<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20162702564176
Title:Evolution of concepts of cultivated land quality and recognition
Authors:Du, Guoming (1, 2); Liu, Yansui (2); Yu, Fengrong (3); Liu, Mei (1); Zheng, Huiyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing; 100101, China; (3) Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, Heilongjiang Academy of Land Reclamation Region, Harbin; 150038, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:243-249
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Cultivated land quality has important implications for agricultural benefit, food security, and sustainable utilization ability of cultivated land resources. To understand concept, composition, characteristics and influencing factors of cultivated land quality is important for strengthening basic research in cultivated land quality, promoting land remediation and high-standard basic farmland construction, and launching cultivated land quality management practice work. This paper discusses 3 current main concepts of cultivated land quality, analyzes connotations of quality and land quality, then expounds a new concept of cultivated land quality, and obtains the following main conclusions. 1) The current main 3 concepts of cultivated land quality based on natural attributes, natural-economic attributes and multiple attributes have evolutionary relationships, while they are coexistent and distinct. 2) Quality is the extent about a set of inherent characteristics of the product to meet the requirements; land quality is the ability and level of the specific land use type to meet some specific requirements. 3) Cultivated land is farming land, including not only land used to grow crops, but also roads, ditches, shelterbelts, ridges, electromechanical wells and other infrastructure land attached to these land and the drying field, seedling shed, agricultural stations and other ancillary facilities land. 4) Cultivated land quality is the level of the performances of cultivated land itself to meet the requirements of agricultural production and obtaining economic profits and human well-being. The cultivated land quality includes land fertility quality, engineering quality, space quality, ecology-environment quality and aesthetics-culture quality. Farmland productivity is cultivated production potential determined by soil fertility, geomorphology, climate, hydrology and other natural factors. Fertility quality is the core of cultivated land quality, the background quality or inherent quality of cultivated land. Cultivated engineering quality is embodied as the supporting extent and quality of water conservancy, transportation, electricity, ridge and other infrastructures, and seedling shed, drying field, drying ponds and other ancillary facilities for satisfying agricultural production. Cultivated engineering quality not only affects the degree of realization of production potential, but also has an important influence on convenience and economy of agricultural production. Engineering quality is an additional quality of cultivated land, but it is an important part of China's current high-standard farmland construction. Space quality mainly refers to the characteristics of spatial form and spatial distribution. Spatial form includes field's surface slope, shape and size. Spatial distribution includes degree of transportation convenience, labor radius and concentration ratio of cultivated land. Space quality affects the mechanization level, convenience level, scale level and efficiency of agricultural production, and then affects the economic profitability of cultivated land. Ecology-environment quality includes ecological quality and environmental quality. The former refers to soil and water conservation, air purification, climate regulation and other ecological service functions while cultivated land is regarded as an ecological subsystem. The latter mainly refers to soil environment capacity, and quality of soil environment, irrigation water environment and surrounding air of cultivated land. Aesthetics-culture quality is the aesthetic and cultural characteristics embodied by cultivated land. 5) The characteristics of cultivated land quality include productivity, internality, comprehensiveness, extensity and timeliness. Cultivated land quality is affected by natural factors, engineering factors, social factors and their combination conditions. No matter in the theory study or the management practice of cultivated land quality, it is necessary to treat cultivated land quality comprehensively and without bias, and to unify the objectivity of cultivated land quality and the subjectivity of cultivated land quality demand. We should select cultivated land quality indicators based on cultivated land evaluation purpose, build the evaluation index system scientifically, and monitor spatial scale and temporal frequency to evaluate the quality of cultivated land accurately. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Air cleaners - Air purification - Drying - Ecology - Economics - Engineering research - Farms - Food supply - Irrigation - Land use - Machinery - Productivity - Profitability - Quality management - Remediation - Soil conservation - Soils - Spatial distribution - Water conservation - Water management - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Cultivated land qualities - Factors - High standards - Land consolidations - Quality improvement
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources - 445.2 Water Analysis - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 822.3 Food Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 912.2 Management - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20162702564149
Title:Kinematic analysis of 2PRC-PRS parallel platform and development of control system
Authors:Han, Bo (1); Xu, Yundou (1, 2); Yao, Jiantao (1, 2); Su, Hongliang (1); Ping, Lifa (1); Zhao, Yongsheng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Parallel Robot Mechatronic System Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao; 066004, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Advanced Forging & Stamping Technology and Science of Ministry of Education, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao; 066004, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Yongsheng(yszhao@ysu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:30-38
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agricultural engineering operations are often conducted in complex ground conditions such as fields on a hill, forest land, and hilly land. Compared with 6 degrees of freedom (DOFs) parallel robot, lower-mobility parallel robot is especially suitable for picking, planting and transporting crops in complex ground conditions with the advantages of fewer actuators, fewer components, easy control, easy fabrication, low cost, and so on. One translational and two rotational DOFs parallel mechanism is a representative of lower-mobility parallel robot. In order to expand the application of lower-mobility parallel robot in agriculture, this paper presented a novel 2PRC-PRS parallel mechanism, which has one translational DOF and two rotational DOFs. The motion characteristics of the mechanism and its number of DOFs were analyzed based on the theory of reciprocal screw, and through establishing the moving coordinate system and the fixed coordinate system of the parallel platform, the kinematic screw system of each branch and the corresponding constraint wrenches were calculated, the reciprocal kinematic screws of the constraint wrenches of each branch were solved, and then the DOF nature of the moving platform was analyzed based on the kinematic screws of the moving platform. It concluded that the moving platform had 3 DOFs, which were respectively the movement along the vertical direction and the rotations along the two directions which are perpendicular in the horizontal plane. After analyzing the number of DOFs and the motion characteristics of the 2PRC-PRS parallel mechanism, whether the DOF of the moving platform was instantaneous or not was checked. The results showed that the DOF of the 2PRC-PRS parallel mechanism was not instantaneous, and it was continuous. By adopting Z-X-Y Euler angle to describe posture and position of the parallel platform, the inverse position of the parallel platform was calculated. The model machine of the 2PRC-PRS parallel platform was designed and manufactured; combined with the servo motion controller produced by the Bernecker & Rainer industrial automation company, add the appropriate peripherals, design and set up a network motion control system based on Powerlinks bus for the 2PRC-PRS parallel platform, and assemble the electric control cabinet, the control system included human-computer interaction module, master display module, servo-driven module, sensing module and security module. Adopt modularization approach, and based on the ST programming language, develop the 2PRC-PRS parallel platform control software on Automation Studio 3.0 software development platform. It included interactive interface, security alarm, calibration by returning to zero, uniaxial control, multi-axis control, I/O control, spindle control, and so on, which satisfied the basic demands of the experiment. Then the relevant experiments were carried out based on parallel platform, cabinet and control software. Through the regulation of the speed loop and the position loop of the servo motor, the servo motor parameters tuning was completed, and the electronic gear test was completed by writing electronic gear control program under the position control mode. When the electronic gear ratio was 4:1, and the driving shaft speed was set to 2000, the actual value of the driven shaft speed was 500, and the displacement change of the driving shaft and the driven shaft were also in line with expectations, so the electronic gear experiment was successful, and the control system of high precision met the design requirements. The trajectory planning of the moving platform was carried out and the inverse data were calculated, then the interpolation calculation was conducted. And the interpolation moving data point was carried out by inputting the parallel platform inverse data into the control software. The moving platform moved in accordance with the moving data point after it came back to the initial position and it achieved the expected effect. Finally, combined with the network communication technology, the wireless network remote control experiment was performed separately on IOS mobile terminal under the intranet and PC (personal computer) under extranet, which basically achieved the expected target, and also found the signal transmission delay phenomenon, especially under the condition of wide-area the internet image delay was more obvious. This issue will be further researched. This paper is aimed to provide the theoretical and experimental foundation for the agricultural lower-mobility parallel robot and provide the reference for the researching of this mechatronics equipment. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Computer control systems
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Complex networks - Computer control - Computer peripheral equipment - Computer software - Control systems - Control theory - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Electric machine control - Extranets - Fasteners - Fixed platforms - Human computer interaction - Interpolation - Kinematics - Mechanisms - Modular construction - Motion control - Personal computers - Position control - Remote control - Robots - Screws - Servomotors - Shaft displacement - Software design - Software engineering - Software testing - Tools - Wide area networks
Uncontrolled terms:Degrees of freedom (DoFs) - Fixed coordinate systems - Inverse position - Motion characteristics - Moving coordinate system - Parallel - Screw theory - Signal transmission delay
Classification code:405.2 Construction Methods - 511.2 Oil Field Equipment - 601.3 Mechanisms - 602.1 Mechanical Drives - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 705.3 Electric Motors - 722 Computer Systems and Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20162702564181
Title:Detection of nitrate content in lettuce based on chlorophyll fluorescence spectrum
Authors:Wang, Linlin (0); Yu, Haiye (0); Zhang, Lei (0); Zhao, Hongxing (0)
Corresponding author:Zhang, Lei(z_lei@jlu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:279-283
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the development of spectral technology, many researchers have done a lot of research on the nondestructive testing methods of nitrate content in leaves and have achieved some results. However, most of the studies have used visible and near infrared spectroscopy or mid infrared spectroscopy technology, and the chlorophyll fluorescence spectrum technology is still not used. Therefore, this paper used chlorophyll fluorescence spectrum analysis technology to study the relationship between nitrate content and fluorescence spectrum. With aerosol cultured lettuce as the research object, the chlorophyll fluorescence spectrum characteristic parameters were extracted to establish the function relationship between the characteristic parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence spectrum and the nitrate content of lettuce leaves, which laid a theoretical foundation for the rapid and nondestructive detection of nitrate content in lettuce leaves. The peak values of fluorescence intensity of 500-550, 650-715 and 715-800 nm were the characteristic parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence spectrum. It could be seen that the characteristic parameter of 500-550 nm was relatively weak, and it showed irregular variation with the change of nitrate content in lettuce leaves. Therefore, this band was not the desired band of this paper. The characteristic parameters of 650-715 and 715-800 nm showed clear and regular variation with the change of nitrate content in lettuce leaves, so they could be used for further study. In this paper, non dimensional treatment and standardized treatment of nitrate content in lettuce leaves and the characteristic parameters of 650-715 and 715-800 nm were in progress, and the linear fitting method was adopted. The results showed that the characteristic parameter of 650-715 nm and the nitrate content of lettuce leaves presented a significant linear relationship. The determination coefficient of regression model between them was 0.816 and the standard error was 0.147. Adding another variable in the regression model could improve the accuracy of the model a little; and the determination coefficient of regression model was 0.820 and the standard error was 0.146. And as the sample capacity was certain, the increase of the independent variable would cause the decrease of the degree of freedom, which then would affect the goodness of the fit of the regression model. Therefore, this paper chose the characteristic parameter of 650-715 nm to establish the regression model, which could well reflect the relationship between nitrate content of lettuce leaves and characteristic parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence spectrum. Thirty samples from the same batch were used as the calibration set of the regression model, and the regression model already established was used to predict the nitrate content of lettuce leaves. After verification, the determination coefficient between the predicted value and the measured value was 0.752, and the standard error was 0.172. The results show that the regression model has a good predictive effect on nitrate content of lettuce leaves and it can be used as the basis for rapid and nondestructive detection of nitrate content in lettuce leaves. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Regression analysis
Controlled terms:Chlorophyll - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Errors - Fluorescence - Infrared devices - Infrared spectroscopy - Models - Near infrared spectroscopy - Nitrates - Nondestructive examination - Spectrum analysis - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Chlorophyll fluorescence - Determination coefficients - Fluorescence intensities - Mid-infrared spectroscopy - Nondestructive detection - Nondestructive testing method - Spectrum - Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy
Classification code:741.1 Light/Optics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20162702564146
Title:Morphological quantity analysis of soil surface shrinkage crack and its numerical simulation
Authors:Zhu, Lei (1, 2); Chen, Jiuhong (1, 2); Liu, Dedong (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China; (2) Efficient Use of Water Resources in Arid Modern Agriculture Ministry of Educational Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan; 750021, China; (3) Shandong Survey and Design Institute of Water Conservancy, Jinan; 250013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:8-14
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil cracking is a common phenomenon in nature, which has great influence on soil properties, plant growth and soil moisture transfer. This study aimed to reveal the development law and formation mechanism of dry shrinkage cracks on the soil surface. Soil crack evolution test was carried out in 1-m<sup>2</sup>soil in Yellow River irrigation area (105°40'E, 37°28'N) of Ningxia Zhongning County. Soil was irrigated to saturate condition, and dried under sunlight to form cracks. A Canon digital camera was used to take crack pictures every 2 h for 3 days. The picture was processed through binarization, noise removal and edge extraction of fracture for extraction of morphological properties. Minkowski area, length and Euler number were to quantify crackers. The cracker evolution was simulated through morphological dilation and erosion operation. The model assumed that the soil critical strain field followed normal distribution. Friction was taken as soil static adhesion force, and grid structure contraction frequency represented soil moisture evaporation intensity in hexagonal network structure composed of nodes. In the simulation, vertical interaction between layers of the soil was ignored, and the clay was considered as elastic material. The distance between each node in hexagonal structural network was reduced gradually on behalf of the soil evaporation. The reducing of distance between each node could cause the changing of force between network nodes, which resulted in soil cracking. The model was solved using program written by C++ language under the CodeLite platform and generated Tiff image as output. By comparison of crack area, crack length, euler number density that calculated by analyzing experiment pictures and images the program produced, it could be drawn that crack morphology could be described by Minkowski area, length, euler number density effectively; each parameter had its own variation as morphological analysis results did, among which area density function was an increasing function between 0 and 1, the length density function increased and decreased, and the euler number density function increased and then decreased, and finally increased again. Furthermore, a two-dimensional soil cracking model was established based on Hooke's law. To analyze the calculation results of different soil cracks, statistically equivalent soil cracks had been investigated, 100 seeds were used to generate 100 groups of random structured soil cracks. The average level and standard deviation of each parameter of 100 groups of random structured soil cracks were also calculated and the average density value in this experiment was basically distributed between the mean value and standard deviation of the model. Coefficient of determination of area, length and euler number density was 0.893-0.928. Root mean square error was 0.002-0.039. Bias was 0.064-0.144. Index of agreement was greater than 0.888. It suggested that the model established had high precision. Therefore, the model based on Hooke's law can effectively simulate the cracking process of soil. Simulation of surface soil cracking with numerical method is helpful to study the formation of farmland soil cracks as well as its dynamic evolution mechanism. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Soil testing
Controlled terms:C++ (programming language) - Computer simulation - Computer software - Cracks - Evaporation - Extraction - Mean square error - Moisture - Moisture control - Morphology - Normal distribution - Number theory - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Shrinkage - Soil moisture - Soils - Statistics
Uncontrolled terms:Area density functions - Coefficient of determination - Contraction frequency - Minkowski functions - Morphological analysis - Morphological dilation - Morphological properties - Root mean square errors
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20162702564163
Title:Effects of application patterns and amount of biochar on water infiltration and evaporation
Authors:Li, Shuailin (1); Wang, Xia (1); Wang, Shuo (2); Zhang, Yongwang (1); Wang, Shanshan (1); Shangguan, Zhouping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Vegetables, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa; 850032, China
Corresponding author:Shangguan, Zhouping(shangguan@ms.iswc.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:135-144
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water scarcity is one of the major limitations to agriculture sustainable development in dryland areas. Biochar as a promising novel alternative of soil amendment to improve soil quality has received a wide attention. Understanding the effects of biochar on soil water infiltration process and evaporation characteristics will provide the scientific basis and technical support for the biochar applying in dry farming regions. Aiming to study the soil water infiltration and evaporation characteristics of different application patterns with different addition amount, the soil column simulation experiment was conducted under the condition of ponding infiltration. Biochar (pyrolysis temperature of 450-480℃, carbonization time of 8-10 h) derived from apple wood was applied to soil (Eum-Orthric) in 3 patterns (A (surface layer soil 0-10 cm), B (underlying soil 10-20 cm), and C (plough layer soil 0-20 cm)) and 4 application amounts (0, 1%, 2% and 4% (w/w)), all treatments with triplicate. Compared with control group, the wetting front migration rate of all application patterns of biochar at the rate of 1%, the application pattern A or C at the rate of 2% and the application pattern B at the rate of 4% were decreased, however, the application pattern A and C at the rate of 4% and the application pattern B at the rate of 2% could increase the migration rate. After 50 min since infiltration starting, the wetting front depths of the application pattern C at the rate of 2%, the application pattern A at the rate of 1%, the application pattern A at the rate of 2%, the application pattern B at the rate of 1%, the application pattern C at the rate of 1% and the application pattern B at the rate of 4% were 137. 0, 139.8, 142.0, 145.0, 149.0 and 150.0 mm respectively, lower than control group (153.5 mm) significantly (P<0.05). But the wetting front depths of application pattern A and C at the rate of 4% and application pattern B at the rate of 2% were 175.0, 168.0 and 165.7 mm respectively, significantly higher than control (153.5 mm) (P<0.05). While after 50 min since infiltration starting, adding 4% biochar with application pattern A, the cumulative infiltration amount increased significantly (P<0.05) by 10.63% compared with the control. At 1% biochar application rate, the cumulative infiltration amount decreased significantly (P<0.05) by 12.46%, 13.9% and 5.32% compared with the control under application pattern A, B and C, respectively. Adding biochar with application pattern C at the rate of 2% and 4%, the infiltration amount significantly decreased by 8.49% and 4.66% respectively (P<0.05) compared with the control. The relationships of wetting front distance and infiltration time in all treatments could be described by the power function with the determination coefficient greater than 0.996. The Philip infiltration model only suited to describe the soil water infiltration process of application pattern C, with the determination coefficient ranging from 0.996 to 0.999. The Kostiakov infiltration model was suitable for all treatments with the determination coefficient ranging from 0.996 to 0.999. During the successive evaporation of 35 d, all treatments had no significant difference in the cumulative evaporation compared to the control (P<0.05). But there were significant differences (P<0.05) about the cumulative evaporation between the application pattern A at the rate of 2% (62.67 mm) and application pattern C at the rate of 2% (54.86 mm), the application A at the rate of 2% (62.67 mm) and the rate of 4% (59.53 mm), the application pattern C at the rate of 1% (60.18 mm) and 2% (54.86 mm). Notably, the application pattern A at the rate of 4% and application pattern C at the rate of 2% decreased the cumulative evaporation by 5.96% and 7.84% respectively compared to the control. Our results show that both biochar application pattern and amount can affect the soil infiltration capacity and evaporation characteristics. Adding higher rate (4%) biochar in surface layer soil can improve hydrologic characteristics of argillaceous soil. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Carbonization - Evaporation - Soil moisture - Soils - Water - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Bio chars - Cumulative infiltrations - Determination coefficients - Dry land - Infiltration modeling - Pyrolysis temperature - Soil infiltration - Water infiltration
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20162702564184
Title:Garlic oil-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose composite coating material improving strawberry preservation effect
Authors:Kang, Mingli (1); Gu, Jinjun (1); Guo, Xiaolei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biological Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang; 050018, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:300-305
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) is the most popular and year-round available berry in China and mainly consumed as fresh fruit. It is a kind of easily perishable fruit, which makes it impossible to store for a long term; thus, it should be used very quickly after harvest. Many products such as juice, jelly, nectar, puree, concentrate or jams have been developed. Despite the demand for these products, there remains an excess of strawberry crops. A possible alternative is to generate new preservation method that maintains the fruit's original quality to the maximum extent, which can either retard or inhibit the physico-chemical changes occurring and improve fruit storability. The application of edible coatings is one of the most innovative methods to extend the commercial shelf-life of fruits and vegetables by acting as a gas barrier and having a similar effect with the storage under modified atmosphere, which reduces quality changes and slows down quantity losses through modification and control of the internal atmosphere of the individual fruit. Edible coating has a thin protective layer that is applied to the skin surface of the fruit and later consumed together with the fruit flesh. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) is a naturally-occurring compound that enjoys the potential in agriculture due to its controlling plant diseases. Garlic oil is a kind of natural essential oil, which can be evenly dispersed in Na-CMC/chitosan solution to form an edible semipermeable film on the outside surface of the fruits to extend storage life and reduce some forms of decay caused by fungi during the storage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of Na-CMC/garlic oil coating on respiration rate and quality characteristics of strawberry during its storage. Fresh strawberry was treated with garlic oil/Na-CMC composite film material and then stored at 6℃ or 20±2℃ for 6 d. Changes in weight loss, respiration rate, rot index, titrable acidity, soluble solid content, ascorbic acid, and malonaldehyde content were periodically recorded. The results indicated that garlic oil/Na-CMC composite film material was effective in reducing weight loss, respiration rate as well as decay rate, significantly reduced the strawberry quality changes during the storage process, and achieved the purpose of keeping the freshness of strawberry. A trend in delaying the decomposition of the anthocyan and color-protecting was observed for coated strawberry. As the garlic essential oil content of composite film material was 4 μL/100 mL, the coated strawberry had the best quality during the storage. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Ascorbic acid - Cellulose - Coatings - Composite coatings - Composite films - Decay (organic) - Energy storage - Essential oils - Food additives - Gas permeable membranes - Quality control - Sodium - Storage (materials)
Uncontrolled terms:Fruits and vegetables - Garlic oil - Physico-chemical changes - Preservation methods - Quality characteristic - Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose - Soluble solid content - Strawberry
Classification code:525.7 Energy Storage - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 694.4 Storage - 801.2 Biochemistry - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 813.2 Coating Materials - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20162702564161
Title:Effects of plastic film residue on evapotranspiration and soil evaporation in cotton field of Xinjiang
Authors:Wang, Liang (1); Lin, Tao (2, 3); Yan, Changrong (3); Wang, Jing (1); Guo, Ruixia (1); Yue, Luke (1); Tang, Qiuxiang (1, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) Colloge of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi; 830052, China; (2) Research Institute of Industrial Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi; 830091, China; (3) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China; (4) Key Laboratory for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100081, China
Corresponding author:Tang, Qiuxiang(tangqiuxiang2004_2@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:120-128
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Plastic film mulching plays an important role in cotton production. However, its widespread use has generate large amounts of plastic film residue and damage the physical structure of soil, which blocks the infiltration of capillary water and natural water and affects the moisture absorption in soil. Little is known about the impact of film residue on crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and soil evaporation and transpiration. This study aimed to determine the effects of different amount of plastic film residue on ETc using weighable micro-lysimeters (MLS) and water balance methods. A cotton cultivation field experiment was carried out under drip irrigation with plastic film mulching for 2 growing seasons from May to September of 2014 and 2015 in the Tarim Basin, Northwest China (40°06'N, 80°44'E, altitude 1025 m). Three treatments including plastic film residue amount of 0, 225 and 450 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>were designed based on investigation of typical cotton field representing local present situation. Eighteen MLS were buried in soil at 0.15 m depth in each treatment with soil volume of 1424.8 cm<sup>3</sup>. Soil moisture and evaporation were measured, and ETc, transpiration and ratio of evaporation and ETc were calculated. In addition, leaf area index (LAI) was determined. Resulted showed that the mean evaporation and ratio of evaporation and ETc increased with the increase of residual plastic film amount, which revealed a different trend with the transpiration and ETc. During the whole growing period, residue addition of 225 and 450 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>significantly increased the soil evaporation by 6.2% and 14.9% and decreased transpiration by 34.89 and 55.97 mm compared to no film treatment, respectively. The transpiration and ETc were reduced by 3.4% and 4.5% in the entire growing season. Increasing plastic film residue could decrease soil water use efficiency. The increase in soil evaporation in the residual treatment probably is because that the film blocks moisture transportation downward after rainfall and irrigation and the moisture left in surface soil is evaporated. However, soil moisture in no residue treatment could infiltrate to below surface and thus the evaporation was smaller than the residual treatments. Among the 3 treatments, the soil water use efficiency was lowest in the no residue treatment. The relationship between E/Etc partition coefficient and LAI could be described by a power function. The ratio of evaporation and ETc decreased greatly with the increase of LAI in the treatment of 450 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>residue. In sum, residual plastic film could change structure of crop water consumption, and this study could provide valuable information for well understanding effects of residual film in soils. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Evapotranspiration
Controlled terms:Cotton - Crops - Cultivation - Efficiency - Evaporation - Irrigation - Moisture - Plastic films - Rain - Soil moisture - Soils - Transpiration - Water absorption - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Crop evapotranspiration - Crop water consumption - Drip irrigation - Moisture absorption - Partition coefficient - Plastic film mulching - Plastic film residues - Water balance method
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20162702564160
Title:Effects of residual plastic film mixed in soil on water infiltration, evaporation and its uncertainty analysis
Authors:Niu, Wenquan (1); Zou, Xiaoyang (1, 2); Liu, Jingjing (3); Zhang, Mingzhi (3); Lü, Wang (3); Gu, Jun (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS&MWR, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China; (3) College of Water Conservancy and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (4) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:110-119
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pollution of residual plastic film, a continuous pollutant and difficult to degrade, is a major limiting factor for sustainable development of agriculture in northwest China. Residual plastic film can destroy homogeneity of soil texture and seriously impede the movement of soil water and solute, and thus greatly enhance the uncertainties in soil water movement. In order to reveal the negative effects of residual plastic film on soil water infiltration, evaporation and their uncertainties, soil column simulation experiments were conducted to observe the processes of soil water infiltration and evaporation with different amounts of residual plastic film in the Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid Area (108°02'E, 34°17'N), at Northwest A&F University, in Yangling, Shaanxi Province of China, from September to October, 2015. Six amounts of residual plastic film were designed including 0, 80, 160, 320, 640, 1280 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>with triplicate. During the experiment, the wetting front, the cumulative infiltration and the cumulative evaporation were investigated. Meanwhile, gravimetric soil moisture was measured after the evaporation process. To mimic the actual distribution characteristic of residual plastic film in field, fragile plastic film and soil samples were mixed evenly with a blender. During infiltration, when the wetting front arrived at 40 cm, irrigation water was cut off. Soil columns were covered with waterproof plastic film to reduce atmospheric evaporation. Soil columns stood for 12 h until the infiltration process completely stopped. In the consequent process of soil water evaporation, the columns were continuously heated by infrared lamps of 275 W from morning till night. Soil columns were weighed with an electronic balance at 9:00 a. m. every day to calculate mass change and standard daily evaporation. Furthermore, an evaporation pan that had the same diameter as soil column was used to measure daily evaporation from free water surface. Uncertainty analyses were conducted for the simulations with Kostiakov model and Rose model. The uncertainties of soil cumulative infiltration and evaporation under different treatments were quantitatively analyzed with the Gibbs sampling algorithm. The results showed that residual plastic film would not only reduce the transport velocity of vertical wetting front, but also decrease soil cumulative infiltration. When the amount of residual plastic film was more than 80 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, transport velocity of wetting front decreased dramatically. As the amount of residual plastic film increased, consumed time that wetting front arrived at 40 cm significantly prolonged (F=19.11, P<0.05). On the other hand, cumulative evaporation significantly decreased when the amount of residual plastic film was more than 160 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>(F=9.58, P<0.05). However, evaporation coefficient increased with the increment of residual plastic film, which indicated that the water holding capacity of soil decreased. Residual plastic film also changed the distribution of soil moisture. As the amount of residual plastic film increased, gravimetric soil moisture decreased at the 0-10 cm and 20-45 cm depth. At 0-10 cm depth, variable coefficient of soil moisture increased by 4.33%, 127. 19%, 330.40%, 539.63% and 640.23% compared with that for no residue treatment, respectively. Moreover, the variable coefficient had a trend of decrease at 20-45 cm depth. This implied that the inhomogeneity of soil water distribution was enhanced due to residual plastic film pollution. Moreover, soil surface hardened when the amount of residual plastic film was more than 320 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>. As the amount of residual plastic film increased, the 95% confidence interval and standard error of posterior parameters all increased for the Kostiakov infiltration model and Rose evaporation model according to Gibbs sampling algorithm. The areas of posterior distribution intervals of cumulative infiltration and evaporation also increased. In general, residual plastic film could increase the uncertainties in soil water infiltration and evaporation. The understanding of the influences of residual plastic film on the processes of soil water infiltration and evaporation and their uncertainties would provide a good reference for the exploration of soil moisture movement and distribution in fields polluted by residual plastic films, and improve the efficiency and accuracy of simulations with the Kostiakov and Rose models. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Blending - Electronic scales - Evaporation - Infrared lamps - Irrigation - Learning algorithms - Moisture - Plastic films - Pollution - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils - Uncertainty analysis - Water pollution - Water supply systems - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Cumulative infiltrations - Distribution characteristics - Evaporation coefficients - Infiltration modeling - Posterior distributions - Soil-water distribution - Variable coefficients - Water holding capacity
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 453 Water Pollution - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 707.2 Electric Lamps - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20162702564169
Title:Differences in characteristics of runoff and sediment yielding from engineering accumulations with different soil textures
Authors:Li, Jianming (1); Niu, Jun (1); Wang, Wenlong (2, 3); Zhang, Pingcang (1); Cheng, Dongbing (1); Wang, Yifeng (1); Zhang, Guanhua (1); Guo, Mingming (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Soil and Water Conservation Department, Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan; 430010, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Wenlong(wlwang@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:187-194
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is a hot and difficult issue to study soil and water loss caused by current engineering accumulations in production and construction projects characterized by complex material composition and steep slope. This study experimentally investigated the erosion differences in engineering accumulations with three soil textures. Based on field survey, a laboratory experiment of engineering accumulation underlying surfaces, representing the Northern Shaanxi sand, Central Shaanxi Plain loam, and Jiangxi clay area, was conducted under simulated rainfall condition. Effects of rainfall intensity and gravels content on runoff and sediment yielding and erosion were investigated. The engineering accumulation plot was 5 m×1 m with a slope of 25°. Rainfall intensities were 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mm/min and mass fractions of gravels were 0, 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively. Soil texture was clay, sand and loam. Runoff generation time, runoff velocity, runoff rate and erosion rate were determined. Each experiment was controlled within 45 min from the initiation of runoff to the end. Sediment concentration was calculated by traditional oven-drying method. Totally, 48 simulated rainfall events were examined in this study. Results showed that runoff generation was earlier in the loam and clay accumulations than in the sandy accumulation. Under the same experimental conditions, the averaged runoff velocity for the accumulations with gravels decreased from 8.3% to 27.3% in comparison with the pure accumulation, in the decreasing order of clay, loam and sandy accumulations. The averaged runoff velocity was significantly correlated with rainfall intensity for the 3 accumulations. Averaged runoff rate on the sandy accumulation was 20.7% and 18.8% lower than the loam and clay accumulations, respectively. The averaged runoff rate increased from 42.9% to 253.4% as rainfall intensity increased from 1.5 to 2.5 mm/min. Averaged runoff rate had a high correlation with rainfall intensity (P<0.01). The average erosion rate of the sandy accumulation was 3.0 times that of the loam accumulation and 2.3 times that of the clay accumulation. The averaged erosion rates for the 3 accumulations increased from 153.1% to 1219.9% while rainfall intensity increased from 1.0 to 2.5 mm/min. However, there was a significantly negative linear relationship between averaged erosion rate and gravel content (P<0.05). As rainfall intensity increased from 1.0 to 2.5 mm/min, runoff volume increased from 42.2% to 253.2% and erosion amount increased from 178.9% to 1589.1%. Averaged erosion amount of the sandy accumulation was 4.5 times that of the loam accumulation and 3.4 times that of the clay accumulation. For the 3 accumulations, erosion amount was significantly correlated with runoff volume and rainfall intensity. Results from our study may provide important data for establishing a model of soil and water loss from engineering accumulations in production and construction projects. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Erosion - Gravel - Rain - Sediments - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Construction projects - Effects of rainfalls - Experimental conditions - Laboratory experiments - Runoff and sediments - Sediment concentration - Simulated rainfall - Soil textures
Classification code:442.1 Flood Control - 443.3 Precipitation - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20162702564170
Title:Effects of vegetation types on yield of surface runoff and sediment, loss of nitrogen and phosphorus along loess slope land
Authors:Wang, Quanjiu (1, 2); Zhao, Guangxu (1); Liu, Yanli (1); Zhang, Pengyu (1); Chai, Jing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:195-201
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Vegetation types affect process of runoff, soil erosion and nutrient transport along loess slope land. In order to clarify the influence of vegetation types on surface runoff, sediment transport and nutrients in loess region, a field water scouring experiment was performed on a natural, fallowed loessial slope (38°46'-38°51'N, 110°21'-110°23'E) on 14 km west of Shenmu Erosion and Environment Research Station of Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in the Liudaogou watershed, Shenmu County, Shaanxi Province at Shenmu. A steady-head water scouring method was adopted under natural conditions. Field plots were established on a slope that had been fallowed for 7 years. Herbaceous and crops were selected as vegetation types, including maize, millet, soybean, cymbaria dahurica, alfalfa and caragana. Runoff, sediment, and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) under different vegetation cover were determined. In addition, basic growth characteristics of various vegetations in each plot were measured. Results showed that compared with the other vegetations, the effect of herbaceous (cymbaria dahurica) on the decrease of surface runoff was largest, and soybean was the lowest. With vegetation cover, less sediment was carried with by runoff, the process of sediment appeared a peak for all the vegetation cover, and alfafa cover significantly decreased sediment loss. Under different vegetation covers, the concentration of nitrate nitrogen and soluble phosphorus in runoff water decreased rapidly at the initial runoff stage, and then to be stabilized. The process of nutrients (nitrate nitrogen and soluble phosphorus) transport could be better described with power function than exponential function. Results also revealed that the amount of nitrate nitrogen in sediment decreased rapidly, while the amount of effective phosphorus in soil reduced gradually over time. When soil surface was covered with alfalfa, and the total loss of nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus in sediment was highest. It could also be found that nutrients enrichment ratio had a reverse relationship with erosion amount for the all vegetation cover. The total loss of nitrate nitrogen under different vegetation cover was highest in millet cover, followed by alfalfa, caragana, maize, soybean, and cymbaria dahurica, and the total loss of soluble phosphorus was highest in millet cover, followed by maize, caragana, soybean, cymbaria dahurica and alfalfa. Nitrate nitrogen showed a peak feature along depth in soil profile, and the peak position was different for different vegetation covers. Phosphorus was mainly cumulated at the top 5 cm of the surface layer, and the amount of phosphorus was extremely low below 5-cm soil depth. In conclusion, the effects of herbaceous cover on surface runoff, sediment transport and the loss of nutrients were much better than crop cover. This study provides a way for further analyzing the effect of vegetation cover on water and soil nutrient loss, and provides a guide for controlling soil water loss and agricultural management. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Vegetation
Controlled terms:Agricultural runoff - Crops - Erosion - Exponential functions - Nitrates - Nitrogen - Nutrients - Phosphorus - Runoff - Sediment transport - Sedimentation - Sediments - Soil conservation - Soil moisture - Soils - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural management - Chinese Academy of Sciences - Influence of vegetations - Loess slopes - Loss of nitrogen and phosphorus - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Soil and water conservation - Water and soil loss
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20162702564177
Title:Spatiotemporal pattern and terrain gradient effect of land use change in Qinling-Bashan mountains
Authors:Zhang, Jing (1, 2); Ren, Zhiyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an; 710119, China; (2) School of History and Tourism, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong; 723001, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:250-257
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Land use/land cover change (LUCC) has attracted wide attention under the guidance of International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) and International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP). The vertical zone of natural landscape lays the foundation for vertical landscape pattern of regional land use, and then the intensity and its change of land use in vertical landscape are also determined. Exploring the pattern and its spatiotemporal change of LUCC in Qinling-Bashan mountains can provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for regional ecological management and planning, soil and water conservation and sustainable land use. Based on terrain niche index, distribution index, land use degree composite index and geo-informatics map etc., LUCC data in 1989, 1995, 2005 and 2010 with the resolution of 1 km were collected, and the status quo, the terrain gradient effects and the geo-informatic map of land use patterns were analyzed to reveal spatiotemporal patterns of land use and change regulation of land transfer on the influences of terrain gradient during 1989-2010. The main results were summarized as follows: 1) Forestland and cropland were mainly land use types in Qinling-Bashan mountains and respectively accounted for 39.77% and 33.54%; forestland was mainly distributed in the west of Qinling-Bashan mountains and cropland was mainly distributed in the east of Qinling-Bashan mountains; forestland was significantly reduced by 6.788×10<sup>5</sup>hm<sup>2</sup>but the constructed land was significantly increased by 5.347×10<sup>5</sup>hm<sup>2</sup>from 1989 to 2010; the main conversions of land use patterns were from cropland to constructed land and from forestland and grassland to cropland; 2) The main land use type in each ecological subregion of the Qinling-Bashan mountains was obviously different and the direction of land use transfer in each ecological subregion was also different; the most extensive area of mixed forest in Qinling mountains was forestland and grassland with the transfer from forestland respectively to cropland and constructed land; the most extensive area in agricultural region of Nanyang Basin was cropland with the main transfer to constructed land; the most extensive area in deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest in Micang-Daba mountains was forestland with the main transfer to cropland; the most extensive area in evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved area in the Southwest mountains of Henan and agriculture and forestry district in the hilly area of middle Hubei Province was cropland and forestland with the main transfer from forestland to constructed land; the most extensive area in basin region of the upper Hanjiang River was grassland and cropland with the main transfer from grassland to cropland; 3) Land use degree composite index presented a feature that was high in the east and low in the west, and high in the middle and low in surroundings. The change rate of land use intensity was high in the middle and low in surroundings but was little on the whole. Land use degree composite index was agricultural region of Nanyang Basin > agriculture and forestry district in the hilly area of middle Hubei Province > evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved area in the Southwest mountains of Henan > basin region of the upper Hanjiang River > mixed forest in Qinling mountains > deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest in Micang-Daba mountains; 4) Water body, constructed land and cropland were mainly concentrated in the low terrain niche of low terrain and slope, cropland was mainly transferred to constructed land, and constructed land tended to be distributed in the middle-and-low terrain niche; forestland and grassland were concentrated in the middle-and-high terrain niche of high terrain and steep slope, and there was a phenomenon of mutual transfer and succession between them; stable model accounted for 72.1% and intermediate transition type accounted for 22.6%; distribution of cropland and forestland in terrain niche was very stable, but the tendencies of cropland transferred to constructed land and forestland transferred to cropland were very obvious in the middle-and-low terrain niche, and the mutual transfer among cropland, forestland and grassland often appeared in middle-and-low terrain niche and above. The expansion trend of human activity was concentrated toward the middle-and-low terrain niche. The future is bound to strengthen the management and governance of cropland, forestland and grassland in hilly area. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Ecology - Forestry - Landforms - Soil conservation - Timber - Topography - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological managements - Global environmental change - Land use/land cover change - Qinling-Bashan mountains - Soil and water conservation - Spatio-temporal changes - Spatiotemporal patterns - Sustainable land use
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 444 Water Resources - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20162702564180
Title:Processing optimization for improving freeze-thaw stability of soybean protein isolate by ultrasonic assisted glycosylation
Authors:Wang, Xibo (1); Zhang, Zeyu (1); Ge, Hongru (1); Xu, Yeye (1); Xia, Ruxin (1); Jiang, Lianzhou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:272-278
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soybean protein isolate (SPI) has been widely used in food industry because of its ability to improve texture which is contributing to the nutritional and health benefits of protein-based foods. It can be used as emulsifiers in food emulsions due to the surface-active properties of their constitutive proteins, the storage globulins 7S and 11S. Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions are thermodynamically unstable systems and sensitive to environmental changes, for example cooling and freezing. Freezing and frozen-food storage can maintain microbiological and chemical stability, while extending the shelf life of food products. There are many potential applications for o/w emulsions that can be frozen and then thawed prior to use, such as refrigerated and frozen food. Nevertheless, most of o/w emulsions are highly unstable when they are frozen and will have rapid breakdown after thawing. When an o/w emulsion is stored at low temperature, a variety of physicochemical processes can occur including ice formation, fat crystallization, freeze-concentration, interfacial phase transitions and biopolymer conformational changes. These phase transitions may lead to creaming, oiling off, coalescence and flocculation of the emulsions, which limit its utilization in frozen food. In order to improve the freeze-thaw stability of SPI, the SPI-D (dextran) grafts were prepared by ultrasonic-assisted glycosylation. Based on the early study of single-factor experiment, we found that the emulsion stability index (ESI) before freeze-thaw and the creaming index (CI) after freeze-thaw had high correlation. So the ESI and CI were set as the response values, the concentration of SPI, ultrasonic temperature and ultrasonic power were as factors, the Box-Behnken model of optimizaiton process was established to improve the emulsifying properties and freeze-thaw stability of SPI. The results showed that under the condition of the concentration of 40 mg/mL SPI, 80℃ ultrasonic temperature, 5 W/mL power density, the freeze-thaw stability of glycosylation products attained the optimal level. Compared with the control SPI, the CI of the emulsions prepared by ultrasonic SPI-D grafts decreased by 57.76%, 75.33% and 75.33% respectively after freeze-thaw cycles of 1, 2 and 3 times, the ESI increased by 43.80%, and the particle size of the emulsions maintained at the range of 50-55 μm. Comparative study of freeze-thaw stability of emulsions prepared by the mixture of SPI and D, the wet heating SPI-D grafts, the ultrasonic SPI-D grafts and the native SPI was also performed. The results indicated that the CI and ESI of SPI and D mixture had no significant difference compared with the native SPI. The addition of dextran with heating had a little effect on the freeze-thaw stability of SPI, but far more than that of ultrasonic SPI-D grafts. Infrared spectrum analysis showed that the grafts in 3500-2990 cm<sup>-1</sup>had the wide stretching vibration, the absorption peak migrated from 3280 to 3270 cm<sup>-1</sup>, and the free hydroxyl had the vibration absorption. SPI had the absorption peak in 1060 cm<sup>-1</sup>, which migrated to 1010 cm<sup>-1</sup>for the grafts, and the grafts' absorption of vibration was better than SPI, the carbon-nitrogen (C-N) covalent bond vibration was strengthened, the degree of graft attained 32.43%, indicting that SPI and dextran were based on a combination of covalent bond. From the fluorescent spectra we could see that the maximum absorption wavelength of SPI was red-shifted from 344 to 345 nm, the fluorescence intensity increased to 1 014; scanning electron microscopy showed that the particle state of glycosylation protein became more loose, the intermolecular aggregation degree decreased significantly, and thus the freeze-thaw stability improved significantly. The result provides us a new method for the preparation of SPI with high freeze-thaw stability, which is to modify SPI through ultrasonic-assisted glycosylation. This method provides a theoretical and technical guidance for the industrialization production of SPI which is more suitable for frozen foods. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Food storage
Controlled terms:Absorption spectroscopy - Agglomeration - Carbon - Chemical contamination - Chemical stability - Cooling systems - Dextran - Emulsification - Emulsions - Fluorescence - Food products - Freezing - Glycosylation - Mixtures - Oils and fats - Optimization - Particle size - Phase transitions - Processing - Proteins - Scanning electron microscopy - Spectrum analysis - Stability - Stretching - Temperature - Thawing - Thermal processing (foods) - Ultrasonic waves - Vibration analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Creaming indices - Emulsion stability - Freeze-thaw stability - Intermolecular aggregation - Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion - Single-factor experiments - Soybean protein isolates - Soybean protein isolates (SPI)
Classification code:535.2 Metal Forming - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 741.1 Light/Optics - 753.1 Ultrasonic Waves - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822 Food Technology - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20162702564153
Title:Simulation and experiment on single-channel and double-channel airflow field of orchard sprayer
Authors:Ding, Tianhang (1); Cao, Shuming (1); Xue, Xinyu (1); Ding, Suming (1); Zhou, Liangfu (1); Qiao, Baiyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China
Corresponding author:Cao, Shuming(caosm@nriam.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:62-68
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The spraying equipment and applied pesticide technology have been seriously lagging behind; the air-assisted orchard sprayer plays an important role in solving the problem. Compared with the traditional air-assisted spraying machine, the strong airflow from the draught fan of the tower-type spraying machine can convey the fog-drop by a large distance, and increase the penetrability and deposition of fungicide in canopy, so it has more outstanding performance. The existing research mainly focused on the target airflow field distribution, however, the problem that the airflow fields on the left and right sides are different due to the flow channel structure, is often ignored. In view of the phenomenon that the airflow field and drug delivery are nonuniform on the left and right sides of the single-duct orchard sprayer, the self-manufactured double-duct air-assisted test-bed in orchard was designed. This article adopted the methods of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation and experiment, made a comparative and analytic research on the single-channel and double-channel drug delivery from the inside out, and analyzed the internal flow field distribution of the single-channel and dual-channel with the viscous-standard model, in order to verify the accuracy of the numerical simulation through the fitting analysis of simulative value and test value. Based upon the Golden software Voxler fitting processing and weighted analysis on the wind speed scatter data at air outlet and different cross sections from air outlet, the article analyzed the characteristics of the single and double duct. The results showed that: for single duct, the inner flow field was stronger on the right side than that on the left side, while for double duct, the inner flow field was almost the same on both sides. The wind speed of double duct at air outlet was stronger than that of single duct, and the directions of wind speed curves on both sides of double duct were basically the same. According to the airflow distribution pattern in external airflow field above the cross sections which were 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 m from the air outlet on both sides, it was found that the airflow field concentration area had an obvious shift, and there was a big difference of airflow field intensity between both sides for the single duct, while the wind filed was almost fundamentally symmetric on both sides for the double duct. As for the central symmetry, the weighted averages of the maximum wind speed to the center distance were respectively -3.23 and -1.33 on the left and right side in double duct on the cross section 2 m from air outlet, and they were respectively -24.99 and -32.33 in the single duct; at the same time, with the increase of the distance, the shift from the center in the double duct became smaller than that in the single duct. After comprehensive analysis, it can be concluded that the double duct airflow field has comparative advantages over the single flow channel in the aspects of bilateral symmetry and central symmetry. The research can provide a reference for further optimization of air-assisted spraying technology. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Ducts
Controlled terms:Agricultural implements - Agricultural machinery - Channel flow - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer simulation - Crystal symmetry - Farms - Flow fields - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Orchards - Spraying - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Air flow fields - Air-assisted spraying - Airflow distribution - Comparative advantage - Comprehensive analysis - Internal flow field - Maximum wind speed - Orchard sprayers
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 933.1.1 Crystal Lattice
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20162702564152
Title:Parameter optimization and experiment of rope-winding mechanism of straw round balers
Authors:Wang, Defu (1); Zhang, Quanchao (1); Yang, Xing (1); Li, Chao (1); Li, Donghong (1); Wang, Mo (1); Ping, Zhongyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:55-61
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China is rich in crop straw resources, and annual straw output has reached about 700 million t. Due to fluffy and dispersed properties, baling of straw is very necessary for its further utilization. Because round balers don't have the knotter of square balers, the structure of round balers is relatively simple, and it is widely used both at home and abroad. Small and medium-sized round balers are widely used in the rural areas in China. At present, there are some problems when the straw bales are harvested by small and medium-sized round balers developed in China, and the unreasonable working way of the rope-winding mechanism is one of main reasons. In view of the straw bales harvested by small and medium round balers, easy to expand and loosen, a rope-winding mechanism was designed for the steel-roller round baler. On the basis of the measurement of mechanical property of straw bale and the analysis of influencing factors of straw bale expansion deformation, main structural parameters of the rope-winding mechanism, including wheel radius, installation distance between sprocket center and wall side of baling room and circle number of rope at the end of straw bale, were decided as experimental factors, and expansion rate of straw bales and consumption of ropes were selected as evaluation indices. Experiments were done by the round baler equipped with the rope-winding mechanism. The rope-winding mechanism was able to work smoothly in the experiment. According to experimental results, there were certain interactions among circle number, wheel radius and installation distance. Variance analysis was carried out respectively on the regression models of 2 evaluation indices by the Design Expert software. Known from the analysis of variance, the P values of 2 response surface models were all less than 0.0001, and the lack-of-fits were all non-significant, which demonstrated the effect of factors was outstanding and the model was appropriate. The coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) for the models were 0.96 and 0.98 respectively, which indicated that the proposed model was agreeable with the practical condition, and thus the proposed model could be used to predict the change of expansion rate of straw bales and consumption of ropes. The results showed that the contributing rate of each factor on expansion rate of straw bales was mounting distance, radius of guiding wheel, and circle number respectively; the order of contributing rate for each factor on the consumption of ropes from high to low was radius of guiding wheel, mounting distance, and circle number. When the circle number was 2 circles, wheel radius was 70 mm, and mounting distance was 62 mm, the optimal evaluation indices were achieved as follows: expansion rate of straw bale was 4.42%, and consumption of rope was 2.93 kg/t. The experimental results can provide a reference for the design and development of rope-winding mechanism of round balers. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Rope
Controlled terms:Expansion - Factor analysis - Machine windings - Mountings - Optimization - Regression analysis - Trajectories - Wheels - Winding - Winding machines
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Design and Development - Expansion deformation - Experimental factors - Parameter - Parameter optimization - Response surface models - Round baler
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20162702564159
Title:Water characteristic curve model for soil with residual plastic film
Authors:Wang, Zhichao (1); Li, Xianyue (1); Shi, Haibin (1); Xu, Pengcheng (1); Li, He (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot; 010018, China
Corresponding author:Li, Xianyue(lixianyue80@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:103-109
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The residual plastic film in soil inevitably affects soil hydrodynamic parameters, reducing the soil infiltration capacity, and seriously influences soil water and solute transport which is closely connected with soil water characteristic curve (SWCC). In order to study the effects of different residual film amounts on soil water retention ability, 5 residual film treatments (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>) were conducted to measure SWCC based on the pressure plate extractor test; A new model of soil water characteristic curve with residual plastic film (RPF-SWCC) was constructed, and its performance was evaluated by parameters such as root mean square error (RMSE), geometric mean (GMER) and coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>). The results showed that the ability of soil water retention decreased gradually with the increase of residual film amounts. The higher amount of residual plastic film would produce the lower soil moisture under the same suction condition, especially the high suction condition. For example, when the suction reached to its maximum (700 kPa), the soil moisture of residual film treatment (400 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>) was only 79.58% of non-residual film treatment. With the increase of residual film, the equivalent aperture ratio was increased in the low suction stage (mainly draining soil water in large pore). On the contrary, it was decreased in the high suction stage (mainly draining soil water in medium and small pore). The equivalent aperture for large pores in the low suction stage was between 0.00300 and 0.15000 mm, and the equivalent aperture for medium and small pore in high suction stage was between 0.00043 and 0.00300 mm. When the residual film reached to 400 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, the equivalent aperture ratio of the low suction stage increased by nearly 20% over the non-residual film treatment. In general, the SWCC fitting accuracy of van Genuchten (VG) and Log normal distribution (LND) model was higher than that of Brooks Corey (BC) model for the soil with residual film. VG model was more suitable for low residual film soil, and LND model was more suitable for high residual film soil. The RPF-SWCC model had a higher accuracy than van Genuchten (VG), Brooks Corey and Log normal distribution model. The RMSE, GMER and R<sup>2</sup>of the RPF-SWCC model were all better than the other models, and the RMSE for 2 high residual film treatments (200, 400 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>) were reduced 24.3% and 65.0%, respectively compared with the VG model; In addition, the parameters of RPF-SWCC model showed that the saturated soil water content decreased with the increase of residual plastic film, and the residual soil water content increased with the increase of residual plastic film. So, it can be concluded that RPF-SWCC model had better performance for fitting soil water characteristic curve with residual plastic film. The study can provide valuable information for development of soil water modeling and high efficient utilization of water and fertilizer in the residual plastic film area. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Soil testing
Controlled terms:Boron carbide - Curve fitting - Mean square error - Models - Moisture - Normal distribution - Plastic films - Porosity - Soil moisture - Soils - Solute transport
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Hydrodynamic parameters - Log-normal distribution - Pressure plate extractor - Root mean square errors - Saturated soil-water contents - Soil-water characteristic curve - Water characteristics
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 817.1 Polymer Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20162702564147
Title:Preferential flow model coupling soil matrix with fracture network and its validation
Authors:Zhu, Lei (1, 2); Chen, Jiuhong (1, 2); Liu, Dedong (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China; (2) Efficient Use of Water Resources in Arid Modern Agriculture Ministry of Educational Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan; 750021, China; (3) Shandong Survey and Design Institute of water Conservancy, Jinan; 250013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:15-21
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Preferential flow refers to such a flow transport pattern that water and solute flow round soil matrix, which accelerates soil water movement. Soil cracks are a part of reasons that lead to preferential flow. This study aimed to analyze soil preferential flow pattern in order to establish a model of preferential model based on soil fracture network. A field color tracer experiment was carried out in Ningxia University from July to September in 2015 under precipitation intensity of 20 and 50 mm/h, and rainfall duration of 20-60 min. The results showed that when the rainfall intensity was 20 mm/h, the water infiltration depth increased with the increase of rainfall duration and the preferential flow began to develop, but it was still overall-matrix flow and the preferential flow was only locally developed. When precipitation intensity was 50 mm/h and the duration of rainfall was 20 min, water flows bypassed the soil matrix and preferential flow phenomena was observed obviously. The infiltration depth exceeded the fracture depth after duration of rainfall increased to 50 min, soil fracture had not play a major role in the soil water movement, and the flow patterns were overall-matrix flow. The results showed that the flow patterns were mainly matrix flow under lower rainfall or irrigation intensity, and preferential flow under higher rainfall or irrigation intensity. A coupling model of soil matrix and fracture network for simulating preferential flow was established (CP model). In this model, the soil medium was divided into matrix and fracture networks formed by flow channels, each having its own saturated hydraulic conductivity and water movement equation. These equations were solved by using the control volume finite element method, and the nonlinear equations were linearized by Newton-Raphson methods to improve the convergence, and shorten the operation time. Equation of water movement in matrix and fracture network flow equation were coupled using global approach which solved the problems of the flow mutual influence caused by the cross-fracture network, and improved the computational efficiency. The validity of the proposed model was tested by the analysis of the soil moisture content between the simulated and the observed values. The results showed that the root mean squared error (RMSE) of soil moisture was 0.016-0.025, R<sup>2</sup>of soil moisture was above 0.78, bias was 0.020-0.026, index of agreement (IA) was 0.918-0.938, indicating good simulation by the CP model. In the end, different crack structure but statistically equivalent networks was generated to validate the model simulation and produced well simulation results. These numerous fractures had stable effect on the variances of soil moisture. The results of this paper can provide valuable information for analyzing preferential flow and the coupling mechanism of the water content and solute transport between soil dry shrinkage crack and soil matrix. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Computational efficiency - Computer simulation - Cracks - Finite element method - Flow patterns - Fracture - Groundwater flow - Hydraulic conductivity - Irrigation - Mean square error - Models - Moisture - Newton-Raphson method - Nonlinear equations - Precipitation (meteorology) - Rain - Soil moisture - Soils - Solute transport
Uncontrolled terms:Control-volume finite element methods - Index of agreements - Irrigation intensities - Precipitation intensity - Preferential flows - Root mean squared errors - Saturated hydraulic conductivity - Soil water movement
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 632.1 Hydraulics - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20162702564155
Title:Adaptive inverse decoupling control for bearingless induction motors based on nonlinear filter
Authors:Sun, Yuxin (1); Yang, Yuwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:76-83
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For agricultural motor drive applications, reliability and stability are very significant, and even under disturbance condition, stable drive operation is essential. In view of the characteristics of the bearingless induction motor, which includes multi -variables, nonlinearity and high coupling, an adaptive inverse decoupling control strategy for the bearingless induction motor based on the nonlinear adaptive filter was proposed to improve the efficiency and reliability of the motor drives. First, the mathematical model of a bearingless induction motor was deduced through analyzing the generation mechanism of a bearingless induction motor's radial levitation force. By adopting the control theory of an adaptive inverse control system and the principle of a nonlinear adaptive filter, the model and inverse model of the torque system and levitation system were established respectively, including the option of the structure of nonlinear adaptive filter and the adaptive algorithm. Based on the inverse model, the adaptive inverse controller which cascaded in front of the corresponding system was designed by making use of the algorithm of variable step size least mean square (LMS) to adjust the weighting factors online. The difference between the given input signal and the system output signal was used as the error signal of the adaptive algorithm of variable step size LMS. In addition, compared to the traditional field oriented control method, this method did not need to rely on torque system to transfer flux information, which avoided the mutual restriction among the control strategies, and solved the coupling problem between the variables in the modeling process. Then, aiming at the performances of rotor flux, speed, torque and levitation response, the simulation and analysis of the adaptive inverse control system for the bearingless induction motor wew carried out on the basis of MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform. Moreover, the initial given value of motor speed was set to 2000 r/min, the initial value of rotor flux-linkage was 0.65 Wb, the initial radial displacement in horizontal direction was 0.1 mm, and the initial radial displacement in vertical direction was -0.15 mm. The simulation results showed that the stable levitation of the bearingless induction motor could be quickly achieved by this control strategy. Through the comparison with inverse system control, the speed response was faster, and the speed overshooting was smaller in the adaptive inverse control. Further, when the rotor speed suddenly changed from 2000 to 4000 r/min at the time of 0.3 s, the speed response of the control system could track the given speed well with a very small steady state error. The magnitude of the error was about 50 r/min. The levitation performance of the rotor was not affected by the sudden change in the load torque. When the radial displacement in horizontal direction changed from 0.1 to 0.01 mm at the time of 0.45 s, the speed response and the radial displacement in vertical direction were nearly unchanged. The simulation results also proved the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed adaptive inverse control method, which achieved the decoupling between rotating force and levitation force of the bearingless induction motor, the dynamic decoupling between the two freedom degrees of the radial levitation force, and the dynamic decoupling between rotational speed and rotor flux linkage. The control system has a fine dynamic and static performance. This research provides the reference for the development of agricultural equipment with the bearingless induction motor. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Adaptive control systems
Controlled terms:Adaptive algorithms - Adaptive filters - Agriculture - Bandpass filters - Control - Control systems - Control theory - Electric drives - Electric motors - Errors - Filters (for fluids) - Induction motors - Inverse problems - MATLAB - Models - Multivariable systems - Speed - Torque - Vector control (Electric machinery)
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive - Bearingless induction motor - Decoupling - Decoupling control strategy - Efficiency and reliability - Matlab/Simulink simulation - Nonlinear - Variable step-size least mean squares
Classification code:703.2 Electric Filters - 705.3 Electric Motors - 705.3.1 AC Motors - 731.1 Control Systems - 731.2 Control System Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20162702564178
Title:Vacuum freeze-drying rate of fruits and vegetables based on lattice boltzmann method
Authors:Duan, Zhiying (1, 2); Guo, Yuming (1); Wang, Fugui (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China; (2) College of Arts and Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Yuming(guoyuming99@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:258-264
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Compared with other drying methods, vacuum freeze-drying (VFD) has better rehydration property, which can keep the original quality and color to the maximum extent, and has broader application prospects in such fields as food, medicine and biological products. In order to realize the on-line monitoring of moisture ratio, it is important to research the rules of moisture diffusion and the parameter optimization of VFD process within fruits and vegetables. In this paper, the drying ratio in VFD process was expressed with the change of porosity for fruits and vegetables based on Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). During the VFD process, ice crystals' sublimation begins at the material surface, and then goes into the inside gradually; the drying layer gets thicker and thicker, and the frozen layer thinner and thinner. Accordingly, the porosity in different parts of the material is different: the porosity at the edge expands quickly with the earliest sublimation and the value is the biggest at last, while the porosity at the center stays stable, and its value is the smallest. Based on the analysis of VFD process of fruits and vegetables, the paper constructed a square porous media model. The porosity of the model was variable, and the model presumed that the porosity increased linearly from the center to the edges during the drying procedure. By using the LBM combined with the conservation laws of mass, momentum and energy, the VFD velocity distribution in the model was simulated. The results showed that the bigger the change of porosity, the higher the VFD velocity, which suggested that the change of porosity in porous media can express the drying rate in VFD process. Then the experiment took apples as samples to validate the results in the simulation. Cleaned and peeled, apples were cut into 10 mm × 17 mm × 17 mm rectangular samples by a sharp self-made knife and frozen in a refrigerator at -40℃ for 10-12 h. In a VFD machine, through the built-in computer in the machine and on-line moisture measurement system connected to the machine, the real-time data of drying apples were collected and the curve of drying was drawn. In different drying stages of apples (1, 3, 5 and 7 h), the distance between 4 different positions at water boundary and sample edge was measured with vernier calipers, the electron microscope scanning was used to observe apple samples surface, and the porosity of apples in different water boundary was got with the help of image processing software Photoshop 2015 and Matlab 7.0. Origin 8.5 software was adopted to analyze the correlation relationship between the location of water boundary and the porosity of apples with experimental data. The results found that the porosity of apples increased linearly from the center to the edges during the drying procedure. Origin 8.5 software was also adopted to analyze the correlation relationship between the moisture ratio and the porosity of apples with experimental data. The mathematical function between the drying rate and the change of porosity was deduced on the basis of the relationship between the moisture ratio and the porosity. The results found that the bigger the change of porosity, the higher the VFD velocity. All the results in the experiments were consistent with those in the simulation, which proved that the change of porosity of apples can express drying rate in VFD process and LBM can be used to analyze moisture migration diffusion and distribution in VFD process. The conclusions not only provide basis for parameter optimization of VFD process of fruits and vegetables, but also offer application infrastructure for on-line monitoring of moisture ratio. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Computational fluid dynamics - Fruits - Functions - Image processing - Kinetic theory - Low temperature drying - MATLAB - Mechanical permeability - Moisture - Moisture control - Porosity - Porous materials - Sublimation - Thermal processing (foods) - Vegetables - Velocity distribution - Voltage measurement
Uncontrolled terms:Drying rates - Electron microscope scanning - Image-processing software - Lattice Boltzmann method - Lattice boltzmann methods (LBM) - Mathematical functions - Parameter optimization - Vacuum-freeze drying
Classification code:731.3 Specific Variables Control - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 942.2 Electric Variables Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20162702564172
Title:Evaluating models of leaf phosphorus content of winter oilseed rape based on hyperspectral data
Authors:Li, Lantao (1, 2); Wang, Shanqin (2); Ren, Tao (1, 2); Ma, Yi (2); Wei, Quanquan (1, 2); Gao, Wenhan (2); Lu, Jianwei (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Microelement Research of Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Lu, Jianwei(lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:209-218
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Leaf phosphorus content (LPC) is a critical indicator for crop growth, plant productivity and yield formation. Traditional methods of measuring LPC through plant sampling, extraction and spectrophotometric determination in the lab, not only require destructing the crop samples, but also are time-consuming and expensive. Moreover, traditional methods can't meet the demand of non-destructive and rapid monitoring of LPC in winter oilseed rape. Real-time and accurate assessment of temporal and spatial variations of crop LPC is important to help farmers improve site-specific phosphorus (P) management in sustainable agriculture. To develop a quantitative technique for evaluating LPC in winter oilseed rape using ground-based canopy reflectance spectra, 3 field experiments were carried out with different P fertilizer levels and winter oilseed rape cultivars across 3 years, and time-course measurements were taken on canopy spectral reflectance. Meanwhile, chemical assays of these winter oilseed rape samples were performed in the laboratory. In total, 92 of 138 samples were used for building spectral monitoring models of LPC and the other 46 samples were used for model validation. Then, the correlation coefficient (r) of the canopy spectral reflectance by F significant test was determined (P<0.01), which could be used to extract sensitive wavebands. On the basis, a partial least square (PLS) regression analysis was adopted with 4 spectral transformation methods: 1) the raw hyperspectral reflectance (R), 2) logarithm of reciprocal of reflectance (log (1/R)), 3) continuum removal of reflectance data (CR) and 4) first derivative reflectance (FDR). The prediction accuracy of the optimal methods was evaluated by comparing coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>), root mean square error (RMSE) and relative percent deviation (RPD) between the observed and predicted LPC values. The results indicated that LPC in winter oilseed rape increased with the increasing of P fertilization rates, and the changes in canopy spectral reflectance under varied P rates were highly significant in near infrared region, with consistent patterns across the different growing seasons. The sensitive hyperspectral wavebands occurred mostly within near infrared regions, and a close correlation existed between the region and LPC. Using a calibration dataset, the best results were obtained with the FDR-PLS model, which yielded the highest coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup><inf>cal</inf>) of 0.822 and the lowest root mean square error (RMSE<inf>cal</inf>) of 0.039%. Tests with the independent validation dataset also indicated that the FDR-PLS model could well predict LPC in winter oilseed rape, with the values of R<sup>2</sup><inf>val</inf>, RMSE<inf>val</inf>and RPD being 0.769, 0.048% and 2.091, respectively. The variable importance in projection (VIP) score resulting from PLS regression model was used to determine the effective wavelengths and reduce the dimensionality of the hyperspectral reflectance data. The newly developed FDR-PLS model using the effective wavelengths (753, 826, 878, 995, 1187 and 1272 nm) performed well in LPC prediction with R<sup>2</sup><inf>val</inf>of 0.678 and RMSE<inf>val</inf>of 0.064%. It could be concluded that the FDR-PLS model for LPC was better than R-PLS, log (1/R)-PLS and CR-PLS models. In the future, the FDR-PLS spectral inversion technique could be considered as a reference for aerospace hyperspectral remote sensing of winter oilseed rape P nutritional information in this special region, and could realize the accurate and timely evaluating of LPC. The overall results show that the LPC of winter oilseed rape can be reliably monitored with the canopy spectral methods established in the study. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Least squares approximations
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Cultivation - Forecasting - Infrared devices - Mean square error - Metadata - Models - Oilseeds - Phosphorus - Plants (botany) - Reflection - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Spectrum analysis - Statistical tests
Uncontrolled terms:HyperSpectral - Leaf phosphorus - Nondestructive detection - Oil seed rape - Partial least square (PLS) - Variable importances
Classification code:804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20162702564174
Title:Parameters optimization of solar air collector with holes on baffles
Authors:Hu, Jianjun (1, 2); Ma, Long (1); Liu, Kaitong (1); Sun, Xishan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering Mechanics, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao; 066004, China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao; 066004, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:227-231
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The introduction of baffles can effectively improve the efficiency of flat plate solar air collector. But at the same time, it is found that the flow separation on the back side of the baffle leads to the generation of local vortex, which causes the airflow to be heated in the corresponding position. The local temperature is higher and the heat loss is serious. This has become an important factor affecting the further improvement of the efficiency of solar air collector. Based on the aerodynamics of wind wall, the author is aim to open holes on the baffles without changing the whole structure of collector. Thus, we can use the hole jets to enhance the turbulence and mixing of the flow at the back side of the baffle, suppress the local vortex and reduce the heat loss; Also, the hole jets can enhance the convection heat transfer of air and heat absorber plate, which can make more heat into the air, and then achieve the purpose of improving the efficiency of solar air collector. The paper studies the impact of different parameters on solar air collector with holes on the internal baffles by using orthogonal numerical simulation test method. Considering the interaction between aperture factors, an L<inf>27</inf>(3<sup>13</sup>) orthogonal experiment is designed with four factors and three values including hole size, location, quantity and mass flow rate. 27 solar air collector models with holes on the internal baffles are designed, and the three-dimensional numerical simulation of the designed condition is carried out. The efficiencies of the 27 designed collector models are obtained. The simulation results by variance analysis method are analyzed. The variance analysis is used to determine the significant level of the factors by F test. If the ratio of the F ratio and the critical value is greater than 1, it is considered that the factor has a significant effect on the collector efficiency. The results show that the interaction between the hole factors is not obvious. The effect of inlet mass flow rate and the hole size on collector efficiency is significant. The hole factors under different inlet mass flow rate effect on the collector efficiency in a different order. The optimal hole factors combinations under different inlet mass flow rate is different. When the inlet mass flow rate are 0.0044, 0.0088 and 0.0132 kg/(s∙m<sup>2</sup>), the optimal hole factors combinations with the highest efficiency are hole size of 1/6, location of 1/3, quantity of 3; hole size of 1/3, location of 1/3, quantity of 5; hole size of 1/3, location of 0, quantity of 5; the heat collection efficiency is 69.63%, 81.71% and 86.83% respectively. In this paper, the results could provide theoretical support for design and improvement of solar air collector with baffles. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Collector efficiency
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Energy efficiency - Fighter aircraft - Flow rate - Flow separation - Heat convection - Heat losses - Heat transfer - Location - Mass transfer - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Optimization - Plates (structural components) - Solar collectors - Solar energy - Thermal effects - Vortex flow
Uncontrolled terms:Air collectors - Baffle - Orthogonal experiment - Orthogonal test - Parameters optimization - Simulation test methods - Three-dimensional numerical simulations - Variance analysis methods
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 631 Fluid Flow - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 641 Heat and Mass Transfer; Thermodynamics - 652.1.2 Military Aircraft - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 702.3 Solar Cells - 723.5 Computer Applications - 921 Mathematics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20162702564185
Title:Quality prediction model of pellet feed basing on BP network using PSO parameters optimization method
Authors:Chen, Xiao (1); Wang, Hongying (1); Kong, Dandan (1); Yue, Yan (1); Fang, Peng (1); Lü, Fang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agriculture University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Hongying(hongyingw@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:306-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For a large number of advantages such as better palatability, high return, and avoiding automatic grading, pellet has been one of the major application forms of animal feed. Aiming at the fluctuation of pellet feed quality due to the change of diet content and processing parameters, a prediction model was proposed in this article to provide assistance for quality and cost control in feed industry. In this research, back propagation neural network (BPNN) was designed as the core for the proposed model considering its advantages such as unique abilities of self-organizing, self-learning and self-adaptation. For the purpose of improvement of data utilization efficiency, mean impact value (MIV) method was combined in this model as data preprocessing technique for its concise and rapid feature in data processing. As for several crucial structural parameters within BPNN model, particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was applied for better performance since its advantages of simple structure, easy realization, fast search speed, etc. Meanwhile, these 2 methods were chosen to cooperate with BPNN algorithm for their preferable collaborating properties among various mathematical models according to literatures. Based on index system of inputs and outputs which met practical requirement of industry, the dataset for the model included diet content and processing parameters as input and powder content, productivity and pellet durability index (PDI) as output, which were collected from actual feed production processing in a feed mill in Beijing in the period of March-December, 2015.And the model structures including neuron number of hidden layers and proportion of dataset for different purposes were established by pre-test method/literature experience. After trained and tested by collected data, the MIV-PSO-BPNN prediction model was established and showed fairly good performance in following aspects. Analyzing the fitting optimal linear regression curve of predicted value produced from the proposed model and true value from the collected data, it showed that there was a significant positive relationship between these 2 values with determination coefficient of 0.9692, 0.9421 and 0.9465 for powder content, productivity and PDI, respectively. Meanwhile, the fitting curve presented a highly coincident relation with the line of y=x, which meant predicted value was very close to true value. Also, high prediction performance of MIV-PSO-BPNN prediction model was verified based on mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE). In order to compare predict function, the multi-linear regression method and basic BPNN model were established with the same dataset for training and test. Results showed that MIV-PSO-BP prediction model possessed a fairly high promotion in prediction function compared to multi-linear regression method for its unique adaption quality to non-linear properties of feed processing which was attributed to the advantage of BPNN model as the core. Particularly, the average falling range of MAE, MAPE and RMSE value for production rate, PDI and powder content reached about 90.77%, 86.36% and 77.85%, respectively. On the other hand, compared to basic BPNN model, the average optimization range of error index of powder content, PDI and production rate for MIV-PSO-BP prediction model reached 43.85%, 68.93% and 58.08% respectively. So, the MIV-PSO-BPNN prediction model possessed a better forecast stability, which was indicated by the changing tendency of relative error for each output and its curve being more stable and smooth while there was several significant peaks and beats in the other. Statistically, the average decreasing of extreme value difference of relative error for 3 outputs reached 91.46%. The proposition of this model provides a novel thought for feed industry as well as the theoretical reference and practical tool for production and quality control of pellet feed with high efficiency and low consumption. However, there are several problems that need to be solved. Parts of parameters such as initial threshold and weight of BPNN as well as random value in PSO updating process are determined randomly, which may cause precision dissatisfaction of users and requires more time for model run. In following research, targeted measure should be taken for initial parameter assignment to make this model provide better service for relative practitioners. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Backpropagation - Curve fitting - Data handling - Durability - Efficiency - Errors - Forecasting - Grading - Linear regression - Mean square error - Model structures - Models - Neural networks - Optimization - Pelletizing - Productivity - Quality control - Regression analysis - Statistical tests - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Back-propagation neural networks - BPNN - Data preprocessing technique - Determination coefficients - Impact value - Mean absolute percentage error - Particle swarm optimization algorithm - Quality prediction
Classification code:723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 913.1 Production Engineering - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20162702564156
Title:Design of automatic multi-layer tumbling horizontal fermentation bed and fermentation experiment
Authors:Xie, Hui (1); Zhang, Lei (1); Cao, Shengyan (2); Wang, Fengqin (1); Yang, Sen (1); Zhang, Junfeng (2); Song, Andong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou; 450002, China; (2) Henan Successing Bitechnology Co. Ltd., Luohe; 463900, China
Corresponding author:Song, Andong(song1666@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:84-88
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To achieve high-value bio-products, solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a sustainable alternative for bio-based processes, in which agro-industrial by-products may be used as culture media or substrates. As a traditional fermentation technology, it has some disadvantages in condition control, industrial enlargement, energy consumption and large floor area, which make it difficult to obtain industrial production line and adapt to the large-scale developmental need of the fermentation industry. In order to solve these problems, using the concept of modern industrial design combined with the mechanized and automatic control technology, the solid fermentation equipment for sterilization, inoculation, mixing and fermentation was designed. Based on this device, the solid fermentation production system which integrates raw material pre-treatment, batching, fermentation and drying, has been formed and successfully put into operation. As the core of production system, the solid fermentation equipment is composed of a scraper feeder, a buffer outlet, a scraper conveyor of the discharge hole and a fermentation chamber with the shape of square column, which is divided into 10 layers (feeder layer is on the top, discharge layer in bottom and 8 fermentation bed layers in the middle) and has 30 m in length, 3 m in width and an area of 50 m<sup>2</sup>covered. The materials access to the scraper feeder automatically from hoist hopper, and spread automatically and evenly into the fermentation bed through pendulous feeder. The bottom of each layer is composed of a plurality of platform trap doors which can achieve a 360° forward or reverse turning through computer-controlled cylinder drive. In the fermentation bed, the platform trap doors have turned over one by one from left to right, and the process can be repeated several times until the materials have no residue in the platform trap door. The materials can be transferred effectively from the upper layer to the lower layer, and this process can realize automatic control of temperature and humidity. Using soybean meal as raw material, the experiment of biological feed fermentation was carried out with the system. During the process of fermentation, the moisture of material varied within 38%-42% and the temperature could maintain at 37℃, which created a good environment for microbial growth; the moisture and crude protein content could meet the requirements of the product. After 72 h fermentation, the content of acid soluble protein of the feed was increased by 21.2% relatively, and the protein solubility in KOH solution increased from 57. 19% to 77. 45%. Results showed that the parameters of biological feed met the enterprise standard and the product quality was excellent; the stable operation of the device and large-scale production (production capacity of single batch was 10 t) could meet the needs of industrial production during the process of fermentation. The device has high mechanical automation level and continuous production capacity, which are suitable for the preparation of biological feed, biological fertilizer, biological pigment, biological pesticide, biological fuel and biological enzyme and other fields. As the largest automatic SSF production line, the device can not only ferment biomass materials on a large scale, but also be suitable for the production of a variety of products. It has the features of high degree of automation, less pollution and low energy consumption, which can promote significantly biomass conversion industry in China. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:9
Main heading:Fermentation
Controlled terms:Automation - Bioconversion - Biological materials - Chemical contamination - Design - Energy utilization - Equipment - Feeding - Hoppers - Humidity control - Moisture - Process control - Product design - Proteins - Tools
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic control technologies - Biological feeds - Fermentation technologies - Industrial production lines - Large scale productions - Solid-state fermentation - Soybean meal - Temperature and humidities
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 801.2 Biochemistry - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.3 Food Products - 901 Engineering Profession - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20162702564179
Title:Inactivation of polyphenol oxidase from Litopenaeus vannamei treated by ultra high pressure combined dense phase carbon dioxide
Authors:Deng, Qianlin (1); Liu, Shucheng (1); Liu, Mengna (1); Liu, Yuan (1); Guo, Minghui (1); Ji, Hongwu (1); Li, Chengyong (1); Gao, Jing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang; 524088, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Shucheng(Lsc771017@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:265-271
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ultra high pressure (UHP) and dense phase carbon dioxide (DPCD) processes are effective non-thermal pasteurization methods that have gained increasing attention in inactivation of undesired enzymes and microorganisms in food industry. The advantage of UHP is to process foods that are already packaged and therefore are not liable to post-process contamination. Although UHP effectively eliminates microorganisms, it does not inactivate some key enzymes that reduce the product quality. For example, UHP may increase the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) at lower pressure. As a continuous operation, DPCD needs aseptic filling to containers, but can inactivate enzymes. Therefore it is logical to combine these technologies to benefit from their individual advantages. The presence of carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>) in the sample medium might create a more acidic environment and synergistically interact with pressure to damage or alter the structures of enzymes and microbial cells. In order to make up for the disadvantage of UHP in inactivating PPO and use the advantage of DPCD in inactivating PPO, the inactivation effect of PPO from Litopenaeus vannamei treated by UHP combined with CO<inf>2</inf>(UHP+CO<inf>2</inf>) was studied, and the feasibility of developing new shrimp products by UHP+CO<inf>2</inf>was explored. The crude PPO extracts of 2 mL were treated with 2% CO<inf>2</inf>(v/v) package alone, or UHP alone, or UHP+2% CO<inf>2</inf>(v/v). The treatment temperature was 30±2℃. The treatment pressure was 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 MPa, respectively. The treatment time was 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min, respectively. The results showed that: The PPO was inactivated more effectively by UHP+CO<inf>2</inf>than CO<inf>2</inf>treatment and UHP treatment alone. Treated at 100 MPa for 30 min by UHP+CO<inf>2</inf>, PPO activity dropped to 18.92%±1.52%. At 200 MPa for 10 min by UHP+CO<inf>2</inf>, PPO activity dropped to 10.91%±1.08%. At 300 MPa for 10 min by UHP+CO<inf>2</inf>, 95% PPO was inactivated. At 400 MPa for 5 min by UHP+CO<inf>2</inf>, the residual activity of PPO was less than 3%. At 500 MPa for 10 min by UHP+CO<inf>2</inf>, the PPO was almost completely inactivated. Compared with UHP treatment and CO<inf>2</inf>package treatment alone, UHP+CO<inf>2</inf>treatment not only shortened the inactivation time but also improved the inactivation effect of PPO activity. PPO activity was not recovered after storage for 6 d at 4℃ in all treated samples. The electrophoretic pattern of PPO after UHP and UHP+CO<inf>2</inf>treatment showed that the lanes color of PPO zones became lighter and lighter with the pressure increasing. Moreover, the lanes color of PPO treated by UHP+CO<inf>2</inf>was much lighter than that treated by UHP alone at the same pressure and even disappeared at 400 and 500 MPa. Therefore, PPO denaturation is irreversible by UHP+CO<inf>2</inf>treatment. The research results will provide basic data and technical reference for shrimp storage and processing and the development of new products. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Carbon dioxide
Controlled terms:Carbon dioxide process - Digital storage - Enzymes - Filling - Food microbiology - Microorganisms - Passivation - Shellfish - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Continuous operation - Dense phase carbon dioxide - Litopenaeus vannamei - Non-thermal pasteurization - Polyphenol oxidase - Treatment temperature - Ultra high pressure (UHP) - Ultrahigh pressure
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 461.9.2 Microbiology - 534.2 Foundry Practice - 539.2.1 Protection Methods - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20162702564166
Title:Broken branch's mulching improving soil physical and chemical properties and enhancing quality of peach
Authors:Li, Chuanyou (1); Xiong, Bo (1); Zhang, Li (1); Jiang, Bin (1); Gao, Jiao (1); Li, Zhiguo (1); Wang, Qingjie (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Agricultural Machinery Testing and Extension Station, Beijing; 100079, China; (2) Department of Engineering College, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Qingjie(wangqingjie@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:161-167
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Cleaning peach branch residue need a great number of labor power and is also costly. The study aimed to investigate the effects of peach branch residue mulching on soil physical and chemical properties and peach quality. The field experiment was carried out from 2013 to 2015 in a peach orchard with dwarf peach trees in Ping Gu district, Beijing (116°59'E, 40°11'N). Three treatments were designed including no cover (CK), rychophragmus violaceus cover (T1), and peach branch residue cover (T3). Rychophragmus violaceus was planted in April each year and cut in October for residue cover. The peach branch was crushed into pieces smaller than 5 cm, mixed with soil evenly, turned into soil 10 cm depth. During the experiment, the irrigation amount each year was 1350 L/hm<sup>2</sup>. Measured indicators included soil particle composition, soil density, moisture, organic matter, emission rate of carbon dioxide, and quality of peach fruits. The results showed that: 1) During the whole growth period of fruit trees, the residual branches cover could greatly affect soil properties. The T2 and T1 could significantly increase soil >0.25 mm aggregates compared with CK, and the T2 had larger effect on T1; 2) Overall, the soil compactness had the trend of CK>T1>T2. The compactness of CK was 30.2% higher than the T1 and 43.9% higher than T1 (P<0.05). The compactness of T1 was 10.54% higher than T2 (P<0.05); 3) The soil water characteristic curve for soils collected in June and October revealed that the soil water holding capacity of the T2 treatment was 10.16% higher than CK when the water suction was 30 kPa, and that of T2 and T1 treatment was 10.02% and 8.51% higher than that of CK when the water suction was 100 kPa; 4) Water infiltration rate decreased and stabilized with infiltration time. The stable infiltration rate of CK, T1 and T2 was 4.22, 8.41, and 10.01 cm/h; 5) Compared with CK, the soil organic matter content in T1 and T2 was increased by 119.8% and 183.2% (P<0.05), respectively; 6) Compared with CK, the T2 could increase the V<inf>c</inf>content of peach by 43.5%, decrease titratable acid by 21.7%, increase soluble sugar by 20%, and increase the average single fruit weight by 7.9% (P<0.05). They were not significantly different between T1 and T2. In conclusion, the soil physical and chemical properties could be improved and the fruit quality was improved by peach branch residue cover. The peach branch residue cover had the similar effects with the rychophragmus violaceus cover. The study provides valuable information for peach orchard residue management. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Chemical properties - Farms - Forestry - Fruits - Orchards - Organic compounds - Soil moisture - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Brash covering - Fruit quality - Soil organic matter contents - Soil physical and chemical properties - Soil water holdings - Soil-water characteristic curve - Water holding capacity - Water infiltration
Classification code:406 Highway Engineering - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801 Chemistry - 801.2 Biochemistry - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20162702564157
Title:Simulation on water temperature change process of diversion channel for pumping well water to melt ice at high altitude and cold regions
Authors:Wu, Sujie (1); Zong, Quanli (1); Zheng, Tiegang (2); Liu, Zhenji (1); Huang, Jiulin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China; (2) Sate Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100038, China
Corresponding author:Zong, Quanli(quanli1871@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:89-96
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the northwest alpine regions, pumping well water to melt ice (PWWMI) is an effective method to solve the ice problem for diversion power station in winter. In this study, the diversion channel of Hongshanzui Water Power Station in Manas River of Xinjiang was selected as the study area (86°03'15″E and 44°05'01″N) and a field survey was conducted in February 2013 to analyze the change process of water temperature. The prototype observation results yielded a series of indicators, including the temperature and discharge of well water, and the temperatures of channel water before and after well. Based on the diversion channel of Hongshanzui Water Power Station, a three-dimensional turbulence numerical model was proposed to simulate the change process of water temperature of diversion channel for PWWMI. The discharge and temperature of 5# well water was taken as the initial boundary, different values of water temperature distance from 5# well were predicted. The change process of water temperature obtained from prototype observation experiment was compared with the simulation results, and the results indicate that the simulation results were in a good agreement with the experimental results, which can ensure the reliability of the simulation results. Thus, the changes of water temperature were simulated under different discharge and temperature conditions, including different discharges of well and channel water, different temperatures of well and channel water, and the changes of temperature and discharge simultaneously. The results showed that the changes of discharge and temperature of well water, and temperature of channel water were proportional to mixed water temperature, and the temperatures of mixed water increased with the increases of discharge of well water and temperatures of well and channel water, respectively. When the discharges of well water were increased by 1.2 and 1.4 times, decreased by 0.6 and 0.8 times compared with the original value of 0.16 m<sup>3</sup>/s, the temperatures of mixed water increased by 14% and 27%, and decreased by 27% and 14%, respectively. At the same time, when the temperatures of well water were increased by 1.0 and 2.0℃ compared with the original value of 10.00℃, the temperatures of mixed water increased by 9% and 18%, respectively. When the temperatures of well water were decreased by 2.0 and 1.0℃ compared with the original value of 10.00℃, the temperatures of mixed water was decreased by 18% and 9%, respectively. The variation of mixed water temperature with channel water temperature decrease by 0.1℃ was the same to that with channel water temperature increase by 0.1℃. However, the simulated results also showed that the discharge of channel was inversely proportional to mixed water temperature. The temperature of mixed water was decreased with the increase of discharge of channel water. When the discharges of channel water were decreased by 0.5 and 0.75 times, increased by 1.5 and 2.0 times compared with the original value of 10.00 m<sup>3</sup>/s, the temperatures of mixed water are increased by 67% and 22%, decreased by 29% and 33%, respectively. If the temperature of channel water was decreased to 0.25 times and the discharge of well water was increased to 4 times compared with the original values of 0.18℃ and 0.16 m<sup>3</sup>/s, the temperature of mixed water was increased from 0.14 to 1.43℃, which indicates that increasing the discharge of well water is the most effective ice-melting method. This study could provide valuable information for preventing ice hazards of diversion channel in the cold regions. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Ice
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Ice problems - Melting - Numerical models - Pumps - River diversion - Temperature - Water - Water power - Well pumps - Wells
Uncontrolled terms:Cold regions - Prototype observations - Pumping well - Simulated results - Temperature conditions - Three-dimensional turbulence - Water temperature change - Water temperatures
Classification code:441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development - 611 Hydroelectric and Tidal Power Plants - 618.2 Pumps - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 723.5 Computer Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20162702564168
Title:Assessing impacts of meteorological drought on vegetation at catchment scale in China based on SPEI and NDVI
Authors:Wang, Zhaoli (1); Huang, Zeqin (1); Li, Jun (1); Zhong, Ruida (1); Huang, Wenwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou; 510641, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Wenwei(hww@scut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:177-186
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Drought is a natural disaster caused by long-time water shortage and uneven water distribution, which is one of the most common disasters around the world. Under the background of global warming, droughts have become more and more frequent and devastating, causing negative impacts on agricultural production, ecological environment and social economy. For the protection of vegetation and crops, it would be of practical significance to investigate how vegetation develops under the influence of drought which varies in time and space. This research applied the standard precipitation evaporation index (SPEI) derived from high spatial resolution dataset of precipitation and evaporation, as well as the newly published normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) which represents the growth condition of vegetation on land. Mann-Kendall (MK) test and correlation analysis were taken to study the spatial and temporal evolution of SPEI and NDVI at catchment scale with the help of ArcGIS 10.1 software. The results of the research illustrated that: 1) The MK value of SPEI at catchment scale showed great coincidence with that of the 4189 grid points both in time and space, indicating the feasibility to investigate the response of vegetation growth under the influence of meteorological drought at catchment scale. SPEI was getting increasing slightly at different time scales during 1962-2012, indicating that China as a whole was being more humid. However, taking the time series of 1982-2012 as the research object, China was getting drier slightly at different time scales. In space, both at annual and at seasonal scale, drought trends were mainly detected in catchments in the Loess Plateau area, Northeast and Southwest China, while catchments in Northwest China presented significant humidifying tendency. 2) The NDVI value of the whole China was upgrading with time during 1982-2012, among which the NDVI in spring, growing season and whole year had a significant increasing trend. In space, some catchments of northern Xinjiang and Northeast China demonstrated a significant downgrading tendency, while the upgrading tendency was different owing to different time scales. 3) At annual scale, 56 of the 209 catchments showed significant positive correlation (P<0.05) between SPEI and NDVI, and most of them were located in north Xinjiang, and northern and northeastern China, which indicated that vegetation in arid and semiarid area was significantly affected by droughts. At the same time, negative correlation was mainly distributed in southern China (few of them passed the significant level of 0.95), indicating that droughts in southern China exerted little influence on vegetation growth. 4) Correlation analysis between seasonal NDVI and SPEI showed that in summer and autumn, catchments with positive relation mainly occurred in north area, while catchments with negative correlation mainly occurred in Southeast China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River plain. In spring and winter, negative relation came to dominate, which mainly occurred in Northeast China, the Yangtze River Basin and most catchments in Southeast China. Lag-relation analysis between seasonal NDVI and SPEI one or two seasons early showed similar correlation distribution as the result of relation analysis without lag. 5) For most of the catchments, air temperature, precipitation and evaporation exerted significant influence on NDVI of vegetation; among them, temperature played a leading role on the vegetation growth in catchments in southern China, while precipitation played a leading role on the vegetation growth in catchments in northern China. Our study on the relationship between meteorological drought and vegetation growth can provide a scientific basis for drought predication and precaution, and thus help to guide agricultural production and protect vulnerable ecosystems. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Catchments
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Correlation methods - Disasters - Drought - Ecology - Evaporation - Global warming - Growth (materials) - Meteorology - Runoff - Software testing - Time measurement - Vegetation - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Arid and semi-arid areas - Catchment scale - Correlation distribution - Middle and lower reaches of the yangtze rivers - NDVI - Normalized difference vegetation index - SPEI
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 723.5 Computer Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20162702564164
Title:Soil water dynamic of rain-fed jujube (Ziziphus jujube) with stand age on Loess Plateau
Authors:Li, Lusheng (1, 3); Zhao, Xining (2, 3); Gao, Xiaodong (2, 3); Wu, Pute (2, 3); Li, Hongchen (1, 3); Ling, Qiang (1, 3); Sun, Wenhao (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Pute(gjzwpt@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:145-152
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Jujube is a kind of perennial fruit tree in arid and semi-arid areas in central and eastern Asia. Since the initiation of the large-scale ecological rehabilitation project (known as "Grain for Green" project) by the Chinese central government in 1999, the area of jujube orchards has been increased rapidly in the loess hilly region mainly for conserving soil and water and raising economic benefits. Here we investigated the variation of root-zone soil water with a range of stand ages (2, 6, 10 and 15 years) in a rain-fed jujube (Ziziphus Jujube Mill. cv. Lizao) plantation in Qingjian County, Shaanxi Province (37°15'N, 118°18'E). A portable time domain reflectometry (TDR) system (IMKO, Ettlingen, Germany) was used to monitor the soil profile water in study sites. Sixteen tubes with the length of 3 m were installed at a distance of 0.3 m from the representative tree trunk for each stand in October, 2013.Soil water content was measured once every 2 weeks from May to October in 2014 and 2015.The results showed that: 1) During the growth period of 2014, soil water content in the 2- and 6-year-old jujube trees increased first with depth and peaked in the 0.6 m soil layer, and then decreased gradually with depth, while the peak position of soil water content in 10- and 15-year-old jujube trees were both in the 0.4 m soil layer. However, the peak position of soil water content in 2015 was 0.2 m deeper than that in 2014 in all study sites due to serious drought. There were different monthly dynamics of soil water content in study sites during the growth period between 2014 and 2015. In 2014, soil water content was the lowest in June (from May to October), which was increased greatly in August and reached the maximum value in October, whereas there was declining tendency of soil water content from May to September in 2015. 2) The precipitation was relatively abundant in the period from July to September in the study area, which accounted for 70% of the rainfall during the jujube growth period. Soil water contents of 0-0.6 m layers in all study sites were greatly affected by precipitation and evapotranspiration, which increased clearly following apparent rainfall events; the mean soil water content in 2-year-old jujube tree was consistently greater than that in other stand ages in the 0.6-1.8 m soil layers, and there were significant differences in soil water contents among different stand ages (P<0.05), which meant that the soil water content had been utilized by roots in the 0.6-1.8 m soil layers, and the water depleted increased gradually with stand age. Soil water contents in the deep soil layers (1.8-3.0 m) were weakly affected by precipitation, which showed almost constant values at all study sites, and soil water contents in the deep soil layers were approximate to permanent wilting point (7%) in the mature jujube plantation (10-, and 15-year-old jujube trees). 3) It could be observed that in June 2014, before the typical rainfall, the mean soil water contents in the 2-, 6-, 10-, and 15-year-old jujube trees were 15.76%, 13.38%, 12.93%, and 12.36%, respectively, which were all in low humidity (less than 60% of field capacity). However, soil water contents increased dramatically in the 0-0.8 m soil layers in 2-and 6-year-old jujube trees following 90.4 mm precipitation (June 8 and June 11 in 2014), while the soil water contents were significantly increased only in the 0-0.6 m soil layers in 10-and 15-year-old jujube trees under the same conditions. Soil water changed negligibly beneath 1 m after the rainfall, indicating unavailable infiltration in deep soil. The results presented here will be helpful to water management in rain-fed jujube plantations in the loess hilly region and maybe potentially for other semi-arid orchards. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Drought - Farms - Forestry - Moisture - Orchards - Precipitation (meteorology) - Rain - Sediments - Soil conservation - Soil moisture - Water content - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid areas - Durative - Ecological rehabilitation - Loess hilly regions - Permanent wilting points - Soil water dynamics - Stand age - Time domain reflectometry
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20162702564151
Title:Bionic crab walking mechanism and its kinematic characteristics analysis
Authors:Li, Jianqiao (1); Zhang, Guangquan (1); Wang, Ying (1, 2); Wu, Baoguang (1); Huang, Han (1); Xue, Long (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun; 130025, China; (2) The Armored Force Institute of Technology, Changchun; 130117, China; (3) School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang; 330045, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Ying(wangying13@mails.jlu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:47-54
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The research of bionic walking mechanism is of great significance for the development of walking mechanism on complex terrain. In order to design a bionic walking mechanism with superior performance and simple structure, by analyzing the walking gait of Eriocheir sinensis Milne-Edwards, the design scheme of the crab walking mechanism was proposed. Due to 2 feet at the end of the crab less involved in walking, in order to simplify the structure, the walking mechanism was designed to have 6 feet, and leg movement was achieved by the six-link mechanism. The whole model of the walking mechanism was established by the three-dimensional (3D) modeling software CATIA, and the kinematics analysis was finished in ADAMS. The results showed that the walking mechanism could complete the expected action. Based on the design, bionic walking mechanism prototype was produced, and walking test of bionic walking mechanism on the smooth hard ground was carried out for the dynamic video information to analyze its working gait. Then the kinematic parameters of the collected digital images were extracted in the SimiMotion3D motion analysis system, and the supporting phase and mobile phase of the legs of the walking mechanism were acquired. The results showed that taking no account of the fourth step of the crab, both of them showed a high degree of similarity, and the bionic walking mechanism could imitate the natural gait of the crab. Through the comparison test of the wheeled model car and bionic walking mechanism on the non conventional ground, the movement performance and trafficability characteristics of the walking mechanism were analyzed on the different ground. Choosing the horizontal swing, the longitudinal turbulence as the characteristic parameters, the displacement fluctuation range and absolute maximum value of acceleration of the 2 directions were used as the characteristic parameters of the bionic walking mechanism. The results show that the bionic walking mechanism had a strong adaptability to different ground, and had good performance on the ground and loose dry sand ground. On the smooth hard ground, the fluctuation of the bionic walking mechanism was obviously larger than the wheeled model car and was not suitable for walking on the smooth hard ground. The displacement fluctuation range was 5.5 and 2.2 times as large as wheeled model car in longitudinal and horizontal axis direction, and compared with the bionic walking mechanism, the absolute maximum value of acceleration of the wheeled model car was reduced by 40% and 45% in the longitudinal and horizontal axis direction respectively. On the rough ground involved in agricultural production activities, the bionic walking mechanism was better than the wheeled model car. The kinematic parameters of the bionic walking mechanism were very close to the wheeled model car along the horizontal axis on the small rough hard ground. Compared with the wheeled model car, the displacement fluctuation range and the absolute maximum value of acceleration of the bionic walking mechanism decreased by 5% and 7% respectively. Along the direction of the longitudinal axis, the difference was bigger, the displacement fluctuation range of the bionic walking mechanism was 75% lower than the wheeled model car, and the absolute maximum value of the acceleration was 26% lower than the wheeled model car. The walking mechanism could also be used as a test platform to provide basic research equipment for improving the walking mechanism trafficability characteristics on the different terrain through the optimization of the leg bar size and the foot end touchdown way. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Bionics
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Biomimetics - Kinematics - Landforms - Mechanisms - Shellfish
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Analysis - Crab - Displacement fluctuations - Kinematic characteristics - Soft terrain - Three dimensional (3-D) modeling - Trafficability
Classification code:461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 481.1 Geology - 601.3 Mechanisms - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20162702564154
Title:Nonlinear dynamics analysis for combustion stability of spark-ignition engine
Authors:Liu, Shuai (1); Wang, Zhong (1); Zhao, Yang (1); Qu, Lei (1); Sun, Bo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:69-75
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to reveal the dynamic essence of combustion cyclic fluctuations, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and compressed natural gas (CNG) were burned in the ignition engine, and the cyclical fluctuations of combustion pressure were investigated using nonlinear dynamics method. The pressure data in 200 cycles were collected to discuss the regulation of in-cylinder pressure which varied with the time and to analyze cyclical fluctuation factors of the maximum break pressure. In addition, time sequences of pressure in cylinder were rebuilt three-dimensionally combined with differential coordinates, and the principles and distribution features of phase space structure changing during combustion period were studied. Phase space tracks were simplified and rebuilt by the Poincare section method to probe into the Poincare mapping points distribution of in-cylinder pressure in cross sections on whose the second derivative was zero (The second derivative of pressure was zero, Z=0) and the pressure rise rate was zero (The first derivative of pressure was zero, Y=0). The cyclical fluctuations of indicative mean effective pressures (IMEPs) were analyzed while burning 3 fuels separately. Results indicated that the cyclic fluctuation coefficient of in-cylinder pressure was 7.5% while the spark ignition engine burnt gasoline, and the coefficient increased to 7.8% and 13.8% respectively while burning LPG and CNG. The phase space track of in-cylinder pressure was a closed curve with chaos properties showing the intake and exhausting process in sharp curve and the combustion process in arc curve when the initial period structure of combustion was relatively compact and the diffusion was most obvious in the maximum of Y direction, and then it duplicated quickly after reaching the maximum at X axis direction (X axis represents pressure. Compact track distributions were observed while burning gasoline, however, there were partial combustion and lost fire cycles when LPG and CNG were employed in which the reconstructed phase space trajectory spread gradually, the degree of divergence maximized at the X axis maximum and the combustion stability declined. Poincare mapping decrease the complexity of the phase space structure effectively. Specifically, Poincare mapping points on Z=0 and Y=0 plane were distributed in the shape of ribbon. On the plane of Z=0, the slope of scatter distribution was 0.076 and the correlation between combustion parameters was strong. It showed that scatters were close together when gasoline was used, however, and mapping points diffused gradually with combustion parameters improved casually. Besides, cyclical fluctuation coefficient of the mean indicated pressure was 2.16%, cyclical fluctuations of IMEPs were slighter and the IMEPs before and after were dramatically relevant to each other, the working process was also stable when gasoline was used. On the other hand, cyclical fluctuations were increased gradually, when the slope was 0.089 and 0.085, the activation energy of the fuel was improved, the combustion speed was declined, the combustion cyclic fluctuations gradually increased to 11.1% and 15.1% respectively, the combustion stability decreased and the randomness of combustion enhanced and a certain chaotic characteristic was shown when LPG and CNG were burned. In summary, the combustion process of engine has chaotic characteristic, and the stability of combustion is declined when the engine is fueled with LPG and CNG. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Ignition
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Combustion - Compressed natural gas - Dynamics - Engine cylinders - Engines - Gasoline - Image reconstruction - Liquefied petroleum gas - Mapping - Phase space methods - Processing - Slope stability - Space applications - Space flight - Space platforms - Stability
Uncontrolled terms:Compressed natural gasses (CNG) - Differential coordinates - Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) - Mean indicated pressures - Nonlinear dynamics method - Poincare map - Reconstructed phase space - Return map
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 406.2 Roads and Streets - 521.1 Fuel Combustion - 522 Gas Fuels - 523 Liquid Fuels - 612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine Components - 655.1 Spacecraft, General - 656 Space Flight - 656.1 Space Flight - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20162702564175
Title:Review of methane production from straws anaerobic digestion
Authors:Yang, Qian (1); Ju, Meiting (1); Li, Weizun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin; 300071, China
Corresponding author:Ju, Meiting(jumeit@nankai.edu)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:232-242
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the increasingly serious energy shortage and environmental pollution, anaerobic digestion of agricultural straws becomes one of the hotspots in recent years, and the domestic and foreign scholars study on biomass solid waste treatment. Anaerobic digestion of agricultural straws provides an excellent chance to convert abundant bio-resources into renewable energy. As the largest agricultural country in the world, China has an abundance of crop straws. The anaerobic digestion of straws not only improves the quality of the rural ecological environment, but also produces the clean energy, i.e. biogas, which makes the solid biomass wastes into "wealth". Anaerobic digestion of straws is currently one of the most hopeful ways to realize the industrialization of biomass energy in China. However, the special physico-chemical property of straws creates a resistant ability for microorganisms and enzymes to degrade during the hydrolytic acidification process and methanogenic process, and thus limits the application and promotion of straws. For anaerobic digestion becomes a hot technology especially in China, we have quite limited knowledge on optional management of anaerobic digestion of agricultural straws due to the limited fermentation equipment. Although the biogas equipment manufacture and biogas plants have been established and encouraged by the incentive polices in China, some questions still exist in anaerobic digestion, especially for the large-scale application. According to the latest results of the domestic and foreign research on relevant anaerobic digestion of agricultural straws, this article reviewed the relative contents, including the anaerobic digestion principle, the physico-chemical characteristics of feedstocks, the influence factors and shortages of anaerobic digestion of agricultural straws, and the optimization of biogas and methane production. Moreover, the future research topics and prospects of anaerobic digestion of agricultural straws were suggested aiming at accelerating the research and application. This study indicated that the theory about the anaerobic digestion was relatively mature, the physico-chemical construction of straws directly decided the hydrolysis rates and indirectly influenced the biogas production and the efficiency, and thus summarized the influence factors of anaerobic digestion. Based on the influence factors and shortages of anaerobic digestion, the most efficient, environmental-friendly and feasible pretreatment methods were picked out to enhance biogas production. In order to satisfy the industrial demands of anaerobic digestion of agricultural straws, optimization methods of biogas production and anaerobic digestion of straws were listed. The conclusion can be recognized as the reference for the efficient engineering management practice to enhance biogas production. This review also has a positive significance to promote anaerobic digestion of agricultural straws and to speed up the achievement transformation on the utilization of biomass solid wastes. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:79
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Biodegradation - Biogas - Biomass - Methane - Solid wastes - Straw - Waste treatment - Waste utilization
Uncontrolled terms:Engineering management - Environmental pollutions - Hydrolytic acidification process - Large-scale applications - Physicochemical characteristics - Physicochemical property - Research and application - Rural ecological environments
Classification code:452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 461.8 Biotechnology - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20162702564183
Title:Effect of refining process on phenolic compounds and oxidation stabilities in oil-tea camellia seed oil
Authors:Luo, Fan (1); Fei, Xueqian (1); Li, Kangxiong (1, 2); Xu, Wei (1, 3); Guo, Shaohai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou; 311400, China; (2) College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha; 410004, China; (3) School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an; 311300, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:293-299
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This paper is aimed at studying the effect of refining processes on the quality of the camellia seed oil, and understanding the rule of phenols in camellia oil during refining. The camellia oil was sampled in local oil-tea camellia seed oil manufacturer, which was from 3 refining processes including squeezed oil refining process, leached oil refining process and squeezed oil's moderate refining process. The refining processes of squeezed oil included water washing, bleaching, deodorization, and dewaxing, the refining processes of leached oil included alkaline refining, water washing, bleaching, deodorization, and dewaxing, while the moderate refining processes of squeezed oil included degumming, alkaline refining, washing, and dewaxing. The total phenol content (TPC), phenolic compound (PC), oxidation resistance coefficient (AA) and oxidation induction time of these oil samples were detected. The results showed that, the TPC was higher in squeezed oil than that in leached oil, which were 103.06 and 48.52 μg/g, respectively. The TPC was declined by 88.9%, 86.7% and 63.81% after refining processes of squeezed oil, leached oil, and moderate refining processes of squeezed oil, respectively. The AA was declined by 88.3%, 93.51% and 83.25%, respectively in the 3 refining processes. Moderate refining process was better at the retention of TPC and AA in the study than traditional refining processes. The TPC and AA were 37.82 μg/g and 9.33% respectively in moderate refined oil, while 11.41 μg/g and 4.71% respectively in traditional refined oil. The same conclusion was got in the results of PC. There was only a small amount of cinnamic acid that was detected by high-performance liquid phase chromatography (HPLC) in the leached camellia oil after refining, while 3 PCs were detected in the squeezed oil after refining, which included benzoic acid, cinnamic acid and rutin, with the contents of 4.7, 1.58 and 0.22 μg/g, respectively. Nine PCs were detected in squeezed oil after moderate refining process, including tannic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, trans-cinnamic acid, rutin hydrate, coumarin, homovanillic acid, gallic acid and o-vanillic acid. The PCs with the highest content in squeezed oil after moderate refining process were tannic acid whose content was 4.57 μg/g and chlorogenic acid whose content was 3.26 μg/g. The oxidation stability of oils could be increased by refining processes. The oxidation induction time of oil before and after the moderate refining process was 8.56 and 11.66 h, respectively, with an increase of 26.63%, while the oxidation induction time of oil before and after the refining process was 8.14 and 10.42 h, respectively, with an increase of 21.83%. The conclusion is that moderate refining process is better at the retention of nutritional ingredients like PC, and the oil from moderate refining process will have higher oxidation stability. The results of the study provide the method of reserving nutrients in the oil-tea camellia seed oil, and the reference for the selection of refining processes and conditions for manufacturer. The correlation of single polyphenol and antioxidant stability of the oil will be studied in the future, and the determination of antioxidant activity will be improved in future research, too. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Petroleum refining
Controlled terms:Alcohols - Antioxidants - Ascorbic acid - Benzoic acid - Bleaching - Cleaning - Dewaxing - Flavonoids - Free radicals - Leaching - Liquid chromatography - Manufacture - Microcomputers - Nutrition - Odor control - Odors - Oils and fats - Oxidation - Phenols - Processing - Refining - Tannins - Washing
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-oxidant activities - Nutritional ingredients - Oil-tea camellia seed oil - Oxidation induction time - Oxidation stability - Phenolic compounds - Resistance coefficients - Total phenol contents
Classification code:461.7 Health Care - 513.1 Petroleum Refining, General - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.1.1 Papermaking Processes - 913.4 Manufacturing
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20162702564158
Title:Effects of pressure head and vertical tube diameter on infiltration characteristics of soil moisture in subsurface irrigation system with vertical tube emitter
Authors:Bai, Dan (1); He, Jing (1); Guo, Lin (1); Wang, Xinduan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resource and Hydroelectric Engineering of Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:97-102
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Subsurface irrigation is a type of water-saving technology. However, poor anti-clogging abilities and large energy consuming of the existing subsurface irrigation emitters, presents a significant obstacle to the development of subsurface irrigation. Aimed to this problem, a new type of subsurface irrigation emitter, vertical tube emitter, was proposed. This study investigated the effects of soil texture, pressure head and vertical tube diameter on infiltration characteristics of soil moisture under irrigation system with vertical tube emitter. Laboratory experiments were carried out in State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in arid area in silt loam and sandy loam. In the experiment on the effect of pressure head on infiltration, the pressure head was designed with different levels of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 m, and the vertical tube diameter was fixed at 16 mm. In the experiment on the effect of vertical tube diameter on infiltration, the vertical tube diameter was 4, 8, 12, and 16 mm and the pressure head was fixed at 2.0 m. During the experiment, the infiltration was measured by difference of water level in Markov bottle. The water level was recorded every 1, 2, 3, and 5 min in the first 50 min, every 10 min from 50 to 100 min, and every 30 min from 100 to 180 min. The experiment lasted for 5 h. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. The infiltration process was described by Philip formula and the infiltration rate was calculated. The results showed that: 1) Soil texture had great influence on the cumulative infiltration. Heavy texture tended to low infiltration. The cumulative infiltration in sandy loam was higher than that in the silt loam under the same pressure head and vertical tube diameter; 2) The effect of pressure head on cumulative infiltration was largest and then gradually became weak; 3) The infiltration process could be well described by Philip formula with R<sup>2</sup>higher than 0.99 for different soil under different pressure head and vertical tube diameter; 4) The cumulative infiltration increased with increasing vertical tube diameter under the pressure head of 2 m, but its change decreased with experimental time; 5) Based on the curves of diameter and cumulative infiltration, a vertical tube diameter-based model was established to estimate cumulative infiltration. The model was validated with measured values under pressure head of 1.0 and 2.5 m and diameter of 8 and 12 mm. The validation revealed R<sup>2</sup>higher than 0.99 and root of mean square error from 0.0552 to 0.1723 L, indicating that the established model was good at cumulative infiltration estimation under irrigation system with vertical tube emitter; and 6) The infiltration rate decreased greatly during the first 1 h of experiment then stabilized after 3-4 h in both soils. The stable infiltration rate was 0.53-1.25 L/h when the pressure head was 0.5-3.0 m and the vertical tube diameter was 4-16 mm. Compared with micro-infiltration irrigation, the stable infiltration rate had wide range and high value, indicating that the vertical tube emitter could meet the water requirement of crop. In the future, more factors such as initial soil moisture, soil bulk density should be considered in studying the infiltration characteristics of soil moisture in the irrigation system with vertical tube emitter. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Bottles - Fluid mechanics - Irrigation - Mean square error - Moisture - Pressure effects - Shore protection - Silt - Soil conditioners - Soil moisture - Soils - Subirrigation - Tubes (components) - Water conservation - Water levels
Uncontrolled terms:Cumulative infiltrations - Infiltration characteristic - Infiltration process - Initial soil moisture - Laboratory experiments - Soil textures - Vertical tube - Water saving technology
Classification code:407.1 Maritime Structures - 444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 694.2 Packaging Materials - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20162702564167
Title:Spatial and temporal distribution of ET<inf>0</inf>under main climate scenarios in future across Huang-Huai-Hai Plain
Authors:Tang, Xiaopei (1); Song, Ni (1); Chen, Zhifang (1); Wang, Jinglei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang; 453002, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Jinglei(firiwjl@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:168-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to tackle climate change and improve the spatial-temporal collocation of water resources, the localization management was performed for the parameters of the Hargreaves model with reference evapotranspiration (ET<inf>0</inf>), which was calculated with the Penman-Monteith model using the daily meteorological data from 88 weather stations in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain during 1961-2010. The long series of daily temperature data from 2010 to 2100 in representative concentration paths RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios were simulated with the statistical downscaling model (SDSM4.2) and the second generation of Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2). The long series of daily temperature data were used to calculate ET<inf>0</inf>in the 21st century with the calibrated Hargreaves formula. The temporal change trend of ET<inf>0</inf>during 1961-2100 was analyzed by the Mann-Kendall trend test and relative anomaly method, and the spatial distribution of ET<inf>0</inf>during 2010-2100 was analyzed by the Kriging method in this study. Results indicated that the standard error of the corresponding parameter in the calibrated Hargreaves formula was very small, and the fluctuation range of correlation index between the calibrated Hargreaves model and the Penman-Monteith model was 0.65-0.85, with a mean value of 0.80, which indicated the high accuracy of the calibrated Hargreaves model. The determination coefficient of the maximum temperature and the minimum temperature between the observed and simulated values in the calibration period (1961-1990) and the verification period (1991-2005) was greater than 0.95, and the root mean square error was very small, indicating the high accuracy of the temperature simulated by the SDSM4.2. ET<inf>0</inf>in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain in 21st century under the 2 climate scenarios all had a trend of increasing in the future. The average values of ET<inf>0</inf>under the RCP4.5 scenario in 2020 s, 2050 s and 2080 s were 940.71, 949.49 and 955.39 mm, respectively, 5.14%, 6.12% and 6.78% greater than the benchmark value (an average of 894.76 mm from 1961 to 2010). The average values of ET<inf>0</inf>under the RCP8.5 scenario were 940.12 mm in 2020s, 966.72 mm in 2050 s and 986.97 mm in 2080s, respectively, 5.07%, 8.04% and 10.3% greater than the benchmark. The increase under RCP8.5 was slighter than that under RCP4.5, which was maybe caused by higher temperature and solar radiation under RCP8.5. From an overall perspective, the change trend of relative anomaly of mean temperature and ET<inf>0</inf>was similar: most years before 2055 had negative anomaly, while after 2055 had positive anomaly. However, the value of positive and negative anomaly in ET<inf>0</inf>had bigger fluctuations than that in mean temperature. The relative anomaly of mean temperature and ET<inf>0</inf>increased gradually as time went on, and the increase of them under RCP8.5 was higher than that under RCP4.5. ET<inf>0</inf>in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain under RCP4.5 decreased gradually in a spoon-like curve from the border of Hebei, Shandong and Henan to the surrounding areas, and the minimum was observed in Tangshan and Laoting in Hebei, Dongtai in Jiangsu, and Zhumadian in Henan. The spatial distribution of ET<inf>0</inf>under RCP8.5 in 2020 s was very similar to that in 2050 s, ET<inf>0</inf>decreased gradually from the border of Hebei, Shandong and Henan to the surrounding areas, and the minimum was observed in Tangshan and Laoting in Hebei, Dongtai in Jiangsu, and Zhumadian in Henan. But there was a great difference in the spatial distribution of ET<inf>0</inf>in 2080 s, especially for the spatial distribution of the greatest values. The maximum values were distributed in these areas in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain: Huimin in Shandong, Xinxiang in Henan, Bengbu in Anhui and Xuyi in Jiangsu. The increase of ET<inf>0</inf>would further aggravate the shortage of water resources in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. This research provides valuable information for irrigation schedule. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Climate change
Controlled terms:Calibration - Climate models - Evapotranspiration - Information management - Mean square error - Meteorology - Spatial distribution - Temperature - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Down-scaling - Huang-Huai-Hai Plain - Reference crop evapotranspirations - Representative concentration pathways (RCPs) - Spatial and temporal distribution
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444 Water Resources - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20162702564165
Title:Effects of typical mulching patterns on soil water loss in jujube land during dormancy period
Authors:Jin, Shanshan (1); Wang, Xing (1); Wang, Youke (1, 2); She, Tan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Education, Yangling; Shanxi; 712100, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Water Saving Irrigation at Yangling, Shanxi; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Youke(gjzwyk@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:153-160
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To promote development of the forestry and alleviate soil water depletion in forest land, a better understanding of the effects of different mulching patterns on soil moisture region, and further seeking reasonable soil conservation measures in loess hilly-gully are paramount important. As the severe soil water depletion existed in forest land in the semiarid area of the Loess Plateau, the soil water contents under 3 different mulching patterns in jujube orchard were measured using a neutron probe (CNC100 DR, ChaoNeng, China) that had been calibrated using standard methods. From March 2012 to October 2015, volumetric soil water content was measured 3 times per month. Measurements were made at the depth increment of 0.1 and 0.2 m in the 0-1 and 1-5 m soil layer, respectively. Meanwhile, the meteorological data were collected from meteorological station near the experimental plots. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mulching patterns on soil water loss in jujube orchard during dormancy period. The test plots were located at Yuanzhi Mount in Mizhi County, Shaanxi Province. The test plots were selected in the 11-aged dwarf close planting jujube forest in October 2011. Three level-terraces with similar slope and aspect were established on a hillslope. For each level-terrace, 4 treatments (straw mulching, plastic film mulching, gravel mulching, and bare land) were set to explore the effects of mulching patterns on soil moisture. The plot scale for 4 treatments was 2 m×3 m and the area for each plot was thus 6 m<sup>2</sup>. The 20 cm wide and 5 m deep ditch all around each plot was excavated for each plot. To isolate the surrounding soil water and root on the test plot, about 1 mm thick plastic was used. There was no irrigation during the experiment. The thickness of the straw mulching was 10-12 cm, while the particle size of gravel mulching was 0.5-1.0 cm with a thickness about 5 cm. In the plastic film mulching treatment plot, the terrain around the trunk of jujube tree was lower than the surrounding soil. Furthermore, 1-2 cm gap between the trunk and the plastic film was maintained to make sure that the ground water could flow into the trunk and infiltrate to the soil. The results indicated that in growth period the soil water was at increasing stage on the whole, while the soil water exhibited a decreasing trend in dormancy period. Hence, dormancy period occupied a dominant role in causing soil water loss in jujube orchard. The soil water loss of bare land ranged from 85.64 to 92.34 mm, which was approximately 2.12 times greater than the rainfall of the corresponding period. The depth of soil water loss could reach 200 cm in local jujube orchard. In the vertical direction of soil profile (0-200 cm), the soil water loss gradually decreased with the soil depth. The soil water loss of straw mulching, plastic film mulching, and gravel mulching was 38.32, 50.56, and 40.48 mm lower than that of bare land, respectively. Therefore, mulching can promote the soil water movement from shallow to deep soil layer. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Drought - Farms - Forestry - Gravel - Groundwater - Irrigation - Landforms - Meteorology - Moisture - Orchards - Particle size - Plastic films - Sediments - Soil conservation - Soil moisture - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Conservation measures - Dormancy period - Meteorological data - Meteorological station - Mulching - Plastic film mulching - Soil water - Soil water movement
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20162702564148
Title:Numerical simulation and experiment on performance of supplying seeds mechanism of directional precision seeding device for japonica rice
Authors:Han, Bao (1); Meng, Fanchao (1); Liang, Li'na (1); Yang, Ya'nan (1); Wang, Bin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:22-29
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The planting area of rice is about 30 million hectares each year, of which japonica rice is close to 9 million hectares mainly planted in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and Jiangsu provinces. With the increasing demand for high-quality milled rice, japonica rice planting areas and total yields increased rapidly in recent years. Nursery transplanting is the mainly used planting pattern for japonica rice, and it has been proved that cultivating more tillers and strong seedlings is one of the key measures for improving good quality and high yield for japonica rice. In order to cultivate strong seedlings suitable for mechanical-planting, a large number of precision seeding machines, which have more uniform seeds distribution and better growing area for per seed, had been developed by researchers all over the world. Among various precision seeders, those utilizing air-suction metering devices were researched and used most widely, but problems occurred with the suction holes easily to be blocked and hardly to be cleaned. Based on the directional precision seeding device for japonica rice, in order to further stabilize the seeding performance and enhance working efficiency of the device in low seeding rate, a centrifugal supplying seeds mechanism was designed which was primary composed of seeds box, a horizontal turnplate with guide cone and a conical flow divider with V-shape grooves, etc. The simulation model of japonica rice particle and the mechanism were established using Solidworks software in order to determine performance parameters of the supplying seeds mechanism, and supplying seeds performance simulation of the mechanism was carried out by EDEM software. The relationships between supplying seeds performance and turnplate diameter, rotation speed and inlet opening were studied and analyzed, respectively. The simulation results indicated that the inlet opening and turnplate rotation speed had significant effect on seeds dispersion degree and supplying seeds performance, which the total flow rate increased in linear with increasing of the inlet opening and turnplate rotation speed, and variability coefficient of flow rate among all exits first decreased and then increased. The turnplate diameter had an effect on supplying seeds performance but not obvious, then the total flow rate decreased with the turnplate diameter increasing, and variability coefficient of flow rate among all exits approached to the lowest value 14.37% and change was stable within 200 mm to 220 mm of the turnplate diameter. With lower variability coefficient of flow rate among all exits as the key point, and taking requirement of total flow rate of the supplying mechanism into consideration, the smaller was the variability coefficient of flow rate among all exits, and the lower was the total flow rate. The turnplate diameter was 220 mm, the turnplate rotation speed was 80 r/min and the inlet opening was 10 mm, which was selected as an ideal combination; its simulation total flow rate was 263 grains/s, and variability coefficient of flow rate among all exits was 14.37%. Under the same condition, Longjing26 rice grains were selected and the bench test was performed. The test results indicated that the total flow rate was 276 grains/s, and the variability coefficient of flow rate among all exits was 15.56%. In comparison with the simulation results, the error of the total flow rate and the variability coefficient of flow rate among all exits were 13 grains/s and 1.19%, respectively. The test results fit well with the simulation results. The experimental comparison of seeding performance had been carried out, and the results showed that the directional precision seeding device after increasing the design of supplying mechanism worked more reliable and working efficiency increased by 25%. The research can provide a reference for performance improvement of the directional precision seeding device for japonica rice. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Computer software - Crops - Cultivation - Efficiency - Experiments - Finite difference method - Flow rate - Grain (agricultural product) - Mechanisms - Rotation
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental comparison - Japonica rice - Performance parameters - Performance simulation - Precision seeding - Seeding performance - Solidworks software - Working efficiency
Classification code:601.3 Mechanisms - 631 Fluid Flow - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20162702564162
Title:Calculation and validation of wetting depth of infiltration in aeolian sand in arid areas based on particle model
Authors:Huang, Dewen (1); Chen, Jiansheng (1, 2); Zhan, Lucheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China; (2) College of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Jiansheng(jschen@hhu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:129-134
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In Badain Jaran Desert, an extremely arid region with annual precipitation of 100 mm and annual evaporation of 3000 mm, the sand underneath a dry surface layer of about 20 cm is relatively wet. Even at the top of the giant dunes, which is about 300 m high, the moisture content at the depth of 2 m is more than 3% in a volumetric fraction. The provenance of soil water in the wet sand layer has always been in dispute over decades. In order to give a better understanding of the contribution of local rainfall to the soil water in unsaturated sand layers, the theoretical analysis and model calculation was conducted. The physical and mechanical mechanisms of moisture movement in the process of water infiltration were analyzed, and the states of moisture in unsaturated sand layers were taken into consideration. Focusing on the microscopic physical model, by the assumptions of spherical particles, the descriptions for the formation mechanism on pendular water and water retention attributed by pendular water in particle materials were presented. And the analytical expressions for rainfall infiltration depth were derived based on the cubic particle model, in which the pendular water was the main water storage unit. To verify the applicability of the derived expressions in sandy soil, the field artificial water infiltration experiment was conducted in sandy soil of the Badain Jaran Desert. Based on the physical and mechanical analysis, sandy particle surface was difficult to hold the relatively thicker film water because of the relatively large particle size and the small surface charge density. The most part of liquid water in unsaturated sand soil was located between particles in the form of pendular water. The derived expressions of wetting depth of infiltration indicated that the wetting depth depended on the amount of precipitation and the wetting angle of pendular water. The initial moisture content of sand soil also had an effect on the depth of infiltration. Based on the balance between gravity and surface tension in the pendular water, it was concluded that the wetting angle of pendular water was negatively related to the grain size of sand soil. The result of field infiltration experiment indicated the expressions for the wetting depth of infiltration was applicable to the estimation of wetting depth of infiltration in sandy soil. However, further study was needed to investigate the mathematical relationship between particle size and the wetting angle of pendular water. In addition, the contribution of the local precipitation to the soil water in the wet sand layer was evaluated based on the study of wetting depth of infiltration and the ratio was 11.5 when the wetting angle was π/4. According to the calculated result, the wetting depth of infiltration was 115 cm after a 100-mm rainfall event in the Badain Jaran Desert. In consideration of the great evaporation in this area and the rare rainfall events, it was concluded that the local precipitation had little contribution to the soil water in the wet sand layer. The provenance of soil water in this area may be the groundwater. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Climate change - Evaporation - Grain size and shape - Groundwater - Landforms - Moisture - Moisture determination - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Precipitation (chemical) - Precipitation (meteorology) - Rain - Sand - Soil moisture - Soils - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Aeolian sand - Analysis and modeling - Analytical expressions - Extremely arid regions - Initial Moisture Content - Mathematical relationship - Mechanical mechanisms - Rainfall infiltration
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20162702564145
Title:Measurement of wetting process of soil under dripper with automatic system for point source infiltration
Authors:Guan, Yao (1, 2); Lei, Tingwu (1); Liu, Fangfang (1); Dong, Yuequn (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) College of water Conservation and Architectural Engineering, Tarim University, Alaer; Xinjiang; 843300, China
Corresponding author:Lei, Tingwu(leitingwu@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-7
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Drip irrigation provides greater efficiency in terms of water usage. It requires adequate design and conscientious management. Soil water movement process is an important content of drip irrigation system design and operation management. Soil infiltration has important impacts on soil water movement and distribution process. Therefore, in this study, the automatic measurement system for point source infiltration of soil was used to measure the wetted areas at soil surface and the wetted depths of soil profile through image recognition technology and computer-controlled digital camera in real time. The digital camera was used to take images of the run-on water advancing in real time before they were processed and then by analysis the wetted areas were determined. According to the wetted soil surface areas, the system automatically computed the soil infiltration rate with the mathematic models outlined in the point source run-on method before the infiltration curve could be displayed on the real-time basis. The soil infiltration measurement system was based on the advancing process of the wetted radius at the soil surface under point source of water supply and based upon the assumption of the ellipsoid-shaped wetted soil body and the principle of water balance. An equilateral triangular-prism soil box of 50 cm long and 50 cm high, which was made of plexiglass, was used in this study for indoor drip irrigation experimental tests, to measure the processes of infiltration and water movement processes. Transparent plastic sheets were pasted on 2 side walls of the soil boxes. The soil materials, with the texture of silty loam consisting of 15% clay, 50.2% silt and 34.8% sand particles, were air-dried before passing through a 2 mm sieve, and then packed into the soil box in 5 cm depth layer at a bulk density of 1.3 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. The experiments involved 3 dripper discharge rates of 2, 4 and 8 L/h, with 3 replicates. Digital camera that was connected to and controlled by a computer was used to take picture of wetted areas at soil surface in 4 min time interval to get the changing process of the wetted surface areas. Meanwhile, at the time moments of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160 and 180 min, the surface wetting radius and vertical wetting front process were also manually recorded by using the transparent plastic sheets. AUTOCAD software was used to highlight the wetted surface areas and the wetting fronts before measuring the wetted radius at the surface and the vertical wetted areas by infiltration water. Based on the data, the soil infiltration process under point source was calculated by the automatic measuring system. The wetted surface areas and the vertical wetted areas by infiltration water were computed through the recorded images. The calculated infiltration results were compared with the measured data to verify the accuracy of the measurement. The results showed that the manually measured wetted surface areas were slightly larger than those measured by the automatic measurement system for soil infiltration under point source. The relative measurement errors in wetted soil surface areas were 2%-15%. The predicted vertical infiltration depths calculated by the computed infiltration rate were slightly higher than the manually measured soil infiltration depths. The errors in infiltration depth between the estimated and the manually measured were 1%-8%. Philip and Kostiakov infiltration models/equations were used to fit the measured infiltration processes. Kostiakov equation provided better predictions of the infiltration processes and Philip model produced dramatically different and irrational stable infiltration rates (negative values). The research results indicate that the automatic measurement system can accurately describe the point source surface wetting process of drip irrigation and soil water infiltration process, and can be used to predict the vertical infiltration depth under different dripper discharge. Soil infiltration automatic measurement system has realized the automation in the soil infiltration measurement under point source. The system and the method are verified by laboratory test data, which can provide basic tools to get the parameters of drip irrigation system, and the relevant reference for the design of drip irrigation system. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Digital cameras - Image processing - Image recognition - Irrigation - Nozzles - Plastic sheets - Soil moisture - Soil structure interactions - Soil surveys - Soils - Video cameras - Water supply - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic measurement system - Automatic measuring system - Drip irrigation systems - Image recognition technology - Infiltrability - Measurement methods - Point sources - Wetted surface area
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 483.2 Foundations - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20162702564173
Title:Identification of immature tomatoes base on salient region detection and improved Hough transform method
Authors:Ma, Cuihua (1); Zhang, Xueping (1); Li, Yutao (1); Lin, Song (1); Xiao, Deqin (2); Zhang, Liankuan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Information Science and Technology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou; 571158, China; (2) College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China
Corresponding author:Xiao, Deqin(314304334@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:219-226
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The identification of fruit crop image plays an important role in the automatical estimation of production. However, occlusion, varying illumination, and similarity with the background make fruit identification become a very challenging task. Green tomato detection with green canopy is a very difficult problem. In this paper, we first put forward the dense and sparse reconstruction (DSR) method to detect immature fruit images. This method first computes dense and sparse reconstruction errors. Second, the reconstruction errors are propagated based on the contexts obtained from K-means clustering. Third, pixel-level saliency is computed by an integration of multi-scale reconstruction errors and refined by an object-biased Gaussian model. Finally this method applies the Bayes formula to integrate saliency measures based on dense and sparse reconstruction errors. The DSR detection images of tomato are obtained by the computation mentioned previously. Then the OTSU method is used to segment the DSR detection images, and the opening operation is used for removing the noise area after the split. In particular, in order to identify single fruit out of tomato fruit clusters, the circular Hough transformation (CHT) or randomized Hough transform (RHT) can be used, but they have some shortages (e.g. a large amount of calculation and space overhead) when recognizing tomato fruit. So we trade off the advantages and disadvantages of CHT and RHT, and propose an improved randomized Hough transform (IRHT) circle detection method. First, we adopt the boundary tracking algorithm to obtain tomato image boundary after segmentation. Secondly, in order to obtain circles and radii, we utilize the subsection and interval point group selection method to improve the accuracy of identification and reduce redundant computation. However, some of circles and radius may be in the same circle, or may be too big or small, so we need to find the real circles. Finally, in order to eliminate repetitive circles to get the last circle target (the fruit), we compute the Euclidean distance of center coordinates of 2 circles, and accumulate those circles who are in the same real circle to generate actual circle (a tomato fruit). In this paper, we compare the test results of 3 methods, namely the traditional CHT, RHT method and our proposed method. And we find that the correct rate of our proposed improved algorithm of immature image recognition can reach 77.6%. Moreover, the correlation coefficients of circle centers and radii of tomato fruit between ground truth and calculated value by our method are 0.98 and 0.76, respectively. The average relative error of center coordinates of circle is 7.6%, and the average relative error of radii of circle is 14.0%. The confidence level of mean in the confidence interval (42.03, 49.48) is 95%, and the confidence level of variance in confidence interval (10.25, 15.64) is 95%. Based on the results of our study, we find that the universal applicability of our method is stronger, in addition, our method is not only suitable for tomatoes, but also applicable to other kinds of cone crops. Therefore, our method lays a solid foundation to achieve the goal of production estimates of a variety of fruits by robots. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Crops - Digital image storage - Economic and social effects - Errors - Feature extraction - Fruits - Hough transforms - Identification (control systems) - Image recognition - Image reconstruction - Image segmentation
Uncontrolled terms:Average relative error - Correlation coefficient - Multi-scale reconstruction - Randomized Hough transform - Redundant computation - Salient region detections - Sparse reconstruction - Tomato
Classification code:722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 731.1 Control Systems - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 39>
Accession number:20162702564171
Title:Nondestructive detection of citrus greening by near infrared spectroscopy
Authors:Liu, Yande (1); Xiao, Huaichun (1); Deng, Qing (1); Zhang, Zhicheng (1); Sun, Xudong (1); Xiao, Yusong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang; 330013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:202-208
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The feasibility was explored for identifying health, nutrient deficiency and citrus greening leaves based on near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with machine learning methods. 232 samples were divided into the calibration and prediction sets for calibrating the models and accessing their performance according to the proportion of 3:1. The calibration set included citrus greening samples of 54, nutrient deficiency samples of 64 and healthy samples of 54. The prediction set included citrus greening samples of 21, nutrient deficiency samples of 17 and healthy samples of 22. The spectra of health, nutrient deficiency and citrus greening leaves were recorded in the wavelength range of 4000-9000 cm<sup>-1</sup>. After compared the representative spectra of health, nutrient deficiency and citrus greening, it was found that two significant differences appeared in the wavenumber bands of 5100 and 6880 cm<sup>-1</sup>. The peak around 6880 cm<sup>-1</sup>was caused by the stretching vibration of O-H first overtone of water and sugar. The difference between the spectra of health and citrus greening leaves was significant around 6880 cm<sup>-1</sup>. The spectral intensity of citrus greening leaf was larger than health leaf. The ability of water absorption for citrus greening leaf was interfered with citrus greening. The peak around 5100 cm<sup>-1</sup>was associated with the asymmetric vibration of N-H bond. Therefore, the spectral intensity of citrus greening leaf was lower than health leaf in the wavenumber of 5100 cm<sup>-1</sup>. This may be related to the loss of nutrient elements in leaves of citrus greening. The study used different preprocessing methods as first derivative, smoothing and multiple scattered correction for spectral calibration. The preprocssing method of first derivative had removed baseline drift and enlarged the role of feature information. And the amplification characteristics of information can also lead to high frequency noise. Therefore, the further pretreatment was conducted by the method of smoothing. Then the scattering effect caused by the uneven thickness of the leaves was eliminated used the multiple scattering correction. Compared with other methods, it was found that the combination of first derivative, smoothing and multiple scatter correction can effectively eliminated the baseline drift and scattering phenomena. The machine learning methods of partial least square discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) and least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) were used to develop the classification models for identifying health, nutrient deficiency and citrus greening leaves. The principal component analysis (PCA) method was applied to optimize the input vectors of PLS-DA and LS-SVM models compared with full spectra. The first 14 and 11 principal components (PCs) were used to the input vectors for PLS-DA and LS-SVM models, respectively. And the regularization factor and the type of kernel function were optimized by the two-step grid search method. Compared to PLS-DA model, LS-SVM model yielded the best results with accuracy rate of 100% for identifying the health, nutrient deficiency and citrus greening. The kernel function type and regularization factor (γ) of the best LS-SVM model were linear kernel function and 2.25. The experimental results showed that it was feasible to identify health, nutrient deficiency and citrus greening leaves by NIR spectroscopy coupled with machine learning method of LS-SVM. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Artificial intelligence - Calibration - Health - Infrared devices - Learning systems - Least squares approximations - Models - Near infrared spectroscopy - Nutrients - Spectrum analysis - Stretching - Support vector machines - Vectors - Water absorption
Uncontrolled terms:Citrus - Citrus greening - Least square support vector machines - Linear kernel functions - Machine learning methods - Nondestructive detection - Partial least square (PLS) - Pre-processing method
Classification code:461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 535.2 Metal Forming - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 921.1 Algebra - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 40>
Accession number:20162702564182
Title:Suitable duration of microwave pre-treatment for maintaining postharvest qualities on pecan nuts during storage
Authors:Zhang, Jigang (1); Ding, Zhien (1); Liang, Jin (1, 2); Cheng, Jianghua (1, 3); Yang, Song (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei; 230036, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei; 230036, China; (3) Agro-products Processing Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei; 230031, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Zhien(dingze08@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:284-292
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pecan (Carya illinoensis Koch), a kind of famous nutritious nuts in the world, and it is important to explore novel storage technology in protecting qualities against sharp losses of nutritional value and the decreased of sensory qualities. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of microwave heat treatment on nutritional ingredients, quality variation, and sensory indexes. Fresh pecan nuts (500 g) were exposed to microwave heating for 1, 2.5, 3, and 5 min at a frequency of 2455 MHz, power of 650 W and then stored at (2±0.5)℃ for up to 120 days. Change of contents in moisture, fat, crude protein, total soluble sugar (TSS) and tocopherol, fatty acid composition, peroxide value (PV), and the sensory quality were determined at regular interval during storage. The results showed that some constituents changed progressively with storage time, featuring decreases in contents of moisture, lipid and tocopherols and increases in TSS and PV. Microwave treatments indeed affected storage-induced chemical changes. This effect largely depended on duration of microwaving. Compared with the control (0 min), microwave pre-treatment for 2.5 min significantly (P<0.05) delayed the degradation of crude protein and decrease of lipids, and thus preserved total unsaturated fatty acids and tocopherol content at the end of storage in comparison with untreated control. In addition, the above treatment also significantly (P<0.05) inhibited moisture loss, and increased total soluble sugar content, therefore, remained sensory qualities of fresh pecan during storage in comparison with untreated control. On the contrary, a shorter duration (1 min) of microwaving had little (P>0.05) effect, while longer duration (3 or 5 min) of microwaving accelerated (P<0.01) the storage induced changes. Only a medium duration (2.5 min) of microwave suppressed the chemical change. It is concluded that fresh pecan nuts exposed to 2.5 min duration of microwave treatment can be stored at (2±0.5)℃ for up to 120 d without any adverse effect on PV, fatty acid composition, or tocopherol content. This study provided theoretical foundation for application of microwave treatment on maintaining the quality against decrease of fresh pecan during postharvest storage. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Energy storage - Fatty acids - Microwave heating - Microwave irradiation - Microwaves - Moisture - Proteins - Sensory analysis - Sensory perception - Unsaturated fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Fatty acid composition - Nutritional ingredients - Nutritional qualities - Post-harvest storage - Postharvest quality - Soluble sugar contents - Theoretical foundations - Tocopherol contents
Classification code:461.4 Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering - 525.7 Energy Storage - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 711.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 41>
Accession number:20162702564150
Title:Mechanism-parameters design and validation of transformable tracked robot based on goal programming
Authors:Zhu, Yan (1, 2); Wang, Minghui (1); Li, Bin (1); Wang, Cong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang; 110016, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Minghui(mhwang@sia.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:14
Issue date:July 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:39-46
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is critical to design a reasonable and suitable mechanism parameter for the robot, as it plays an important role in the robot's adaptability to the environments. To efficiently design a robot that was able to adapt itself to an environment where the obstacles were given, a mechanism-parameter designing method was hereby put forward based on the goal programming in order to obtain the optimized robot that could adapt to the environment mentioned. According to configuration evolution and configuration characteristics of tracked robot, a transformable tracked robot configuration was proposed, which only need 3 motors and its single arm could be used as the tracked robot with 2 arms. In theory, applying the ellipse theorem to the configuration design of the tracked robot could ensure that the tracks could be continuously tensioned with the track length unchanged, when the arm was swing. The continuous tension of track was realized by using cam and spring structure. On the basis of the above, the stair climbing and the gully crossing mechanism of the tracked robot was analyzed by using the swing arm's front and back swing. And then, the relationship between the structure parameters of the robot and the stair and gully obstacles was obtained, and the function of the obstacle performance was built. According to the requirements of the goal programming, we selected the distance between driving wheel and the driven wheel, maximum length of the swing arm, driving wheel radius and angle between the track and the horizontal plane in the process of obstacle surmount as the decision variables. Then the values of the highest stair and the widest gully were used to the performance function, and the objective function and object constraint of the goal programming were obtained. As the robot must meet some conditions in the obstacle surmounting process and must improve the calculation efficiency, the initial constraint and no-slip constraint in obstacle surmounting, and the upper and lower boundaries of decision variables were defined, and then the absolute constraints were obtained. Finally, the goal programming model of the structural parameters for the transformable tracked robot was established. Due to the limitation and low efficiency of the traditional algorithm for solving the goal programming model, this paper used genetic algorithm. Penalty function method was used to deal with the individuals that did not meet the absolute constraints to reduce their fitness to reduce the possibility of gene transfer to the next generation. In order to prevent the genetic algorithm converging the local optimal solution, the program ran many times, and the average value was taken from the 10 results, and then the structure parameters were as follows: the distance between driving wheel and the driven wheel was 290 mm, the maximum length of the swing arm was 326 mm, the driving wheel radius was 60 mm. To verify the feasibility of the obtained structural parameters, the track model was obtained by using the software Adams' development function to replace the flexible track with small rigid body. Then the dynamic platform of the tracked robot was built and the simulation experiments of climbing 160 mm stair and crossing 300 mm gully were carried out, which verified the adaptability of climbing the stair and crossing the gully and obtained the driving torque required in the obstacle surmounting process. In order to further verify the rationality of the structural parameters obtained from the goal programming model, a prototype was developed and tested on the stair and gully. The prototype succeeded in surmounting 160 mm high stair and 300 mm wide gully, which proved the performance of the robot and also the feasibility of the structure parameter designing method based on goal-programming. This study provides an effective method for robot structure parameter designing. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Robot programming
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Decision making - Design - Efficiency - Gene transfer - Genetic algorithms - Landforms - Linear programming - Machine design - Multiobjective optimization - Optimization - Parameter estimation - Robots - Software prototyping - Stairs - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Calculation efficiency - Configuration characteristics - Goal programming - Goal programming model - Local optimal solution - Mechanism-parameters - Penalty function methods - Tracked robot
Classification code:402 Buildings and Towers - 461.8.1 Genetic Engineering - 481.1 Geology - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 723.1 Computer Programming - 731.5 Robotics - 912.2 Management - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.14.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
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