidiate extraction of winter wheat area indices of the lower right centers by taking each divided value as the extraction threshold value. By comparing with the visual interpretation result, the result with the highest accuracy is taken as the optimal winter wheat area index extraction threshold value, which is identified to be approximately 1 600 with self-adaptation approach finally. In all grids, accuracy validation is conducted by taking the 10 plots with equal probability. Accuracy validation results show that the overall classification accuracy has reached 94.4%, with Kappa coefficient of 0.88. The area extraction accuracy of this method is about 1.7% higher than that of conventional method based on NDVI time sequence images. By establishing winter wheat area index, this paper turns a complicated multiple-parameter problem into a single-parameter problem with clearly defined agricultural significance. This method is featured with high automatic degree and stable classification results, and it has been widely applied in the crop area remote sensing monitoring practices in China. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:44
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Extraction - Image acquisition - Image processing - Information services - Iterative methods - Monitoring - Remote sensing
Uncontrolled terms:GF-1 - Multi-temporal - NDVI - Planting areas - Weighted NDVI index - Winter wheat
Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 903.4 Information Services - 921.6 Numerical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.74e-02yr, Percentage 1.70e+00%, Percentage 9.44e+01%, Size 2.00e+03m, Size 4.00e+03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20163502759544
Title:Appropriate coating pretreatment enhancing osmotic dehydration efficiency of scallop adductors
Authors:Tian, Yuan (1); Zhao, Ya (1); Shi, Qilong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo; 255000, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Qilong(qilongshi@sdut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:266-273
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:During osmotic dehydration, extensive solute uptake induces undesirable side effects (such as counteracts water removal, modifies nutritional and/or organoleptic properties in a negative mode, damages the product profile, etc.). In order to explore a novel approach to monitoring solute uptake during osmotic dehydration, effect of 3 coating pretreatments (viz., chitosan, low methoxyl pectinate and sodium alginate) on mass transfer process during osmotic dehydration of scallop adductors was investigated. Peleg's equation was employed to model the mass diffusion and its kinetics. Crank's analytical solution to Fick's second law was also adopted to evaluate the diffusivity of water (D<inf>ew</inf>), solute (D<inf>es</inf>) and osmotic dehydration efficiency (D<inf>ew</inf>/D<inf>es</inf>). Osmotic dehydration process was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the type of coating materials, temperatures and salt concentrations. Generally, the initial rates of water loss and salt uptake, and the amounts of water loss and salt uptake at equilibrium in coated samples were lower than that in non-coated ones. Effective diffusivity coefficients increased with increasing temperature and were found to be ranged from 1.224×10<sup>-9</sup>m<sup>2</sup>/s to 2.466×10<sup>-9</sup>m<sup>2</sup>/s, and 1.152×10<sup>-9</sup>m<sup>2</sup>/s to 1.894×10<sup>-9</sup>m<sup>2</sup>/s for water and salt, respectively. Coating treatments prior to osmotic dehydration could effectively monitor the solute uptake at high temperatures, while maintaining the amount of water loss. Coating with sodium alginate and low methoxyl pectinate prior to osmotic dehydration led to higher (P<0.05) osmotic dehydration efficiency D<inf>ew</inf>/D<inf>es</inf>than that of non-coated ones. However, coating with chitosan resulted in higher (P<0.05) osmotic dehydration efficiency D<inf>ew</inf>/D<inf>es</inf>than non-coated ones as salt concentration of 30% irrespective of temperature or 20% with temperature of 35℃. Coating is promising in monitoring solute uptake and promoting dehydration efficiency during osmotic dehydration of scallop adductors. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Dehydration
Controlled terms:Chitin - Chitosan - Coatings - Diffusion in liquids - Efficiency - High temperature operations - Mass transfer - Molluscs - Osmosis - Shellfish - Sodium alginate
Uncontrolled terms:Dehydration efficiency - Effective diffusivity coefficient - Increasing temperatures - Mass transfer process - Organoleptic properties - Osmotic dehydration - Osmotic dehydration process - Scallop adductors
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 813.2 Coating Materials - 913.1 Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.035
Funding Details: Number; Acronym; Sponsor: 31171708; NSFC; National Natural Science Foundation of China
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20163502759523
Title:Effect of tillage method changes on soil organic carbon pool in farmland under long-term rotary tillage and no tillage
Authors:Tian, Shenzhong (1); Wang, Yu (2); Ning, Tangyuan (3); Dong, Xiaoxia (1); Dong, Liang (1); Zheng, Dongfeng (1); Guo, Honghai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation of Shandong, Jinan; 250100, China; (2) Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan; 250100, China; (3) Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Tai'an; 271018, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Honghai(honghaig@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:98-105
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Subsoil compaction at 15-30 cm depth due to the increase of bulk density or decrease in porosity after long-term no tillage or rotary tillage is of growing concern. Subsoiling is generally regarded as an important method to reduce subsoil compaction due to long-term conservation tillage and thereby improve soil conditions. The sequestration and decomposition rates of soil organic carbon (SOC) pool would be changed by the tillage method conversion from long-term no tillage and rotary tillage to subsoiling. The objectives of this study were to estimate the SOC storage and the rate of SOC sequestration during 12-year (2002-2014) rotary tillage (RT) and no tillage (NT) experiment, and to analyze the changes of SOC content and SOC storage after RT and NT treatments converting to subsoiling (ST) that included rotary tillage-subsoiling (RT-ST) and no tillage-subsoiling (NT-ST) treatments (2008-2014). Two long-term tillage experiments were carried out in Tai'an. The results showed that the highest SOC content in different soil profiles under NT treatment was measured at the 0-10 cm depth, which was 20.1% and 48.4% higher than the 10-20 and 20-30 cm depth, respectively. Meanwhile, the SOC contents of the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm under NT were 33.4%, 46.8% and 51.4% higher than under RT treatment. A slight difference on SOC content was measured at 3 layers in the 0-30 cm depth under conventional tillage (CT) treatment, and the contents of SOC for NT and RT treatments were 37.7% and 4.6% lower than the CT treatment. These differences on SOC content between the treatments and soil profiles led to the difference for SOC sequestration during 12-year experiment. The SOC storage in the 0-30 cm soil depth was increased by NT treatment, because the mean content for SOC was increased by 0.32 g/kg during 2002-2014 according to the mean annual variation (MAV) index, and approximately 16.7 t/hm<sup>2</sup>SOC was sequestrated under NT during 12 years and the SOC storage in 2014 increased by 38.3% in comparison to that in 2002. However, the SOC content decreased by 0.08 g/kg each year under RT treatment, which lost 9.8 t/hm<sup>2</sup>SOC in the 0-30 cm depth from 2002 to 2014. The SOC storage under NT was 2.6 times higher than that under RT after 12 years. Although SOC storage was increased under NT in 2014 that was significantly higher than the CT, there was no significant increase for SOC storage under CT during 2002-2014. The content and sequestration rate of SOC were significantly changed by the tillage methods converting to subsoiling. Compared with the RT, SOC content of the 0-30 cm and SOC storage under the RT-ST treatment were increased by 32%-67% and 88.3% during 2008-2014, respectively. The soil lost 6.84 t/hm<sup>2</sup>SOC under RT treatment but sequestrated 17.4 t/hm<sup>2</sup>SOC when it was converted to RT-ST experiment that lasted 6 years. Although there was no significant difference on SOC content at 0-10 cm depth between the NT-ST and NT treatments except that in 2009, the SOC content in the 10-30 cm depth interval decreased significantly under the NT-ST treatment during 2012-2014, the SOC sequestration rate was decreased to 1.59 t/hm<sup>2</sup>per year compared with the NT with 2.73 t/hm<sup>2</sup>per year, and hence the SOC storage was deceased by 41.7% under the NT-ST treatment. Therefore, although a negative effect of the RT treatment on SOC sequestration was observed, the RT-ST could benefit SOC sequestration compared with the RT. Long-term NT plays an important role towards improving SOC level, but SOC sequestration decreasing is a potential risk under long-term NT-ST treatment, so the evolution for SOC sequestration of the different soil profiles in NT-ST system should be assessed with the long-term experiment in different regions. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Compaction - Crops - Cultivation - Decay (organic) - Forestry - Organic carbon - Risk assessment - Soil conservation - Soil surveys - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Conservation tillage - No tillage - Rotary tillages - Soil organic carbon storages - Subsoiling
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801.2 Biochemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.20e+01yr, Age 6.00e+00yr, Percentage 2.01e+01%, Percentage 3.20e+01% to 6.70e+01%, Percentage 3.34e+01%, Percentage 3.77e+01%, Percentage 3.83e+01%, Percentage 4.17e+01%, Percentage 4.60e+00%, Percentage 4.68e+01%, Percentage 4.84e+01%, Percentage 5.14e+01%, Percentage 8.83e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 1.00e-01m, Size 0.00e+00m to 3.00e-01m, Size 1.00e-01m to 3.00e-01m, Size 1.50e-01m to 3.00e-01m, Size 2.00e-01m to 3.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 39>
Accession number:20163502759525
Title:Spatiotemporal variation of wind erosion intensity in region of Ten Small Tributaries in Inner Monglia branch of Yellow River
Authors:Sun, Baoyang (1); Li, Zhanbin (1, 2, 3); Zhang, Yang (2); Ma, Bo (1); Zhang, Letao (3); Xiao, Junbo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dry-land Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources and Environment Ecology of Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China; (3) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Li, Zhanbin(zhanbinli@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:112-119
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Wind erosion is widespread in arid and semiarid regions around the world and it has been considered as a serious environmental threat that leads to change in global biochemical cycles, decline in agricultural productivity, and contributes to climate change. Aeolian erosion provides abundant eroded sediments for channel sediments delivery in the ten small tributaries. In order to reveal the mechnism of wind erosion in the region of ten small tributaries, three plots were established in Dongliugou watershed of the ten small tributaries in Inner Mongolia. The first monitoring plot (40°18'28″N, 110°30'57″E) was located in the criss-cross region of farmland and moving dune, the second monitoring plot (40°09'52″N, 110°28'5″E) was located in moving dune and the third monitoring plot (40°04'19″N, 110°28'17″E) was located in the criss-cross region of fixed and moving dune. The amounts of wind erosion and the change of surface shape were monitored by the method of pins measurement for 1 year. Combining the local meteorological data with the monitoring data, spatial and temporal variation of wind erosion intensity was analyzed by using the technologies of ArcGIS and Surface 8.0. The results showed that: 1) The average intensity of wind erosion from the plots during the months from April to May in 2014 were 11.54×10<sup>-3</sup>, 21.11×10<sup>-3</sup>, and 9.35×10<sup>-3</sup>kg/(m<sup>2</sup>·d), respectively, and that from October to November in 2013 were 2.96×10<sup>-3</sup>, 7.03×10<sup>-3</sup>and 2.29×10<sup>-3</sup>kg/(m<sup>2</sup>·d), respectively. The intensity of wind erosion from April to May was 2-3 times stronger than the annual average intensity. The intensity of wind erosion was exponentially related with the maximum wind velocity in the study area. Based on the temporal variation of cumulative wind erosion of the monitoring plots, the proportion of sediments into Yellow River through wind erosion was 60.44% (spring)> 18.22% (autumn)> 15.75% (summer)> 5.59% (winter) in the region of ten small tributaries; 2) The wind erosion modulus of 3 monitoring plots were 1149.75, 1821.35 and 3164.55 t/(km<sup>2</sup>·a), respectively. The contents of erodible particles was 94.95% (midstream)> 62.18% (upstream)> 44.51% (downstream), thus the amounts of wind erosion of middle reaches (216.71 kg) were significantly higher than upper reaches (78.81 kg) and downstream (124.76 kg) in the region of ten small tributaries. In this study, the amounts of wind erosion of downstream were significantly higher than upstream although the contents of erodible particles in upper reaches were more than downstream. It was caused by land use patterns and human disturbance; 3) The area of Kubuqi desert was moderate wind erosion, the region of Loess hilly and gully and the South Bank of the Yellow River alluvial plain area were mild wind erosion. It's estimated that the three surface cumulative amounts of wind erosion were 8.74, 5.95 and 5.16 Mt, the proportion of sand blown by the wind into the Yellow were account for 44.03%, 29.97% and 26.00%; 4) The main direction of wind erosion was from northwest to southeast, and the process of wind erosion was accumulation, erosion, passage, and then deposition. The surface amplitude of midstream was significantly increased from April to May and form October to November, but hardly changed in the other months. Surface amplitude was linearly correlated with intensity of wind erosion (R<sup>2</sup>=0.78, P<0.05). Wind erosion has the ability to restore surface. The study may provide evidences for preventing increasing sediments for the river channel from the region of the ten small tributaries and to formulate reasonable soil and water conservation measures. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Erosion
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Climate change - Geographic information systems - Land use - Meteorology - Monitoring - Productivity - Rivers - Sediments - Soil conservation - Soils - Water conservation - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productivity - Arid and semi-arid regions - Environmental threats - Pattern change - Soil and water conservation measures - Spatial and temporal variation - Spatio-temporal variation - Wind erosions
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444 Water Resources - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.00e+00yr, Mass 1.25e+02kg, Mass 2.17e+02kg, Mass 7.88e+01kg, Percentage 1.58e+01%, Percentage 1.82e+01%, Percentage 3.00e+01%, Percentage 4.40e+01%, Percentage 4.45e+01%, Percentage 5.59e+00%, Percentage 6.04e+01%, Percentage 6.22e+01%, Percentage 9.50e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 40>
Accession number:20163502759550
Title:Physicochemical pretreatments of wheat straw improving fungus corrossion resistance and mechanical properties of wheat straw/polypropylene composites
Authors:Liu, Dingning (1, 2); He, Chunxia (1, 2); Xue, Jiao (1, 2); Fu, Jingjing (1, 2); Chang, Xiaonan (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Intelligence Agricultural Equipment in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing; 210031, China
Corresponding author:He, Chunxia(chunxiahe@tom.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:309-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Wood-plastic composite (WPC), whose main raw materials are plant fiber and plastic, is a kind of green low carbon material, prepared by molding, extrusion or injection molding. It has advantages of plant fiber and plastic, widely used in landscape architecture, furniture, logistics and packaging, automotive interiors and other industries. Wheat straw fibers are underutilized agricultural residues with potential for use in reinforced polymer composites that would save existing wood and petroleum resources. The antibacterial property of polymer material is excellent, so WPC is more resistant to corrosion than wood. However, during the pratical application, people found WPC was still affected by fungus corrosion at a certain temperature and humidity, plaque was formed on the surface of the composite and mechanical properties declined. These led the service life of WPC to be shortened greatly. So study on the corrosion resistance of WPC is very necessary. In order to study the effect of different pretreatments of wheat straw on the fungus corrosion resistance of wheat straw / polypropylene (PP) composites, 4 treatments, i.e. sodium hydroxide (NaOH), acetic acid (HAc), hydrotherm and microwave were used to modify the surface of wheat straw, and the accelerated corrosion tests on the treated and untreated composites were carried out. The mechanical properties, color variation and water absorption of the composites after the corrosion were investigated. And the change of functional groups was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the fungus growth and the microstructure of the surface of the composites were observed by stereomicroscope. The results showed that the fungus could corrode the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in the wheat straw, which led to the cracks and holes generating on the surface of composites. The pretreatments could improve the interface bonding between wheat straw fiber and PP matrix, and the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in the wheat straw were effectively prevented from corrosion by fungus. Among 4 pretreatments, the composites under 5% NaOH pretreatment had better fungus corrosion resistance, and the flexural strength, tensile strength and impact toughness were increased by 1.68%, 3.67% and 75.28% compared with untreated composites, respectively. The water absorption and the color variation were decreased by 12.99% and 55.25% compared with untreated composites, respectively. The flexural modulus, tensile strength and impact toughness of the composites under 1% HAc pretreatment were increased by 27.88%, 3.67% and 25.84% compared with untreated composites, respectively; the flexural modulus, tensile strength and impact toughness of the composites under hydrothermal pretreatment were increased by 7.69%, 2.89% and 20.22%, respectively; the flexural modulus, tensile strength and impact toughness of the composites under microwave pretreatment were increased by 11.54%, 0.88% and 14.98% compared with untreated composites, respectively. The water absorption of the composites under 1% HAc pretreatment, hydrothermal pretreatment and microwave pretreatment were decreased by 20.41%, 16.34% and 17.49% compared with untreated composites, respectively. The color variation of the composites under 1% HAc pretreatment, hydrothermal pretreatment and microwave pretreatment were decreased by 73.67%, 49.63% and 62.97% compared with untreated composites, respectively. The composites prepared with pretreated wheat straw had fewer cracks and big holes after corrosion. The results will provide experimental data and theoretical reference for improving mildewproof effect of composites to prolong the service life of WPC materials. The research has great practical significance on improving the fungus corrosion resistance properties of wheat straw/PP WPC by straw fiber surface treatment. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Tensile strength
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Bonding - Carbon - Cellulose - Color - Composite materials - Corrosion - Corrosion resistance - Cracks - Extrusion molding - Fiber bonding - Fibers - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Fracture toughness - Fungi - Impact strength - Injection molding - Lignin - Mechanical properties - Microwaves - Molding - Petroleum deposits - Plants (botany) - Polypropylenes - Reinforced plastics - Straw - Surface treatment - Textile fibers - Water absorption - Wood - Wood products
Uncontrolled terms:Accelerated corrosion tests - Antibacterial properties - Hydrothermal pretreatment - Microwave pretreatment - Pre-Treatment - Reinforced polymer composites - Temperature and humidities - Wood plastic composite
Classification code:461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 512.1 Petroleum Deposits - 539.1 Metals Corrosion - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 816 Plastics and Other Polymers: Processing and Machinery - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 951 Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 1.15e+01%, Percentage 1.30e+01%, Percentage 1.50e+01%, Percentage 1.63e+01%, Percentage 1.68e+00%, Percentage 1.75e+01%, Percentage 2.02e+01%, Percentage 2.04e+01%, Percentage 2.58e+01%, Percentage 2.79e+01%, Percentage 2.89e+00%, Percentage 3.67e+00%, Percentage 4.96e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 5.52e+01%, Percentage 6.30e+01%, Percentage 7.37e+01%, Percentage 7.53e+01%, Percentage 7.69e+00%, Percentage 8.80e-01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 41>
Accession number:20163502759538
Title:Analysis of unstable farmland in arid and semi-arid regions and feasibility evaluation of its conversion
Authors:Zhao, Ai'dong (1); Xu, Shi (2); Zeng, Wei (2); Qu, Futian (1); Ma, Xianlei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing; 210095, China; (2) China Land Surveying and Planning Institute, Beijing; 100035, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Xianlei(maxianlei@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:17
Issue date:September 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:215-225
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to the fragile natural conditions, the capacity of stable production and sustainable production of farmland is weak in arid and semiarid regions of Northwest China. The second national land survey shows that there is a large amount of unstable farmland in Northwest China. However, the existing studies have not yet paid enough attention to the status and causes of unstable farmland. Especially, how to conduct unstable farmland conversion program and assess the subsequently potential impact is still a problem. Based on the data of national unstable farmland survey, this paper analyzes systematically the present situation and causes of unstable farmland in arid and semiarid regions of Northwest China. Further, this paper divides the ecological constraint intensity of unstable farmland into 3 classes by the aid of GIS (geographic information system) spatial analysis methods: high ecological constraint, middle ecological constraint and low ecological constraint, and set 3 farmland conversion scenarios including ecological protection scenario, comprehensive trade-off scenario and farmland protection scenario based on the different ecological constraint intensity to simulate land use change and the areas of farmland conversion before and after unstable farmland conversion program. Then this paper develops a primary feasibility assessment method of unstable farmland conversion in social, economic and ecological dimensions, and impacting level of grain yield, impacting level of income of farmer involved in unstable farmland and ecosystem service value are selected to represent social, economic and ecological impacts respectively. Taking Yuli County in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region as the example, this paper assess the feasibility about the unstable farmland conversion based on the quantitative analysis results about the grain yield, income of farmer and ecosystem service value impacts brought by unstable farmland conversion program. The results show that there is 510021.53 hm<sup>2</sup>unstable farmland in arid and semiarid regions of Northwest China that mainly locates in northern Xinjiang, central and eastern Gansu and central and southern Ningxia. As the land type is dominated by dry land and irrigated land as well as low-quality cultivated land, the utilization condition of unstable farmland is poor. If continuing to farming, 43.53% of unstable farmland in the region may affect regional ecological environment or be difficult to ensure stable harvest. The formation of unstable farmland in the region is mainly brought by desertification, accounting for 69.82% of unstable farmland. Over reclamations of the grassland, forest and continental river are also the causes for the unstable farmland. Unstable farmland conversion will result in the total grain output in Yuli County decreased by 28.64%, 20.35% and 10.43% respectively in 3 different scenarios. Although the short-run income of the farmers will be affected seriously due to unstable farmland conversion program, the long-run expected income brought by agricultural restructuring will compensate the loss of planting income, so the overall income of farmer will be increased by 10.41%, 12.01% and 15.25%, respectively. But if unstable farmland continues to farming, it will bring serious ecological impact. Unstable farmland conversion will improve the condition of regional ecological environment, and the ecosystem service value will increase by 26.74, 19.56 and 15.15 million yuan in 3 different scenarios respectively. Under the comprehensive balance, this paper thinks unstable farmland conversion program is feasible in Yuli County. Strict laws and regulations should be constituted to regulate the behavior of land reclamation in Northwest region, and local governments should properly handle the stock of unstable farmland and restrict the unstable farmland to continue to expand. At the same time, the regional functional zones and ecological red line control system should be promulgated as soon as possible, which can promote land use and ecological protection to achieve coordination. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Arid regions - Ecology - Economic analysis - Economic and social effects - Ecosystems - Geographic information systems - Grain (agricultural product) - Land reclamation - Land use - Laws and legislation - Reclamation - Surveys - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid regions - Ecological environments - Ecosystem service values - Feasibility assessment - GIS (geographic information system) - NorthWest China - Unstable farmland - Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 971 Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.04e+01%, Percentage 1.20e+01%, Percentage 1.52e+01%, Percentage 2.04e+01%, Percentage 2.86e+01%, Percentage 4.35e+01%, Percentage 6.98e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.17.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
- 总编/社长 王应宽
- 地址 北京朝阳区麦子店街41号
- 邮编 100125
- 电话 010－59197078/7077/7076
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友情链接
- Bioresource Technology
- Industrial Crops and Products
- Biomass & Bioenergy
- Biosystems Engineering
- Aquacultural Engineering
- International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
- Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
- Paddy and Water Environment
- Journal of Agricultural Engineering
- Transactions of the ASABE
- Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental
- Applied Engineering in Agriculture
- Engenharia Agricola
- AMA-Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America
- 中华人民共和国农业农村部-MARA
- 中国科学技术协会CAST
- 国家新闻出版署
- 中华人民共和国科学技术部
- 国家自然科学基金委员会
- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
- CIGR
- ASABE
- EurAgEng-European Society for Agricultural Engineers
- American Society of Agronomy
- Crop Science Society of America
- Soil Science Society of America
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