<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20162602533077
Title:Review of moisture and heat transfer mechanism during drying process of noodles
Authors:Wang, Zhenhua (1); Zhang, Bo (1); Zhang, Yingquan (1); Wei, Yimin (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100193, China 
Corresponding author:Wei, Yimin(weiyimin36@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:310-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The drying process of Chinese dried noodles was a complex process coupled with moisture and heat transfer, and it was difficult to control. Improper drying conditions would lead to the quality decline, which was mainly affected by the moisture and heat transfer. Chinese dried noodles had compact structure, low porosity and small thermal conductivity, so the drying process was a falling rate period, in which the internal moisture transfer was the major limiting factor of the drying process. Liquid diffusion and thermal conduction were considered as the main moisture transfer and heat transfer mechanism respectively, and vapor transfer was supposed to exist in the drying process. The researchers have not reached consensus on the mechanism of moisture and heat transfer, but mathematical models based on the Fick's Second Law and effective moisture diffusion coefficient were popularly used in the drying process of food. These models were simple and rapid on solving, and could describe the drying process of foods when several transfer mechanisms were considered in effective moisture diffusion coefficient. During the drying process, heat was transferred along with moisture transfer, so the moisture and heat transfer must be considered simultaneously in order to develop a more accurate drying model. Many models were empirical models or developed with too many assumptions, and model validations were mostly based on the lumped moisture content instead of water distribution of the noodles. Thus, a more accurate model should be developed based on fewer assumptions and more accurate model parameters, such as the effective moisture diffusion coefficient, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity and shrinkage. Then the model should be validated by the water distribution of the noodles, by which the model could be verified more accurately. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was a good technology to measure the water distribution and the water status in samples, which could reflect the binding energy of water molecules to the noodles and help determine the moisture transfer mechanism. It also could be used to investigate the glass transition and mechanical properties across its cross-section in pasta, by which some quality problems could be interpreted, such as stress-cracking. Finally, it was easy to control the temperature and humidity in the drying rooms nowadays, but it was hard to confirm why the controlling time and value were the optimum. Thus, it was suggested that mechanism research and mathematical modeling of moisture and heat transfer should be paid more attention in the drying process of Chinese dried noodles. We hope that a more accurate moisture and heat transfer mathematical model was built and embedded into automatic control system. According to the current moisture content and drying time, the mathematical model could work out the proper drying conditions in the rest time. It ensured that all noodles could be dried in personalized conditions, and moisture content and production quality would be stable and uniform. This process could be named as precise drying, and it would bring many benefits, such as less labor, more accurate drying conditions, and more uniform production quality. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:49
Main heading:Heat transfer
Controlled terms:Automation - Binding energy - Diffusion - Drying - Glass transition - Humidity control - Moisture - Moisture control - Moisture determination - Molecules  - Nuclear magnetic resonance - Specific heat - Stresses - Thermal conductivity - Thermal processing (foods) - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Heat transfer mechanism - Moisture and heat transfers - Moisture diffusion coefficient - Noodle - Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) - Temperature and humidities - Water distributions - Water transfers
Classification code:446.1  Water Supply Systems - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 801.4  Physical Chemistry - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 822.2  Food Processing Operations - 931.3  Atomic and Molecular Physics - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.043

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20162602533067
Title:Influence of temperature on products characteristics derived from biomass nitrogen-enriched pyrolysis in NH<inf>3</inf>environment
Authors:Chen, Wei (1); Yang, Haiping (1); He, Tao (2); Wen, Ming (3); Chen, Yingquan (1); Wang, Xianhua (1); Zhang, Shihong (1); Chen, Hanping (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion(Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Wuhan; 430074, China; (2) Wuhan Tianying Environmental Engineering Company Limited, Wuhan; 430074, China; (3) Hubei Energy Group E'zhou Power Generation Company Limited, Wuhan; 430074, China 
Corresponding author:Chen, Yingquan(chenyingquan@hust.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:228-233
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Conversion of biomass to high-value products by pyrolysis is a significant development direction for biomass utilization. As a promising thermochemical conversion technology of biomass, biomass pyrolysis can obtain the bio-char, bio-oil and higher heating value gas product. By introducing the exogenous nitrogen into the biomass pyrolysis process to form nitrogen-enriched pyrolysis, high-value products can be potentially generated. In this study, NH<inf>3</inf>was chosen as the exogenous nitrogen. The influence of pyrolysis temperature on the properties of sawdust and corn stalk pyrolysis product was investigated. Furthermore, the forming mechanism of nitrogen-contained compounds was analyzed. Products' characteristics were investigated with variant approaches, such as chromatography-mass spectroscopy(7890A/5975C, Agilent, America), ultimate analysis(Vario Micro cube, Germany), diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(Vertex 70, Bruker, Germany), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(Axis ultra DLD, Kratos, United Kingdom). The results indicated that, with pyrolysis temperature increasing, the yield of the bio-char derived from sawdust and corn stalk decreased significantly, while the trend of gas products' yield turned out to be the opposite. The bio-oil yield increased firstly and then decreased, reaching the maximum(48.7% and 42.7% for sawdust and corn stalk, respectively) at 550&#8451;. Bio-oil contained a lot of amine compounds(methylamines, propylamines and trace amides) and nitrogen-contained heterocyclic compounds(pyrroles, piperidines and trace morpholines) and a few nitriles(acetonitriles and propionitriles). The contents of amine compounds, nitrogen-contained heterocyclic compounds and nitriles were 50%-80%, 10%-20% and lower than 10%, respectively. With the temperature increasing, the content of amine compounds increased due to the fact that NH<inf>3</inf>reacted with biomass at high temperature leading to the formation of NH<inf>2</inf>, NH and H free radicals, which were then combined with pyrolysis volatiles to generate amine compounds more easily. However, nitrogen-contained heterocyclic compounds and nitriles began to decompose and converse, and hence their contents declined to varying degrees. With the pyrolysis temperature increasing, the content of nitrogen and carbon of the bio-chars increased obviously while the oxygen content decreased significantly. The highest nitrogen contents of the bio-chars from sawdust and corn stalk were 4.08% and 3.92%, respectively. The surface of bio-char contained a lot of nitrogen-contained functional groups, such as pyridine C=N, N-COO, C-N and N-H at 350&#8451;, which could be derived from the reaction of NH<inf>3</inf>with the carbon skeleton. The intensities of pyridine C=N, N-COO and C-N increased obviously at 550&#8451;. After 750&#8451;, none of nitrogen-contained functional groups could be detected. Pyridinic-N, amide-N and pyrrolic/pyridine-N were the main existing forms of nitrogen-contained functional groups on the surface of bio-char. At lower temperature (350&#8451;), amide-N and pyrrolic/pyridine-N were the main nitrogen-contained functional groups. With the temperature increasing, the content of amide-N decreased dramatically, while the content of pyridinic-N increased significantly. At higher temperature (750-850&#8451;), only pyridinic-N and pyrrolic/pyridine-N existed, indicating that amide-N was not stable and easy to convert to the more stable pyridinic-N and pyrrolic/pyridine-N. In conclusion, nitrogen-contained bio-oil and nitrogen-doped bio-char are produced by biomass nitrogen-enriched pyrolysis, and the bio-oil contains numerous high-value chemicals. However, the detailed forming mechanisms of nitrogen-contained products need to be further researched. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Nitrogen
Controlled terms:Amides - Ammonia - Biofuels - Biomass - Calorific value - Chromatography - Cyanides - Doping (additives) - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Free radicals  - Mass spectrometry - Organic compounds - Pyridine - Pyrolysis - Temperature - X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Development directions - Diffuse reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopies - Heterocyclic compound - High-value chemicals - Higher heating value - Preparation - Pyrolysis temperature - Thermochemical Conversion
Classification code:641.1  Thermodynamics - 801  Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20162602533072
Title:Evaluation method of historical economic value of cultivated land in data-lacking regions of Tibet based on GIS
Authors:Yang, Xiaotong (1, 2, 3, 4); Liu, Huiping (1, 3, 4); Gao, Xiaofeng (1, 3, 4); Liu, Xiangping (1, 3, 4); Zhang, Yanghua (1, 3, 4) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing; 100875, China; (2) National Marine Data and Information Service, Tianjin; 300171, China; (3) Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing; 100875, China; (4) School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing; 100875, China 
Corresponding author:Liu, Huiping(hpliu@bnu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:273-278
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Data-lacking regions have little information about the economic value of the cultivated land in the historical years. This research chose Lhasa city in Tibet as an example to discuss a method based on GIS (geographic information system), which was to propose the historical economic value evaluation of cultivated land in data-lacking regions and to fill the blanks of the historical economic value data of the cultivated land. This research took 3 factors based on the agricultural location theory from natural and human aspects, i.e., the slope, the stable light at nighttime, and the distance from the cultivated land to the roads at different levels. The data resources of this research were defense meteorological satellite program/ operational linescan system (DMSP/OLS), digital elevation model and the road data, all of which were free and easy to acquire. In addition, all of the data were in the year of 2010 in order to ensure the data quality and have the corresponding Google Earth data which were treated as the ground true reference. First of all, we graded each factor into 5 classes and assigned them the score of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9, which indicated their contributions for improving the economic value for the corresponding cultivated land. Second, we decided the weights for each factor in each grade by employing the method of analytic hierarchy process. Third, the spatial weighted overlay based on GIS was introduced to calculate the final score for each cultivated land which was the reference to determine their historical economic value. The method was firstly testified in the Chengguan district, Lhasa city and then applied to the whole city. We classified the cultivated land in Chengguan district into 3 classes, and the first class cultivated land referred to the farmland which had the highest historical economic value and the third class referred to the lowest one. After that we introduced the stratified random sampling method into this research to perform the accuracy assessment. We selected 100 pieces of cultivated land according to their area and compared the evaluation result with the ground true data by visual interpretation. The overall accuracy of the historical economic value evaluation of Chengguan district was 84% which meant that the proposed method was very effective. Instead of applying the method to the whole city directly, we took the economic differences among the 8 counties into account. We classified the economic level of the 8 counties into 3 class based on their stable light intensity with the help of the nighttime light satellite imagery before the method was extended to the whole Lhasa city. The accuracy assessment was also performed by the randomly selected 1000 pieces of the cultivated land in the whole city. The overall accuracy of the evaluation was 82.6% with an overall Kappa coefficient of 0.722, the user's accuracy of the first-class cultivated land was 79.63%, and the producer's accuracy was 71.27%; the user's accuracy of the second-class cultivated land was 84.76%, and the producer's accuracy was 80.91%; the user's accuracy of the third-class cultivated land was 81.58%, and the producer's accuracy was 89.97%. The result indicated that the extended method based on the nighttime imagery was scientific and effective to apply the evaluation method proposed in this study to a larger study area, and this method was robust and easy to realize. In summary, the area of the cultivated land in middle level accounted for 58.43% of the total area. Chengguan district, as the center of Lhasa city, had the most highest cultivated land value, and the Linzhou county had the lowest economic value of cultivated land. Further work should focus on the realization of this method in other years, which helps discuss the change trajectory of the cultivated land economic value in time series. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Economics - Forestry - Geographic information systems - Information systems - Light - Satellite imagery - Satellites
Uncontrolled terms:Data-lacking regions - Defense meteorological satellite program / operational linescan system - Digital elevation model - GIS (geographic information system) - Lhasa city - Location theory - Stratified random sampling - Visual interpretation
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 655.2  Satellites - 741.1  Light/Optics - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.3  Information Retrieval and Use - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20162602533047
Title:Spatial scale effects on sediment delivery within runoff erosion chains in basin system
Authors:Zhang, Letao (1, 2); Li, Zhanbin (1, 3); Wang, He (4); Xiao, Junbo (4) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources and Environment Ecology of Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi' an; 710048, China; (4) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Zhanbin(zbli@ms.iswc.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:87-94
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Scale issues are of great significance in studies concerning geomorphologic processes and hydrologic modeling, which have been extensively studied in the domain of soil erosion. Nevertheless, studies are relatively rare on spatial scale effect on sediment delivery within event-based runoff erosion chains. Based on recorded sediment-runoff yield data from 3 gauging stations including Tuanshangou, Shejiagou, and Caoping station at varying spatial scales in Chabagou river basin, 44 runoff erosion chains across scale sequences of sublateral, branch, and trunk were extracted. Spatial scale effect on event-based sediment delivery was investigated within runoff erosion chains in a typical agricultural basin system of hilly loess region on the Chinese Loess Plateau. The results showed that: 1) event-based area-specific sediment yield, sediment concentration, as well as intra and inter scale flow-sediment relationship remained spatially constant within runoff erosion chains, and thus almost all the sediment-laden flows could reach erosion thresholds across scales, especially for hyperconcentrated flows. Average area-specific sediment yield, average sediment concentration, and maximum sediment concentration at Tuanshangou, Shejiagou, and Caoping station at different spatial scales were 3912, 3285, 3522 t/km²; 497, 524, 679 kg/m³; and 639, 634, 800 kg/m³; respectively; 2) Compared with single indicators including peak discharge and runoff depth as well as hydrodynamic indicator such as flow shear stress, composite energy parameters such as stream power, unit runoff energy, and stream energy, all of which incorporated the flood peak discharge term, could better describe intra- and inter-scale based runoff-sediment relationships within runoff erosion chains; 3) Sediment production was mainly dependent on total runoff volume, however, flood peak discharge, rather than total discharge could better interpret the difference in sediment yield across scales within runoff erosion chains. Therefore, the reliability of sediment estimation would be improved for small and medium sediment-producing events if such variables expressing runoff variability were introduced into indicators for soil erosion and sediment yield prediction. On the average, the increment in sediment yield caused by per 1 m³/s increase in flood peak discharge was at least 875 times that caused by per 1 m³increase in total discharge in the downstream direction. Statistically, to eliminate inter scale-based scale effect on sediment discharge, the inter-scale flood peak discharge ratio must decrease to be lower than 5&permil; or the inter-scale runoff energy ratio must reduce to be lower than 600; 4) The influence of upstream sediment-laden flow on downstream sediment output was limited and spatial scale effect on sediment-laden flow decreased with the increasing drainage area, especially for major sediment-producing events with area-specific sediment yield larger than 300 t/km². The study highlighted the event-based process-specific characteristics of soil erosion by water flows in basin system, revealing great potentials for sediment reduction caused by flood regulation and control. Thereby, event-based sediment control should be process-oriented and benefit evaluation and efficiency assessment of sediment control measures should also be process-based especially for hyperconcentrated flows. The results may be helpful to fully reveal the significance of runoff regulation systems in soil and water conservation, and provide supports for evaluation of erosion control strategies within runoff erosion chains across different spatial scales. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Runoff
Controlled terms:Agricultural runoff - Chains - Erosion - Flood control - Floods - Process control - Rivers - Sedimentation - Sediments - Shear flow  - Shear stress - Soil conservation - Soils - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Hyperconcentrated flow - Regulation and control - Scales - Sediment control - Sediment reduction - Soil and water conservation - Spatial independency, interscale flow-sediment relationship - Specific sediment yield
Classification code:442.1  Flood Control - 444  Water Resources - 444.1  Surface Water - 453.1  Water Pollution Sources - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 602.1  Mechanical Drives - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 802.3  Chemical Operations
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20162602533063
Title:Suitability analysis of solar energy and biomass energy for adsorption refrigeration system
Authors:Liu, Enhai (1); Liu, Shengyong (2); Yu, Tingting (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy &amp; Environment, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou; 450007, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Henan A gricultural University, Zhengzhou; 450002, China; (3) School of Energy and Building Environment Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan; 467036, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:206-211
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Energy is an important material foundation for the current national accounts and social economic sustainable development. With the continued rapid growth of social and economic development and energy demand, the environmental pollution is worsening, so the development and use strategy of the alternatives to fossil fuels, such as solar energy and biomass renewable energy, attracted more and more attention. Based on China's rural industrial structure adjustment and industrial model of development situation of farmers in the present, the suitability of biomass energy as an auxiliary energy for solar energy adsorption refrigeration system was studied. An adsorption refrigeration experimental station was set up, which was driven by solar energy and biomass energy for the study, and the matching suitability of energy coupling by 2 heat sources was experimentally studied. Whether biomass energy and solar energy matched or not had a greater impact on the capacity of the system, reflecting that the cooling capacity of the system and the heat load of the end had the change characteristics in the same direction. Biomass boilers and solar absorption refrigeration system combined with the actual match drive and operation were analyzed. In this paper, we studied the biomass energy and solar energy suitability (coupling process) problems by the system simulation and experimental testing. The operating conditions of series and parallel of dual heat sources were dynamically simulated using the MATLAB software, and the nonlinear least square method was used for data processing and analysis. The results showed that: when operating in series, according to the circulation under the mode 2 condition, the system could achieve better heat transfer; when it was in the parallel operation, by the research on the energy supply by solar energy and biomass jointly, combined with the analysis of the cooling requirement and economic operation mode of the end of the system, the optimum return flow distribution ratio for the energy supply jointly by solar and biomass energy was in the range of 0.5-0.6, and 3 modes of economic operation suitable for the joint energy supply by dual heat sources were proposed. The results can provide the reference for improving the stability of the refrigeration system performance and achieving the effective integration of solar energy and biomass energy. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Biomass
Controlled terms:Absorption refrigeration - Adsorption - Data handling - Digital storage - Economic and social effects - Energy resources - Fossil fuels - Heat transfer - Industrial refrigeration - Least squares approximations  - MATLAB - Planning - Refrigeration - Solar energy - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Adsorption refrigeration system - By pass - Data processing and analysis - Industrial structure adjustments - Nonlinear least square methods - Simulation - Social and economic development - Suitability
Classification code:525.1  Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 644.1  Refrigeration Methods - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 912.2  Management - 921  Mathematics - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20162602533059
Title:Wind power grid-connected inverter control method based on proportional complex integral regulator
Authors:Feng, Yi (1); Yan, Jianhu (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Economic and Management, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing; 211167, China; (2) School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing; 210094, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:177-182
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to omit the complex control method and cost in phase lock loop (PLL) in existing renewable energy grid-connected inverters, a double closed loop control method based on proportional complex integral (PCI) control for power source input grid-connected inverter is proposed in this paper. According to the topology of the grid-connected inverter, the control strategy is determined, which adopts the PCI control as inner current control loop and the voltage control with power source as outer control loop. The controller design process is obtained by deriving the mathematic model of this inverter under &alpha;&beta; stationary frame reference. At first, the PCI inner current loop is analyzed and calculated to obtain the fast response and wide bandwidth. The gain of the open loop transfer function after compensation is infinite at grid frequency (50 Hz) to realize the zero static error of grid current to keep the system stable. Besides, the bandwidth is chosen as 700 Hz according to the switching frequency to satisfy the system requirement, which can effectively improve the steady-state and dynamic performances of inner current loop. Secondly, the direct current (DC) voltage outer loop is adopted, which contains a compensation term, a current close loop and a transfer function from active power to the square of DC voltage. The compensation term is determined by considering the feature of this system. In order to eliminate the phase delay of PCI inner current loop, the crossing frequency is set to a lower value. By designing this compensation term, the stability of DC voltage in power source system and the reliable operation of the inverter system for grid-connection are realized respectively. A simulation model based on Matlab/Simulink is built to examine the correctness of the control algorithm. The input source is the power source. And the output of the inverter is connected directly to the grid with three-phase inductance. The transient time at start is approximately 0.1 s, and the total harmonic distortion (THD) of grid-side current is about 2.04%. When the input power increases to the rated power, the response time of current is 0.2 s and the THD is about 1.18%. The simulated results show the availability of this proposed method for the control of the grid-connected inverter. On the basis of the theory and the simulation, the digital controller is implemented by using TMS320F2812 digital signal processing (DSP) and combined with variable speed wind power system. At start, the response of the output current is quick to be stable with 4 cycles. And the overshoot is lower and decreases the shock to power system. When the input power changes, the current loop response is fast to be stable with 2 cycles and hardly overshoots. Meanwhile, the DC outer loop realizes the stability of voltage with 0.2 s, obtaining the good steady-state and dynamic performance. The results also show that the inverter can satisfy the requirement of grid to keep the power factor above 0.97 and the current harmonic about 2.13%. The simulation and the experiment results illustrate that the proposed PCI control method for power source input inverter is available and effective. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Electric power system control
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Bandwidth - Closed loop control systems - Control equipment - Control theory - Controllers - Electric control equipment - Electric inverters - Electric machine control - Electric power transmission networks  - Error compensation - MATLAB - Power control - Signal processing - Transfer functions - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms:Complex integrals - Digital signal processing (DSP) - Double closed-loop control - Generation - Input systems - Open-loop transfer functions - Steady-state and dynamic performance - Total harmonic distortion (THD)
Classification code:615.8  Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 706.1.1  Electric Power Transmission - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1  Control Equipment - 921  Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20162602533068
Title:Spatial pattern analysis on quantity and quality of cultivated land in mid-west Jilin province based on remote sensing
Authors:Ouyang, Ling (1, 2, 3); Wang, Zongming (1); Jia, Mingming (1); Mao, Dehua (1); Liu, Mingyue (1, 2); Ren, Chunying (1); Man, Weidong (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun; 130102, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China; (3) Chifeng College, Chifeng; 024000, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Zongming(zongmingwang@iga.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:234-242
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Cultivated land resource is the material base that mankind depend on for existence. Understanding how the cultivated land changes in quantity and quality has an important significance for country's food security and social stability. Based on the satellite images from Landsat TM/ETM in 2000 and OLI in 2013, this paper mapped the spatial distribution of cultivated land in the mid-west Jilin province both in 2000 and 2013 and analyzed its temporal and spatial changes. Furthermore, soil data from 2351 field sampling points in study area were used to evaluate the quality of cultivated land and a comprehensive evaluation was made. Results revealed that cultivated land area in the mid-west Jilin province increased from 5.61&times;10⁴km²in 2000 to 5.64&times;10⁴km²in 2013, among which dry farmland increased by 645 km²and paddy field decreased by 350 km². The transformation between dry land and paddy land was evident. Distribution of cultivated land changed differently from the east to the west: increasing in west part of study area and decreasing in east part, which resulted in the gravity center of cultivated land moved toward the west obviously. The increased cultivated lands were mainly converted from wetland and grassland, accounting for 66.04% and 21.12% of the total change area, respectively. The lost cultivated lands were mainly turned to artificial area, woodland and wetland with an area percent of 45.08%, 28.85% and 22.61%, respectively (mainly distributed around Changchun city). In terms of cultivated land quality, most cultivated lands were in upper-middle grade in the mid-west Jilin province in 2013, and the quality in the east part was better than that of the west. Although the total area of cultivated land increased, the quality of increased cultivated land mainly distributing in Baicheng and Songyuan city corresponded to lower grades including the third, fourth and fifth class with an area of 235, 148 and 218 km²respectively. Besides, the area of cultivated land in first class decreased by 305 km², which mostly happened in the surrounding regions of Changchun city. The factors influencing the change of cultivated land were analyzed and we found that urbanization and policy were the most important driving forces to affect cultivated land quality and quantity. Accompanied by the rapid urbanization process, more and more high-quality cultivated lands were occupied. Newly increased cultivated lands were mostly reclaimed from salinized land, alkalized land and wasteland, which led to an increase of cultivated land area and a decrease in quality. Overall, the cultivated land in the mid-west Jilin province degraded severely during the past 15 years. This paper can provide an important reference for regional sustainable development of cultivated land resource. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Food supply - Geographic information systems - Natural resources - Quality control - Remote sensing - Soil surveys - Soils - Wetlands
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation - Cultivated land qualities - Cultivated lands - Rapid urbanization process - Regional sustainable development - Spatial pattern analysis - Spatial patterns - Temporal and spatial changes
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 822.3  Food Products - 903.3  Information Retrieval and Use - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20162602533039
Title:Simulation and validation of hydraulic performance of closed-style pump sump with different bell-mouth shapes
Authors:Jiang, Hongying (1); Cheng, Li (2); Yan, Hongqin (1); Xia, Chenzi (2); Cui, Yang (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Province Water Engineering Sci-tech Consulting Co., LTD, Nanjing; 210029, China; (2) School of Hydraulic, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou; 225009, China 
Corresponding author:Cheng, Li(chengli@yzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:31-35
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Closed-style pump sump is a kind of inlet structures of pump station. Bell-mouth, a part of axial-flow pump system, is used to adjust the velocity distribution on the inlet section of pump. The shape of bell-mouth is an important factor that can affect the hydraulic performance of pump system. In order to investigate the hydraulic performance of different shapes of bell-mouth, the three-dimensional fluid flow inside an axial-flow pumping system was simulated based on the Reynolds time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, the RNG k-&Epsilon; turbulent flow model, the SIMPLEC algorithm and the law of the wall. The parameters values of closed-style pump sump were from literature including sump length, sump width, bottom clearance, back wall distance, and submergence depth. In order to exclude the possible influence from closed-style parameters, these parameters values were fixed based on design standard of sump. Seven schemes with different bell-mouth shapes were designed with that without bell-mouth as control(scheme 1). The drawing line of bell-mouth shape in scheme 2-5 was 1/4-shaped arc with different radius, while the drawing line was 1/4 ellipse line with different axis lengths in scheme 6 and 7. The results illustrated that excessively small bell-mouth may lead to one-way inflow trend in the suction pipes. As the radius of bell-mouth gradually increased, the axial velocity of the suction pipe became more uniform and the hydraulic loss became smaller. Overlarge bell-mouths would lead to more hydraulic loss, larger width of the inlet sump and more investment of civil construction. When the size of bell-mouth were of same dimensions, the flow velocity distribution into the 1/4-shaped arc flare tubes mouths were more uniform and better than that of the 1/4-shaped elliptical flare tubes and had less hydraulic loss. The result of numerical simulation was consistent with the experimental results. The maximum relative error between the simulated value and experimental value in head was 9.8%, and that in efficiency was 13.6%. The relative error of head between the simulation and experiment was 1.7% in the design point with discharge of 0.035 m³/s, which was less than 5%. The relative error of efficiency between the simulation and experiment was 1.1%, which was also less than 5%. It indicated that the results were credible and the results here could be applied to engineering practice. The recommended drawing line of bell-mouth was 1/4-shaped circle and the recommended radius was 1/3~1/2 of impeller radius. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Bells
Controlled terms:Axial flow - Computational fluid dynamics - Efficiency - Errors - Flow of fluids - Flow velocity - Impellers - Navier Stokes equations - Numerical methods - Pumps  - Sump pumps - Three dimensional computer graphics - Turbulent flow - Velocity distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Bell mouths - Engineering practices - Hydraulic performance - Maximum relative errors - Shape - Simulation and validation - Sump - Turbulent flow model
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 618.2  Pumps - 631  Fluid Flow - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.5  Computer Applications - 752.1  Acoustic Devices - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921.2  Calculus - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20162602533041
Title:Spatiotemporal optimize allocation of water resources coupling groundwater simulation model in canal-well irrigation district
Authors:Su, Xiaoling (1); Song, Yue (1); Liu, Junmin (1); Dang, Yongren (2); Tian, Zhi (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Jinghuiqu Administration of Shaanxi Province, Sanyuan; 713800, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:43-51
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To ensure sustainable utilization of soil and water resources in canal-well irrigation district, it is very important to optimize the allocation of surface and groundwater. In order to reasonably determine spatiotemporal allocation scheme of water resources in canal-well irrigation district, a spatiotemporal optimal allocation model system for water resources coupled groundwater simulation model was developed in this study. The temporal optimal allocation model was subjected to 2 objectives of minimum water shortage and minimum difference of water shortage among months. The spatial optimal allocation model was subjected to objective of minimum difference of water shortage among canal units. The 2 models were solved by artificial fish swarm algorithm and particle swarm optimization, respectively. The Visual MODFLOW software was used to establish the three-dimensional groundwater simulation model of the irrigation area. Coupling variables between the simulation model and optimal allocation models were the monthly optimal supply result of surface water and groundwater, which were the inputs of groundwater simulation model. The spatiotemporal optimal allocation scheme of water resources were obtained by minimizing the sum variations of groundwater level of wet year, median year and dry year. The coupling system of spatiotemporal optimization of water resources and groundwater numerical simulation model might make full use of the surface water and groundwater, and also control the amplitude of groundwater level. Meanwhile, the spatiotemporal optimal allocation scheme of surface water and groundwater were obtained during wet year, median year and dry year. Jinghuiqu irrigation district is located in the middle part of Shaanxi province, between 34&deg;25&prime;20&Prime;N to 34&deg;41&prime;40&Prime;N, 108&deg;34&prime;34&Prime;E to109&deg;21&prime;35&Prime;E. The district is a typical canal-well irrigation district in the northwest of China, with an irrigation area of 90.3 khm². It is an important production area of agricultural and sideline products of Shaanxi. The simulation results in the irrigation district showed that the simulated water level fitted better the measured values for each observation well by the groundwater simulation model, with correlation coefficient of 0.96. Optimal results in Jinghuiqu irrigation district showed that water demand could be met in wet year and median year. Water shortage in dry year in 2020 and 2030 were 44.89 million m³and 39.41 million m³, respectively. In 2020, groundwater exploitation quantity in wet year, median year and dry year were 114.39 million m3, 140.74 million m³and 175.0 million m³, respectively. In dry year, groundwater irrigation was supplied in winner irrigation duration of December and January, and summer irrigation duration of June, July and August. Irrigation water shortage occurred in December, March, June, July and August, which were the duration of peak water demand and high sediment concentration. The average variations of groundwater level in wet year, median year and dry year were 0.49, 0.06, and -0.42 m, respectively. Balance between groundwater recharge and discharge basically realized. In 2030, groundwater exploitation quantity in wet year, median year and dry year were 124.57 million m³, 144.2 million m3 and 161.0 million m3, respectively. The average variations of groundwater level were 0.21, -0.08, and -0.26 m, respectively. Groundwater levels declined slightly. The model system of optimal model coupling groundwater simulation model can make full use of surface water and groundwater, and control the decline trend in the groundwater level. It is an effective way to achieve rational use of water resources and ecological health in canal-well irrigation district. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Groundwater resources
Controlled terms:Computer software - Groundwater - Hydraulic structures - Irrigation - Models - Optimization - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Surface water resources - Surface waters - Water levels  - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial fish swarm algorithms - Ground-water simulation model - Groundwater numerical simulations - Groundwater simulations - Spatio-temporal optimizations - Surface water and groundwaters - Three-dimensional groundwater - Well irrigations
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20162602533056
Title:Identification of rice leaf blast and nitrogen deficiency in cold region using hyperspectral imaging
Authors:Yuan, Jianqing (1, 2); Su, Zhongbin (1); Jia, Yinjiang (1); Zhang, Yu (1); Zhang, Zongxin (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electrical and Information, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, East University of Heilongjiang, Harbin; 150066, China 
Corresponding author:Su, Zhongbin(suzb001@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:155-160
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rice blast is one of the most serious rice diseases and significantly impacts rice yields. In recent years, it is a hotspot to use hyperspectral imaging technology for the non-destructive identification of rice blast. However, nutrient deficiency in rice(such as nitrogen, potassium, etc.) will probably result in the chlorosis similar to rice blast. Therefore, to differentiate between them is very important for field management. In this study, field trials of rice blast and nitrogen stress were carried out in Fangzheng, Harbin, and 2 rice varieties with weak resistance were involved. From 8 to 10 in July, 2015, 4 types of rice leaves from both 2 varieties, including 60 in group of health, 60 in group of nitrogen deficiency, 60 in group of mild infection and 60 in group of severe infection, were collected and their hyperspectral images were captured with the HeadWall hyperspectral imaging system, and then the average reflectance spectrum of interest region of different leaves were acquired using the environment for visualizing images. In order to explore 4 types of spectral characteristics, the average spectrum of each type sample data, which was smoothed with polynomial convolution smoothing(Savitzky-Golay, SG), were calculated as a spectral curve of each category. Significant differences were found at the following three positions: the range around 560 nm in the reflection peak of green wavelength region; the range from 620 nm to 670 nm in red wavelength region; and particularly remarkable in the range around 760 nm in high reflectance of the near infrared region. The models of rice leaf blast recognition were established by taking advantage of a partial least squares-discriminate analysis method(PLS-DA) and the principle component analysis plus support vector machine(PCA-SVM), and using three different data pretreatment methods to preprocess original reflectance spectrum data, i.e., SG, standard normal variate transformation(SNV) and multiplicative scatter correction(MSC). The models were tested with the cross-validation strategy. The key of PLS-DA model is to select appropriate number of factors, 20 of which were determined by repeated testing, and the PLS-DA models were established by Fisher method. The prediction effects of the three models with preprocessing spectrum were all greater than 96.3%, and better than the original reflectance spectra. The PLS-DA model with SNV pretreatment got the best discrimination results and the prediction accuracy rate was 100%. The PCA-SVM models were constructed by taking the first 15 principal components as inputs and by adopting radial basis function as kernel function with the penalty coefficient was 10000 and kernel radius was 0.00599. The prediction accuracy of the three models with preprocessing spectrum were all equal to or greater than 95%, also better than the original reflectance spectra, and the discrimination results of PCA-SVM model with MSC pretreatment was 97.5%. This study provides a new idea and method for the nondestructive detection and identification of rice leaf blast, and also lays a foundation for a wide range of remote sensing and monitoring for rice blast. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Curve fitting - Forecasting - Image processing - Imaging techniques - Infrared devices - Least squares approximations - Metadata - Nitrogen - Radial basis function networks  - Reflection - Remote sensing - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Hyperspectral Imaging - Hyperspectral imaging systems - Hyperspectral imaging technologies - Multiplicative scatter correction - Partial least square (PLS) - Principle component analysis - Rice leaf - Standard normal variate transformations
Classification code:723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 746  Imaging Techniques - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20162602533075
Title:Experiment on influence of distributor structure on drying characteristics of rapeseed (Brassica rapus) fluidized bed
Authors:Zhang, Jianping (1, 2); Wang, Xiaohong (1); Shi, Anfeng (1); Zeng, Hong (2); Wei, Xia (2); Lu, Yubin (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Engineering Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei; 230026, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process of Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang; 621010, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:293-302
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The rapeseed is the second largest oil crop next to soybean. And the rapeseed oil is the third largest edible vegetable oils after soybean oil and palm oil. However, it is easier to mold under the condition of high temperature and high humidity because the rapeseeds have more protein and very small porosity for aeration when stock pile in storage. Moreover, the rapeseed could cause rancidity if their drying time is too long. However, the traditional solar drying method of rapeseed in China can hardly meet the requirements of commercial rapeseed oil production. For the timely safe storage, artificial drying methods must be employed, among which the hot-air fluidized-bed drying is commonly applied. It is known that the distributor is one of the key parts of the fluidized-bed dryer. The distributor can uniformly distribute air flow and fluidize rapeseed. And its specific structure and size significantly influenced on properties of heat and mass transfer of the fluidized-bed dryer. The resistance must be provided to uniformly distribute air flow when the hot air flowed through the distributor. However, the resistance can't be too large in order to reduce energy consumption. Therefore, the resistance is one of the most important factors for distributor designing. Then the resistance of air flow comes mainly from the opening ratio and hole arrangement of the distributor which effect on airflow structure and solid materials particles fluidized state. Thus it is very necessary that the opening ratio and hole arrangement of distributor is reasonably designed to improve the quality and efficiency of rapeseed drying. Then drying characteristics analysis is the basis of design and development of large drying equipment. In this paper, we analyzed drying characteristics of five distributors (including 12.27% opening ratio triangular-even hole arrangement, 14.10% opening ratio triangular-even hole arrangement, 15.84% opening ratio triangular-even hole arrangement, 15.84% opening ratio triangular-uneven hole arrangement and 15.84% opening ratio, round-uneven hole arrangement) for their moisture ratio and drying rate. The results showed that the moisture ratio of rapeseed for five types of distributors all decreased exponentially with drying time. And the moisture ratio and specific energy consumption for the distribution of 15.84% opening ratio and round-uneven holes arrangement was minimum, drying rate and thermal efficiency of fluidized drying was maximum among five types of distributors. Thus the distribution of 15.84% opening ratio and round-uneven holes arrangement was ideal for distribution. Such distribution might be attributed to enhancement of liquidity of hot air, reduction of the hot air accumulated in localized areas, and making gas-particle two phase flows to normally fluidize. Among the four mathematical models used to fit drying process, through comparing with the determination coefficient R², Chi square &chi;², and RMSE, it was found that the Page model was the best one for all the data points. The effective moisture diffusion coefficients for five types of distributors varied in the range of 1.0133&times;10^-9~1.0943&times;10^-9m²/s on basis of Fick's second law, and its maximum relative error was only 7.4%. Its average valve was 1.0538&times;10^-9m²/s. The results can provide the theoretic basis for distributor design, new-type distributor development and distributor's performance improvement of rapeseed fluidized-bed drying equipment. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Fluidized beds
Controlled terms:Air - Diffusion - Diffusion in liquids - Digital storage - Dryers (equipment) - Drying - Energy utilization - Fluidization - Fluidized bed process - High temperature operations  - Mass transfer - Models - Moisture - Oilseeds - Palm oil - Piles - Soybean oil - Structural design - Two phase flow - Vegetable oils
Uncontrolled terms:Distributor - Drying rates - Moisture diffusion coefficient - Moisture ratios - Rapeseed
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 641.3  Mass Transfer - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.041

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20162602533070
Title:Dynamic changes of soil organic carbon for basic farmland and non-basic farmland of Dianjiang county in recent 30 years
Authors:Zeng, Jibin (1); Shao, Jing'an (2, 3); Xie, Deti (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China; (2) College Geographical Science of Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing; 400047, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Surface Process and Environment Remote Sensing in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing; 400047, China 
Corresponding author:Shao, Jing'an(shao_ja2003@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:254-262
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The negative impact of livestock production on the environment is a concern, and thus it has been one of the major constraints on the development of animal production in some regions. Life cycle assessment (LCA) approach is a useful technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product life cycle from cradle to grave. At present, SimaPro software, which is developed on the basis of life cycle assessment framework, has been applied for analyzing environmental burden by different impact categories. It has been widely used in the study of sustainable development of animal husbandry around the world. The Eco-indicator 99 is a damage-oriented approach for life cycle impact assessment, which can be used to calculate the damage caused by the pollutants on human health, ecosystem and resource consumption via air, water and soil. The main objective of this research was to systematically evaluate the environmental impact of intensive pig production in Hubei province by a comprehensive method. Thus, based on the theory of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and SimaPro software (Version7.1.8), as well as Eco-indicator 99, we assessed the burden of intensive pig production on environment in Hubei province. Four key links were divided on the basis of input types of corresponding materials and the main characteristics of pig production, including piglet production, feed consumption, routine management, and waste treatment. Based on life cycle theory, we took weaning piglets as a carrier to share the corresponding environmental impact caused by resource consumption and pollutants emissions from feeding sows. In this research, feed consumption was referred as land occupations, crops planting, investment of fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural machineries. Routine management was the water, and power consumption, and the treatment of harmful gases, like NH<inf>3</inf>, CH<inf>4</inf>, CO<inf>2</inf>and N<inf>2</inf>O in pig houses. Piggery waste treatment included composting manure and sewage by anaerobic fermentation. The results showed that the single score of environmental burden in pig farming systems was 45.13. The results also showed that the impact categories were land occupation (59.84%), respiratory system damage caused by inhaled inorganic matters (14.29%), fossil resource consumption (9.97%), carcinogens (7.80%), acidification/eutrophication (5.18%) and climate change (1.90%). Meanwhile, the stage of piglets breeding accounted for 17.91% while fattening stage after weaning took up 82.09% in the single score of environment burden. Furthermore, piglet breeding and feed consumption during the period of fattening stage after weaning made great contributions to land occupation and carcinogens, while daily management and manure treatment were the two main contributors towards respiratory system damage caused by inhaled inorganic matters, acidification/eutrophication and climate change. Finally, the routine production management largely affected human health while waste treatment affected least. Feed consumption had the greatest influence on ecological quality and resource consumption, and dung treatment process had the least. Therefore the best way to reduce the burden of intensive pig farming system on environment in Hubei province was, on one hand, to improve the reproductive performance of sows, feed conversion, the yield of crops and the utilization ratio of manure; and on the other hand, to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and the dosage of pesticides. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Life cycle
Controlled terms:Acidification - Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Animals - Carbon dioxide - Carcinogens - Chemical contamination - Climate change - Crops - Damage detection  - Ecology - Economics - Employment - Environmental impact - Eutrophication - Farms - Fertilizers - Investments - Land use - Mammals  - Manures - Organic carbon - Pesticides - Pollution - Respiratory system - Sewage - Soils - Sustainable development - Waste management - Waste treatment  - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Basic farmland and non-basic farmland - East Sichuan - Environmental burdens - Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - Life cycle impact assessment - Reproductive performance - Spatial patterns
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 452.1  Sewage - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 453  Water Pollution - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.2  Food Processing Operations - 822.3  Food Products - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20162602533066
Title:Process optimization of corn stover compression molding experiments based on response surface method
Authors:Wang, Gongliang (1, 2); Jiang, Yang (1, 3); Li, Weizhen (1); Yin, Xiuli (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou; 510640, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100049, China; (3) College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China 
Corresponding author:Jiang, Yang(jiangyang@ms.giec.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:223-227
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The compression process parameters (preheating temperature, raw material moisture content, compression speed, compression force, and the holding time etc.) have great influence on the energy consumption and product quality of biomass pellet. Choosing the optimal parameters can improve the pellet quality, as well as reduce energy consumption of molding. Meyer hardness is an important strength index, it reflects the solid's ability to resist deformation. Meyer strength is used to characterize the durability because it's difficult to measure durability in a single pellet formation experiment with standard method. Response surface method is an effective method of parameter optimization. In this research, we used a five-factor BBD experimental design to determine the effects of the raw material moisture content (8%-24%), the preheating temperature (50-150&#8451;), compression speed (10-50 mm/min), compression force (51.0-127.4 MPa), the holding time (10-50 s) to the three technical indicators (pellet relaxed density, Meyer hardness, and specific energy consumption). The result showed that within the scope of selected experimental parameters, preheating temperature, material moisture content, and compression force had a larger influence on the three technical indicators, while the impact of compression speed and the holding time was relatively small. With preheating temperature going up from 50&#8451; to 150&#8451;, pellet relaxed density and Meyer hardness increased obviously. When preheating temperature was less than 100&#8451;, specific energy consumption reduced with preheating temperature increasing. While preheating temperature was more than 100&#8451;, with increase of the preheating temperature, specific energy consumption rose. With raw material moisture content going up from 8% to 24%, pellet relaxed density, Meyer hardness and specific energy consumption decreased rapidly. With compression force going up from 51.0 to127.4 MPa, pellet relaxed density, Meyer hardness and specific energy consumption increased clearly. ANOVA analysis was done with the original data, the model was optimized, and a response surface model was established. Relaxed density was fitted with improved quadratic model. Meyer hardness was fitted with simplified quartic model, and specific energy consumption was fitted with another improved quadratic model. Relaxed density, Meyer hardness and specific energy consumption can be calculated through process parameters with the established model, which was used to predict the experimental result. From the model, we concluded that preheating temperature interacted with raw material moisture content. With preheating temperature and raw material moisture content going up, relaxed density and Meyer hardness can remain the same. When preheating temperature was below 100&#8451;, preheating temperature went up and raw material moisture content went down. Specific energy consumption can remain the same. When preheating temperature was above 100&#8451;, preheating temperature and raw material moisture content went up, specific energy consumption remained the same. And that was consistent with bonding mechanism of moisture and lignin. Considering the existing biomass pellet fuel standard, the relaxed density shouldn't be less than 1000 kg/m³. In the meantime, Meyer hardness can meet the practical requirements. So the requirement of optimization was set as: relaxed density not less than 1000 kg/m³, minimize specific energy consumption. The optimal process parameters were obtained from the model with Design Expert 8.0. The optimal process parameters were: 4 kN (51.0 MPa) for pressure, 110.8&#8451; for temperature and 17% for moisture content. The compression speed and the holding time had little effect on optimization results. Experiment was performed with the optimal process parameters to validate the optimization of process parameters prediction. For relaxed density, Meyer hardness and specific energy consumption relative error between measured and predicted, was 3.01%, 3.79%, 5.54%, respectively. Prediction result was reliable and the model was validated. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Compression molding
Controlled terms:Compaction - Durability - Energy utilization - Forecasting - Fueling - Hardness - Moisture - Moisture determination - Molding - Optimization  - Pelletizing - Preheating - Straw - Surface properties
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental parameters - Optimization of process parameters - Parameter optimization - Preheating temperature - Reduce energy consumption - Response surface method - Response surface modeling - Specific energy consumption
Classification code:525.3  Energy Utilization - 642.1  Process Heating - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 944.2  Moisture Measurements - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20162602533055
Title:Forecasting model for nitrogen content of maize canopy during seedling stage in cold region based on imaging spectral technique
Authors:Wang, Shuwen (1); Zhao, Shan (1); Zhang, Changli (1); Su, Zhongbin (1); Wang, Lifeng (1); Zhao, Yue (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electric and Information, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:149-154
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Heilongjiang is a big province of corn production, where corn is widely planted. Because of the influence of soil and light, the research about corn canopy at stage of seedling with imaging spectral technique is less. In recent years, the direct analysis of spectral data and the monitoring modeling of vegetation index have become effective methods in the research of imaging spectrum technology on crop nutrient and growth analysis. So this paper was focused on the canopy at seedling stage of maize. To explore the nitrogen content of maize canopy in cold region, 2 methods were used to analyze the spectral data of canopy image. The experiment was carried out in Fangzheng county, Harbin city. The tested corn variety was Heyu20. The fertilization gradient of each test region was 0, 50 and 100 kg/hm²nitrogen. This experiment used the imaging spectrometer to collect image and the German AA3 analyzer to measure the corn ammonium nitrogen content. To ensure the integrity of the image, this paper chose to extract the image directly. In this experiment, we chose the high correlation band with each band as the variable of vegetation index. The bands were the 43rd band (525 nm), 57th band (566 nm), 102nd band (700 nm), 107th band (715 nm) and 168th band (895 nm). And then bands were brought into the vegetation index about RSI (ratio spectral index), DSI (difference spectral index), NDSI (normalized difference spectral index) and NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index). Under 50 kg/hm²nitrogen application rate, the content of nitrogen in maize leaves had a higher correlation with NDVI, RSI (715nm, 700 nm), DSI (700nm, 566 nm), and NDSI (715nm, 700 nm). And under 0 and 100 kg/hm²nitrogen application rate, the nitrogen content of maize leaves had a higher correlation with NDVI, RSI (895nm, 700 nm), RSI (715nm, 700 nm), DSI (700nm, 566 nm), DSI (895nm, 700nm, 525 nm) and NDSI (715nm, 700 nm). This paper established the single variable and multivariable forecasting model of nitrogen element content in maize canopy by using vegetation index and nitrogen content. The function included power function, exponential function, logarithmic function, linear function and quadratic functions. This paper tested the accuracy with the confidence ellipse F test model. Under the nitrogen application rate of 0 and 50 kg/hm², the effect of the prediction model with NDVI was the best, and the R²values were 0.719 and 0.803 respectively. When the nitrogen application rate was 100 kg/hm², the multivariate prediction effect was better, and the R²reached 0.657. Using the F test to examine the forecast model, its F-measure was less than F<inf>0.05</inf>. The R²values between predicted values and measured values for the nitrogen content of maize canopy under different nitrogen application levels were 0.724, 0.798 and 0.655 respectively and the RMSE (root mean squared error) values were 0.156, 0.140 and 0.156 mg/g, respectively; the forecast model was available and the prediction model could be used. In this paper, the prediction model of nitrogen content in maize canopy has good applicability, and can provide support for the application of micro-UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) in agriculture. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Nitrogen
Controlled terms:Exponential functions - Forecasting - Image analysis - Mean square error - Models - Spectral resolution - Spectrum analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Imaging spectrometers - Logarithmic functions - Maize canopy - Nitrogen application rates - Normalized difference vegetation index - Normalized differences - Root mean squared errors - Vegetation index
Classification code:741.1  Light/Optics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 921  Mathematics - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20162602533042
Title:Intelligent irrigation strategy based on regulated deficit theory and fuzzy control for rice in cold region
Authors:Zhang, Lingyi (1); Wang, Runtao (1); Zhang, Changli (1); Wang, Shuwen (1); Xu, Tianlong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electric and Information, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150010, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Shuwen(wswtr@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:52-58
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Heilongjiang Province is the largest rice production base in China, but traditional irrigation method causes severe water waste and nutrient loss. Intelligent irrigation strategy based on regulated deficit irrigation and fuzzy control is a water-saving and energy-efficient method to increase rice yield and quality. Regulated deficit irrigation is a technology that based on the water requirement of rice during different growth stage rather than farmers' experience, which can effectively improve the utilization of water resources. Automatic irrigation system is a time delay and nonlinear process, which is influenced by many factors(temperature, soil moisture, etc.) and is difficult to establish accurate mathematical models, while fuzzy control is an artificial intelligence method that based on the people's experience and imitating people's way of thinking to control complex system with multiple parameters. In this study, the irrigation strategy was composed by fuzzy control module and forecasting irrigation module. Fuzzy irrigation module is a two stage fuzzy control. The first stage fuzzy control determined the optimal current soil moisture. The difference between current soil moisture and optimal current soil moisture, and temperature were taken as input variables for the second stage fuzzy control, to establish the multiple-factor controlled regular database and to realize a fuzzy control of the irrigation time. Soil water loss is mainly caused by evaporation-transpiration and soil water infiltration, which could be estimated by linear regression analysis of environmental parameters. Double loop method was used to measure soil permeability coefficient. The forecasting irrigation module established the soil moisture changing function to forecast when to irrigate by fusing evaporation-transpiration, soil permeability coefficient and meteorological factors. A field research was carried out in Fangzheng County, Heilongjiang Province, and the result showed the water saving rate of regulated deficit irrigation was 20.5%, and the seed setting rate and yield was improved by 4% and 8%, respectively, compared to manual irrigation, which indicated the irrigation strategy used in this study could decrease water waste efficiently and also play critical roles in reducing agriculture production cost, increasing rice yield and improving rice quality. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Artificial intelligence - Delay control systems - Energy efficiency - Evaporation - Forecasting - Fuzzy control - Irrigation - Moisture - Regression analysis  - Seed - Soil moisture - Soils - Temperature control - Time delay - Transpiration - Water conservation - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture productions - Artificial intelligence methods - Automatic irrigation systems - Cold regions - Different growth stages - Environmental parameter - Intelligent irrigations - Regulated deficit irrigation
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 461.9  Biology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 713  Electronic Circuits - 723.4  Artificial Intelligence - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20162602533046
Title:Runoff simulation by SWAT model based on parameters transfer method in ungauged catchments of middle reaches of Jialing River
Authors:Cheng, Yan (1); Ao, Tianqi (1); Li, Xiaodong (1); Wu, Biqiong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource &amp; Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu; 610065, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Xiaodong(lxd2015scu@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:81-86
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The runoff simulation and forecast in ungauged catchment plays an important role. There are lots of catchments belonging to the medium and small size in China. Many of them have no or lack hydrologic station due to the limited environment. It limits the effective management of water resources and the flood forecast without hydrological data. Hence, hydrological research related to solve the data missing is very important, and regionalization is the most useful method which is using the calibration parameters from the gauged catchments in the ungauged catchments of the same region through a certain way. There are several regionalization methods, such as parameters transfer, regression-based parameters and spatial interpolation, of which parameters transfer method is a commonly used approach at present. In this study, 9 catchments in the middle reaches of Jialing River were selected to assess the applicability of parameters transfer method in ungauged catchment based on distributed model SWAT (soil and water assessment tool). How to search the donor catchment and how to transfer the parameters were the most important, so the study explored 3 parameters transfer methods (spatial proximity, physical similarity and comprehensive similarity) and the model performance was determined on 3 test catchments(Zhaojiaci, Changtanqiao and Qingxi). The spatial proximity selected the geographically closest gauged catchments to be the donor catchment; some attributes were selected to calculate the similar degree between test catchment and donor catchment in the physical similarity; the comprehensive similarity regarded the distance as an attribute based on the physical similarity; Zhaojiaci was taken as an example to explore the process of parameters transfer methods. The results showed that: 1) The runoff simulation accuracy was uncertain when randomly selecting donor catchment, and some donor catchments had near distance with test catchment but would have a low NS and R²value; 2) In this study, the number of donor catchments had a great influence on the results of spatial proximity and physical similarity method, and the parameters calculated by multiple donor catchments had a better simulation precision than single donor catchment; 3) The comprehensive similarity result (0.66&lt;NS&lt;0.93) was superior to spatial proximity (0.65&lt;NS&lt;0.93) and physical similarity (0.65&lt;NS&lt;0.92); 4) Three test catchments showed that the average of simulation accuracy NS and R²value was larger than 0.80 by using parameters transfer method, which satisfied the requirements of runoff simulation precision. Therefore, the SWAT model is suitable for the ungauged catchments in middle reaches of Jialing River based on the parameters transfer method. This study has strengthened the application of distributed model SWAT in ungauged catchment in Jialing River, and further strengthened the application in water resources utilization and agricultural non-point source pollution control. The next step research is to increase the number of donor catchments, and to seek the effective watershed attributes. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Catchments
Controlled terms:Flood control - Floods - Information management - Models - Pollution control - River pollution - Rivers - Runoff - Uncertainty analysis - Water management  - Water pollution - Water pollution control - Water resources - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Calibration parameters - Jialing rivers - Parameters transfer - Physical similarities - Soil and Water assessment tools - SWAT - Water resources utilizations
Classification code:442.1  Flood Control - 444  Water Resources - 444.1  Surface Water - 453  Water Pollution - 453.2  Water Pollution Control - 922.1  Probability Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20162602533043
Title:Simulation of water distribution and calculation on water application uniformity for sprinkler irrigation on sloping land based on ballistic theory
Authors:Zhang, Yisheng (1); Zhang, Lin (2); Zhu, Delan (1); Hui, Xin (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering of China, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China 
Corresponding author:Zhang, Lin(zl0211wy@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:59-66
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Limited by experimental conditions, the water distribution of sprinkler irrigation on sloping land is difficult to measure. In order to solve this problem, ballistic theory and the model for evaporation of droplets were used to calculate the trajectory of the spray water droplet. On the basis of the measured water distribution of one radial leg on flat ground, and using the translation of coordinates from three-dimensional space to two-dimensional space, a simulation model for calculating the water distribution of sprinkler in sloping field was proposed. A custom computer software script was developed using Eclipse software to implement the method to a case study. The software could calculate water distribution at different sloping lands when the operating environment and hydraulic parameters of the sprinkler were given. Three-dimension triangulation interpolation model was applied in order to get the grid data of single sprinkler water distribution, and the grid data were used to calculate the uniformity of different sprinkler spacing with square and triangular lattice configuration. Measured and simulated values were compared for the water distribution and spray distance to validate the accuracy of the software on 2.86&deg;, 5.71&deg; and 8.53&deg; sloping land using Rainbird LF1200 sprinkler. The results revealed that the simulated and measured water distribution and jet distance had the maximum relative errors of 9% and 5.04%, indicating that the model could be well used to simulate the water distribution for sprinkler on sloping land. The model could be directly applied in the design of sprinkler irrigation system in sloping field. The effects of slopes, square and triangular sprinkler layout, sprinkler spacing and operating pressure on water application uniformity were analyzed for the Rainbird LF1200 sprinkler using the simulation model. Furthermore, effects of 4 factors(pressure, layout, spacing, and slope) on water uniformity were evaluated. The results showed that the sprinkler operating pressure greatly affected the uniformity, followed by sprinkler layout, sprinkler spacing, and slope with 95% confidence interval. If the Rainbird LF1200 sprinkler was used in the sprinkler irrigation system, the sprinklers must be operated at the working pressure range. Taking account of the cost, system and water uniformity into the design of the sprinkler irrigation system, we recommended that the sprinkler had spacing of 0.8 times as the spraying range on flat ground, and the square arrangement on slope less than 15&deg;. The results here could provide useful information for design of spraying irrigation system on slope. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Sprinkler systems (irrigation)
Controlled terms:Ballistics - Drops - Hose - Irrigation - Models - Pressure - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Application uniformity - Experimental conditions - Maximum relative errors - Sloping land - Three dimensional space - Two dimensional spaces - Uniformity - Water distributions
Classification code:446.1  Water Supply Systems - 619.1  Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 931.1  Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20162602533064
Title:Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluid in microchannel applied on solar cell cooling
Authors:Yan, Suying (1, 2); Li, Hongyang (1); Shi, Zhiguo (1); Wang, Shengjie (1); Zhao, Congying (1); Tian, Rui (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohht; 010051, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Wind and Solar Power Energy Utilization Technology, Ministry of Education and Inner Mongolia Construction, Hohht; 010051, China 
Corresponding author:Yan, Suying(yan_su_ying@aliyun.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:212-217
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nanofluid is an innovative heat transfer fluid with superior potential for enhancing the heat transfer performance of fluids. Recent developments in nanotechnology indicate that the nanofluid is an efficient working fluid and coolant in the solar thermal application. In this paper, heat transfer characteristics of several kinds of the nanofluids as the cooling medium were studied via Mixture multiphase models in Fresnel high concentration system based on the helix microchannel cooling structure, which was used to simulate the reduction of the temperature of GaAs cell with the nanofluid as cooling medium. And the enhancement heat transfer factor was introduced to determine the heat transfer efficiency of the cooling medium. The experimental results showed that the temperature of the microchannel inlet cross-section with the nanofluid as the cooling medium was lower than the distilled water as the cooling medium. Meanwhile, other various factors also affected the microchannel heat transfer characteristics including the mass fraction, particle size and the particle type of the nanofluid. The results displayed that the heat transfer characteristics of Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-H<inf>2</inf>O nanofluid increased with the increase of the mass fraction. When the mass fraction was 5.5%, Nusselt number of the nanofluid reached the maximum value. But when the mass fraction was more than 5.5%, the Nusselt number decreased and tended to remain in a stable value around 3.23. Nusselt number of the Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-H<inf>2</inf>O nanofluid decreased with the particle size increasing with the same mass fraction. The heat transfer capability of the nanofluid decreased when the mass fraction of Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-H<inf>2</inf>O nanofluid was larger than 5.5%, which was mainly attributed to the resistance effect of the viscosity over the high heat conducting ability of the nanofluid. Nusselt number of all the fluids which were the distilled water, the different mass fractions of Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-H<inf>2</inf>O nanofluid and SiO<inf>2</inf>-H<inf>2</inf>O nanofluid increased with the increases of their Reynolds number, and Nusselt number of the nanofluid was greater than the distilled water's. Nusselt number of nanofluid increased along with the increases of the mass fraction with the same Reynolds number, and the Nusselt number of Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-H<inf>2</inf>O was greater than of SiO<inf>2</inf>-H<inf>2</inf>O, which meant that the heat transfer characteristics of the Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-H<inf>2</inf>O nanofluid was better than that of SiO<inf>2</inf>-H<inf>2</inf>O nanofluid. The enhancement heat transfer factor of the nanofluids increased with the growing of the inlet velocity. When the inlet velocity was 0.82 m/s, the enhancement heat transfer factor of Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-H<inf>2</inf>O (1%) nanofluid and SiO<inf>2</inf>-H<inf>2</inf>O nanofluid both reached the maximum. But the enhancement heat transfer factor of Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-H<inf>2</inf>O nanofluid with the mass fraction was 5% which was proportional to the inlet velocity, and the optimum enhancement heat transfer factor of Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-H<inf>2</inf>O(5%) nanofluid was obtained compared with all kinds of the nanofluids when the velocity of nanofluid was lower than 0.68 m/s. Furthermore, the enhancement heat transfer factor of the same kind of nanofluid increased with the mass fraction increasing as the same inlet velocity, and the enhancement heat transfer factor of Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-H<inf>2</inf>O nanofluid was higher than that of SiO<inf>2</inf>-H<inf>2</inf>O nanofluid. The heat transfer characteristic of Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-H<inf>2</inf>O nanofluid decreased with the particle size growing. This work provided a theoretical reference for the nanofluids applied in the GaAs solar cell cooling under high concentration. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Nanofluidics
Controlled terms:Aluminum - Cooling - Gallium arsenide - Heat conduction - Heat resistance - Heat transfer - Inlet flow - Microchannels - Nusselt number - Particle size  - Reynolds number - Semiconducting gallium - Solar cells - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Fresnel - GaAs - Heat transfer capability - Heat transfer characteristics - Heat transfer factors - Heat transfer performance - Microchannel cooling structures - Solar thermal applications
Classification code:541.1  Aluminum - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 702.3  Solar Cells - 712.1.1  Single Element Semiconducting Materials - 761  Nanotechnology - 804  Chemical Products Generally
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20162602533037
Title:Design and experiment on licorice tilt transplanting furrow opener
Authors:Wang, Xujian (1); Song, Jiannong (1); Liu, Cailing (1); Dong, Xiangqian (1); Wang, Jicheng (1); Zhang, Chao (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Soil-Machine-Plant Systematic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Colloge of Engineering China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China 
Corresponding author:Song, Jiannong(songjn@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:16-23
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Licorice is not only an important Chinese herbal medicine, but also widely used as an additive in food industry. With the increasing demand of licorice, wild licorice resources can not meet the needs of the market. Artificial cultivation of licorice has become an effective way to solve the problem between the supply and demand of licorice resources. Direct seeding method leads to dredge difficult and large labor consumption when harvest because of its low seedling survival rate, large quantity, long growth cycle, and deep roots. Research shows that seedling transplanting can be used for licorice planting. By this way, the licorice roots can grow strongly and healthily with good quality and high yield; and it is also easy for mechanized harvesting. Seedling transplanting is an ideal cultivation model for artificial cultivation of licorice. At present, the cultivation of licorice in China is still in the manual operation stage, from which exist many problems, such as large labor input, high cost, low production efficiency, poor transplanting quality, etc. Due to the impact of the above problems, the scale of the cultivation of artificial transplanting of licorice has been greatly restricted. A lot of relevant research documents show that the development trend of the cultivation of licorice is the mechanization of transplanting. However, the research on the transplanting machine of licorice in China is still in its early stage, and there is no mature and practical application of the licorice root transplanting machine. In this paper a licorice tilt transplanting opener was proposed. The analysis and experiment of the structure and work parameters of the opener were carried out, which provided the research foundation for the design of the licorice transplanting machine. In order to analyze the forming mechanism of the tilt transplanting furrow opener, the soil backflow model and seedling position parameter model were built. Through analyzing results of the mathematical model, a multi-factors orthogonal test for the opener was executed by changing the soil backflow port angle, the space between two wing plates, velocity, the furrower operating depth and the soil repose angle. The opener orthogonal test results showed that main influencing factors of the inclined V type groove tilt angle was the soil backflow port angle. The primary and secondary order of the factors affecting the length of the ditch was: the furrow opener operating depth, the soil backflow port angle, the space between two wing plates, the soil repose angle and the velocity. The results also showed that the formula built by mathematical model could be used for design the opener to make V type inclined groove. Under the agronomic condition of 30&deg; inclined transplanting with 300 mm long licorice roots. When the lag seedling coefficient value less than 1, the licorice angle decreased with the lag seedling coefficient value decreased, and decreased with the increase of the opener velocity. When the lag seedling coefficient value was equal or greater than 1, the licorice angle fluctuated between 28&deg;-31&deg;. The opener had the advantages of stable working performance. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Plants (botany)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Cultivation - Design - Economics - Machine design - Medicine - Models - Plates (structural components) - Problem solving - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese herbal medicines - Furrow openers - Licorice - Mechanized harvesting - Production efficiency - Seedling transplanting - Tilt transplanting - Transplanting machine
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 461.6  Medicine and Pharmacology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601  Mechanical Design - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20162602533058
Title:Computation method of phenotypic parameters based on distribution map of kernels for corn ears
Authors:Du, Jianjun (1, 2, 3); Guo, Xinyu (1, 2, 3); Wang, Chuanyu (1, 2, 3); Xiao, Boxiang (1, 2, 3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, Beijing; 100097, China 
Corresponding author:Guo, Xinyu(guoxy@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:168-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Phenotypic traits of corn ears are important parameters for maize breeding and production forecast. A phenotypic computation method based on distribution map of kernels for corn ears is presented to comprehensively analyze the geometrical, quantitative, color and texture traits of corn ear and its kernels. A phenotypic detection system of corn ears, which consists of stepping motor, charge coupled device (CCD) camera, light-emitting diode (LED) back lights, image acquisition card and semi-closed box, is designed to capture main side images of corn ear. Corn ear is fixed vertically on a turn table driven by stepping motor, and thus image sequence of corn ear can be captured from designated angles and covers the entire surface of corn ear. In this study, 4 orthotropic images are captured to build three-dimensional reference frame of corn ear. Firstly, axial and radial distortion corrections are successively applied to image sequences and generate standard image sequence of corn ear. Therein, axial distortion correction regularizes the heights of corn ear for image sequence to their average height, and radial distortion correction is used to recover size and shape of kernels on the surface of corn ear, since those kernels lie on border regions of corn ears which have obvious distortion. A dedicated image segmentation method, which has utilized geometrical and color traits of kernels of corn ear to the greatest extent, is then used to extract all kernels of corn ear from corrected image sequence. Meanwhile, contour lines and split lines of corn ear in image sequence are calculated based on pixel scale, and used to generate the mapping relationship among the images of corn ear. Contour lines of corn ear can be used to generate a three-dimensional surface model by transforming the coordinates of lines from two-dimensional to three-dimensional space, and then the three-dimensional model of corn ear is used to calculate geometrical traits, e.g. perimeter, surface and volume. Moreover, contour lines of corn ear can also output corresponding split lines which split each corn image into different regions, and further classify kernels into different types according to position relationship between kernels and split lines. On the basis of kernel scale, the classified kernels from segmented image sequence can be assembled together to generate a distribution map which describes entire surface kernels of corn ear. According to the distribution map of kernels and segmented image sequence, the quantitative and geometrical traits of kernels, such as rows per ear, kernels per row, total kernels and kernel thickness can be accurately calculated using Delaunay and Bellman-Ford methods. The proposed method and system can simultaneously detect multiple types of phenotypic traits from image sequence of corn ear, and have higher accuracy in almost all phenotypic traits than the detection method based on single profile image of corn ear. Experimental results demonstrate that the computed traits have good consistence with the observed values, and the average computation accuracy of main traits, i.e. rows per ear, kernels per row, total kernels, ear length and ear diameter, can respectively reach 98.231%, 94.351%, 96.921%, 98.956% and 98.165%. Thus, the proposed method can be applied for precise phenotypic detection and breeding of corn ears. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Charge coupled devices - Computer vision - Contour measurement - Distortion (waves) - Electric power factor correction - Geometry - Grain (agricultural product) - Image acquisition - Light emitting diodes - Stepping motors  - Three dimensional computer graphics
Uncontrolled terms:Corn ear - Dimensional reference - Distortion correction - Mapping relationships - Phenotypic traits - Three dimensional space - Three-dimensional model - Three-dimensional surface
Classification code:705.3  Electric Motors - 714.2  Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921  Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20162602533060
Title:Evaluation on environmental impact of intensive pig production system in Hubei province
Authors:Hui, Xiaohong (1); Liu, Zexue (2); Zhang, Niya (1); Xia, Sanlin (3); Rong, Fang (4); Peng, Jian (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China; (2) Wuhan COFCO Meat Dish Co. Ltd., Wuhan; 430070, China; (3) Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine in Yicheng City, Yicheng; 441400, China; (4) Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine in Xiantao City, Xiantao; 433000, China 
Corresponding author:Peng, Jian(pengjian@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:183-189
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The negative impact of livestock production on the environment is a concern, and thus it has been one of the major constraints on the development of animal production in some regions. Life cycle assessment (LCA) approach is a useful technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product life cycle from cradle to grave. At present, SimaPro software, which is developed on the basis of life cycle assessment framework, has been applied for analyzing environmental burden by different impact categories. It has been widely used in the study of sustainable development of animal husbandry around the world. The Eco-indicator 99 is a damage-oriented approach for life cycle impact assessment, which can be used to calculate the damage caused by the pollutants on human health, ecosystem and resource consumption via air, water and soil. The main objective of this research was to systematically evaluate the environmental impact of intensive pig production in Hubei province by a comprehensive method. Thus, based on the theory of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and SimaPro software (Version 7.1.8), as well as Eco-indicator 99, we assessed the burden of intensive pig production on environment in Hubei province. Four key links were divided on the basis of input types of corresponding materials and the main characteristics of pig production, including piglet production, feed consumption, routine management, and waste treatment. Based on life cycle theory, we took weaning piglets as a carrier to share the corresponding environmental impact caused by resource consumption and pollutants emissions from feeding sows. In this research, feed consumption was referred as land occupations, crops planting, investment of fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural machineries. Routine management was the water, and power consumption, and the treatment of harmful gases, like NH<inf>3</inf>, CH<inf>4</inf>, CO<inf>2</inf>and N<inf>2</inf>O in pig houses. Piggery waste treatment included composting manure and sewage by anaerobic fermentation. The results showed that the single score of environmental burden in pig farming systems was 45.13. The results also showed that the impact categories were land occupation (59.84%), respiratory system damage caused by inhaled inorganic matters (14.29%), fossil resource consumption (9.97%), carcinogens (7.80%), acidification/eutrophication (5.18%) and climate change (1.90%). Meanwhile, the stage of piglets breeding accounted for 17.91% while fattening stage after weaning took up 82.09% in the single score of environment burden. Furthermore, piglet breeding and feed consumption during the period of fattening stage after weaning made great contributions to land occupation and carcinogens, while daily management and manure treatment were the two main contributors towards respiratory system damage caused by inhaled inorganic matters, acidification/eutrophication and climate change. Finally, the routine production management largely affected human health while waste treatment affected least. Feed consumption had the greatest influence on ecological quality and resource consumption, and dung treatment process had the least. Therefore the best way to reduce the burden of intensive pig farming system on environment in Hubei province was, on one hand, to improve the reproductive performance of sows, feed conversion, the yield of crops and the utilization ratio of manure; and on the other hand, to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and the dosage of pesticides. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Life cycle
Controlled terms:Acidification - Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Animals - Carbon dioxide - Carcinogens - Chemical contamination - Climate change - Crops - Damage detection  - Ecology - Economics - Employment - Environmental impact - Eutrophication - Fertilizers - Investments - Mammals - Manures - Pesticides  - Pollution - Respiratory system - Sewage - Sustainable development - Waste management - Waste treatment - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Eco-Indicator 99 - Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - Life cycle impact assessment - Pig production - Pig production systems - Production management - Reproductive performance
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 452.1  Sewage - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 453  Water Pollution - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 461  Bioengineering and Biology - 461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.2  Food Processing Operations - 822.3  Food Products - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20162602533048
Title:Wavelength variable selection methods for estimation of soil organic matter content using hyperspectral technique
Authors:Yu, Lei (1, 2); Hong, Yongsheng (1, 2); Zhou, Yong (1, 2); Zhu, Qiang (1, 2); Xu, Liang (3); Li, Jiyun (1, 2); Nie, Yan (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis &amp; Simulation, Hubei Province, Central China Normal University, Wuhan; 430079, China; (2) College of Urban &amp; Environmental Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan; 430079, China; (3) Hubei Institute of Economic and Social Development, Central China Normal University, Wuhan; 430079, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:95-102
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:During the past decades, soil hyperspectral reflectance had been showed to be a rapid, convenient, low-cost and alternative method for estimating soil key properties. However, the hyperspectral dataset may have thousands of variables because modern spectroscopy instruments usually had a high resolution. Moreover, the full-spectrum includes many wavelengths which could contribute the collinearity, redundancy and noise to models. Thus, the key variable selection is an important step in soil hyperspectral modeling analysis. The main objectives of this study were to compare the prediction accuracy of different models developed by using several variable selection algorithms for the estimation of soil organic matter (SOM), and the performance of full-spectrum partial least squares regression (PLSR) was also used to compare with. Fifty six soil samples at 0-20 cm depth were collected from Gong'an Countyin Jianghan Plain. The spectral reflectance of soil samples was measured by an ASD FieldSpec3 instrument under the laboratory conditions. Meanwhile, physical and chemical properties of these soil samples were analyzed. Kennard-Stone algorithm was used to divide soil samples into calibration sets with 40 samples and prediction sets with 16 samples. Different spectral pre-processing methods were conducted for raw soil reflectance. Then three variable selection methods such as UVE (uninformative variables elimination), CARS (competitive adaptive reweighted sampling), SPA (successive projections algorithm) were used to select key variables. At last, based on variables selected by different methods, we used partial least squares regression method with full cross validation to build quantitative inversion models for SOM. The prediction accuracies of these optimal models were assessed by comparing determination coefficients (R²), root mean squared error (RMSE) and relative percent deviation (RPD) between the estimated and measured SOM. The results showed that, the prediction accuracies of different spectral pre-processing methods were significantly diverse, and Savitzky-Golay1st derivative smoothing with nine points (SG +1stD) was the best pre-processing method, from which the improvements of approximately 37.29% in RPD were achieved for SOM prediction. Among the three single variable selection methods, CARS method was superior to other two variable selection methods while retaining good model prediction accuracy with R²value of 0.88 and RPD value of 2.84, and it could extract the key variables for SOM effectively. Comparing all variable selection methods comprehensively, the PLSR model built by using CARS-SPA method on 37 characteristic wavelengths selected from full-spectrum of 2001 wavelengths achieved the optimal performance. Its values of determination coefficients R²and relative percent deviation (RPD) between the estimated and measured SOM for the predicted model were 0.92 and 3.60, respectively. By using CARS-SPA method, the total number of selected variables was only 1.85% of full-spectrum. And the CARS-SPA-PLSR model was feasible and reliable for estimating the SOM using the hyperspectral reflectance of soil samples under the laboratory conditions. Appropriate variable selection could enhance the performance of a model, simplify the regression models, and increase the accuracies of SOM estimation. In the future, the CARS-SPA-PLSR inversion model can be used as a reference for development of proximal soil sensing devices for this region and online monitoring of SOM. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Least squares approximations
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Chemical analysis - Coherent scattering - Forecasting - Mean square error - Models - Organic compounds - Processing - Reflection  - Regression analysis - Soil surveys - Soils - Wavelength
Uncontrolled terms:Hyperspectral Data - Jianghan plains - Partial least squares regression - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Physical and chemical properties - Soil organic matter contents - Successive projections algorithm - Variable selection methods
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 481.2  Geochemistry - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 711  Electromagnetic Waves - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 913.4  Manufacturing - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20162602533065
Title:Screening of biomass straw materials and improvement of feedstock equipment
Authors:Wang, Guan (1); Huo, Lili (1); Zhao, Lixin (1); Yao, Zonglu (1); Meng, Haibo (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agricultural Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100125, China 
Corresponding author:Meng, Haibo(menghb7029@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:218-222
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Research and application on screening in China are mainly focused on coal, metallurgy, chemicals, building materials, and so on, only a few researches on the field of biomass energy. Biomass energy research is mainly focused on raw material obtaining and process, which can't solve small impurity removal problems after straw harvest. Therefore, this article carried out the comparative tests of thermal characteristics on corn stover feedstock with different sizes, studied the impact of dust and other fine particulate matter on raw materials quality of corn stover, and analyzed the proportion of impurities with different particle sizes and their impacts on raw materials; the best sieve size range of raw materials was put forward so as to improve the purity of raw materials, and optimize the impurity screening equipment connecting between mill and molding machine. A series of experiments were done. At first, different corn straw materials, which were less than 10 mm particle size, should be divided into 9 size classes through sieve analysis; secondly, different size particles as material were utilized for thermal characteristic measurement and sedimentation experiments; thirdly, the proportion and the effect of fine particulate impurities in different corn straw materials were analyzed; at last, dust contents of 2 kinds of materials whose sizes were less than 0.2 and 0.33-0.2 mm exceeded 50%, and the quantity represented 3.39% of the total sum of such 2 kinds of materials. Therefore, the best suitable material size range is less than 0.33 mm compared to the other straw materials. Through the results of above analysis and a large number of reference documents, the sieve in this study were modified and processed from the former drum sieve. The structure of sieve also could be optimized, and its parameters were as follows: Sieve tube length was 1000 mm, screen cylinder diameter was 500 mm, screen cylinder inclination angle was 10&deg;, rotation speed was 34 r/min, and sieve hole diameter was 0.33 mm. The comparative experiments and economic analysis based on this equipment were conducted. The results showed that the volatile matter and calorific value of pellets through the sieve process were improved significantly, and the ash content was reduced by 25.21%, which greatly declined the material's molding wear risks to briquette machines and slagging risks to combustion devices. The economic value of this briquetting fuel increased to 563.5 yuan/t, which increased by 6.91%. The method that the sieve is considered as the first phase at the briquette forming can improve the purity of the material, and ensure the quality of fuel formed from corn straw. This thesis is expected to propose a screening technology and equipment suitable for Chinese large-scale production of biomass briquettes, to provide technical support for cleaning process, and to provide an important basis of parameters for the energy utilization of the straw. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:11
Main heading:Impurities
Controlled terms:Biomass - Briquets - Briquetting - Cleaning - Coal combustion - Cylinders (shapes) - Dust - Economic analysis - Energy utilization - Equipment  - Feedstocks - Fueling - Fuels - Molding - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Particles (particulate matter) - Removal - Sieves - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Comparative experiments - Different particle sizes - Fine particulate matter - Large scale productions - Raw materials quality - Research and application - Screening plants - Thermal characteristics
Classification code:451.1  Air Pollution Sources - 524  Solid Fuels - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 901  Engineering Profession - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20162602533071
Title:Analysis of land function classification and transformation in county based on remote sensing image
Authors:Chen, Ying (1); Xu, Hao (1); Chen, Yaheng (1); Men, Mingxin (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Land and Resources, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding; 071000, China 
Corresponding author:Men, Mingxin(menmingxin@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:263-272
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Land use/cover change caused by urbanization and industrialization had changed the function of land. In order to explore the evolution law of regional land function, taking Huanghua city, Hebei province as the research area, this paper first classified the land function and analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics and law of land function in 2008-2014 using geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) data, and then the biological production function and the value of the ecological environment function were calculated using production capacity accounting model and net primary productivity model to reveal the evolution process of land function value. In the course of land function classification, based on the tree classification method, the two-level classification systems were adopted. According to the main function of land and the difference of land use pattern, the research area was divided into 6 functional categories and 21 functional subcategories. In order to show the result of land function classification, fully reflect the relationship between the various land functions within the region and reflect the land function type, combination and distribution law of the study area, the land distribution maps of Huanghua city in 2008 and 2014 were drawn respectively taking the leading principle as the basic principle. Then it output the function information in graphic mode. It could be seen through the comparison, the functional area of the biological production in the land function category increased most. It totally increased by 3648.8 hm². It showed that in recent years Huanghua city used land development and consolidation, brick kiln reclamation, fertilization and irrigation, and salt and alkali elimination method. The other functions had improved. It had the ability to provide people with agricultural products. The land area of land biological production was significantly increased. The land area of the ecological environment function was reduced by 8238.3 hm². In recent years, with the rapid development of regional economy, a large number of ecological and environmental function land changed to other functional land use, especially the tidal flat wetland and water area (a total change area of 6246 hm²), and the land with biological production function (3622.1 hm²). The salt field was transformed to raw material supply function by 2124.96 hm². Most of the rest was converted to the load bearing function. Load bearing capacity of the land area had increased by 2265.6 hm². This paper took the biological production function and ecological environment function as an example. The change of function value was analyzed. Production capacity of agricultural land represented the size of the functional value of biological production. Main idea was that in the first place the crop yield per unit area and the corresponding agricultural land use index were established. Then the agricultural land classification unit use indices were substituted into the corresponding function equation. It could be calculated to achieve their yield per unit area. The classification unit of agricultural land could realize that the value of land biological production function was calculated from the yield per unit area yield multiplied by the corresponding area. Ecological service value represented ecological environment function. The value of ecosystem services was based on the spatial and meteorological data. Combining with the investigation of foreign trade, the net primary productivity and other models could calculate. By comparing the value of the function, it showed that the biological production function of cultivated lands and fields had been generally improved from 2008 to 2014; Except the unchanged "the other lands' ecological environment function", the function values of other sub-functions decreased to different extents. The results could provide scientific basis for land function evaluation, ecological red line delineation and land use planning. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Land reclamation
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Agriculture - Biology - Classification (of information) - Ecology - Economics - Ecosystems - Environmental regulations - Functions - Geographic information systems  - Image reconstruction - International trade - Land use - Meteorology - Nuclear fuel accounting - Photosynthesis - Phytoplankton - Regional planning - Remote sensing - Wetlands
Uncontrolled terms:Distribution characteristics - Ecological environments - Ecological service values - Environmental functions - Function transformation - Huanghua city - Net primary productivity - Value of ecosystem services
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.2  Regional Planning and Development - 442.2  Land Reclamation - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.9  Biology - 622.1  Radioactive Materials, General - 741.1  Light/Optics - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 903.1  Information Sources and Analysis - 903.3  Information Retrieval and Use - 921  Mathematics - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20162602533053
Title:Area extraction of winter wheat at county scale based on modified multivariate texture and GF-1 satellite images
Authors:You, Jiong (1); Pei, Zhiyuan (1); Wang, Fei (1); Wu, Quan (1); Guo, Lin (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural Remote Sensing Monitoring Station, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing; 100125, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:131-139
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Winter wheat is grown in a wider area in China. Monitoring its planting area is therefore a key link for national food security. And area extraction is based on the availability of data source. As the first new satellite of GF series domestic satellites, GF-1 satellite realizes the combination of high spatial resolution, multi-spectrum, and wide field of view (WFV) which has been applied in agricultural monitoring nearly three years. It is necessary to evaluated GF-1 imagery for agricultural applications, especially for the planting area monitoring of food crops. In this paper, we studied the effectiveness of area extraction of winter wheat at a county scale using the WFV imagery from GF-1 satellite. An approach using both spectral information and multivariate texture was proposed in order to make full use of spatial structure information in satellite imagery to further improve classification accuracy of the stable crop. Firstly, the multivariate texture was extracted through modeling based on the modification of multivariate variogram, and the model parameter measured spatial correlation with respect to all the bands of a multispectral image was designed as a distance metric computed by mapping the Mahalanobis distance between spatial point pair into the Euclidean space so that the Mahalanobis distance can be computed as Euclidean distance. We realized this transformation through the Cholesky decomposition of the covariance matrix item in the Mahalanobis distance expression. Then the derived multivariate texture image was combined with spectral data, and the fusion of spectral and texture information was input into the supervised classification technique of support vector machine to identify winter wheat. Two GF-1 images acquired on November 2013 and January 2014 with four spectral bands (blue, green, red, and near-infrared) and 16 m pixel size covering the large area of winter wheat in Suixi county in Anhui province were selected as remotely sensed data source. Classifications were generated based on the proposed method using the modified multivariate texture information and other two traditional methods using spectral data alone and plus traditional texture images at bi-temporal, respectively. Accuracy assessments based on test samples were used to evaluate classification results. Compared with those from other two traditional methods, classification results from the proposal method had a significant improvement with the overall accuracy of 4.12% and 2.36% in seeding stage, and with the overall accuracy of 2.59% and 0.94% in overwintering stage. Z-test statistics were computed for paired comparisons among three classification results at bi-temporal respectively, and the confidence level values were all less than 2.5%. Comparative analysis was carried out by computing the relative errors between the extracted area from classification results of the proposed method and the statistical area for winter wheat in some certain quadrats. With no consideration of the possible objective influence from imaging quality, phenology or measurement precision of quadrats, accuracies of the extracted area from classification results of the proposed method in quadrats were generally better than 90%. Then a Rapideye image covering the same area acquired on April 2014 with a higher resolution was used as a reference to evaluate the availability of the proposal method in the larger test regions with size of 5 km &times; 5 km. Consistency of the extracted area of winter wheat from classifications using GF-1 images and the reference data from Rapideye image in test regions were able to achieve nearly 97% when winter wheat grown stably. From the results of experiments, it was found that fusion of multivariate texture and spectral information with GF-1 satellite images could significantly improve the overall accuracy of winter wheat identification, and the proposed approach presented in this study also can be useful for different crops in other regions. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Classification (of information)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Covariance matrix - Crops - Extraction - Food supply - Image acquisition - Image fusion - Image processing - Image texture  - Information use - Infrared devices - Linear transformations - Remote sensing - Satellite imagery - Satellites - Statistical tests - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural monitoring - Classification accuracy - County scale - Features fusions - High spatial resolution - Spatial structure information - Supervised classification - Winter wheat
Classification code:655.2  Satellites - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.3  Food Products - 903.1  Information Sources and Analysis - 903.3  Information Retrieval and Use - 921  Mathematics - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20162602533074
Title:Response of endogenous hormone in germination of millet seeds to optimal high voltage electrostatic field
Authors:Chen, Jianzhong (1, 2); Hu, Jianfang (1, 2); Du, Huiling (1); Wang, Huijie (3); Wang, Yingshi (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China; (2) Agriculture and Engineering Department, Shanxi Yuncheng Agricultural Vocational Technical College, Yuncheng; 044000, China; (3) Cotton Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuncheng; 044000, China 
Corresponding author:Du, Huiling(duhuiling66@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:286-292
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For the past few years, the HVEF(high-voltage electric field) technology is gradually applied in agriculture, such as seed-selecting, disease-preventing, growth-promoting, and food preservation, etc. Pretreating seeds by HVEF has characteristics of simplicity, high efficiency, short processing time, low power and no pollution, etc, so it has become a hot research subject in agriculture field. Researches indicate that suitable treatment of HVEF is beneficial to the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate(ATP) and the activation of enzymes in seeds, improves the permeability of membrane, and strengthens the ability of resisting adversity and germination activity of the seeds. So far, since the mechanisms of applying HVEF technical involves both biology and physics field, the study of it has no definite conclusion, which restricts its generalization in agriculture to some extent. Millet has great potentialities as the staple food in the northern China due to its extensive adaptability and great nutrient content. As a signal of micromolecule, endogenous hormones induced by plant cell when accepting the specific environment signals, it can regulate plant physical responses even at the least concentration. So they are used to regulate seed germination directly or interactively. To reveal the control effects of dynamic content changes of endogenous hormone on germination activity of millet seeds treated by HVEF, Nongda 8(millet cultivar) was used as the testing subject, and an integrated method of combining quadratic general rotary unitized design and principal component analysis was also used to build model for optimal conditions. Under the optimized condition for HVEF, the dynamic content changes of endogenous hormone in the process of millet seeds germination were investigated in this paper. The results showed that pretreating seeds by HVEF can significantly influence germination vigor(P&lt;0.05). The test for the fit of model was significant(P&lt;0.01) and lack of fitting test was no significant(P&gt;0.05). The regression determination coefficient R²reached to 0.9792(P&lt;0.05). It indicated the goodness of simulation was better. The optimization scheme was that electric field strength was 340 kV/m and treatment time was 14 min. The coupling effects of two factors(electric field strength and treatment time) on germination composite index of Nongda 8 indicated there existed threshold in the treating millet by HVEF, and the effects of electric field strength were more than that of treatment time. Dynamic changes of endogenous hormone content in millet germination indicated that the optimal condition of treating millet by HVEF could induce the increase of IAA, ZR and GA content increased but inhibit the increase of ABA. When seed germinating IAA and GA increase quickly while ABA decreases quickly, and ZR was up to the maximum, which was beneficial for radicle to break through the seed coat, and to improve seed germinating. The dynamic content changes of endogenous hormones showed that GA/ABA, IAA/ABA ratio of millet seeds treated by HVEF were higher than control groups(untreated by HVEF), which indicated that the ratio change of millet endogenous hormones seeds treated by HVEF was incentives to improve germination activity of millet seeds. When radical length equals to twofold of seeds length, the radio of GA/ABA, IAA/ABA continued to increase, which indicated seedling grow had a close relation with its regulation and control. The results provide useful information for the application of HVEF technology in processing seeds in the agricultural production. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Adenosinetriphosphate - Agriculture - Cultivation - Dynamics - Electric fields - Endocrinology - Food preservation - Hormones - Optimization - Plants (botany)  - Principal component analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Determination coefficients - Effects of electric fields - Endogenous hormones - Germination - High voltage electric field - High voltage electrostatic field - Millet
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.6  Medicine and Pharmacology - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.2  Food Processing Operations - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.040

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20162602533076
Title:Thin-layer hot air drying characteristics and moisture diffusivity of lotus seeds
Authors:Xu, Jianguo (1); Zhang, Senwang (1); Xu, Gang (1); Gu, Zhen (1); Li, Huadong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Food Engineering Innovation Center of Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang; 330096, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Huadong(chem_food@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:303-309
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Lotus seeds are the seeds of plants in the genus Nelumbo, particularly the species Nelumbo nucifera in Asia and Africa. Lotus seeds are of great importance to East Asian cuisine and used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese desserts. Drying process is one of the most important processes for lotus seeds, which can suppress activities of microorganisms, enzymes or ferments and maintain its nutrition content. Moisture transfer in lotus seeds during the drying is a complex process, and the safe moisture content is fundamentally important for industrial processes, because quality and energy consumption are related to moisture content. A better understanding of the mechanism of moisture transfer should help improve the product quality and efficiency of drying process. Thin-layer hot air drying characteristics of lotus seeds were investigated in the temperature range of 50-90&#8451; at a constant air velocity, and water mobility and distribution in lotus seed samples were estimated based on the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods (relaxation time and imaging) in this study. The results indicated that the drying process involved a deceleration phase, and had no constant-rate phase. The strong influences of drying temperature on drying rate and drying curve were evident. Four empirical drying models, i.e. Lewis, Herderson-Pabis, Page and Midilli model, given in literature for describing time dependence of moisture ratio change, were used to fit experimental data, and their coefficient of regression (R²) and root mean square errors (RMSE) were predicted and compared by non-linear regression analysis using the Matlab R2012b software. Relative percent error (E%) was used to determine the goodness of the moisture prediction during the drying. It was found that the Midilli model could predict drying curves compared with experimental data point for the drying of lotus seeds in temperature range of 50-90&#8451; (R²&gt;0.998, E&lt;10%). The effective diffusivity was obtained using the Fick's diffusion model, which varied from 6.0567&times;10^-10to 1.6603&times;10^-9m²/s and increased with the air temperature. The effective diffusivity dependence on temperature was determined by an Arrhenius type relationship. The activation energy was found to be 24.2685 kJ/mol. Transverse relaxation time test results showed that there were 3 different states of water in fresh lotus seeds named bound water of 12.07%, semi-bound water of 85.59% and free water of 2.33%, separately. Moisture states and moisture distribution were changed during hot air drying. Mobility of water at different states decreased visibly during the drying process. Transverse relaxation time of semi-bound water showed a tendency of dropping with the reduced moisture content. The nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results directly showed that the moisture of outer layer declined faster than that of inner layer in lotus seed in the process of hot air drying, and the germ of lotus seed was still kept at very high amount in the final drying stage. This research can provide theoretical basis for understanding water transport characteristics in lotus seeds and assist in optimization of lotus seed drying process. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Air - Diffusion - Energy utilization - Enzymes - Magnetic resonance imaging - Magnetism - MATLAB - Mean square error - Medicine  - Models - Moisture - Moisture control - Moisture determination - Nuclear magnetic resonance - Regression analysis - Relaxation time - Resonance - Solar dryers - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Arrhenius type relationships - Effective diffusivities - Lotus seeds - Non-linear regression analysis - Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) - Root mean square errors - Traditional Chinese Medicine - Transverse relaxation time
Classification code:461.6  Medicine and Pharmacology - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 701.2  Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 822.2  Food Processing Operations - 921  Mathematics - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1  Mechanics - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.042

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20162602533049
Title:Combined application of organic materials and inorganic fertilizers improving rice yield and soil fertility of yellow clayey paddy soil
Authors:Mi, Wenhai (1, 2); Wu, Lianghuan (1, 2); Ma, Qingxu (1, 2); Zhang, Xuan (1, 2); Liu, Yanling (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China; (2) Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; 310058, China 
Corresponding author:Wu, Lianghuan(finm@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:103-108
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agricultural organic materials are very important reusing resources, and they can play important roles in ensuring crop yields and improving soil fertility. In order to find the most optimum mode to bettering soil fertility in yellow clayey paddy soil in south China, we investigated the effects of different organic materials on rice growth and soil fertility when in combined application with inorganic fertilizers by a 3-year field study, which was carried out in Jinhua County, Zhejiang Province. Six treatments were included: no fertilizers(CK), NPK alone(F), NPK plus mushroom residue compost(FR), NPK plus green manure(FG), NPK plus cattle manure(FM) and NPK plus rice straw(FS). All fertilization treatments received the same quantity of inorganic fertilizers(N: 180 kg/hm², P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>: 90 kg/hm²and K<inf>2</inf>O: 120 kg/hm²). For organic materials, according to local usage, the application rates were as follows: mushroom residue compost(dry weight: 1500 kg/hm²), green manure (fresh weight: 22500 kg/hm²), cattle manure (fresh weight: 13500 kg/hm²), rice straw (dry weight: 3000 kg/hm²). We determined the rice grain yield, yield components and biomass at different growth stages during 2011-2013, and soil organic matter (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (P), exchangeable potassium (K), cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, soil bulk density of 0~20 cm were determined after rice harvest in 2013. In addition, we measured the mechanical-stable and water stable soil aggregates(size classes: &gt;5 mm, 2~5 mm, 1~2 mm, 0.5~1 mm, 0.25~0.5 mm) at the same time. The results showed that: 1) combined application of organic materials significantly increased average rice yield for the 3 years, and FR, FG, FM and FS improved by 9.7%, 9.5%, 12.3% and 9.5% respectively compared to NPK alone; 2) combined application of organic materials improved SOC, TN, available P, exchangeable K and soil bulk density to some extent, especially for the FM treatment, it significantly increased SOC, available P and CEC by 12.5%, 37.7%, and 16.1% respectively compared to NPK alone; 3) FR and FM increased soil mechanical-stable aggregates (&gt;5 mm) by 10.4% and 6.7%, and all treatments with organic materials significantly decreased the percentage of soil aggregate destruction. Overall, combined application of organic materials with inorganic fertilizers increased rice grain yield, improved soil fertility, enhanced stability of soil aggregates, and FM performed the best. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Agriculture - Composting - Grain (agricultural product) - Grain growth - Manures - Polyvinyl alcohols - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Inorganic fertilizers - Organic materials - Rice - Soil fertility - Yellow clayey paddy soils
Classification code:406  Highway Engineering - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 933.1.2  Crystal Growth
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20162602533057
Title:Hyperspectral image segmentation method for plastic films in ginned cotton
Authors:Zhang, Hang (1, 2, 3); Qiao, Xi (1, 3, 4); Li, Zhenbo (1, 3, 4); Li, Daoliang (1, 3, 4) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) College of Computer and Information Engineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin; 300384, China; (3) Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Internet of Things in Agriculture, Beijing; 100083, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100083, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Daoliang(dliangl@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:161-167
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Traditional vision detection methods are not suitable for plastic films mingled in ginned cotton, for their color is transparent or very similar to cotton. As an emerging technique, hyperspectral imaging integrates spectroscopy and traditional imaging, can acquire spectral and spatial information at the same time. Therefore, hyperspectral reflectance images of plastic films were captured using hyperspectral imaging technique and a hyperspectral image segmentation method for plastic films by the combination of spectrum analysis and image processing technology was proposed. Eight regions of interest(ROIs) with different sizes in different parts of each sample were randomly selected to extract spectral data. The mean spectra of each sample were obtained by calculating the average spectra of all the 8 ROIs. The noisy spectral data at the two ends of the spectral curves were removed and 750 bands of spectral data in 450.8~1034.9 nm range were selected. In order to decrease noise disturbance, Savitzky-Golay(SG) polynomial smoothing was used to eliminate random noise, and standard normal variate(SNV) transformation was used to correct the errors caused by spectrum scattering. The preprocessed spectral data matrix was selected as independent variables to establish the partial least squares regression model. Then, the regression model was used to conduct partial least squares regression analysis, and the first three loading vectors of the loading matrix were chosen to plot the curves. Significant difference in the peaks and valleys of the three loading vectors from zero was observed, therefore, the wavelengths corresponding to the peaks and valleys could be considered as effective wavelengths. Then 4 wavelengths at 560.3, 673.9, 716.9 and 798.8 nm were selected as the effective wavelengths. Afterwards, arithmetic operations were used for image fusion. Images at the 4 wavelengths were extracted and the addition of three images at 673.9, 716.9 and 798.8 nm was performed. The result showed that the main part of the plastic films was retained through a variety of image fusion methods. Hence, the fused image was used for segmentation by Otsu's method and then median filtering was performed on the segmentation results to reduce noise. In order to obtain the edge information of plastic films, a subtraction of the doubled images at 560.3 nm from the aforementioned fused image was adopted to obtain the fused images. Otsu's method and median filtering were performed again to get the segmentation results and remove noise. Finally, the results obtained with the abovementioned two fusion methods were integrated again and small targets were removed to get the final results. Segmentation results showed that the plastic films were well segmented and the edge details were complete. To better reflect the effectiveness of the used image fusion method, principal components analysis(PCA) and minimum noise fraction(MNF) were conducted on the 4 images at the effective wavelengths and Otsu's method was used to segment the first principal component(PC1) image and first minimum noise fraction(MNF1) image. Then the median filtering and small targets removal were performed. Observation revealed that the over-segmentation of PC1 and MNF1 images was serious and many background areas were divided into target areas, which indicated that the proposed image fusion method was better than both PCA and MNF. To validate the segmentation performance of the proposed method, area overlap measure(AOM), misclassified error(ME) and recognition accuracy were used to evaluate the segmentation effects objectively. The results showed that the proposed method got the best AOM value of 0.6636 and ME value of 0.4226, with the accuracy reached 91.07%. This study reveals that the proposed method is able to well segment the images of plastic films and can lay a good foundation for the subsequent feature extraction and automatic recognition. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Cotton - Feature extraction - Image analysis - Image fusion - Image processing - Imaging techniques - Least squares approximations - Loading - Matrix algebra  - Median filters - Plastic films - Principal component analysis - Random errors - Regression analysis - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Hyper-spectral images - Hyperspectral imaging techniques - Image processing technology - Partial least squares regression - Partial least squares regression analysis - Partial least squares regression models - Principal components analysis - Standard normal variate transformations
Classification code:691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 703.2  Electric Filters - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 746  Imaging Techniques - 817.1  Polymer Products - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.1  Algebra - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20162602533069
Title:Evaluation of regional land use performance based on entropy TOPSIS model and diagnosis of its obstacle factors
Authors:Lei, Xunping (1, 2); Qiu, Robin (1, 3); Liu, Yong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing; 210016, China; (2) School of Business Administration, Tongling University, Tongling; 244000, China; (3) Department of Information Science, Pennsylvania State University, Malvem; PA; 19355, United States 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:243-253
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Quantitatively evaluating land use performance and diagnosing its obstacle factor are an effective way to improve regional land use performance level. Through the comprehensive consideration on 4 subsystems: economic, social, ecological and management performance, an evaluation index system of regional land use performance was established. In the part of empirical research, firstly, the performance evaluation of Anhui Province land use in recent 15 years (2000-2014) was carried out through applying the entropy weight TOPSIS model, and the performances were classified into 4 grades based on close degree, which included low, medium, good and superior grade; secondly, the obstacle factor of Anhui land use performance was diagnosed through applying the obstacle degree model; at last, according to the performance evaluation result, subsystem and comprehensive performance change trend of Anhui Province land use in future 5 years (2015-2019) were predicted and analyzed by using GM (1, 1) model. The research results showed that: 1) The comprehensive performance of Anhui Province land use experienced such development process from low performance, medium, good to superior, and combined with the average annual growth rate of land use performance, the development process could be divided into 4 stages, i.e. low performance but high speed growth (2000-2004), medium performance but fast growth (2005-2009), good performance but slow growth (2010-2011) and superior performance and faster growth (2012-2014); 2) Four subsystem performance levels were basically improved year by year, but their change trends were different, economic and management performance presented linear increase trend, but social and ecological performance presented fluctuating upward trend; and in future 5 years, the annual growth rate of economic subsystem performance would be the fastest, social and management performance would be second, and ecological performance be the lowest; 3) The obstacle degree of economic performance was the maximum, followed by social, ecological and management performance. In 2000-2008, 3 indicators including industrial growth value in built-up area were the top three all the time, and people living standard and employment number per square kilometer occupied No. 4 or No. 5; in 2009-2012, the first 3 obstacle factors greatly changed, and fiscal revenue per square kilometer and people living standard became the major obstacle factors of land use performance; in 2013-2014, the top 5 obstacle factors had a great change, and social performance became the major subsystem of restricting land use performance. Improving people living standard, strengthening public infrastructure construction and exploring economical, intensive and efficient land use mode would be an important way to enhance land use performance of Anhui Province; according to the prediction results of GM (1, 1) model, social performance, ecological performance and management performance would have a huge promotion development space in the future. Anhui Province government should enhance land use economic performance and focus on the benignant and harmonious development among economic, society and environment aspects at the same time, and pay more attention to enhancing social performance, management performance, and especially ecological performance of land use. The research ideas and methods of the paper provide realistic basis for promoting regional land use performance. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Ecology - Economics - Entropy - Models - Research and development management - System theory
Uncontrolled terms:Average annual growth rates - Comprehensive performance - Ecological performance - Evaluation index system - Harmonious development - Obstacle degree - Performance evaluation - Public infrastructures
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 901.3  Engineering Research - 961  Systems Science - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20162602533062
Title:Adsorption properties of Fe²⁺and Mn²⁺from groundwater in cold regions by carbonated rice husk
Authors:Sun, Nan (1); Tian, Weiwei (1); Zhang, Ying (2); Tian, Jiali (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy &amp; Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China 
Corresponding author:Zhang, Ying(zhangyinghr@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:197-205
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to synchronously purify iron and manganese in groundwater at low temperature, further ensure the safety of the drinking water in the cold villages and towns, carbonated rice husk at 600&#8451; (CRH600) was selected and its adsorption mechanism was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller nitrogen sorption (BET-N<inf>2</inf>), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Boehm. Optimum adsorbent dosage and pH value were determined by single factor experiment. For further understanding the adsorption property of CRH600, the adsorption isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics during adsorption process were investigated. The pseudo-first-order kinetics model, pseudo-second-order kinetics model, Elovich equation and pore diffusion equation were used to fit the adsorption kinetics process. Four isothermal adsorption models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Langmuir-Freundlich) were used to analyze the adsorption kinetics properties. The regeneration ability of CRH600 at low temperature was studied. XRD analysis showed that the main component of CRH600 was amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO<inf>2</inf>). SEM analysis showed that nanoscale SiO<inf>2</inf>particles in CRH600 were stuck loosely with each other, and a large number of honeycomb micro-pores and nano-pores (5-25 &mu;m) were formed, which made CRH600 have a larger surface area and total pore volume and made the masked SiO<inf>2</inf>active site and skeleton exposed obviously, and then the adsorption properties of CRH600 for Fe²⁺and Mn²⁺were enhanced. FTIR and Boehm analysis showed the surface functional group contents of CRH600 increased significantly, and hydroxyl (-OH) played the most important role for Fe²⁺and Mn²⁺removal based on ion-exchange and surface-complexation. There was no competition for CRH600 adsorbing Fe²⁺and Mn²⁺in mixed solution. When the temperature was controlled within 10 &#8451;, and the initial concentration of Fe²⁺and Mn²⁺was at 20 mg/L, the optimum pH value was 5 and 6, respectively, and the optimum adsorbent dosage was 6 and 10 g/L, respectively. When the equilibrium concentration was less than 2 mg/L, the equilibrium adsorption capacity of CRH600 for Fe²⁺and Mn²⁺increased sharply with the equilibrium concentration increasing. When the equilibrium concentration was greater than 2 mg/L, the equilibrium adsorption capacity increased slowly, and finally tended to balance. The lower the temperature, the greater the equilibrium adsorption capacity. The adsorption equilibrium could be described by Langmuir isotherm (R²&gt;0.9960). The maximum adsorption capacity of Fe²⁺and Mn²⁺at 10 &#8451; was 5.85 and 2.83 mg/g, respectively. Compared with other agricultural waste materials, mineral and other modified adsorbents, CRH600 had the advantage of adsorbing Fe²⁺and Mn²⁺from groundwater at low temperature. Results of kinetic analysis showed the Fe²⁺and Mn²⁺adsorption process of CRH600 was in accordance with pseudo-second-order model, as well as controlled by membrane diffusion and intra-particle diffusion. According to the changes of enthalpy, free energy and entropy, it was suggested that the Fe²⁺and Mn²⁺adsorption process were exothermic, spontaneous and entropy-decreasing. It was beneficial to adsorption at low temperature, and both physical and chemical adsorption existed. H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>was selected as the optimal desorption agent of Fe²⁺and Mn²⁺for CRH600. The maximum adsorption-desorption cycle was 5 and 3, respectively. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of Fe²⁺and Mn²⁺onto regenerated CRH600 could reach 80% and 90% of equilibrium adsorption capacity before desorption. The research results provide sufficient basic data and theoretical support for the application of removing iron and manganese in groundwater at low temperature. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Adsorption
Controlled terms:Adsorbents - Adsorption isotherms - Agricultural wastes - Amorphous silicon - Carbonation - Chemical analysis - Chemicals removal (water treatment) - Desorption - Diffusion - Dyes  - Dynamics - Entropy - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Free energy - Groundwater - Ion exchange - Iron compounds - Iron research - Isotherms - Kinetics  - Manganese - Metal ions - Metals - pH - Potable water - Scanning electron microscopy - Silicon oxides - Solutions - Temperature - Thermodynamics  - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Adsorption-desorption cycles - Cold regions - Equilibrium adsorption capacity - Equilibrium concentration - Pseudo first-order kinetics - Pseudo second order kinetics - Rice husk - Single-factor experiments
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 444.2  Groundwater - 531.1  Metallurgy - 543.2  Manganese and Alloys - 545.1  Iron - 549.3  Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 801  Chemistry - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20162602533050
Title:Distribution characteristics of vegetation and soil carbon density of different forests in Ningxia
Authors:Cheng, Jimin (1, 2); Jin, Jingwei (1, 2); Tian, Ying (3); Li, Wei (1, 2); Zhang, Yi (2); Gao, Yang (4) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Science and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Forestry Bureau of Guyuan Municipality, Guyuan; 756000, China; (4) Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun; 130124, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:109-117
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There are great uncertainties for the estimation of forest carbon density, due to their wide distribution, multiple types, natural and human disturbances. However, it is the foundation to better understand the dynamics and trends of terrestrial carbon cycle. Therefore, based on Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region forest resources inventory, a field investigation was carried out to study on the distribution characteristics of vegetation and soil carbon density of different forests in Ningxia. 9 sites were investigated and 4 typical natural forests were included: broadleaved deciduous forest, temperate coniferous forest, cold temperate coniferous forest and temperate mixed broadleaf-conifer forest. Vegetation biomass, vegetation carbon content, soil bulk density, and soil carbon content were determined, and carbon density of both vegetation and soil were calculated. The results showed that: 1) the mean biomass carbon density of different vegetation layer was: arbor layer(57.66 Mg/hm²)&gt;fine root layer(8.39 Mg/hm²)&gt;litter layer(8.34 Mg/hm²)&gt;grass layer(0.23 Mg/hm²)&gt;shrub layer(0.20 Mg/hm²), with the arbor layer accounted for 77.06%; 2) the mean soil carbon density ranged from 170.15 to 354.29 Mg/hm², with the highest in temperate mixed broadleaf-conifer forest in Luoshan(TCB2) and the lowest in cold temperate coniferous forest in Helanshan(CC1), while with regard to the vertical distribution, 50~100 cm accounted for 40% of the soil profile deep to 1 m; 3) the ecosystem carbon density was between 221.63 and 444.77 Mg/hm², with the highest in TCB2 and the lowest in temperate mixed broadleaf-conifer forest in Liupanshan(TCB1); 4) soil carbon density was 4.09 times larger than the biomass carbon density, and as the higher stability of soil carbon pool, the forest with higher soil carbon density(mixed broadleaf-conifer forest and coniferous forest) might have great potential to sequester C. Our study could have some implications for future forest culture and management in Ningxia Province. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Forestry
Controlled terms:Biomass - Carbon - Soils - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon content - Carbon density - Distribution characteristics - Forest carbon densities - Forests - Implications for futures - Soil bulk density - Terrestrial carbon cycle
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804  Chemical Products Generally
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20162602533054
Title:Impact of red-edge waveband of RapidEye satellite on estimation accuracy of crop planting area
Authors:Liu, Jia (1); Wang, Limin (1); Teng, Fei (1); Yang, Lingbo (1); Gao, Jianmeng (1); Yao, Baomin (1); Yang, Fugang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of A gricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:140-148
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Adding red-edge waveband (690-730 nm) based on traditional visible light and infrared band is a notable trend of the development of current high resolution satellite sensors. RapidEye satellite carries red-edge waveband sensors. Based on the RapidEye satellite remote sensing data of Dongsheng town, Bei'an city, Helongjiang province on July 27, 2014, and by employing the monitoring classification method, this paper comparatively analyzed the impact of the red-edge waveband on the estimation accuracy of crop planting area under 2 kinds of waveband combinations. The indices including the separable measure, the classification accuracy and the degree of landscape fragmentation of the 3 kinds of ground objects i.e. corn, soybean and the others were computed under the conditions of 2 types of band combinations, which were with or without the involvement of red-edge waveband. Training samples of monitoring classification took the 2 km &times; 2 km grids covering study area as their basic units. Under the principle of equal probability of corn and soybean area proportion, 10 grids were chosen as training samples. Identification of crop within ground samples employed visual interpretation method. Accuracy verification adopted the background survey results of the crop area covering the study area. Based on the preliminary classification of RapidEye data with spatial resolution of 5 m, the background survey was conducted by using visual observation correction method combined with ground survey according to the seasonal changing rule of multi-temporal Landsat-8/OLI (Operational Land Imager) data. The result showed that, the overall identification accuracy of 3 types of ground objects (corn, soybean and the others) with red-edge was 88.4%, the Kappa coefficient was 0.81, and the mapping accuracies of 3 types of ground objects were 93.1%, 86.0% and 87.3% respectively; the overall identification accuracy of 3 types of ground objects without red-edge was 81.7%, the Kappa coefficient was 0.71, and the mapping accuracies of 3 types of ground objects were 83.9%, 73.4% and 84.6% respectively. By introducing red-edge band, the overall identification accuracy of 3 ground objects was improved by 6.7%, and the identification accuracies of 3 types of ground objects were improved by 9.20%, 12.6% and 2.7% respectively. By employing Jeffries-Matusita method, we calculated the degree of separation of 3 types of ground objects. The degrees of separation between corns and soybeans, corns and the others, as well as soybeans and the others were improved from 0.84 to 1.73, from 1.37 to 1.81, and from 1.27 to 1.29 respectively; by employing fragmentation index, we calculated the landscape fragmentation. The number of land parcels was reduced by 69.2%, with the average parcel area increased by 2.2 times, the average parcel perimeter increased by 60.5%, and the ratio between parcel area and perimeter increased by 1.0 time. So, by introducing red-edge band, the study has improved the separable measure of different ground objects, reduced the increase of landscape fragment caused by "Pepper salt" effect, and improved the overall identification accuracy of crop planting area. Currently, more and more satellites carry red-edge devices, and the domestically-produced satellites to be launched also plan to add red-edge band so as to improve crop identification capacity. The result of this paper will provide a reference for the application of domestically-produced red-edge satellite data in agriculture. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:53
Main heading:Satellites
Controlled terms:Crops - Mapping - Remote sensing - Sampling - Surveys - Synthetic aperture sonar
Uncontrolled terms:Area estimation - Classification accuracy - High resolution satellites - Identification accuracy - Landscape fragmentation - Operational land imager - Red edge - Satellite remote sensing data
Classification code:405.3  Surveying - 655.2  Satellites - 752.1  Acoustic Devices - 821.4  Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20162602533073
Title:Optimization for agricultural product traceability system based on dynamic expansion improvement and location based service
Authors:Ye, Yun (1, 2); Hu, Yueming (1, 2); Zhao, Xiaojuan (1, 2); Hu, Yongqiang (3); Niu, Qingsong (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Land Information Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Land Use and Consolidation, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) The Surveying and Mapping Engineering Center of Geographic Information Industry in Guangzhou, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) Science and Technology Information Institute of Qinghai Province, Xining; 810001, China 
Corresponding author:Hu, Yueming(ymhu163@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:279-285
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Food safety has become a focus and the priority of people's livelihood. The issues of safety of agricultural products are frequent occurred around the world in recent years. For food safety incidents in the society, while agricultural products due to the presence of large uncertainties in producing area conditions, planting and processing, quality supervision of the entire journey quality traceability becomes extremely urgent for agricultural products. Through to the food safety supervision and research situation around the world, it can be found that in the construction of food safety supervision work in countries around the world,, government is gradually strengthening the construction of supervision mechanism and implementing mandatory measures to guarantee food safety. Different kinds of food safety traceability system are also gradually established and put into use. Agricultural products quality traceability system has become an important mean to solve the problem of food safety. But the current research is mainly on the single product traceability system. The public service platform has not yet been reported. The problems for lack of such system development mainly include the inability to support many kinds of traces, lower accuracy in the process of the trace, high cost of doing business application. In this paper, we developed a system applicable to quality traceability of a variety of commonly used agricultural products by analyzing the software framework of universal system and the traceability information data structure characteristics, focusing on the dynamic expansion of the data model optimization techniques and tracing precision lifting technique based on LBS. Aiming at the problem of narrow application range, we analyzed the data structure characteristics of traceability information index model, and compared four dynamic extended data models. By using the method of combining EAV with XML data model, the dynamic extension of different variety tracing information was realized through visual interface. It was found that the model compared to the other two models shortened time by 65% and query efficiency by 175% through performance analysis. For traceability information on producing environmental conditions, we analyzed the various types of available data sources and characteristics, formulated the smallest unit of space and realization method. We also used LBS technology to achieve the automatic acquisition of the origin of the environmental information. As such we found that the technique significantly improved the traceability system of width, depth, accuracy. Therefore it enhanced the overall system tracing precision and reduced the data collection cost. Through the database performance analysis, we found that the system query efficiency increased by 1.5 times, less CPU time. By traceability system general comparison, it indicated that the system can apply to many varieties of agricultural products with a good accuracy. We tested the system in livestock products quality and safety in Qinghai province. The results showed that the system had good performance and functional versatility, the system had obvious advantage in query efficiency and traceability accuracy, suitable for all kinds of agricultural products quality traceability. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Location based services
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Agriculture - Computer programming - Data structures - Efficiency - Environmental technology - Food safety - Knowledge based systems - Optimization - Problem solving  - Query processing - Surface discharges - Telecommunication services
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental conditions - Environmental information - Public service platforms - Structure characteristic - Supervision mechanisms - Traceability information - Traceability systems - Tracing precision
Classification code:454  Environmental Engineering - 461.6  Medicine and Pharmacology - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 716  Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.039

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20162602533045
Title:Suitable deep sowing increasing emergence rate and promoting summer maize growth in seeding stage under subsurface drip irrigation
Authors:Guan, Xiaokang (1, 2); Yang, Mingda (1, 2); Bai, Tiantian (1); Han, Jingli (1); Huang, Jie (1); Wang, Jingli (1); Wang, Tongchao (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Agronomy College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou; 450002, China; (2) Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Zhengzhou; 450002, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Tongchao(wtcwrn@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:75-80
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil water in subsurface drip irrigation condition hardly reaches seed bed of summer maize, and thus greatly affect seed germination and emergence. In order to determine optimal sowing depth of summer maize under subsurface drip irrigation condition, 2 successive field experiments from July to August, and from September to October in 2015 was conducted using a randomized complete block design under rain-proof shelter in the Science and Technology Demonstration Park of Henan Agricultural University(113&deg;38&prime;3&Prime;E, 34&deg;47&prime;51&Prime;N). Different sowing depth was designed including 3,5,7,9 and 11 cm. Each treatment replicated 3 times. During the experiment, germination, plant height, and aboveground biomass accumulation in the seeding stage of maize were investigated. Meanwhile, soil water content was measured before and after irrigation at a 10-cm interval from 10 to 40 cm soil depth and at a 20-cm interval from 40 to 80 cm soil depth, and soil temperature in 5, 10 and 15 cm layer was recorded in the second experiment. The results showed: 1) Soil water content after irrigation was higher than that before irrigation. Soil moisture could infiltrate upward to 10 cm and percolate downward to 80 cm below soil surface when irrigation amount was 450 m³/hm²under subsurface drip irrigation conditions; 2) Seeding germination became delayed when the sowing depth increased except for the treatment of 3-cm sowing depth. Among all the treatments, the sowing depth of 3 and 11 cm had the lowest seeding emergence rate, which decreased by 22.22%-38.89% and 5.88%-11.11% than the sowing depth of 7 cm, respectively. The germination of the former treatments was 1-1.5 d delayed than the latter. Overall, the germination rate of the second experiment was lower than that of the first; 3) The plant height was the lowest in the sowing depth of 3 and 11 d, but the variation coefficient of plant height was the highest. Comparatively, the sowing depth of 7 and 9 d had higher plant height with smaller variation coefficient; 4) Similar with the plant height, the aboveground dry matter was the lowest in the 3 and 11 cm sowing depth, and that of 7 and 9 cm was the highest. The coefficient of variation of the first experiment was 7.95%-20.20%, lower than that of the second experiment (14.09%-22.08%). In sum, the sowing depth of 7 and 9 cm had the highest seeding emergence rate and aboveground dry matter accumulation, and lower variation coefficient of plant height and aboveground dry matter accumulation. Under subsurface drip irrigation condition, 7-9 cm was optimal sowing depth for summer maize cultivation. This study could provide technique information on cultivation of summer maize under subsurface drip irrigation. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Cultivation - Moisture - Soil moisture - Soils - Subirrigation - Temperature - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Above ground biomass - Coefficient of variation - Dry matter accumulation - Science and Technology - Sowing depth - Subsurface drip irrigation - Summer maize - Variation coefficient
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 821.3  Agricultural Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20162602533035
Title:Review on variable rate irrigation with continuously moving sprinkler machines
Authors:Zhao, Weixia (1); Li, Jiusheng (1); Li, Yanfeng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100048, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Jiusheng(lijs@iwhr.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-7
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the scale, intensive and modern development of China's agriculture, it supplies the opportunity for the utilization of continuously moving sprinkler systems. In the large area covered by individually continuously moving sprinkler machine, the spatial variability of crop yield is inevitably caused by soil and crop performance variability. Variable rate irrigation (VRI) has the capability of applying spatially varied water depths to address specific soil, crop, and/or other conditions across the entire field. It has been recognized as an efficient water management practice to enhance water potential productivity for continuously moving sprinkler machines. However, for this emerging irrigation technology, especially in China, we have quite limited knowledge on optional management of VRI systems due to substantially short research history. The advances in VRI research, including the connotation, architecture and construction, identification of management zones, decision support system and economic benefits for VRI system with continuously moving sprinkler machines, are thoroughly reviewed in this article. Moreover, the future research topics are suggested aiming at accelerating the research and application of VRI technology and improving water management for continuously moving sprinkler systems. The study indicates that the theory about the architecture and construction of VRI systems is relatively mature, and it consists of various methods to vary water application depths, a method of position determination, and a microprocessor-based device to control water application amounts from each sprinkler head or groups of sprinkler heads based on location and other management criteria. Besides, the test standard of hydraulic performance for VRI system needs to be further studied. The static delineation of management zones and prescription maps based on soil characteristics is the main water management method for VRI systems, and the dynamic water management based on the continuous monitoring and assessment of climatological and crop data stands for the future of VRI systems. With the development of research about the effects of soil texture on crop potential yield, water use efficiency and crop canopy temperature, the feasibility assessment on static water management and the integrated development of dynamic water management need to be further studied. The decision support system should be developed individually according to the precipitation amount, and the maximum water use efficiency and crop yield should be set as the main objective under dry weather and humid climate conditions, respectively. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:57
Main heading:Information management
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Artificial intelligence - Crops - Decision making - Decision support systems - Economic and social effects - Efficiency - Hydraulic machinery - Hydraulics - Irrigation  - Memory architecture - Research and development management - Soils - Sprinkler systems (fire fighting) - Sprinkler systems (irrigation) - Water conservation - Water distribution systems - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Dynamic water managements - Economic benefits - Feasibility assessment - Integrated development - Management zones - Microprocessor-based devices - Research and application - Variable rate irrigations
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 632.1  Hydraulics - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 723.4  Artificial Intelligence - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912.2  Management - 913.1  Production Engineering - 914.2  Fires and Fire Protection - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20162602533061
Title:Use efficiency and emission spatial-temporal variability of nitrogen and phosphorus for pig production in Beijing
Authors:Wei, Sha (1, 2); Ma, Lin (2); Jiang, Rongfeng (1); Bai, Zhaohai (2); Wu, Dimei (3); Xia, Lijiang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Hebei Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture, Shijiazhuang; 050021, China; (3) Beijing Environmental Monitoring Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing; 100083, China 
Corresponding author:Ma, Lin(malin1979@sjziam.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:190-196
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To meet the growing demand of livestock products, the rapid development of intensive livestock production system in peri-urban area has brought many serious environmental problems. However, little is known about the quantitative information of livestock production in peri-urban environments. In this study, we analyzed the nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency and losses and the temporal-spatial variation of pig breeding, using the data of a comprehensive survey conducted on 92 pig farms during 2012-2013 and calculated with the NUFER-animal model(nutrient flows in food chains, environment and resources-animal model). The NUFER model is a deterministic model with large databases that calculates the flows, use efficiencies, and emissions of N and P in the food chains in 31 regions of China and the national level on an annual basis. It uses a mass balance approach with detailed amount of the partitioning of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs and outputs. Then, 5 kinds of feed and manure management optimization measures were proposed using scenario analysis. From 1980 to 2013, the nitrogen use efficiency at the fattening level (fattening pigs only) increased from 17.8% to 19.0%, and the phosphorus use efficiency increased from 32.0% to 35.8%; the nitrogen use efficiency at the herd level (fattening pigs plus sows and boars) increased from 16.0% to 16.7%, and the phosphorus use efficiency decreased from 29.5% to 23.4%; the nitrogen use efficiency at the system level (soil-feed-pig breeding system) decreased from 18.5% to 11.4%, and the phosphorus use efficiency decreased from 41.6% to 17.1%. In 2013, the total nitrogen and phosphorus losses were 4.2&times;10⁴and 0.65&times;10⁴t, respectively, increasing by 56.9% and 97.0% comparing with that in 1980. The reason for this change was that the breeding mode of pig breeding changed from family and traditional mode to intensive mode. For the proportion of the feed utilization, the family was rapidly decreased, which led to the efficiency decreasing at system scale. However, due to the precision feeding and manure management, the nutrient use efficiency was increased at animal and herd level. At the same time, the government proposed many policies, laws and regulations, standards and norms since 2000, so that the nutrient use efficiency first decreased and then increased and the environmental losses first increased and then decreased from 1980 to 2013. The result also showed that the proportion of different feed sources of pig breeding in peril-urban area changed a lot in 2013. Feed gradually shifted from local production to import from abroad, and feed input conversed from the by-product feed to the main product feed. The results of spatial distribution variation showed that the environmental losses were rapidly decreased at urban and suburban area, and rapidly increased at outer suburb of Beijing. These spatial-temporal changes were mainly attributed to the urbanization and the urban development planning. Insights from pig breeding systems in peri'urban region of Beijing provide relevant guidance to the sustainable livestock production in cities of rapidly developing countries. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Efficiency
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Animals - Chains - Developing countries - Ecology - Environmental regulations - Fertilizers - Forestry - Laws and legislation - Mammals  - Manures - Nitrogen - Nutrients - Phosphorus - Urban growth - Urban planning
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental problems - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Nitrogen-use efficiency - Nutrient-use efficiencies - Phosphorus use efficiencies - Quantitative information - Spatial-temporal changes - Urban and suburban areas
Classification code:403.1  Urban Planning and Development - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 602.1  Mechanical Drives - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 913.1  Production Engineering - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20162602533040
Title:Influences of loading and radial stiffness on mechanical elastic wheel enveloping characteristics
Authors:Wang, Qiang (1); Zhao, Youqun (1); Fu, Hongxun (1); Zhang, Binbin (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing; 210016, China 
Corresponding author:Zhao, Youqun(yqzhao@nuaa.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:36-42
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To change the situation of the existing tire, developing run-flat and anti-puncture tire to guarantee high performance and security has become a consensus of the world's major tire manufacturers. Therefore, researchers have recently focused their attention on non-pneumatic tires with different structures. But the non-pneumatic tires have the disadvantage of excessive weight, complex processing technology or cooling difficult and so on. Furthermore, the process of manufacturing such tire is still in the stage of research and development. To solve the above problems, a mechanical elastic wheel (MEW) for the off-road vehicle is proposed which is a kind of non-pneumatic tire. The MEW could be realized the basic function of traditional pneumatic tire. In additional, the problems such as stinging, puncturing and blasting damage can be avoided. Thus, the MEW is greatly satisfied with requirements of safe service for the special vehicles, such as military vehicles, off-road vehicles, emergency service and disaster relief vehicle. In this paper, to solve the shock vibration transmission and improve vehicle ride performance when the MEW is running over uneven road, we studied the enveloping characteristics and influencing factors of MEW using the flexible roller contact (FRC) model and the method of the finite element simulation and experiments. The influence of loading and radial stiffness on the enveloping characteristics of the MEW was revealed according to the analysis of the effective road input. Moreover, the reliability of the model was verified. The amplitude of effective road input of MEW decreased with the increase of loading, and the disturbance length increased with the increase of loading. Under this circumstance, the radial stiffness was unchanged. And the amplitude of effective road input of MEW increased with the increase of radial stiffness, but the disturbance length decreased with the increase of radial stiffness under a certain loading. The analytical solution, finite element simulation and experimental results were in excellent agreement for the effective road input. The MEW swallowed the cleat completely when the obstacle was centred under the hub centre, and it behaved as if there were no cleat at all under a certain loading. The results indicated that the MEW had the remarkable characteristics of enveloping cleat, reducing the impact and prolonging the action time when the MEW was running over uneven road. Based on the established finite element model and the bench testing, the enveloping characteristics while traversing the obstacle at low speed was investigated, and the influence of loading and radial stiffness on the vertical dynamic mechanical response were illustrated. The vertical dynamic mechanical response of MEW increased with the increase of radial stiffness under a certain loading. In the low-deflection case, the vertical force curves were similar to a parabola. With increasing deflection, in the medium deflection case, there were two maximums and between them a minimum occurred, the trend was called camel back. The MEW swallowed the cleat completely under a certain loading, which could be called typical static enveloping characteristics. The analysis results reflected the objective law of the actual enveloping characteristics of the MEW, and provided a reference for the MEW structure optimization and the vibration characteristics of the whole vehicle. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Finite element method
Controlled terms:Automobile manufacture - Blasting - Crashworthiness - Disaster prevention - Dynamics - Emergency services - Industrial research - Loading - Loads (forces) - Manufacture  - Military vehicles - Models - Off road vehicles - Pneumatics - Radial tires - Roads and streets - Stiffness - Structural optimization - Tires - Transportation  - Vehicle transmissions - Vehicles - Vibration analysis - Vibrations (mechanical) - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Effective road input - Elastic wheels - Enveloping characteristics - Finite element simulations - Radial stiffness - Research and development - Structure optimization - Vibration characteristics
Classification code:404.1  Military Engineering - 406.2  Roads and Streets - 408  Structural Design - 537.1  Heat Treatment Processes - 601.2  Machine Components - 602.2  Mechanical Transmissions - 632.3  Pneumatics - 662.1  Automobiles - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 818.5  Rubber Products - 901.3  Engineering Research - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 931.1  Mechanics - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20162602533044
Title:Simplified calculation method and its validation of infiltration capacity for film hole irrigation
Authors:Fan, Yanwei (1, 2); Zhao, Tong (1); Zhao, Wenju (1); Bi, Guiquan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, The Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou; 730000, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:67-74
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to simplify the numerical calculation of cumulative infiltration capacity under film hole irrigation, the film hole cumulative infiltration was decomposed into vertical infiltration capacity and lateral infiltration capacity, and lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter was introduced to calculate film hole lateral infiltration capacity. The soil vertical one-dimensional infiltration characteristics and film hole infiltration characteristics were simulated by using HYDRUS-1D/3D software. According to the simulation results, the influence of film hole diameter on lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter was analyzed. It was found that the film hole diameter had little impact on lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter, and its impact on lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter could be ignored. At present, the influence factors of one dimensional infiltration and film hole diameter on lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter was the soil texture, initial moisture content and irrigation water depth. Based on this, the vertical one-dimensional infiltration depth and lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter were quantitatively analyzed by using Philip infiltration model, and the influence of soil texture, initial moisture content and irrigation water depth on lateral infiltration coefficient and vertical one-dimensional infiltration coefficient were studied. The results showed that the soil texture had large impact on both the relative sorptivity rate(the ratio of sorptivity rate of lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter to sorptivity rate of vertical one dimensional infiltration) and the relative steady infiltration rate(the ratio of steady infiltration rate of lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter to steady infiltration rate of vertical one dimensional infiltration), the relative sorptivity rate decreased slightly with the increase of initial moisture content, the decrease amplitude of the relative sorptivity rate was 5.49%-24.72%, and irrigation water depth had less influence on relative steady infiltration rate, the maximum amplitude of the relative steady infiltration rate change was 21.80%. With respect to the relative steady infiltration rate, the change of relative sorptivity rate had less impact on cumulative infiltration capacity under film hole irrigation, to simplify the calculation, the relative sorptivity rate was considered as a fixed value for the same soil texture. The relative steady infiltration rate increased with the increase of irrigation water depth, the increase amplitude of the relative steady infiltration rate was 2.55%-42.76%, and the initial moisture content had little influence on relative steady infiltration rate, and the maximum amplitude of the relative steady infiltration rate change was 2.94%. To simplify the calculation of cumulative infiltration under film hole irrigation, only irrigation water depth was considered for its effect on the relative steady infiltration rate. The relationship between vertical infiltration coefficient and lateral infiltration coefficient was established. The simplified calculating model for cumulative infiltration capacity of film hole irrigation was proposed, including the film hole diameter, irrigation water depth, sorptivity of vertical one-dimensional infiltration and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. The film hole infiltration parameters could be determined by using one-dimensional vertical infiltration parameters. The model was verified by infiltration experiments of one-dimensional vertical infiltration, experiments of film hole infiltration and the other researcher's experiment results. The results showed that the calculated values of experimental equation were consistent with the measured values(R2&ge;0.995, P&lt;0.001), and the average relative error was about 5%(4.84%~6.81%). The equation proposed here only have 2 undetermined coefficients: vertical one-dimensional infiltration characteristics and film hole infiltration characteristics. It was simple enough for accurately predicting film hole infiltration characteristics. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Hydraulic conductivity - Irrigation - Moisture - Moisture determination - Numerical analysis - Soils - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Film hole irrigation - Film holes - Infiltration characteristic - Infiltration coefficients - Parameter - Saturated hydraulic conductivity - Simplified calculation method - Undetermined coefficients
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 632.1  Hydraulics - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20162602533052
Title:Feed intake distribution model for herd based on grazing spatio-temporal trajectory data
Authors:Wang, Chuanjian (1, 2, 3); Wang, Weiqiang (1, 2, 3); Lu, Weihua (4); Wen, Chunlei (1, 2, 3); Yin, Xiaojun (1, 2, 3); Zhao, Qingzhan (1, 2, 3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China; (2) Geospatial Information Engineering Research Center, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi; 832000, China; (3) Geospatial Information Engineering Laboratory, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi; 832000, China; (4) College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832003, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:125-130
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Overgrazing is one of the main reasons of grassland degradation. How to monitor the temporal and spatial distribution of feed intake rapidly and effectively is very important for formulating scientific and rational grazing plan and protecting the grassland. Due to Xinjiang's remote geographic location and vast area, traditional ways of collecting data about feed intake such as recording the data manually is not efficient. With the rapid development of global navigation satellite system, the grazing trajectory data of heads can be collected conveniently. Grazing trajectory records the information of feeding process such as time, position and velocity. In this paper, a temporal and spatial distribution model of feed intake based on trajectory data of grazing is proposed. The establishment of the proposed model consists of 2 steps: constructing the distribution of feed intake with the minimum temporal and spatial granularity, which is used to calculate the feeding intake distribution of the herds in one day, and generating the distribution of feed intake with the multiple temporal and spatial granularities, which is used to describe the feeding intake distribution of the herds in a bigger temporal and spatial granularity. To obtain the distribution of feed intake with the minimum temporal and spatial granularity, the grazing region is computed by building buffer zone using grazing trajectory data. Then the theoretical feeding intake of herds is allocated upon the grazing region evenly to acquire the temporal and spatial distribution model of feed intake. To generate the distribution of feed intake with the multiple temporal and spatial granularities, the target grassland is divided into grids and the distribution of every feed intake with the minimum temporal and spatial granularity is mapped into the grids, and then the multiple temporal and spatial granularities are computed by overlapping the feeding intake grids. The model is subsequently utilized to compute the feed intake distribution. We collected grazing trajectory data of sheep in the studied grassland from July to October in 2015. Taking these grazing trajectory data as input, the model gives the corresponding feed intake distribution. The model result shows that: 1) Feed intake is relatively higher in those places where trajectory points are intensive; 2) Feed intake distribution varies with the different period, which is highly consistent with rotational grazing cycle; 3) There is a significant negative correlation between feed intake and slope of terrain. To verify the accuracy of the proposed model, we randomly chose 59 sample areas of 1 m²in grazing region and computed the forage surplus of each sample area. We analyzed the correlation between feed intake and forage surplus of each sample area. The result shows the modeled feed intake is significantly negatively correlated with forage surplus, with a correlation coefficient of -0.704, and the accuracy of the model is 86.2%. Thus, the model is useful for rapid acquisition of feed intake's distribution information in vast area, and it also provides an efficient method to monitor feed intake distribution in grazing grassland. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Spatial distribution
Controlled terms:Feeding - Models - Monitoring - Trajectories - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Buffer areas - Correlation coefficient - Feed intake - Global Navigation Satellite Systems - Grazing - Grid overlays - Spatio-temporal trajectories - Temporal and spatial distribution
Classification code:691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 921  Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:20162602533051
Title:Design of remote acquisition node of low-cost multispectral image for field monitoring
Authors:Yin, Jianjun (1); Zhang, Tiemin (2); Ke, Xinrong (2); Xiao, Kehui (1); Xiao, Deqin (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China 
Corresponding author:Zhang, Tiemin(tm-zhang@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:118-124
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Analyzing the multispectral images of sensitive bands of crops obtained through multispectral image acquisition devices, has currently become an important means to assess the growth status of crops. However, the existing multispectral image acquisition devices have some shortcomings, such as expensive in price, huge in volume, low in resolution. Further, it is labor-intensive and time-consumed to carry the device to reality environment. To this end, a low cost and high resolution multispectral image remote acquisition node is designed in this paper, and it is deployed in a field to capture multispectral images of crops in real time which are remotely transmitted to the server in order to achieve continuous monitoring for the growth status of crops. The designed node can simultaneously capture RGB images and spectral images in 3 different bands with the resolution of up to 5 mega pixels, and its filters are replaceable. Thus, the node can be deployed in different environments to capture images of different crops. The system control module of the node is constructed by integrating a low-cost high-performance S3C6410 chip produced by Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, and a peripheral circuit designed by ourselves. The multispectral image acquisition module of the node is constructed by combining a CMOS image sensor OV5640 with a mechanical filters switching device designed by ourselves. To transmit the images remotely, a third generation (3G) module is integrated into the node, which communicates through 3G wireless networks widely used in China. S3C6410 is a low cost chip, OV5640 as a CMOS sensor is much cheaper than CCD sensors, and the mechanical filters switching method is much cheaper than others, so the cost of the node is inexpensive. To ensure the stability and reliability of the node, the powerful embedded Linux operating system is employed as the software development platform. And based on this platform, a modular designing method is adopted to program the software system of the node, realizing the drive control of the filter switching device, capturing images periodically, compressing images and transmitting images through 3G networks in C/C++ language. In order to verify the performance of the node, the node is deployed in a farmland for a series of experiments. To ensure the node works stably in the field, where the climate is changeable and the infrastructure is absent, the node is encapsulated in a waterproof spherical shield, and a solar panel plus rechargeable batteries are used to supply power for it. The experimental results indicate that the node can automatically capture RGB images and images of 3 different bands of 550, 650 and 800 nm, and transmit them to the server through 3G wireless communication networks. The total time consumed to capture and transmit 4 images with a size of 133 kB is about 45.27 s. Aiming at the package loss problem arising in experiments, an image automatic retransmission mechanism is designed based on selective repeat ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) protocol, which makes the package loss rate dropped to 0.54%, realizing the reliable transmission of images. The experiments validate the node designed in this work can capture multispectral images in real time and transmit them remotely, and satisfy the requirements of multispectral image acquisition in real agricultural field environments. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Image acquisition
Controlled terms:3G mobile communication systems - C (programming language) - CMOS integrated circuits - Computer operating systems - Costs - Crops - Data acquisition - Data communication systems - Digital storage - Electromechanical filters  - Error correction - Image sensors - Integrated circuit design - Optical filters - Pixels - Sensors - Software design - Software reliability - Spectroscopy - Telecommunication networks  - Wireless telecommunication systems
Uncontrolled terms:3G wireless communications - Acquisition node - Automatic repeat request - Automatic retransmission - Embedded linux operating systems - Multispectral images - Remote acquisition - Stability and reliabilities
Classification code:703.2  Electric Filters - 714.2  Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 716  Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.3  Optical Devices and Systems - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 911  Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 42>

Accession number:20162602533038
Title:Comparison of hydraulic performance between vertical shaft and shaft extension tubular pumping system
Authors:Xie, Rongsheng (1); Tang, Fangping (1); Liu, Chao (1); Yang, Fan (1); Shi, Lijian (1); Xie, Chuanliu (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Hydraulic Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou; 225100, China 
Corresponding author:Tang, Fangping(tangfp@yzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:24-30
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:By keeping the blade and guide vane model unchanged, and the same length of the whole pumping system, in this paper, we simulated the hydraulic performance of the vertical shaft and shaft extension tubular pumping system with the commercial CFD software, and the experiment of vertical shaft tubular pumping system was done to verify the numerical calculation, the head and efficiency difference between model test and CFD was less than 1% under design flow condition, but large under undersign flow condition. By comparing the performance of independent impeller and pumping system of the vertical shaft, we found that the efficiency of independent impeller was high and the highest value was 92.09% at the design point, and the efficiency of pumping system was easily effected by hydraulic loss in the passage inlet, passage outlet and guide vane. The highest efficiency happened when the head was 2.69 m and reduced to 76.2% when the hydraulic loss in the passage inlet, passage outlet and guide vane was 0.46 m. The result showed that the hydraulic characteristic was different with the influence of different inlet and outlet conduit. The hydraulic loss of inlet conduit was less, but the victory distribution in the outlet section of the inlet conduit had a relationship with the characteristic of blade. The hydraulic loss of outlet conduit was large, and it affected the hydraulic performance of pumping system. The result of the performance indicated that the efficiency of the shaft extension pumping system was 5.3% lower than vertical shaft under 1.25 design flow condition, but was 4.5%, 3.5% higher under 1.0, 0.59 design flow condition. When only considering the hydraulic performance of the blade, the hydraulic performance of shaft extension tubular pump was slightly higher just under large flow condition. By analyzing the inlet velocity distributions, we found that when the motor position was in back, the water flow on the inlet of the impeller was near to the hub due to the water guide cone. When the motor position was in front, the water flow on the inlet of the impeller was near to the shroud due to the contraction of inlet conduit. When the flow trend to the hub, circumferential velocity did not change, axial velocity around the hub increased. As flow angle increased, attack angle and work ability decreased. Inlet flow angle around the rim decreased, attack angle and work ability increased. And blade with shaft extension pumping system had a slightly good performance under large and design flow condition, but not better than vertical shaft under very low flow condition. The difference of blade performance was mainly cause by the different inlet velocity distributions, and the characteristic of outlet conduit affected the pumping system performance. By comparing the hydraulic loss between shaft extension and straight outlet conduit, we obtained the following conclusions: 1) For the length of shaft extension outlet conduit was longer, the route loss was bigger, and the hydraulic loss was bigger than straight outlet conduit under large flow rate. 2) When the circulation on the inlet of the outlet conduit was bigger, the relatively spread angle was less, the local loss was much more less, and the total hydraulic loss was less than straight outlet conduit. 3)The hydraulic loss distribution of the outlet conduit was the mainly reason for the difference of the pumping station. The head of 1.27 m was the dividing line of the two type tubular pumping systems in this paper, the efficiency of vertical shaft was higher when the head was low, and vice versa. This paper provides useful reference on the selection of low head pumping station. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Pumps
Controlled terms:Computational fluid dynamics - Computer simulation - Design - Efficiency - Flow of water - Hydraulics - Impellers - Inlet flow - Pumping plants - Software testing  - Velocity - Velocity distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Circumferential velocity - Hydraulic characteristic - Hydraulic loss - Hydraulic loss distributions - Hydraulic performance - Low-head pumping stations - Numerical calculation - Tubular pumps
Classification code:446  Waterworks - 601.2  Machine Components - 618.2  Pumps - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 631.1.1  Liquid Dynamics - 632.1  Hydraulics - 723.5  Computer Applications - 913.1  Production Engineering - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 43>

Accession number:20162602533036
Title:Experimental verification and simulation analysis on power consumption of disc type ditcher
Authors:Kang, Jianming (1, 3); Li, Shujun (1); Yang, Xuejun (1, 2); Liu, Lijing (1, 2); Li, Changrong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Collaborative Innovation Center for Southern Grain and Oil Crop, Changsha; 410128, China; (3) Mechanical Equipment Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi; 832000, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Shujun(lisj@caams.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:13
Issue date:July 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:8-15
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to investigate the general rule of soil conditions and working parameters on power consumption of disc type ditcher, LS-DYNA software which transient dynamic finite element analysis using explicit time integration was employed to simulate the process of soil cutting in this paper, and MAT147 model was used as constitutive model to build soil model, then with given specific parameters, the characteristics of yellow loam in north China was simulated. Due to the complexity of construction for ditching part, the model was initially set up in Soildworks, then imported into LS-DYNA. In order to shorten the operation time, the secondary characteristics such as chamfer, fillet and connection, etc, was omitted. Aiming to study the physical process of soil cutting, we stimulated the finite element model of soil cutting by using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics. The deformation of soil was generated when subjected to extrusion of blade. As the amount of deformation was big enough, the soil would be broken. According to the results of simulation, the relationship between power consumption and time of ditching part in soil cutting process was obtained. Any two blades mounted in disk were simultaneously used to assure cutting smoothness and steady. As such, the second blade has been inserted into soil before the first one departed from soil. The total power assumption included kinetic energy from rotational motion of ditching part and internal energy from interaction with soils. At the beginning of soil cutting, power consumption increased quickly, which was caused by a great deal of power consumption needed during the process of soil deformation and broken. According to the results of simulation, it was found that the cutting power consumed was from 0 to 24.2 kW during the time of 0 to 13 ms, the consumption reached maximum 36.26 kW, when cutting motion arrived at the time of 26 ms. After that, the power consumption tended to be stable, indicating that the binding force tended to be less after the soil particle was destroyed. The cutting force was then maintained at steady state, so the power consumption subsequently changed slowly and maintained about 32.5 kW. Orthogonal simulation experiment was carried out with soil firmness, rotation speed of cutting wheel and ditching depth as experiment factors and with power consumption of rotary ditching part as assessment index. It can be concluded that soil firmness, rotation speed of cutting disk and ditching depth had a larger effect on power consumption. Using range analysis method and variance analysis method to determine the importance index for power consumption, the results were: soil firmness, ditching depth, rotation speed of cutting disk. The mathematical model of impact factor and performance index was then established using MATLAB software, the minimum power consumption was 32.5 kW when the parameters of soil firmness, rotary velocity and ditching depth were 120 N/cm², 225 r/min and 405 mm, respectively. Finally, the field test was conducted to verify the accuracy of simulation results and optional parameters, it has shown that the relative error between theoretical and testing values was 5.68% showing that the simulated value was basically coincided with testing value, which proved that the modeling and simulating methods adopted met the content requirement. The results provide reference for the product designers to select economic power consumption parameters and working conditions with different working parameters. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Finite element method
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Deformation - Disks (machine components) - Electric power supplies to apparatus - Electric power utilization - Hydrodynamics - Kinetic energy - Kinetics - MATLAB - Rotation  - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Ditching - Economic power consumption - Experimental verification - Explicit time integration - Modeling and simulating - Simulated analysis - Smoothed particle hydrodynamics - Variance analysis methods
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 601.2  Machine Components - 706.1  Electric Power Systems - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921  Mathematics - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1  Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.13.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.