<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20163302706424
Title:Silkworm pupa image restoration based on aliasing resolving algorithm and identifying male and female
Authors:Tao, Dan (1); Wang, Zhengrong (1); Li, Guanglin (1); Qiu, Guangying (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400716, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Guanglin(liguanglin@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:168-174
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the machine vision-based intelligent system for recognizing female or male silkworm pupa, much spatially-varying blur appears in silkworm pupa images and it could give rise to the loss of images textures and structures to a great extent due to the irregular ellipsoid shape of silkworm pupa and the limited depth of field of optical imaging system. This brings a challenge for an intelligent system to identify silkworm pupa's gender. Shen's method is supposed to be one of the state-of-the-art methods, but the PSF(point spread function) is estimated on a per pixel basis and parameter enumeration is required to meet the optimization criterion, which leads to a prohibitively large computation efforts. To solve this problem, we presented an effective method that the complicated restoration of spatially-varying blur silkworm pupa images was decomposed into the simple restoration of multiple images which have the same level blur and were part of original image. In this work, according to the variation of Tang's method, the blur standard deviation at every pixel was estimated to construct a full defocus map of silkworm pupa image. The approximate blur standard deviations in defocus map were automatically sorted via the fuzzy C-means algorithm, and the original blur silkworm pupa image, based on this classification, was naturally segmented into several sub images possessing similar level blur. Then, each sub image was deblurred by using Lucy-Richardson (LR), and was merged to form a full silkworm pupa image. Eventually, Bilateral Filtering was used to eliminate the errors arising in the merging stage, and the high-quality silkworm pupa image was then obtained. To test this method, experiments (including both female and male silkworm pupa images) were conducted on the platform configured with CPU i5-2430 M, 2.4 GHz, memory 2 G, 32 bit operation system, matlab 2012 and VC++6.0. We set iteration steps of LR de-convolution as eight in real data experiments. Total variation Mean (TVM) was used to estimate the quality of the restored results. The experimental results showed that the performance of the proposed algorithm was better than Shen's method. The method successfully removed spatially-varying blur and enhanced the image quality, which was verified in both qualitative (or visual) and quantitative ways. It can be seen that in real data experiments, our method effectively improved silkworm pupa images from which the spatially-varying blur was eliminated to a great extent, more image texture details were increased and sharpness contrast was much better. Meanwhile, in term of quantitation estimation, the TVM values of our method' results were bigger than Shen's results, which was further proof of our method's good performance. It was noted that our method can also be conveniently extended to improve the quality of other vegetable images suffering from the spatially-varying blur, such as marrow and pumpkin, as shown in the experiments. After silkworm pupa image restoration, we achieved high accuracy of 92.3% in identifying male and female silkworm pupa. The proposed method can have a wide application of machine vision technologies. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Image texture
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Animals - Clustering algorithms - Computer vision - Copying - Fuzzy clustering - Image processing - Image reconstruction - Information fusion - Intelligent systems  - Iterative methods - Optical data processing - Optical transfer function - Optimization - Pixels - Restoration - Statistics
Uncontrolled terms:Bilateral filtering - Fuzzy C-means algorithms - Identifying male and female - Machine vision technologies - Optical imaging system - Optimization criteria - Silkworm pupa - State-of-the-art methods
Classification code:723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.1  Light/Optics - 741.2  Vision - 745.2  Reproduction, Copying - 903.1  Information Sources and Analysis - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Frequency 2.40e+09Hz, Percentage 9.23e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20163302706417
Title:Soil salinity inversion in Hetao Irrigation district using microwave radar
Authors:Liu, Quanming (1); Cheng, Qiuming (2); Wang, Xue (1); Li, Xiangjun (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Surveying and Mapping Engineering in Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering Institute, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China; (2) Department of Earth Space Science and Engineering, University of York, Toronto; ON; M3J1P3, Canada 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:109-114
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The expanding trend of soil salinization has become more and more severe especially in arid and semi-arid areas in the northwest China. Therefore it is specially important to dynamically monitor the soil salinization in the arid and semi-arid areas scientifically, accurately and rapidly. Microwave remote sensing technique has become a promising method to detect and monitor the soil salinity due to its many advantages. The aim of this study was to investigate the capability of C-band RADARSAT-2 SAR (synthetic aperture radar) data in soil salinity estimation over agricultural fields. In this study, Jiefangzha zone of Hetao irrigation district, Inner Mongolia, China was selected as the study area. Based on the back-scatter coefficient value and soil salt content, this paper used 3 kinds of methods including the multiple linear regression (MLR), geographically weighted regression (GWR) and back propagation artificial neural network (BP ANN) to establish the quantitative inversion models of soil salt content. Soil salinity information was extracted from the RADARSAT-2 SAR data, which had a kind of fine four-polarization SLC (single look complex) format and were bought in 2013, and covered an area of 25 km &times; 25 km with 8 m ground resolution. Taking the spatial unevenness distribution of the saline soil into account, 69 sampling points were designed in the study area, and field digging depth of soil was 10 cm. Hand-held GPS (global position system) receiver was used to record the coordinates of sampling points, and the soil total soluble salt content was measured in the indoor. Mainly use the SAR Scape module of ENVI software to perform the radar image processing, including radiometric calibration, geometric correction, slant range turning and filtering. The four-polarization back-scatter coefficient values corresponding to the sampling points were extracted based on the previous results by the spatial analysis module of ArcGIS. Total salt content was took as dependent variable, four-polarization back-scatter coefficient values and soil moisture as independent variables, and the MLR and GWR salinity prediction models were established. Use the MLR module of SPSS and the GWR module of GWR4 software to deal with data respectively. The correlation of GWR model was higher than the MLR, but these 2 statistical models were not significant, and the inversion results were difficult to reflect the distribution of severe salinity and saline-alkali soil. Therefore the emphasis was focused on the building of the 8:140:1 structure of three-layer BP ANN model. Training set contained the data of 49 sampling points in the test area, the input layer was made up of sampling point coordinates, soil moisture, four-polarization back-scattering coefficients and their combined value, and the number of net neurons was 8; the output layer was a neuron corresponding to the total salt content of sample point. After a lot of tentatively computation, the optimal number of neurons in the hidden layer was selected as 140. The hidden layer of the three-layer BP ANN model used the hyperbolic tangent sigmoid activation function, the output layer utilized the linear activation function, the traingda function was selected to perform network learning and training, and the fitting target error was set as 0.1 mg/g. Then the BP model was applied to the RADARSAT-2 remote sensing images to achieve the high-precision quantitative inversion of soil salinity when the BP model inversion accuracy met the requirements of salinity prediction. Whole calculation process was implemented by the MATLAB neural network toolbox. It was found that the correlation of the MLR and GWR models was weak and their standard error (SE) was 0.55 and 0.47 mg/g respectively, but the SE of internal and external inspection using the ANN (BP) model was only 0.24 and 0.33 mg/g respectively, better than the other 2 models, whose salinity area accounted for about 65.4%, and was basically consistent with ground validation. The artificial intelligence inversion model of soil salt considered the moisture's influence, was directly based on the polarization radar scattering coefficients and their composition, and had no complex dielectric constant model. So the ANN (BP) model can reduce the smoothing effect compared with the 2 traditional models and improve the accuracy and reliability of model predictions, which meets the needs of soil salinity monitoring to a certain extent, and can promote and develop the application of microwave remote sensing in the soil salinity monitoring. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Artificial intelligence - Backpropagation - Backscattering - Chemical activation - Complex networks - Geographic information systems - Hyperbolic functions - Image processing - Image reconstruction  - Irrigation - Linear regression - MATLAB - Moisture - Neural networks - Neurons - Polarization - Radar - Radar imaging - Radar signal processing  - Remote sensing - Soil moisture - Soils - Synthetic aperture radar
Uncontrolled terms:Back-propagation artificial neural network - Geographically weighted regression - Inversion - Linear activation function - Multiple linear regressions - SAR(synthetic aperture radar) - Sigmoid activation function - Soil salinity
Classification code:443  Meteorology - 444  Water Resources - 461.9  Biology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 723.4  Artificial Intelligence - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 903.3  Information Retrieval and Use - 921  Mathematics - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 6.54e+01%, Size 1.00e-01m, Size 2.50e+04m, Size 8.00e+00m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20163302706440
Title:Nondestructive determination of beef textural properties by near infrared spectroscopy
Authors:Li, Zhigang (1); Jia, Ce (1); Wang, Xiaowen (1); Liu, Qiang (2); Dong, Changsheng (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China; (2) College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Xiaowen(wwxw11@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:286-292
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This study aims to establish a rapid detective method for the characteristics of beef texture through near infrared spectroscopy. The diffuse reflectance spectra at 800-2500 nm of 202 fresh beef samples were collected. The hardness, springiness, chewiness and the adhesiveness of beef samples were tested by texture analyzer. After wavelet denoising, the data were collected through processing the diffuse reflectance spectra by smoothness, first order differential, second order differential, standard normal variate (SNV), SNV combined with first order differential or SNV combined with second order differential respectively, and then the partial least square regression (PLSR) statistical analysis models for the near-infrared spectra of beef samples were established. According to the predicted results of hardness, springiness and chewiness of beef through 6 PLSR statistical analysis models, the optimal predictive model was the PLSR statistical analysis model for the near-infrared spectra by the second order differential preconditioning method after wavelet denoising. The correlation coefficients of their calibration sets for hardness, springiness and chewiness of beef samples were all above 0.9, and the root mean square errors of calibration (RMSEC) were 6.247 N, 0.760 mm and 14.954 mJ, respectively. The correlation coefficients of their prediction sets were all above 0.664, and the root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) were 8.887 N, 0.951 mm and 22.117 mJ, respectively. The ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) were 2.43, 1.88 and 2.32, respectively. The high predictive accuracy of hardness and chewiness of beef samples was obtained through the established optimal model, which was also fit for predicting the springiness of beef with low accuracy. The hardness, springiness and chewiness of beef are closely related to its own water, protein, fat and other chemical components. These chemical components of beef can be detected using near infrared spectra. Therefore, the hardness, springiness and chewiness of beef can be predicted through near infrared spectroscopy technology. The correlation coefficients of the adhesiveness in the calibration set and prediction set were high (0.720 and 0.694), and RMSEC and RESEP were small (0.302 and 0.243 N&middot;mm) by using first order differential preconditioning method after wavelet denoising, but its RPD value was less than 1.5, so the prediction performance of the detection model of beef adhesiveness was not very satisfactory and the model was not fit for predicting the adhesiveness of unknown samples. This may be due to the adhesiveness value of each sample was the average value of 4 points in different parts of the sample. The difference was relatively large between the measured values, and the performance of the prediction model was affected by the accuracy of the measurement results. Further studies were needed for establishing the accuracy predictive model of the adhesiveness of beef by near infrared spectroscopy. The present study has established a rapid and accurate predictive model, which possesses the features of nondestructive inspection, qualitative analysis and quantitative detection for beef texture characteristics. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Infrared devices
Controlled terms:Beef - Calibration - Chemical analysis - Forecasting - Hardness - Mean square error - Meats - Near infrared spectroscopy - Nondestructive examination - Principal component analysis  - Reflection - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis - Statistical methods - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Diffuse reflectance spectrum - First-order differentials - Non destructive inspection - Nondestructive determination - Partial least square regression - Root mean square errors - Standard normal variates - Texture characteristics
Classification code:822.3  Food Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Energy 1.50e-02J, Energy 2.21e-02J, Force 6.25e+00N, Force 8.89e+00N, Size 7.60e-04m, Size 8.00e-07m to 2.50e-06m, Size 9.51e-04m, Torque 2.43e-04N*m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.039

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20163302706441
Title:Rapid identification of geographical origin of camellia oil based on near infrared spectroscopy technology
Authors:Wen, Tao (1); Zheng, Lizhang (1); Gong, Zhongliang (1); Li, Lijun (1); Xie, Jiefei (1); Ma, Qiang (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha; 410004, China; (2) School of Science, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha; 410004, China 
Corresponding author:Gong, Zhongliang(gzlaa@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:293-299
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The identification of geographical origin of camellia oil is very significant in food market to maintain the market order and promote fair competition. The objective of this research was to evaluate the feasibility of a high efficient and nondestructive detection of the geographical origin of camellia oil by using near infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics methods. In this paper, 4 kinds of camellia oil samples obtained from Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui and Zhejiang Province were tested with 39 samples for each kind. The samples were randomly divided into 2 groups, i.e. calibration set (30, 27, 27 and 24 were respectively for Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui and Zhejiang) and validation set (9, 12, 12 and 15 were respectively for Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui and Zhejiang). Use the FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) spectrometer to gather the samples' near infrared spectrum information. The raw spectral data contain not only chemical information of camellia oil samples, but also some interferential information produced by environmental factors, so reasonable preprocessing method was adopted to eliminate the influence of these factors, which helped to improve the accuracy and reliability of modeling and prediction. Four spectral preprocessing methods were proposed, including the Savitzky-Golay (SG), the multiplicative scattering correction (MSC), the first derivation (FD) and the vector normalization (VN). These methods were conducted by using the Unscrambler 10.3 software. The partial least squares (PLS) was proposed to establish the identification model. Meanwhile, the principal component analysis (PCA) and PLS were used to extract the best principal components (PCs), which were used as input variables for the back propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) to establish the PCA-BPANN and PLS-BPANN identification models. Then, the results of prediction were compared according to the correlation coefficient of validation (R<inf>P</inf>) and the root mean square error of validation (RMSEP). The results of experiment showed that the identification of the geographical origin of camellia oil was ideal using the SG-PLS-DA and SG-PLS-BPANN-DA model, and the correct recognition rates of calibration set and validation set were more than 90%. In calibration set, one sample of Hunan was mistakenly identified as the sample of Jiangxi, one sample of Anhui was mistakenly identified as the sample of Jiangxi, 3 samples of Jiangxi were mistakenly identified as the samples of Hunan, and one sample of Jiangxi was identified as the sample of Anhui using the SG-PLS-DA method; and the correct recognition rate was 94.44%. And in validation set, 2 samples of Jiangxi were mistakenly identified as the samples of Hunan, and 2 samples of Anhui were mistakenly identified as the samples of Jiangxi; the correct recognition rate was 91.67%. The correlation coefficient of calibration (R<inf>C</inf>) was 0.942 and the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) was 0.189, and the R<inf>P</inf>and the RMSEP were 0.932 and 0.192, respectively. There was one sample of Hunan mistakenly identified as the sample of Jiangxi in calibration set, and the validation set was the same. There was one sample of Jiangxi mistakenly identified as the sample of Anhui in calibration set, and there was one sample of Anhui mistakenly identified as the sample of Jiangxi in validation set using the SG-PLS-BPANN-DA model; the correct recognition rate of validation set was 95.83%. Therefore, the identification model established by the SG-PLS-BPANN-DA method was better. The R<inf>C</inf>and the RMSEC were respectively 0.974 and 0.170, and the R<inf>P</inf>and the RMSEP were respectively 0.972 and 0.172. Consequently, the SG-PLS-BPANN-DA model can more accurately identify the origin of camellia oil, and provide technical support for quickly, non-destructively and accurately identifying the geographical origin of camellia oil. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Oils and fats
Controlled terms:Backpropagation - Calibration - Commerce - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Identification (control systems) - Infrared devices - Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Models - Near infrared spectroscopy  - Neural networks - Principal component analysis - Spectrometers
Uncontrolled terms:Back propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) - Camellia oil - Geographical origins - Modeling and predictions - Multiplicative scattering corrections - Partial least square (PLS) - Preprocessing - Root mean square error of calibrations
Classification code:723.4  Artificial Intelligence - 731.1  Control Systems - 741.3  Optical Devices and Systems - 801  Chemistry - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.17e+01%, Percentage 9.44e+01%, Percentage 9.58e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.040

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20163302706430
Title:Identification of source-sink risk pattern of agricultural non-point source pollution in cultivated land in Three Gorge Reservoir Area based on accumulative minimum resistance model
Authors:Wang, Jinliang (1); Xie, Deti (1); Shao, Jing'an (2); Ni, Jiupai (1); Lei, Ping (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China; (2) College of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing; 401331, China 
Corresponding author:Xie, Deti(xdt@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:206-215
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agricultural non-point source pollution is one of main ecological problems in the Three Gorge Reservoir Region (TGRE), and greatly impact ecological security and socio-economic development of TGRE. In this paper, main stream of the Yangtze River was supposed to be as ultimate collection area of agricultural non-point source pollutants. As an important source landscape, cultivated land including paddy field and dry land was classified into 4 grades by using buffer tool of ArcGIS to build buffers in the TGRE at the distance of 0-20, 20-40, 40-60 and 60-80 km from main stream of the Yangtze River. Considering the resistance function of different influence factors, the resistance base surface impacting the agricultural non-point source pollution was constructed based on the selection of main natural influence factors, including topography (relative elevation, relative slope and surface roughness), meteorology (rainfall erosion), hydrology (topographic wetness index), soil (soil erosion) and vegetation (vegetation coverage). And then the minimal cumulative resistance (MCR) model was applied to obtain the resistance surface of source landscape of different grades, by which source-sink risk patterns were identified. In the end, according to the resistance surface, source-sink risk pattern was classified into 5 grades (extremely low risk, low risk, medium risk, high risk and extremely high risk) by the classification of natural breaks law to analyze their spatial characteristics. The results showed that: 1) In the TGRE, source cultivated land of the first level, which was located in the buffer at the distance of 0-20 km from main stream of the Yangtze River, occupied more than 50% of the total cultivated land area, and the higher grade of source cultivated land corresponded to the smaller space distribution; the distribution of first-level source cultivated land in Chongqing reservoir area was more than that in Hubei reservoir area, and the distribution of dry land was more than paddy field; 2) Surface resistance changes of different-grade sources were mainly influenced by spatial distance; the value of resistance surface was small in the buffers located at the source landscape, and became larger from source landscape to the outside, and the resistance surface value of paddy field was larger than that of dry land due to the impact of spatial distance on resistance surface; 3) The MCR model was applied to classify source-sink risk pattern into 5 grades, including extremely high risk zone (21 706.13 km²in TGRE, similarly hereinafter), high risk zone (7 464.65 km²), medium risk zone (16 257.75 km²), low risk zone (2 221.61 km²) and extremely low risk zone (10 311.6 km²), which indicated that there was a trend of high risk in the risk pattern of source sink by risk zone area statistics of districts and counties; high risk areas were mainly distributed in the area of parallel ridge valley, while low risk areas were mainly located in Qinba mountain area and Wuling mountain area with the remote distance from the Yangtze River. The results are helpful to evaluate the risk degree and rank of non-point source pollution produced by cultivated land from the angle of resistance surface impacting non-point source pollution, and can provide the policy-making basis for preventing and controlling agriculture non-point source pollution scientifically. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Surface resistance
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Ecology - Economics - Erosion - Land use - Landforms - Models - Pollution - River pollution - Rivers  - Semiconductor junctions - Surface roughness - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Non-point source pollutants - Non-point source pollution - Resistance modeling - Socio-economic development - Source-sink - Three Gorge reservoir - Three Gorge reservoir region
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 453  Water Pollution - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1  Geology - 714.2  Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Area 2.22e+08m2, Area 2.58e+08m2, Area 3.12e+08m2, Area 4.65e+08m2, Area 7.06e+08m2, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Size 0.00e+00m to 2.00e+04m, Size 6.00e+04m to 8.00e+04m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20163302706425
Title:Semantic similarity algorithm based on agricultural ontology and its application on crop ontology
Authors:Suo, Junfeng (1, 2); Liu, Yong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou; 730000, China; (2) School of Civil Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou; 730124, China 
Corresponding author:Liu, Yong(liuy@lzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:175-182
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ontology represents a structured view of the domain containing rich semantic meanings, thus plays an important role for various knowledge-intensive applications. Domain ontology contains the concept of complete information and extensive links between concepts. Construction of agricultural domain ontology can provide the foundation of knowledge organization for vertical agricultural research engine and promoting agricultural informationization and realizing cooperative service of agricultural information. Semantic similarity measure plays an important role in information retrieval and information integration based on ontology. While, traditional semantic similarity algorithms of domain ontology only focus on single influencing factor, which leads to poor convergence performances, lower accuracy, strong subjectivity and other defects. In this paper, a weighted semantic similarity algorithm based on agricultural domain ontology was proposed. According to the characteristics of the different structure of ontology, the major factors that influence the similarity are the structure factor, property of the concept, information, etc. But the structural factors are impacted by relationship type, density of node, depth of node and other factors. First, according to the structural characteristics of ontology model, a new method for calculating the node density was proposed in this study. At the same time, an integrated structure similarity model based on relationship type, node density, depth integrated structure similarity, semantic distance was given, which was called the structure factors. Second, according to the literature and empirical knowledge, the property grid of ontology concept pairs was accessed to gain the attributes of the concept. Third, according to ontology hierarchial network, B-U probability based on root and leaf nodes and semantic information was calculated, which did not rely on the expertise and was objective. Fourth, combining semantic structure, information and property factors, an integrated semantic similarity algorithm was proposed, which considered that different impact factors had a different important degree in the calculation of semantic similarity and were given different weights to agricultural ontology relations. Finally, taking semantic similarity computation of part of agriculture ontology for example, the calculation process of semantic similarity on "sweet corn" and "waxy maize" was enumerated in detail. According to the semantic similarity algorithm proposed in this paper, comparing the calculation results of semantic similarity (0.8206) and standard deviation (0.0565) with other algorithms, it was closer to the intuitive cognition and expert advice, which can effectively improve the accuracy and validity of semantic similarity computation. In this paper, we presented the effort of computing the semantic similarity values via studying the relationship between concept pairs of agricultural ontologies at different depth of ontology hierarchical structure. We evaluated the accuracy of semantic similarity calculation between four different algorithms (algorithm in this paper, algorithm based on information content, algorithm based on distance, and algorithm using standard deviation commonly applied in statistics). The results of this study demonstrated that with proper selection of parameters and comprehensive similarity computation measures, we can significantly reduce difficulty of distinguishing the concept of weak correlation. This study provides a deeper understanding of the application of semantic similarity to agricultural ontologies, and shows how to choose appropriate semantic similarity measures for agricultural information retrieval. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Semantics
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Amorphous alloys - Information retrieval - Metallic glass - Models - Natural language processing systems - Statistics - Structural properties
Uncontrolled terms:Information - Property - Semantic distance - Similarity - Weight
Classification code:408  Structural Design - 531  Metallurgy and Metallography - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.3  Information Retrieval and Use - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20163302706439
Title:Differentiation between fresh and frozen-thawed large yellow croaker based on front-face fluorescence spectroscopy technique
Authors:Gao, Yawen (1); Tang, Haiqing (2); Ou, Changrong (1); Li, Yamin (1); Wu, Caiye (1); Cao, Jinxuan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo; 315211, China; (2) Faculty of Food Science, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo; 315100, China 
Corresponding author:Ou, Changrong(ouchangrong@nbu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:279-285
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the quality of large yellow croaker by physico-chemical method and evaluate a rapid method that was based on front-face fluorescence spectroscopy (FFFS) and used to differentiate between fresh and frozen-thawed samples. The pH value, thawing loss, color parameters, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and carbonyl content of large yellow croaker muscle were measured after the treatment of different freeze-thaw cycles (0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 times). The results showed the thawing loss of the fish flesh increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) and the pH value showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing (P&lt;0.05) as the number of freeze-thaw cycles increased. Freeze-thaw cycles provoked a decrease (P&lt;0.05) in CIE a*, and an increase (P&lt;0.05) in CIE L* and CIE b*. According to the TBARS values and carbonyl content determined, lipid and protein were oxidized significantly (P&lt;0.05). The above results indicated that the repeated freeze-thaw cycles during storage had a detrimental effect on the qualities of large yellow croaker. The fluorescence emission spectra of tryptophan residues (excitation: 290 nm; emission: 305-400 nm) of proteins and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) (excitation: 336 nm; emission: 360-600 nm) were adopted on treated samples. The tryptophan residues fluorescence emission spectra recorded following excitation at 290 nm showed similar shapes among samples with a maximum at about 330 nm. The NADH emission spectra (excitation 340 nm) of all fish samples showed a difference at 465 nm between fresh and frozen-thawed samples. Principle component analysis (PCA) method was applied to tryptophan residues and NADH fluorescence spectral data sets. The first 2 factors of tryptophan residues fluorescence spectra explained 97% of the total variance and the first 3 factors of NADH fluorescence spectra explained 93% of the total variance. PCA results showed a good discrimination between fresh and frozen-thawed fish samples. However, fluorescence spectroscopy combined with PCA could not discriminate clearly between fish samples which had been treated under different freeze-thaw cycles. Fisher linear discriminant analysis (FLDA) method was performed on the 2 data sets. The first 2 functions of tryptophan residues and NADH fluorescence spectra allowed to explain 98.5% (function1 95.7% and function2 2.8%) and 90% (function1 55.5% and function2 34.5%) of variance, respectively. From the NADH spectra, FLDA gave a better distinction between fresh and frozen-thawed fish samples than PCA. Separation between the frozen-thawed samples depending on freezing cycles was observed from the similarity map determined by discriminant factors. Discriminant model of fresh and frozen-thawed large yellow croaker was set up through FLDA. Considering tryptophan fluorescence spectra, correct distinction of 68.3% and 66.7% was observed respectively for the original and cross validation spectra. A better classification was obtained from NADH fluorescence spectra since 100% correct classifications were obtained for the original and cross validation spectra. It is concluded that NADH fluorescence spectra may be considered as a promising method for the reliable differentiation between frozen-thawed and fresh fish. Our results show that front-face fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with chemometric methods has great potential in the development of rapid and non-destructive methods for the freshness evaluation of aquatic products. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Thawing
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Chemical analysis - Digital storage - Discriminant analysis - Emission spectroscopy - Face recognition - Fish - Fluorescence - Fluorescence spectroscopy - Freezing  - Models - Nondestructive examination - pH - Principal component analysis - Proteins - Quality control - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Freeze-thaw cycles - Freshness - Front face - Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) - Physicochemical characteristics - Principle component analysis
Classification code:722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 741.1  Light/Optics - 741.3  Optical Devices and Systems - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 922  Statistical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 2.80e+00%, Percentage 3.45e+01%, Percentage 5.55e+01%, Percentage 6.67e+01%, Percentage 6.83e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.30e+01%, Percentage 9.57e+01%, Percentage 9.70e+01%, Percentage 9.85e+01%, Size 2.90e-07m, Size 3.05e-07m to 4.00e-07m, Size 3.30e-07m, Size 3.40e-07m, Size 3.60e-07m to 6.00e-07m, Size 4.65e-07m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20163302706413
Title:Variable nozzle turbine combined with Venturi exhaust gas recirculation system improving emission performance of diesel engines
Authors:Ni, Jimin (1); Liu, Yue (1); Shi, Xiuyong (1); Chen, Hong (1); Li, Jiaqi (1); Bai, Bingren (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai; 201804, China 
Corresponding author:Shi, Xiuyong(shixy@tongji.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:82-88
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Currently, the primary problem for diesel engine is NOx (nitric oxide) and PM (particulate matter) emissions. Study on a diesel engine was completed in this paper in order that the emission performance of the diesel engine could be improved under the premise of unchanged engine economy. An engine test bench, which could measure engine power performance, economy performance and exhaust performance, was established. The study object, an inline four-cylinder four-stroke WG (wastegate turbocharging with intercooler) engine, was tested, refitted, matched and optimized, which was under the target of reducing NOx emission through adding vEGR (Venturi exhaust gas recirculation) system and VNT (variable nozzle turbine) turbocharger system. Firstly, the selected original WG engine was tested on the engine test bench under the ESC (European steady state cycle) test condition, for the sake of obtaining the data of its power performance, economy performance and emission performance. Secondly, an EGR system with a Venturi tube was designed and added to the diesel engine, and combined into a WG-vEGR diesel engine system. Engine bench test, which was the same as the way of the original engine test, was conducted, and its result showed that the BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption), NOx emission and PM emission of the WG-vEGR diesel engine reached 234.5, 4.92 and 0.058 g/(kW&middot;h), whose rates of change were 2.3%, -27.8% and 20.8% respectively, compared with the data of the original WG diesel engine which were 229.3, 6.81 and 0.048 g/(kW&middot;h). Next, for the sake of achieving dynamic regulation according to the demand, the WG turbocharger was replaced by a matched VNT turbocharger, and then an original VNT-vEGR diesel engine system was established. At the same time, a virtual original VNT-vEGR diesel engine model was set up through GT-power software, which was employed to find the optimal vane position of the VNT turbocharger in different operating conditions. In the Optimizer module of GT-power software, the original VNT-vEGR engine was regulated under the target of the best BSFC through changing the control parameter of vane position of the VNT turbocharger. The test result showed that the BSFC, NOx emission and PM emission of the original VNT-vEGR diesel engine system were decreased by 3.0%, 14.4% and 5.2% respectively, compared with the WG-vEGR diesel engine. Finally, in the Optimus software, DoE (design of experiment) optimization method was employed for the original VNT-vEGR engine system, in which EGR rate was a control parameter, and NOx emission, PM emission and BSFC were optimizing targets, so a single-factor multi-objective optimization problem was established. After optimization and engine bench test, the changing rates of the optimized VNT-vEGR diesel engine were 0.8%, -16.2% and 0 respectively, compared with the original VNT-vEGR diesel engine. The overall results showed that the BSFC, NOx emission and PM emission of the optimized VNT-vEGR diesel engine under the ESC test condition were 229.4, 3.53 and 0.055 g/(kW&middot;h), whose rates of change were 0.04%, -48.2% and 14.6% respectively, compared with the original WG diesel engine; and at the same time, the engine power was improved by 5%-10% on the whole. It means that the NOx emission performance is improved from the national emission stage of II to the national emission stage of IV, and the PM emission performance is declined a little, which is stayed in the national III emission stage and can be removed through aftertreatment device easily. This study can improve the emission performance under the premise of unchanged fuel consumption of the diesel engine, and provide a reference for the design and optimization of the diesel engine system to some extent. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Diesel engines
Controlled terms:Compressors - Design of experiments - Elementary particles - Emission control - Engine cylinders - Engines - Exhaust gas recirculation - Exhaust gases - Fuel consumption - Gas turbines  - Gases - Hydraulics - Multiobjective optimization - Nitric oxide - Nitrogen oxides - Nozzles - Optimization - Particulate emissions - Superchargers - Testing  - Turbine components - Turbines - Turbomachinery
Uncontrolled terms:Brake specific fuel consumption - Design and optimization - Different operating conditions - Emission performance - Exhaust gas recirculation systems - Multi-objective optimization problem - Turbocharger - Venturi tube
Classification code:451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 451.2  Air Pollution Control - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 612  Engines - 617  Turbines and Steam Turbines - 618.1  Compressors - 632.1  Hydraulics - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 901.3  Engineering Research - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 931.3  Atomic and Molecular Physics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage -1.62e+01%, Percentage -2.78e+01%, Percentage -4.82e+01%, Percentage 1.44e+01%, Percentage 1.46e+01%, Percentage 2.08e+01%, Percentage 2.30e+00%, Percentage 3.00e+00%, Percentage 4.00e-02%, Percentage 5.00e+00% to 1.00e+01%, Percentage 5.20e+00%, Percentage 8.00e-01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20163302706415
Title:Calculation of reference evapotranspiration based on FAO-Blaney-Criddle method in Hetao Irrigation district
Authors:Zhang, Lexin (1); Cong, Zhentao (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing; 100084, China 
Corresponding author:Cong, Zhentao(congzht@tsinghua.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:95-101
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Real-time irrigation forecast is a key step for management modernization in Hetao Irrigation district. Irrigation forecast lies on the prediction of reference evapotranspiration (ET<inf>0</inf>). A calculating method for ET<inf>0</inf>based on air temperature is needed since air temperature is the most accurate and conventional parameter acquired from weather forecast. In this study, FAO-Blaney-Criddle method based on air temperature for ET<inf>0</inf>estimation was proposed, and the parameter of the equation was calibrated every ten days in Jiefangzha Irrigation sub-district of Hetao Irrigation district. FAO-Penman-Monteith equation was employed as standard for ET<inf>0</inf>estimation. The meteorological data at Linhe climate station, which represented the climate conditions of Jiefangzha Irrigation sub-district, was utilized for calibration and validation of the parameter. The results showed that the estimated ET<inf>0</inf>of FAO-Blaney-Criddle method was close to that of FAO-Penman-Monteith method in growing season (April to September) on 10 days scale. The relative error (RE) of the 10 days average ET<inf>0</inf>was less than 5%, and the root mean square error (RMSE) was less than 0.65 mm/d in calibration period. And in validation period, RE was less than 9% and RMSE was less than 0.70 mm/d. It was because the correlation between ET<inf>0</inf>and temperature was larger in growing season than non-growing season. In April, August and September, ET<inf>0</inf>estimation of FAO-Blaney-Criddle method was closer to ET<inf>0</inf>estimation of FAO-Penman-Monteith method, compared with that in May, June and July. In the latter 3 months, ET<inf>0</inf>was underestimated by FAO-Blaney-Criddle method when ET<inf>0</inf>of FAO-Penman-Monteith method was less than 5 mm/d and it was overestimated when ET<inf>0</inf>of FAO-Penman-Monteith method was greater than 6 mm/d. For the 10 days moving average ET<inf>0</inf>, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) of estimation of FAO-Blaney-Criddle method was 0.77. Forecasted accuracy with an error less than 0.5 mm/d was greater than 70%, and that with an error less than 1 mm/d was greater than 95%. The same method and parameter was applied at Hangjinhouqi climate station located in Jiefangzha Irrigation sub-district. The NSE of estimation of FAO-Blaney-Criddle method was 0.75. Forecasted accuracy with an error less than 0.5 mm/d was 68%, and that with an error less than 1 mm/d was greater than 95%. Hence, FAO-Blaney-Criddle method is available for the prediction of ET<inf>0</inf>as well as irrigation forecast in Jiefangzha irrigation sub-district. When the parameter of FAO-Blaney-Criddle method was employed to estimate ET<inf>0</inf>at Baotou climate station located in Hetao irrigation district but a bit far from Jiefangzha irrigation sub-district, theET<inf>0</inf>estimation of FAO-Blaney-Criddle method was still reasonable though it was a bit poor than the estimation at Linhe station and Hangjinhouqi station. NSE of estimation was 0.65, forecasted accuracy with an error less than 0.5 mm/d was 52%, and that with an error less than 1 mm/d was 86%. It demonstrates that FAO-Blaney-Criddle method is available in the whole Hetao Irrigation district. It also suggests that the parameter of FAO-Blaney-Criddle method must be different in different places. And when FAO-Blaney-Criddle method is employed to estimate ET<inf>0</inf>in the other area, the parameter should be calibrated using the meteorological data in corresponding area. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Parameter estimation
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Calibration - Errors - Evapotranspiration - Forecasting - Irrigation - Mean square error - Meteorology - Temperature - Weather forecasting
Uncontrolled terms:Calibration and validations - Efficiency coefficient - Fao penman monteiths - FAO-Blaney-Criddle method - Hetao irrigation districts - Meteorological data - Reference evapotranspiration - Root mean square errors
Classification code:443  Meteorology - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.50e-01yr, Age 2.74e-02yr, Percentage 5.00e+00%, Percentage 5.20e+01%, Percentage 6.80e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Percentage 8.60e+01%, Percentage 9.00e+00%, Percentage 9.50e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20163302706408
Title:Design and experiment of 3WQ-400 double air-assisted electrostatic orchard sprayer
Authors:Zhou, Liangfu (1, 2); Zhang, Ling (2); Xue, Xinyu (2); Ding, Weimin (1); Sun, Zhu (2); Zhou, Qingqing (2); Cui, Longfei (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China; (2) Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China 
Corresponding author:Ding, Weimin(wmding@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:45-53
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to reduce the decay of the droplet carrying capacity and increase the droplet coverage on hidden area of the foliage, a double air-assisted electrostatic spraying system which included anelectrostatic nozzle, a centrifugal blower, an axial fan and a diaphragm pump was proposed in this study. The power of double air-assisted electrostatic orchard sprayer was from power take off (PTO) of tractor to drive hydraulic pump (CBH-G563-AFHL).There were three hydro-motors in hydraulic system to drive centrifugal blower, axial fan and diaphragm pump separately. The indoor and outdoor tests including charge to mass (CTM), air velocity distribution, vertical distribution of spray volume and canopy droplet coverage was conducted. The faraday cylinder was used to collect spray volume, Key sight 34 410 A digital multi-meter was used to test current, and the CTM was calculated. The result showed the CTM at 0.2 m was reached to 1.0 mC/kg with damping along air direction, but the current could also be tested at 1.8 m. The air velocity distribution, vertical distribution of spray volume was based canopy biomass of spindle type fruit, the two maximum heights were between 0.5 and 1.5 m. The field experiment was carried out in Shanxi during October 14 to 16, 2015. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of electrostatic charge on foliar spray deposition in a high spindle apple orchard using the double air-assisted electrostatic sprayer. The temperature was 25&#8451;, relative humidity was 55%. Experiment plot was a modern standard apple orchard which was 350 m long and 200 m wide, the tree was spindle type apple fruit, three years older, 3.2 m in height, 3.5 m row spacing and 1 m spacing in the rows. Trimming was done every year after harvest. There are iron wires at 0.5,1.5 and 2.5 meters high which had different canopy width of 1.0, 0.6, and 0.3 m, and the foliage density was 7.8, 3.6, 1.97 m. The test was strictly followed the quality of air-assisted orchard sprayer (GB/T 24683-2009). The electrostatic system was switched on and off, in order to evaluate its effect on deposition on exposed and hidden face of the foliar. The flow rate at the nozzles was maintained unchanged across the tests, and the main environmental parameters were measured during the tests, they were air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity. The water sensitive paper as collectors, the profile sampling strategy was adopted. The sprayer's working velocity was set at 0.84 m/s, spraying pressure was 0.5 MPa, rotation rate of axial fan and centrifugal blower were 1 400 and 1 800 r/min. Each test condition was replicated three times in the same position. Experimental plot consisted of four adjacent rows sprayed under real conditions, i.e. by passing with the sprayer in all the three inter-rows; foliar sampling was carried out in the central inter-row. Blocks were separated by three unsprayed inter-rows in order to avoid possible overlapping due to spray drift. The test was conducted to determine effects of electrostatic spraying on hidden droplet coverage and droplet distribution on canopy. All statistical analysis and graphical representations were performed using Microsoft excel 2010. Results showed the droplet coverage on exposed and hidden foliage were 115 and 47 dot/cm²at single spraying at the condition of the spray volume 3.5 L/min and driving velocity 0.84 m/s. This illustrated the single spraying was enough for insect prevention, and double spraying was suggest for preventing disease. The droplet coverage was improved 20% at the outside of tree closed to sprayer using electric spraying, while 7.2% was improved at the outside of tree away from sprayer at beyond. The research can provide technology support for air-assisted electric orchard sprayer designing and spraying standard setting. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Air - Axial flow turbomachinery - Blowers - Centrifugation - Deposition - Diaphragms - Drops - Electrostatics - Fans  - Farms - Flowmeters - Forestry - Fruits - Hydraulic equipment - Hydraulic machinery - Nozzles - Orchards - Power takeoffs - Pumps  - Spraying - Velocity - Velocity distribution - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Air velocity distributions - Air-assisted spraying - Charge to mass - Electrostatic spraying - Environmental parameter - Graphical representations - Indoor and outdoor tests - Vertical distributions
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 601.2  Machine Components - 618.2  Pumps - 618.3  Blowers and Fans - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 943.1  Mechanical Instruments
Numerical data indexing:Electric_Current 3.44e+04A, Percentage 2.00e+01%, Percentage 5.50e+01%, Percentage 7.20e+00%, Pressure 5.00e+05Pa, Radiation_Exposure 1.00e-03C/kg, Rotational_Speed 1.80e+03RPM, Size 1.00e+00m, Size 1.50e+00m, Size 1.80e+00m, Size 1.97e+00m, Size 2.00e+02m, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 2.50e+00m, Size 3.00e-01m, Size 3.20e+00m, Size 3.50e+00m, Size 3.50e+02m, Velocity 8.40e-01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20163302706429
Title:Fuzzy synthetic assessment of swine house environmental adaptability
Authors:Xie, Qiuju (1); Su, Zhongbin (2); Ji-Qin, Ni (3); Zheng, Ping (2); Yan, Li (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Information Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing; 163319, China; (2) Institute of Electrical and Information, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (3) Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette; IN; 47906, United States 
Corresponding author:Su, Zhongbin(suzb001@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:198-205
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Swine house environment is an important factor that affects pig health, growth and reproduction. It plays a key role in the pig production and has received extensive attention. Swine house environment is referred to the external conditions that influence the growth, reproduction and development of pigs, including air temperature, humidity, light, airflow, particles, harmful gases, etc. Air temperature is a key factor that affects the heat balance of pigs. Humidity is also an important factor that influences the body's evaporation and cooling. Harmful gases such as ammonia (NH<inf>3</inf>), hydrogen sulfide (H<inf>2</inf>S) and carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>) do great harm to the health and respiratory system when the concentrations are higher than normal. Ventilation can remove the extra heat and moisture, and decrease the concentrations of the harmful gases. However, the swine house environment is a complex, nonlinear and time-varying system that consists of multiple mutual coupling environmental factors. The adaptability of pigs to the environment is different due to the pig growth and development stage, variety, age and health status. The description of the environmental factors adaptability is not a definite value, but a fuzzy concept in a certain range. Fuzzy set theory is suitable to express fuzzy and uncertain concepts. There have been studies using the fuzzy set theory to build the assessment methods for water quality of lakes, the risk of earthquake, poisonous metal contents of soil and so on, but no method built with the fuzzy set theory for swine house environment quality evaluation has been reported. Although, there are some evaluations for swine house environment quality based on a single environmental factor, while there is seldom comprehensive assessment using the multiple environmental factors. Therefore, in this paper, the air temperature, humidity, air velocity, concentrations of CO<inf>2</inf>, NH<inf>3</inf>and H<inf>2</inf>S were selected as the indicators to construct an evaluation index system. Also, Nine membership functions for the environmental factors were established according to pig breeding standards. The weights for the assessment indicators were calculated by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method combined with the well-known knowledge. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation method for the adaptability of swine house multiple environmental factors was proposed based on the fuzzy set theory. The presented method was verified using 24 groups of environmental data collected in a swine environmental research building at Purdue University. The results showed that the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for the adaptability of swine house environment reflected a comprehensive influence of the selected environmental factors. The environmental quality inside the swine house was determined not only by a single air temperature factor, although it was most important, but also by several other factors. It was necessary to take into account other factors when the air temperature was in the fuzzy boundary for making a good evaluation to the swine house environment quality. Compared with the single factor assessment, the new method demonstrated a more comprehensive, and scientifically reasonable reflection on of swine house environmental conditions. This method can also provided an excellent real-time data reference for the swine house environmental control if it is used to develop an evaluation software. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Air - Analytic hierarchy process - Animals - Atmospheric temperature - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Emission control - Environmental impact - Environmental management - Fuzzy set theory  - Fuzzy sets - Health - Heating - Houses - Mammals - Membership functions - Respiratory system - Risk assessment - Set theory - Time varying systems  - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptability - Analytic hierarchy - Analytic hierarchy process (ahp) - Environmental adaptability - Environmental impact evaluation - Environmental researches - Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method - Fuzzy synthetic assessment
Classification code:402.3  Residences - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 445.2  Water Analysis - 451.2  Air Pollution Control - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.6  Medicine and Pharmacology - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921  Mathematics - 921.4  Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 961  Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20163302706419
Title:Optimal selection of hyperspectral sensitive band for winter wheat fresh biomass estimation
Authors:Liu, Bin (1); Ren, Jianqiang (1); Chen, Zhongxin (1); Tang, Huajun (1); Wu, Shangrong (1); Li, He (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100081, China 
Corresponding author:Ren, Jianqiang(renjianqiang@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:125-134
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The selection of sensitive band center and optimal band width is of great significance to improve accuracy of crop biomass estimation based on hyperspectral data. As one of main food crops, winter wheat yield is critical for food safety and winter wheat biomass is the base of crop productivity, so accurate estimation of winter wheat biomass is particularly important. Objective of the study was to determine sensitive spectral band centers and their band widths which were best suited for characterizing agricultural crop biophysical variables. The experiment data included winter wheat canopy hyperspectral reflectance data between 350 nm and 1 000 nm in critical crop growth stages and field-measured fresh crop biomass. In order to achieve above purposes, firstly linear models were established between fresh winter wheat biomass and narrow band normalized difference vegetation indexes (N-NDVI) derived from crop canopy hyperspectral reflectance. Then two-dimensional distribution of R²values was drawn through analyzing correlations between winter wheat fresh biomass and N-NDVI of any two bands. In order to select optimal band width, area weight of R²maximum values was regarded as the hyperspectral sensitive band-pair center because of the non-uniform of R²distribution. After that, band widths of sensitive band centers were extended with a step length of &plusmn;1 nm (&plusmn;3 nm when band width exceeded 50 nm). Finally, the results of band extension were validated and the optimal band widths of sensitive band centers were ultimately determined at a higher accuracy level. On this basis, winter wheat fresh biomass were estimated based on the optimal band widths of sensitive band centers and the accuracy of the winter wheat biomass estimation results were validated. The results indicated that five band-pairs centered at 401 nm/692 nm, 579 nm/698 nm, 732 nm/773 nm, 725 nm/860 nm, and 727 nm/977 nm were the best combinations for fresh crop biomass estimation as the weight of an area with R²&ge;0.65 was selected as a sensitive band center for fresh crop biomass estimation from hyperspectral data. For each extension, crop biomass was estimated with N-NDVI constructed by average reflectance of band-pairs, the optimal band widths were &plusmn;21, &plusmn;5, &plusmn;51, &plusmn;40 and &plusmn;23 nm respectively for the above mentioned sensitive band-pair centers when NRMSE (normalized root mean square error) and RE (relative error) were both less than or equal to 10%. The estimated winter wheat biomass based on optimal band width showed significant correlation with field measured fresh biomass data at P&lt;0.01 level, and RE were in the range of 8.15%-9.14%, NRMSE were in the range of 8.69%-9.65%. These indicated that the method of determining hyperspectral sensitive band centers and the optimal band widths based on areas weight of R²maximum values between N-NDVI and winter wheat fresh biomass had certain feasibility and effectiveness in the study. The method could provide a new thought thread of crop hyperspectral band selection in crop monitoring, and it also could provide a certain basis for band settings of broadband multispectral imaging spectrometer and for evaluating potential applications of remote sensing data. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:41
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Biomass - Mean square error - Reflection - Remote sensing
Uncontrolled terms:Band centers - Hyperspectral reflectance - Multispectral imaging spectrometer - Normalized difference vegetation - Root mean square errors - Sensitive band - Two dimensional distribution - Winter wheat
Classification code:821.4  Agricultural Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01%, Percentage 8.15e+00% to 9.14e+00%, Percentage 8.69e+00% to 9.65e+00%, Size 1.00e-06m, Size 3.50e-07m, Size 5.00e-08m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20163302706427
Title:Performance analysis and test for through concentrating photovoltaic/thermal system applied in facility agriculture
Authors:Yu, Miaomiao (1); Hou, Jing (2, 3); Chang, Zehui (1, 4); Jia, Ningze (1); Jia, Yan (1, 4) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot; 010051, China; (2) Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot; 010051, China; (3) College of Mechanical Electrical Heating and Ventilation Engine, Inner Mongolia Technical College of Construction, Hohhot; 010070, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Wind and Solar Power Energy Utilization Technology, Ministry of Education and Inner Mongolia Construction, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot; 010051, China 
Corresponding author:Chang, Zehui(changzehui@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:188-192
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the increase of global urban population and development of agriculture science and technology, modern agriculture has increasingly become the focus of the urban planning and construction. Facility agriculture is an important mode of development in modern agriculture, which plays a key role in improving the micro-environment for growth of crops. But some environmental testing equipment and production facilities consume a lot of energy in the facility agriculture. In order to solve the problem of large fossil energy consumption in the facility agriculture, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have been mounted based on configuration of the facility agriculture which does not need land space unlike PV systems. Facility agriculture integrated with photovoltaic systems can not only provide quality fresh agriculture products, but also fulfill the agriculture's electricity demand without negative impact on the environment. However, currently, photovoltaic ecological agriculture system increases the distance between the agricultural greenhouses and reduce the economic benefits of the facility agriculture in the unit land area because of the shielding of the solar photovoltaic modules arranged on the back wall of the greenhouse. Therefore, increasing the output power per the unit area of solar cell is imminent. For this reason, there is a growing interest in concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) technologies which are systems made of optical devices that focus light towards decreased area of photovoltaic materials. Thus a novel trough solar concentrating photovoltaic/thermal (CPVT) system in facility agriculture was proposed in this paper. The system had a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system with steel heat exchanger sandwiched between two identical monocrystalline silicon batteries bonded with glue and tracking device. The two main advantages of the system were their ability to reduce the number of photovoltaic cells of rated electric power output required and to provide heat energy for the crops of the facility agriculture under cold weather conditions. The operational principle of trough type solar concentrating photovoltaic/thermal system was introduced. A 3D model of the concentrator supported with optical analysis software was used to analyze the tracking accuracy. Based on the simulation results, an experimental unit combined heating and power devices driven by solar trough type concentrator was constructed. The output electricity power and heat from the system were tested and analyzed. The results indicated that the tracking tolerance of the proposed trough concentrator held efficiencies of 98.56% to an incident angle of 3.0&deg;, and then dropped to 90% at 3.5&deg;. The maximum output power of the CPVT module on the sunny day was 3.85 W for a solar radiation input of 726 W/m², which was two times higher than that for flat-plate module. The maximum output power produced by the CPVT system at the water mass flow rate of 2.41 g/s was higher than that of the system at the water mass flow rate of 6.65 g/s by 6.21%. For 2&times; and 2.41 g/s mass flow rate, the electrical efficiency of system was 7.42% and the overall performance efficiency was 69.88%, the water outlet temperature can reach about 20&#8451; when the ambient temperature is 2&#8451;. Then solar energy can be efficiently utilized with the CPVT system and the electrical power output as well as electrical efficiency of the solar cell can be improved. The CPVT system could provide both the power and heat for the facility agriculture simultaneously. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Solar cells
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Concentration (process) - Crops - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Environmental testing - Facilities - Greenhouses - Mass transfer - Monocrystalline silicon  - Oceanography - Photoelectrochemical cells - Photovoltaic cells - Silicon compounds - Solar concentrators - Solar energy - Solar power generation - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Combined heating and power - Compound parabolic concentrator - Concentrating - Concentrating photovoltaic - Performance efficiency - Photovoltaic thermals - Solar photovoltaic modules - Urban planning and constructions
Classification code:471.1  Oceanography, General - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 615.2  Solar Power - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 641.3  Mass Transfer - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 702.1  Electric Batteries - 702.3  Solar Cells - 712.1.1  Single Element Semiconducting Materials - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Flow_Rate 2.41e-03kg/s, Percentage 6.21e+00%, Percentage 6.99e+01%, Percentage 7.42e+00%, Percentage 9.00e+01%, Power 3.85e+00W, Surface_Power_Density 7.26e+02W/m2
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20163302706410
Title:Synchronous spraying technology with weeding and dynamic rule of herbicide degradation
Authors:Wang, Zaiman (1, 2); Wang, Baolong (1, 2); Zhang, Minghua (1, 2); Dai, Yizheng (1, 2, 4); Mo, Zhaowen (3); Luo, Xiwen (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha; 410128, China; (3) College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (4) Jiangxi Agricultural Machinery Research Institute, Nanchang; 330044, China 
Corresponding author:Luo, Xiwen(xwluo@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:59-64
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, there are problems such as low production efficiency and high labor intensity in the weeding technology of rice direct seeding field, which will delay the best time of spraying and affect the growth of direct seeding rice. A kind of weed control technology and corresponding device with synchronous seeding and spraying were proposed in order to solve the technical problems of weeding, which were supported by the rice mechanical hill-drop drilling technology. The device's adaptability on field production and the active ingredients of herbicide residues and the dynamic rule of herbicide degradation in soil and water were studied as well. This research was carried out in early season of 2014, and early season and late season of 2015 respectively. Three kinds of herbicides, Pendimethalin, Sofit (pretilachlor) and Zhibojing (pretilachlor), were applied in this study to support rice mechanical hill-drop drilling technology with synchronously spraying herbicide. The research results were as follows: Firstly, the degradation rate of active ingredients in soil and water was above 95% after 20-23 days. Secondly, compared with Pendimethalin, Sofit had a better adaptability and a smaller influence on rice germination, growth and yield. Compared with the control treatment of no spraying herbicide (CK1), synchronous spraying Sofit treatment increased the rice yield by 4.02%-10.79%, and spraying Sofit 3 days after seeding increased the rice yield by 7.65%. Compared with spraying Sofit 3 days after seeding, the rice yield change of synchronous spraying treatment was only from -3.38% to 2.91%. Lastly, there were more active ingredients of herbicide by using the approach with synchronous seeding and spraying than that with spraying 3 days after seeding. Herbicide residue time in the water was found to be longer than that in the soil, and Sofit had a higher content of active ingredients than Zhibojing in both soil and water. The research results can provide reference for synchronous spraying with precision rice hill-drop drilling technology and machine. The research results show that this technology can not only ensure the herbicide effectiveness and grass control effect, but also improve production efficiency and reduce labor intensity. Because the application of synchronous spraying technology has just started, the technology needs more studies. From agronomy aspect, it must study the adaptability of various herbicides, spraying concentration and spraying conditions. From machinery aspect, it must research and develop advanced synchronous spraying herbicide device, especially to improve the uniformity of spraying, the synchronization of spraying and the intelligence of control. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Weed control
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Biodegradation - Degradation - Drops - Dynamics - Efficiency - Herbicides - Soils - Spraying
Uncontrolled terms:Control technologies - Control treatments - Direct seeding rice - Drilling technology - Herbicide residues - Production efficiency - Rice - Spraying technology
Classification code:461.8  Biotechnology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Age 5.48e-02yr to 6.30e-02yr, Age 8.22e-03yr, Percentage -3.38e+00% to 2.91e+00%, Percentage 4.02e+00% to 1.08e+01%, Percentage 7.65e+00%, Percentage 9.50e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20163302706420
Title:Estimation of maize leaf SPAD value based on hyperspectrum and BP neural network
Authors:Li, Yuanyuan (1); Chang, Qingrui (1); Liu, Xiuying (1, 2); Yan, Lin (1); Luo, Dan (1); Wang, Shuo (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Agronomy College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang; 471003, China 
Corresponding author:Chang, Qingrui(changqr@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:135-142
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Leaf chlorophyll content provides valuable information about the productivity, physiological status of vegetation. Measurement of hyperspectral reflectance offers a rapid, nondestructive method for leaf chlorophyll content estimation. In order to improve the accuracy of hyperspectral estimation about the leaf chlorophyll content, in this paper, the modeling of chlorophyll content of maize leaves based on the hyperspectrum was developed. The field experiments were conducted in the testing farm of Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Yangling City, Shaanxi Province. During the maize growth period of milk stage, hyperspectral reflectance measurements were collected in wavelength of 350 to 2500 nm using spectrometer (SVC HR-1024i), and at the same time, chlorophyll content of maize leaves was obtained by using SPAD-502. There were totally 120 samples collected, two thirds of which were utilized as the training set and remaining one third as the validation set. The model constructed relied on the training set and the validation set was evaluated, respectively. The correlation between first derivative spectra, hyperspectral characteristic parameters and SPAD values were analyzed. Then single variable linear and nonlinear fitting traditional regression models respectively based on first derivative spectra and hyperspectral characteristic parameters were established to estimate the SPAD values. Besides, taken the first derivative values at 763 nm, the maximum first derivative values within blue edge (Db), red edge position (&lambda;r) and blue edge area (SDb) as the input parameters, the measured SPAD values as the output parameters, BP neural network model was built. By using the same input parameters, principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were used to estimate the SPAD values, too. Then we compared the predictive power of traditional regression models, PCR and PLSR models to BP neural network model. Some critical conclusions were made based on the study. First, the maximum correlation coefficient between SPAD values and first derivative spectra located at 763 nm (R=0.901) and the polynomial model was better than the linear model. As to the hyperspectral characteristic parameters, the variable among which the maximum first derivative values within blue edge (Db) was significantly related with SPAD values(R=-0.850) and its linear model was the best model of SPAD estimation models established by the hyperspectral characteristic parameters. The coefficients of determination for the calibration set of the two traditional regression models were 0.868 and 0.711, and the corresponding values of root mean square error (RMSE) were 3.069 and 4.340; for the validation set, the coefficients of determination were 0.864 and 0.743, and the values of RMSE were 3.186 and 4.317. Second, when using the BP neural network, PCR and PLSR established estimation models, the coefficients of determination for the calibration set were 0.887, 0.813 and 0.673 respectively, and the corresponding values of RMSE were 3.169, 3.495 and 5.797, respectively; for the validation set, the coefficients of determination were 0.896, 0.854 and 0.704, and the corresponding values of RMSE were 2.782, 3.221 and 6.034. Third, compared the five SPAD estimation models, BP neural network model achieved the best result in this research and the coefficients of determination of the calibration set and the validation set were highest, the value of RMSE of the validation set was lowest. The traditional regression model based on first derivative values at 763 nm performed second to BP neural network. Finally, BP neural network model had better predictive power of the chlorophyll content. The results showed that the method was a real-time and efficient method for maize leaf SPAD estimation. Our research may provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of remote sensing inversion accuracy of maize chlorophyll content. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Regression analysis
Controlled terms:Calibration - Chlorophyll - Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Models - Neural networks - Nondestructive examination - Principal component analysis - Reflection - Remote sensing  - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:First derivative - Hyper-spectral characteristics - Hyperspectral reflectance - Maize - Maximum correlation coefficient - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Principal component regression - SPAD value
Classification code:804.1  Organic Compounds - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Size 3.50e-07m to 2.50e-06m, Size 7.63e-07m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20163302706411
Title:Unsteady numerical calculation and validation on self-priming process of self-priming spray irrigation pump
Authors:Wang, Chuan (1, 2); Shi, Weidong (1); Li, Wei (1); Zhang, Desheng (1); Jiang, Xiaoping (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of National Pump and System Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) Maritime Research Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; 639798, Singapore 
Corresponding author:Shi, Weidong(wdshi@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:65-72
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to establish one suitable numerical method of gas-liquid two-phase flow, based on ANSYS CFX software, the numerical calculation on the gas-liquid two-phase flow is conducted to simulate the self-priming process of the self-priming spray irrigation pump. The phenomena of gas-liquid mixing, gas-liquid separation and gas-liquid escape are studied, while the velocity, pressure and gas volume fraction in the pump are analyzed so as to understand the characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow. It's finally found the whole self-priming process is divided into 3 stages: the gas-suction stage due to the impeller's rotating role in the initial self-priming stage, the gas-suction stage due to the gas-water mixing and the gas-water separation role in the middle self-priming stage, and the gas-suction stage due to that the water flows from the pump import into the pump cavity in the last self-priming stage. Moreover, the self-priming time of the initial and last self-priming stages accounts for a small percentage of the whole self-priming process, but the self-priming speed is rather large. The middle self-priming stage is the main stage in the self-priming process, which determines the length of self-priming time. In the initial self-priming stage, the self-priming pump takes the drainage as the principle thing, and much gas mixing with water goes out together from the pump. With the gas rate of impeller increasing, the drainage ability of self-priming pump weakens gradually, and the gas-suction speed is first quick and then slows. After entering the middle self-priming stage, the large negative pressure exists on the impeller inlet, the water column in the import pipe goes up constantly, and its weight increases gradually, so the gas-suction speed slows with it. In the last self-priming stage, the water in the pump import goes into the impeller, whose power capability is enhanced obviously, and the water mixing with the gas goes to the pump export together, so the gas-suction speed of self-priming pump increases obviously and reaches the maximum value in a certain time. After that, the gas-suction speed is slower and slower and finally close to 0 due to that the gas is less and less in the pump. The key of successful self-priming is that the impeller's rotation forces a small amount of water mixed with some gas to flow along the pressure side of impeller blade from the impeller inlet to impeller outlet, then go into the positive diffuser, and finally effuse along the pressure side of return diffuser, which shows the gas-water mixture always flows along the high pressure side of the pump in the self-priming process. Finally, the gas-liquid separation of self-priming pump is observed by using the camera, and it is found that the experimental and the numerical results are very similar in the initial and middle self-priming stage; not only their changing law is almost the same, but also the difference of their values is not more than 6%. The result shows that it is rather credible to simulate the self-priming process of self-priming spray irrigation pump by using CFD. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Two phase flow
Controlled terms:Computational fluid dynamics - Gases - Impellers - Irrigation - Liquids - Mixing - Numerical methods - Pumps - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Gas - liquid two-phase flows - Gas volume fraction - Gas-liquid separation - Negative pressures - Numerical calculation - Self priming pumps - Self-priming - Unsteady
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 618.2  Pumps - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 723.5  Computer Applications - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 921.6  Numerical Methods
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 6.00e+00%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20163302706404
Title:Design and experiment of cup-belt type potato seed-metering device
Authors:L&uuml;, Jinqing (1); Yang, Ying (1); Li, Zihui (1); Tian, Zhongen (1); Shang, Qinqin (1); Wu, Jin'e (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:17-25
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To enhance the mechanization level of potato cultivation and promote the development of potato industry, we research and design a cup-belt type seed-metering device of potato seeder. This potato seed-metering device is mainly aimed to solve many problems, including the high multiple index and missing index, heavy manual labor intensity, poor universality and other problems commonly occurring in the widely used potato seed-metering device at present. This paper introduces the main structure, the working principle and the related structural parameters of the device in detail. In this paper, we design the structure of many key components. The arrangement form of scoops on the belt, the working principle and the structure of the vibrating cleaning device, and the structure of the active belt pulley and the arch breaker are analyzed through the theoretical analysis. The parameters obtained from the theoretical analysis are used to design the cup-belt type seed-metering device. The actual utilization indicates that the seed-clearing system driven by electric motor has a simpler structure and more stable operating condition. The arch breaker increases the liquidity of the seeds and improves the filling rate. We also make a list of experiments to understand how the factors affect the performance of the potato seed-metering device and analyze the experiment results. These experiments include the overall experiment, the bench test and the field experiment. We also design an overall experiment to investigate the filling performance and the height caused by entrainment. We determine the revolving speed of the driving pulley and the number of the seeds in the seed case as the experimental factors of this experiment. The experimental results show that: when the revolving speed of the driving pulley is 33.4 r/min and the seed case is full of seeds, the average empty scoop rate is 0.33%; when the revolving speed of the driving pulley is 33.4 r/min and the seed volume is 12.5% of the seed case volume, the average height caused by entrainment is 25 cm. But even the seed case is full of potato seeds, the maximum height caused by entrainment is below the driving pulley axle. In other words, the phenomenon will not happen that the seeds are entrained into the guide pipe which causes reseeding. So when the revolving speed of the driving pulley is 33.4 r/min and the seed case is full of seeds, the working performance of the seed-metering device also meets the requirements. An orthogonal experiment is carried out in order to understand how the experimental factors affect the performance of the seed-metering device. These factors include the revolving speed of the driving pulley, the inclination of the seed-metering device and the vibration strength of the seed-clearing device. Each factor has different influence on the performance. The optimal working parameters can be concluded through these experiments and a validation experiment is carried out to verify the optimal working parameters. The experimental results show that: when the revolving speed of the driving pulley is 42 r/min, the inclination of the seed-metering device is 0&deg; and the vibration strength of the seed-clearing device is 0.75, leading to the best performance. The qualified index is 92.6%, the multiple index is 4.5%, and the missing index is 2.9%. The field validation experiment shows that the performance of metering device under the condition can meet the potato seeder's working performance requirements. This research provides a theoretical and technical reference for the research and design of seed-metering device of potato seeder. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Arches - Cultivation - Design - Drive axles - Machine design - Machinery - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Pulleys - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Metering scoop - Potato - Seed metering devices - Seeder
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 601  Mechanical Design - 662.4  Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 691.1  Materials Handling Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.25e+01%, Percentage 2.90e+00%, Percentage 4.50e+00%, Percentage 9.26e+01%, Rotational_Speed 3.34e+01RPM, Rotational_Speed 4.20e+01RPM, Size 2.50e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20163302706416
Title:Relationship between groundwater recharge, discharge evolution and Karez flow attenuation in Shanshan County in nearly 60 years
Authors:Wu, Bin (1); Du, Mingliang (1); Yang, Pengnian (1); Li, Yinglian (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi; 830052, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:102-108
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In Turpan Basin, groundwater recharge and discharge system have been sharply changed due to excessive diversion of surface water and overexploitation of groundwater, so a series of ecological environment problems have been caused, such as Aydingkol Lake ecosystem deterioration, Karez flow attenuation and even drying up, land desertification, frequent sandstorm. Karez is an impressive hydraulic engineering project as well as a cultural achievement for over 2000 years. In order to preserve and revitalize some Karezes, multiple measures have been implemented. Based on the data of water use and groundwater evaluation in different period, groundwater budget was calculated, the evolution of groundwater recharge and discharge was analyzed, and the evolution stage was divided according to the variation curve over time. The relationship between groundwater system evolution and Karez flow attenuation was also analyzed using correlation analysis method. The results showed that: 1) Groundwater recharge and discharge were mainly affected by human activities. Annual rainfall was small and slightly showed a trend of decrease, and rainfall infiltration was negligible. The impact of climate change on groundwater system was negligible. River runoff increased slightly. But the river leakage decreased by around 1.0&times;10⁸m³from 1956 to 2014. Channel leakage and field infiltration showed a trend of increase before 1990, reached the peak value of 0.359&times;10⁸and 0.168&times;10⁸m³respectively, and then declined. Groundwater exploitation by well has experienced sustained increasing, reached the maximum of 3.536&times;10⁸m³in 2010, and declined since 2011, and well production was 2.570&times;10⁸m³in 2014. Karez flow increased in 1960s to the maximum value of 2.173&times;10⁸m³, and after that decreased and drying up; only a flow yield of 0.5944&times;10⁸m³was still provided to irrigation in 2014. Spring water, as well as Karez flow, reduced from 1.063&times;10⁸m³in 1958 to 0.0686&times;10⁸m³in 2010. The evaporation discharge of phreatic water decreased from 0.938&times;10⁸m³in 1958 to 0.056&times;10⁸m³in 2011. 2) The correlation coefficients between Karez flow and river leakage, channel seepage, field infiltration, and well water production were 0.373, -0.327, -0.574 and -0.959 respectively. That was to say, Karez flow attenuation was mainly affected by pumping wells, followed by field infiltration, and lastly affected by river leakage and canal seepage. The response relationship between groundwater recharge and discharge system evolution and Karez flow attenuation was decided by their spatial distribution location. In north basin, Karez system was mainly located within the areas with a width of 5.0 km north of the ground water exposure belt, at a distance of 20.0-30.0 km from the river outlet. River leakage and channel seepage were distributed into vast aquifer with an area of 2 000 km²in the piedmont Gobi gravel, which caused a small variation of groundwater level. Its influence is limited for most of Karez flow. Although pumping wells were located in the downstream of Karez canal, exploitation made groundwater level sharply decline and had a great influence on Karez flow. In south basin, Karez system was distributed throughout irrigation area, as well as pumping wells, exploiting groundwater caused most Karezes to be dried up and abandoned; only several Karezes located in the edge of irrigation area were still flowing. Field infiltration affected Karez flow significantly due to recharge directly. 3) The abrupt change point of groundwater recharge and discharge was consistent with the implementation stage of national major policy. Policy was a key factor in human factors. Before 1949, only Karez flow and spring water were diverted for irrigation and domestic purposes. The groundwater system was basically in a natural equilibrium. In the early days after liberation, along with the construction of diversion sluice and canal, the surface water diversion began to increase. The balance of groundwater recharge and discharge was broken. After China's economic reform, with the social and economic rapid development, water demand increased, the diversion of surface water and exploitation of groundwater were in sustained growth. Groundwater recharge volume and process were changed obviously. With the implementation of western develop policy, the general exploitation of oasis agriculture was getting hotter than ever. Water demand had rapid growth, while surface water supply basically reached the maximum, therefore, it was an inevitable choice to exploit groundwater, resulting in groundwater discharge volume and discharge approach to change radically. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:10
Main heading:Recharging (underground waters)
Controlled terms:Abandoned wells - Aquifers - Budget control - Canals - Climate change - Drought - Ecology - Ecosystems - Flood control - Fluid mechanics  - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Hydraulic structures - Infiltration - Irrigation - Pumps - Rain - Rivers - Seepage - Shore protection  - Storms - Surface waters - Telecommunication industry - Water - Water resources - Water supply - Well pumps
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Ecological environment problems - Ground water discharge - Groundwater exploitation - Groundwater system - Karez flow attenuation - Rainfall infiltration - Shanshan county
Classification code:407.1  Maritime Structures - 407.2  Waterways - 442.1  Flood Control - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 443.3  Precipitation - 444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 512.1.2  Petroleum Deposits : Development Operations - 618.2  Pumps - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 931.1  Mechanics
Numerical data indexing:Age 2.00e+03yr, Area 2.00e+09m2, Size 2.00e+04m to 3.00e+04m, Size 5.00e+03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20163302706405
Title:Design and experiment of track filling assembly mounted on wheeled-tractor for paddy fields
Authors:Yang, Wenwu (1, 2); Luo, Xiwen (1, 2); Wang, Zaiman (1, 2); Zhang, Minghua (1, 2); Zeng, San (1, 2); Zang, Ying (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Synergistic Innovation Center of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Zaiman(wangzaiman@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:26-31
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A precision rice hill-drop driller powered by a wheeled tractor will leave wide and deep wheel tracks in the field surface, which destroy the mud surface roughness and seriously affect sowing quality. A spiral filling approach with variable thread pitch and equal diameter was proposed in this paper. An opposed spiral filling device that is installed on a precision rice hill-drop drilling machine and powered by a Dongfanghong ME304 wheeled tractor was designed to solve the problem. When working in the field, the spiral filling assembly is powered through an independent hydraulic power system, and is driven by a hydraulic motor for rotation. The depth of the spiral blade into the mud is adjusted by the hydraulic lift rod through the tractor's three-point linkage. The rotating spiral blade pushes the surface mud in paddy field along the spiral axial to the wheel tracks that are formed by the tractor to eliminate the tracks. Taking soil particles as the research objects, stress analysis and motion analysis on soil particles were carried out in order to find kinetics and kinematics models during mud transportation process. The mathematical model was then established for the mud transportation capacity of the spiral filling assembly combing the tractor's working speed, parameters of tractor wheels, and automatic self-filling factor of the wheel track. The models helped for the determination of the spiral parameters. The spiral parameters were determined through the empirical formula of spiral design. Relationship curves between mud transportation speed and spiral radius and pitch were drawn with Matlab software to verify the rationality of the spiral parameters. After theoretical calculation and optimization design, key parameters of the spiral, the outer diameter, the inner diameter, and the maximum pitch were finally determined to be 250, 80 and 200 mm, respectively. The rotating speed of the spiral and the walking speed of the tractor should be adjusted according to the actual situation in the field. A spiral speed of 200 r/min and a tractor walking speed of 1 m/s were selected for field track filling tests based on the experimental field conditions in South China Agricultural University. Results show that with the tractor's automatic self-filling factor larger than 0.6, the spiral speed of 200 r/min and the tractor's forward speed no more than 1 m/s, the designed wheel track filling assembly is able to fill tracks of no deeper than 250 mm and less than 400 mm wide with smooth soil surface in order to provide excellent working environment for future sowing operations. The filling assembly has reasonable design and excellent operating performance. It is able to eliminate the wheel track and meet the actual production requirements. The study provides useful reference for further research and design of tractor track filling devices. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Tractors (agricultural)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Design - Drilling equipment - Drops - Filling - Hydraulic machinery - Hydraulic motors - Kinematics - MATLAB - Soils  - Speed - Stress analysis - Surface roughness - Tractors (truck) - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Hydraulic power systems - Operating performance - Paddy fields - Production requirements - Theoretical calculations - Transportation capacity - Transportation process - Wheel track
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.2  Machine Components - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 663.1  Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921  Mathematics - 931.1  Mechanics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Rotational_Speed 2.00e+02RPM, Size 2.00e-01m, Size 2.50e-01m, Size 4.00e-01m, Velocity 1.00e+00m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20163302706402
Title:Potential environmental problems resulted from contaminated farmland and solution for land consolidation in China
Authors:Cheng, Jiemin (1); Zhang, Ying (1); Wang, Yan (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan; 250014, China; (2) Crop Seed Management and Inspection Station of Tangshan, Tangshan; Hebei Province; 063000, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-6
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Along with economy growing, industrialization and urbanization, farmland pollution has become one of serious environmental problems in China. According to the data from the report on the national general survey on soil contamination, in some regions of China, the soil pollution is still worthy of consideration, the environmental quality of farmland is undoubtedly alarming, and soil pollution problem of industrial and mining derelict land is grave. Appling the existing land consolidation technology to contaminated farmland, will inevitably bring a certain impact on the atmosphere, water, and soil environmental quality. In this paper, based on the analysis of the features of existing land consolidation technology in China, we find that different from the principle of foreign land consolidation technology, repair first before consolidation, application of our existing land consolidation technology will cause many environmental problems, such as increasing the pollution area, complicating the pollution type, and diversify the pollution ways. The effect way to resolve the above problems is to reconstruct the farmland consolidation technology which should take the consideration of the common ground of land remediation and land consolidation. We emphasize that the proposed technical system is only applicable to mild and light pollution of farmland consolidation. For moderate and severe pollution of farmland, it should repair first before consolidation. The existing land consolidation operation procedure in China has 4 phases, and in this paper we have put forward some improvement suggestions for each phase. Firstly, before the implementation of land consolidation project, we hold the opinion that investigation of pollution state should be added into the existing preparation and object area determination phase. Through the investigation of the data of natural, social-economy conditions, pollution state, pollutant source, and so on, we can identify whether the farmland is polluted or not, and the pollution type and degree, which can provide the foundation knowledge for consolidation engineering design. Secondly, in the concerned procedure of the project planning design phase, we add an extra procedure of scheme comparison. According to the analysis of technical and economic feasibility, preliminary screening of proposed scheme can be realized; and then through scenario analysis and effect evaluation, an optimized scheme can be proposed; eventually, combined with local economic and social development goals, the final land consolidation scheme can be determined to realize the benefit of economic, social and environment. Thirdly, we put forward that except the existing procedure of approval and implementation phase, after the implementation of consolidate project, monitoring of air and water pollution should be carried out to check the effect of the scheme and consolidation technology. At the last phase of check and confirmation, we notice that soil environmental quality assessment should be added into this phase to strengthen the evaluation and management of post-consolidation, and hence to realize the coordination of the relationship between land and humankind, the improvement of the efficiency of land use, the protection of the ecological environment, the promotion of sustainable utilization of land resources and the sustainable development of social economy. This paper will provide the scientific thinking and technical framework for mildly and lightly polluted land consolidation in China. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:7
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Economic and social effects - Economics - Environmental technology - Farms - Heavy metals - Industrial economics - Land use - Pollution - Pollution control - Quality control  - Remediation - Repair - Soils - Sustainable development - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological environments - Economic and social development - Environmental problems - Environmental quality assessment - Farm land - Farmland consolidations - Land consolidations - Sustainable utilization
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 453  Water Pollution - 454  Environmental Engineering - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 531  Metallurgy and Metallography - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 913.5  Maintenance - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20163302706418
Title:Three-dimensional simulation and spatial characteristics of soil organic carbon based on anisotropy in region
Authors:Zhang, Shiwen (1); Ning, Huirong (2); Gao, Huiyi (3); Ye, Huichun (4); Huang, Yajie (5); Huang, Yuanfang (5) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huaina; 232001, China; (2) School of Economics and Management, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei; 230036, China; (3) Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei; 230031, China; (4) Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100094, China; (5) College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China 
Corresponding author:Huang, Yuanfang(yfhuang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:115-124
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The spatial variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the reasons leading to uncertainty in the estimation of carbon stocks. Simulation and analysis research of SOC spatial distribution, especially the three-dimensional (3D) spatial distribution characteristics, is of great significance for revealing the soil nutrient and pollutant migration, the precise management of farmland and agricultural sustainable development. The 3D spatial distribution pattern of SOC was estimated using 3D ordinary Kriging with regard to the isotropy (3DOKI), 3D ordinary Kriging and 3D CoKriging coupling Markov with regard to anisotropy (3DOKA and 3DCKMA) in the region. Based on estimation results, the paper revealed 3D distribution pattern of regional SOC content. The mean root mean square error (RMSE), relative improvement (RI), the scatter diagram of SOC simulated and measured value and specific value coverage ratio were used to estimate the accuracy of different approaches, and the mean squared deviation ratio (MSDR) and the 3D variogram were used to evaluate model fitting effect and spatial local uncertainty. The results showed that 3D spatial distribution patterns of SOC content for the 3 kinds of estimation methods were basically the same, and the overall spatial distribution pattern was SOC content of the west and the north was higher, and that of the east and the south was relatively low. SOC contents of 5 layers (0-20, &gt;20-40, &gt;40-60, &gt;60-80 and &gt;80-100 cm) were 11.88&plusmn;5.76, 10.08&plusmn;4.89, 8.40&plusmn;5.49, 7.83&plusmn;5.89 and 7.17&plusmn;5.22 g/kg, respectively. With the increase of soil depth, the SOC content of the patch gradually reduced. No matter which kind of method, the spatial distribution of SOC in different soil depth was similar, that was, the distribution characteristics of surface layer of the patch were also the embodiment of the deep soil layer. Compared to 3DOKI, the spatial search strategy and its parameters with regard to anisotropy were able to reduce defect (Bovine and central tendency effect) of Kriging method in a certain extent. The RMSE values for 3DOKI, 3DOKA and 3DCKMA were 3.1645, 2.0523 and 1.6215, respectively, so the RMSE value was the minimum for 3DCKAM, whose RI reached nearly 50%. Specific value coverage ratio for 3DOKI, 3DOKA and 3DCKMA were 33.12%, 57.83% and 76.15%, respectively, which was the largest for 3DCKMA method, whose MSDR value (1.4409) was the most close to 1, and variance was the least. The same position CoKriging method coupling Markov was more accurate, and its model fitting effect was the best, and uncertainty was the smallest, which could better highlight the volatility and reflect the specific value. The related research results of this paper will provide method reference for the regional soil properties, and provide technical guidance for the reasonable and scientific research of the spatial distribution pattern of regional SOC. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:48
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Anisotropy - Interpolation - Mean square error - Models - Organic carbon - Research and development management - Soils - Spatial distribution - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Distribution characteristics - Distribution patterns - Root mean square errors - Simulation and analysis - Spatial characteristics - Spatial distribution patterns - Three dimensional simulations - Threedimensional (3-d)
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 901.3  Engineering Research - 921  Mathematics - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.1  Probability Theory - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 3.31e+01%, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 5.78e+01%, Percentage 7.62e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20163302706412
Title:Effects of low pressure meridional position on cavitation performance for high-head pump-turbine
Authors:Ruan, Hui (1); Liao, Weili (1); Luo, Xingqi (1); Zhao, Yaping (1); Qin, Hongzhe (2); Yang, Zhongjie (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China; (2) Henan State Grid Baoquan Pumped Storage Power Station, Xinxiang; 453636, China; (3) East China Tianhuangping Pumped Storage Power Station, Anji; 313302, China 
Corresponding author:Liao, Weili(liaoweili2004@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:73-81
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Because flow separation of blade entrance region and low pressure area are located in the inlet of runner at pump mode, and the low pressure of blade at turbine mode usually occurs in the outlet of runner, the low pressure edges of runner are more risks of cavitation compared with other parts for pump-turbine. In this study, first of all, we proposed a two-order polynomial to describe the blade setting angle distribution law along the meridional streamline in the streamline equation. The runner was designed by the point-to-point integration method with a specific blade setting angle distribution with a consideration of the working condition of turbine and the working condition of pump by adjusting the blade setting angle of heading-edge and trailing-edge. By use of this method, we designed three blades with different position of low pressure edge. Secondly, based on SST k-&omega; turbulent model and Zwart cavitation model, steady and cavitation simulations at three turbine operations with different output were conducted such as 42% output (guide vane angle was 10&deg;, unit discharge was 0.271 m³/s), 88% output (guide vane angle was 18&deg;, unit discharge was 0.0562 m³/s), and 100% output ((guide vane angle was 22&deg;, unit discharge was 0.649 m³/s). In addition, three pump operating conditions with different discharge in the same guide vane opening were selected to conduct steady and cavitation simulation. The pump operating condition was small discharge 0.79Q<inf>rp</inf>, and design discharge Q<inf>rp</inf>, and large discharge 1.24 Q<inf>rp</inf>. The computational boundary conditions were applied at the inlet and outlet surfaces of the computational domain. For the inlet boundary condition, a uniform velocity distribution was assumed. As for the outlet boundary condition, the average pressure was set constant. For the surface of a wall, the non-slip boundary conditions was prescribed, the velocity components were set to zero. Furthermore, concerning the interaction of the flow between a stator and rotor passage, Frozen Rotor interfaces were used. Finally, comparisons of energy performance, cavitation morphology and flow characteristics among runners were analyzed. Our results showed that the shift forward of low pressure edge within certain limits could eliminate the flow separation on the inlet of runner blade at large discharge pump condition, and as such it improved the head of pump and the cavitation performance of runner at large discharge pump condition. The shift backward of low pressure edge within certain limits could make the inlet flow of runner blade more uniform at small discharge pump condition, and therefore, it improved the cavitation performance of runner at small discharge pump condition. At turbine design condition, the outlet velocity circulation of low pressure edge 1 runner was close to zero, but the cavitation performance in both turbine and pump mode was not ideal. The outlet velocity circulation of low pressure edge 2 runner at band location was close to zero, and at crown location was a small negative value. The cavitation performance of low pressure edge 2 runner was the best. There was no cavitation in design turbine condition and full load turbine condition, and only slight cavitation was appeared at the design pump condition. The outlet velocity circulation of low pressure edge 2 runner at crown location was close to zero, and at band location was a small negative value, the cavitation performance of low pressure edge 3 runner was worse than that of low pressure edge 2 runner. The obtained results provide a good experience in the design of the pump turbine. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Turbine components
Controlled terms:Boundary conditions - Cavitation - Design - Flow separation - Hydraulic turbines - Location - Pumped storage power plants - Pumps - Reels - Turbines  - Turbomachine blades - Velocity - Velocity distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Blades - Cavitation performance - Computational domains - Flow charac-teristics - Guide vane openings - Non-slip boundaries - Outlet boundary condition - Point-to-point integrations
Classification code:611.1  Hydroelectric Power Plants - 617  Turbines and Steam Turbines - 617.1  Hydraulic Turbines - 618.2  Pumps - 631  Fluid Flow - 631.1.1  Liquid Dynamics - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 4.20e+01%, Percentage 8.80e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20163302706431
Title:Policies and regulations of crop straw utilization of foreign countries and its experience and inspiration for China
Authors:Wang, Hongyan (1); Wang, Fei (2); Sun, Renhua (2); Gao, Chunyu (1); Wang, Yajing (1); Sun, Ning (1); Wang, Lei (1); Bi, Yuyun (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) Rural Energy &amp; Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100125, China 
Corresponding author:Bi, Yuyun(biyuyun@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:216-222
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The developed countries have already marched a long way and accumulated rich experience in utilizing crop straw, which is fairly ahead of China particularly in the fields of the administrative policies and regulations. The total yield of crop straw in China ranks the first place in the world in recent years. Yet the policies and regulations of crop straw management in China are insufficient, and it is of great importance to learn the specific practice and advanced management measures from foreign countries. Based on a large amount of literature research and analysis, in the paper we reviewed the policies and regulations of crop straw utilization in foreign countries and summarized the successful experiences. The results show that crop straw in developed countries gives priority to recycle as fertilizer to the field, which plays an important role in forming reasonable fertilization structure. And major developed countries have established mature and efficient system of straw collection, storage and transportation, which is the key issue to develop crop straw utilization industry. In order to make full use of crop straw and reduce open burning, many developed countries have carried out some pertinent policies and regulations. Policies of straw utilization in foreign countries mainly focus on target strategy, government investment and financial support, tax incentives and concessional loans, as well as incentive mechanism. The main 2 types of laws and regulations on crop straw utilization in foreign countries are agriculture-type regulation and energy-type regulation. The former type mainly involves the regulations on tillage conservation and soil fertilization by crop straw returning. The latter one involves the regulations on renewable energy and biomass energy. The crop straw in China has the characteristics of large quantity, scattered distribution, and so on. Policies and regulations of crop straw utilization and management should be made according to the reality in China. Based on the advanced experiences in foreign countries, the recommended policies and regulations on how to improve straw utilization in China are proposed as follows: 1) Clarify targets and dominant modes of crop straw utilization; the goals of straw utilization will be broken into achievable goals, projects and actions in different years and areas, and straw returning is recommended to establish the fertilization system in China which also includes stable manure and chemical fertilizer; 2) Bring government's function into full play to improve investment supporting in order to provide various financial supports, and the main measures are as follows: supports on technology equipment development and industrialization demonstration project, financial subsidy of green products, purchase allowance on agricultural machinery, and subsidies of mechanization of straw returning based on working area; 3) Make and implement tax, and credit and loan preference polices on straw processing and utilization of enterprises, as well as straw collection and transportation companies, carry out investment tax compensation and deduction of value added tax (VAT) policy on straw utilization projects, and formulate and implement different carbon tax policies, such as laying high carbon tax on fossil energy but free carbon tax on biomass energy; 4) Establish policy incentive mechanism by improving the incentives for investing, such as building fund-raising system including central and local government and management body, and implementing rural electricity price on straw collection, storage and processing, and reduction and exemption policy on road and bridge toll; 5) Formulate and promulgate laws and regulations of straw utilization and set up relatively mature law system; amend laws about crop straw utilization, for example, add regulations of raising animal with crop straw to Animal Husbandry Law, and add relevant regulations of conservation tillage to Soil and Water Conservation Law, and establish regulations on crop straw collection-storage system and "5F" (fertilizer, fuel, fodder, fiber, feed stock) utilization. Requirement and relevant standards of straw comprehensive utilization and safe handling should be clarified in regulation of new countryside and beautiful countryside construction. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Laws and legislation
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Animals - Biomass - Chemical equipment - Crops - Fertilizers - Finance - Fluorine - Fuel storage  - Historic preservation - Investments - Metal drawing - Public policy - Safe handling - Soil conservation - Straw - Taxation - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive utilizations - Demonstration project - Experience for reference - Foreign countries - Laws and regulations - Literature researches - Soil and water conservation - Storage and transportations
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 535.2  Metal Forming - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 694.4  Storage - 802.1  Chemical Plants and Equipment - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20163302706433
Title:Feasible potential of cultivated land quality promoted by land consolidation project
Authors:Gao, Xing (1, 2); Wu, Kening (1, 2); Chen, Xuezhen (1, 2); Zhou, Zhi (3); Yu, Xiao (1, 2); Wei, Hongbin (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Land Regulation, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing; 100035, China; (3) School of Land Resources, Agricultural University of Hebei Province, Baoding; 071001, China 
Corresponding author:Wu, Kening(wukening@cugb.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:233-240
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to scientifically calculate the feasible potential quality of cultivated land quality upgrade and improve the planning, design, and arrangement of land consolidation project, a new pre-evaluation method of promotion potential of arable land quality was proposed based on the natural grade and utilization grade index of agricultural land gradation. The existing evaluation methods of improving potential of arable land quality are generally based on the natural grade and utilization grade index, and to set the top grade of arable land in a specified region as the target value of promotion potential calculation. The principle of existing methods is to assume that the limiting factors of arable land quality could be reduced or improved by land consolidation project. However, this assumption is not verified. This might cause the overestimate or underestimate of the evaluation results. The method we proposed was based on improvable degree of sensitive factors of agricultural land gradation. By investigating and analyzing how well the relative techniques of land consolidation can improve the sensitive factors of agricultural land gradation, the difference value between realizable and actual natural grade can be accurately calculated. The utilization grade could be calculated based on the natural grade. The first step was to implement a targeted survey to determine the sensitive factors of agricultural land classification, such as the effective thickness of soil layer, degree of salinity, drainage condition, irrigation guarantee rate, irrigation water source, rock coverage of surface soil, and slope gradient. Afterwards, we analyzed the magnitude of the change of each sensitive factor improved by land consolidation project based on the gradation unit. The second step was to analyze the feasible natural quality grade promotion attributed to the most effective engineering measure for calculating the promotion situation of natural and utilized quality grades by upgrade potential models of natural and utilized grades. Finally, we converted results of the first two former steps into the feasible upgrade potentials of natural and utilized grades. Zhongjiang County of Sichuan Province was taken as a case study for our method. After analyzing the previous achievement of agricultural land gradation, the effective thickness of soil layer, slope gradient and rock coverage of surface soil, drainage condition and irrigation guarantee rate were determined as the sensitive factors of arable land quality. According to the adaptability of every sensitive factor, lifting scheme was enacted. Results showed that, both natural and utilized grade of 60 grading units in the studied area can be improved after the implementation of land consolidation project. The promotion ranges of provincial natural and utilized grades were 171.24 to 605.34 and 89.30 to 232.96, respectively. The provincial natural quality grade was promoted by an average of 0.66, and the provincial utilized grade was improved by an average of 0.63. After converting the provincial grade into national grade, the national natural quality grade was improved by an average of 0.84, and the national utilized grade was improved by an average of 0.62. The pre-evaluation method we proposed was adapted to the local situation of consolidation, with which pertinence focus on the cultivated land quality upgrade was obviously after the implementation of land consolidation projects, and was conformed to the practical situation of local land consolidation project. Research results could provide references for the future planning and design land consolidation project and the promotion of cultivated land quality. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Consolidation - Drainage - Grading - Irrigation - Land use - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural land - Cultivated land qualities - Drainage condition - Effective thickness - Engineering measures - Evaluation methods - Land consolidations - Zhongjiang county
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20163302706437
Title:Design and experiment of machine for processing lentinus edodes stipe into floss
Authors:Liu, Liangdong (1); Tan, Hequn (1); Li, Lu (1); Li, Pei (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China 
Corresponding author:Tan, Hequn(thq@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:265-272
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Lentinusedodes stipe contains a lot of dietary fiber and has the double function as the food and herb medicine. Aiming at the current problems such as low efficiency, poor quality, poorly suited to industrial production etc. during the flossing process of lentinusedodes stipe. In this paper, we developed a floss machine of lentinusedodes stipe based on the high-speed impact and floss mechanism. The machine broke the samples to small floss based on the collision and rubs between the high-speed rotating blades and lentinusedodes stipe, and made lentinusedodes stipe to the floss. The floss machine of lentinusedodes stipe mainly included rack, feed hopper device, floss cylinder, the main drive device, the floss device, and discharge device. The floss device of lentinusedodes stipe located in the flossing cylinder was mainly composed of the spindle, the blade wheels, the sleeves and the cutters. The blade wheels were installed on the spindle and separated by sleeves, the distance between each adjacent blade wheels was50 mm. Each blade wheel had 4 cutters. The floss cylinder consisted of the upper cylinder and the lower cylinder. The lower cylinder was welded to frame and the upper cylinder was a movable part, the two cylinders were connected with bolts. The floss cylinder was sealed at both ends and the upper and lower cylinder could be separated. The feed hopper device was installed on the upper cylinder and the lower cylinder had a discharge hole. The discharge device was mainly composed of fan, motor, discharge hole and centrifugal dust collector. The fan was connected to the spindle of the motor, and the air intake of the fan was connected to the discharge hole by air pipe, and the centrifugal dust collector connected discharge hole of the fan. The main drive device was composed of motor, big belt wheel, small belt wheel and V-belt. The big belt wheel was installed on the spindle of the motor, and the transmission ratio of the main drive device was 2:1. The machine could achieve continuous and industrial production of lentinusedodes stipe. In order to study effects of the different process and structure parameters on the performance of the floss machine, we chose types of the fresh and dried lentinusedodes stipe, moisture content of lentinusedodesstipe, the spindle speed, types of cutters, the distance between the end of the cutters and the floss cylinder wall as the experimental factors, and the floss content, fill power and sensory evaluation as the evaluation indexes, to conduct the floss tests of lentinusedodes stipe. The test results showed that for the floss content, the moisture content of lentinusedodes stipe, the spindle speed and the types of the fresh and dried lentinusedodes stipe had a highly significant effect (P&lt;0.01). Other factors had a significant effect(P&lt;0.05). For the fill power, the moisture content of lentinusedodes stipe, the types of the fresh and dried lentinusedodes stipe and the distance between the end of the cutters, and the wall of the floss cylinder had a highly significant effect(P&lt;0.01), but the types of cutters, and the spindle speed had a significant effect (P&lt;0.05). For the sensory evaluation, the moisture content oflentinusedodesstipe, the types of cutters, the spindle speed and the distance between the end of the cutters and the wall of the floss cylinder had a highly significant effect (P&lt;0.01), but the types of the fresh and dried lentinusedodes stipe had an insignificant effect (P&gt;0.05). Based on the above analysis, we conducted orthogonal experiment and comprehensively analyzed the floss content, fill power and sensory evaluation based on the comprehensive evaluation method, and determined the optimal level combination of the floss tests. The results showed that the dried lentinusedodes stipe, the moisture content of dried lentinusedodes stipe was about 50%, spindle speed was about 2 200 r/min, the type of cutter was flat cutter, the distance between the end of the cutters and floss cylinder wall was7 mm. The best test result was the average floss content was 97.1%, the average fill power was 0.079 g/cm³, and the average sensory evaluation score was 16.8. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Air intakes - Centrifugation - Cylinders (shapes) - Dust - Dust collectors - Hoppers - Machinery - Moisture - Moisture determination - Processing  - Sensory analysis - Speed - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation - Experimental factors - Industrial production - Lentinus edodes - Orthogonal experiment - Quality evaluation - Strike - Structure parameter
Classification code:451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 601.2  Machine Components - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 691.1  Materials Handling Equipment - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 913.4  Manufacturing - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Mass_Density 7.90e+01kg/m3, Percentage 5.00e+01%, Percentage 9.71e+01%, Rotational_Speed 2.20e+03RPM
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20163302706435
Title:Spatial layout optimization for ecological land based on minimum cumulative resistance model
Authors:Cheng, Yingxuan (1, 2); Wang, Hongmei (1, 3); Liu, Guangsheng (1, 3); Zheng, Biao (1, 3); Wang, Haiyun (4); Liu, Cuixia (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Public Management, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510640, China; (2) Guangdong Province Institute of Land Surveying and Planning, Guangzhou; 510075, China; (3) Ministry of Land and Resources Key Laboratory for Construction Land Transformation, Guangzhou; 510640, China; (4) Surveying and Mapping Institute, Lands and Resource Department of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou; 510500, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Hongmei(hmwang@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:248-257
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the urban unlimited expansion, the ecological land excessive reclamation, and the resources and environment deteriorating, the conflict between cultivated land protection, ecological protection and increasing demand of construction land is increasingly intensified. Therefore, there is an urgent need to coordinate the contradiction between socio-economic development and ecological protection by analyzing the key ecological space, the potential for expansion and the policy constraints of farmland protection comprehensively. Coordinating the contradiction between social-economic development and ecological protection also has important significance for regional economy health and stable growth. In this paper, based on the landscape security pattern theory and GIS (geographic information system) technology, 4 critical security patterns including water security, biodiversity protection, disaster control, and landscape recreation were constructed by using the method of ecological space evaluation and landscape security pattern analysis. The method of "adjusted summation" was used to identify the ecological security patterns of the key ecological elements based on the census geographic conditions, land use data and statistical data. With the method of "adjusted summation", the regional ecological security pattern expressed the agglomeration characteristics of multiple ecosystem services in space or time preferably. The resistance for ecological protection was assigned with a value according to the ecosystem service function and ecological value, the economic suitability of construction land and the policy of basic farmland protection. Taking the core ecological land as the protection sources, the minimum cumulative resistance model (MCRM) was used to calculate the minimum cumulative resistance value of ecological land. Ecological protection was graded to 4 zones using the method of natural breaks, namely ecological core zone, ecological control zone, ecological transition zone, and ecological footprint zone. Optimization suggestions were proposed for different zones. Results showed that the core ecological land area in Gaoming District was estimated to be around 301.83 km², accounting for 32.17% of the study area and 41.33% of the whole ecological land. The zoning result integrating the ecological security pattern, economic potential and farmland protection corresponded to the actual situation and planning objectives in space or time. By analyzing the zoning areas, it could be seen that the area proportions of ecological core zone, ecological control zone, ecological transition zone, and ecological footprint zone were 35.29%, 17.40%, 23.74% and 23.58% respectively. The ecological core zone mainly including rivers and mountains was consistent with the natural and cultural heritage protection area, scenic area, and the planned ecological security control area. The ecological control zone was near the ecological core zone. The ecological footprint zone was mainly distributed in the urban areas in Hecheng Street, Mingcheng Town and a small part of present farmland in Genghe Town. Cultivated land was more than construction land in the ecological transition zone. It is concluded that the ecological core zone and control zone provide important basis for the implementation of ecological space protection. In addition, the ecological transition zone and ecological footprint zone can be used to provide development space for urban expansion and farmland reclamation reasonably. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Ecology
Controlled terms:Biodiversity - Economic and social effects - Economics - Ecosystems - Environmental protection - Farms - Geographic information systems - Land reclamation - Land use - Optimization  - Regional planning - Urban planning - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Basic farmland - Cultural heritage protections - Ecological transition zones - Ecosystem service functions - Foshan City - GIS (geographic information system) - Socio-economic development - Spatial layout optimizations
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 442.2  Land Reclamation - 454  Environmental Engineering - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.3  Information Retrieval and Use - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 971  Social Sciences
Numerical data indexing:Area 3.02e+08m2, Percentage 1.74e+01%, Percentage 2.36e+01%, Percentage 2.37e+01%, Percentage 3.22e+01%, Percentage 3.53e+01%, Percentage 4.13e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20163302706421
Title:Data fusion of multispectral and depth image for rape plant based on wavelet decomposition
Authors:Zhang, Yanchao (1); Xiao, Yuzhao (1); Zhuang, Zaichun (1); Xu, Kaiwen (1); He, Yong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China 
Corresponding author:He, Yong(yhe@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:143-150
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Multi-source image fusion can reduce the miscalculation caused by using single source image. Using the complement and redundancies between multi-source data fusion between complete data can improve the reliability of data. This research was done based on the wavelet decomposition reconstruction method on near ground unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) simulation platform. Two source image, respectively multispectral image and depth image of rapeseed were acquired. Camera produced by PMD Company, an active imaging sensor which measures the time of flight of infrared light from generator to sensor was used to acquire depth image. Three kinds of image data was acquired from PMD camera namely distance image, intensity image and amplitude image. The three images were different forms of same data from sensor while the intensity image was more sensitive to the edge information in visual field. Tetracam ADC multispectral camera was used for multispectral image acquisition. The images acquired were calibrated using white board. To register the image, depth imaging principle was analyzed and intensity image was used for camera internal parameter calibration. Pinhole model was used and chessboard calibration method was used for camera internal parameters. Since the distance image can't see Harris points, intensity image was used for image calibration instead. The distance image and intensity image had same internal parameters. The internal parameters were final used for depth image correction so as to generate lens distortion -free images. SIFT method was used to find the corresponding points between two images. The first step was to find feature point descriptors, the second step was to use Mahalanobis distance to find proper matches. Match ratio of 0.6 was appropriate through tests for this purpose. After feature points were found and matched, multispectral image and depth image were resized to same zoom level then were registered and cropped to same size based on the corresponding points. To find which kind of wavelet basis fit best for this purpose, harr, Db2, Db4, Sym2, Sym4, Bior2.2, Bior2.4, Coif2, and Coif4 were used on both source image for wavelet decomposition. Each decomposed wavelet layer was fused and formed another fused tower structure for wavelet reconstruction. Five parameters were used to evaluate fusion result, namely: Cross entropy, Average Gradient, Root Mean Square Error, Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Mutual Information. The results showed that the Harr and sym4 wavelet basis had the best fusion result since they reserved most spectral and texture information. To further analyze how wavelet decomposition level affected fusion result, images were decomposed to level 3, 4, 5 and 6 to determine which level fusion was better. The result showed that the 3 and 4 fusion results were better than the 5 and 6. Then distance data in depth image was normalized to generate 3D point clouds. Statistical outlier removal method was used to remove outliers from point cloud. The final point cloud describes the spatial description of multispectral data. In this research, we explored the fusion between multispectral image and depth image and studied the fusion parameters based on wavelet decomposition and reconstruction which would facilitate future use. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Image fusion
Controlled terms:Calibration - Cameras - Crops - Data fusion - Image acquisition - Image analysis - Image reconstruction - Mean square error - Pinhole cameras - Signal to noise ratio  - Statistics - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Wavelet decomposition
Uncontrolled terms:Decomposition and reconstruction - Depth image - Multi-spectral cameras - Multispectral images - Peak signal to noise ratio - Rape plant - Root mean square errors - Wavelet reconstruction
Classification code:652.1  Aircraft, General - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 742.2  Photographic Equipment - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20163302706428
Title:LED multispectral circulation solar insecticidal lamp application in rice field
Authors:Tu, Haihua (1); Tang, Naixiong (1); Hu, Xiuxia (1); Yao, Zhiwen (2); Wang, Guangli (2); Wei, Hongyi (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang; 330045, China; (2) College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang; 330045, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:193-197
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Double cropping rice in southern China is planted starting from May to the end of October. The pests occur in turn during this period, and the rice planthopper, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, rice stem borer, and Tryporyza incertulas are the most harmful. In order to obtain high yields, farmers must uninterruptedly use various types of agrochemicals for the prevention and control on the outbreak of pests. In recent years, researchers have studied the phototaxis behaviors of rice pests at night. For example, rice leaf folder, Scirpophaga incertulas, Chilo suppressalis, Sesamia inferens, and Oxya chinensis are more sensitive in the violet light (350-400 nm), and rice gall midge, brown planthopper, and white-backed planthopper are more sensitive in the blue light (470 nm) and green (515-550 nm), while aphids (green), thrips, and tabaci are more sensitive in the yellow light (550-590 nm). The use of black light lamp, double-wave lamp, vibration frequency spectrum lamp, light emitting diode (LED) lamp, and so on can prevent and control rice pest, which have achieved good results. Lighting prevention does not produced any pesticide pollution, pest resistance and high cost compared with the chemical prevention. In this paper, we studied the night life regularity of insects and the rhythm of insects to the searchlight trap. For instance, the activity time of rice planthopper, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and rice stem borer is from 7:00 in evening to 1:00 in the next morning, rice gall midge, brown planthopper, and white-backed planthopper mainly appear in 8:30-10:30 in evening, and Sesamia inferens usually acts from 10:30 in evening to 1:30 in the next morning. In order to overcome the drawbacks that lights were on all night and beneficial insects were captured by the light, we developed the LED multispectral circulating solar insecticidal lamp that can control time cycle and open different spectral peak lamp to kill the corresponding insect at night, which realized the maximization of luring pests and avoided the trapping of beneficial insects to the greatest extent. All experiments started in May and finished in September, 2015, which were carried out in an experimental field in Jiangxi Agricultural University, Shanggao County, Jiangxi Province (longitude of 115&deg;10' and latitude of 28&deg;25'). We investigated the quantity damage and rate of rice planthopper, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, rice stem borer, and Tryporyza incertulas in test and control area. Results indicated that the developed lamp had larger trapping force towards rice pests, and trapped a total of 5 orders, 10 families and 19 species, mainly including Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, stem borer, Tryporyza incertulas, and Plecoptera Delphacidae Laodelphax striatellus, brown planthopper, Sogatella furcifera, Diptera, Culicidae giant mosquitoes and rice gall midge. In addition, there were also a few pests of Coleoptera and straight wing. The percentages of the trapped pest were 32.5% for rice leaf folder, 25.6% for Chilo suppressalis, 25.15% for Tryporyza incertulas, 9.35% for rice planthopper, and 6.90% for other pests. The number of moths and eggs of rice leaf folder and rice planthopper per 667 m²in rice fields of the light area was 62.5% of that in the control area. The amount of eggs in the light area significantly reduced, and it was not necessary to use agrochemicals for the preventation. The use of agrochemicals reduced by 2 times in the light area compared with the control area in July. This light also killed beneficial insects such as ladybird, ground beetle and grass ridge worm, but the ratio of pest to beneficial insects was 1:0.0089, which had less effect on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is very beneficial to the ecological balance. From the viewpoint of economic efficiency, the costs of agrochemicals and labor decrease significantly. Although the cost of the installation and maintenance is increased, the total cost is decreased. The lamp can effectively kill the rice pests, reduce the amount of pesticides used in the rice growing process and improve the economic efficiency. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Light emitting diodes
Controlled terms:Agricultural chemicals - Agriculture - Animals - Costs - Crops - Efficiency - Pest control - Pesticides
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological balance - Economic efficiency - Multi-spectral - Pesticide pollution - Phototaxis - Prevention and controls - Rice pests - Vibration frequency spectrum
Classification code:714.2  Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911  Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 913.1  Production Engineering
Numerical data indexing:Area 6.67e+02m2, Percentage 2.51e+01%, Percentage 2.56e+01%, Percentage 3.25e+01%, Percentage 6.25e+01%, Percentage 6.90e+00%, Percentage 9.35e+00%, Size 3.50e-07m to 4.00e-07m, Size 4.70e-07m, Size 5.15e-07m to 5.50e-07m, Size 5.50e-07m to 5.90e-07m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20163302706409
Title:Experiment on aeration water jet applied to low pressure impact sprinkler irrigation
Authors:Xiang, Qingjiang (1); Xu, Zhengdian (1); Chen, Chao (1); Li, Hong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:54-58
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Research on sprinkler irrigation is developing toward the low pressure spray. When the fixed rotary sprinkler works at the low pressure, there is too much water concentrating at the end of jet, causing seriously uneven water distribution. In order to solve this sprinkler irrigation problem, an aeration jet method is put forward in this paper. Based on the structures of impact sprinkler PY20, a gas suction component is adopted to form an aeration impact sprinkler. The axis of gas suction pipe coincides with the axis of sprinkler tube. The environmental gas is sucked into the impact sprinkler due to the negative pressure formed by jet flow. Performances of PY20 impact sprinkler with and without aeration were compared under the same conditions of working pressure, trajectory angle, flow rate of the sprinkler, and the effect of sub-nozzle has not been taken into account.. The comparison parameters include the ranges of jet, water distribution curves along the radial direction, coefficients of distribution uniformity for square combination with spacing factor equal 1, droplet size distribution and so on. The experiment finds that the outlet diameter of original impact sprinkler is 7 mm; when 2 mm inner diameter gas pipe is installed, the outlet diameter should be changed to 8.3 mm for the aeration impact sprinkler to keep the same flow rate with the original impact sprinkler. Two types of sprinklers nearly have the same jet range under the same working pressure. The negative pressure of gas pipe is measured by U-gauge, and the height difference of mercury column increases with the impact sprinkler working pressure, which means that the intake capacity becomes stronger as the working pressure increases. As the working pressure reduces to 100 kPa, the aeration sprinkler still has the ability of gas suction and it has 76 mm height of mercury column. The aeration method improves the water distribution curve at the middle jet range, and it makes water distribution line a litter higher at the middle jet range, while a little lower at the end of jet range. In order to compare the aeration impact sprinkler with original impact sprinkler when they are used in combination sprinkler irrigation, and to make sure whether the aeration method can improve the uniformity of water distribution or not, the square combination with spacing factor equal 1 is selected to do a test. For the combined 4 sprinklers, its radial direction water distribution curve is overlapped through linear interpolation. At the working pressure of 200 kPa which is lower than national standard, the coefficient of distribution uniformity (CDU) is enhanced from 62.8% to 68.8% by the aeration method. Experiments are also done by using laser raindrop spectrometer. The raindrop size distribution produced by aeration impact sprinkler and original impact sprinkler is compared at the location of jet end and at the middle of jet range. At the middle jet range, the aeration impact sprinkler has a much larger median diameter of water accumulation frequency than impact sprinkler, while it has the smaller diameter at the end of jet range. It can be proved that the gas sucked into the jets changes the spray droplet size distribution. The experimental results in this paper prove that the aeration impact sprinkler is feasible for applying to agricultural irrigation. There are many further investigations which need to do, such as how the aeration sprinkler performance changes with the gas flow rate, and the lowest working pressure and the optimized structure for aeration sprinkler need to be studied. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:12
Main heading:Sprinkler systems (irrigation)
Controlled terms:Drops - Fighter aircraft - Flow of gases - Gas pipelines - Gases - Hose - Irrigation - Jets - Mercury (metal) - Nozzles  - Particle size - Size distribution - Spray nozzles - Spraying - Water aeration - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Droplet diameters - Impact sprinklers - Sprinkler irrigation - Water distributions - Water jets
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 549.3  Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 619.1  Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 631.1.2  Gas Dynamics - 652.1.2  Military Aircraft - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Pressure 1.00e+05Pa, Pressure 2.00e+05Pa, Size 2.00e-03m, Size 7.60e-02m, Size 8.30e-03m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20163302706422
Title:Method of haze-removal based on dark channel prior in visual system of apple harvest robot
Authors:Zhu, Deli (1, 2); Chen, Bingqi (1); Yang, Yunong (2); Lianxi, Huizi (1); Yang, Ming (1); Qiao, Yan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) College of Computer and Information Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing; 400047, China 
Corresponding author:Chen, Bingqi(fbcbq@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:151-158
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is difficult to locate the apple in fog and haze environment for apple harvest robot. This paper proposed a new method to apply the principle of DCP (dark channel prior) to remove fog and haze on images which were collected from apple orchard. We adopted a new route to achieve the value of atmospheric light coefficient. Scan the hazed image with a 15&times;15 window, and get the smallest value of the 225 pixels from every window. All the smallest values constituted a dark channel image. The values of dark channel were stored in a matrix at the first step, and then the 1/1000 largest elements and their locations were calculated and stored in a new matrix which had the same shape with the dark channel matrix. Extract the matrix of red (R) channel of the hazed image at the next step. At the third step, the corresponding values in the matrix of R channel were obtained according to the position information in the new matrix. Finally, the average value of these values was calculated as the value of atmospheric light coefficient. According to the requirement of apple harvest robot, we took the haze-removal strength parameter of DCP algorithm as 1. In order to speed up the running of the algorithm, we calculated the transmission radio with guided filter. Image segmentation method used in the study had 3 stages: binaryzation, de-noising and dilation. Firstly, the grey image was obtained by calculating a special linear combination with red (R) channel, green (G) channel and blue (B) channel. This method emphasized the value of red channel in color images, which was conducive to separate the apple better at the next step. Secondly, binary image was obtained by Otsu method based on the grey image. Finally, after the process of de-noising and dilation, a better segmentation results could be obtained. We developed an experimental software with Microsoft Vision Studio 2010 and OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision Library) to test the haze-removal effects in apple harvest robot vision system. The graphical user interface of the program was developed based on MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes) library. The software had achieved the following functions: reading the image, calculating the dark channel value, calculating the value of atmospheric light coefficient based on the R channel, calculating the transmission radio, and so on. Based on this software we compared some haze-removal methods including MSR (multiscale retinex), AHE (adaptive histogram equalization) and DCP with different parameters. Hardware platform of the experiment was X230, which is a notebook computer produced by Lenovo Inc. We took Nikon D7100 camera as the image acquisition equipment and fixed it with tripod when it worked. Experimental images were collected at the apple base in Changping District of Beijing. Image acquisition dates were some days with heavy fog and haze in November 2015. Twelve images were selected as the experimental materials. After the analysis of the experimental data, this paper got the following results: 1) The average contrast value of the images was 64.04 with our method; the AHE method was faster, but the contrast value was 35.46 with the AHE; the histogram obtained by our method had the characteristics of Gaussian distribution, which showed that our method could get better image quality; 2) Testing the 640&times;480 images pixels, our method required 36.46 ms computing time, the MSR method required 126.43 ms, and the AHE required 28.58 ms. The time performance of our method was not as good as the AHE, but it was better than the MSR; 3) The average location accuracy was 94.8% with our method, which was higher than other methods. The experiments show that our method can get better balance between efficiency and performance. It is a feasible method for the actual apple harvest operation. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Image acquisition
Controlled terms:Binary images - Computer hardware - Computer software - Computer vision - Fixed platforms - Fog - Fruits - Graphic methods - Graphical user interfaces - Harvesting  - Image segmentation - Matrix algebra - Open source software - Open systems - Pixels - Position control - Quality control - Radio transmission - Robots - Software testing  - User interfaces
Uncontrolled terms:Acquisition equipments - Adaptive histogram equalization - Computer vision library - Dark channel priors - Efficiency and performance - Experimental materials - Haze removal - Microsoft foundation class
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 511.2  Oil Field Equipment - 716.3  Radio Systems and Equipment - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 722.2  Computer Peripheral Equipment - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 731.5  Robotics - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 921.1  Algebra
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.48e+01%, Time 1.26e+02m/s, Time 2.86e+01m/s, Time 3.65e+01m/s
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20163302706407
Title:Experiment of slope trafficability assessment of planetary rover under slip condition
Authors:Huang, Han (1); Li, Jianqiao (1); Chen, Baichao (2); Wu, Baoguang (1); Zou, Meng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun; 130025, China; (2) China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing; 100194, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Jianqiao(jqli@jlu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:40-44
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Planetary rover is the main mobile platform for deep space exploration mission, in view of the rugged landscape on planetary surface, it is significant to study the planetary rover's sinkage characteristic on slope terrain under slip condition, and ensure its reliable and secure trafficability. A scaling rover model was designed based on similarity principle theory and traditional terramechanics method; taking the velocity and slope as influence factor, the slip ratio and sinkage as experimental indices, the rover's slope-climbing tests were carried out under the slip condition. The influence of the test factors on the slip ratio was analyzed, and the quadratic equation between slip ratio and slope was established. The rule of the sinkage vary with slip ratios and velocity was also found. The results indicate that the variation tendency of the front and middle wheel's slip ratio with the slope was consistent, and had the great different with that of the rear wheel. The influence of the velocity on slip ratio was not obvious, and the average error of the slip ratio was 9.0% (the front wheel), 8.9% (the middle wheel) and 8.7% (the rear wheel), respectively, when the slope remained constant. The influence of the slope on slip ratio was more significant than that of the velocity, and the corresponding average increase rate was 96.2% (the front wheel), 105.6% (the middle wheel) and 79.6% (the rear wheel), respectively. When the slope increased from 15&deg; to 20&deg;, the increase of the front and middle wheel's slip ratio became obvious, which was because of the rapid decrease of the wheel load in the vertical direction of the slope surface, and the increase of the component force of wheel load in the parallel direction of the slope surface. The rear wheel's slip ratio was smaller than that of the front and middle wheel, which may be due to the compaction effect on the soil. The maximum slip ratio of the front and middle wheel reached 92.3% when the terrain slope was 25&deg;, while the corresponding value was 61.8% for the rear wheel. In this paper, the front and middle wheel's sinkage increased with the increase of the slip ratio. For the rear wheel, the sinkage increased firstly with the increase of the slip ratio, and then decreased since the slip ratio reached 23.4%; the rover's wheel sinkage was 33.1 mm (the front wheel), 33.9 mm (the middle wheel) and 13.6 mm (the rear wheel), respectively. When the slip ratio range was from 25% to 60%, the increase of the sinkage was gently for the front and middle wheel, and the average increasing rate was 22.5%. For the rear wheel, the sinkage changed less when the slip ratio was up to 35%, the sinkage average value was 11.6 mm, and the sinkage fluctuation range was from -1.3 to 1.8 mm. The influence of the velocity on the wheel sinkage was obviously smaller than that of the slip ratio, and the relative change rate range of the sinkage was from -12.5% to 10.7%. This study is hoped to provide the technical reference and basic data for the planetary rover's development and slope trafficability assessment under low gravity environment. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Wheels
Controlled terms:Interplanetary flight - Liquid sloshing - Planetary landers - Space flight - Space research - Vehicles - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Planetary rovers - Sinkage - Slip ratio - Terramechanics - Trafficability
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 655.1  Spacecraft, General - 656.1  Space Flight - 656.2  Space Research
Numerical data indexing:Percentage -1.25e+01% to 1.07e+01%, Percentage 1.06e+02%, Percentage 2.25e+01%, Percentage 2.50e+01% to 6.00e+01%, Percentage 3.50e+01%, Percentage 6.18e+01%, Percentage 7.96e+01%, Percentage 8.70e+00%, Percentage 8.90e+00%, Percentage 9.00e+00%, Percentage 9.23e+01%, Percentage 9.62e+01%, Size -1.30e-03m to 1.80e-03m, Size 1.16e-02m, Size 1.36e-02m, Size 3.31e-02m, Size 3.39e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20163302706426
Title:Frequency transformation and its validation of ground source heat pump system based on grey prediction of greenhouse temperature
Authors:Wu, Manling (1); Chen, Yifei (1); Li, Qi (1); Du, Shangfeng (1); Dong, Qiaoxue (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China 
Corresponding author:Chen, Yifei(glhfei@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:183-187
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) air conditioning system has been well applied in greenhouse temperature control, which is mainly used in warming system for greenhouse during the winter. Although GSHP system is a high-efficiency and energy saving system, it still has potential for improvement in the practical application by changing operation mode to save energy. The method changing circulating pump's working frequency of GSHP system was proposed in the study. The greenhouse environment characteristics are a combination of great inertia, pure time-delay and nonlinear which make it difficult for us to obtain an accurate mathematical model of the environment. Thus it was not useable for some traditional algorithms such as PID control algorithm. To solve the problem, in this study, we introduced a grey prediction method in temperature modeling process from which we used previous temperature data sequence to forecast future temperature and the predicted future data as feedback value into the controller. As temperature was the only factor for prediction, we chose GM(1, 1) as the grey prediction model. To improve the prediction precision, equal dimension and new information method were applied in the modeling process which meant that the latest data took the place of the oldest data with no change in model dimension. Model dimension also influence the prediction precision. The longer dimensions are used, the more accurate prediction can be obtained. However excess dimension can add time and complex on the calculation. To find the most proper model dimension, we compared the different prediction value under diverse dimension and concluded that six was the most suitable one from which the absolute error between actual value and predicted value was 0.34247 and the variance was 0.035974, which was an acceptable precision of grey prediction. According to the difference between the predicted temperature and the setting temperature of the greenhouse, the controller adjusted and decided the frequency of the circulating pump and based on this way, the energy consumption can be reduced. The control strategy to satisfy energy saving and greenhouse temperature requirement was decided by actual repeated experiment and revision and verified at Cuihu greenhouse of Shangzhuang, Beijing, which displayed a saving of 24% energy consumption after frequency reformation. Experimental results showed that this control method not only improved the control quality of the circulating pump, but also achieved the purpose of energy saving. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Geothermal heat pumps
Controlled terms:Air conditioning - Algorithms - Controllers - Delay control systems - Energy conservation - Energy utilization - Forecasting - Greenhouses - Heat pump systems - Pumps  - Quality control - System theory - Temperature - Three term control systems - Time delay
Uncontrolled terms:Energy saving systems - Frequency transformations - Greenhouse environment - Greenhouse temperature - Grey prediction - Grey prediction model - Groundsource heat pump (GSHP) - Prediction precision
Classification code:525.2  Energy Conservation - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 616.1  Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 618.2  Pumps - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 643.3  Air Conditioning - 713  Electronic Circuits - 731.1  Control Systems - 732.1  Control Equipment - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 961  Systems Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.40e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20163302706432
Title:Effects of simulated warming on dry matter production and distribution of rainfed spring wheat in semi-arid area
Authors:Zhang, Kai (1, 2); Wang, Runyuan (1); Wang, Heling (1); Zhao, Hong (1); Qi, Yue (1); Zhao, Funian (1); Lei, Jun (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Changing and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou; 730020, China; (2) Cold and Arid Region Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou; 730000, China; (3) Meteorological Bureau of Dingxi City, Dingxi; 743000, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:223-232
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to predict effects of future climate change on spring wheat production, and to understand the response characteristics of dry matter production in different growing period of spring wheat and the distribution characteristics of photosynthetic products in different organs, we conducted a field infrared temperature-increasing simulation experiment with the applications of free air temperature increased system (FATI) to investigate the effects of air temperature increases (non-warming, warming 1&#8451; and warming 2&#8451;) on dry matter production and distribution of rainfed spring wheat at the Dingxi Arid Meteorology and Ecological Environment Experimental Station of the Institute of Arid Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration (35&deg;35'N, 104&deg;37'E). The results showed that with the increase of temperature, growth and development of spring wheat accelerated, the growth duration was shortened significantly, Warming of 1.0 and 2.0&#8451; shortened the growth duration by 7 days and 11 days, respectively. Appropriate temperature increases can promote the growth of crops. However when temperature increased more than the optimal temperature for wheat growth, the temperature could become a factor limiting the growth. Based on the dry matter accumulation in various organs of spring wheat, warming of 1.0 and 2.0&#8451; increased leaf dry matter weight by 11.23% and 27.49%, respectively at trefoil stage. In comparison, during and after jointing stage, warming of 1.0 and 2.0&#8451; decreased leaf dry matter weight by 20.12% and 30.83%, respectively. During and before jointing stage, warming of 1.0 and 2.0&#8451; increased stem dry matter weight by 17.30% and 30.30%, respectively. In contrast, after jointing stage, warming of 1.0 and 2.0&#8451; decreased stem dry matter weight by 13.19% and 22.09%, respectively. During and before booting stage, warming of 1.0 and 2.0&#8451; increased root dry weight by 10.26% and 23.30%, respectively. But, after booting stage, warming of 1.0 and 2.0&#8451; decreased root dry weight by 15.79% and 26.05%, respectively. Warming of 1.0 and 2.0&#8451; decreased panicle dry weight by 16.43% and 29.00%, respectively. During and before jointing stage, warming of 1.0 and 2.0&#8451; increased aboveground dry weight and total dry weight by 11.19%, 20.61% and 11.46%, 21.79%, respectively. However, after jointing stage, warming of 1.0 and 2.0&#8451; decreased aboveground dry weight and total dry weight by 16.43%, 27.15% and 15.96%, 26.26%, respectively. The time response curves of dry matter production to temperature at different growth stages of spring wheat were basically consistent with the time response curves of NAR and LAI, which all increased first then decreased. The response pattern of the matter production of spring wheat under different warming treatments was mainly caused by the change of NAR. From the dry matter distribution of various organs of spring wheat, at trefoil, jointing, booting, heading, flowering, grain filling and milk ripe stage, warming of 1.0&#8451; decreased the ratio of dry matter of leaf to total dry weight by 0.24%, 14.28%, 4.63%, 11.23%, 12.66%, 6.83%, and 8.39%, respectively. However, with warming of 2.0&#8451; the decrease for each growth stage was 1.35%, 19.46%, 8.08%, 11.82%, 18.23%, 12.56%, and 12.58%, respectively, The warming of 1.0&#8451; increased the ratio of dry matter of stem to total dry weight by 0.94%, 9.55%, 0.20%, 5.37%, 4.62%, 2.67%, and 4.07% for different growth stages, respectively. In comparison, the warming of 2.0&#8451; for the ratio was 2.55%, 12.01%, 2.19%, 6.86%, 8.33%, 5.37%, and 6.46% for each growth stage, respectively. Warming of 1.0&#8451; increased the ratio of dry matter of root to total dry weight by 0.43%, 3.11%, 10.45%, 1.59%, 5.25%, 2.96%, and 3.21% each for different growth stage. But warming of 2.0&#8451;, the ratio for different growth stages was 3.73%, 8.96%, 23.54%, 2.75%, 10.49%, 5.33%, and 6.17%, respectively. At booting, heading, flowering, grain filling and milk ripe stage, warming of 1.0&#8451; decreased the ratio of dry matter of panicle to total dry weight by 0.46%, 0.69%, 0.90%, 0.37%, and 0.39%, and 9.21%, 2.44%, 3.32%, 0.97%, and 1.07% for 2.0&#8451;, respectively. For spring wheat, decrease of dry matter distribution in leaf and the increase of dry matter distribution in root may be due to improving water uptake ability. The research results can give the theoretical references for the sensitivity and adaptability of spring wheat in semi-arid area of China under global climate change. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:41
Main heading:Climate change
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Atmospheric temperature - Crops - Grain (agricultural product) - Meteorology - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Dry matter production - Growth stages - Semiarid area - Spring wheat - Warming
Classification code:443  Meteorology - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 444  Water Resources - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 821.4  Agricultural Products
Numerical data indexing:Age 1.92e-02yr, Age 3.01e-02yr, Percentage 1.03e+01%, Percentage 1.04e+01%, Percentage 1.05e+01%, Percentage 1.07e+00%, Percentage 1.12e+01%, Percentage 1.15e+01%, Percentage 1.18e+01%, Percentage 1.20e+01%, Percentage 1.26e+01%, Percentage 1.27e+01%, Percentage 1.32e+01%, Percentage 1.35e+00%, Percentage 1.43e+01%, Percentage 1.58e+01%, Percentage 1.59e+00%, Percentage 1.60e+01%, Percentage 1.64e+01%, Percentage 1.73e+01%, Percentage 1.82e+01%, Percentage 1.95e+01%, Percentage 2.00e-01%, Percentage 2.01e+01%, Percentage 2.06e+01%, Percentage 2.18e+01%, Percentage 2.19e+00%, Percentage 2.21e+01%, Percentage 2.33e+01%, Percentage 2.35e+01%, Percentage 2.40e-01%, Percentage 2.44e+00%, Percentage 2.55e+00%, Percentage 2.61e+01%, Percentage 2.63e+01%, Percentage 2.67e+00%, Percentage 2.71e+01%, Percentage 2.75e+00%, Percentage 2.75e+01%, Percentage 2.90e+01%, Percentage 2.96e+00%, Percentage 3.03e+01%, Percentage 3.08e+01%, Percentage 3.11e+00%, Percentage 3.21e+00%, Percentage 3.32e+00%, Percentage 3.70e-01%, Percentage 3.73e+00%, Percentage 3.90e-01%, Percentage 4.07e+00%, Percentage 4.30e-01%, Percentage 4.60e-01%, Percentage 4.62e+00%, Percentage 4.63e+00%, Percentage 5.25e+00%, Percentage 5.33e+00%, Percentage 5.37e+00%, Percentage 6.17e+00%, Percentage 6.46e+00%, Percentage 6.83e+00%, Percentage 6.86e+00%, Percentage 6.90e-01%, Percentage 8.08e+00%, Percentage 8.33e+00%, Percentage 8.39e+00%, Percentage 8.96e+00%, Percentage 9.00e-01%, Percentage 9.21e+00%, Percentage 9.40e-01%, Percentage 9.55e+00%, Percentage 9.70e-01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20163302706414
Title:Design and experiment of autonomous navigation system for solar powered linear move sprinkler machine based on GPS
Authors:Liu, Kenan (1); Wu, Pute (1, 2); Zhu, Delan (1, 2); Chen, Jun (3); Guo, Hao (4) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (4) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China 
Corresponding author:Wu, Pute(gjzwpt@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:89-94
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The development of irrigation machinery is one of main factors to promote the improvement of agricultural production. To conserve and save energy and water, as well as to improve irrigation water use and land-use efficiency, a solar-powered linear move sprinkler machine based on global positioning system (GPS) navigation was developed in this study. Solar energy technology, water-saving irrigation technology and GPS navigation technology were researched and integrated on this sprinkler machine. As a platform, with the development of the solar-powered linear move sprinkler machine, the solar technology was integrated with sprinkler irrigation technology.To meet the demand of machine's tracking along fixed route, the navigation control system was designed and developed. The entire unit was powered by solar PV modules and batteries and driven by DC motor. The 4-wheel differential steering was adopted to control the direction. GPS and electronic compass were used as the navigation sensors to obtain the navigation information (position, course) of the solar-powered linear move sprinkler machine in real time. The lateral deviation and the deviation of the distance from the predetermined path were calculated by comparing with the predetermined navigation path, with solar-powered linear move sprinkler machine lateral deviation error and heading error being input variables and DC motor pulse width modulation (PWM) speed regulating voltage increment being output variables, A navigation controller was built based on linear proportional control to realize the wheel speed regulating control of both sides of sprinkler machine. According to the output of the navigation controller, the theoretical speeds of the wheel speed on both sides were calculated, and the difference between the theoretical and the actual speed of the current wheel was used as the input of the speed controller in order to realize the adjustment and control of the wheel speed on both sides of the sprinkler machine, and then realize the path tracking control of the sprinkler. The navigation control system was based on 32 bit ARM (advanced RISC machine) microcontroller STM32F103 chip as the core, and integrated navigation controller, speed steering controller, GPS, electronic compass and speed sensors. By comparing with the predetermined navigation reference line, the lateral deviation error and heading error of solar-powered linear move sprinkler machine were obtained. Controller area network (CAN) bus structure was adopted as the communication structure to achieve the autonomous navigation control of the solar-powered linear move sprinkler machine in the whole system. The path tracking experiments were operated and completed in Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&amp;F University (34&deg;17&prime;50&Prime;N, 108&deg;04&prime;6&Prime;E) in which the platform of the solar-powered linear move sprinkler machine based on GPS navigation was the research object on April 21, 2015. During the experiments, the running track of the solar-powered linear move sprinkler machine was recorded by a drop of water, and the walking deviation of a walking path and a predetermined path were measured every 30 cm. The results of path tracking experiments showed that the solar-powered linear move sprinkler machine automatic navigation control system could basically meet the irrigation requirements, and realized route trace well. In the process of a 30 m straight line tracking, the maximum lateral deviation was 17.3 cm and 18.4 cm at the speed of 0.4 and 0.8 m/min, showing a high reliability and stability. At last, the research above not only provides important information on the realization of the combination of agricultural machinery and solar energy technology, but also was the basis for the development of similar self-walking sprinkler irrigation machine. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Electric machine control
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Control system synthesis - Control systems - Controllers - Counting circuits - DC motors - Errors - Fixed platforms - Global positioning system  - Irrigation - Land use - Navigation systems - Photovoltaic cells - Pulse width modulation - Solar energy - Speed - Sprinkler systems (irrigation) - Tracking (position) - Voltage control  - Water conservation - Water resources - Water supply - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Autonomous navigation - Autonomous navigation systems - Communication structures - Controller area networkbus - Navigation control systems - Solar energy technologies - Water-saving agricultures
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 511.2  Oil Field Equipment - 601.2  Machine Components - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 705.3.2  DC Motors - 713.4  Pulse Circuits - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1  Control Equipment - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
Numerical data indexing:Size 1.73e-01m, Size 1.84e-01m, Size 3.00e+01m, Size 3.00e-01m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20163302706403
Title:Design and experiment of plowing and rotary tillage combined machine
Authors:Qin, Kuan (1); Ding, Weimin (1); Fang, Zhichao (1); Du, Taotao (1); Zhao, Siqi (1); Wang, Zhen (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China 
Corresponding author:Ding, Weimin(wmding@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:7-16
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the rice-wheat crop rotation and other type of double cropping system areas, a large number of straws were left in filed after harvesting. Most areas need the twice field preparation for crop production so that straw could be returned to soil. In order to solve the problems of straw-returning and soil preparation in the rice-wheat crop rotation, the plowing and rotary tilling compound soil preparation machine was designed. The compound soil preparation machine mainly included plough mechanism, rotary tilling mechanism and rack. There were four plough bodies installed in the plough frame of the compound soil preparation machine and two rotary tilling knife rolls divided by the auxiliary gear box installed in the rotary tilling frame of the machine. There were 26 couple rotary tilling blades installed in the left and right knife roll and ranging by double helical line. The interaction of the plowing mechanism and the rotary tilling mechanism when the compound soil preparation machine was working was mainly considered in the designing process. For balancing couples of ploughing, the rotary tilling frame was offset 210 mm to right. For making the soil was shatter better, the distances that two rotary blades of close to the auxiliary gear box on the left and right knife roll to the auxiliary gear box were 50 mm. The compound soil preparation machine was studied in this paper based on the theory of discrete element method (DEM). The dynamical model of the compound soil preparation machine was established based on its working principle. The DEM model of the compound soil preparation machine was established by the discrete element software EDEM and the virtual simulation of working situation was carried out. The simulation results showed that the broken rate of soil of the compound soil preparation machine was 91.4% and the surface roughness of the machine was less than 2 cm. A field experiment was conducted to validate the rationality of designing methods and working performance of the compound soil preparation machine. The results of field experiment showed that working condition tillage deep and working condition tillage wide were 21.6 cm and 1.98 m, and working condition tillage deep stability and working condition tillage wide stability were 91.3% and 96.7%. The results showed that working situation of the compound soil preparation machine was stable. The surface roughness of the compound soil preparation machine was 1.87 cm and the broken rate of soil and vegetation coverage of the machine all were greater than 90%. The results showed that quality of soil preparation met requirement of agriculture production in the rice-wheat double cropping system area. The fuel consumption and productivity were 15.9 kg/hm²and 0.38 hm²/h. The control group that plough machine and rotary tilling machine were secondary tillage operations was set up. The results of control group experiment showed that the various experimental results of the compound soil preparation machine were better than the results of control group. Especially in fuel consumption and productivity index, the compound soil preparation machine was far better than the control group. The control experiment explained that the compound soil preparation machine was energy conservation and efficient to the traditional cultivation method. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Computer software - Crops - Cultivation - Experiments - Finite difference method - Productivity - Rotation - Soil conservation - Soils  - Surface roughness
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture productions - Compound work - Control experiments - EDEM - Interaction effect - Rotary tillages - Virtual simulations - Working performance
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3  Engineering Research - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 931.1  Mechanics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 9.00e+01%, Percentage 9.13e+01%, Percentage 9.14e+01%, Percentage 9.67e+01%, Size 1.87e-02m, Size 1.98e+00m, Size 2.00e-02m, Size 2.16e-01m, Size 5.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20163302706443
Title:Effect of different life stages of rhizopertha dominica on component and edible quality of wheat
Authors:Zhang, Yurong (1); Bao, Jie (1); Zhou, Xianqing (1); Sun, Jing (1); Liu, Jingwan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Grain Storage and Security of Ministry of Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou; 450001, China 
Corresponding author:Zhou, Xianqing(xianqingzh@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:307-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to investigate the physicochemical and application quality changes of wheat damaged by Rhizopertha dominica in different growth stages, the nutritional properties, dough rheological properties, food processing properties and other relevant quality indices of wheat were determined after infestation by Rhizopertha dominica in the egg stage, larval stage, pupa stage and adult stage under the optimal growth conditions such as the temperature of (32&plusmn;1)&#8451; and relative humidity of 75%&plusmn;1%. And all data were processed by the differential analysis method. The results showed that the ash content of the wheat firstly decreased and then increased after infected by Rhizopertha dominica from the egg to the adult stage, and the ash content between the infested wheat sample in the pupal and adult stage and the control sample showed a significant difference (P&lt;0.05). The albumin and reducing sugar content had a tendency of increasing firstly and then decreasing, and the albumin content between the infested wheat sample in all development stages and the control sample showed significant difference (P&lt;0.05), while the reducing sugar content had not significant difference. The crude fat content and glutenin content decreased gradually, and the crude fat content between the infested wheat sample in all different development stages and the control sample showed significant difference (P&lt;0.05), while the glutenin content between the infested wheat sample in the larval, pupa and adult stage and the control sample had significant difference (P&lt;0.05). The globulin and gliadin content irregularly changed, and the globulin and gliadin content between the infested wheat sample in the larval, pupal and adult stage and the control sample had significant difference (P&lt;0.05) respectively. In addition, with Rhizopertha dominica eggs growing and developing in the wheat grain kernel, the microstructure of the wheat endosperm showed the interface damaged by Rhizopertha dominica became to have hard texture and rough surface, the structure was softening, the matrix proteins had severe fracture, and the damaged starch gradually increased. The rheological properties of whole wheat flour dough changed obviously, the peak time gradually decreased, and the peak time between the infested wheat sample respectively in the pupal and adult stage and the control sample showed significant difference (P&lt;0.05); the peak height and peak area first decreased and then increased, the peak width had an overall upward trend, and the peak height, front width and peak area between the infested wheat sample in all different development stages and the control sample showed significant difference (P&lt;0.05). The slope of the right side of the midline peak had a tendency of first rising and then decreasing, and the slope of the right side of the midline peak between the infested wheat sample in all different development stages and the control sample had significant difference (P&lt;0.05). The sensory evaluation scores of the steamed bread made with whole wheat flour decreased gradually, and the elasticity, adhesiveness and restorative parameters in texture analysis of the steamed bread decreased, while the hardness, chewiness, gumminess changed irregularly. The differential analysis results indicated that the infestation by Rhizopertha dominica in different growth stages had significant effects on the physicochemical and application quality of wheat (P&lt;0.05). The physicochemical properties and application quality of wheat infested by Rhyzopertha dominica in the larval and adult stages changed more obviously, and the differences with the control sample were more significant (P&lt;0.05). The research results show that the wheat damaged by Rhizopertha dominica in different growth stages can not only cause the change of physical and chemical properties of wheat, but also directly affect their eating quality, and therefore it should pay much attention to the prevention and control of Rhyzopertha dominica in the different growth stages during the wheat storage. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Chemical analysis - Digital storage - Energy storage - Food processing - Food products - Proteins - Rheology - Sensory analysis - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Different growth stages - Different stages - Dough rheological properties - Physical and chemical properties - Physicochemical property - Prevention and controls - Rhyzopertha dominica - Wheat
Classification code:525.7  Energy Storage - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 822.2  Food Processing Operations - 822.3  Food Products - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 931.1  Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.042

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20163302706442
Title:Difference of taste among streaming tea soup from tea plantations under different measures against frost based on electronic tongue
Authors:Wang, Mengxin (1); Bo, Xiaopei (1); Han, Shanjie (1); Wang, Jinhe (2); Han, Baoyu (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection &amp; Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou; 310018, China; (2) Jiangsu Yinchunbiya Tea Co. Ltd, Danyang; 212345, China 
Corresponding author:Han, Baoyu(han-insect@263.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:300-306
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The late spring coldness is one of the natural disasters frequently occurring in recent years, which severely affects the yield and quality of tea, famous tea in particular. Because of the late spring coldness, the yield of spring tea decreases by 10%-20% every year, especially early-sprouting varieties. The tea plantation with protection measures can avoid frost and protect tea shoots from the injury of late spring cold, such as frost protection with the wind machine system, and shelterbelt planting. The electronic tongue, a kind of rapid analytical tool, has been widely used to assess the quality of food. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the difference in the steaming tea taste from 3 types of tea gardens with different measures against the frost. In this experiment, the steaming tea samples from 3 different tea gardens, i.e. tea garden installed with frost protection with the wind machine system (TGFPWMS), tea garden among shelterbelt planting (TGSP), and common tea garden without protection measures (TGWPM), were used as experimental targets. The fresh tea shoots were plucked from 3 different tea gardens in Yinchunbiya tea plantation, Danyang, Jiangsu, China in April 2015. Because the late spring coldness was coming, the plucking time was at 3 pm and 11 pm on April 2, 4 am on April 3, 2015. The plucked tea shoots were processed into the steaming tea by steamed tea processing technology, whose tea soup taste was detected by electronic tongue. The electronic tongue utilized was Astree from Alpha-MOS with 7 sensors (SRS, GPS, STS, UMS, SPS, SWS and BRS). The components and contents of the amino acids in tea soup were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that part of the sensors of electronic tongue could effectively analyze the variation of steaming tea taste, such as the sensor BRS, SWS, UMS and SPS. The statistic analysis results showed that both the principal component analysis (PCA) and the soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) analysis could effectively discriminate the steaming tea taste among 3 different tea gardens. The clustering analysis successfully clustered the steaming tea taste into 2 groups. The steaming tea taste from TGFPWMS and TGSP showed much closer relationship, and the steaming tea taste from TGWPM could be divided into the class separately. By means of HPLC, 18 kinds of free amino acids were detected from steaming tea samples from TGFPWMS, TGSP and TGWPM. The content of 18 kinds of free amino acids ranged from 19.691 to 30.947 mg/g. The percentage of the content of theanine occupying the content of free amino acids ranged from 55.1% to 70.5%. Accompanied with air temperature dropping, the contents of free amino acids and theanine appeared to rise. With the decreasing of the temperature, the contents of 3 kinds of delicious amino acids (asparagic acid, glutamic acid and theanine), 5 kinds of sweet amino acids (proline, alanine, glycocoll, threonine and serine) and 5 kinds of bitter amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and valine) of steaming tea samples from TGFPWMS and TGSP respectively rose, declined and declined, while those of steaming tea samples from TGWPM varied irregularly. It was considered that the mild "late spring coldness" resulted that the steaming tea taste from TGWPM deteriorated, TGSP alleviated the cold damage, and the frost protection with the wind machine system could not only reduce the frost damage, but also avoid the decline in quality of tea taste. The research results can provide scientific basis and technical support for further researching tea quality under various protective measures. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Electronic tongues
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Disasters - Flavors - Frost protection - High performance liquid chromatography - Liquid chromatography - Principal component analysis - Quality control - Springs (components)
Uncontrolled terms:Clustering analysis - Late spring coldness - Natural disasters - Protection measures - Protective measures - Soft independent modeling of class analogies - Statistic analysis - Wind machines
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 801  Chemistry - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 822.3  Food Products - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+01% to 2.00e+01%, Percentage 5.51e+01% to 7.05e+01%, Size 1.10e-11m, Size 3.00e-12m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.041

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20163302706438
Title:Rapid identification of seed vigor of soybean water extracts by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors:Wen, Zenglian (1); Luo, Huolin (1); Guo, Xiali (1); Huang, Xueyong (1); Chen, Hua (2); Luo, Liping (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang; 330031, China; (2) School of Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang; 330031, China 
Corresponding author:Luo, Liping(lluo2@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:273-278
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to evaluate the vigor of soybean seeds quickly and accurately, soybean seeds after artificial accelerated aging were taken as material, and extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) was performed to obtain chemical fingerprints directly from the water extracts of soybean seeds with different vigor. According to the principle of electrical conductivity method, the water extracts from 8 different degrees of deterioration of soybean seed samples were tested and distinguished without complex sample pretreatments. The raw mass spectra data were analyzed using multivariate analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA) and discriminant analysis (DA) to establish a method to identify different soybean seed vigor. The seeds were randomly picked from a local cultivated variety, Gandou 8. Every aqueous extract of soybean seed sample was determined 6 times in parallel. EESI-MS was performed on a commercial linear ion trap mass spectrometer installed with a homemade EESI-MS ion source under the positive ion detection mode. A gentle nitrogen (N<inf>2</inf>) sheath gas flow (1.2 MPa) was driven into liquid methanol to form N<inf>2</inf>/methanol gas flow as spray reagent with an ionization voltage of 3.5 kV. The mass scanning range was 50-800 and the ion transfer tube temperature was 180&#8451;. The mass spectra were rapidly recorded by EESI-MS and the data were processed by multivariate analyses. PCA was performed with Matlab 7.0 software, and CA and DA were performed with statistical program for SPSS19.0 software. The results showed that in the positive ion mode, EESI-MS combined with multivariate analysis method could effectively identify the soybean seed with different vigor. For the first 80 components, 3 principal components were extracted using PCA method, with the contribution rates of 83.70% (PC1), 10.10% (PC2) and 1% (PC3), respectively, and the cumulative contribution rate of 94.80%, maintaining most of the original information of the samples. All the seeds had a regular pattern of aggregation and dispersion. The seeds with the same aging time were clustered together, and the seeds with different aging time could be completely separated. CA program was used to calculate the Euclidean distance between 40 soybean seed samples for stratified CA. The seeds of different vigor could also be completely separated with the correct cluster rate of 100%. Eighty soybean seed samples were analyzed by stepwise discriminant analysis with Wilk'lambda method, and Fisher discriminant analysis was conducted. Soybean seed samples of different aging time could be completely separated, and the soybean seeds with same vitality were clustered together with the correct rate of 100%. Furthermore, the correct rate of 40 external validation samples was 95% for DA. Therefore, EESI-MS can quickly identify the soybean seeds with different vigor, providing a new method for the fast, accurate and efficient seed vigor detection. The experiment provides a theoretical basis for the vigor detection of soybean seed. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Chemical analysis - Cluster analysis - Discriminant analysis - Drug products - Electrospray ionization - Extraction - Fault tolerant computer systems - Fisher information matrix - Flow of gases - Ion sources  - Ionization - Ionization of gases - Ionization of liquids - Mass spectrometers - Mass spectrometry - MATLAB - Multivariant analysis - Natural language processing systems - Nitrogen - Positive ions  - Seed - Spectrometry - Supply chains
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical fingerprint - Electrical conductivity - Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry - Fisher discriminant analysis - Multi variate analysis - Multivariate analysis methods - Soybean - Stepwise discriminant analysis
Classification code:631.1.2  Gas Dynamics - 722.4  Digital Computers and Systems - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 801  Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 912  Industrial Engineering and Management - 913  Production Planning and Control; Manufacturing - 921  Mathematics - 922  Statistical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 932.1  High Energy Physics - 941.4  Optical Variables Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.00e+00%, Percentage 1.00e+02%, Percentage 1.01e+01%, Percentage 8.37e+01%, Percentage 9.48e+01%, Percentage 9.50e+01%, Pressure 1.20e+06Pa, Voltage 3.50e+03V
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20163302706423
Title:Optimization spectral clustering algorithm of apple image segmentation with noise based on space feature
Authors:Gu, Yuwan (1, 2); Shi, Guodong (1, 2); Liu, Xiaoyang (1); Zhao, Dejie (1); Zhao, Dean (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) School of Information Science &amp; Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou; 213164, China 
Corresponding author:Zhao, Dean(dazhao@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:159-167
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Restricted by imaging equipment and external natural environment, apple image produces lots of noise in the process of collection and transmission, which is one of the important factors that affect the accuracy and efficiency of image recognition. In order to reduce the effect of the noise on the target identification of apple harvesting robot, the segmentation method for apple image with noise is studied, which is not affected by noise. Firstly, by constructing similarity matrix, gray value, local spatial information and non-local spatial information of each pixel are utilized to construct a three-dimensional feature dataset. And then, the space compactness function is introduced to compute the similarity between each feature point and its nearest neighbors. Obviously, the similarity matrix is sparse matrix. Secondly, the outliers of similarity matrix are tuned by splitting the outlier matrix and representing it linearly with the other remaining column vector. Finally, tuned similarity matrix is decomposed by Laplacian vector, and eigenvector matrix is constructed and then normalized; the next step is that row vector of the matrix is clustered by k-means algorithm. The clustering result is obtained for three-dimensional feature dataset, and the image segmentation result is also obtained. The experiments of 2 apple images are carried out to validate the optimization algorithm proposed in the paper. The segmentation accuracy of the optimization method for a single apple under the influence of different noise is over 99%. The segmentation accuracy is over 98% for overlapping apple. The segmentation accuracy rate is 99.014% on average for 30 apple images, which is under the influence of Gaussian noise with the variance of 0.05 and salt and pepper noise with the probability of 0.01. The results of optimization method are compared with the results of the original spectral clustering algorithm and the spectral clustering algorithm based on space feature. The advantage of the optimization method is achieving de-noising effect. Also, the role of tuning the similar matrix's outliers is to achieve clustering optimization. In the setting conditions of this experiment, the segmentation accurate rate can be improved by 5%-6% compared to the spectral clustering algorithm based on space feature, and by 9%-25% compared to the original spectral clustering algorithm. At the end, the running time is analyzed and compared for the algorithms, and the experiments of 30 images, which contain 3 types of images i.e. 128&times;128, 256&times;256 and 512&times;512 pixels and each type has 10 images, are carried out to validate the algorithm's efficiency. From the result of experiments, we know the optimization algorithm's running time is less than the original spectral clustering algorithm and is close to the spectral clustering algorithm based on space feature on the premise of achieving better segmentation accurate rate. Through the analysis and comparison, the conclusions obtained from the study are as follows: first, the optimization algorithm has the robustness for the noise; second, the optimization algorithm reduces the wrong rate of the boundary region's pixels; third, the optimization algorithm improves the segmentation accuracy and efficiency. The results provide a reference for fast target recognition of apple harvesting robot. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Clustering algorithms
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Efficiency - Fruits - Gaussian noise (electronic) - Image processing - Image recognition - Image segmentation - Optimization - Pixels - Statistics
Uncontrolled terms:Clustering optimizations - Optimization algorithms - Salt-and-pepper noise - Segmentation accuracy - Space feature - Spectral clustering - Spectral clustering algorithms - Target identification
Classification code:821.4  Agricultural Products - 903.1  Information Sources and Analysis - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 5.00e+00% to 6.00e+00%, Percentage 9.00e+00% to 2.50e+01%, Percentage 9.80e+01%, Percentage 9.90e+01%
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20163302706434
Title:Determination of flexible space for land resource spatial optimization under uncertain conditions
Authors:Li, Xin (1); Yan, Siqi (2); Xiao, Changjiang (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geography, Geomatics &amp; Urban-Rural Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou; 221116, China; (2) College of Land Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210095, China; (3) School of Tourism and Urban Management, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economic, Nanchang; 330013, China 
Corresponding author:Xiao, Changjiang(443666139@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:241-247
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The management of uncertainties during resource utilization could perceive the underlying uncertainties in advance, thus conversely improving resources and environmental policy design to avoid risk, so nowadays much attention is paid to the research of uncertainties during resource and environmental management. Land use as a kind of important socio-economic activity also suffers from serious uncertainties, and especially the spatial characteristics make that more complicated. Up to now, many literatures have studied the uncertain quantities optimization of land resource, i.e., uncertain land use structure optimization, however that is not enough. Due to different preferences of land use on spatial units, land use planning demands spatial optimization based on the result of land use structure to guide human activities spatially, the uncertainties continue to propagate on space, and finally the flexible space of land resource spatial optimization is formed, which has important implications for formulating land use policy. This paper studies how to designate the flexible space for land resource spatial optimization under uncertain conditions. Firstly the uncertainties during land use optimization were analyzed systematically from views of population, economic, policy and nature variations, while excluding the uncertainties of spatial parameters, and at the same time the numerical expression of uncertainties was defined as uncertain indices to be dealt with. Secondly based on the comprehensive consideration of existing uncertain variables, the interval number was selected to represent the uncertain indices, which were brought into an interval programming model to obtain the flexible size of land use structure optimization, corresponding to the interval size of maximum objective value, in which only economic benefit was set as pursuit, and ecological and social demands were embodied into the constraints. Since the interval sizes of different land use areas were obtained, it was necessary to allocate them spatially to form the flexible space. Thus thirdly, a spatial optimization method was established, in which fitness and spatial distribution such as compactness and contiguity were considered during allocating land use types to spatial units, because it was considered that the final suitability of certain unit to some land use was affected by the conditions of its neighboring units. For each land use type, corresponding metric was selected to evaluate its fitness to spatial units, and we also regulated the influential rule of core cell to its neighbors on fitness. Combining the 2 sides, this method automatically identified which cell could be changed, until the area of changed cell reached the set threshold. Therefore in this way, the lower and upper limit area of each land use type were allocated on space, generating 2 optimization boundary scenarios, the overlapped part of that was defined as optimized boundary, while different part was supposed as flexible space of spatial optimization for that land use type. Lastly Yangzhou, an eastern China city, was taken as a case to illustrate the application of the flexible space designation approach, also providing reference for management policy making of Yangzhou. We could find that: the emergence of flexible space is due to uncertainties, and flexible space is designated to accommodate uncertainties; flexible space designation can perceive and deal with underlying uncertainties in advance, thus improving the effectiveness of land use policy. This research can provide theoretical basis and technical support for flexible space designation of current Chinese general land use planning. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Economics - Environmental management - Environmental protection - Health - Natural resources - Optimization - Planning - Population statistics - Structural optimization - Structure (composition)  - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Expression of uncertainty - Fitness - Flexible space - Land use structure optimizations - Management of uncertainty - Spatial characteristics - Uncertain condition - Yangzhou
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 461.6  Medicine and Pharmacology - 912.2  Management - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.1  Probability Theory - 951  Materials Science - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:20163302706406
Title:Optimization experiment of transplanting actuator parameters based on mechanical property of seedling pot
Authors:Liu, Jiaodi (1, 2); Cao, Weibin (1); Tian, Dongyang (1); Ouyang, Yineng (3); Zhao, Hongzheng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Machine and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China; (2) The State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing; 404100, China; (3) College of Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China 
Corresponding author:Cao, Weibin(wbc828@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:32-39
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To effectively reduce the breakage rate of the tomato pot seedlings medium, and improve the success rate of picking seedlings and transplanting in the process of mechanized transplanting, we analyzed the process of transplanting. Based on the analysis, mechanical models of tomato seedling pot in the stage of taking and transplanting seedling were constructed. In order to reduce the wastage of the pot caused by transplanting enforcement agencies and to take seedlings out successfully, in the experiment, we considered to adjust the clamping angle of picking seedling (7&deg;, 8&deg; and 9&deg;), pot body absolute moisture content (65%, 70% and 72%), and the volume proportion of medium material (perlite: gravel: peat as 1:1:2, 1:2:1 and 1:2:6) as the experimental factors. Combined the orthogonal test method of 3 factors and 3 levels, we conducted the seedling pots compressive mechanical property test, and the compressive strength of soil blocks under different schemes. Through using the universal material testing machine, the relationships between compressive force and compressive amount were obtained. The compression elasticity of the soil block was proposed, which was defined as the straight slope between point M (starting point of linear elastic) and point L (yield point). Compression feature showed that the resistance capacity for compression with deformation increased slowly at first and increased significantly at last. The optimal parameters of the transplanting actuators were obtained, and the seedling pot properties to suit for transplanting were illustrated. By means of repeated verification experiments with optimal factors, the results showed that the transplanting mechanism worked well. The success rate of transplanting could meet the requirements of tomato pot seedling transplanting, the optimal parameter combination was as follows: the volume proportion of medium material was 1:1:2 for perlite, gravel and peat, respectively; the pot moisture content in the medium was 72%; the depth of the picking clip insert soil hole was 35 mm; the clamping angle of picking seedling was 14&deg;. The collision mechanical model of the pot during the period of planting was constructed through the analysis of the process of the collision of the pot and seedlings. The impact of the collision height and angle to the collision was analyzed based on MATLAB software. It was shown that the smaller collision angle and planting height could reduce the collision damage to the pot. The height between the throwing and the planting collision point should be 90mm and the duckbill taper was 38&deg; by considering the matching of the picking and throwing part of the transplanter, as well as the intensity when the duckbill was embed into the ground and the requirement of the hole size. By repeated verification experiments of optimal factors combination, it was shown that the success rate of picking seedling and planting seedlings was 97.6% and 93.9%, respectively. The seedling back rate was 0.9% and the damage rate was 2.4% when the volume proportion of medium material was 1:1:2 for perlite, gravel and peat, respectively, pot body moisture content was 72%, depth of the picking clip insert soil hole was 35 mm, clamping angle of picking seedling was 14&deg;, height between the throwing and the planting collision point was 90mm, and the duckbill taper was 38&deg;. As such it can meet the requirement of the tomato transplanting. Therefore, the study provides very important theoretical basis and reference for the cultivating agronomy of tomato pot seedling which is suitable for mechanized transplanting, and also for parameter optimization design of transplanting machine. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Actuators - Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Compressive strength - Fruits - Gravel - MATLAB - Mechanical actuators - Mechanical properties - Moisture  - Moisture determination - Peat - Soil testing - Soils - Transplants
Uncontrolled terms:Compressive mechanical properties - Optimal parameter combinations - Orthogonal experiment - Orthogonal test method - Parameter optimization - Seedling transplanting - Tomato seeding pot - Transplanting mechanisms
Classification code:462.4  Prosthetics - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 524  Solid Fuels - 732.1  Control Equipment - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921  Mathematics - 944.2  Moisture Measurements - 951  Materials Science
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 2.40e+00%, Percentage 6.50e+01%, Percentage 7.00e+01%, Percentage 7.20e+01%, Percentage 9.00e-01%, Percentage 9.39e+01%, Percentage 9.76e+01%, Size 3.50e-02m, Size 9.00e-02m
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 42>

Accession number:20163302706436
Title:Test and influence factors analysis of friction characteristics of millet
Authors:Yang, Zuomei (1); Guo, Yuming (1); Cui, Qingliang (1); Li, Hongbo (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:16
Issue date:August 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:258-264
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Millet is one of the most important special crops in arid and semi-arid north region of China. It has the features of strong tolerance to drought and barren soil, high nutritional value, and wide adaptability, and therefore becomes an important part of industry structure development for specialty crop in China. As people adjust their diet structure, millet has increasingly become an essential and high quality food on the dining table. However, the limited development in mechanization of millet production equipment has significantly restricted the development of millet industry. Millet can be mechanically damaged due to the friction in the processes of seeding, harvesting, milling, storage and transportation. So it is important to understand the friction characteristics of millet and use the friction parameters for the design of equipment during the above processes and applications of related technologies. The previous research on grains' friction characteristics was mostly about big grain kernel and small grain kernel like millet has been rarely studied. In this research, a typical millet, Jingu-21, produced in Shanxi Province, was selected as test material with 4 moisture content treatments of 10.7%, 13.7%, 16.0% and 19.8%.. The parameters of friction characteristics of millet including repose angle, coefficient of sliding friction and coefficient of internal friction were measured using a test device of repose angle, a test device of sliding friction and a direct shear apparatus. Variations of the friction characteristics affected by moisture content, contact material and shear velocity were quantified and modeled. The results showed that the moisture content ranging from 10.7% to 19.8% did not significantly affect the size and shape of millet grains, which in turn were not significant factors influencing the friction characteristics of millet. The friction between millet and contacting surfaces was mainly caused by the meshing of concave and convex surfaces and the adsorption of millets. Moisture content had a significant effect on repose angle of millet, which increased from 27.32&deg; to 28.43&deg;. The coefficient of sliding friction linearly increased as the moisture content increased, and the coefficients of static/dynamic sliding friction between millet and steel, iron and acrylic were 0.185-0.290/0.169-0.278, 0.212-0.336/0.190-0.319 and 0.190-0.312/0.182-0.302, respectively. The coefficient of sliding friction of millet against iron plate was the highest, while that against steel plate was the lowest. In the terms of friction reduction, the mechanical parts contacting with millet, such as metering device, should adopt steel material. The internal friction coefficient of millet was not affected by the shear velocity (P&gt;0.05), but linearly increased as the grain moisture content increased, and decreased significantly as the normal stress increased (P&lt;0.01). The coefficient of internal friction of millet decreased quadratically as the normal stress increased, and tended to be stable when the vertical stress was higher than 150 kPa. When the shear velocity was 4.8 mm/min, the normal stress was 50-200 kPa, and the moisture content was 10.7%-19.8%, the coefficient of internal friction of millet ranged from 0.501 to 0.639. In order to improve the flow characteristics of millet in the processes of seeding, storage and transportation, the moisture content should be reduced and the normal stress be increased appropriately. The above results were analyzed using the statistical regression and the mechanical performance parameters of millet on friction were established as test elements respectively. The study can provide a theoretical basis for the design and development of millet mechanization equipment. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Friction
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Crops - Equipment - Grain (agricultural product) - Internal friction - Machinery - Mechanization - Moisture - Moisture determination - Nutrition  - Plates (structural components) - Shear flow - Tribology
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of sliding frictions - Direct shear apparatus - Friction characteristics - Internal friction coefficients - Millet - Repose angles - Statistical regression - Storage and transportations
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 461.7  Health Care - 601  Mechanical Design - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 901  Engineering Profession - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
Numerical data indexing:Percentage 1.07e+01%, Percentage 1.07e+01% to 1.98e+01%, Percentage 1.37e+01%, Percentage 1.60e+01%, Pressure 1.50e+05Pa, Pressure 5.00e+04Pa to 2.00e+05Pa
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.16.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.