<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20162602533005
Title:Development of underground sprinkler irrigation device based on steel ball driving
Authors:Zhang, Guohua (1); Xie, Chongbao (1); Lu, Shaohua (2); Xie, Shiyou (3)
Author affiliation:(1) China Irrigation and Drainage Development Center, Beijing; 100054, China; (2) China Green Water International Consulting Co., Ltd, Beijing; 100054, China; (3) In irrigation Run Yin of Water-saving Irrigation Equipment (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing; 101302, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:102-106
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sprinkler irrigation is a common method of supplying irrigation water and similar to natural rainfall. Sprinkler irrigation is used to assist the cultivation of agricultural crops, the maintenance of landscapes, and the revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas during the period with inadequate rainfall. However, existing sprinkler irrigation devices can't be applied below the soil surface, and they must be equipped with protective devices buried in the soil. Therefore, crop pruning (especially high-frequency crop pruning), plowing and harvesting are significantly affected. In addition, little attention has been given to solve these problems. The objective of this study was to develop a good-performing sprinkler irrigation device situated below the soil surface. The existing sprinkling irrigation device, which consisted of an underground nozzle, a telescopic tube and a water tube, was improved. A thread was used to connect the telescopic tube and the underground nozzle. The water tube guided the water, and was part of the telescopic tube. The water tube could prevent dirt from entering the tube and ensure that the telescopic tube moved up and down smoothly. The telescopic tube was connected to the underground nozzle, and could supply water to the nozzle. The water tube was buried underground and connected with the water pipeline. The telescopic tube could move vertically along the water tube wall and extend to or retract from the ground. The top of the telescopic tube was connected to the underground nozzle. The underground nozzle device included sleeves, inner tube, hollow column, back plate, gear, rotary mechanism, connecting tube, joggle, filter element, elastic element and spray nozzle. The new sprinkling irrigation device was installed below the soil plow layer without a protection device. Therefore, the new sprinkler irrigation device had no effect on plowing. The function of drilling soil was connected with new sprinkling irrigation device, which could move from the soil plow layer to the height of irrigation. When the sprinkler irrigation device moved to the irrigation height, it could irrigate the soil. The rotation mechanism of new sprinkler irrigation device was equipped with a ball that hit and drove, which was a solution for clogged nozzles. After irrigation, the sprinklers could move back below the soil plow layer, allowing crop pruning and harvest. Compared with the existing mobile sprinkler irrigation system, the new device needed less work strength and had higher efficiency. The new device was in line with the national standards in GB/T22999, and suffered no damage under the maximum working pressure. The deviation of coverage diameter was within ±5% under 0.3 MPa. The variation of the sprinkler discharge rate was within ±5%. Rainfall distribution characteristics were in line with the national standards in GB/T19795.1. The new sprinklers underwent extensive quality testing in the laboratory. Moreover, device performance was also tested in the field to ensure uniform water distribution and higher efficiency. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:13
Main heading:Sprinkler systems (irrigation)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Crops - Cultivation - Design - Efficiency - Hose - Irrigation - Rain - Revegetation - Soil conservation - Soils - Spray nozzles - Spraying - Tubes (components) - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Protective devices - Rainfall distribution - Rotation functions - Rotation mechanism - Sprinkler irrigation - Sprinkling irrigation - Underground - Water distributions
Classification code:442.2 Land Reclamation - 443.3 Precipitation - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20162602532999
Title:Surface texturing design and frictional experiment of friction pair of grease lubricated spherical plain bearings
Authors:Tang, Zhanqi (1, 2); Liu, Xiaojun (1); Pang, Minghua (1); Liu, Kun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei; 230009, China; (2) Chemical Science and Engineering College, Beifang University of Nationalities, Yinchuan; 750021, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Kun(liukun@hfut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:61-67
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Surface texturing is an efficient method to produce various microstructures on the friction face. It has been used in many fields. As a surface-engineering technique, it is used for reducing and controlling friction and wear, to improve reliability of mechanical components and enhance its service life. Research on surface texturing was conducted to find the optimal texturing parameters such as texture depth, width/diameter and area density, and it was still a trial-and-error approach. In order to investigate the relationship between texturing parameters and three-dimensional (3D) surface characterization parameters, and the correlation between tribological behavior and surface characterization parameters, we firstly designed 2 types of surface textures, i.e. grooved and dimpled microstructures. They had different texture depth, width or diameter, spacing and area density. Then laser ablation was performed on the inner surfaces of spherical plain bearings. All specimens were measured to obtain 3D topography and 3D roughness parameters by using a non-contact 3D surface profiler. The textured surface topography was characterized by surface topography parameters including skewness, kurtosis, and mean dale volume. Finally, tribological tests were conducted on an electro-hydraulic servo tribological test rig under different normal loads and sliding speeds. In the tests, all specimens were lubricated with molybdenum disulfide lithium-based grease. For the relation between texturing parameters and characterization parameters, it was demonstrated that the texturing parameters significantly affected the surface characterization parameters. For a certain type texture, when the texturing area density and width (or diameter) were constant, the values of kurtosis and mean dale volume increased and the skewness decreased (i.e. larger negative skewness) with the increase of texturing depth. When the texturing depth and width (or diameter) were constant, the arithmetical mean deviation and root mean square deviation of the profile and the skewness decreased, and the kurtosis and mean dale volume increased with the decrease of the texturing area density. It was suggested that we could obtain desired surface topography parameters by changing the texturing parameters. As for the influence of characterization parameters on the tribological performance, the results showed that under the present experimental conditions, the characterization parameters skewness and kurtosis had remarkable effects on the friction coefficient of the sliding surface. For a certain type surface texturing, under the same operating conditions, a specimen with more negative skewness and greater kurtosis would show smaller friction coefficient. And in general, the friction coefficient decreased with the increase of mean dale volume, but the effect was not obvious. The results also indicated that the spherical plain bearing with well-designed textured friction surface exhibited lower friction at different normal loads and sliding speeds compared with un-textured one. The maximum reduction in friction coefficient was 46.2% (grooved texturing) and 60% (dimpled texturing) at 20 kN load and 20.9 mm/s sliding speed. Under grease lubrication conditions, the relation curves of friction coefficient versus sliding speed were straighter than that obtained under oil lubrication conditions. For both grooved and dimpled textured surfaces, the effect of speeds on the friction coefficient is not distinct. In addition, lower texturing area density and higher depth will contribute to the forming of steady flow between the friction surfaces and within the micro cavities, which is helpful to capture bigger particles and as a result, exhibits better tribological performance. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Surface topography
Controlled terms:Characterization - Design - Friction - Higher order statistics - Laser ablation - Lubrication - Microstructure - Parameter estimation - Speed - Spheres - Statistical methods - Surface properties - Topography - Tribology
Uncontrolled terms:Arithmetical mean deviation - Grease lubrication - Root mean square deviations - Surface characterization - Surface-engineering techniques - Surface-texturing - Three-dimensional (3D) surfaces - Tribological performance
Classification code:607.2 Lubrication - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20162602533031
Title:Effects of infestation by Rhyzopertha dominica in different development stages on wheat storage protein structure
Authors:Zhang, Yurong (1); Zuo, Xiangli (1); Bao, Jie (1); Zhou, Xianqing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering Research Center of Grain Storage and Security of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Grain Storage and Transportation, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou; 450001, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Xianqing(xianqingzh@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:287-294
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a kind of the stored grain insect pests bored inside grains, the damages caused by Rhyzopertha dominica are very serious in the process of wheat storage, and it has severe impacts to wheat quality in many aspects, such as starch, lipid, protein, and so on. In order to explore the effects of infestation by Rhyzopertha dominica in different growth and development stages on wheat storage protein structure, and provide some references for the detection of wheat quality and the growth and development of stored grain insect pests in the process of wheat storage,the wheat infected by Rhyzopertha dominica was taken as the research material. The glutenin macropolymer content, Zeleny sedimentation value, gluten moisture capacity and protein secondary structure were inspected and analyzed, as well as the content of thiol (-SH) and disulfide bond (-S-S-) and gluten microstructures of wheat infected by Rhyzopertha dominica in different growth and development stages i.e. egg stage, larval stage, pupa stage and adult stage. The results showed that in the 4 growth and development stages of lesser grain borer, the Zeleny sedimentation value, glutenin macropolymer conten and β-turn had an increasing trend in general, while the content of -SH and β-pleated sheet showed a completely opposite change trend. The gluten water absorption capacity, and the content of -S-S- and α-helix showed a downward trend first and then an upward trend, and the change of random curl content showed an opposite trend. The lesser grain borer in the egg stage did less harm to wheat storage protein structure, and just the gluten water absorption capacity and β-turn content had a great change (P<0.05), while the lesser grain borer in larval stage and pupa stage had a serious damage to wheat storage protein structure. Compared to the control samples of the insect-free wheat with the relevant infection stages under the same experimental conditions, the Zeleny sedimentation value, content of glutenin macropolymer, β-turn and random curl of wheat infected by lesser grain borer in the larval and pupa stages increased significantly (P<0.05), but the gluten water absorption capacity, content of -SH and -S-S-, α-helix and β-pleated sheet decreased (P<0.05). In addition, the microstructure analysis results showed that the micro fiber filament increased and the surface of gluten got rough, the structure got loose and scattered, and the structure fracture became more and more severe with the growth and development of lesser grain borer. Until the stage of adult, some microstructure of gluten could not even be identified. All the experiment results show that the damages on wheat protein structure are severe with the growth and development of lesser grain borer inside wheat granules. Accordingly, timely control on lesser grain borer is necessary and it will reduce the damage to wheat storage protein structure before infestation by Rhizopertha dominica in the larval and pupa stages. The research results provide the reference for the control of the lesser grain borer for the wheat during the storage. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Covalent bonds - Energy storage - Grain growth - Microstructure - Proteins - Quality control - Sedimentation - Storage (materials) - Water absorption
Uncontrolled terms:Development stages - Experimental conditions - Growth and development - Microstructure analysis - Protein secondary structure - Rhyzopertha dominica - Water absorption capacity - Wheat
Classification code:525.7 Energy Storage - 694.4 Storage - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 933.1.2 Crystal Growth - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20162602533026
Title:Identification method for different moldy degrees of maize using electronic nose coupled with multi-features fusion
Authors:Yin, Yong (1); Hao, Yinfeng (1); Yu, Huichun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food & Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang; 471023, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:254-260
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this paper, in order to improve correct rate of discrimination result of different moldy degrees of maize using the electronic nose (E-nose), the influence of different feature combination representation types of E-nose signals on the discrimination result of moldy maize was studied in depth. In our investigation, the maize with 5 kinds of different moldy degrees was identification objects, and there were a total of 40 samples for each kind of moldy maize. Firstly, 30 samples were randomly selected from each kind of moldy maize for forming a training set (totaling 150 samples), and the rest 10 samples were used to form a corresponding test set (totaling 50 samples). To verify the robustness of this research finding, 5 groups of training sets and their corresponding test sets were randomly generated and respectively tested by the E-nose, and the test signals of the 5 groups of training sets and test sets were obtained; meanwhile their discrimination results were also compared with each other. Secondly, integral value (INV), average differential value (ADV) and relative steady-state average value (RSAV) of E-nose signals were extracted as 3 kinds of feature values; the five groups of training sets and corresponding test sets were respectively represented by each feature value, and also by their combination feature values. Then, the 5 groups of training sets were respectively analyzed by Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA) and 5 FDA analysis models were established, and then their corresponding test sets were used to verify the 5 FDA models. FDA results showed that: when the E-nose signals were represented by single feature or 2 features' combination, different moldy degrees of maize could not be discriminated effectively, but the correct rate of discrimination results based on 2 features' combination was better than that of the single feature, and the highest correct rate of single feature was 86%, while the highest correct rate of 2 features' combination was 96%; the identification ability of FDA was improved under the condition of 3 features' combination, the correct rate of discrimination result was at least up to 96%, and the highest correct rate of 3 features' combination was 100%. In addition, the feature representation difference of each sensor response signal was inspected with the help of Wilks Λ-statistic, and the feature parameters of each sensor response signal based on 3 features' combination were selected and determined. FDA results displayed that the discrimination results of the maize with different moldy degrees before and after feature parameter selection were very similar, and the highest and the lowest correct rate based on feature parameter selection were 100% and 96%, respectively. So, it is necessary for the different sensors to be represented using different feature parameters so as to reflect their differences fully, and thereby the analysis complexity of E-nose can be reduced availably. The research finding clearly shows that the response signal of E-nose to moldy maize can be more effectively represented using multi-feature fusion, and the correct rate of discrimination result can be improved; at the same time, the research finding may not lose generality and provides a new idea of feature representation for E-nose signal. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Electronic nose
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Discriminant analysis - Fisher information matrix - Identification (control systems) - Nondestructive examination - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Electronic nose (e-nose) - Feature combination - Feature representation - Fisher discriminant analysis - Identification method - Moldy maize - Multi-features fusions - Wilks
Classification code:731.1 Control Systems - 801 Chemistry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922 Statistical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20162602533020
Title:Liquefaction of wheat straw catalyzed by acidic ionic liquid and analysis of liquefied products
Authors:Guan, Qian (1); Jiang, Jianchun (1, 2); Xu, Junming (1, 2); Wang, Kui (1); Feng, Junfeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy Forestry, National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing; 210042, China; (2) Jiangsu Qianglin Biomass Energy Co., Ltd., Liyang; 213364, China
Corresponding author:Jiang, Jianchun(bio-energy@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:206-211
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the increasing energy requirements and pollution problems worldwide, energy from renewable resources has received global attention in recent decades. Biomass is one of the most abundant renewable resources. It mainly includes forest residues, agricultural wastes, industrial residues, municipal solid wastes, bagasse, aquatic plants, and algae animal wastes. Due to the advantages of abundance, non-polluting, being renewable and easy to obtain, biomass is considered as the most promising energy feedstock to replace the traditional energy. Meanwhile, it is the only resource that can be converted into solid, liquid, and gaseous products for use of fuels. Thermo-chemical conversion is an effective technology of biomass conversion. Liquefaction is the typical thermo-chemical technology for the conversion of biomass to obtain liquid biofuels and valuable chemicals, such as bio-oil and fuel additives. The conversion process is not only influenced by organic reagents but also by different catalysts. Effective catalyst is an essential factor to improve liquefaction efficiency. As catalyst, sulfuric acid has very strong corrosion and needs high-quality liquefaction equipment, and its recycling is difficult. Solid acid is used to overcome shortcomings of organic acid in the liquefaction, but it is easy to form coke to cause the deactivation of catalyst, and needs to be calcined before re-use, which increases the reaction cost. Now, it is found that the ionic liquid has non-corrosiveness, low melting point, high thermal stability and low vapor pressure, and some other merits. It has a broad application prospect used as solvents and catalysts in catalytic reactions. Ionic liquid, especially sulfonated bisulfate ionic liquid can dissolve cellulose, because it has higher acidic sites that can easily break the hydrogen bonds of biomass material, and promote the degradation and conversion of cellulose. At present, ionic liquid is usually used to catalyze carbohydrate, which is changed into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). The report about producing levulinate from agriculture waste catalyzed by ionic liquids is rare. Therefore, we choose wheat straw as raw material and ionic liquids as catalyst in the liquefaction process. In this study, 1-methyl-3-(4-Sulfobutyl)-imidazolium hydrosulfate is synthesized and used as catalyst for the liquefaction of wheat straw in ethanol. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance carbon-13 spectrum (<sup>13</sup>C NMR), thermo gravimetric analyzer (TG) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) characterized the structure of ionic liquid and liquid products. The synthesized ionic liquid is confirmed to be 1-methyl-3-(4-Sulfobutyl)-imidazolium hydrosulfate. Results of the experiments show that the ionic liquid has the optimum catalytic properties for the liquefaction of wheat straw. Under the conditions that wheat the straw mass is 5 g, the mass fraction of catalyst is 26%, the reaction temperature is 200℃, and the reaction time is 60 min, a high conversion rate of 85.5% is obtained; under the conditions, the yield of ethyl levulinate is 9.97%, and the relative percentage content of ethyl levulinate is 29.9% in liquid products. The liquid products include aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids, phenols and other oxygenated chemicals; among them, phenols are from the degradation of lignin mainly, and the other compounds are from the degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose principally. The results can provide theoretical basis for the development and utilization of low corrosive and environment-friendly catalysts, which will be used on liquefaction to prepare high grade chemicals. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Ionic liquids
Controlled terms:Additives - Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Bioconversion - Biofuels - Biomass - Carbon - Catalysis - Catalysts - Cellulose - Chemicals - Chromatography - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Fuel additives - Gas chromatography - Hydrogen bonds - Indicators (chemical) - Industrial plants - Ketones - Liquefaction - Liquid chromatography - Liquids - Mass spectrometry - Municipal solid waste - Nuclear magnetic resonance - Phenols - Radioactive waste disposal - Straw - Thermogravimetric analysis
Uncontrolled terms:5 hydroxymethyl furfurals - Development and utilizations - Ethyl levulinate - Fourier transform infrared spectrometer - Gas chromatography-mass spectrometries (GC-MS) - High thermal stability - Thermochemical Conversion - Thermogravimetric analyzers
Classification code:452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 622.5 Radioactive Wastes - 801 Chemistry - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20162602533002
Title:Distribution performance analysis and test of low speed high torque water hydraulic motor
Authors:Wang, Zhiqiang (1); Ni, Jing (1); Gao, Dianrong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou; 310018, China; (2) College of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao; 066004, China
Corresponding author:Ni, Jing(nijing2000@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:81-87
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the volumetric efficiency of low speed high torque water hydraulic motor, the flow distribution performance of port plate pair is analyzed quantitatively. Taking the port plate pair of low speed high torque water hydraulic motor as the main research object, the mathematical models of the leakage flow and power loss of the end face of port plate and rotor are established by the equilibrium equation and the flow equation. Due to the irregularities of middle seal belt, the leakage flow is not calculated by using the existing equations. It needs to be approximately divided into 5 parts. Then based on the pressure-flow equation, the leakage flow formulas of the end face of port plate are derived in detail. Whereafter, according to the principle of hydrostatic pressure bearing, the working character of port plate is calculated and analyzed. The water film thickness, medium temperature and rotating speed of port plate and rotor can be the performance indices of the port plate pair. And the effects of clearance, temperature and rotating speed on flow distribution performance of water hydraulic motor are analyzed in different supply flow ways. The research shows that when the clearance is increased, the leakage flow and the power loss of port plate and rotor are increased. And the higher the temperature of water, the more the power loss of port plate. Meanwhile, when the inner ring is working, the performance of low speed high torque water hydraulic motor is better than that when the outer ring is working. Consequently, the clearance and water temperature should be decreased in order to reduce the leakage flow and the power loss of port plate pair and improve the volumetric efficiency and the properties of water hydraulic motor. But the water film can't decrease unlimitedly. Taking friction, wear, lubrication and manufacture into consideration, the water film thickness should be controlled at about 4-6 µm. Due to the increase of power loss, with water temperature increasing, the low speed high torque water hydraulic motor does not work for a long time under the condition of higher temperature. When all things are considered, the water temperature should be controlled at (20±5)℃. Meanwhile, the principle prototype of low speed high torque water hydraulic motor is designed and made on the basis of these studies. To analyze the characteristics of prototype, no-load and loading test are respectively carried out. Based on the experiment, the corresponding performance curves are obtained. The experimental results show that developing low speed high torque water hydraulic motor is feasible, with its minimum pressure of 0.7 MPa at no-load. When the load is 45 N·m and the rotating speed is 150 r/min, the maximum pressure is 2.9 MPa. As the torque increases, the mechanical efficiency will increase accordingly, but the volumetric efficiency will decrease. Meanwhile, the mechanical and volumetric efficiency of water hydraulic motor are greatly improved with the increase of revolving speed. In the experiments with a load, the volumetric and mechanical efficiencies of principle prototype of water hydraulic motor are 90.97% and 93.59%, respectively. Furthermore, the principle and feasibility are verified for the developed low speed high torque water hydraulic motor by the experiment, as well as the correctness of the study results. Moreover, the theory of design and the key technical problems of low speed high torque water hydraulic motor are solved. This research lays a good base for further development in the future. And the research work can also improve the converting efficiency, prolong the no-failure lifetime of key parts, reveal failure mechanism and establish new design theories and methods of water hydraulic motor. Therefore, the study on this project has not only important theory significance, but also a vast application prospect. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Hydraulic motors
Controlled terms:Efficiency - Film thickness - Hydrostatic pressure - Leakage (fluid) - Machinery - Mechanization - Models - Outages - Rotating machinery - Speed - Temperature - Torque
Uncontrolled terms:Application prospect - Clearance - Leakage flow - Mechanical efficiency - Port plate pairs - Power-losses - Volumetric efficiency - Water hydraulic motor
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 601.1 Mechanical Devices - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 706.1 Electric Power Systems - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20162602533029
Title:Design and implementation of cloud service system for cold chain logistics of fresh agricultural products based on component integration
Authors:Zhang, Chi (1, 2); Zhang, Xiaodong (1); Wang, Dengwei (2, 3); Wang, Yahui (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Xiaodong(zhangxd@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:273-279
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The information service for cold chain logistics of fresh agriculture product can effectively reduce the loss and improve distributing efficiency, and many researchers have been committed to the area and obtained fruitful results. But current related research achievement can't be popularized in large areas due to the research cost and response speed to user's individualized requirements. Referring to the existing research, this study made an in-depth investigation and analysis of information requirement in 12 enterprises which were engaged in the cold chain logistics of fresh agricultural products, and designed a public service system for cold chain logistics of fresh agricultural product based on cloud service and component integration. The public service system was divided into 3 parts, i.e. the data center which managed the business data and established a standard communication protocol for the access of iot (Internet of things) monitoring equipment; the component center made up of multiple web components, each of which was an independent functional unit such as vehicle monitor, real-time warning and order playback, and enterprise users could choose the corresponding components according to their actual needs; the application release center, which published the personalized system for different users by recognizing the authentic identity and integrating the business components, and rapidly responded to user needs through cloud services. Since 2013, the application of public service system for cold chain logistics of fresh agricultural product was displayed in Beijing, Shanghai and Xinjiang. The system provided information solution of cold chain logistics for 12 enterprises and the services covered production, processing and distribution of agricultural products. Through cloud service technology, the data center and component center were deployed in National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, and users managed the vehicles, orders and other types of data by using web plug-ins and applications. The practical application result showed that the customization and combination of components could quickly respond to the individual needs of different enterprises. The way of cloud service made multiple users to share the costs of research and development of the system, so it was possible for small and medium enterprises to get high quality information service for cold chain logistics with a lower cost. Meanwhile, the system cloud flexibly docked with the tripartite system by using standard data communication protocol such as JSON and Http, and it was convenient for enterprise users to complete the integration between customized components and their own system without the unnecessary duplication of efforts. In a word, the research results in this paper provide an available solution for the information service for cold chain logistics and give a good experience for the popularization of agricultural information application system. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Vehicle to vehicle communications
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Agriculture - Chains - Costs - Data communication equipment - Data integration - Distributed database systems - HTTP - Hypertext systems - Information services - Integration - Internet protocols - Logistics - Management - Product design
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture products - Cloud services - Component libraries - Model base - Personalized service
Classification code:602.1 Mechanical Drives - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 903.4 Information Services - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912.2 Management - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.2 Calculus
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20162602533017
Title:Mixed ensiling quality of maize straw with waste cabbage and biogas production potential analysis
Authors:Ren, Haiwei (1, 2, 3); Wang, Cong (3); Dou, Junwei (3); Li, Zhizhong (3); Li, Jinping (1, 2); Sun, Yongming (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Western China Energy & Environment Research Center, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (2) Gansu Key Laboratory of Complementary Energy System of Biomass and Solar Energy, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (3) School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou; 510640, China
Corresponding author:Li, Jinping(lijinping77@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:187-194
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Growing energy consumption and diminishing fossil fuel supplies have encouraged increased research on renewable energy sources and development of new energy production processes. Biogas production from agricultural biomass is of growing importance as it offers considerable environmental benefits and alleviates the environmental pollution. Maize straw (MS), a substantial source of lignocellulosic biomass is the prevailing material producing biogas for large and medium sized biogas plants because of abundant cellulose and hemicellulose. In the majority of cases, the MS collected after grain harvest are available once per year in China, a strongly collection seasonal character entails preservation and storage to be fed for biogas plant continuously. Hence low-loss preservation of MS is essential for economical and sustainable use of biogas crops for anaerobic digestion throughout the year. Generally, the MS were wilted and dried to yellow stalks and collected after corn ears harvested in autumn. As a result, the free sugars are consumed, the water evaporates during wilting and field drying, giving rise to fail to achieve the demand of silage. On the other hand, a large sum of vegetable wastes, which contain a mass of water and sugars, often give rise to environment pollution, such as leaf vegetable. This study put forth assume of trans-seasonal mixed storage of MS and cabbage waste (CW) by silage theory on the basis of strong complementary in terms of physical structure, nutrient content and moisture content. The objective of the current work was to explore its feasibility for mixed silage of dried MS and CW and evaluate the effects of different mixed ratio (29:19, 27:21, 25:23, 23:25, 21:27 and 19:29) of MS and CW on silage quality, including four aspects of sensory quality, chemical composition, fermentation quality and microbial numbers. Moreover, the appropriate storage condition was selected by the dynamic analysis of mixed silage quality. The results indicate that the pH value and the ammonia nitrogen (AN) content of six mixed silages was significantly lower than sole silage of MS (P<0.05). The lactic acid content was significantly higher than sole silage of MS (P<0.05), which indicated the mixed silage quality was better than that of single silage. The pH value and the lactic acid content of six mixed silages reached its minimum level when the storage period was 30 days, which indicated good fermentation quality at the time of 30 d. With the storage period time prolonged, the pH value increased and the lactic acid content decreased, which resulted in lower silage quality. As the proportion of cabbage wastes increased in mixed silage, the moisture content increased gradually, the pH value decreased gradually, the lactic acid content increased gradually. When the mixed mass proportions was 21:27, that is the moisture content of 73%, the dried MS and CW can preserved for 60 d continuously to maintain good silage quality. In other words, the higher proportion of CW was beneficial to preserve the digestible components such as cellulose and hemicelluloses. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated that the original dense complex lignocellulose structure was disrupted during ensiling, which lead to a lot of cracks and holes generated on the straw silage surface. These changes of microstructure increased the reaction area of microbes or enzymes. The results of anaerobic digestion showed that the accumulative biogas production of maize straw silages was slightly higher than that of dried maize straw, moreover, the accumulative methane production of maize straw silages was increased 61.67% compared with dried maize straw. Modified Gompertz model could fit well the change of the accumulative biogas or methane production with time, its kinetic parameters such as maximum biogas or methane yield, maximum biogas or methane production rate and constant of reaction rate can be regarded as the important evaluation index for metabolic process of methane production. In conclusion, this research found a suitable method to preserve dried maize straw and reduce pollution of waste vegetable in rural areas. More importantly, the methane production potential after storage was increased, which was important for storage and energy conversion of maize straw in large-scale biogas projects. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Anaerobic digestion - Biogas - Cellulose - Energy conversion - Energy utilization - Fermentation - Fossil fuels - Lactic acid - Methane - Moisture - Moisture determination - pH - Plants (botany) - Pollution - Renewable energy resources - Scanning electron microscopy - Storage (materials) - Straw - Sugars - Vegetables - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Cellulose and hemicellulose - Environmental benefits - Environmental pollutions - Large and medium-sized biogas plants - Lignocellulosic biomass - Modified-Gompertz model - Renewable energy source - Storage quality
Classification code:453 Water Pollution - 525 Energy Management and Conversion - 694.4 Storage - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20162602532991
Title:Framework of "two-dimension three-element" coupling flow of real water and virtual water
Authors:Wu, Pute (1, 2); Gao, Xuerui (1, 2); Zhao, Xining (1, 2); Wang, Yubao (3); Sun, Shikun (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-10
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the background of changing environment and fast economic globalization, the regional hydrology and water resource system is experiencing profound changes. Under this new situation, to solve the problem of water scarcity and imbalance water associated with water cycle process, only relying on the traditional water resource planning, regulating and management is not enough. The concept of virtual water widens the cognitive scope of hydrology and water resources and enriches the ways to cope with water-related issues. However, it is still not clear about how to construct an integrated scientific framework combining the virtual water theory with the traditional hydrology and water resource theory, and how to consider the new evolution law of water resources in the entire natural, economic and social systems. The paper firstly presented a basic framework of real water and virtual water coupling flow effect. The coupling flow regime between real water and virtual water was a new important characteristic of the natural-social water resource system in the context of modern environment. Secondly, from the perspective of historical evolution, this study discussed the developing process of the hydrology and water resource system in human society. There were mainly 3 phases in the evolution process of water resource system since the birth of human civilization. In ancient time (before Industrial Revolution in 1760s), when the productive force level was low and the human's influence on water resource system was small, the driving force of water resource system was almost the natural power (e.g., gravity, solar energy). Thus the water flow route of water resource system in this phase could be defined as "one-dimension one-element" flow. The "one-dimension" mainly referred to the real water and the "one-element" referred to that the water flowing path of water resource system was only in the natural cycling route. After Industrial Revolution, the productive force level was greatly improved, and the human's influence on water resource system was correspondingly enhanced. Therefore, the water flow route of water resource system during this time was defined as "one-dimension two-element" flow. Here the "two-element" referred to that the water flowing path of water resource system was not only in the natural cycling route, but also in artificial canal systems. Nowadays, with fast development of economic globalization and international trade, there is not only a huge amount of real water exchanged through large water project, but also a large amount of virtual water embedded in commodities transported by trade among different regions of countries. As a consequence, the water flow route in the water resource system in the new conditions was defined as "two-dimension three-element" (2D-3E) flow. Here the "two-dimension" referred to real water and virtual water and the "three-element" referred to that the water coupling flowing path of the new water resource system included 3 routes (i.e., real water flowing route, real water being transformed to virtual water route, and virtual water flowing route in society). According to the above analysis, our research depicted the 2D-3E flowing route's structure in detail based on the coupling mechanism of real water and virtual water. At last, a set of equations to quantitatively characterize the coupling flow process were proposed, which could be a good tool for the combined regulation and management of real water and virtual water. On the whole, a preliminary theory of real water and virtual water coupling flow regime is established. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Commerce - Couplings - Flow of water - Hydraulics - Hydrology - International trade - Models - Solar energy
Uncontrolled terms:Economic globalization - Historical evolutions - Hydrology and water resource - Industrial revolutions - Two-dimension - Virtual water - Water resource planning - Water resource systems
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20162602533018
Title:Biochar modified by amine improving its adsorption of SO<inf>2</inf>
Authors:Feng, Ye (1); Zhang, Shihong (1); Wu, Jing (1); Chen, Yingquan (1); Shao, Jingai (1); Chen, Hanping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan; 430074, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Shihong(shzhang@hust.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:195-200
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To study the effect of amine impregnation modification on biochar structure and its adsorption of SO<inf>2</inf>, corncob was used as raw materials to prepare biochars under N<inf>2</inf>at 850℃, followed by activation stage in gaseous CO<inf>2</inf>at the same temperature. The derived activated biochars (CC850) were then impregnated with MDEA-Methonal solutions to obtain modified biochars. The physicochemical properties, the structure, and the SO<inf>2</inf>adsorption properties related to surface microtographs of activated biochars and modified chars were investigated. The production and activation of biomass chars were carried out in a self-designed vertical furnace reaction system which includes gas generating zone and modification reaction zone. The amine modified biochars were obtained by impregnating activated chars (CC850) in MDEA-Methonal solutions with different concentrations (from 1% to 10%), and labeled as CC850-X% (X presented the mass concentration of MDEA in the mixed solutions). To determine the specific surface area and micropore characteristics of biochars before and after modification, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms were performed at 77 K with a Micromeritics ASAP2020 automatic adsorption instrument. And the elemental compositions of biochars were determined by the ultimate analysis. The results showed that the specific surface area and micropore volume of CC850 were high up to 756.25 m<sup>2</sup>/g and 0.2971 mL/g, respectively. However, with the increase of impregnated concentration, the pore structure parameters of biochars decreased rapidly to a degree that can not be detected. While the nitrogen content of biochars gradually increased from 0.61% to 6.91% which indicated the successful introduction of N onto the surface of the biochars. The SO<inf>2</inf>adsorption properties of CC850 and its modified chars (CC850-X%) showed a breakthrough curve and adsorption capacity. The results showed that the saturated adsorption time as well as the saturated adsorption capacity of biochars firstly decreased from 20.02 min, and 57.78 mg/g (CC850) to 13.35 min, and 38.53 mg/g (CC850-4%), and then gradually increased up to 54.13 min, and 156.22 mg/g (CC850-10%), respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectrum analyzer (VERTEX70, Bruker) was used to analyze the variation of chemical properties and surface functional groups of activated biochars and modified biochars before and after desulfuration. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of the corresponding biochars linked with ultimate analysis and SO<inf>2</inf>adsorption capacity suggested that the amount of nitrogen functional groups such like-NH and C-N introduced onto the surface of biochars increased with the impregnated concentration, but the adsorpiton capacities of biochars presented a trend of first increase and then decrease. This phenomenon matched well with the results of the pore structure development trend of biochars, which may be accounted by the main adsorption mechanism transition from physical adsorption to chemical adsorption, and the chemical adsorption of modified chars was enhanced with the increasing impregnated concentration in the experimental range. The surface microstructure of CC850 and CC850-10% before and after desulfuration were presented by SEM micrographs (Sirion 200, FEI), and the surface elemental components of biochars were analyzed by EDX analyzer (GENESIS, EDAX Inc) in the specific areas. The CC850 showed an existence of a regular surface with abundant pores while the CC850-10% had a rough surface with low amount of pores. However, both of these two biochars presented effective adsorption abilities to a certain extent. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Gas adsorption
Controlled terms:Adsorption - Biomass - Carbon dioxide - Chemical activation - Chemical analysis - Impregnation - Microporosity - Nitrogen - Pore structure - Specific surface area - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analyzers - Structural properties - Sulfur dioxide - Surface properties
Uncontrolled terms:Bio chars - Corncob - Desulfuration - Fourier transform infrared spectra - Nitrogen functional groups - One-step methods - Saturated adsorption capacity - Surface functional groups
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20162602533032
Title:Drying characteristics and quality of button mushrooms during microwave freeze drying
Authors:Duan, Xu (1); Liu, Wenchao (1); Ren, Guangyue (1); Pang, Yuqi (1); Liu, Yunhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food & Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang; 471023, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:295-302
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Button mushroom is the most widely cultivated and consumed mushroom throughout the world and it contributes about 40% of the total world production of mushroom. Button mushrooms are extremely perishable and their shelf life is only about 24 h in ambient conditions. Various physiological and morphological changes occur after harvest, which make these mushrooms unacceptable for consumption. Hence, they should be consumed or processed promptly after harvest and for this reason the mushrooms are traded mostly in dried form in the world market. The convective drying method is the most commonly used to dry mushrooms. Nevertheless, due to long drying time and high drying temperature at industrial scale, the problems of darkening in color, shrinkage, loss in flavor and decrease in rehydration ability easily occur. In recent years, microwave freeze drying (MFD) has been investigated as a potential method for obtaining high quality dried food products with low energy consumption. Thus, to achieve faster drying rate with high product quality, MFD was applied to dry button mushrooms. The drying curves, effective moisture diffusivity, rehydration ratio, shrinkage ratio, vitamin C retention ratio, energy consumption and the sensory evaluation based on the fuzzy reasoning were investigated, which were considered to reflect the drying and quality characteristics of button mushrooms under different microwave loading levels (0.25, 1.0 and 0.75 W/g) and system pressure (50, 100 and 150 Pa). The drying models were obtained by the nonlinear fitting of drying curves. The weighted comprehensive evaluation of button mushroom MFD processes were also carried out based on energy consumption, drying time, rehydration ratio, whiteness index and vitamin C retention ratio. Results showed that, when changing the microwave loading level, the reduction ratio of the minimum value to the maximum value of drying time, effective moisture diffusion coefficient, whiteness index, rehydration ratio and shrinkage ratio were higher than those obtained by changing the system pressure. It meant the microwave loading level had a more significant influence on drying rate and physical quality index than the system pressure. However, the system pressure had more obvious influence on nutritional content index, energy consumption and sensory evaluation compared to the microwave loading level. Through the nonlinear fitting function of Origin pro 8.5, we found the R-square of Henderson and Pabis model fitting curve was the highest, which implies the Henderson and Pabis model could well describe the moisture variation in drying process; the effective moisture diffusion coefficient of button mushrooms during the MFD was in the range of 3.423×10<sup>-10</sup>-5.654×10<sup>-10</sup>m<sup>2</sup>/s, and it was on the 10<sup>-10</sup>m<sup>2</sup>/s order of magnitude and more influenced by microwave loading level. In addition, the products obtained under high microwave loading level and system pressure would be not accepted by consumers. Taking energy consumption, drying time, rehydration ratio, whiteness index and vitamin C retention ratio into account, 0.25 W/g microwave loading level with 100 Pa system pressure was proposed as the favorable condition for button mushroom MFD. The results provide a theoretical basis for the selection of the suitable processing technology for the MFD of button mushroom. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Loading
Controlled terms:Commerce - Curve fitting - Diffusion - Drying - Energy utilization - Food products - Fungi - International trade - Low temperature drying - Microwaves - Models - Moisture - Plants (botany) - Public address systems - Quality control - Sensory analysis - Shrinkage - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Button mushroom - Comprehensive evaluation - Effective moisture diffusivity - Microwave freeze drying - Moisture diffusion coefficient - Nonlinear fitting functions - Processing technologies - Quality characteristic
Classification code:525.3 Energy Utilization - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 711 Electromagnetic Waves - 752 Sound Devices, Equipment and Systems - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 822.3 Food Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20162602533027
Title:Design and experiment of electrochemical device for quickly predicting remaining shelf life on fresh pork
Authors:Liu, Fei (1); Li, Wencai (1); Tian, Hanyou (1); Zou, Hao (1); Wang, Hui (1); Li, Jiapeng (1); Chen, Wenhua (1); Qiao, Xiaoling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) China Meat Research Center, Beijing; 100068, China
Corresponding author:Qiao, Xiaoling(cmrcsen@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:261-266
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fresh pork is popular due to its nutrient and good taste, and also one of the most important meat consumed. As the remaining shelf life is short, it is important for producers and retailers to evaluate the freshness and remaining shelf life of fresh pork under the storage temperature. Rapid detection on bacteria of fresh pork is required urgently. The rapid and accurate electrochemical detection are getting more and more concern. The purpose of this paper was to design and develop the device for predicting the remaining shelf life of fresh pork, which was combined with the prediction model of microbial growth and based on the electron transfer of microbial respiration and the principles of primary battery. And the signal acquisition and data analysis software of the device was developed with LabVIEW programming language. The dynamic growth model of total aerobic count was established and verified. The results indicated that the modified Gompertz model could well describe the growth of total aerobic count in fresh pork, and the coefficient of determination was 0.9954.The regression of Belehradek model finely described the effect of temperature on the maximum specific growth rate and the lag phase. The validation of the built model was carried out by comparing the actual and predicted growth curves of total aerobic count in fresh pork at 10 and 22℃, respectively. By calculating bias factor and accuracy factor, we found that the established model had high reliability and could predict the growth of total aerobic count in fresh pork in the range of temperature from 4 to 30℃ effectively. The electrode was constructed from platinum anode and cathode, and a proton exchange membrane filter was used for retaining the microbes and balancing the charge. The procedure of electrochemical signal from total aerobic count in fresh pork included 3 parts. Electron generated from oxidation of substrate was transmitted to the extracellular space by cytochrome C on cell membrane, then the electrochemical signal was amplified by electron shuttles from the exogenous, and finally it was delivered to Pt electrode. Samples containing microbes were attached to the surface of a platinum anode. The electrode was immersed in phosphate buffer solution (50 mmol/L, pH value of 7.0) containing a redox dye (2,4-dichlorophenolindophenol), and the voltage generated was measured. The software combined with the established growth model of total aerobic count was developed by LabVIEW for predicting the remaining shelf life of fresh pork. The response time of the electrochemical device was 20 min, and the voltage generated was proportional to total aerobic count above 10<sup>4</sup>CFU/g. The accuracy factor of predicting the remaining shelf life of fresh pork was between 1.02 and 1.06. The accuracy factor at 10 and 22℃ was 1.04 and 1.03, respectively. But the sensitivity and accuracy of the predicted remaining shelf life between 10<sup>4</sup>and 10<sup>5</sup>CFU/g needed further improvement. As this study only focuses on one part of pork, to achieve an accurate prediction of any part of fresh pork sample, the parameters of device and the prediction models should be adjusted with more varieties of fresh pork portion. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Meats
Controlled terms:Anodes - Bacteria - Chemical detection - Computer programming languages - Digital storage - Electrochemical electrodes - Electrodes - Energy storage - Forecasting - Microorganisms - Models - Platinum - Signal detection - Signal processing
Uncontrolled terms:Electrochemical - Fresh pork - Quickly detecting - Shelf life - Total aerobic count
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 525.7 Energy Storage - 547.1 Precious Metals - 714.1 Electron Tubes - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 801 Chemistry - 822.3 Food Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20162602533025
Title:Calibration of parameters of wheat required in discrete element method simulation based on repose angle of particle heap
Authors:Liu, Fanyi (1); Zhang, Jian (1); Li, Bo (1); Chen, Jun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Jun(chenjun_jdxy@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:247-253
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this study, we determined the parameters of wheat required in discrete element method (DEM) simulation by the response surface method. The repose angle is a macroscopic parameter, which is used to describe the friction and flow properties of particle material and widely applied in DEM parameter calibration for it can be measured easily. In this research, the heap of wheat was formed through the bottomless cylinder method and the repose angle was measured using a computer graphic technology. The calibration tests were conducted in laboratory and by simulation using EDEM 2.7.0 software. According to previous research, an acrylic cylinder with an inner diameter of 39 mm and a height of 120 mm was used. The wheat particles were filled into the cylinder using the "rainy method" through a square-opening sieve with 12 mm aperture and lifted with a speed of 0.05 m/s. For DEM simulation, different parameter combination tests were designed. Specifically, the Plackett-Burman test was performed to screen the significant parameters from the 8 selected parameters. It was found that the static friction for wheat-wheat and wheat-acrylic contact and the rolling friction for wheat-wheat contact had a significant effect on the repose angle, while the other 5 parameters' influence was negligible. Then the steepest ascent test was used to determine the optimal value range of the significant parameters. In the steepest ascent test, the 5 non-significant parameters were the mid-value of the corresponding initial region, while the 3 significant parameters increased progressively until the relative errors between the simulated and the test value reached the minimum. Based on the result of the Box-Behnken test, a quadratic polynomial model for the repose angle and the 3 significant parameters was created. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the quadratic polynomial model showed that the model was significant and the lack-of-fit was non-significant. This means the model can be used to determine the best parameter combination. However, some terms in the quadratic polynomial model were non-significant. So, a modified regression model was established by deleting these non-significant terms. The ANOVA of the modified model showed all of the terms were desirable, and the first-order term of the 3 significant parameters, the interactive term of the wheat-wheat static friction coefficient and wheat-acrylic static friction coefficient, and the quadratic term of wheat-acrylic static friction coefficient had a significant effect on the repose angle. The interaction of the static friction coefficient for the wheat-wheat and wheat-acrylic contact was also analyzed, and it was found that the repose angle increased with the increase of the 2 parameters. However, when one of the 2 parameters (the static friction coefficients for the wheat-wheat A and wheat-acrylic B contact) was low, the growth rate of repose angle with the other parameter was larger than that when one of the 2 parameters was high. This showed that the interaction between the parameters of A and B was more significant when they were low. By solving the modified regression equation, the best combination of the parameters was obtained: wheat-wheat static friction coefficient of 0.58, wheat-acrylic static friction coefficient of 0.61 and wheat-wheat rolling friction of 0.08. The best parameter combination was validated through comparing the DEM simulation results with the test values, and it was found that there was no significant difference between them. The research shows that the parameter calibration method based on the response surface method is feasible. Meanwhile, the best parameter combination can be used as reference values when choosing the simulation parameters of wheat required in DEM. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Controlled terms:Calibration - Computer software - Cylinders (shapes) - Discrete event simulation - Finite difference method - Friction - Optimization - Polynomials - Regression analysis - Software testing - Stiction - Surface properties - Tape drives - Testing - Tribology
Uncontrolled terms:Discrete element method simulations - Macroscopic parameters - Parameter calibration - Parameter combination - Repose angles - Response surface method - Simulation parameters - Static friction coefficient
Classification code:722.2 Computer Peripheral Equipment - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 921 Mathematics - 922 Statistical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20162602533014
Title:Estimating equivalent water thickness of apple leaves using hypersecptral data based on EFAST and PLS
Authors:Feng, Haikuan (1, 2, 3, 4); Li, Zhenhai (1, 2, 3, 4); Jin, Xiuliang (1, 2, 3, 4); Yang, Guijun (1, 2, 3, 4); Wan, Peng (1, 2, 3, 4); Guo, Jianhua (1, 2, 3, 4); Yu, Haiyang (1, 2, 3, 4); Yang, Fuqin (1, 2, 3, 4); Li, Weiguo (1, 2, 3, 4); Wang, Yan'an (5)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology In Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) Key Laboratory for Information Technologies in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (4) Beijing Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Internet of Things, Beijing; 100097, China; (5) College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an; 271018, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Jianhua(guojh@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:165-171
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Equivalent water thickness (EWT) is an important parameter for evaluating the growth status and yield of fruit tree. The objectives of this study were (i) to establish and verify a model for the EWT of the apple leaves, in which the regression models, the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test-partial least squares (EFAST-PLS), and the normalized difference infrared water index (NDIWI) model were tested, and (ii) to compare the performances of the proposed models respectively using the EFAST-PLS and the NDIWI model. Spectral reflectance of leaves and concurrently the apple leaves' EWT parameters were acquired in Tai'an area, Shandong, China during apple growth seasons of 2012-2013. Firstly, the apple leaves' EWT sensitivity was analyzed through the EFAST and the PROSPECT model; the results showed that the first order sensitivity index of the EWT of apple leaves for spectral reflectance was larger in 3 wavelengths, i.e. 900-1700, 1701-2200, and 2201-2500 nm, and the largest first order sensitivity index of the EWT value of apple leaves existed at the wavelength of 1425, 1900 and 2 500 nm. Secondly, the EWT of apple leaves was estimated by PLS and NDIWI; the results showed that the coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) was 0.5628 and 0.2831 and the norm root mean square error (NRMSE) was 0.0625 and 0.08 respectively, and the R<sup>2</sup>was 0.2471, 0.1232 and 0.2401 and the NRMSE was 0.0819, 0.0884 and 0.0823 using the reflectance of the single wavelength of 1425, 1900 and 2500 nm, respectively. Lastly, in order to validate the accuracy of the EWT model of apple leaves, the measured value and predicted value were compared between PLS, NDIWI and empirical regression of single wavelength. The results indicated that the apple leaves' EWT measured value and EWT predicted value had better relationship using PLS and NDIWI regression, while the relationship between the apple leaves' EWT measured value and EWT predicted value was worse using single wavelength regression. For PLS, NDIWI, and single wavelength regression of 1425, 1900 and 2500 nm, the R<sup>2</sup>was 0.3012, 0.2478, 0.4297, 0.2356 and 0.1777, respectively, the NRMSE was 0.1317, 0.0902, 0.0936, 0.1 and 0.1027, respectively, and the NRMSE was 0.0016, 0.0011, 0.0011, 0.0012 and 0.0012 g/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Both the modeling and verification showed that for the EWT model of apple leaves, using PLS and NDIWI regression was better than using single wavelength regression. The reason was the EFAST-PLS model coupled a number of sensitive spectral bands for apple leaves' EWT, and the accumulation of sensitive bands improved the EWT accuracy of apple leaves in estimation and reduced the influence of environment factors on apple leaves' EWT; PLS regression can solve data correlation while NDIWI and single wavelength cannot solve, but NDIWI computes simply so that it can solve the apple leaves' EWT. The results indicate that the EFAST-PLS model has great potential for the EWT estimation of apple leaves; however, the NDIWI also has merit. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Least squares approximations - Mean square error - Models - Moisture - Orchards - Reflection - Regression analysis - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Apple leaves - Equivalent water thickness - Fourier amplitude sensitivity tests - Partial least square (PLS) - Water index
Classification code:821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20162602532997
Title:Integrated control method of traction & slip ratio for rear-driving high-power tractors
Authors:Zhang, Shuo (1); Du, Yuefeng (1); Zhu, Zhongxiang (1); Mao, Enrong (1); Liu, Jinyi (1); Shi, Jing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimized Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Zhongxiang(huzhonxiang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:47-53
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ploughing with rear-driving tractors plays an important role in agricultural production during which the electronic-hydraulic hitch system is regularly adjusted for desired performance. In operation, severe driving wheel slip easily occurs because of the complex terrestrial environment and the frequent changing of operating load. Studies show that tractors have a higher traction efficiency when slip ratio is between 0.1 and 0.15; however, when slip ratio is larger than 0.2, the efficiency drops dramatically while the soil texture is destroyed, the tires are worn faster and the energy consumption is increasing. Therefore the effective control of the 2WD tractors' driving slip is highly desired. In this paper, both the structure of the electro-hydraulic hitch and the working principle of 2WD tractor's driving slip system are firstly analyzed. Then the integrated control of traction and slip-rate based on PID (proportional integral differential) is proposed. The integrated control method that contains a control factor with 2 detailed control objectives is presented. The automatic control system mainly performs the traction control while constantly monitoring the changes of slip ratio. When the slip ratio is in the desired range mentioned above, the traction control continues; when the slip ratio is out of range, the controller switches to slip rate control, which outputs a voltage signal to the electromagnetic proportional control valve (if the slip ratio is smaller than 0.1, proportional descent control valve works with an input voltage of 0.5 V; if the slip ratio is greater than 0.2, proportional lift control valve works with an input voltage of 4.5 V); and it returns to traction control once the slip is addressed. According to the characteristics of heavy tractor electro-hydraulic hitch,taking account of the complex operating condition of ploughing, an integrated automatic controller is developed for the electro-hydraulic hitch system based on microprocessor MC9S12XS128 of Freescale. At the same time, the software is designed using CodeWarrior. Taking the heavy tractor with electro-hydraulic hitch system as the test platform, after the successful selection and installation of the sensors, in order to verify the effectiveness of the joint controller, contrast experiment was carried out after wheat harvest in the farm of Xinli Machinery Company in Shunyi District, Beijing. First of all, we measured the actual traction with cultivated land operation in homogeneous soil conditions. Actual tractor traction was measured by force sensor, in which ploughing depth was set to 20 cm, tractor was geared to B2, and speed of tractor was set to 7.5 km/h. In the end, we identified the target of traction was 6000 N. With the slip ratio between 0.1 and 0.2, traction of 6000 N and sampling time of 50 s, the maximum of slip ratio changed from 0.2766 to 0.2112, the minimum changed from 0.0419 to 0.0786, the range reduced by 41.71% and the effective control of time range increased by 20.55%; ploughing depth's average error changed from 1.69 to 1.15 cm, and root-mean-square error changed from 4.07 to 2.09 cm; traction's average error changed from 426.38 to 270.73 N, and root-mean-square error changed from 503.18 to 366.23 N. The results demonstrate that the joint controller has not only the effectiveness, but also the efficiency, precision and stability. The proposed integrated controller raises the traction efficiency, improves traction performance and can serve as a guidance to field production. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Traction control
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Automation - Automobile testing - Control - Controllers - Electric traction - Energy utilization - Errors - Hydraulic machinery - Installation - Integrated control - Mean square error - Proportional control systems - Safety valves - Traction (friction) - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck) - Two term control systems
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Automatic controllers - Contrast experiment - Integrated controllers - Proportional integral differentials - Root mean square errors - Slip ratio - Terrestrial environments
Classification code:525.3 Energy Utilization - 619.1.1 Pipe Accessories - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 662 Automobiles and Smaller Vehicles - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20162602533013
Title:Sediment characteristic of landslide accumulation body in earthquake zone of Wenchuan under artificial rainfall simulation condition
Authors:Gan, Fengling (1); He, Binghui (1); Wang, Tao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing; 400715, China; (2) Central Southern China Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd of China Power Engineering Consulting Group, Wuhan; 430071, China
Corresponding author:He, Binghui(hebinghui@yahoo.com.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:158-164
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Scientific management of soil and water loss on landslide deposits is meaningful and important in Wenchuan earthquake area. This study aimed to investigate the sediment characteristics of landslide accumulation body in earthquake zone of Wenchuan under artificial rainfall simulation condition. On the basis of field surveying, the soil-rock ratio was designed as 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4. The rainfall intensities of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm/min simulated the precipitation often occurring in Wenchuan landslide deposit. Under the combination of different rainfall intensity and soil-rock ratio, the sediment yield and sediment concentration in runoff were measured. The results showed that: 1) the soil-rock ratio and rainfall intensity were the influence factors of the sediment yield and the sediment concentration of landslide deposit. The correlation between mean sediment yield rate and soil-rock ratio was higher than that with rain intensities. Runoff was not found in the treatment of soil-rock ratio of 1:4 under all the conditions and in the soil-rock ratio of 1:2 under the rain intensity of 1.0 mm/min. It indicated that a critical value might be between the soil-rock ratio of 1:2 and 1:4. Above the critical value, rainfall infiltration was large and runoff could not be yielded; 2) The sediment rate presented a upward-to-stable trend during the erosion. The mean sediment yield rate, the values under the stable condition, and cumulative sediment amount increased with increasing rainfall intensity. The fluctuation of soil-rock ratio 1:1 was higher than that with soil-rock ratio of 1:2. The latter change was more stable; 3) Sediment in runoff increased with increasing soil-rock ratios and also with increasing rainfall intensity; and 4) Cumulative sediment amount increased with cumulative runoff but the sediment yield happed after the runoff. The sediment characteristic of landslide deposit with different soil-rock ratio under different rainfall intensity in earthquake zone was quite different. In the landslide deposit, gravels accounted for more than 50%. The sediment yield characteristic of the landslide deposit was different from that of the pure soils. With prolonged precipitation, the soil runoff happened first. After a while, the sediment yield rate became smaller. The sediment yield depended on the soil-rock ratio. If the ratio was above the critical value, runoff didn't occur. The result may lay the foundation for the establishment of process-based model of soil erosion caused by landslide accumulation body in earthquake zone, and provide a scientific guidance for comprehensive control of soil and water loss in the Wenchuan earthquake zone, China. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Deposits - Earthquakes - Erosion - Geophysics - Infiltration - Landslides - Precipitation (meteorology) - Rain - Rocks - Runoff - Sedimentation - Sediments - Soil conservation - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial rainfall - Artificial rainfall simulations - Comprehensive controls - Process-based modeling - Rainfall infiltration - Sediment characteristic - Sediment concentration - Wenchuan Earthquake
Classification code:442.1 Flood Control - 443.3 Precipitation - 481.3 Geophysics - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 484 Seismology - 802.3 Chemical Operations
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20162602533033
Title:Simultaneous determination of multi-organic acids in feed acidifier by ion exclusion chromatography
Authors:Jia, Zheng (1); Xiao, Zhiming (1); Li, Lan (1); Fan, Xia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China
Corresponding author:Fan, Xia(fanxia@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:303-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The addition of different kinds of acidifiers into animal feed would be effective in decreasing pH value and acid-binding capacity, and thus it brings the advantages such as facilitating the digestion and absorption, and enhancing the immune function. In connection with the demands for food safety and environment-friendly production, acidifiers have received considerable attention as feed additives. Regulating the usage and management of feed acidifiers requires the establishment of a synchronous detection method for different kinds of organic acids with high speed and high accuracy. The research object of this study was to establish the synchronous detection method, and to optimize the detecting condition of 9 kinds of organic acids (citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, fumaric acid, propionic acid and butyric acid) based on the ion exclusion chromatography coupled with diode array detector (DAD). All the organic acids in this study were extracted by deionized water for further detection. A Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87H (300 mm×7.8 mm, 9 μm) ion exclusion chromatography column with DAD was applied and sulfuric acid solution was taken as the flowing phase, and the different effects of chromatographic conditions such as mobile phase, flow rate, column temperature and detecting wave length on the 9 organic acids in feed acidifiers during synchronous detection were compared and analyzed. Then, the analytical methods established for all the above mentioned parameters were investigated for their linearity range, the limit of detection, the recovery rate and precision, followed by the verification using actual samples. The results showed that the best optimized parameter conditions for synchronously detecting the 9 organic acids were 0.025 mol/L sulfuric acid solution as flowing phase, flowing speed of 0.70 mL/min, column temperature of 30℃, and 210 nm detecting wave length for DAD. The qualitative analysis of organic acids was executed based on their retention time and ultraviolet absorption spectra, while the quantitative analysis was executed based on the external standard method. According to the results of this study, it could be found that the mass concentration and the peak area had behaved nice linear correlations in specific range for the 9 organic acids, respectively, with the determination coefficients higher than 0.999. All the 9 organic acids could be successfully separated within 20 min. The limit of detection of the synchronous detection method was from 0.01 to 2.4 mg/L and the recovery rate was from 90.7% to 101.1%, while the relative standard deviation was from 0.91% to 3.33%. Bases on these results, the synchronous detection method focused in this study shows to be one of the successful ways for organic acid detecting in different animal feed acidifiers. This study can provide the technical support in further investigation of the acidifiers' application in the animal feed manufacturing factory as well as in the real market for quality assurance. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Butyric acid
Controlled terms:Animals - Chromatography - Column chromatography - Deionized water - Detectors - Ion chromatography - Ions - Lactic acid - Organic acids - pH - Propionic acid - Quality assurance - Sulfuric acid
Uncontrolled terms:Chromatographic conditions - Determination coefficients - Diode array detectors - Ion exclusion chromatographies - Manufacturing factories - Relative standard deviations - Simultaneous determinations - Synchronous detection methods
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 801 Chemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.043
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20162602533000
Title:Mechanical properties and testing for squirrel cage asynchronous magnetic coupler
Authors:Ge, Yanjun (1); Yuan, Zhi (1); Jia, Feng (2); Yang, Junyue (1); Zhou, Kaikai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong university, Dalian; 116028, China; (2) CRRC Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Co., Ltd, Dalian; 116022, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:68-74
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to effectively solve the problem of the motor's power margin too adequate to ensure the stable operation of the equipment which widely exists in the current mechanical transmission system, a kind of squirrel cage asynchronous magnetic coupler (SCAMC) is proposed based on the principle of three-phase asynchronous motor. The SCAMC has the advantages of the simplicity of mechanical structure, high reliability in successive operation, simple maintenance, weak skin effect of the squirrel cage rotor and adjustable slip ratio and so on. According to the specific characteristics of the SCAMC structure, the mathematical model of air gap magnetic flux density is established by using the scalar magnetic potential method and two-dimensional field boundary conditions. The air gap magnetic flux density generated by the permanent magnet in SCAMC can be decomposed into radial component and tangential component, and it is only the former one that cuts the cage bar and generates induction current and electromagnetic torque. As a consequence, the effect of tangential air gap flux density can be ignored when studying the operating characteristics of SCAMC; only the radial air gap magnetic flux density needs analysis. The time variable is introduced into the expression of radial air gap flux density, and thus the expression of induced current changing over time is deduced and the transformation rule of induced current with space phase and electrical angle is revealed. Based on the current's superposition characteristics, the current of the cage bar is converted onto the rotor surface and the Lorentz force produced by induced current is integrated along the circumference, and thus the electromagnetic torque model is established. On the base of the above theoretical and technological foundation, a 37 kW SCAMC experimental prototype is designed and produced. After installing the prototype on a 37 kW, 6-pole drive motor, the theoretical calculation, simulation verification and experiment measurement on its mechanical behavior are performed. The results show that the simulation value, experimental value and theoretical value of the electromagnetic torque and the slip ratio of SCAMC are all consistent, and the prototype possesses fine overload characteristics. On condition of identical slip ratio, the error rate between simulation and experimental data and theoretical value is less than 5%. In the process of the load torque increasing from 0 to the rated torque of drive motor (366 N·m), the change of slip ratio of SCAMC is 0-4.8%, which can meet the need of a relative fixed output speed during common machinery producing. However, under the rated load, the maximum slip ratio of the 37 kW, 6-pole drive motor is 2%, while the ratio of SCAMC is 4.8%, about 2.5 times that of the former. That is to say, the mechanical characteristic of SCAMC is softer than the asynchronous motor, which means its impact on the motor can be released when the load is changed. When loaded to the maximum experimental torque, which is corresponding to the drive motor overloading by 10%, the slip ratio of SCAMA is 5.7%, which is increased by 9% compared with that under the rated load, but the operation still falls in the linear area, proving the strong overload capability of SCAMC. The simulation and experimental results verify the validity of the model established in this paper, and provide the theoretical and technological reference for the use of magnetic coupler in machineries with large inertia, difficult starting and frequent overload. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Magnetic devices
Controlled terms:Digital storage - Electric motors - Electric power transmission - Experiments - Induced currents - Induction motors - Machinery - Magnetic flux - Magnetism - Mechanical properties - Mechanization - Models - Motors - Permanent magnets - Rating - Squirrel cage motors - Torque
Uncontrolled terms:Air-gap magnetic flux densities - Electromagnetic torques - Magnetic couplers - Magnetic potentials - Mechanical characteristics - Mechanical transmission system - Squirrel cage rotors - Three-phase asynchronous motor
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 704.1 Electric Components - 705.3 Electric Motors - 705.3.1 AC Motors - 706.1.1 Electric Power Transmission - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 901.3 Engineering Research - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20162602533004
Title:Field evaluation of fertigation uniformity in drip irrigation system with pressure differential tank
Authors:Fan, Junliang (1, 2); Zhang, Fucang (1, 2); Wu, Lifeng (3); Yan, Shicheng (1, 2); Xiang, Youzhen (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Chinese Arid Area Research Institute of Water-saving Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) School of Hydraulic and Ecological Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang; 330099, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Fucang(zhangfc@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:96-101
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Fertigation with drip irrigation systems have become increasingly popular in agricultural and horticultural production. Irrigation and fertilization uniformity are important parameters to quantify and evaluate the quality of water and fertilizer distributions in the fertigation system. To optimize the design and operation of the drip irrigation system with pressure differential tank, the effects of various differential pressures and piping arrangements on the irrigation and fertilization uniformity were comprehensively evaluated through field experiments. The field experiments were carried out at the Water-saving Station of the Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas sponsored by Ministry of Education, at the Northwest A&F University. A sampling tap was installed at the outlet of the fertilizer injector to measure the fertilizer solution changes with time. Treatments were 5 differential pressure levels (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 MPa) and 4 piping arrangement types (water supply from one end longitudinally, from the middle longitudinally, from one end transversally, and from the middle transversally). Three replications were conducted for each combination. There were 12 sampling points at spacing of 6 m along the longitudinal direction, and 4 sampling points at spacing of 2 m along the transversal direction. The fertigation uniformity was evaluated with 3 indexes, i.e., Christiansen's uniformity coefficient, distribution uniformity and statistical uniformity. The results showed that: 1) the relative fertilizer concentration rapidly decreased in the form of power function, especially in the beginning 15 min under moderate and high differential pressures (0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 MPa) and in the beginning 30 min under low differential pressures (0.05 and 0.10 MPa). At given time, the higher the differential pressure was, the lower the fertilizer concentration was; 2) For water supply from one end and from the middle longitudinally, differential pressure significantly (P<0.05) affected the fertilization uniformity of the fertigation system. However, for water supply from one end and from the middle transversally, the effects of differential pressure on the fertilization uniformity were not significant, when the increase or decrease in pressure differences would not obviously affect the fertilization uniformity and the fertigation time could be adjusted as needed in practice; and 3) For water supply from one end and from the middle longitudinally, the irrigation uniformity under 0.05 and 0.25 MPa was 1.06 and 1.22, 1.06 and 1.14 times higher than the fertilization uniformity, respectively. Overall, the irrigation uniformity of the fertigation system was better than its fertilization uniformity, both of which decreased as the pressure difference increased. Besides, the irrigation and fertilization uniformity of the fertigation system with transversal water supply was better than that with longitudinal water supply, in which the water supply from the middle was further better than that the water supply from one end. To ensure both high irrigation and fertilization uniformity, the piping arrangement with transversal water supply was highly recommended, and the differential pressure of the fertilizer tank should be minimized to extend the fertilization time of the fertigation system. The research provides a scientific guidance for the design optimization and operational management of the drip irrigation system with pressure differential tank in China. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Water supply
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Fertilizers - Irrigation - Piping systems - Quality control - Tanks (containers) - Water conservation - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid areas - Differential pressures - Distribution uniformity - Drip irrigation systems - Longitudinal direction - Operational management - Pressure differential - Uniformity
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 445.2 Water Analysis - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 619.2 Tanks - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20162602533030
Title:Effect of different additive NaCl content on refrigeration freshness and thermal properties of precooked weevers
Authors:Shao, Ying (1, 2); Wang, Xiaohong (2); Wu, Wenjin (1); Li, Xin (1); Xiong, Guangquan (1); Qiao, Yu (1); Wang, Jun (1); Liao, Li (1); Wang, Lan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Products Processing and Nuclear-agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Farm Products Processing Research Sub-center of Hubei Innovation Center of Agriculture Science and Technology, Wuhan; 430064, China; (2) College of Food Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Lan(2005lily@gmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:280-286
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The study was to investigate the refrigeration preservation and the hot working properties of muscle from weevers with different additive sodium chloride (NaCl) content (0-2.0%) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the analysis of thermal properties of the weevers included the moisture content, the freezing point, the denaturation temperature, the denaturation enthalpy, the specific heat capacity, and so on. Results showed that the freezing point and the moisture content both decreased gradually when the NaCl content increased; the original temperature, the end temperature and the denaturation enthalpy of decalescence peak around 50℃ all decreased with the increase of the NaCl content; the decalescence peak around 70℃ only existed in the fresh weever samples evidently and it could not be found under the condition of other additive NaCl contents. There was no obvious variation trend of the specific heat capacity when the NaCl content increased (P<0.05). The specific heat capacity of the precooked weever with 2.0% additive NaCl content was the highest in the condition of the precooked weever's frozen status, the myosin's denatured (and actin's non-denatured) status or actin's denatured status; the specific heat capacity of the precooked weever with 1.0% additive NaCl content was the highest when the precooked weever was in the unfrozen status. As demonstrated by the research, among these 5 kinds of different additive NaCl contents (0-2.0%), when the NaCl content increased, the freezing point and the moisture content of weever both gradually decreased, the denaturation temperature of myosin moved toward the direction of lower temperature, the denaturation enthalpy of myosin decreased, which could reflect the decrease of the height of myosin's decalescence peak, and meanwhile the decalescence peak of actin disappeared; the change of specific heat capacity of the weevers with the additive NaCl was less than that of fresh weevers (except that of the weevers with 1.0% additive NaCl content) (P<0.05); with the different additive NaCl content (0-2.0%), the specific heat capacity of unfrozen fishes was higher than that of frozen fishes (P<0.05) and the specific heat capacity under processed status was higher than that under unprocessed status (P<0.05). The research results can provide the reliable reference for the hot working and the cryopreservation of the precooked weevers. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Specific heat
Controlled terms:Calorimeters - Calorimetry - Cold storage - Denaturation - Differential scanning calorimetry - Enthalpy - Fish - Freezing - Hot working - Moisture - Moisture determination - Proteins - Refrigeration - Sodium chloride - Temperature - Thermodynamic properties
Uncontrolled terms:Cryo-preservation - Denaturation temperatures - End temperatures - Freezing point - Hot-working properties - Lower temperatures - Salt-soluble proteins - Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 535.2 Metal Forming - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 644.1 Refrigeration Methods - 644.3 Refrigeration Equipment and Components - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 944 Moisture, Pressure and Temperature, and Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20162602532995
Title:Design and test on transmitting device for fresh apricot with single fruit rank in certain interval
Authors:Liu, Xiangdong (1, 2, 3); Wang, Xuenong (2, 3); Wang, Chunyao (4); Liu, Xiaolong (2, 3); Guo, Zhaofeng (2); Gao, Lianxing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of EngineeringShenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang; 110866, China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi; 830091, China; (3) Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Forest Fruit, Cotton Equipment and Facility Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Urumqi; 830013, China; (4) School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Lianxing(lianxing_gao@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:31-38
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Apricot is a kind of very important fruit in China. Xinjiang is the largest apricot producer with a planting area of 1.324×10<sup>5</sup>hm<sup>2</sup>and an annual production of 1.280×10<sup>6</sup>t. However, the fresh apricot is very liable to become putrid if it is not eaten and processed in time during the storing and transporting. Traditionally in China, fresh apricots can be processed into various apricot products with special flavor, such as dried apricot slices. Unfortunately, the amount of all the apricots processed accounts only for less than 11% of total amount of fresh apricots, and the processing almost relies on manual operation. Limited mechanization of apricot production especially for harvesting and processing has become a key factor in impeding the development of apricot industry in Xinjiang. During the processes of processing from fresh apricots into dried apricot slices, 2 devices and corresponding procedures are needed. The first procedure is that every apricot must be ranked automatically one by one with an interval, in order that the next device is able to automatically orientate and accurately cut apricot into 2 slices. Based on the combination theory of agricultural machinery and agronomy as well as the related basic study on the physical and mechanical properties of apricot during transporting and segueing, this research was conducted to determine the optimal structure and design parameters of the interval deliverer for fresh apricots, and to develop the fresh apricot conveying device with single apricot ranking in interval. This device included: a series of saddle rollers that rotate by their own axis as they move forward; the distributing mechanism i.e. the polygon cams make the apricots fed peacefully and ensure apricots into the next procedure one by one. All the process of sequencing feeding and transporting of fresh apricots was achieved through the performance combination of the chains consisting of saddle rollers with the distributing mechanism key parts. The performance test of the device developed was accomplished at Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and the apricots used as experimental materials were yellow Cemaati and red Cemaati apricots with middle maturity from Yingjisha County of southern Xinjiang, which were checked by labor before the test. The sequencing rate of single fruit and cavity rate were as the test indices. The test result showed that the sequencing rate of single apricot was 91.4%, the cavity rate was 1.4% and the feeding efficiency was 1200 kg/h. The research results will provide important basis for further research and development of the ranking feeding device for late mechanical orientation and cutting procedure automatically. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Machine design
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Design - Feeding - Fruits - Mechanization - Optimization - Processing - Structural optimization - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural mechanization - Apricot - Deliver - Experimental materials - Mechanical orientation - Physical and mechanical properties - Rank - Research and development
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.4 Manufacturing - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20162602532996
Title:CFD numerical analysis of airflow blowing velocity-field of medicago hispida harvester
Authors:Chen, Shuren (1); Xiao, Jun (1); Rao, Shiren (1); Wu, Mingcong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:39-46
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study the relationship of fan rotational speed and waft airflow velocity field distribution of Medicago hispida harvester, the waft airflow channel model is established, which is composed of draught fan, duct and waft airflow area by the UG NX8 software; all the parts of the waft airflow channel model are meshed respectively by using the integrated computer engineering and manufacturing code (ICEM), the grids of volute and impeller passage are unstructured, and the entrance of body, the duct and the waft flow area are meshed by hexagonal structured grids; then all the parts are assembled together. Input the model into Fluent, choose the multiple reference frame (MRF) as the coordinate system, connect the whole basin with 3 pairs of interfaces, take the standard turbulence model to simulate and calculate, and get the results of waft airflow velocity field by the way of chart. The results show that: when the speed of draught fan is 4000 r/min, the blast capacity of the blow system is 0.1265 kg/s, and it is larger than the required capacity (0.1167 kg/s) of Medicago hispida; when the speed of draught fan is 4000 r/min, the airflow of most of the ducts converges at the distance of 0.2 m from the air outlet, and the speed of waft airflow is 12-14 m/s which is larger than the required speed (11 m/s) of Medicago hispida, while the distance from the air outlet is 0.3 m, the airflow of the ducts converge entirely, but the speed reduces to about 10 m/s which is below the require, so the waft distance is determined to be 0.22 m by analyzing the area between 0.2 and 0.3 m. In order to identify the simulation result of waft airflow velocity field with computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the experiment of determining waft airflow velocity field is carried out under the fan rotational speed of 4000 r/min. The environment of experiment is indoor without wind so as to reduce interference. The handheld anemometer Kestrel 4000 is used to measure wild speed, whose measurement range and accuracy are 0.4-40 m/s and ±0.1 m/s respectively, and the non-contact tachometer is used to measure fan's rotational speed, whose accuracy is 1 r/min and measured distance is 50-300 mm. The measure point is signed in the flow area before the test. The test results are compared with the simulation results after the test: the wild speed value from the test is 19.86-23.33 m/s at air outlet, 4.8%-9.3% less than the simulation value, 18.94-20.97 m/s at the distance of 0.1 m from air outlet, 2.1%-9.2% less than the simulation value, 11.94-14.13 m/s at the distance of 0.2 m from air outlet, 2.5%-7.4% less than the simulation value, 7.53-9.35 m/s at the distance of 0.3 m from air outlet, 6.6%-10% less than the simulation value, and 5.6-7.34 m/s at the distance of 0.4 m from air outlet, 6.6%-9% less than the simulation value. The comparison results show that the change trend of experiment value is consistent with simulation value, though slightly smaller than the simulation one. It means that the numerical calculation model established in the research is correct and reasonable, and it can reflect the distribution of waft airflow velocity field truly, so the selection of fan and duct can meet the requirement of blowing of Medicago hispida. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:13
Main heading:Air
Controlled terms:Computational fluid dynamics - Computer integrated manufacturing - Ducts - Equipment - Fluid dynamics - Harvesters - Interference suppression - Models - Professional aspects - Speed - Structural frames - Turbulence models - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Air flow velocity - Co-ordinate system - Computer engineering - Experiment values - Measurement range - Multiple-reference frames - Numerical calculation model - Rotational speed
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 723.5 Computer Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 901 Engineering Profession - 901.1 Engineering Professional Aspects - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20162602533010
Title:Determination of input threshold of nitrogen fertilizer based on environment-friendly agriculture and maize yield
Authors:Zhang, Jun (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); Zhao, Peiyi (2, 3, 4, 5); Pan, Zhihua (1, 4, 5); Duan, Yu (2, 3, 4, 5); Li, Huanchun (2, 3, 4, 5); Wang, Bo (2, 3, 4, 5); Jing, Yupeng (2, 3, 4, 5); Dong, Zhiqiang (1, 4, 5)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Institute of Resources and Environment and Testing Technology Sciences, IMAAAHS, Hohhot; 010031, China; (3) Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Dryland Farming, Hohhot; 010031, China; (4) Wuchuan Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot; 011705, China; (5) Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation (Inner Mongolia), Hohhot; 011705, China
Corresponding author:Pan, Zhihua(panzhihua@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:136-143
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The purpose of this study was to get a win-win input threshold value of nitrogenous fertilizer. The three-year fertilization experiment was carried out in Wuyuan County, Hetao irrigated area, Inner Mongolia to study the effect of different nitrogen usage rate on maize yield, soil nitrogen residues and nitrogen balance. The experiment was conducted on the anthropogenic-alluvial soil with pH value of 8.5, organic matter content of 16.17 g/kg, 18.76 mg/kg Olsen phosphorus (P) content, 149 mg/kg available potassium (K) content, 6.95 mg/kg ammonium nitrogen (NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N) content, 16.20 mg/kg nitrate nitrogen (NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>-N) content, and soil bulk density of 1.49 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. The supplied variety of maize was Haodan 168. Six N treatments (0, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 360 N kg/hm<sup>2</sup>in 2011; 0, 180, 240, 300, 360 and 480 N kg/hm<sup>2</sup>in 2012 and 2013) were randomly placed in 18 plots with 3 repetitions. Forty percentage of N fertilizer was incorporated into 0-20 cm surface soil before sowing. Meanwhile, concentrated superphosphate (150 P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>kg/hm<sup>2</sup>) and potassium chloride (75 K<inf>2</inf>O kg/hm<sup>2</sup>) as P and K fertilizer were applied to soil before sowing. Sixty percentage of N fertilizer was applied to soil at the huge bellbottom period. After harvest, soil N (NH<inf>4</inf><sup>+</sup>-N and NO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>-N) was monitored, grain yield and straw yield were calculated according to the weighed results from sampling small plot (30 m<sup>2</sup>). N recovery was calculated by the method of difference. N balance between N input and N output was calculated during the whole growth stage of maize. Results showed that the grain yield increased first and then decreased with the increase of N application rate. Moreover, the N storage in 2 m soil showed an exponentially increasing trend with the increase of N application rate. In addition, the soil profile N had an increasing trend with the increase of N application rate and year. However, the N content of soil layer showed a decreasing trend in 0-80 cm with the increase of soil depth. The N application rate, the grain yield, the mineral N in 2 m soil, the N recovery rate of soil, the N recovery rate of plant, and the N recovery rate of soil-maize system were 237 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, 13.7 t/hm<sup>2</sup>, 478 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, 24%, 41%, and 65%, respectively, and with these the N surplus was 0. The value between 95% of the highest yield and the highest yield was 13.2-13.9 t/hm<sup>2</sup>, whose N application rate, the mineral N in 2 m soil, the N surplus, the N recovery rate of soil, the N recovery rate of plant, and the N recovery rate of soil-maize system were 193-291 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, 419-563 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, -19%-23%, 21%-26%, 41%, and 62%-67%, respectively. As a result, the reasonable N input threshold of maize is 193-291 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>in Hetao irrigated area, which can ensure the crop yield and low N surplus, and high N recovery rate in soil-maize system. This research can provide scientific basis for N application for maize production in Hetao irrigated area. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Fertilizers - Grain (agricultural product) - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Potassium - Recovery
Uncontrolled terms:Available potassiums - Environment friendly - Fertilization experiment - Input threshold - Maize yield - Nitrogen levels - Organic matter content - Potassium chloride
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20162602533023
Title:Effects of land reclamation time on soil pore number and porosity based on computed tomography (CT) images in opencast coal mine dump
Authors:Wang, Jinman (1, 2); Guo, Lingli (1); Bai, Zhongke (1, 2); Qin, Qian (1); Lü, Chunjuan (3)
Author affiliation:(1) 1.College of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) 2.Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing; 100035, China; (3) 3.College of Resources and Environmental Science, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu; 030801, China
Corresponding author:Bai, Zhongke(baizk@cugb.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:229-236
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Opencast coal mining is an anthropogenic activity that changes the antecedent soil profile, and the physical, chemical and biological properties. The compaction activities of large machinery play a great effect on reconstructed soil pore structure in opencast coal-mine dump, so it is an important work to reconstruct a suitable soil pore structure for vegetation growth during the land reclamation for dump. In order to make a quantitative analysis on the pore number and porosity of reconstructed soils in dump, high precision and lossless computed tomography (CT) was used to study the effect of opencast coal-mining, land reclamation and dumping on soil pore number and porosity by scanning the soils in Antaibao opencast coal mine in Pingshuo mining area, Shanxi Province, China. The soils were taken from the dump platform covered by loess parent material, which were the ones with different reclamation time (0, 20 and 23 a) and the one of original landform. The softwares, including Photoshop 7.0, ArcGIS 10 and AutoCAD 2010, were used to process the scanned image and carry out statistical analysis for soil pore properties, and the image characteristics of soil pores and the changes in the number of soil pores and the porosity were analyzed. The changes in macropores, mesopores and micropores of reconstructed soils were also studied in this paper. The results indicated that: 1) Applying the combination method of high precision CT scan imaging technology and computer graphics software could accurately analyze the size, number and distribution of reconstructed soil in opencast coal-mine dump; 2) The number of soil pores and the porosity in original landform were the largest, followed by the soils reclaimed for 23 and 20 years, and the soils after dumping before reclamation were the lowest; 3) Opencast coal-mining and dumping activities reduced the number of soil pores and the porosity because of the effects of large mechanical compaction, especially for macrospores, and land reclamation had a certain function of increasing soil pore size and improving soil porosity; 4) The effect of mining, dumping and other activities on the number of soil pores and the soil porosity for surface soils was higher than that for the bottom soils. During the land reclamation process, subsoiling, planting green manure, applying organic fertilizer and other land reclamation measures should be used to increase the number of reclaimed soil pores and the porosity of macropore on surface soils. This research can provide theoretical reference for the quantitative expression of reconstructed soil pores' distribution, the selection of land reclamation measures, and the optimization of reconstructed soil structure in opencast coal-mine dumps in loess areas. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Land reclamation
Controlled terms:Coal - Coal mines - Coal reclamation - Compaction - Computer aided design - Computer graphics - Computerized tomography - Fertilizers - Image processing - Imaging techniques - Land use - Landforms - Machinery - Manures - Pore size - Pore structure - Porosity - Reclamation - Sediments - Soils - Tomography
Uncontrolled terms:Anthropogenic activity - Chemical and biologicals - Computer graphics software - Image characteristics - Loess area - Mechanical compaction - Opencast Coal Mine - Opencast coal minings
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 503.1 Coal Mines - 524 Solid Fuels - 723.5 Computer Applications - 746 Imaging Techniques - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20162602533016
Title:Monitoring lettuce growth using K-means color image segmentation and principal component analysis method
Authors:Li, Xiaobin (1); Wang, Yushun (1); Fu, Lihong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China; (2) College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Yushun(wysws@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:179-186
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Real-time monitoring of plant growth in greenhouse can provide scientific basis for managing plant production. In order to develop real-time monitoring technology based on machine vision, this paper presents a evaluation method based on image processing and principal component analysis method (PCA) for plant growth. Five independent lettuce plants (S1-S5) and 2 lettuce blocks (G1 and G2) were chose randomly from a greenhouse of a local gardening center. For the single lettuce plant sample, top projected canopy area (TPCA) and plant height (PH) were measured by changing RGB color model to HSI model and by automatic threshold segmentation method. Synchronously, plant height, number of leaf (NOL), length of X-axis direction of top projected canopy (LX), length of Y-axis direction of top projected canopy (LY), length and width of a certain leaf (LL, WL), which were the six parameters that express a single lettuce growth, were measured manually. The PCA statistical method was used to generate total lettuce growth information (SZS) based on the forementioned six manually measured parameters. Likewise, for the G1 and G2, cover index was calculated based on K-means color image segmentation technology while lettuce plants volume was calculated by the manual measurements. Cover index is defined as TPCA divided by total area of field of view of G1 or G2. Similarly, lettuce plants volume is total volume of the group lettuce plants (G1 or G2). Lettuce growth models were developed for S1-S5 and G1-G2 using regression analysis with higher accuracy (R<sup>2</sup>>0.80) and P<0.0001, respectively. The results show that there are significant correlation between the total lettuce growth information and image parameters for a single lettuce plant and a group of lettuce plants. These procedures present a good method for assessment of lettuce growth, quantitatively and non-intrusively. The overall results indicate that K-means color image segmentation and principal component analysis method are feasible for monitoring lettuce plant growth and have potential monitoring many other greenhouse plant growth, on the other hand, the forementioned image segmentation methods and data statistical approach can provide reference for online monitoring of other plant growth. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Color - Color image processing - Computer vision - Greenhouses - Image analysis - Image processing - Image segmentation - Monitoring - Regression analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Color image segmentation - K-means - Lettuce growth - Potential monitoring - Principal component analysis method - Real time monitoring - Segmentation methods - Top-projected canopy areas
Classification code:741.1 Light/Optics - 741.2 Vision - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20162602533011
Title:Calibration and validation of soil salinity estimation model based on measured hyperspectral and Aster image
Authors:Kelimu, Ardak (1, 2); Tiyip, Tashpolat (2); Zhang, Dong (1, 2); Nurmemet, Ilyas (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment Science, XinjiangUniversity, Urumqi; 830046, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi; 830046, China
Corresponding author:Tiyip, Tashpolat(tash@xju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:144-150
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil salinization is a major desertification and land degradation that threatens especially the stability of ecosystems in arid land. Either natural factors or human unreasonable use of the soil can cause soil salinization, and also has impact on the sustainable development of resources and the environment. There is an urgent need for intensive monitoring and quick assessment of salinization through hyperspectral remote sensing as a tool for combating soil salinizaiton in such ecosystems. In this paper, estimation the soil salinization of Ebniur lake basin, Xinjiang, China by a multiple regression model was carried out using Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD) data and Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image data and soil reflectance spectra. A total of 11 spectral transformation forms of reflectance were used to relate with the measured soil salinity. Spectral reflectance experienced root mean square, logarithmic, and reciprocal transformation, then the first and second derivative of original and transformation forms were calculated. In addition, the first derivative of reciprocal of logarithmic was also calculated. A relationship between the sensitive bands of soil salinity was used to build models of soil salinity. The transformation and model establishment were conducted again after resampling ASD spectral reflectance data. Finally, the model after resampling was correlated with that before resampling to increase the model accuracy. A total of 50 sampling points were obtained and 30 of them were randomly selected for model establishment and the other 20 was used for validation. The results showed that the model with second derivative of reflectance was best with R<sup>2</sup>of 0.59 and 0.75, and the root means square of error (RMSE) of 1.29 and 1.24 g/kg. ASD resampling improved the model accuracy with the second derivative of logarithmic transformation as the best model, which yielded the R<sup>2</sup>of 0.80-0.82, and RMSE of 0.97-1.05 g/kg. Through the regression analysis, a linear model was established between ASD resampling spectral inversion model and ASTER spectral model with R<sup>2</sup>of 0.88. Using the linear model and based on the ASTER spectral model and ASD resampling model, the ASTER spectral model was calibrated. Using measured soil salinity to validate the calibrated model, the resulted showed that the calibrated model improved the model accuracy to 0.91 and reduced the RMSE to 0.96 g/kg. Therefore, the multiple regression method could be used for model calibration for ASTER spectral model based on ASD resampling spectral inversion model, which has great potential for estimation of soil salinity in the arid land. This paper made contribution to the dynamic monitoring of soil salinization, realized the scale transformation from the measured field scale to spectral scale of multi-spectral remote sensing, and also can provide valuable information for future research. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Calibration - Ecology - Ecosystems - Metadata - Models - Reflection - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Space optics - Sustainable development - Weathering
Uncontrolled terms:Analytical spectral devices - ASTER image - Calibration and validations - Correlation coefficient - Hyperspectral remote sensing - Multi-spectrum - Multiple regression methods - Salinization
Classification code:454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 656.1 Space Flight - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20162602533001
Title:Experiments on combustion and emission particulate size distribution characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with methanol-blending biodiesel fuel
Authors:Du, Jiayi (1); Li, Jun (1); Zhang, Dengpan (1); Zhao, Xiaoming (1); Wu, Peizhen (1); Yuan, Yinnan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) School of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou; 215006, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:75-80
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Compared to gasoline engine, the thermal efficiency of diesel engine is higher and the 30% fuel efficiency can be achieved, but the particle emission is very serious. Particles which contain soluble organic fraction (SOF), soot and inorganic salt are mainly the result of incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of fossil fuels and other organic materials. According to the particle size distribution, the exhaust particles include ordinary particles (with size more than 100 nm) and ultrafine particles (with size less than 100 nm). And ultrafine particles include nuclei mode particles (with size less than 50 nm) and accumulation mode particles (with size between 50 and 100 nm). Numerous studies have shown that the particles are harmful to human and environment, and they may cause cancer and other diseases. Formerly, the emission regulations only restricted the PM (particulate matter) mass concentration, but recently a series of policies have included the limitation of particulate number concentration. The particle emission of diesel engine has gradually been paid extensive attention by many researchers. Burning diesel mixed with methanol could improve combustion and reduce the emissions of particles, but the physicochemical properties of diesel and methanol are greatly different, and they are mutually immiscible. Generally, forming micro-emulsion fuels by mixing them with cosolvent is the most efficient way. At present, a series of achievements have been gained at home and abroad, but the researches about using the mixture of methanol and biodiesel are still few, especially about the size distribution of fine particles. As a kind of green renewable energy, biodiesel can improve the emission characteristics of engine; also, it could contribute to the formation of methanol-blending biodiesel micro-emulsion fuel. With the use of combustion analyzer and Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer 3090 spectrometer, the combustion process and the particulate number concentration distribution characteristics were studied with a diesel engine fuelled with methanol-blending biodiesel micro-emulsion fuel. Results showed that compared to the engine fuelled with blending biodiesel B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel in volume fraction), the in-cylinder pressure, pressure rise rate and heat release rate curves for the engine fuelled with methanol-blending biodiesel micro-emulsion fuel were obviously retarded, and the maximum pressure rise rate and heat release rate increased; the particle presented nuclei mode and the size was mostly between 6 and 22 nm at low load, and the total number of nuclei mode particles showed that the B20 fuel was the most, followed by B20M5 (95% B20 and 5% methanol in volume fraction), B20M10 (90% B20 and 10% methanol in volume fraction) and B20M15 (85% B20 and 15% methanol in volume fraction) in order; at high load, the particulate number concentration distribution was unimodal with the size between 6 and 275 nm, the particle morphology was accumulation mode, and the peak of particulate size distribution was around 100 nm. The total particle numbers of nuclei mode particles, accumulation mode particles and all particles for B20 were the most. The total number of accumulation mode particles for B20 was 2.45 times that of B20M5, 2.05 times that of B20M10, and 3.47 times that of B20M15. And the total number of all particles was 2.26, 1.98 and 3.77 times that of B20M5, B20M10 and B20M15 respectively. With the increase of methanol fraction, the percentage of nuclei mode particles rose and the percentage of accumulation mode particles decreased, and the sum of exhaust particle declined. Relative to blending biodiesel, the more oxygen the micro-emulsion fuels contained, the more proportion the ultrafine particles occupied. So, the mixing proportion of methanol should not be too high. The research provides a reference for the combustion and the particle emission control of methanol-biodiesel blending fuel. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Diesel engines
Controlled terms:Biodiesel - Blending - Combustion - Emission control - Emulsification - Engine cylinders - Engines - Exhaust systems (engine) - Fossil fuels - Fuels - Light transmission - Methanol - Microchannels - Mixing - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Particles (particulate matter) - Particulate emissions - Size distribution - Volume fraction
Uncontrolled terms:Emission characteristics - Green renewable energy - Heat Release Rate (HRR) - In-cylinder pressures - Micro-emulsified - Particulate size distribution - Physicochemical property - Soluble organic fraction
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 523 Liquid Fuels - 612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine Components - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20162602533007
Title:Temporal and spatial distribution of agricultural irrigation water requirement and irrigation requirement index in Guizhou Province
Authors:Lei, Hongjun (1); Qiao, Shanshan (1); Pan, Hongwei (1); Shang, Chongju (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou; 450045, China; (2) Center for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Water Resources Research Institute of Guizhou Province, Guiyang; 550002, China
Corresponding author:Pan, Hongwei(phw103@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:115-121
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of agricultural water requirement are of great significance to the management of regional drought prevention, mitigation and optimal allocation of irrigation water. Guizhou is a typical region suffering from droughts all around the year and seasonal water shortage of agriculture limits the sustainable agricultural development. In order to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of agricultural irrigation water requirement and irrigation requirement index in Guizhou Province, in this study, the effective precipitation (Pe), the crop evapo-transpiration (ETc) of rice, maize, winter wheat, oilseed rape and tobacco in different growth stages were estimated by using effective precipitation coefficient, FAO Penman-Monteith equation and crop coefficient method based on the meteorological and statistical data of planting crops area between 1953 and 2012 in Guizhou Province. The annual net agricultural irrigation water requirement (IR) and irrigation requirement index (IRI) were statistically analyzed. Results showed that IR and IRI in the 9 cities of Guizhou province were in the range of 314.48-742.57 mm and 0.34-0.68, respectively. During the last 6 decades, IR and IRI had shown fluctuation characteristics with multi peaks distribution. The peak value demonstrated a decrease trend with the prolonged fluctuation period. The temporal turning stage of IR and IRI was between 1993 and 2000. Before that stage, IR and IRI declined. IR and IRI showed seasonal characteristics of the highest IR in summer and highest IRI in winter. IR showed high value in the East and low value in the West district, while the high value of IRI was in the East and Northwest district, but the low value was in the Southwest district of Guizhou Province. 9 cities could be divided into three risk regions, and the high risk in water shortage lied in the East and Northwest district, which was the focus of regional drought management. The construction of water pond project and the drought resistance plans should be made and carried out to alleviate the problem of engineering water shortage in these regions. The increments of IR and IRI were mainly attributed to the climate change, especially to the change of precipitation. The results of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) showed that the mean ETc of rice, maize, oilseed, winter wheat rape, and tobacco were 738.1, 482.4, 367.4, 347.9, and 450.4 mm, respectively. And the IR showed that the mean IR of rice, maize, oilseed, winter wheat rape, and tobacco were 362.2, 142.4, 208.4, 213.1, and 102.6 mm, respectively. Regional water resources transferred from the southern area to the northern side could be carried out to improve the basic conditions of regional agriculture production. This study can provide support for the identification of seasonal water shortage in Guizhou Province, the layout of agricultural water conservancy project, and the adjustment of planting structure and cropping pattern. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Spatial distribution
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Climate change - Crops - Drought - Evaporation - Evapotranspiration - Irrigation - Oilseeds - Precipitation (chemical) - Tobacco - Water - Water management - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural irrigation water - Fluctuation characteristics - Guizhou Province - Requirement index - Spatial and temporal distribution - Sustainable agricultural development - Temporal and spatial distribution - Water requirements
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20162602532993
Title:Design and test of tilt dise-type fine and small-amount seed metering device for foxtail millet
Authors:Cui, Qingliang (1); Hou, Huaming (1); Zheng, Decong (1); Wu, Zhiming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:17-23
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to solve the difficulties of sowing for small grain seeds, such as foxtail millet, we firstly study the agricultural requirements of precision drill of millet without thinning out seedlings. After analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of different seeding devices, we design a kind of tilt dise-type fine and small-amount seed-metering device for foxtail millet. We measure the shape and dimension of the millets with the microscope using the projection method, and the friction coefficient of millet with different materials as requested by the national standard of China. We analyze the motor process of millet, which helps us design the structure of this device. It is mainly made up of filling dise, shell, discharging dise, elastic flipping device and drill shaft. It has many advantages. Its structure is simple, and its working principle is reliable. Its working position tilt is from 45° to horizontal direction. The overflowing seeds from filling holes are flexibly cleaned under the action of gravity, so they will not be damaged. There are 36 filling holes in the filling dise, and they are uniformly distributed on the circumference of filling dise. Matched with filling holes, there are 36 seeding grooves in the discharging dise, which are uniformly distributed on the circumference of discharging dise. The filling dise is above the shell, and the discharging dise is below the shell, both of which synchronously rotate. There is a passing hole between them in the shell. The millets fall in the filling holes, and revolved around the drill shaft together with filling holes. When they arrive at the passing hole, the millets leave the filling holes, then pass through the passing hole and enter the seeding grooves. The millets continue to revolve around the shaft together with the grooves. There is a dropping hole at the bottom of the shell. Before they arrive at it, the millets move to the end of the grooves. When they arrive at the dropping hole, the millets leave the groove, pass through the dropping hole, and fall into the seeding tube. According to the movement characteristics of millets, on the premise of not damaging them, we design the shapes and dimensions of the filling hole, seeding groove, passing hole and dropping hole. This device is expected to seed 2-3 millets from every seeding groove, and the intervals of millets are kept steady on the soil. We especially design an elastic flipping device to flip the millet stuck in the filling hole out of it, which is installed on the upper boss above the passing hole of the shell. We design the fit clearance of 0.2 mm between filling dise, discharging dise and shell simultaneously, thus eliminating the friction between them. In order to test the performance of this device, we use 6 indices from the national standards of China. They include the percentage of damaged seeds, variability coefficient of steadiness of total seeding quantity, qualified index of hill spacing, repeated sowing index, miss-seeding index and variability coefficient of qualified hill spacing. We design and conduct the experiments of the steadiness of total seeding quantity and the uniformity of seeding rate with this device. We also measure the percentage of damaged seeds discharged from this device. The results show that the variability coefficient of steadiness of total seeding quantity is less than 0.7%, the qualified index of hill spacing is greater than 86%, the repeated sowing index is less than 12%, the miss-seeding index is less than 7%, the variability coefficient of qualified hill spacing is less than 5%, and the percentage of damaged millet is less than 0.05%. All the indices meet the requirements of the industrial standards of China. It will provide a theoretical reference for the design and analysis of fine and small-amount seed-metering device for small grain seeds. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Filling
Controlled terms:Crops - Design - Drills - Friction - Grain (agricultural product) - Machinery - Mechanization - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Shells (structures)
Uncontrolled terms:Design and analysis - Foxtail millet - Friction coefficients - Industrial standards - Movement characteristics - Performance experiment - Seed metering devices - Tilt dise
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 601 Mechanical Design - 603.2 Machine Tool Accessories - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20162602533022
Title:Suitability evaluation on high quality capital farmland consolidation based on niche-fitness model
Authors:Zhao, Suxia (1); Niu, Haipeng (1); Zhang, Hanwei (1); Zhang, Hebing (1); Zhang, Xiaohu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Surveying & Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo; 454000, China
Corresponding author:Niu, Haipeng(niuhaipeng@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:220-228
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is China's significant strategic move to carry out rural land consolidation and construct high quality capital farmland on a large scale, which ensures stable yields despite drought or excessive rain. However, the construction project of high quality capital farmland is currently with the lack of scientific instruction in line with local conditions in respect of project site selection and design approach. An empirical research was conducted in Xinzheng City to study suitability evaluation and obstacle indicators of high quality capital farmland. Based on the theory of ecological niche and the construction target of high-quality capital farmland, this paper proposed the very concept of high quality capital farmland niche, and established the index system from the different aspects of natural resource endowment, infrastructure, sustainability of high quality capital farmland and its space stability. Thirteen indicators were selected during the evaluation. Then this paper built the niche-fitness evaluation model. Throughout the evaluation model as well as the matching degree between the actual niche and the first-rate niche, 4 levels were divided to pinpoint the niche of the high quality capital farmland in different regions. The farmland in the first level areas was high quality capital farmland; the farmland in the second level areas needed to be improved; the farmland in the third level needed to be comprehensively renovated; and the farmland in the fourth level was not appropriate for exploitation. This paper clarified the niche of the high quality capital farmland in different regions, took the first-rate niche as the sole criterion to establish the diagnosis model of obstacle indicators, analyzed the restricted degree and diversity of the obstacle indicators, clarified the priority and orientation on capital farmland construction in different regions, and sought countermeasures and valid paths. The results were as follows: 1) 14017.72 hm<sup>2</sup>farmland was high quality capital farmland, accounting for 25.88% of the city's farmland, 21121.15 hm<sup>2</sup>farmland needed to be improved, accounting for 38.99% of the city's farmland, 4559.37 hm<sup>2</sup>farmland needed to be comprehensively renovated, accounting for 8.42% of the city's farmland, and 14469.70 hm<sup>2</sup>farmland was not appropriate for exploitation, accounting for 26.71% of the city's farmland; 2) In Xinzheng City, the arable land was in a good natural endowment, and the security of irrigation and soil pollution index were the main obstacle indicators; 3) Using the niche-fitness model to pinpoint the niche of high quality capital farmland, could extend the application range of the theory of ecological niche, solve the problems including indeterminate key rectification regions and unreasonable project locations, and provide the theoretical basis for project site selection and design approach. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Ecology - Health - Land use - Models - Quality control - Site selection - Soil pollution - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Construction projects - Evaluation modeling - Farmland consolidations - Fitness modeling - High quality - Resource endowments - Suitability evaluation - Xinzheng city
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.6 Medicine and Pharmacology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20162602533003
Title:Analysis and experiment of output torque characteristics of single-pump multi-motor transmission system
Authors:Wen, Desheng (1); Wang, Jing (1); Chai, Weichao (1); Zhen, Xinshuai (1); Chen, Fan (1); Ma, Guanglei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao; 066004, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:88-95
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The single-pump multi-motor transmission system can provide multiple speeds and torques. In order to make the output torque of the single-pump multi-motor transmission system more stable, the system, which was composed of double-action pump and double-action double-stator motor, was selected as the object of research, the fluctuant factor was adopted to analyze the influence of the fluctuant input oil on the output torque of the motor, and the fluctuant curves of the motor were drawn under 4 different working ways (inside motor working alone, outside motor working alone, inside and outside motor working jointly, and inside and outside motor working differentially). The practical output torque fluctuation of motor was liner superposition between torque fluctuation and input oil fluctuation. Their fluctuant curves were linearly combined with the same method. When the pulsation cycle of input oil was different from output torque's, the sum of them was aperiodical, and the practical output torque fluctuation was irregular. On the contrary, when the pulsation cycle of input oil was identical with output torque's, by adjusting the lag angle between pump and motor, their fluctuant curves could be reasonably stacked, and the motor could practically output the minimum torque fluctuation. To verify the influence of lag angle on the single-pump multi-motor transmission system, a test platform was established, which was composed of double-action pump and double-action double-stator motor. By recording the multi-group measuring instantaneous output torque values, the multiple torque fluctuating coefficients were calculated under each working way of motor and then the fluctuation curves were drawn together. These lines could intuitively reflect output torque fluctuation values under different working ways of motor and compare the different effect on the output torque fluctuation by adjusting lag angle. The results showed that under the premise of input oil fluctuating, the motor had different output characteristics under different ways of working. When the pump fluctuation cycle was consistent with the motor's, the output torque fluctuation under the way of the inside and outside motor working differentially was the minimum, whose torque fluctuating coefficient was about 1.5%-1.8%. The output torque fluctuation under the way of inside motor working alone was always less than the outside motor's. Different lag angles had different effects on the output torque fluctuation of motor. Among the 4 different working ways, the way of inside and outside motor jointly working was most affected by lag angle, whose torque fluctuating coefficient value was up to about 1.9%-2.7%; and its change range was the most, about 0.8%, more than the other 3 working ways. Reasonably adjusting lag angle could make the output torque fluctuation coefficient under this working way decrease to 1.5%-2%, which was less than that under the ways of the inside or outside motor working alone, and the overall change range reduced to about 0.5%. Reasonable lag angle could also make the overall output torque fluctuation of the motor reduced. This experiment indicates that lag angle has a great impact on the output torque fluctuation of the motor. For the transmission of high precision occasions, the research on reasonable lag angle has great significance can provide a theoretical basis for the piping layout of single-pump multi-motor transmission system. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Torque
Controlled terms:Experiments - Gears - Hydraulic motors - Pumps - Stators - Transmissions
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient values - Double stator - Fluctuation - Multi motors - Output characteristics - Output torque value - Torque fluctuation - Transmission systems
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 618.2 Pumps - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 705.1 Electric Machinery, General - 901.3 Engineering Research - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20162602532992
Title:Torque analysis on bionic model of bamboo weevil rostrum based on ANSYS
Authors:Xu, Shun (1); Tong, Jin (1); Ma, Yunhai (1); Li, Mo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University/Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun; 130025, China
Corresponding author:Li, Mo(moli@jlu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:11-16
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Multi-layered composite cylindrical pipes have been widely used in pipeline transportation engineering field because of its high corrosion resistance and good wearing resistance. However, there is still a lack of theoretic analysis on torsion. The bamboo weevil (Cyrtotrachelus bugueti Guer) lives on bamboo shoots. Its rostrum bears big torque while drilling into bamboo. To reveal the torque-bearing mechanisms of rostrum, in this study, the detailed geometric structural parameters, composite elements and nano-mechanical properties of rostrum were respectively analyzed by electron scanning microscope, X-ray energy spectrometer and nanoindenter. The electronic microscope photographs showed that bamboo weevil rostrum was a hollow pipe mainly composed of 3 parts, i.e. outer layer, inner layers and reinforcing ribs. And the inner layers could be divided into axial layers and circumferential layers based on their morphology. The reinforcing ribs perforated several axial layers and circumferential layers along the radial direction, but its size and distribution were very randomly. From the element spectrum diagrams and nanomechanical tests, it was found that the outer layer of rostrum contained carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O), which are essential elements to composite chitin, and furthermore, it also contained inorganic salts like silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K). And in this layer, the elasticity modulus, hardness and stiffness were 3.074 GPa, 182.254 MPa and 8.12 µN/nm, respectively. The main component of axial layers was saccharides or lipid that was dependent on the chemical union of C, H and O, and its elasticity modulus, hardness and stiffness were 3.152 GPa, 121.392 MPa and 10.283 µN/nm, respectively. The circumferential layers contained C, H, N, O and chlorine (Cl), and its elasticity modulus, hardness and stiffness were the highest, which were 8.645 GPa, 246.620 MPa and 19.695 µN/nm, respectively. From the measurement result, the main characteristics of bamboo weevil rostrum could be found. First, rostrum was a hollow multilayer pipe, which had nice strength and stiffness. Second, the outer layer was chitin, the axial layers consisted of sheet saccharides or lipid, and the circumferential layers contained protein and fibers. Specially, the circumferential layers had excellent mechanical capacity that made the rostrum more powerful. Third, the thickness of each axial layer changed in a certain sequence from outside to inside. In addition, the radial ribs connected several layers, which was conducive to better balance the stress and deformation on different bearing layers. Finally, the bionic multilayer pipes designed by learning the rostrum were modeled after appropriate simplification and majorization, and the torsional deformation was examined. The finite element analysis (FEA) method was applied to analyze the rationality of the cascading order of pipe wall in ANSYS software. In the FEA, SHELL181 and MASS21were employed, and all models were free meshed. The computer simulation results demonstrated that, if the outer layer had low elastic modulus material, and the inner layer had high elastic modulus material, the torsional deformation on the pipe would be the smallest. That is, enhancing the elastic modulus of inner layer material will be beneficial to strengthen the torsion capacity of the multilayer composite pipes. In addition, the simulation proved the reasonability of rostrum wall structure. The results on the torque-bearing mechanisms of bamboo weevil rostrum can provide theoretical references for the design of the multilayer composite pipes, especially for transporting pipe. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Finite element method
Controlled terms:Animals - Bamboo - Bearings (machine parts) - Biomimetics - Bionics - Carbon - Chemical analysis - Chitin - Corrosion resistance - Deformation - Elastic moduli - Elasticity - Hardness - Magnesium - Models - Multilayers - Pipe - Reinforcement - Stiffness - Sugars - Torque - Torsional stress
Uncontrolled terms:Electron scanning microscopes - Electronic microscopes - Multi-layered composites - Multilayer pipes - Nanomechanical property - Pipe-line transportations - Strength and stiffness - Torsional deformations
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 539.1 Metals Corrosion - 542.2 Magnesium and Alloys - 601.2 Machine Components - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.1 Pulp and Paper - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20162602533006
Title:Multi-water conjunctive optimal allocation based on interval-parameter two-stage Fuzzy-stochastic programming
Authors:Li, Chenyang (1); Zhang, Zhixin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Architectural, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:107-114
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rapid population growth and economy development has led to increasing reliance on water resources. It is even aggravated for agricultural irrigation systems where more water is necessary to support the increasing population. In this study, an interval-parameter two-stage Fuzzy-stochastic optimization model was developed for dispatching the underground and surface water systems for different crops in Hong Xinglong irrigation of China under the conditions of uncertainty and complexity. In the model, the maximal system benefit was regarded as the objective function and 3 methods of probability density function, discrete intervals and fuzzy sets were introduced into the two-stage linear programming framework to resolve uncertain issues. The model allocated a predefined water to crops in the first stage, according to benefit and punishment for water shortage condition to adjust the water supply in the second stage, making the system reach the balance of systems benefit and the risk of punishment, the process of water allocation for multiple corps was simulated, meanwhile, the allocation of water from various sources was optimized. Because inflows water was of obvious probability characteristics in irrigation area, the model took into account of the random of inflow, and assumed that the probability of occurrence for high, middle and low levels were 0.2, 0.6 and 0.2. Since the quantity of stream flows, water requirement of crop and available water supply were uncertain, and uncertainties might also exist in system benefits and costs, the uncertain parameters of above-mentioned were described by interval variables. The available water in the irrigation area was represented by fuzzy sets based on credibility theory. The different probabilities, discrete interval number and fuzzy sets together were used to build the irrigation multi-water resource, multi-crop water distribution model. The model was solved by the method of linear programming, the optimal distribution scheme of water was achieved and the maximum benefit was 1355.144×10<sup>6</sup>-2371.792×10<sup>6</sup>RMB. It could reflect not only uncertainties in water resources system, but also provide an effective linkage between conflicting economic benefits and the associated penalties attributed to the violation of the predefined water distribution target. Meanwhile, the results were presented in the forms of interval number, proving a more broad decision space for decision makers. Moreover, the results indicated that farmer planted a large number of high-yield and high water consumption of crops such as rice and corn in irrigation area and single planting structure would lead to the risk of the decrease of crop production in dry year, the model was valuable for supporting the adjustment or justification of the existing irrigation patterns and identify a desired water allocation plan for agricultural irrigation under uncertainty. Compared with the other traditional two-stage model, this model had advantages: 1) it considered uncertain factors as much as possible, made the model more close to actual condition; 2) The model effectively relieved groundwater pressure of water supply by utilizing surface water and groundwater; 3) The model results would suggest managers reducing planting area of high water consumption crops; 4) Water resources management by system benefit would stimulate employee enthusiasm; and 5) The model data was relatively easy to access. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Cultivation - Decision making - Economic and social effects - Economics - Fuzzy sets - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Information management - Irrigation - Linear programming - Optimization - Population statistics - Probability - Probability density function - Probability distributions - Stochastic models - Stochastic programming - Stochastic systems - Stream flow - Surface water resources - Surface waters - Uncertainty analysis - Water distribution systems - Water management - Water supply - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Interval parameter - Optimal allocation - Probability of occurrence - Stochastic optimization model - Surface water and groundwaters - Uncertainty and complexity - Water distribution model - Water resources management
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912.2 Management - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.1 Probability Theory - 961 Systems Science - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20162602532998
Title:Structural optimization for rack of boat-type tractor based on sensitivity analysis
Authors:Zhou, Minggang (1); Zhang, Lu (1); Chen, Yuan (1); Liu, Mingyong (1); Huang, Yunpeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research and Design Institute of Agricultural Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan; 430068, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:54-60
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to promote the mechanization of cultivation in paddy field, Chinese scholars have been devoted to the study of the boat-type tractor. The hull was the main load-carry part of the Chinese traditional boat-type tractor, and modifying the shape and size over and over again based on the experience was the conventional design method of the hull. However, it was hard to ensure the parameters of the static and dynamic property selected from a series of variable ranges were the optimal ones. In order to achieve superior static and dynamic performance of the boat-type tractor, the multi-objective optimization design was conducted on the established separable boat-type tractor rack. The supporting device of the established boat-type tractor was the rack, and the transmission was mounted on it. The transmission was powered by the engine, and then power was output to the gearbox and transfer case through the propeller shaft and finally to the driven wheels. Therefore the rack played an important role in guaranteeing the reliability and stability of the whole machine. First, pre-processing was operated; we extracted the middle surface from the three-dimensional (3D) model and assigned shell units. Full constraint was applied on the rack where the wheels were connected, and after this the finite element analysis of the constraint model was conducted on the rack. Through the modal analysis we found that the first-order modal frequency of the frame was close to the engine working frequency, and therefore we determined the first-order modal frequency as the optimized response. Due to the complexity of the rack structure, we analyzed the sensibility of thickness to the first-order modal frequency, and tank bracket, Beam 1, Beam 2, gearbox bracket, Beam 3, Beam 5 and main beam were defined as the design variables. Besides, we took the minimum volume as the optimization goal. Then, the multi-objective optimization design model was established and 6 groups of non-inferior solutions were obtained. In order to select the optimal design scheme from 6 groups of non-inferior solutions, we composed complex fuzzy matter-element matrix of characteristics and their corresponding values in the optimized system. After normalizing the matrix, the membership matrix was acquired. This matrix could help us determine the entropy weight of the evaluation indices, and thus we could get the advantages and disadvantages of each non-inferior solution. After obtaining the optimal solution, we redesigned the rack and carried out the modal analysis, and the statics check was also conducted on it. Comparing the results before and after optimization, we found that the first-order modal frequency increased from 25.78 to 34.84 Hz whose growth rate was more than 35%, the maximum static stress decreased from 51.18 to 37.75 MPa, and moreover the working frequency of the engine was away from the natural frequency of the boat-type tractor rack. The most important thing was that at the time we obtained the excellent performance of the rack the volume of the rack only increased by 2.4%. The result showed that the rack of the boat-type tractor optimized based on the fuzzy matter-element model and coefficient of entropy had good dynamic performance. The research provides theoretical and technical references for the design of the new boat-type tractor. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Multiobjective optimization
Controlled terms:Boats - Design - Engines - Entropy - Finite element method - Fuzzy inference - Gears - Hulls (ship) - Machinery - Mechanization - Modal analysis - Optimal systems - Optimization - Sensitivity analysis - Structural optimization - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck) - Transfer cases (vehicles) - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Conventional design methods - Fuzzy matter element models - Fuzzy matter elements - Modal - Rack - Sensitivity - Static and dynamic performance - Three dimensional (3-D) modeling
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 671.1 Ship Design - 674.1 Small Marine Craft - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 921 Mathematics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20162602532994
Title:Experiment of no-tillage and drought direct sowing rice and feasibility analysis in Shandong Province
Authors:Zhang, Yinping (1); Du, Ruicheng (1); Diao, Peisong (1); Yang, Shandong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo; 255049, China
Corresponding author:Du, Ruicheng(drc@sdut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:24-30
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To study the adaptability of the rice planting pattern of no-tillage and drought direct sowing in Shandong Province, the experiments were carried out in 2 different places Taoluo and Gaoqing. Taoluo is the wheat-rice double cropping area and Gaoqing is the single cropping area. In these 2 areas, rice was planted by a planter with wide seedlings and stubble cleaning device, and at the same time, the mechanical transplanting was used for the comparison. In the process of experiments, the influences of different patterns on the rice height and tillering situation were analyzed, and the rice yield and its components were compared to the mechanical transplanting as well. In addition, the costs of different patterns were compared. The result showed that the rice growth period of no-tillage and drought direct sowing was shorter than mechanical transplanting, but the growing speed was higher. At the early stage of rice growth period, the rice height of no-tillage and drought direct sowing was lower than mechanical transplanting and had significant difference, but no difference existed in the late stage. The rice tillering rates of no-tillage and drought direct sowing were respectively 57% and 58% in Taoluo and Gaoqing, 6.5% and 10.4% lower than mechanical transplanting, respectively. The yields in Taoluo and Gaoqing were respectively 8970 and 10020 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>under the no-tillage and drought direct sowing, 50 and 30 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>lower than mechanical transplanting respectively, but there was no significant difference between them. In the components of yield, the panicle length, seed setting rate, grain number per panicle and one thousand grain weight were lower than mechanical transplanting, but had no significant difference except grain number per panicle. The number of valid panicles was much more than mechanical transplanting, which guaranteed yield, and had significant difference (P<0.05). Through the comparison, the cost of no-tillage and drought direct sowing was 2427 and 3312 yuan/hm<sup>2</sup>lower than mechanical transplanting in Taoluo and Gaoqing respectively, and significant difference existed between the 2 different planting patterns. In Taoluo, 2 kinds of crops are planted in a year, and the straw of preceding crop must be returned to the soil and rotary cultivation must be carried out, which cost respectively about 600 and 1200 yuan/hm<sup>2</sup>. At the same time, the process of seeding raising and transplanting are complicated, it costs 1497 and 780 yuan/hm<sup>2</sup>in the conventional pattern of transplanting. In Gaoqing, one crop is planted in a year, it costs 1200 yuan/hm<sup>2</sup>for winter-cultivation, and costs as the same as Taoluo for seeding raising and transplanting. But all these mentioned did not be needed in the pattern of no-tillage and drought direct sowing, and the stubble-cleaning, cultivation, fertilization and planting were completed at one time, which made the rice planting much simpler. Through the experiment, it is proved that rice no-tillage and drought direct sowing is feasible in the conventional rice planting area of Shandong Province. If it is available for hybrid rice in Shandong Province remains to be further verified, but we can conclude that if the seeding time and rate are appropriate, it would be possible. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Costs - Crops - Cultivation - Drought - Experiments - Machinery - Mechanization - Seed
Uncontrolled terms:Cleaning devices - Double cropping - Feasibility analysis - No tillage - Preceding crops - Rice - Shandong province - Yield
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 601 Mechanical Design - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20162602533015
Title:Automatic acquisition and classification system for agricultural network information based on Web data
Authors:Duan, Qingling (1); Wei, Fangfang (1); Zhang, Lei (1, 2); Xiao, Xiaoyan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Beijing Agricultural Networking Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing; 100083, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:172-178
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The purpose of this study is to obtain agricultural web information efficiently, and to provide users with personalized service through the integration of agricultural resources scattered in different sites and the fusion of heterogeneous environmental data. The research in this paper has improved some key information technologies, which are agricultural web data acquisition and extraction technologies, text classification based on support vector machine (SVM) and heterogeneous data collection based on the Internet of things (IOT). We first add quality target seed site into the system, and get website URL (uniform resource locator) and category information. The web crawler program can save original pages. The de-noised web page can be obtained through HTML parser and regular expressions, which create custom Node Filter objects. Therefore, the system builds a document object model (DOM) tree before digging out data area. According to filtering rules, the target data area can be identified from a plurality of data regions with repeated patterns. Next, the structured data can be extracted after property segmentation. Secondly, we construct linear SVM classification model, and realize agricultural text classification automatically. The procedures of our model include 4 steps. First of all, we use segment tool ICTCLAS to carry out the word segment and part-of-speech (POS) tagging, followed by combining agricultural key dictionary and document frequency adjustment rule to choose feature words, and building a feature vector and calculating inverse document frequency (IDF) weight value for feature words; lastly we design adaptive classifier of SVM algorithm. Finally, the perception data of different format collected by the sensor are transmitted to the designated server as the source data through the wireless sensor network. Relational database in accordance with specified acquisition frequency can be achieved through data conversion and data filtering. The key step of data conversion can be implemented on the basis of mapping rules between source data and target data. The mapping rules include 3 kinds of rules. The first is the source data directly corresponding to the target data; the second is that we create a temporary table, which corresponds to target table if they have same field name; and the third is converting perception data of XML (extensible markup language) type to relational database. Besides, data filtering is required to process abnormal values of the measured value beyond the sensor range. In this paper, unified modeling language (UML) is used to describe the agricultural network information automatic acquisition and classification system. User requirement analysis is described by the system's use case diagram. Web data extraction process is described by the system activity diagram. These help the system's key function implement of automatic information acquisition from Internet. The IOT data sharing module is implemented based on the proposed data conversion and filtering rules. The system can supply the services of on-time agricultural news, agricultural product prices, supply and demand information browsing query, real-time agricultural environment monitoring and personalized information statistics. The preliminary application shows that the agricultural network information automatic acquisition and classification system improves the accuracy of information extraction and text classification. The information acquisition accuracy rate for sample web sets is 98.2%, and the accuracy rate of text classification with rules is 92.5%. Compared with sequential minimal optimization (SMO), Bayesian, C4.5 decision tree and radial basis function (RBF) based SVM algorithm, linear SVM is more suitable for agricultural news classification. The system has high real-time performance and good user participation for IOT applications, which will expect to be applied to agricultural information integration and intelligent processing. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Classification (of information)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural products - Agriculture - Algorithms - Computational linguistics - Computer simulation languages - Data acquisition - Data handling - Data mining - Decision trees - Economics - Hypertext systems - Image retrieval - Information analysis - Information retrieval - Information systems - Internet - Internet of things - Inverse problems - Mapping - Modeling languages - Optimization - Query processing - Radial basis function networks - Search engines - Support vector machines - Telecommunication services - Text processing - Unified Modeling Language - Websites - Wireless sensor networks - XML
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural environment monitoring - Agricultural informations - Information - Inverse Document Frequency - Radial Basis Function(RBF) - Sequential minimal optimization - User requirement analysis - XML (extensible markup language)
Classification code:405.3 Surveying - 716.3 Radio Systems and Equipment - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.1 Information Sources and Analysis - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 961 Systems Science - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20162602533012
Title:Quantitative assessment of tillage erosion on typical sloping field in black soil area of northeast China
Authors:Zhao, Pengzhi (1); Chen, Xiangwei (1); Wang, Enheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin; 150040, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Enheng(erxin222@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:151-157
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Massive research on soil erosion in northeastern China has focused on quantifying the rates and patterns of water erosion. Soil transportation caused by farming equipments or tillage erosion, however, has largely been overlooked as a significant geomorphic process in the black soil region. The objectives of this study, therefore, were to 1) quantatively determine tillage translocation value due to moldboard plowing, which was the predominant implement of soil preparation in this area; 2) to examine the effect of slope gradient and tillage direction on tillage translocation; and 3) to investigate the spatial distribution of tillage erosion in a typical sloping cultivated land. Tillage translocation process was determined by labeling method in this study. White quartz gravel with 6-12 mm in diameter was used as the tracer for all the plots. A summation curve was generated to calculate mean soil movement based on tracer redistribution along the path of tillage. Tillage operations were conducted in both up and down direction of the sloping field separately, and the mean slope was 3.6° with maximum up to 7.2°. Speed and depth of tillage were set as 13.6 km/h and 25 cm, respectively. Prior to tillage operation, the terrain following coordinates and elevation of study area were measured at 20 m intervals along 7 transects, and these data were to produce digital elevation model of study area (320 m×120 m). The results showed that the ratio of tracers recovered after tillage operations to that applied ranged from 95.54% to 98.15%, with an average of 96.96%, showed that the tracer recovery rate was high. And tillage depth estimated by summation curve was 24.9 cm which was consistent with pre-set tillage depth (25.0 cm). These evidences indicated that the technique used in this experiment could appropriately estimate tillage translocation. The average experiment error (4.83%) was lower than reported tillage translocation and erosion studies, which credited to the accurate sampling process. A further analysis was conducted to the first plot (slope gradient 5.02%) with the highest error of 13.34%. We found that variability within the original tracer-labeled plot contributed to the high experiment error. Moldboard plow operation moved great quantities of soil resulting to potential erosive. Tracer concentration at 0-20 cm within plots maintained at a high level in upslope tillage direction while the tracer concentration at 0-20 and 50-150 cm were both higher in downslope direction, indicating that tillage implements translocated more soil and took it far away in downslope direction. Mean soil translocation varied from 10 to 34 m and translocation in mass ranged from 32.68 to 134.14 kg/m. Tillage translocation was significantly affected by slope gradient, especially for upslope tillage. The rate of tillage erosion depended on the interval length of 20 m flocculated in 0.4-11.0 Mg/(hm<sup>2</sup>·a). Severer tillage erosion was observed on back-slope, shoulder positions and the greater slope positions, comparing to summit and toe-slope positions. The slope gradient of cultivated lands in black soil area is generally smaller, but the tillage erosion could be serious because of the higher tillage depth and speed of equipment operations. Results from this research can be of benefit to set targeted measures to reduce soil loss and maintain soil fertility in this area. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Erosion - Errors - Soils - Spatial distribution - Transportation
Uncontrolled terms:Digital elevation model - Mouldboard plowing - Quantitative assessments - Sloping fields - Soil transportations - Tillage - Tillage translocation - Tracer concentration
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20162602533034
Title:Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of chicken bone protein for production of antioxidant peptides using nutrase
Authors:Zhu, Ying (1); Zhao, Gaiming (1); Liu, Yanxia (1); Zhao, Lijun (1); Tian, Wei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Henan Key Lab. of Meat Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou; 450002, China; (2) College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou; 450002, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Gaiming(gmzhao@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:309-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Chicken bone is the main by-product of chicken slaughtering and processing. In order to explore new ways to use chicken bone and promote the high added value of chicken bone, the preparing technology and antioxidant activity of chicken bone peptides are investigated systematically in this paper, so as to provide theory basis for the industrial preparation and utilization of chicken bone peptides. This experiment uses the nutrase to hydrolyze chicken bone residue, investigates the effect of different substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time on the yield of oligopeptide of product, and evaluates the antioxidant activity of the product according to the clearance rate of hydroxyl free radicals, superoxide anion free radicals and DPPH free radicals. The single factor experiment is aimed to explore the influence of different substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time during the enzymolysis on the oligopeptide yield and the clearance rate of hydroxyl free radical. The results show: 1) Lower substrate concentration can affect the combination of enzyme and substrate molecules, on the other hand, higher substrate concentration will cause the phenomenon of substrate inhibition and enzyme inactivation; 2) Lower enzyme concentration will affect the combination of enzyme and substrate molecules, and higher enzyme concentration also will make part of the short peptides hydrolyzed to free amino acid, which can lead to oligopeptide yield decline; 3) Lower reaction temperature will affect the diffusion motion of enzyme and substrate molecules in the solution, and higher temperature will cause the structural changes of enzyme molecules and then can make a part of enzyme lose activity; 4) Shorter reaction time will affect the combination of enzyme and substrate molecules, and longer reaction time will lead to the fluctuating phenomenon of oligopeptide yield and clearance rate of hydroxyl free radical. Aiming at higher oligopeptide yield, using the response surface optimization, the best process using nutrase to hydrolyze chicken bone residue is obtained: the pH value of reaction solution is 7.2, the reaction temperature is 42℃, the reaction time is 2 h, the substrate concentration is 5%, and the enzyme concentration is 200 mg/g. When preparing the peptides of chicken bone residue under these conditions, the oligopeptide yield and clearance rate of hydroxyl free radicals are measured as 56.16% and 54.12%, respectively. Also the regression equation is gotten by using the response surface optimization, which can explain how substrate concentration and enzyme concentration affect the oligopeptide yield. By determining the antioxidant activity index of the product with optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions, it is concluded that the chicken bone residue peptide has some clearance ability on superoxide anion free radicals and DPPH free radicals. The clearance rate of ultra oxygen anion free radical is as high as 56.01%, which is a common removal ability, and the clearance rate of DPPH free radical is as high as 81.57%, which is a good removal ability. The test result shows that the product hydrolyzed by nutrase from chicken bone residue has biological antioxidant activity from a certain extent. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Enzyme inhibition
Controlled terms:Animals - Antioxidants - Bone - Enzymatic hydrolysis - Enzyme activity - Enzymes - Free radicals - Hydrolysis - Ions - Molecules - Optimization - Oxygen - Peptides - Surface properties
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-oxidant activities - Chicken bones - Enzymatic hydrolysis conditions - Lower reaction temperature - Nutrase - Oligopeptides - Response surface optimization - Single-factor experiments
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.9 Biology - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.044
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 39>
Accession number:20162602533021
Title:Quantitative analysis of carbon trade of upland greenhouse gas emission reduction from precise fertilization
Authors:Gao, Chunyu (1); Gao, Maofang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Maofang(gaomaofang@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:212-219
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Carbon trading is the market mechanism to reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Soil testing and formulated fertilization play an important role in reducing the fertilizer application and GHG emissions in intensive agricultural production area of China. In this paper, the methodology of upland GHG emission reduction in soil testing and formulated fertilization was proposed according to the basic process of carbon trade methodology. Huantai County, Shandong Province was chosen for the case study of tradable carbon calculation. The main conclusions were as follows: 1) Boundary of the project included the geolocation of upland crops and the production process of chemical fertilizers. Baseline of the project was CO<inf>2</inf>emission in chemical fertilizer production and N<inf>2</inf>O emission in upland crop planting without soil testing and formulated fertilization, while the project activities were GHG emissions in above processes under soil testing and formulated fertilization. 2) In Huantai County, too much nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer were added to the cropland, while potassium fertilizer was suitable. The average application amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in wheat-corn rotation system were 515.1, 289.5 and 145.7 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The investigation of nitrogen fertilizer production enterprises showed that the average CO<inf>2</inf>emission for the production of 1 t urea was 2.23 t (CO<inf>2</inf>equivalent, the same as below). 3) The tradable carbon from soil testing and formulated fertilization was 26485.8 t, and the farmland emission reduction, nitrogen fertilizer production reduction and phosphatic fertilizer production reduction accounted for 35.3%, 58.3% and 6.8%, respectively. Potassium production increased by 110 t emission, accounting for -0.4%. The situation was different in every town of the county because of the different crop area and fertilization. GHG reduction for Suozhen Town and Qifeng Town was 4848.6 and 6180.3 t, respectively. The main reason was that too much fertilizer was used in these 2 towns. GHG reduction in Tianzhuang, Jingjia, Chenzhuang, Xincheng, Zhoujia and Guoli was between 1700 and 2300 t. GHG reduction in Xingjia, Maqiao and Tangshan was lower than 1700 t, mainly because less fertilizer was used in these towns. 4) According to the carbon price of Shenzhen carbon trading market in March 2016, the emission reduction projects of soil testing and formulated fertilization in Huantai County could reach 12.86 million yuan, with 1.286 million yuan every year, which met the project requirement of small carbon trade. 5) The carbon trading methodology system that adopted the Denitrification and Decomposition (DNDC) model as the main measurement tool could achieve the carbon emission reduction calculation. The study has great significance to the implementation of GHG carbon emission reduction project from soil testing and formulated fertilization. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Greenhouse gases
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Carbon dioxide - Crops - Emission control - Fertilizers - Gas emissions - Landforms - Models - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Phosphorus - Potassium - Potassium fertilizers - Soil testing - Soils - Urea
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Carbon emission reductions - Carbon trades - DNDC models - Fertilizer applications - Greenhouse gas emission reduction - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Phosphatic fertilizers
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 40>
Accession number:20162602533028
Title:Analysis of texture parameters and determination of freshness index of beef in low temperature storage
Authors:Xu, Yadan (1, 2); Dai, Li (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou; 310018, China; (2) College of Qingnian Automotive, Hangzhou Vocational and Technical College, Hangzhou; 310018, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:267-272
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Beef would be oxidative decomposition and decayed because of enzyme, external environment, microorganisms, and many other factors during the storage. Beef freshness detection is urgently needed. Sensory evaluation method is easily affected by the reviewers and environment. Chemical evaluation is destructive and tedious. Therefore, it is necessary to seek a rapid detection method to monitor the freshness of the beef in the storage and transportation. Beef samples are placed in the 5℃ cold sealed and the -5℃ frozen sealed conditions respectively. Beef samples are detected by using the method of total volatile basic nitrogen(TVB-N), constant temperature drying and texture profile analysis (TPA) in the two storage conditions during different storage days (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 d). The freshness keeps longer in the -5℃ frozen sealed condition than that in the 5℃ cold sealed condition. The water content decreased in the two conditions, water content decreased in the -5℃ frozen sealed condition is more than that in the 5℃ cold sealed condition. The laws of texture parameters (hardness, resilience) during the storage days are analyzed. With increase of storage days in two conditions, hardness 1 and hardness 2 shows decreasing trends. In the condition of 15 days storage, the value of hardness 1 and hardness 2 are closed. The value of hardness 1 and hardness 2 that beef stored in 5℃ cold sealed condition are higher than that beef stored in -5℃ frozen sealed condition during 0-15 days. With increasing of storage days, resilience is decreased. Beef is stored in 5℃ cold sealed condition has a better resilience than that in -5℃ frozen sealed condition in 0-15 days. The test result of adhesiveness is stochastic and can't accurately reflect the chewing, the meat fibers on the tongue, teeth, jaw and other contact surface adhesion properties of beef. The method of two-way ANOVA is used to analyze the influence to the texture parameters. The results present that resilience are significantly influenced by the storage time and storage temperature (P<0.05). Correlation analysis of texture parameters and freshness in the 2 storage conditions are done. In 5℃ cold sealed condition, the correlation coefficient between hardness1, hardness 2, resilience, adhesiveness and freshness are -0.89791, -0.92072, -0.88443, -0.34857; in -5℃ frozen sealed condition, the correlation coefficient between hardness1, hardness 2, resilience, adhesiveness and freshness are -0.88818, -0.8976, -0.98148, 0.38746. Correlation of hardness1, hardness 2, resilience and freshness are significant at the 0.05 level in the two conditions. Detect TVB-N value and resilience of the beef in the of 2℃ cold fresh seal storage condition, TVB-N value and resilience can fit linearly (R<sup>2</sup>=0.85311). TVB-N value and resilience was significantly correlational (P<0.05). Resilience can be used as detection indicator for beef freshness in storage. This study provides a method for rapid detection of beef freshness, and provides the basis for beef fresh keeping during production and transportation. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Meats
Controlled terms:Beef - Chemical analysis - Energy storage - Hardness - Sensory perception - Stochastic systems - Temperature - Textures - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Constant temperature drying - Correlation coefficient - Freshness - Low-temperature storage - Production and transportations - Storage and transportations - Texture profile analysis - Total volatile basic nitrogens
Classification code:445.2 Water Analysis - 461.4 Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering - 525.7 Energy Storage - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 822.3 Food Products - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 41>
Accession number:20162602533019
Title:Biomass co-pyrolysis with calcium dihydrogen phosphate improving carbon fixation of biochar
Authors:Li, Feiyue (1, 2); Zhang, Li (1); Li, Xiaoliang (1, 2); Xie, Yue (1, 2); Wang, Yan (1, 2); Wang, Jianfei (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang; 233100, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Bio-organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture, Bengbu; 233000, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Jianfei(wangjf007@ahstu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:201-205
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Turning biomass wastes into biochar under low temperature and limited oxygen conditions has recently proven as a promising approach for long term carbon sequestration. In order to reveal the effects of mineral addition which is a pretreatment of biochar production on carbon retention and stability of biochar and provide an creative idea for further improvement of carbon sequestration potential by turning biomass into biochar. Calcium dihydrogen phosphate using as a typical mineral was added to sawdust and dairy manure feedstock at the ratio of 20% for biochar formation through co-pyrolysis treatment under lab condition, a typical slow pyrolysis process, heated in a Muffle Furnace at a speed of approximately 20℃/min under limited oxygen and held at 200 to 500℃ with every other 100℃ for 1 h. Moreover, two reliable methods were applied to test biochar stability: One was a simulated long-term stability method using chemical oxidation treatment to assess the labile fraction of C in biochar samples after hydrogen peroxide (H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>) oxidation, this method was to determine the chemical stability of biochar; The other was simulated mineralization experiment to test the biochar's microbe-resistance stability, this method was to evaluate the biological stability of biochar in terms of microbial mineralization rate under simulated soil microbial conditions in a lab-scale experiment. The carbon retention was defined as the proportion of the original carbon, which was from plant photosynthesis by sequestrating the CO<inf>2</inf>from atmosphere in feedstock, retained in the biochar after the pyrolysis. Compared with the original biochar, modified biochar produced with calcium dihydrogen phosphate addition to sawdust and dairy manure were increased by 31.3% and 26.1%, respectively; With H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>oxidation, the carbon loss of modified biochar produced with calcium dihydrogen phosphate addition to sawdust was reduced by 93.1%, compared with its unmodified biochar. However, the carbon loss of the dairy manure modified biochar was increased nearly 9 times, compared with the unmodified biochar. The cumulative CO<inf>2</inf>emission during 60-d aerobic incubation were 1.77 mg/g for sawdust modified biochar and 5.00 mg/g for dairy manure modified biochar, which were decreased by 90.3% and 72.8% compared with their unmodified biochar, respectively. Our results indicated that calcium dihydrogen phosphate was effective in increasing carbon retention and strengthening biochar stabilization, which provided a novel idea for exploring and producing the designated biochar with high carbon sequestration capacity and stability. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Calcium phosphate
Controlled terms:Bacteria - Biomass - Calcium - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Chemical stability - Cracking (chemical) - Feedstocks - Fertilizers - Manures - Microorganisms - Mineralogy - Minerals - Oxidation - Pyrolysis - Stability - Stabilization - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Biological stability - Carbon sequestration - Carbon sequestration potential - Chemical oxidation - Dihydrogen phosphate - Long term stability - Microbial mineralization rates - Resistance stability
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 482 Mineralogy - 482.2 Minerals - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 801 Chemistry - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 42>
Accession number:20162602533008
Title:Foliar spraying polyamine improving waterlogging resistance of summer maize in early grain filling stage
Authors:Liu, Bing (1, 2, 3); Zhou, Xinguo (1, 3); Li, Caixia (1, 3); Zhen, Bo (1, 3); Li, Huizhen (1, 3); Li, Zhongyang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang; 453000, China; (2) Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100000, China; (3) National Agro-ecological System Observation and Research Station of Shangqiu, Shangqiu; 476001, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Xinguo(firizhouxg@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:122-128
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Exogenous polyamine is a type of bioregulators and often used for drought resistance. This study investigated the feasibility to use it for waterlogging resistance in summer maize. A test-pit experiment was carried out in Shang qiu, China (24°35'N, 115°34'E, elevation 50.2 m). The waterlogging treatments for 3, 5, 7 and 9 days were designed in early grain filling stage of summer maize. At 3 days before ending waterlogging, the exogenous polyamine solutions or equivalent distilled water were sprayed 2 times per day (at 8:00 a.m. and 18:00 p.m.) to the maize in each treatment, respectively. Meanwhile, the field without waterlogging was set up as the control (CK). Samples were taken at 3, 6, 9 and 12 days after spraying for determination of soluble sugar content of leaves, root activity, shoot dry biomass, and endogenous spermidine content of leaves. At harvest, grain weight, yield and its components were measured. The results showed that: 1) After waterlogging in the early grain filling stage of summer maize, the soluble sugar content of leaves decreased. Spraying exogenous polyamine greatly increased the soluble sugar content. At 3 days after waterlogging, compared with distilled water treatment, the exogenous polyamine treatments for 3, 5, 7 and 9 days waterlogging significantly increased the soluble sugar content by 12.13%, 8.36%, 20.01%, and 12.17%, respectively (P<0.05); 2) At 3 days after waterlogging, compared with the distilled water treatments, the root activity for exogenous polyamine treatments in 3, 5, 7 and 9 days waterlogging was significantly increased by 24.76%, 40.45% and 31.46%, respectively (P<0.05). Overall, the root activity presented a upward-to-downward trend after the waterlogging; 3) The shoot dry biomass, spike length, rows per spike, kernels per row and yield of all the treatments were reduced significantly (P<0.05) compared to the CK. The spike core weight of 5 and 7 days of water flooding treatments decreased significantly (P<0.05), while there weren't significantly different at 3 and 9 days of water flooding treatment. The hundred-grain weight of 3, 7, and 9 days of water flooding treatment increased significantly (P<0.05), while dropped significantly after 5 days of waterlogging treatment. For the 3 and 5 days of waterlogging treatments, compared with treatments with distilled water, spraying exogenous polyamine increased the spike length by 6.56% and 7.80%, respectively, increased the rows per spike by 8.24% and 7.41%, respectively, and the increased the yield by 7.92% and 5.85%, respectively (P<0.05). In general, spraying exogenous polyamine was effective for waterlogging resistance in the early grain filling stage of summer maize when waterlogging lasted for 5 days or less, but the effect was not obvious for 7-9 days of waterlogging. In the future, different spraying amount and concentrations should be explored in order to find an optimal spraying amount and concentration. This study could provide useful information forthe recovery of summer maize after waterlogging. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Crops - Filling - Floods - Irrigation - Oil well flooding - Sugars - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Bio-regulators - Distilled water - Drought resistance - Earlygrain fillingstage - Exogenouspolyamine - Root activities - Soluble sugar contents - Summer corns
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 511.1 Oil Field Production Operations - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 43>
Accession number:20162602533024
Title:Spatial reconstruction evaluation and partition of rural residential areas in Changli county under background of new-type urbanization
Authors:Zhang, Guijun (1); Zhu, Yongming (1); Zang, Liang (1); Yang, Hao (1); Zhang, Pengtao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Land Resources Management, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding; 071001, China
Corresponding author:Zhu, Yongming(zhyming2005@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:237-246
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Changing the inefficient utilization situation of rural residential areas and carrying out the reconstruction and optimization of their spatial layout, can promote the rational allocation of resource, capital and labor force in the rural areas, and make the rural areas adapt to and be integrated into industrialization and urbanization to promote the coordinated development of urban and rural areas. This paper extracts appraisal units and vector spatial data using the geographic information system (GIS) tools. When constructing the index system of rural residential space reconstruction and evaluation criteria, the paper takes different indicators'combinations into full account, which can produce different effects to the evaluation objectives and the appraisal orientation. And in order to avoid lacking consideration on the complexity of the interaction between each evaluation index in the related studies using the comprehensive index evaluation method, the paper constructs two-step appraisal method by fusing hierarchical evaluation method and comprehensive index evaluation method. The first step is to construct the appaisal indicator system and appaisal criteria under multiple logical conditions for the spatial reconstruction of rural residenial areas, and then to carry out hierarchical appraisal to get the grading results of agricultural industry advantages, consolidation potential, moving and merging conditions, and economic and location conditions of settlements and so on. Combined with appraisal results obtained from the previous step, the second step is to construct the reconstructing discrimination criterion using discriminant evaluation method and carry out the spatial reconstruction zoning of rural residential areas in Changli county. Then, by overlaying livability assessment results on the spatial reconstruction zoning map, and introducing strategic choice evaluation, the paper adjusts and improves Changli county's residential space reconstruction zoning plan. Changli county is divided into agricultural priority area, city priority area, distributary area and minimum living area, and relocation and reconstruction strategy is put forward for each type of rural settlement. At last, the paper combines the social economic situation and urbanization construction objective of Changli county, constructs the development pattern of "county area-primary small towns-secondary small towns - new rural residential communities", and discusses the issues that require attention in the process of migration. The scheme can promote the implementation of "Twelfth Five Year Plan" and "Thirteenth Five Year Plan", help adjust the measures suitable for local conditions, promote the county's new town construction and the process of new-type urbanization construction, and provide new idea for rural modernization, industrialization and urbanization in Changli county. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Economic and social effects - Geographic information systems - Grading - Housing - Industrial economics - Land use - Maps - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Appraisal method - New rural constructions - New-type urbanization - Rural settlement - Space reconstruction
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 405.3 Surveying - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
<RECORD 44>
Accession number:20162602533009
Title:Synergistic effect of releasing potassium bacteria and clay minerals improving maize growth and soil nutrients availability
Authors:Shang, Haili (1, 2); Bi, Yinli (1); Peng, Suping (1); Xie, Wenwu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Research Institute of Mining Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou; 014010, China
Corresponding author:Bi, Yinli(ylbi88@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:12
Issue date:June 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:129-135
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Widely distributed shallow-buried paleochannels sand-bodies are valuable reservoirs of shallow water resource in the coal mining area. It is located in the transition zone between Maowusu desert and Loess Plateau, in which ecological environment is fragile and vulnerable to damage. It is necessary to rationally develop and utilize soil in shallow-buried paleochannels for ecological restoration in the mining area of northwest china. In order to reveal the effects of releasing potassium bacteria on plant growth and soil nutrients utilization in the shallow-buried paleochannels in the Northwest Mining area, the study was performed by short-term pot cultures in heliogreenhouse with maize in artificial soils, which simulated the soils with different contents of clay minerals in paleochannels. Test artificial soils were composed of quartz and 2 kinds of potassium-rich clay minerals, including feldspar and illite which are common minerals in the soil of northwest mining area. The test artificial soils were treated with 6 levels of clay minerals, which followed by 18%, 25%, 38%, 45%, 68% and 75% mass fractions of clay minerals in soils. Each level of clay minerals treated with inoculation with active C<inf>6</inf>X or sterilized C<inf>6</inf>X. The C<inf>6</inf>X was the tested strains of releasing potassium bacteria Phyllobacterium ifriqiyense isolated from the garden soil in Beijing Suburbs by microbial reclamation laboratory in China University of Mining and Technology. We investigated the relationship between the releasing potassium bacteria quantity and the artificial soils with 6 different kinds of clay minerals ratios, and their synergistic effect on the growth of maize including dry weight of shoot, root shoot ratio and root activity, mineral nutrients of maize and apparent utilization ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil. The results showed: 1) The quantity of releasing potassium bacteria was increased with increase in the clay minerals contents in soil. Releasing potassium bacteria quantity reached the peak value when the mass fraction of clay minerals in soil was 68% and concentration of exchangeable potassium in soil was 170 mg/kg, which was followed by decline of releasing potassium bacteria quantity at the mass fraction of clay minerals of 75%; 2) Maize dry weight of shoot, root shoot ratio, root activity were increased following the increase of clay minerals contents. When the mass fraction of clay minerals was 68% with inoculation with active C<inf>6</inf>X, the 3 indexes of maize growth reached maximum value; 3) The optimum mass fractions of clay minerals in soils with active C<inf>6</inf>X inoculation were 45%, 68% and 75% for accumulations of maize nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and soil nutrients availability. The maximum apparent utilization ratios of soil potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus were 65%, 53% and 17%, respectively; 4) Releasing potassium bacteria promoted the absorption of phosphorus in the case of soil potassium deficiency (the mass fraction of clay minerals was 18%), while it promoted the absorption of nutrients in maize and use efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the case that soil potassium exceeded (the mass fraction of clay minerals was 75%). The absorption and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in maize was closely associated with potassium content in the artificial soils, and was not significantly correlated with initial contents of nitrogen, phosphorus in the artificial soils. In sum, releasing potassium bacteria quantity was intensively influenced by the contents of clay minerals in soil. The interaction between clay minerals and releasing potassium bacteria in soil affected maize growth and nutrition uptake actively, also enhanced the utilization of mineral nutrients in soil. It provides useful information for exploring suitable microbial reclamation technology and improving degraded soil in mining area in northwest China. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Clay minerals
Controlled terms:Bacteria - Coal deposits - Ecology - Minerals - Nitrogen - Nutrients - Phosphorus - Potassium - Reservoirs (water) - Soils - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological environments - Ecological restoration - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Potassium deficiency - Reclamation technologies - Soil nutrients availabilities - Synergistic effect - Utilization ratios
Classification code:441.2 Reservoirs - 444 Water Resources - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 482.2 Minerals - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 503 Mines and Mining, Coal - 549.1 Alkali Metals - 804 Chemical Products Generally
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.12.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.
期刊信息
- 主管单位 中国科学技术协会
- 主办单位 中国农业工程学会
- 主编 朱明
- 总编/社长 王应宽
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- Bioresource Technology
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- Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
- Paddy and Water Environment
- Journal of Agricultural Engineering
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