<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20162302465205
Title:Design and test of plant image monitoring system based on mobile wireless sensor network
Authors:Yao, Zhongmin (1); Jing, Baogang (1); Sun, Caiping (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institution of Communication and Electronic Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar; 161006, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:189-196
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Wireless sensor network (WSN) has become a common basic component in agricultural information collection and monitoring technology. However, with the rapidly increasing agriculture monitoring requirement, the limitations of traditional static wireless sensor network (SWSN) have emerged, including the heterogeneous network power consumption, the weak performance of network and the lack of node's computing. In order to solve the SWSN's unbalanced energy consumption problem and improve the node's transmission capacity, an agricultural crop image monitoring system based on mobile wireless sensor network (MWSN) technology is proposed in this paper, which contains end-device nodes (ENs), coordinator node (CN) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The system architecture is divided into 3 layers: the information collection layer (ENs and cameras), the information relay layer (CN and UAV) and the information concentration layer. In the information collection layer, the ENs combined with cameras are used to detect, and convert JPEG picture into coding message. The gateway consists of CN and 3G module in the information relay layer. It takes the message from EN while UAV flies over EN. All messages are stored into the information concentration layer. This layer is also called management center, which can decode messages and show plant images. It is important to note that the device used in MWSN does not include route nodes (RNs). Instead of using multi-hop scheme by RNs to transmit image message, a single-hop mode is used in this paper, and all data can only be issued from ENs and entry into CN. SWSN's energy consumption is reduced by this way. On the other hand, the MWSN can ensure the data transmission performance and anti-interference ability and improve the network reliability effectively. We test the system from 2 aspects, the performance test of network via energy consumption modeling with MATLAB simulation and the network transfer capability test. Firstly, we test JN5139 power consumption under different conditions, and then create a model using "first order radio". The simulation shows that the energy consumption of the RNs is twice as much as EN (133 mW); in contrast, node consumption in MWSN is 133 mW (work mode) and 10 &mu;W (sleep mode). Secondly, we test the performance of 2 kinds of networks. We put one EN on the ground, and test the received signal strength indication (RSSI) and package error rate (PER) of CN in different spatial locations. The results show that for the RSSI within the 35 m, the MWSN's range is from -68 to -86 dbm and the SWSN's range is from -83 to -85 dbm, for the RSSI over 35 m, the MWSN's range is from -86 to -88 dbm and the SWSN's range is from -85 to -92 dbm, and for the PER between 10 and 80 m, the MWSN is from 0 to 9.2% and the SWSN is from 0 to 38.6%. The results show universal phenomenon of unbalanced energy consumption of SWSN. But the MWSN not only balances energy consumption, but also has low energy consumption level. These results indicate that the performance of MWSN is better than SWSN within a certain range. A set of experiments are carried out in the small potato plantations in the campus of Qiqihar University in July 2015. Three lower power JN5139 modules (ENs) are arranged at a distance of 100 m. It should be noted that, ENs can't transmit data interactively, and only send data to CN. Thus, the four-rotor UAV flies into the area at a slow speed, and hovers 15 m high from the ground to receive the message. At any moment, only one EN can communicate with the CN. The experiment shows that, the average time which is cost in acquisition and transmission of JPEG picture is about 135 s, and the number of package sent is 22 on average. The decoded images can reflect the growth status of plants well. In conclusion, the results of experiment show that the method is effective and applicable. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Wireless sensor networks
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cameras - Crops - Decoding - Electric power utilization - Energy utilization - Gateways (computer networks) - Heterogeneous networks - MATLAB - Monitoring  - Sensor nodes - Sensors - Telecommunication networks - Testing - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Vehicle transmissions
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural informations - Agricultural monitoring - Energy consumption model - Image monitoring systems - Mobile wireless sensor network - Monitoring technologies - Network transfer capabilities - Received signal strength indication
Classification code:525.3  Energy Utilization - 602.2  Mechanical Transmissions - 652.1  Aircraft, General - 706.1  Electric Power Systems - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 722.3  Data Communication, Equipment and Techniques - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 742.2  Photographic Equipment - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921  Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20162302465204
Title:Design and experiment of navigation control system of automatic operation boat in river crab culture
Authors:Zhao, Dean (1, 2); Luo, Ji (1); Sun, Yueping (1, 2); Hong, Jianqing (1); Zhang, Jun (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Facility Agriculture Measurement and Control Technology and Equipment of Machinery Industry, Zhenjiang; 212013, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:181-188
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In China, the current river crab culture mainly depends on human labor, which brings some problems such as aquatic plant cleaning difficulty, nonuniform feeding and high labor cost. In order to solve the problems above, this paper proposed a multi-functional automatic river crab culture operation boat based on ARM (advanced RISC machine) and GPS/INS (global positioning system/inertial navigation system) integrated navigation. The system was mainly composed of ARM controller, GPS/INS integrated navigation devices, GPRS (general packet radio service) communication device, aquatic plant cleaning device, automatic feeding device and paddle wheel driving device. In automatic navigation mode, the ARM controller firstly received and processed the navigation data including position, course and speed from the GPS/INS devices. PWM (pulse width modulation) module and GPIO (general purpose input output) module were called to control the boat sailing, aquatic plant cleaning and automatic feeding simultaneously. The host computer communicated with the ARM controller via GPRS device to monitor the real-time operating status of the ship borne subsystem remotely. In order to simplify the complexity of the traditional calculation method of channel position based on finite target points and reduce channel deviation error of the boat, this paper proposed a new calculation method based on real-time inserting points. This method calculated the current target position of the boat real-timely according to the position of the boat and the turning points of current channel. A new turning and channel switching strategy was also presented in this paper to improve the boat work efficiency and prevent the boat from deviating from the channel because of the high speed. Considering the movement characteristics such as non-linearity, big delay and underdamping of the boat, the course-speed dual-loop control algorithm was designed based on fuzzy PID (proportion integration differentiation). In order to enhance the stability and portability of the system, the ship borne subsystem was designed based on embedded Linux operating system, and the monitoring program of host computer was developed based on Visual Studio 2010 platform and SQL (structured query language) Server 2008 database. With the purpose of demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed system, the speed response and automatic navigation tests were performed in Jiangsu University in September 2015. In the speed response test, the target speed of the boat was set to 35 cm/s and the host computer would record and display the speed response curve of the boat from the stagnation to the target speed. Results showed that the speed overshoot was no more than 5% and the steady-state error could be kept within 3%. The boat responded quickly and it could greatly meet the speed regulation requirements. In the automatic navigation test, the boat was initially driven by manual control to obtain the position of 4 turning points of channel. After that, the automatic navigation tests based on finite target point and real-time inserting point method were carried out respectively. The host computer would record and display the position and channel deviation error of the boat during the test. Results showed that the maximal channel deviation errors based on finite point method at corner and straight were 2.12 and 1.52 m respectively while the maximal channel deviation errors were 0.36 and 0.09 m based on real-time inserting point method. The maximal channel deviation error based on real-time inserting point method decreased by 83.02% and 94.08% respectively compared with that based on finite point method. Through the analysis above we can see the accuracy of automatic navigation system has been fully improved. The multi-functional automatic river crab culture operation boat has the advantages of high work efficiency and low labor cost and the research can be considered as an efficient reference in river crab culture in the future. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Computer operating systems
Controlled terms:Air navigation - Algorithms - Boats - Cleaning - Compensation (personnel) - Control - Controllers - Cost accounting - Counting circuits - Cultivation  - Efficiency - Emergency traffic control - Employment - Errors - Feeding - Global positioning system - Linux - Navigation - Navigation systems - Pulse width modulation  - Query languages - Query processing - Radio communication - Radio navigation - Rivers - Shellfish - Ships - Speed - Visual languages - Voltage control  - Wages
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic navigation systems - Embedded linux operating systems - Fuzzy-PID - GPRS (general packet radio service) - Integrated navigation - Navigation control systems - Proportion integration differentiations - Structured Query Language
Classification code:431.5  Air Navigation and Traffic Control - 432.4  Highway Traffic Control - 461.9  Biology - 674.1  Small Marine Craft - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 713.4  Pulse Circuits - 716.3  Radio Systems and Equipment - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.1.1  Computer Programming Languages - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 732.1  Control Equipment - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 911.1  Cost Accounting - 912.4  Personnel - 913.1  Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20162302465194
Title:Influences of solid particles on oil film pressure in cylinder-piston ring based on lattice-Boltzmann method
Authors:Han, Haiyan (1); Zhang, Youyun (2); Wang, Kai (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University City College, Xi'an; 710018, China; (2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi'an; 710049, China; (3) Technology Section, The 210th Institute of the Sixth Academy of CASIC, Xi'an; 710061, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:109-116
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Most liquid lubricating systems are inevitably supplied with lubricant containing contaminant particles. It is certain that some of these particles are suspended in the oil, that is, the size of the solid particle is smaller than the oil film thickness. In this paper, the effects of the suspended particles on the oil film pressure of cylinder-piston ring were mainly studied. In recent years, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has been developed as an alternative to the conventional CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) methods. Unlike conventional numerical schemes based on discretization of macroscopic equations, the LBM is based on the statistical physics and describes the microscopic picture of particles movement in an extremely simplified way, but at the macroscopic level it gives a correct average description of the motion. It has been widely used to simulate the two-phase flow. The paper is aimed to study the influence of solid particles on the oil film pressure of piston ring based on L. The lubricate oil with suspended particles was regarded as the two-phase flow. The movement of the lubricate oil with solid particles is described with kinetic equations of distribution function of particles. A discrete Lattice-Boltzmann model of cylinder-piston ring was built in the domain of piston ring lubrication from the perspective of flow field. The implementation of boundary conditions for LBM is very important and has great effect on the accuracy and the stability of method. The bounce-back scheme was used in fluid-solid boundary and wall boundary treatment. The Reynolds boundary condition in the Lattice-Boltzmann Method was developed for the cracked oil film. By programming simulation, the influence of solid particles on the oil film pressure of piston ring was studied by researching the flow of the lubricant with solid particles based on LBM. The effect of particle location, shape and number on the oil film pressure of piston ring at certain crank angle was analyzed. The influence of solid particles on the oil film pressure of cylinder-piston ring was studied at different crank angle. Oil film velocity of lubricant was simulated base on LBM, and the simulated results were compared with the experimental results. The results of simulation agreed with experimental result well. It was shown in the results that the effect of the particle on the film pressure in piston ring lubrication was more significant, if the distance between the ring and particle center was closer. The variation of oil film pressure was 34.6% compared to the oil film pressure without particles. Conversely, the effect on the pressure was slight when the distance was greater, and the variation of oil film pressure was 11.2% compare to the oil film pressure without particles. When the thickness of particle was same, the influence of the longer particle on the oil film was more significant. The effects of particles on the oil film pressure were slight during the suction stroke and compression stroke. The variation of oil film pressure was 2.85% compared to the oil film pressure without particles at crank angle &phi;=320&deg;. Then, the influence of particles on the oil film pressure of piston ring was more significant during the power stroke. The variation of oil film pressure was 3.95% compare to the oil film pressure without particles at &phi;=450&deg;. Moreover, the experimental phenomenon that the abrasion was severe at dead centers of the engine, was theoretically analyzed. The study will provide theoretical reference for structural optimization of cylinder-piston ring. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Two phase flow
Controlled terms:Boundary conditions - Computational fluid dynamics - Distribution functions - Elementary particles - Integral equations - Kinetic theory - Lubricating oils - Lubrication - Piston rings - Pistons  - Pressure - Pressure effects - Solid lubricants - Structural optimization
Uncontrolled terms:CFD (computational fluid dynamics) - Lattice boltzmann - Lattice Boltzmann method - Lattice boltzmann methods (LBM) - Macroscopic equation - Oil film pressure - Statistical physics - Suspended particles
Classification code:607.1  Lubricants - 607.2  Lubrication - 612.1.1  Internal Combustion Engine Components - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 921.2  Calculus - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 922.1  Probability Theory - 931.1  Mechanics - 931.3  Atomic and Molecular Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20162302465211
Title:Design of agricultural greenhouse environment monitoring system based on internet of things
Authors:Liao, Jianshang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Computer Engineering, Guangdong Communication Polytechnic, Guangzhou; 510650, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:233-243
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, the communication protocol of the agriculture Internet of Things (IoT) is not uniform. To pack and transmit agricultural information better, a suitable protocol of the IoT, i.e. AGCP (Agricultural Greenhouses Communication Protocol), was proposed for agricultural communication, and an agricultural greenhouse monitoring system was designed using AGCP protocol combined with IoT. AGCP includes a set of data communication format, and defines the parameters in the protocol. There are variable design used for the data transmission which is collected by sensor, and command parameters used for equipment control, as well as function parameter which represents status and the function of sensor. Taken advantage of AGCP, firstly, a wireless sensor network for data transmission based on ZigBee technology was designed, which was used as coordinator in the perception layer. Secondly, terminal node core packaging, acquisition function node, such as temperature and humidity sensor, and the control function node, such as pump, were designed respectively. Then the agricultural environment information acquisition and equipment control by terminal had been realized. Thirdly, in functional module, communication protocols of the specific function modules were designed based on AGCP and characteristics of different modules, so the light control module, temperature control module, irrigation control module were detailed designed respectively. Finally, Android system was designed as mobile terminal with various core classes. The architecture of the UI interface, initialization, network communications, sensor equipment and automatic control were realized, respectively, which were used for remote monitoring on mobile terminal. The system test and analysis had been carried out in an agriculture park of Qingyuan city, Guangdong province. All kinds of sensor data from agricultural greenhouses were recorded at 12 pm, April 7, 2016. The greenhouse temperature, the humidity, the concentration of carbon dioxide, the light intensity, the soil temperature and humidity were 21.4 &#8451;, 65.3%, 867 mg/m³, 690 Klux, 20.06 &#8451; and 6.6%, respectively. Furthermore, from the historical record of different sensor data, it was shown that carbon dioxide concentrations in agricultural greenhouse changed quickly, but kept steady in a short period. The temperature was risen gradually. On the contrary, humidity was declined, while light intensity, temperature and humidity also maintained stable, which were in accordance with local environmental characteristics at that time. Additionally, the generator of carbon dioxide, water pump, fan, and fill light were successfully controlled by setting. It is shown that the system can collect the agricultural environment information, including the air temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, soil moisture and the corresponding equipment automatic control, with very good performance. The results verify the effectiveness of the AGCP protocol in the Internet of things of agriculture as well as the feasibility of building the system. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Internet of things
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Automation - Carbon dioxide - Computer terminals - Data communication equipment - Data communication systems - Data transfer - Design - Equipment - Greenhouses  - Humidity control - Internet - Internet protocols - Mobile phones - Mobile telecommunication systems - Monitoring - Network protocols - Process control - Sensor nodes - Sensors  - Soil moisture - Wireless sensor networks - Zigbee
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural environments - Agricultural informations - Carbon dioxide concentrations - Environmental characteristic - Internet of Things (IOT) - Monitor and control systems - Temperature and humidities - Temperature and humidity sensor
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 731  Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 901  Engineering Profession
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20162302465209
Title:EMD and morphology based voltage disturbance detection method for power system connected with wind turbine generation
Authors:Bao, Guangqing (1); Song, Ze (2); Wu, Guodong (1, 3); Xu, Hailong (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (2) State Nuclear Electric Power Planning Design &amp; Research Institute, Beijing; 100095, China; (3) Gansu Electric Power Research Institute, Lanzhou; 730050, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:219-225
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the penetration of wind power has become significant, one of the important challenges of power distribution network with wind power integration is the risk of large-scale wind turbine tripping accidents caused by over/under voltage faults in farms and systems, which also leads to unexpected variations in frequency parameters and thereby power quality issues. Aiming at the difficulty to extract early weak fault feature for the voltage influenced by white noise and transient disturbance noise, a method combining empirical mode decomposition (EMD) with soft mathematical morphology (MM) was put forward in this paper. It was crucial for the requirements of fault ride-through devices, fault component extraction and reclose scheme on voltage detection accuracy and real-time performance. Firstly, the dominant mode of noise was identified by EMD preprocessing. For the fault transients producing non-stationary signals with large frequency spectrum, the present mainstream techniques such as windowed Fourier transform (WFT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) were unsatisfactory. The heavy calculation burden of DWT made this methodology prohibitive in real-time detection. Moreover, DWT had oscillations around singularities. EMD had a high extent of adaptation to process various non-stationary signals without imposing any serious restriction on the harmonic nature of basis functions. After decomposing the voltage signals into a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), the spectrum available was used for discovering the hidden amplitude and frequency modulations in voltage signals and finding out the domains of energy concentration. The fault characteristic signal was restructured by accumulating the selected IMF components which characterized the fault characteristic frequencies. Then the voltage signal singularities were amplified by MM transform and threshold detection, avoiding the negative effects of background gradient on the results caused by cyclic variation of grid voltage and noise effects. The soft opening operation of dominant noise mode was performed to filtrate the spike noise, and the dilation of flat structuring element, whose length was one half of the period of power frequency, was operated to extract the magnitude characteristic of the signal; meanwhile, the gradient operation of short flat structuring element to differential signal was performed to detect and locate the singular point, and thus the defect of possibly omitting singular point by traditional methods was remedied. It was expected to offer better sensitivity and selectivity for voltage faults. A soft morphological edge detection based scheme was proposed to locate transient disturbance of voltage. To solve the problem of voltage detection inaccuracy caused by background gradient due to periodic variation of power signals and existing interferences during sampling process, a quantitative assessment method based on soft threshold was induced to improve detection accuracy. A standard to assess the filtering effect was put forward to choose the size of structuring elements adaptively to perform morphological filtering of original signals. And also the dilation-erosion transform was applied to morphological gradient by flat structuring elements to suppress background gradient to achieve location result preliminarily. Finally combining with the processing of soft threshold, the location of transient disturbance of power quality was implemented. Based on the noise ratio, correlation coefficient and mean-variance analysis, the MM-EMD could get better accuracy accompanied with simplified calculation process, compared with the standard morphology and wavelet threshold method. It was concluded according to the simulation analysis under different voltage fault scenarios, the detection error from standard morphology method increased as the signal to noise ratio (SNR) was degraded; particularly when SNR arrived to 25 db, standard morphology method was failed to locate voltage faults, while MM-EMD was still operative. The experimental results from the on-site survey in the northwest wind farm verified that the MM-EMD was effective in noise suppression and transient voltage detection, which was essential to the development of wind farm reactive power compensation devices. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Power quality
Controlled terms:Acoustic noise - Audio signal processing - Discrete wavelet transforms - Edge detection - Electric fields - Electric utilities - Fault detection - Functions - Mathematical morphology - Reactive power  - Signal analysis - Signal detection - Signal processing - Signal to noise ratio - Turbogenerators - Voltage measurement - Wavelet transforms - White noise - Wind power - Wind turbines
Uncontrolled terms:Amplitude and frequency modulations - Empirical Mode Decomposition - Morphological edge detection - Quantitative assessment methods - Reactive power compensation device - Signal de-noising - Wind power integrations - Windowed Fourier transforms
Classification code:615.8  Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 705.2  Electric Generators - 706.1.2  Electric Power Distribution - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 751.4  Acoustic Noise - 921  Mathematics - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations - 942.2  Electric Variables Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20162302465219
Title:Surface composite-modification of superparamagnetic particles for &alpha;-amylaze immobilization
Authors:Sun, Ning (1); Hu, Fei (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou; 510640, China 
Corresponding author:Hu, Fei(g95216@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:290-294
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Magnetic Fe<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf>nanoparticles (MNPs) owing to the unique properties and advantages of magnetite, therefore, there has strong interest in application of immobilized enzyme. To maintain performance and properties of MNPs and combine with enzyme better, MNPs have to be modified. MNPs were prepared by a modified hydrothermal method. 20 mL of Fe(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>3</inf>(0.16 mol/L) solution and 20 mL of FeSO<inf>4</inf>(0.1 mol/L) solution were mixed and stirred, then adding ammonium hydroxide (25%) quickly to adjust the pH to 10 (approximately10 mL) at room temperature, followed by at 130 &#8451; for 3 h in high pressure reactor. The black precipitate of magnetite was formed, which were strongly attracted by a permanent magnet and separated by magnetic decantation. The MNPs were alternating washed 3 times with 10 mL of deionized water, 2 times with 10 mL of ethanol and dried at 45&#8451;. In order to prepare silica layers onto MNPs, sol-gel procedure was employed. This method is based on hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The procedure of MNPs coated with SiO<inf>2</inf>(MNPs@SiO<inf>2</inf>) was followed: 100mg of MNPs were dispersed in 100 mL of 80% (v/v) ethanol using sonication for 30min, then ammonium hydroxide (25%) were added quickly to adjust the pH to 9-10 (approximately10 mL), followed by 2 mL of TEOS added and stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The MNPs @SiO<inf>2</inf>nanocomposite were obtained, then the MNPs@SiO<inf>2</inf>were alternating washed 3 times with 10 mL of deionized water, 2 times with 10 mL of ethanol and dried at 45 &#8451;.The procedure of composite-modified aggregates with green deep eutectic solvents (MNPs @SiO<inf>2</inf>-DESs) was followed, three kinds of DESs based on choline chloride (ChCl) were synthesized, and DESs were prepared by heating two eutectic mixtures at 100 &#8451; in a water bath with agitation until a homogeneous and colourless liquid was formed.1 mL of DES was dissolved in 3 mL of methanol, and then 10 mg of MNPs @SiO<inf>2</inf>were dispersed among them using sonication and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The MNPs @SiO<inf>2</inf>-DES were obtained and alternating washed 3 times with 10 mL of deionized water, 2 times with 10 mL of ethanol and dried at 45&#8451;. The particle aggregates as carrier were used for immobilized &alpha;-amylase by method of cross-linking covalently, 10mg of MNPs@SiO<inf>2</inf>-DES was dispersed in a solution of 2 mL of glutaraldehyde (volume fraction 5%) by sonication and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The activated support was separated and washed 3 times with 10 mL of deionized water for, followed by adding 4 mL of &alpha;-amylase (approximately 9 U/mL in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH=6.0). The solution was incubated in a water bath at 25 &#8451; for 3 h. The enzyme-bound bioconjugate was separated, washed three times with 10 mL of phosphate buffer (pH=6.0), dispersed in 10 mL PBS and stored at 4 &#8451;. The structures and physicochemical properties of the aggregates were studied by transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), infrared ray (IR), thermal gravity analysis (TGA), physical property measurement system (PPMS), and determination of enzyme activity, respectively. The results of TEM and SEM indicated that the particles aggregates were spherical with irregular surface, which were nanoscale (particle size of MNPs were range from 10 to 20 nm, particle size of Fe<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf>@SiO<inf>2</inf>were around 100 nm) and had properties of better dispersity; meanwhile, MNP distributed inside them. The result of magnetic responsiveness as PPMS showed, the saturation magnetization of Fe<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf>and Fe<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf>@SiO<inf>2</inf>were 65.42, 42.57 emu/g, respectively, and the saturation magnetization of Fe<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf>@SiO<inf>2</inf>-DESs were decrease; However, it is adequate enough to separate the material from solutions. The surface of particle aggregates owned abundant functional groups and stable structure estimated by IR and TGA, The IR spectrum of Fe<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf>@SiO<inf>2</inf>and Fe<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf>@SiO<inf>2</inf>-DESs showed that there were big differences, especially the band located at between 3600 and 3000 cm^-1and the region of 1000-1200 cm^-1. Because of hydroxyl groups or amino groups affected by hydrogen bonding, the movement of band position and broadening of peak occurred in original (-OH) or (-NH<inf>2</inf>). In comparison of TGA curves, difference of weight loss between 150 &#8451; and 800 &#8451; exhibited the thermal stability and amount of DESs on the surface of Fe<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf>@SiO<inf>2</inf>was DES2 (18.81&plusmn;1.96)%, DES1 (9.57&plusmn;1.36)% and DES3(8.87&plusmn;0.34)%, respectively. Composite-modified aggregates with DES3were more beneficial to combine with &alpha;-amylase. As for immobilization of &alpha;-amylase, composite-modified aggregates with DES3 as carrier had better adsorption performance and higher more enzyme activity, too. Composite-modified aggregated with DES3 is more suitable to be utilized in the carrier of immobilized &alpha;-amylase; furthermore, attributed to the convenient magnetic separation, the immobilized &alpha;-amylase could be easily recycled. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Agglomeration
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Ammonium hydroxide - Amylases - Deionized water - Enzyme activity - Enzyme immobilization - Enzymes - Ethanol - Eutectics - Hydrogen bonds  - Infrared radiation - Magnetic bubbles - Magnetic separation - Magnetism - Magnetite - Magnetite nanoparticles - Magnetization - Mixtures - Nanomagnetics - Organic solvents  - Particle size - Permanent magnets - Physical properties - Radioactive waste vitrification - Saturation magnetization - Scanning electron microscopy - Separation - Sodium compounds - Sol-gels - Sonication  - Spectrum analysis - Superparamagnetism - Transmission electron microscopy
Uncontrolled terms:High pressure reactors - Hydrolysis and condensation - Particulate Matter - Physicochemical property - Sodium phosphate buffer - Superparamagnetic particles - Tetraethyl orthosilicates - Thermal gravity analysis
Classification code:406  Highway Engineering - 445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 461.9  Biology - 531.2  Metallography - 701.2  Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 704.1  Electric Components - 708.4  Magnetic Materials - 741.1  Light/Optics - 751.1  Acoustic Waves - 801.4  Physical Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.041

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20162302465197
Title:Construction and application of mobile spraying uniformity model of hard hose traveler
Authors:Ge, Maosheng (1); Wu, Pute (1, 2); Zhu, Delan (1, 2); Zhang, Lin (2); Xiao, Xiao (1); Xu, Huize (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei; 230000, China 
Corresponding author:Wu, Pute(gjzwpt@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:130-137
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Spray uniformity is an important index to evaluate the irrigation quality of hard hose traveler. The existed uniformity calculating methods are complicated or show poor calculation accuracy. In this study, a curve fitting based on least square method was used for the radial water application of large flow rate sprinkler gun and a corresponding simplified calculation model was built to attain the mobile spraying uniformity. The model was mainly composed of three parts: the curve fitting of radial water distribution, water overlapping in the moving direction and the calculation of combined spraying uniformity. A spraying experiment was designed to verify the accuracy of the model. A JP75-300 type hard hose traveler was adopted in the experiment, the walking speed of the moving cart was 30 m/h, and the working pressure of the spray gun was 0.2 MPa. In addition, the flow rate of the system was 11.22 m³/h and the sector angle was 180&deg;. The deviation between calculated values and measured values were within 6%, which verified the accuracy of the model. The model was then used to calculate and analyze the relation between operating parameters and mobile spraying uniformity of a hard hose traveler equipped with a 50 PYC vertical impact arm sprinkler gun. The results show that: 1) The mobile spraying uniformity improves slightly with the increase of working pressure. The uniformity coefficient of 50 PYC vertical impact arm sprinkler gun under 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 Mpa are 64.9%, 71.9%, 73.8% and 74.7%, respectively. The application depth of water under each pressure presents a form of trapezoid distribution. The depth close to the cart pathway is relatively low. And this value increases to a stable value with the increase of distance to the pathway, nonetheless this value drop dramatically at the end of spray zone. 2) The radiation sector angle of the sprinkler gun shows a great influence on the spraying uniformity. The mobile spraying uniformity coefficients are 61.4%, 69.9% and 71.9% under a radiation sector angle of 180&deg;, 220&deg; and 270&deg; on the setting conditions. The form of water application depth transform from triangle distribution to trapezoidal distribution with the increase of sector angel. The increase of sprinkler gun sector angle can stretch the length of irrigation duration time effectively, which is prone to a lower average application rate and a lower incidence probability of surface ponding and runoff. 3) The mobile spraying uniformity increases at first and then decreases with the increase of combination space. Under the setting conditions, the mobile spraying uniformity is higher than 85% with a combination space of 1.5 R-1.7 R. When considering the influence of both sprinkler gun sector angle and combination space on the uniformity, the recommended sector angle range is 240&deg;-320&deg; and the combination space between adjacent pathway is 1.4 R-1.7 R under the setting conditions. 4) The mobile spraying uniformity shows no difference under various gun rotation cycles without considering on the influence of water distribution profile caused by the rotation cycle. The spraying jet hydraulic characteristic of sprinkler gun was taken under condition of no wind or slight wind (wind speed&lt;1.5 m/s), and the turbulence caused by wind was not yet considered in the model. The conclusions of this study can provide theoretical basis for the operation optimization of hard hose traveler. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Sprinkler systems (irrigation)
Controlled terms:Curve fitting - Hose - Irrigation - Least squares approximations - Models - Spraying - Water supply systems - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Hard hose traveler - Hydraulic characteristic - Least square methods - Operation optimization - Operation parameters - Simplified calculation models - Spraying uniformity - Trapezoidal distributions
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 619.1  Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 921.6  Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20162302465206
Title:Optimization design and experiment of monitoring system for Bactrocera dorsalis trapping under lighting variations
Authors:Xiao, Deqin (1); Ye, Yaowen (1); Feng, Jianzhao (1); Pan, Chunhua (1); Lu, Yongyue (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:197-204
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Bactrocera Dorsalis is a type of invasive pests and causes serious damage to many important economic crops. In order to monitor Bactrocera Dorsalis accurately, and to reduce the misjudgment of light-induced problem, a remote monitoring system which combined a hardware equipment and a software system was designed. The hardware equipment was optimized based on our preliminary design for Bactrocera Dorsalis trapping. By improving the shading system, solar devices and 4G communications devices, the hardware equipment now can be self-powered and integrate the insect pest information collection, processing and transmission as a whole functionality. In addition, this paper presents a good human-computer interaction software system, which includes the Bactrocera Dorsalis monitoring programs, the server and the client-side. The monitoring program can monitor the trapping process, precisely calculate the number of Bactrocera Dorsalis, and automatically transmit the results to the remote server or store it in a local storage card. Users are convenient to obtain the monitoring information through the client-side. In order to improve the accuracy of the Bactrocera Dorsalis detection algorithm (BDDA) and achieve the requirements of real-time systems, an algorithm named Bactrocera Dorsalis detection algorithm under lighting variations (BDDA-LV) was proposed. The BDDA-LV began by selecting appropriate background model according to the light conditions. Then the background difference method was used to extract Bactrocera Dorsalis target preliminarily. Median filtering and morphological filtering for the image was used to reduce white noise, and eliminate holes in the target area to improve the image quality. The image was then divided into blocks based on the adjacent pixels of the image and used these blocks for Geometric feature matching, so that the Bactrocera Dorsalis area can be extracted. Both BDDA-LV algorithm and BDDA algorithm were tested by two sets of data. These data came from the pre-acquired image dorsalis, and was divided into two datasets, one of which was under the moderate influence of light and the other one was under the severe influence of light. Each dataset had 150 images. In the influence of moderate lighting variation, the error rate of BDDA-LV algorithm was 7.21% and 23.07% lower than BBDA algorithm, and its computing time was 41.7% of the BBDA algorithm. In the influence of strong lighting variation, the error rate of BDDA-LV algorithm was 12.4% and 23.07% lower than the BBDA algorithm, and its computing time was 42.2% of the BBDA algorithm. By the long-term tests of the system in the Guangzhou Yangtao Park, the system ran stably and no power outage occurred. A comparative analysis of monitoring system records and artificial counting were carried out from June 18 to 24, 2015. The monitoring system counting was 1634 while artificial counting was 1613. The accuracy of the monitoring system was 98.7%, which improved 3.8% than the preliminary system. The experiments showed that the accuracy and efficiency of the BDDA-LV were higher than the original BBDA algorithm, and the whole system had higher precision and stability. This system can also easily provide accurate pest monitoring information to the regional monitoring personnel in real time, which improves work efficiency. At the same time, the system can provide information support for agricultural researchers to study on the insect activity. This system is thought to be valuable and applicable. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Computer hardware - Computer software - Digital storage - Efficiency - Equipment - Experiments - Hardware - Human computer interaction - Image matching  - Interactive computer systems - Lighting - Median filters - Object detection - Object recognition - Optimization - Outages - Real time systems - Reconfigurable hardware - Signal detection  - White noise
Uncontrolled terms:Background difference methods - Comparative analysis - Detection algorithm - Lighting variations - Monitoring information - Monitoring system - Morphological filtering - Remote monitoring system
Classification code:605  Small Tools and Hardware - 706.1  Electric Power Systems - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 721.3  Computer Circuits - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 901  Engineering Profession - 901.3  Engineering Research - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921.5  Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20162302465218
Title:Gel properties of soybean isolate protein with different heat treatments during frozen storage
Authors:Chen, Zhenjia (1, 2); Shi, Xiaodi (1); Du, Yumeng (1); Yao, Meiyi (1); Guo, Shuntang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China 
Corresponding author:Guo, Shuntang(shuntang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:283-289
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This phenomenon that water in the foods transforms into ice crystals during frozen storage, might have influence on the gel properties of soybean isolate protein (SPI) and sensory quality of frozen foods. In addition, heat effect generated during sterilization, which is the important procedure to process SPI, would change gel properties of SPI. Therefore, the effects of different heat treatments on the gel properties of SPI during frozen storage were carried out using Texture Analyzer and SDS-PAGE to provide a theoretical basis for endowing SPI-containing foods with better quality during frozen storage. In this study, three types of SPI, which were prepared by three different heat treatments, namely low temperature with long time (65 &#8451;, 30 min), high temperature with short time (90 &#8451;, 10 min) and ultra-high temperature sterilization (135 &#8451;, 15 s), hereafter were referred to as 65SPI, 90SPI and USPI. The changes in gel properties of three types of SPIs were investigated during frozen storage at -18 &#8451;. The SPI without any heat treatment was regarded as the control. The results showed that the gels of 65SPI and 90SPI had higher hardness with lower elasticity and water holding capacity (WHC), compared to the control SPI gel, while for USPI gel, the hardness, elasticity and WHC were relatively low. On the other hand, before freezing, 65SPI and 90SPI had more proteins incorporated into the gel network than the control SPI, whereas less protein of USPI participated in the formation of gel network. SDS-PAGE results further revealed that almost all &beta; subunits and basic polypeptides (B) of 65SPI and 90SPI were incorporated into the gel network before freezing, while for USPI and SPI, only part of &beta; and B subunits took part in the formation of gel network. However, no marked changes were detected in the values of chemical interactions of gels formed from three types of SPI before freezing. After freezing, the hardness of gels was increased continuously with the increase of frozen storage time, while the elasticity and WHC had apparent trends to decline. Furthermore, SPI and USPI had more soluble proteins involved into the formation of gel network during frozen storage, as compared to that before freezing,, but only slight increase of soluble proteins was detected in 65SPI and 90SPI gels. The &beta; and B subunits, which were obviously observed on the SDS-PAGE profiles of soluble proteins of SPI and USPI gels before freezing, could not be observed any more during frozen storage, however, no changes were observed from SDS-PAGE results of 65SPI and 90SPI gels whether it was before or after freezing. It could also be indicated from the analysis results of chemical interactions that, there were great changes in SPI and USPI gels after freezing, while for 65SPI and 90SPI gels, no marked changes were detected. Moreover, no matter before or after freezing, acid polypeptides (A) was the only subunit to participate the gel formation mainly through hydrogen bonds, while &alpha;', &alpha;, &beta;, B subunits were incorporated mainly by hydrophobic interactions. During the frozen stage, the formation of ice crystals in gels leads to the enrichment of protein and the formation of coarse gel structure through protein-protein interactions, which significantly decreases the water holding capacity of gels and enhances gel hardness. In general, heat treatment exerted no effect on improving the gel properties of SPI during frozen storage. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Heat treatment
Controlled terms:Chemical analysis - Cold storage - Crystal structure - Elasticity - Freezing - Gels - Hardness - Hydrogen bonds - Hydrophobicity - Processing  - Proteins - Sterilization (cleaning) - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical interactions - Gel properties - Hydrophobic interactions - Protein-protein interactions - Sensory qualities - Texture analyzers - Ultrahigh temperature - Water holding capacity
Classification code:537.1  Heat Treatment Processes - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 644.3  Refrigeration Equipment and Components - 801.4  Physical Chemistry - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 913.4  Manufacturing - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 933.1.1  Crystal Lattice - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.040

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20162302465181
Title:Performance analysis and experiment on granular fertilizer spreader with cone disc
Authors:L&uuml;, Jinqing (1); Shang, Qinqin (1); Yang, Ying (1); Li, Zihui (1); Li, Jicheng (1); Liu, Zhongyuan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:16-24
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the problems such as uneven spreading for most fertilizer machines and the incorrect and unreasonable application of chemical fertilizer on potato, therefore, a cone disc spreader device for fertilizer spreading was designed for granular fertilizer. Inverted cone angle structure was adopted in the cone disc and two groups of vanes mounted on it. The whole organization and working principle of the device were described, and also the performance of the device was analyzed. The kinematics and dynamics analysis of granular fertilizer on spreader disc, vane and in the air were carried out. Through the above theoretical analysis, the motion models of granular fertilizer were established on the two processes mentioned above. The static bench tests were carried out in College of engineering, Northeast Agricultural University at the beginning of October 2015. The static test referred to ISO (international organization for standardization) 5690 and ASAE (American society of agricultural engineers) S341.2 in America. The test was carried out in the room, in order to reduce the effects on fertilizer spreading because of the speed of wind, the air humidity and so on. Urea was selected as experiment sample. The size guide number of urea was 2.41 mm and the density of urea was 1265 kg/m³. Total amount of fertilizer for each test was 5 kg. The fertilizer was collected in a series of collecting boxes place on the ground in a certain way. The number of collecting boxes was 253. The collecting box had external dimensions of 200 mm&times;200 mm&times;100 mm and its thickness was 4 mm. Quadratic orthogonal rotary combination tests were carried out for the cone disc spreader device. The experimental factors of bench test included position of fertilizer export, length of vane, area of fertilizer export, pitch angle of vane in horizontal plane, rotational speed of disc. Coefficient of variation was test index. The experimental data was processed and optimized by Design-expert 8.0.6. The regression model between the test index and the factors was obtained. Meanwhile, the response surfaces were established between the coefficient of variation and the test factors in order to obtain the relationship intuitively. Test results showed that when the position of fertilizer export was (70 mm, 0, 800 mm), length of vane was 150 mm, area of fertilizer export was 2456 mm², pitch angle of vane in horizontal plane was 1&deg; and rotational speed of disc was 1090 r/min, the coefficient of variation was 5.215%. At this time, the coefficient of variation was smallest, so that the uniformity of the fertilizer was the best to meet the requirements of the application. Verification mobile test were carried out in the early November 2015. The air humidity was about 65%, the temperature was -10&deg;--1&deg; and the speed of wind was very small. This test was carried out in outdoor. The place that conducted the mobile test has a hard and uniform surface in College of engineering, Northeast Agricultural University. The fertilizer was also collected in a series of collecting boxes place on the ground. The number of collecting boxes was 260. Fertilizer and external dimensions of collecting boxes used in mobile test were the same with those in static test. Test results showed that the coefficient of variation for cone-type fertilizer device after optimization was 5.35% and it was consistent with optimized results. The research provides a better solution for uneven distribution of fertilizer of currently machinery in China and provides a theoretical reference for design and optimization of the cone disc distributor. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Chemical analysis - Crops - Engineering education - Experiments - Machine design - Machinery - Metabolism - Regression analysis  - Spreaders - Testing - Urea
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Coefficient of variation - Design and optimization - Fertilize - International organization for standardizations - Kinematics and dynamics analysis - Motion modeling - Vane
Classification code:601  Mechanical Design - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.2  Education - 901.3  Engineering Research - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20162302465200
Title:Photosynthetic characteristics of sugarcane under different irrigation modes
Authors:Tan, Juan (1); Guo, Jinchuan (2); Wu, Jianqiang (1); Pan, Wei (2); Bai, Yang (1); Huang, Kai (2, 3); He, Lingzu (2); Wu, Weixiong (2); Shao, Jinhua (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai; 200233, China; (2) Guangxi Institute of Hydraulic Research, Nanning; 530023, China; (3) School of Civil Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning; 530004, China 
Corresponding author:Huang, Kai(gxhuangkai@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:150-158
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Efficient, water-saving irrigation modes are commonly used in the sugarcane fields of latosolic red soils in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. This research studied the effects of different irrigation treatments on photosynthetic characteristics of sugarcane. Because photosynthesis is an important process in plant dry matter accumulation, this research has implications for the development of high-efficiency cultivation methods that produce high yields of sugarcane. We planted the sugarcane cultivar Liucheng 05-136 under 6 types of irrigation modes: no irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation, surface drip irrigation, pipe irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and micro sprinkler irrigation. Field measurements of net photosynthetic rate and related environmental factors (soil water content, soil temperature, air temperature, relative air humidity, soil organic matter, soil available nitrogen, soil available phosphorus, and soil available potassium content) were conducted at the Sugarcane Efficient Water-saving Irrigation Test Base in Chongzuo City from March to December, 2015 for different growth phases of sugarcane (tillering stage, early, peak and late stages of elongation, and maturation stage). Additionally, the differences in net photosynthetic rate of sugarcane under different irrigation modes were investigated with a multiple comparison method, and the relationship between environmental factors and net photosynthetic rate was analyzed using stepwise regression and path analysis. Results showed that the mean net photosynthetic rates of sugarcane under no irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation, surface drip irrigation, pipe irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and micro sprinkler irrigation were 18.53, 29.23, 28.50, 26.65, 25.94 and 23.66 &mu;mol/(m²&bull;s), respectively. Net photosynthetic rate was the lowest under the no irrigation mode, while the highest value appeared under the subsurface drip irrigation mode, which was 57.74%, 23.54%, 12.68%, 9.68% and 2.56% higher than that of no irrigation, pipe irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, micro sprinkler irrigation and surface drip irrigation, respectively. Therefore, irrigation can significantly improve sugarcane photosynthetic rate (P&lt;0.05). Path analysis results showed that soil water content, air temperature and soil fertility were the main environmental factors influencing sugarcane net photosynthetic rate on the whole, but some differences existed between irrigation modes. Soil fertility was a key variable for photosynthetic rate under no irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation, while soil water content and soil available nitrogen content had significant effects on photosynthetic rate under surface drip irrigation. In the case of pipe irrigation, soil available potassium and air temperature were the major factors. For sprinkler and micro sprinkler irrigation, the main factors were soil water content and air temperature. It may adjust the influence of irrigation treatments on photosynthesis through the regulation of environmental factors (air temperature and humidity, and soil physical and chemical properties). In addition, each factor mutually acts to promote or restrain the photosynthesis process, showing a comprehensive effect. In terms of soil water content, its influence on photosynthesis was reflected in the effect on absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient elements for sugarcane under no irrigation, subsurface and surface drip irrigation modes. Comprehensive analysis showed that the subsurface drip irrigation treatment effectively improved sugarcane photosynthesis. Subsurface drip irrigation will be more suitable for the cultivation of sugarcane in the latosolic red soils in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Furthermore, according to the different irrigation modes, ensuring favorable control of soil water content in combination with other main influencing factors, can further improve sugarcane net photosynthetic rate, and consequently increase the yield of sugarcane. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Chemical analysis - Crops - Environmental regulations - Factor analysis - Humidity control - Nitrogen - Phosphorus - Photosynthesis - Plants (botany)  - Potassium - Regression analysis - Soil moisture - Soil testing - Soils - Sprinkler systems (irrigation) - Subirrigation - Sugar cane - Water absorption - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental factors - Irrigation modes - Photosynthetic characteristics - Relative air humidities - Soil physical and chemical properties - Subsurface drip irrigation - Surface drip irrigations - Water-saving irrigation
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 444  Water Resources - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 549.1  Alkali Metals - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20162302465182
Title:Kinematics simulation and parameter optimization experiment for transplanting synchronous puncher
Authors:Chen, Haitao (1); Zhao, Yang (1); Hou, Shouyin (1); Cong, Guangbo (1); Xu, Yuan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineer, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:25-30
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Plant fiber film can solve the weeding problem of organic rice cultivation, as opaque film disrupts the weed's photosynthesis; and it also can be completely degraded before the harvest. Nevertheless, rice seedlings are transplanted directly through the seedling-separating needles, which causes that the roots of seedlings are seriously damaged. In order to solve this problem, a transplanting synchronous puncher was designed based on general rotary transplanting mechanism, which mainly consisted of 4 parts, including seedling-separating needle, longitudinal puncher, transverse puncher and seedling-pushing device. With the motion of seedling-separating needle, the longitudinal puncher punched 2 longitudinal holes at first, and then the transverse puncher fastened to seedling-pushing rod cut the joint of the longitudinal holes. The structure parameter of transverse puncher could be chosen on the basis of seedling-separating needle and seedling-pushing rod. The width of transverse puncher was 15 mm, and the length of transverse puncher was 40 mm. So the longitudinal puncher was the key component, which decided the punching effect of the film hole. According to the equations of puncher and seedling-tip's motion and the constraint condition of operation process, the structure parameter of longitudinal puncher was calculated in theory, which was that the length of longitudinal puncher was from 50 to 70 mm, and the angle between puncher and needle was from -10&deg; to 10&deg;. The three-dimensional (3D) model of transplanting synchronous puncher was built by the Solidworks, and the virtual prototype was simulated by the automatic dynamic analysis of mechanical systems (ADAMS) to analyze the key points' motion trails of longitudinal puncher. A virtual orthogonal test of 3 factors with 3 levels was performed with the simulation model. The rotational speed selected was 225, 250 and 300 r/min. The length of longitudinal puncher was selected to 50, 65 and 80 mm. The angle between puncher and needle included -20, 0 and 20&deg;. The length of film hole and the deviation between film hole and needle were selected as the response function. Experimental results indicated that the rotational speed had the most significant effect on the length of film hole, followed by the length of longitudinal puncher, and the angle between puncher and needle was the least. Since the longitudinal puncher was mounted on the needle, the length of film hole changed with seedling distance. Seedling distance was codetermined by rotational speed and forward speed, and forward speed maintained constant during the process. For the deviation between film hole and needle, the contribution rate from high to low was as follows: the angle of puncher and needle, the rotational speed and the length of longitudinal puncher. Meanwhile the optimization result of structure parameter should meet the agronomic requirements. Under the condition of the 3 seedling distances 120, 140 and 160 mm, the length of longitudinal puncher was 65 mm and the angle between puncher and needle was 0&deg;, the length of film hole was in the range of 31.8-42 mm, and the deviation between film hole and needle was in the range of 0.21-0.78 mm. To verify the optimization results, a transplanting synchronous puncher testbed was fabricated according to the parameter design and simulation result. The experiment was conducted on August 30, 2015 at the laboratory of Northeast Agricultural University. Based on the testbed, the optimization results were obtained. According to the actual situation that the deviation between film hole and needle couldn't be measured, the percent of pass of film hole was selected as the evaluation index. The verification results were as follows: the length of film hole was in the range of 23.8-43.14 mm, and the percent of pass of film hole was over 92%. It shows the transplanting synchronous puncher not only meets the requires of film hole, but also has a high efficiency. The study provides useful insights for the related design and has an important significance. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Needles
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Cultivation - Dynamic mechanical analysis - Kinematics - Optimization - Speed - Structural design - Structural optimization - Testbeds
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic dynamic analysis of mechanical systems - Orthogonal experiment - Parameter optimization - Rice - Rice mulching transplanter - Rotary transplanting mechanisms - Three dimensional (3-D) modeling - Transplanting synchronous puncher
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 723.5  Computer Applications - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 931.1  Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20162302465199
Title:Regulation and control of water transformation through coupling irrigation and drainage in paddy field
Authors:He, Yupu (1); Zhang, Jianyun (1); Xu, Junzeng (2); Hong, Dalin (1); Yang, Shihong (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing; 210029, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:144-149
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The effect of controlled irrigation and drainage on water transformation for paddy field was investigated by controlling root zone soil water content and water table depth using a lysimeter equipped with an automatic water table control system. Four treatments that combined irrigation and drainage managements were implemented: controlled irrigation (CI) + controlled water table depth 1 (CWT1), CI + controlled water table depth 2 (CWT2), CI + controlled water table depth 3 (CWT3) and flooding irrigation (FI) + CWT1. Experiments were conducted in 12 drainage type plots with a mobile shelter and gallery. Each plot had a size of 2.5 m &times; 2 m and a depth of 1.3 m. Each plot was individually irrigated and drained using a pipe installed with a water meter and a tube installed at 1.2 m below the soil surface, respectively. Subsurface drainage was conducted based on the water table control by using an automatic water table control system, which was installed on each drain tube in the gallery. The soil moisture was measured daily by a Trease system (6050X3) when no pond water remained in the paddy field. The pond water depths in the paddy field were measured daily using a vertical ruler. A water table observation well was installed in the field outside the plot. The actual field water table depths were measured daily after the re-greening stage. One water table observation tube was mounted on the drain tube in each plot. The water table depths of each plot were measured daily after the re-greening stage using a vertical ruler. A water meter installed on the pipe of each plot recorded the irrigation volumes. The water leakage volumes were measured using a tipping bucket gauge. The results showed that irrigation water, subsurface drainage water, and evapotranspiration in paddy field reduced significantly under controlled irrigation and drainage, 41.7%, 49.9% and 24.9% lower than those under conventional irrigation and drainage management, respectively, and meanwhile, rice yield reduced slightly. Therefore, water production efficiency increased significantly under controlled irrigation and drainage. Rice yield and water production efficiency under controlled irrigation and drainage were 1.9% lower and 35.5% higher than those under conventional irrigation and drainage management, respectively. Increases in water table control levels resulted in less irrigation water, subsurface drainage water and evapotranspiration and steady rice yield for paddy field under controlled irrigation. Therefore, water production efficiency under controlled irrigation increased with the increase in water table control levels. The increases in water table control levels reduced irrigation water by lengthening the duration of soil moisture depleted to the lower threshold for irrigation. The proportion of water table levels lower than the control levels increased as the increase in water table control levels, which shortened the duration of subsurface drainage and reduced subsurface drainage water. The effect of irrigation water on evapotranspiration was higher than that of subsurface drainage water. Therefore, the reduction in irrigation water accompanied by the increase in water table control levels reduced evapotranspiration in paddy field. The application of increasing water table control level to a suitable level in paddy field under controlled irrigation can effectively realize high water use efficiency. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Groundwater
Controlled terms:Control systems - Crops - Drainage - Efficiency - Evapotranspiration - Groundwater flow - Irrigation - Lakes - Moisture - Soil moisture  - Soils - Wastewater disposal - Water - Water conservation - Water meters - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Controlled drainage - Controlled irrigations - Paddy fields - Regulation and control - Subsurface drainages - Tipping bucket gauge - Water transformations - Water-saving irrigation
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 444.2  Groundwater - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 731.1  Control Systems - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering - 943.3  Special Purpose Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20162302465203
Title:Characteristics of slope soil shear strength reinforced by shrub roots in cold and arid environments
Authors:Zhao, Yujiao (1); Hu, Xiasong (1, 2); Li, Huatan (1); Liu, Changyi (1); Li, Guorong (1); Zhu, Haili (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Geological Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining; Qinghai; 810016, China; (2) Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining; Qinghai; 810008, China 
Corresponding author:Hu, Xiasong(huxiasong@tsinghua.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:174-180
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The Xining Basin, located in the transition region between the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the west of the Loess Plateau, has been chosen as the testing area. C. korshinskii (Caragana korshinskii Kom.) and Z. xanthoxylon (Zygophyllum xanthoxylon (Bunge) Maxim.), which are planted in a self-established plot and have a growth period of 150 d, have been taken as the tested samples. Tensile test of single root and shear test have been conducted on the roots of C. korshinskii and Z. xanthoxylon and the root-soil composite systems (root of C. korshinskii and soil, root of Z. xanthoxylon and soil) respectively. By tensile test of single root, tensile strength of single root for the 2 kinds of shrubs has been obtained. Meanwhile, shear test to root-soil composite systems with the inclination between roots and shear plane of 45, 60, 75 and 90&deg; has been carried out, and the shear strength of the 2 kinds of root-soil composite systems under the 4 different inclinations has been obtained. On this basis, the relationship between the tensile strength of single root of 2 kinds of shrubs and the cohesion force of 2 kinds of root-soil composite systems has been discussed, and the contribution of shrub roots to soil shear strength has been quantitatively analyzed. The results of tensile test of single root and shear test of root-soil composite system show that the tensile strength of single root has a relatively close relationship with the root diameter, and the root tensile strength of single root for C. korshinskii (44.84 MPa) is slightly greater than that for Z. xanthoxylon (37.52 MPa). The cohesion forces of root-soil composite systems for C. korshinskii and Z. xanthoxylon with the inclination of 45, 60, 75 and 90&deg; are 9.90, 11.68, 12.97, 13.92 and 8.73, 11.27, 12.61, 13.96 kPa respectively, and all of them are greater than that of soil without roots which is 6.41 kPa. The cohesion force of 2 kinds of root-soil composite systems shows an increasing trend with the inclination increasing from 45 to 90&deg;, and the incremental rate of cohesion force exhibits the same increasing trend. Moreover, the cohesion force of root-soil composite systems is positively correlated with the tensile strength of single root, which indicates that the cohesion force of root-soil composite system increases with the root tensile strength increasing. Variation of cohesion force of root-soil composite system reflects that roots play a key role in increasing shear strength of slope soil in the testing area, and another conclusion has also been obtained that increasing the tensile strength of single root significantly increases the shear strength of root-soil composite system. And the contribution of roots in increasing shear strength of slope soil varies with the variation in inclination; the incremental rate of cohesion force of root-soil composite system for C. korshinskii increases from 54.45% to 117.16%, and for Z. xanthoxylon increases from 36.19% to 117.78% with the inclination increasing from 45 to 90&deg;. Therefore, as the roots are perpendicular to the shear plane, they play the most significant role in increasing the shear strength of roots. The results can be used as an instruction in quantitatively assessing the contribution of roots in increasing the shear strength of slope soil, and are helpful in the further investigation of the mechanism of the roots in increasing the shear strength of slope soil. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Shear strength
Controlled terms:Adhesion - Slope stability - Soil testing - Soils - Tensile strength - Tensile testing
Uncontrolled terms:Arid environments - Caragana korshinskii kom - Qinghai Tibet plateau - Root tensile strength - Shear tests - Shrubs - Soil shear strength - Transition regions
Classification code:406.2  Roads and Streets - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20162302465212
Title:Experiment on thermal comfort performance of phase-change energy storage Kang
Authors:Li, Gang (1); Chi, Lan (1); Feng, Guohui (1); Niu, Runping (2); Luo, Ying (1); She, Canming (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Municipal and Environmental Engineering Institute, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang; 110168, China; (2) Beijing Key Lab of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing; 100044, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:244-249
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Kang plays an important and indispensable role of winter heating in the rural houses of northern China and some extremely frigid zones. The surface temperature difference of traditional Kang is too large and its indoor temperature is too low, which can't provide good thermal comfort. In order to improve the uniformity of Kang's surface temperature distribution, increase the indoor thermal comfort and prolong the Kang's heating time, this paper presented the phase-change energy storage Kang which combined paraffin and traditional Kang to take full advantage of the heat storage of phase-change materials. In order to analyze Kang's surface temperature distribution and indoor thermal comfort of this phase-change energy storage Kang, a contrast experiment was carried out in 2 experimental rooms which basically had the same size, the same structure and the same pattern located in ecological park of Shenyang Jianzhu University. Comparative analysis method was used in the experiment to compare the thermal performance of the phase-change energy storage Kang and the traditional Kang. The 2 kinds of Kang were respectively set in the different experimental rooms, which had the same heating time and burned the same amount of fuel wood (6 kg). The experiment was operated from 8:00 am, March 15^thto 8:00 am, March 18^thin 2013, and fired 3 times every day, and each time lasted 90 minutes, which were respectively 7:30-9:00, 11:30-13:00 and 17:00-18:30. The XMZ*-J series universal input circuit detector was used to test and record the experimental data about the surface temperatures of different Kang and the indoor temperatures of experiment rooms. The test data of March 17^thshowed: the average temperatures of the head, medium and tail of traditional Kang were 61.95, 37.10 and 32.57 &#8451;, respectively, and the surface temperature difference of traditional Kang was around 30 &#8451;; while the average temperatures of the head, middle and tail of phase-change energy storage Kang were 40.87, 37.10 and 35.69 &#8451;, respectively, and the largest surface temperature difference of phase-change energy storage Kang was lower than 5 &#8451;. In addition, the surface temperature of traditional Kang was dropping down fast after the fire stopped, but that of phase-change energy storage Kang was still rising quite a long time after the fire stopped, which efficiently prolonged the Kang's heating time; during the night, the surface temperature of the phase-change energy storage Kang declined slower than the traditional Kang, and the average surface temperature was higher than the traditional Kang from 0 am to 7 am, so the advantage of phase-change energy storage Kang was obvious. What was more, during the experiment period, the average indoor temperature in the room with traditional Kang was 12.91 &#8451;, while the average indoor temperature in the room with the phase-change energy storage Kang was 15.84 &#8451;, which was around 3 &#8451; higher than the room with traditional Kang, and the indoor temperature fluctuation in the room with phase-change energy storage Kang was smaller than that with the traditional Kang; after 19:20, the indoor temperature in the room with the traditional Kang began to decrease, but the indoor temperature in the room with the phase-change energy storage Kang continued to rise till 0 am, and was higher than the room with the traditional Kang during the night, and the use of phase-change material could prong the indoor heating time for 5 h. Through comparing the surface temperatures of 2 kinds of Kang and their indoor temperatures, the following conclusions can be drawn: the phase-change energy storage Kang has better heating effect, and the thermal comfort of Kang's surface and indoor environment for the phase-change energy storage Kang is better than the traditional Kang. The phase-change energy storage Kang has great promotional value. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Phase change materials
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Digital storage - Energy storage - Heat storage - Heating - Paraffins - Space heating - Storage (materials) - Surface properties - Temperature  - Temperature distribution - Thermal comfort
Uncontrolled terms:Comparative analysis - Contrast experiment - Indoor thermal comfort - Kang - Phase change energy storage - Surface temperature difference - Surface temperature distribution - Surface temperatures
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 525.7  Energy Storage - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 643  Space Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning - 643.1  Space Heating - 694.4  Storage - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20162302465221
Title:Effect of alkali concentration and temperature on extraction yield and quality of xylan from corn stover
Authors:Liu, Kaixuan (1, 2); Zhang, Jie (2); Li, Hongqiang (1); Xu, Jian (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100190, China; (2) Changzhou Institute of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing; 100029, China 
Corresponding author:Xu, Jian(jxu@ipe.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:302-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Xylo-oligosaccharides derived from xylan have a high application potential in food and pharmaceutical industries. As an agricultural by-product, corn stover with high hemicellulose content is an important raw material for biorefinery. In order to broaden the raw material source of xylo-oligosaccharides, the work was carried out to investigate the effect of alkali extraction conditions on the quality of xylan. NaOH mass concentration and extraction temperature were selected to study their influence on yield, purity and structural characteristics of xylan. The de-waxed corn stover was treated with NaOH solution of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 and 24wt% at 121 &#8451; for 2 h with a constant solid-liquid ratio of 1:10 (g/mL). The extracts were neutralized to the pH value of 5.0 with the concentrated HCl, and then concentrated under vacuum. Xylan was precipitated from the filtrate by adding the ethanol with the volume of 3 times and then freeze-dried. The remained extracts were freeze-dried and the alcohol-soluble lignins were obtained. The components of the xylan, alkali-insoluble residues and alcohol-soluble lignins were determined by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The extractability and structural characteristics of xylan were elucidated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) techniques. The results demonstrated that xylan isolated with different alkali concentrations presented different chemical compositions and structural characteristics. The alkalinity played an important impact on cleaving the chemical linkages between hemicellulose and lignin. The recovery of xylan increased first and then decreased following the increasing alkali concentration with a maximum value at 10%. At the optimum NaOH concentration, the recovery and purity of xylan were 76.20% and 59.35%, respectively. The weight average molecular weight of xylan decreased from 48.62 to 32.02 kD with alkaline concentration increasing. A high alkaline concentration could degrade a considerable amount of hemicellulose. Based on the molecular mass distribution data of xylan, it could be speculated that the xylan was partly linked covalently with lignin to form the lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC). Moreover, the alkali-insoluble residues mainly contained cellulose, and the cellulose content increased with the alkali concentration increasing. An experiment process similar to alkaline extraction was used to study the influence of extraction temperature on xylan. The de-waxed corn stover was treated in 10% NaOH solution for 2 h with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:10 (g/mL) at 30, 60, 80, 90, 100, 110 and 121 &#8451;. The results demonstrated that NaOH concentration was a more obvious factor affecting xylan than temperature. The trend of xylan recovery with the temperature was the same as alkaline concentration. The curve of xylan recovery ratio between 60 and 110 &#8451; was stable. When the temperature was 121 &#8451;, a decrease of recovery ratio appeared. It indicated that the high temperature may have an adverse effect on the recovery of xylan. The xylan obtained under different temperature differed from each other in color value. When the temperature was higher than 90 &#8451;, the xylan color value increased due to Maillard reaction. Taking into account the effect of temperature on the composition and quality of xylan, 90 &#8451; was selected as the optimum extraction temperature. Therefore, the optimal extraction conditions were the NaOH concentration of 10% and the reaction temperature of 90 &#8451;, under which the xylan dissolution ratio, yield and purity were 86.37%, 76.92% and 63.90% respectively. GPC spectrums showed that the weight average molecular weight of xylan increased first and then decreased with the temperature increasing; the trend was identical with the change of the recovery of xylan. The polydispersity coefficient of xylan increased from 5.60 to 7.38 with temperature increasing from 30 to 121 &#8451;. The results provide a theoretical basis for further improving the recovery ratio and quality of corn stover xylan and realizing the sustainable utilization of corn stover. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Extraction
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural wastes - Alkalinity - Cellulose - Chromatography - Gel permeation chromatography - Lignin - Molecular mass - Molecular weight - Oligosaccharides  - pH - Recovery - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Corn stover - Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) - Hemicelluloses - Molecular mass distributions - National Renewable Energy Laboratory - Straw biomass - Weight-average molecular weight - Xylan
Classification code:641.1  Thermodynamics - 801  Chemistry - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 811.3  Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 931.3  Atomic and Molecular Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.043

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20162302465210
Title:Performance experiment and design of simply assembled Chinese solar greenhouse equipped with heating and dehumidification system
Authors:Zhou, Bo (1, 2); Zhang, Yi (1, 2); Fang, Hui (1, 2); Yang, Qichang (1, 2); Ao, Hongda (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) Key Lab of Energy Conservation and Waster Treatment of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100081, China; (3) Dalian Si Tong Agricultural Facilities Processing Co., LTD, Dalian; 116000, China 
Corresponding author:Zhang, Yi(zhangyi03@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:226-232
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Traditional Chinese solar greenhouse has thick north wall and its structure is non-standard, in which crop yield is lower because of the lack of automatic equipment for controlling the inside temperature and humidity. In order to solve this problem, we designed a simply assembled Chinese solar greenhouse that was equipped with heating and dehumidification system. In this study we presented 2 simply assembled Chinese solar greenhouses with active heat storage-release systems as the experiment greenhouses. One of them was also equipped with dehumidification system. Each greenhouse was 33 m long and 8 m wide with 3.8 m ridge height, 3.2 m height and 0.166 m thickness of the north wall. The wall of simply assembled greenhouse was composed of 2 fiber cement boards and a polystyrene board in between. A traditional solar greenhouse with brick wall using active heat storage-release system was chosen to be a reference greenhouse. It was 60 m long and 8 m wide with 3.8 m ridge height, 2.3 m height and 0.58 m thickness of the north wall. Compared with the brick wall, simply assembled Chinese solar greenhouse could save 72% of land resources. Steel frames of the experiment greenhouse were assembled together. It saved much more time to build a simply assembled Chinese solar greenhouse. All greenhouse crops were tomatoes planted on October 20th, 2014. Active heat storage-release system and dehumidification system were active automatically at night during the experiment. Active heat storage-release system was a heat-energy storage and release system by using water as the medium. During the day time (from 09:00 to 16:00) this system was used to store solar energy. During the nighttime (from 00:00 to 08:00), it released the energy into greenhouse for increasing the indoor temperature. In the experiment the system increased the indoor temperature by 4.5 &#8451; at night compared with the traditional solar greenhouse. And the average air temperature was 1.3&#8451; higher in the simply assembled Chinese solar greenhouse than that in the traditional solar greenhouse combined with active heat storage-release system, which was because of higher insulation of the wall material. On cloudy day, the active heat-release system also improved the indoor temperature by 1.1 &#8451;. The dehumidification system had an air duct on the floor along the south-facing roof that distributed the outside air from a ventilator installed in the system box. This box contained the water-to-air heat exchanger, and 2 electrical heaters. The cold, dry air outside was heated by warm water from the water tank through a heat exchanger. Heat energy got from the warm water was supplied by the active heat storage-release system. A manual valve was used to control the air speed and 2 automatic valves were used to control the inlet of outside air. The dehumidification system could be activated from 18:00 to 08:30 in the next morning. When the inside relative humidity was higher than 85%, water went through the heat exchanger while the ventilator was switched on. When the indoor air temperature would drop below 8 &#8451;, the dehumidification system would switch off for preventing further cooling of the greenhouse by the cold air outdoor. During dehumidifying process, the first electric heater would be switched on when the water temperature was below 25 &#8451;. The second would work when the water temperature was below 20&#8451;. During the experiment, the dehumidification system reduced the indoor relative humidity by 14% compared with the traditional solar greenhouse. During the dehumidification process, the energy consumption of the water pump and ventilator was 218.3 kJ/m²per day. The energy supplied by the electric heaters was 643.6 kJ/m²per day assuming that the energy conversion efficiency was 100%. The heat energy supplied by the active heat storage-release system was 639.4 kJ/m²and its consumption was 153.4 kJ/m²per day on average. It was expected that the electric heaters could be eliminated if the active heat storage-release system could be scaled up to provide an additional heat energy of 643.6 kJ/m²per day. For a commercial greenhouse, it was important to improve the performance of the active heat storage-release system to get more solar energy and reduce the additional energy input. A more energy-efficient way of auxiliary heating was necessary in case of continuous cloudy days. By the financial analyses, the cost of brick wall greenhouse was 491.7 yuan/m², and the simply assembled greenhouse was 334.5 yuan/m². The biggest difference was from the charge of north wall. In conclusion, the simply assembled greenhouse with heating and dehumidification equipment saves much land resource, and has better indoor environment and less cost. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Greenhouses
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Brick - Cement manufacture - Conversion efficiency - Cost benefit analysis - Crops - Electric heat treatment - Electric heating - Energy conversion - Energy efficiency  - Energy utilization - Environmental regulations - Heat exchangers - Heat storage - Heating - Heating equipment - Humidity control - Natural resources - Solar energy - Solar heating  - Space heating - Storage (materials) - Temperature - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Average air temperature - Chinese solar greenhouse - Dehumidification - Dehumidification system - Indoor air temperature - Performance experiment - Simply assemble - Storage-release system
Classification code:412.1  Cement - 414.2  Brick Materials - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 525  Energy Management and Conversion - 537.1  Heat Treatment Processes - 616.1  Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 642.1  Process Heating - 643.1  Space Heating - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 694.4  Storage - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 911  Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20162302465184
Title:Analysis and optimization of frame structure for wheeled transporter in hill orchard
Authors:Wu, Weibin (1, 2, 3); Liao, Jingwei (3); Hong, Tiansheng (1, 2, 3); Zhu, Yuqing (1, 2, 3); Feng, Yunlin (3); Zhi, Lei (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on South Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Division of Citrus Machinery, China Agriculture Research System, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China 
Corresponding author:Hong, Tiansheng(tshong@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:39-47
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In China, the transportation condition of citrus plantation was so poor that it is needed to develop an energy-saving, simple and secure, low speed but high torque hill orchard wheeled transporter for farm goods transport. As the supporting part of vehicle load, the stiffness, strength and toughness of transporter frame determined rational structure and driving safety. However, when performing analysis of vehicle frame at home and abroad, they still used dynamic factor to represent the dynamic load of frame and used static strength as the design criteria of the frame, but the actual load of the frame is usually to be a dynamic load, which leaded to the fact that dynamic factor and static strength could not accurately describe the real-time stress state. Since the traditional frame design methods are very difficult for considering the complex stress and deformation situation of transport, finite element method would be the right way to solve this problem by using structural modal analysis to get the dynamic characteristics of the frame structure. The simplified mountain orchard wheeled transport was studied using front-engine rear-drive form, and this paper established a three-dimensional model of the transport frame through the Pro/E software and then imported the 3D model into ANSYS software for finite element modal analysis. During the study, we came to use static electricity test and model analysis to explore the optimum structure. According to static electricity test, its test result showed that the relative error between the stress of finite element analysis value and the test actual value was in a reasonable range. After loading and constraint handling to the key parts of the model, the paper conducted finite element static test analysis, transport frame bending and strain analysis, and the first eight order modal vibration deformation for finite element analysis of the frame. The analysis results show that the transport frame has a good strength and stiffness properties, which proves that it exists a certain optimization space. The results of tests and analysis above both lead to the solved method that we could reach the purpose of thickness by changing the structure of the car frame. In the premise of meeting the requirements for strength and stiffness of the frame, the paper puts forward a solution to achieve the purpose of simplification by changing the beam arrangement and reduce the thickness of the frame member. Based on the program of working condition and torsion condition of full load bending, the result shows that the second project performs better and has a good character. After the optimization, it reduces the size of the upper portion of the frame by about 20%, and the volume of whole transport frame by about 12.37%, so that the frame quality is reduced by 12.4% as well as the maximum stress and maximum strain is far less than the yield limit. Therefore the paper draws a conclusion that the optimization has preferably reached the frame lightweight purposes. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Finite element method
Controlled terms:Bending (deformation) - Deformation - Design - Dynamic loads - Energy conservation - Farms - Freight transportation - Machinery - Mechanization - Modal analysis  - Optimization - Orchards - Shape optimization - Static electricity - Stiffness - Structural analysis - Structural frames - Structural optimization - Vibration analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Constraint handling - Dynamic characteristics - Finite element modal analysis - Frame structure - Strength and stiffness - Strength and toughness - Three-dimensional model - Transporter
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 601  Mechanical Design - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 921  Mathematics - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20162302465213
Title:Thermal performance of new flat plate solar air heater based on micro-heat pipe arrays (MHPA)
Authors:Zhu, Tingting (1); Diao, Yanhua (1); Zhao, Yaohua (1); Ma, Cheng (1); Li, Fengfei (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing; 100124, China 
Corresponding author:Diao, Yanhua(diaoyanhua@bjut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:250-257
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In common types of flat-plate solar air heaters, the uneven flow and heat exchange between air and an absorber plate poses a problem. To resolve this problem, this paper proposed a novel type of flat-plate solar air heater based on micro-heat pipe arrays (MHPA). An investigation was carried out on the design, thermal performance and flow resistance characteristic of the novel heater based on micro-heat pipe arrays. The new air collector consists of 15 MHPAs with V-shaped fins attached to the heat release (condenser) section, absorber film, insulation board, bottom plate, and air ventilation and heat exchange section. The components of the heater include the toughened glass cover, air layer (35 mm), MHPA-absorber plate, thermal insulation layer, and the back board. Solar energy is absorbed by the MHPA evaporator section with the organic combination of high efficiency absorber film, which formed a heat pipe effect within each micro heat pipe arrays. The heat has been released to the air in the ventilation and heat exchange section of the heater, whereas the air was eventually warmed. Simultaneously, the working medium in MHPA proceeds continuous phase transition cycle and continuously passes solar radiation heat to air in the air duct with high efficiency. The MHPA heat-absorbing plate core can realize the whole area of heat absorption, high efficient heat transmission, and large surface of heat release. The total solar energy is received by the heater, and some energy is transferred to the air flow in the air duct as useful energy; the remaining energy is lost mainly through the glass cover, frames, bottom plate, and air duct. The heat loss through the frames and the air duct can be ignored because of good heat preservation condition. So the glass cover becomes the main source of heat loss. Thermal analysis shows that heat loss through the glass cover occupies the largest proportion of the total heat loss of the heater.To test the new heater thermal efficiency and the influence of various factors on the performance of the MHPA flat-plate SAC, an experimental system was constructed for thermal performance in Beijing. The system can be divided into two sub-systems: the new heater testing system and meteorological parameter testing systems. During the testing period, the air temperature of inlet and outlet of the heater, different temperature points, air flow rate, ambient temperature, and the solar irradiation were measured under different conditions. The inlet and outlet air temperatures were measured with four thermal resistors installed on the cross section of the air duct, respectively. The experiment data was recorded by an Agilent 34970A data acquisition system. Meteorological parameters (including the solar irradiation intensity, ambient temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction) were provided by the weather stations. The measurement of air volume flow rates were completed by the air volume cover. Four different operating conditions were carried out with different air volume flow rates. The effects of weather condition and operating parameters on the thermal performance of the heater were also studied. Heat transfer enhancement can be achieved with a high volume flow rate which due to the convective heat transfer between air and the fins can be enhanced. When the air volume flow rate decreased, the efficiency obviously decreased. The experimental results showed that the efficiency of the heater was approximately 68% with the flow rate of 290 m³/h. The pressure drop was less than 10.4 Pa when the flow rate was less than 290 m³/h. And the frictional coefficient had also been determined. The new heater shows excellent performances with simple structure, high reliability, and stable thermal efficiency. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Heat convection
Controlled terms:Air - Air preheaters - Atmospheric temperature - Capillary flow - Data acquisition - Ducts - Energy efficiency - Fins (heat exchange) - Flow rate - Friction  - Glass - Heat exchangers - Heat losses - Heat pipes - Heat resistance - Heat transfer - Heating equipment - Irradiation - Plates (structural components) - Solar energy  - Solar equipment - Solar heating - Solar radiation - Temperature - Thermal insulation - Thermoanalysis - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Continuous phase transitions - Different operating conditions - Flat plate solar air heater - Flow resistance characteristic - Frictional factors - Micro heat pipe arrays - Solar air heater - Thermal efficiency
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 413.2  Heat Insulating Materials - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 616.1  Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 619.1  Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 631  Fluid Flow - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 801  Chemistry - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 812.3  Glass
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20162302465183
Title:Vibration characteristics of tractor in condition of paddy operation
Authors:Zhu, Sihong (1); Ma, Jiafu (1, 2); Yuan, Jiaqi (1); Xu, Gang (1); Zhou, Yongqing (1); Deng, Xiaoting (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210031, China; (2) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Intelligent Agricultural Equipment, Nanjing; 210031, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:31-38
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:When a tractor works in a paddy field, road roughness is the main factor affecting its running, however, there has been no research on road roughness of paddy field. For the study of vibration characteristics of tractor in the condition of paddy field operation, the experiment was conducted in June 2014. Nanking Jiangpu Farm Agronomy Experiment Center which has clayey paddy soil was chosen as the experiment site, and tire rolling was adopted as the experiment method. By a self-designed measuring device, the vertical section function of hard bottom of paddy field was measured and obtained. Then the obtained data was conducted with auto-correlation test, and the power spectral density (PSD) of paddy field was analyzed with hard bottom of vertical displacement. The CF700 tractor was the research object. In addition to the stiffness and damping of the tire, soft and wet paddy soil was another factor affecting the vibration characteristics of the tractor. Based on the tire-soil system, in accordance with the main parameters of the tractor, the three degree of freedom vibration differential equation and simulation model were established under the condition of paddy field operation. The time function of hard bottom profile was set as an inputted incentive. The vibration characteristics of tractor were studied by simulation. In order to verify the reliability of the simulation model, the experiment which CF700 tractor working under the condition of paddy field operation was carried out, and vertical vibration acceleration of front axle, seat surface and rear axle of tractor were measured respectively at the speed of 6 km/h. Then time-domain signal of acceleration was translated to frequency-domain signal, and a comparative analysis was conducted between the results of simulation and experiment. The results showed that there existed statistical correlation among paddy hard bottom elevations, and the change of elevation was steady and random; the roughness coefficient G<inf>x</inf>(0.1)= 316.7&times;10^-6m³, and the fit index w=-1.651. When the spatial frequency was below 0.7m-1 (wavelength &lambda;&ge;1.43m), the road level of paddy hard bottom was C; when the spatial frequency was above 0.7 m-1 (wavelength &lambda;&le;1.43 m), the road level of paddy hard bottom was between D and E. PSD amplitudes varied a lot within the whole spatial frequency range. The power of low frequency (long wave) was significantly higher than that of the high frequency (short wave). When the tractor moved on this type of road at a certain speed, the excitation frequency range was wide and the tractor could effectively isolate the excitation caused by short waves (high frequency input). And the excitation caused by long waves (low frequency input) was transmitted to the tractor. When the excitation frequency approached the natural frequency, the tractor would vibrate violently due to the potentiation of transfer function. The experiment results showed that the vertical vibration frequencies of front axle, rear axle and seat of the tractor were 2.91Hz, 3.6Hz and 2.5Hz, respectively. The error rates of the results between the experiment and simulation were 19.9%, 7.2% and 16.0%, respectively. The causes of error might be: 1) The simulation used tractor plane vibration model. It did not take the roll-direction vibration into account. In the experiment, there existed a coupling between the roll-direction vibration and vertical vibration; 2) When the tractor worked in the paddy field, its greater driving resistance leaded to increasing vibration of the engine and gearbox. In conclusion, the results above provide a road reference model for tractor vibration in paddy field. They prove that it is effective to establish three degrees of freedom plane vibration model of the tractor based on the tire-soil system. Meanwhile, the results provide theoretical justification for the tractor design of shock mitigation system. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Tractors (agricultural)
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Aircraft seats - Axles - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Differential equations - Experiments - Frequency domain analysis - Front axles - Machinery - Power spectral density  - Rear axles - Roads and streets - Soils - Spectral density - Time domain analysis - Tires - Tractors (truck) - Transportation - Vibration analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Hard bottoms - Paddy conditions - Power spectral densities (PSD) - Three degrees of freedom - Vibration characteristics - Vibration differential equations - Vibration frequency
Classification code:406.2  Roads and Streets - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 652.3  Aircraft Instruments and Equipment - 663.1  Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 663.2  Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components - 818.5  Rubber Products - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3  Engineering Research - 921  Mathematics - 931.1  Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20162302465220
Title:Effects on physicochemical properties of black tea by mechanical superfine and general grinding
Authors:Zhang, Yang (1); Xiao, Weihua (1); Ji, Guanya (1); Chen, Xueli (1); Han, Lujia (1); Gao, Chongfeng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China 
Corresponding author:Han, Lujia(hanlj@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:295-301
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Superfine grinding technology is widely applied in food industry nowadays. Tea is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages around the world. The deep processing of tea with superfine grinding has been carried out in order to make full use of tea by improving solubility and dispersity. To investigate the effects on particle characteristics and extraction properties of tea by mechanical superfine grinding, superfine tea powders were prepared by CJM-SY-B ultrafine vibration grind mill by grinding for 8 hours, while coarse tea powders (grinded under 1.00, 0.50, 0.25 and 0.12 mm meshes) were produced by Retsch ZM 200 centrifugal mill as control. The physicochemical properties of superfine tea powders and coarse tea powders were compared. Particle size distributions were determined by Malvern particle size analyzer. Considering the plant cell size of 8-90 &mu;m, superfine grinding could achieve cell pulverization by decreasing the average particle size to 13.67 &mu;m. However, the average particle sizes of coarse powders were 228.67, 161.00, 140.67, 79.07 &mu;m, respectively. According to the scanning electron microscopy, intact tissue structures could been observed in coarse tea powders but only small cell debris were shown in superfine powders which indicated that tea leaves were effectively pulverized by breaking down the plant structure and tissues. Determinations of the specific surface area were performed by gas adsorption using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. Superfine tea powders increased 2-7 times compared to coarse tea powders due to the reduction in particle size. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were applied to analyze the crystallinity index and surface element ratio of oxygen and carbon (O/C) for tea powders. For particles &lt;1.00, &lt;0.50, &lt;0.25 mm and superfine powder, the crystallinity indexes were 17.70, 20.95, 18.80, 19.85 and 12.68, respectively, and the ratios of oxygen and carbon were 0.40, 0.41, 0.41, 0.41 and 0.50, respectively. The significant decrease in crystallinity for superfine powders was in consequence of the destruction of cell wall while the O/C indicated more exposure of cellulose and hemicellulose on the surface for micron-sized particles. However, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested no change in functional group within the five powders. Particle characteristics indicate that four coarse grinding powders have similar particle properties while superfine powder makes a tremendous difference compared with coarse powders. Superfine grinding can disrupt the cell structure. In addition, extraction properties of tea polyphenols, caffeine, water soluble sugar and water soluble solids were measured at different time with boiling water for the different tea powders. Tea polyphenols and soluble sugar were determined with an ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometer. Caffeine was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Water soluble solids were determined by oven drying of the filtered residue at 105&#8451; to constant weight. In brief, all the ingredients gradually dissolved as time went on until equilibrium. No obvious difference was shown among the powders for tea polyphenol and caffeine due to the sufficient solubility of micromolecule at high temperature. However, water-soluble sugar in superfine powder was as twice as those in coarse powders. Besides, water-soluble solids of superfine powders increased by 10%. The increase in water soluble components could be related to the cell wall breakage, where insoluble ingredients could be converted to soluble materials to some extent, which was in accord with the particle characteristics for superfine powders. In conclusion, this study shows that superfine grinding of tea can effectively reduce the particle size and crystallinity index, increase the specific surface area, expose more inner fibers on the surface and increase water-soluble contents by pulverising plant tissues and breaking down the cell wall. With better solubility, superfine grinding is beneficial for the utilization of tea powders. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:X ray powder diffraction
Controlled terms:Beverages - Caffeine - Cells - Cellulose - Chemical properties - Chromatography - Cytology - Extraction - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Gas adsorption  - Grinding (machining) - High performance liquid chromatography - Histology - Liquid chromatography - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Plants (botany) - Powders - Processing - Scanning electron microscopy  - Solubility - Specific surface area - Tissue - Vibrations (mechanical) - X ray diffraction - X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Black tea - Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method - Cellulose and hemicellulose - Functional components - Malvern particle size analyzers - Particle characteristics - Superfine grinding - Visible spectrophotometers
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 604.2  Machining Operations - 801  Chemistry - 801.4  Physical Chemistry - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 811.3  Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 822.3  Food Products - 913.4  Manufacturing - 931.1  Mechanics - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.042

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20162302465185
Title:Performance experiment of jet potato pump
Authors:Xu, Maosen (1, 2); Long, Xinping (1, 2); Zhu, Ye (1, 2); Ruan, Xiaofeng (1, 2); Wang, Jiong (1, 2); Long, Yun (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430072, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Waterjet Theory and New Technology, Wuhan; 430072, China 
Corresponding author:Long, Xinping(xplong@whu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:48-53
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Potatoes are the fourth global economic crop following wheat, rice and maize. With the increase of potato production, potato transportation has become an important problem restricting the current potato industry. The traditional method usually uses belt conveyors to transport the potato. However, belt conveyors are not able to convey potatoes vertically and some of potatoes are mechanically damaged during the transportation process, which seriously limits the development of potato transportation. In present paper, annular jet pumps (AJPs) were proposed and used for the transportation of potatoes because of their broad flow passages without any rotating part, which reduced the possibility of potato damage. This jet potato pump (JPP) had high potential for the transportation of potatoes due to its simple structure and lesser tendency towards mechanical damage. Considering the characteristics of the potato transportation, a conical net tube was used to centralize potatoes with extremely low possibility of mechanical damage, and the lift height was used to control the outlet pressure instead of the outlet tube valve, which avoided potential mechanical damage on potatoes. Based on the experimental method, we demonstrated the impacts of flow ratio, area ratio as well as the lift height of JPP on the capacity in potato transportation. Meanwhile, according to potato mass changes after transportation, we also investigated different types of mechanical damage and discussed the corresponding operation conditions. The results showed that the maximum capacity of potato transportation reached 1667.46 kg/h for this JPP in the experiment, and the corresponding hydraulic power and energy consumption per unit mass were 3.93 kW and 2.36 kW&bull;h/t respectively. The transportation capacity and hydraulic power increased with the increase of flow ratio under the same area ratio and lift height, and the energy consumption per unit mass changed little under small flow ratio but increased sharply under big flow ratio; the transportation capacity dropped with the rise of area ratio under the same secondary flow and lift height, which was relevant to JPP external characteristics; the transportation capacity decreased, yet the energy consumption per unit mass of potato increased with the increase of lift height under the same primary flow and area ratio. In most operation conditions, surrounded by water, potatoes were free from mechanical injury presented as few mass loss or even mass increase due to water absorption. However, a few potatoes were found damaged in the small flow ratio condition characterized by recirculation in nozzle exit and suction chamber. According to the mass loss rate, the damage of potatoes could be classified into 2 types, i.e. skin damage (mass loss less than 1.00%) and local damage (mass loss more than 1.00%). These corresponding mechanical damages were mainly caused by potato's collisions with other potatoes or the nozzle in the suction chamber under small flow ratio. Therefore, considering the transportation capacity and damage rate, the optimum operation condition (area ratio of 1.75, flow ratio of 0.49 and lift height of 1.40 m) was recommended in this research. Consequently, the main contribution of our work is to demonstrate the influence of flow ratio, area ratio and lift height on the transportation of potatoes and to discuss the potential damage risks caused by operation conditions for potatoes in the JPP. More importantly, the present paper proves the potential of JPP for potato transportation and provides the references for the optimization of JPP, which aims to minimize the potato damage rate and improve the transportation capacity of potatoes. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Mass transportation
Controlled terms:Belt conveyors - Conveyors - Crops - Ejectors (pumps) - Energy utilization - Experiments - Fighter aircraft - Jet pumps - Materials handling equipment - Nozzles  - Pumps - Transportation - Valves (mechanical) - Water absorption
Uncontrolled terms:Annular jet pumps - External characteristic - Fluid delivery - Optimum operation conditions - Performance experiment - Potato - Transportation capacity - Transportation process
Classification code:525.3  Energy Utilization - 601.2  Machine Components - 618.2  Pumps - 652.1.2  Military Aircraft - 691.1  Materials Handling Equipment - 692.1  Conveyors - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 901.3  Engineering Research
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20162302465195
Title:Simulation analysis on effect of geometric and spring parameters on performance of pressure regulator
Authors:Zhang, Chen (1); Li, Guangyong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources &amp; Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Guangyong(lgyl@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:117-123
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Direct acting pressure regulator is widely used for ensuring high uniformity and security for irrigation system. This research is aimed to investigate the effect of geometric and spring parameters of the pressure regulator on its regulating performance. For this purpose, an improved numerical simulation method was presented to obtain the entire characteristic curves including both the performance line of unregulated segment and performance curve of regulated segment. The modification of partial boundary conditions and calculating process of the dynamic model which was established in a previous study were carried out. The flow rate of pressure regulator calculation domain was controlled by a further downstream orifice along with the appropriate pipe length before and after the orifice, instead of directly setting the flow rate on the regulator outlet boundary. The cross section area of the orifice increased or decreased by its boundary moving till the desired flow rate obtained. The technique of layering dynamic mesh was employed for the movement of the orifice and the regulating plunger boundaries and mesh deformation of surrounding flow domain. The velocity of the orifice boundary, the calculation process of dynamic equilibrium of the regulating plunger, and the spring stiffness were carried out using a special user defined functions developed to couple with ANSYS Fluent code in every time step. Results of numerical simulations under inlet pressure ranging from 0.025 to 0.4 MPa and different flow rate conditions were verified by laboratory measurements. The influence of the geometric and spring parameters of the pressure regulator on its preset pressure and initial regulating pressure was investigated using the validated numerical simulation method by single-factor and five-level experiment design. The results shown that the relative deviation between numerical preset pressure and slope of performance line of unregulated segment and test values lay within -19.3 and 9.4 %, respectively. Numerically predicted performance indexes were in reasonable agreement with those obtained by experimental tests, which verified the reliability and calculation accuracy of the proposed numerical simulation method. The preset pressure dropped nonlinearly as the increase of two parameters affecting the force induced by water pressure difference of the regulating plunger which were the sectional areas of plunger upstream face and downstream face. The preset pressure rose proportionally with the increase of three parameters affecting the spring force that were the height of the flow orifice of the seat, the spring stiffness, and the pre-stressed spring length. The initial regulating pressure reduced with increase in the sectional area of plunger upstream face, the height of the flow orifice of the seat, the spring stiffness, and pre-stressed spring length respectively, whereas with a decrease in the sectional area of plunger downstream face. Effects of geometrical and spring parameters on regulating performance are successfully revealed thought the computational fluid dynamics analysis which forms the theoretical basis for future design and optimization of pressure regulator. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Pressure effects
Controlled terms:Computational fluid dynamics - Flow rate - Geometry - Irrigation - Mesh generation - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Orifices - Pressure regulators - Rivers  - Springs (components) - Stiffness
Uncontrolled terms:Computational fluid dynamics analysis - Dynamic mesh - Flow rate conditions - Laboratory measurements - Numerical simulation method - Predicted performance - Regulating performance - User Defined Functions
Classification code:601.2  Machine Components - 631  Fluid Flow - 732.1  Control Equipment - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 921  Mathematics - 931.1  Mechanics - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20162302465187
Title:Design and experiment on real-time mixing system for air-assisted sprayer
Authors:Li, Jun (1, 2); Xu, Jitong (1); Yang, Zhou (1, 2); Niu, Mengmeng (1); Xue, Kunpeng (1); Mo, Moubin (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China 
Corresponding author:Yang, Zhou(yangzhou@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:62-69
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The on-line mixing is a process with higher productivity and safer operating conditions, and can reduce waste production. In order to optimize the spraying performance of orchard air-assisted sprayer, a real-time mixing system for pesticide precision control using peristaltic pump and static mixer was developed. The components of the mixer prototype were pesticide tank, peristaltic pump, pesticide flowmeter, electromagnetic valve, water tank, filter, pressure regulator and static mixer. An electro-hydraulic proportional valve was used to continuously vary the sprayed flow rate of sprayer prototype according to a control signal depending on the canopy volume. The static mixer was used to homogenize the fluid of pesticide and water by redistributing them in the radial and tangential directions. Three insert-type configurations of static mixers named SK, SX and SD type static mixers were analyzed. Their difference was the design of stationary inserts for redistributing the fluid in the directions transverse to the main flow. With the SIMPLEC (SIMPLE-Consistent) algorithm and k-&Epsilon; turbulence model, the internal flow fields in the mixing process of 3 mixers were characterized and quantified using the Fluent software for the two-phase flow mixture. The distributions of volume fraction were analyzed in detail from the cross-sections perpendicular to the main flow direction. Simulations were also conducted while varying the number of static mixing elements. Comparing the cloud map of the secondary phase volume fraction of the 3 mixers, it was found that the SX static mixer had several mixing advantages compared to other mixers, and the optimum number of elements was 5. The reason for the high productivity of SX static mixer was the multilayer design splitting the fluid in multiple layers. Taking into account the optical visibility of on-line mixing process, the glycerol solutions with carmine stain to follow the fluid motion were used as the pesticide fluids in the experiments and the SX static mixer was made of identical elements inserted in a transparent pipe. It was observed that the mixing test results of SX static mixer were in good agreement with the simulation results. It was clear that the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis used in this paper could properly reveal the complicated flow characteristics in the static mixer. To assess the performance of pesticide flow control, the step rising and step falling of 84 mL/min flow rate signal sent to the peristaltic pump and the responses of the pesticide flowmeter were recorded. The time between the control signal step and the attainment of the stabilized value was approximately 0.3 s for the rising case. Similarly, the response of flowmeter required approximately 0.28 s to reach the stabilized value for the falling case. For smaller steps, the response time would be shorter. As an indication of mixing stability and mixing homogeneity, the droplets were collected and measured using the collectors, which were allowed to dry completely between successive spraying tests. The results of mixing stability test showed that the maximum error between the actual and referential concentration was less than 4.33%. The results of mixing homogeneity test showed that the coefficient of variation was no larger than 4.98%. This work can provide a reference for the design of real-time mixing mechanism and performance optimization of orchard air-assisted sprayer. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Two phase flow
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Computational fluid dynamics - Design - Farms - Flow measurement - Flowmeters - Hydraulic machinery - Machine design - Mixers (machinery) - Mixing  - Multilayers - Orchards - Pesticides - Pressure regulators - Productivity - Pumps - Spraying - Tanks (containers) - Turbulence models - Volume fraction  - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Air-assisted sprayer - Coefficient of variation - On-line mixing - Peristaltic pump - Static mixers
Classification code:601  Mechanical Design - 618.2  Pumps - 619.2  Tanks - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 723.5  Computer Applications - 732.1  Control Equipment - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 943.1  Mechanical Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20162302465189
Title:Design of stock feeding device of grafting robot for solanaceae
Authors:Peng, Yuping (1); Gu, Song (1, 2); Chu, Qi (1); Zhang, Qing (3); Xu, Xiangpeng (1); Li, Bo (1); Wang, Yuewen (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou; 239000, China 
Corresponding author:Gu, Song(sgu666@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:76-82
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, both domestic and foreign grafting robots have the problem of low cost performance ratio. In order to increase in per capita productivity to improve cost performance ratio, this paper selected 2JT-1600 assembly line solanaceous fruit grafting robot (2Jt-1600B) researched and developed by South China Agricultural University, and split a working position that completed both seedling feeding and seedling cutting into 2 working positions that separately completed seedling feeding and seedling cutting based on the improved feeding seedling device by adding seedling seat and transmitting manipulator. The process that feeding device feeds stock to grafting robot can be divided into 2 phases: transportation phase and transmitting phase. In transportation phase, one operator places stock on seedling seat repeatedly, and seedling seat is circulated step by step together with conveying chain to transport stock to the position; slot is designed on seedling seat to provide convenience for positioning and placement of stock. As nursery substrate is attached on stock, the center of stock is deviated to the side of nursery substrate, thus leading to the trend of overturning from seedling seat. In order to prevent stock falling out from seedling seat when transporting, highly elastic rubber is selected to be fixed on slot to give friction force for stock to overcome falling by squeeze of rubber with stem of stock. In transmitting phase, transmitting manipulator picks up stock, and transfers it into holding device of grafting robot after rotating by 90&deg;. In order to prevent transmitting manipulator harming the stock, by analyzing the stress of stock in the rotation of transmitting manipulator, the structural sizes of transmitting manipulator were affirmed. The seedling holder was also developed to pick seedlings up in crossed closing form. After the test, seedling holder was found to have a tolerance of 5 mm. In order to dock transmit manipulator with seedling seat and holding device, two-piece design was adopted for seedling holder and seedling seat. In this paper, the design and experiments are both mainly focused on the structure parameter of seedling seat. In transportation phase, when stock is excessively bending to place inside the slot, it is easy to cause alignment difficulty or crush stock owing to two-piece structure of slot. So, it is required to straighten seedling. The operation will influence feeding efficiency. When the depth of slot is bigger to hold stock, and the suspension rubber above seedling seat is longer, thus the ability of rubber deformation is favorable, it is easy to place stock into the slot, but the stroke of stock at the slot bottom is increased. When the depth of slot is shallow and the rigidness of slot is bigger, it is easy to crush seedling. When the thickness of rubber used for slot is changed, it will influence the deformation ability of slot and lead to the changes of friction between stock and slot wall, which will cause the changes of holding performance. The test of holding parameters of seedling seat, which were the curvature of stock, depth of slot and thickness of rubber, was conducted under grafting productivity of 2000 seedlings per hour. When stock is not damaged or falling out while being placed into the slot of seedling seat and transferred to picking position of transmitting manipulator via seedling seat, the position is considered to be suitable to pick by transmitting manipulator and the experiment is regarded to be successful. Test results showed that when the stock bending was chosen within the 95% percentile (6.55 mm), the depth of upper slot of seedling seat reaches 8 mm and its rubber was 3 mm thick, the holding function of seedling seat could achieve 100%, and the feeding success rate of transmitting manipulator could reach 92%. Due to the working position station split, the operation cycle is shortened, the grafting productivity reaches 2000 seedlings per hour, the feeding device implements feeding stock and scion on single, and per capita productivity increases to 1000 seedlings per hour. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Manipulators
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Deformation - Design - Feeding - Friction - Grafting (chemical) - Machine design - Productivity - Robots  - Rubber - Seats
Uncontrolled terms:Cost-Performance ratio - Deformation abilities - Feeding devices - Performance ratio - Productivity increase - Rubber deformations - Solanaceae - Structure parameter
Classification code:601  Mechanical Design - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 731.5  Robotics - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 818.1  Natural Rubber - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20162302465193
Title:Comparative analysis on characteristics in non-thermal plasma reactor with oxygen and air
Authors:Li, Xiaohua (1); Li, Weijun (1); Cai, Yixi (1); Shi, Yunxi (1); Xu, Hui (1); Gu, Linbo (1); Pu, Xiaoyu (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:103-108
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Diesel engines have been favored in heavy trucks and passenger cars due to their low fuel consumption, high power output and durability. However, particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxide (NO<inf>x</inf>) emitted from diesel bring about deterioration of air pollution, which has an adverse impact on human health. Stricter emission regulations have been implemented worldwide. As a solution, diesel particular filter (DPF) has become a mainstay in PM control. However, there are some problems with DPF regeneration technologies, such as thermal damage, sulfur poisoning of the catalyst and low regeneration efficiency. So it is meaningful to find out a new regeneration method. Recently, non-thermal plasma (NTP) has become a research focus in the field of diesel emission control with its high efficiency, safety, no secondary pollution and a wide range of application. The active materials, mainly including O<inf>3</inf>, NO<inf>2</inf>, OH and O, can start complex chemical reactions, which is impossible in a conventional condition. So, it can be used to remove PM deposits in DPF and realize DPF regeneration. In term of NTP reactor, dielectric barrier discharge is widely used in the laboratory and industry for its simple type, safety and reliability. There are many influence factors concerning discharge, such as discharge voltage and frequency, gas type and flow, materials of barrier and electrode type. In this paper, a coaxial type NTP reactor was designed. In order to have a detailed recognition of NTP reactor, comparative analysis on oxygen and air dielectric discharge were investigated, with the studies on the influence of discharge electrode area (S<inf>E</inf>), peak-peak voltage (U<inf>p-p</inf>) and volume flow rate (q<inf>v</inf>) on discharge power (P), charge flux (Q), ozone concentration, ozone output and ozone output efficiency. S<inf>E</inf>was changed by the length of wire tightly wrapped around the barrier, U<inf>p-p</inf>was adjusted by a plasma source and q<inf>v</inf>was controlled by gas valves and flow meters. The results indicated that S<inf>E</inf>had a similar effect both on oxygen and air dielectric discharge. With the increase of S<inf>E</inf>, P and Q had a linear growth but there were lower values and growth rate in air discharge. Ozone concentration increased as S<inf>E</inf>increased while its output efficiency decreased both in oxygen and air discharge. U<inf>p-p</inf>had remarkably positive impacts on P and Q, both of which had a rising growth rate. Ozone concentration rose at first and decreased afterwards with increasing U<inf>p-p</inf>while ozone output efficiency declined, which indicated a contradiction between them. Under the different discharge frequency, the maximum ozone mass concentration in oxygen discharge was larger than 55 mg/L while the maximum ozone mass concentration in oxygen discharge was between 4-8 mg/L. Excessive increase in U<inf>p-p</inf>was useless after the maximum ozone concentration point. In addition, under the same U<inf>p-p</inf>, ozone concentration increased with growing discharge frequency in oxygen discharge but it showed an opposite trend in air discharge. Ozone output efficiency was higher than 100 g/kW&middot;h when U<inf>p-p</inf>was lower than 17.5 kV in oxygen discharge and it maintained at 20 g/kW&middot;h when U<inf>p-p</inf>was lower than 17 kV in air discharge. Oxygen and air discharge differed when q<inf>v</inf>changed. P and Q showed a sharp climb and then kept steady with the growth of q<inf>v</inf>in oxygen discharge while they kept growing in air discharge. Ozone concentration fell with increasing q<inf>v</inf>and its output grew at first and then flattened in oxygen discharge, but they increased to the highest, and then descended, and its output grew with a smaller rate in air discharge. The same was that their output efficiency rose slowly with increasing q<inf>v</inf>. In consideration of the trade-off between ozone concentration, ozone output and output efficiency, q<inf>v</inf>should better not exceed 10 L/min when the gas source was oxygen and 9 L/min could be chosen when the gas source was air. This study founds a theoretical and experimental basis for optimization of non-thermal plasma injection system and its application on diesel particular filter regeneration. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Electric discharges
Controlled terms:Accident prevention - Air pollution - Automobiles - Catalyst poisoning - Dielectric devices - Dielectric materials - Diesel engines - Economic and social effects - Efficiency - Electrodes  - Emission control - Engines - Exhaust gases - Flow control - Gases - Nitrogen oxides - Oxygen - Ozone - Passive filters - Plasma applications  - Pollution - Pollution control - Q meters - Thermal pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Dielectric barrier discharges - Diesel particular filter - Discharge power - Nonthermal plasma - Particulate Matter
Classification code:451  Air Pollution - 612.2  Diesel Engines - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 662.1  Automobiles - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 703.2  Electric Filters - 708.1  Dielectric Materials - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 913.1  Production Engineering - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention - 932.3  Plasma Physics - 942.1  Electric and Electronic Instruments - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20162302465190
Title:Straw friction characteristic based on rotary cutting anti-blocking device with slide plate pressing straw
Authors:Lu, Caiyun (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); Zhao, Chunjiang (1, 2, 3, 4); Meng, Zhijun (1, 2, 3, 4); Wang, Xiu (1, 2, 3, 4); Wu, Guangwei (1, 2, 3, 4); Gao, Nana (1, 2, 3, 4) 
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing; 100097, China; (2) National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (3) Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Beijing; 100097, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Agr-Informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China; (5) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing; 100097, China 
Corresponding author:Meng, Zhijun(mengzj@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:83-89
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Based on the characteristics of passive and active anti-blocking devices, a new anti-blocking device of rotary cutting with slide plate pressing straw for no-till planter was designed. Straw passed through anti-blocking device of rotary cutting with slide plate pressing straw for no-till planter smoothly, which related to the coefficient of friction between slide plate and straw and the coefficient of friction between soil and straw. To solve the problem, taking wheat straw and maize straw of annual double cropping areas in Northern China as the research object, this study tested the coefficient of friction between 4 kinds of slide plate (Q235 steel, stainless steel, wood and plastic) and straw and the coefficient of friction between 3 kinds of different moisture of soil (10%, 12.5% and 15%) and straw. Considered the straw status during working of no-till anti-blockage device, straw part and contact angle were also as the factors to affect coefficient of friction, except slide plate material and soil moisture. The result showed that the coefficient of friction between slide plate and maize straw satisfied: Q235 steel&gt;stainless steel=plastic&gt;wood, and the coefficient of friction between slide plate and wheat straw satisfied: stainless steel&gt;Q235 steel&gt;wood&gt;plastic. Single factor analysis indicated that the coefficient of friction between slide plate and maize straw was significantly impacted by slide plate material, straw part and contact angle, and the coefficient of friction between slide plate and wheat straw was significantly impacted by slide plate material and contact angle (P&lt;0.05). The coefficient of friction between soil and straw was higher as the water moisture increased, and the soil with12.5% and 15% of moisture was separately 0.08 and 0.09 higher than the soil with 10% moisture, and also the difference was significant (P&lt;0.05); however, the difference of the coefficient of friction between soil and wheat straw was not significant (P&gt;0.05), and straw part and contact angle were significantly affected the coefficient of friction between soil and both wheat and maize straw (P&lt;0.05). Two-factor analysis demonstrated that the coefficient of friction between slide plate and maize straw was prominently influenced by the interaction of slide plate material and straw part, and the interaction of slide plate material and contact angle, the coefficient of friction between slide plate and wheat straw was prominently influenced by the interaction of straw part and contact angle, and the coefficient of friction between soil and maize straw was prominently influenced by the interaction of straw part and contact angle (P&lt;0.05), and no other interaction was existing in two-factor analysis (P&gt;0.05). No interaction was found in three-factor analysis (P&gt;0.05). In addition, the result showed that Q235 steel was suitable for maize straw, and stainless steel was suitable for wheat straw. The study supports reference for the design of no-till anti-blockage device. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Friction
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Contact angle - Cutting - Factor analysis - Moisture - Multivariant analysis - Soil moisture - Soils - Stainless steel - Straw  - Tribology
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of frictions - Double cropping - Exsperiments - Friction characteristics - No-till - No-till planters - Northern China - Research object
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 545.3  Steel - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 922  Statistical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20162302465196
Title:Design of workplace for tractor operator based on anthropometry
Authors:Xu, Liyou (1); Wu, Yiwei (1); Zhou, Zhili (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Vehicle and Traffic Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang; 471003, China 
Corresponding author:Zhou, Zhili(zzli@haust.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:124-129
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To deal with the problems of handling, comfort, convenience and safety for tractor operators in contemporary Chinese tractor operator workpace design, this paper describes the design principles of tractor operator workpace based on anthropometry. Referring to anthropometric data in "Human dimensions of Chinese adults" (GB/T 10000-1988), the 28 body dimensions of Chinese adult males needed in tractor operator workpace design and the values of the mean and standard deviation, and the 5th and 95th percentile values for each body dimension were presented. The simplied biomechanical model of seated tractor operator was built considering the Chinese operator's driving habits, and the model consisted of the straight links which stood for bones and the joints which stood for major articulations. The numerical relationship between standard anthropometric dimensions and link lengths was established, and the comfortable range of angles and the values used in design were determined. The design and layout scheme of seat and controls in operator workspace was developed with the seating reference point, and therefore the expressions of locating seat and controls were deduced. Then the design theoretical values of components' locations were computed. The location of the instrument panel should have an inclination angle not more than 45&deg; and a distance of less than 700 mm from the ellipse center of operator' eyes considering the 95th percentile value in seated posture of operator. In order to accommodate tractor operator stature from 5th to 95th percentile, the provision of 112 mm horizontal and 78 mm vertical adjustment in seat is desirable. Five Chinese tractors, named T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, were selected as the models, and T1 was chosen to be compared in respect of existing workpace dimensions on the basis of design theoretical values of components. It was found that for the T1, its backrest width and angle deviate from the theoretical values were 130 mm and 15&deg; respectively; the clutch pedal and brake pedal deviate from the theoretical values were 131 and 145 mm in horizontal direction respectively; the steering wheel deviate from the theoretical values was 114 mm in vertical direction; the instrument panel deviate from the theoretical values was 121 mm, 199 mm and 23.2&deg; in horizontal and vertical directions and angle respectively. These values for the T1 had a big deviation compared with the design theoretical ones, and the design of the T1 could not guarantee the operator's sitting comfort, affecting its manipulation of the steering wheel and pedals and normal reading of the instrument panel information, so the workpace design of T1 is not reasonable. The other models were analyzed with the same theory for T1. The result showed that the parameter values for the same components of the models were clearly different, and they also were widely different from the designed theoretical values calculated through anthropometric data. Meanwhile, steering column angles, hydraulic control lever locations, angle between instrument panel plane and horizontal plane, seat pan inclination and seat back angle parameters were quite different among tractor models. Thus, the design of models is unreasonable and it is necessary to be optimized on the basis of Chinese anthropometric data of the tractor operator's population. The paper provides a frame of reference for evaluating the rationality of the design in tractor operator workpace, and a theoretical basis for the optimization design in tractor operator workpace as well. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Design
Controlled terms:Aircraft seats - Anthropometry - Ergonomics - Hydraulic machinery - Instrument panels - Location - Models - Population statistics - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck)  - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Anthropometric data - Anthropometric dimensions - Bio-mechanical models - Frame of reference - Mean and standard deviations - Operator workplace - Optimization design - Vertical direction
Classification code:461.3  Biomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics - 601.2  Machine Components - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 652.3  Aircraft Instruments and Equipment - 663.1  Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20162302465186
Title:Testing method of spatial pesticide spraying deposition quality balance for unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors:Wang, Changling (1); He, Xiongkui (1); Wang, Xiaonan (1); Bonds, Jane (2); Herbst, Andreas (3); Wang, Zhiguo (4); Pan, Haiyang (5); He, Zhengze (6) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) Bonds Consulting Group LLC, Panama; FL; 32408, United States; (3) Institute for Chemical Application Technology of JKI, Messeweg 11/12, Braunschweig; D-38104, Germany; (4) Quanfeng Aviation Plant Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Anyang; 455001, China; (5) Zhuhai Crop Guard UAV Co., Ltd., Zhuhai; 519085, China; (6) Lookheed (Wuhan) UAV Research Institute Co., Ltd, Wuhan; 430070, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:54-61
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The unmanned aircraft application techniques and equipment are rapidly developing in China, and there are more than 200 manufacturers of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). A range of different types of remote controlled UAVs, whose working efficiency can be up to 6 hm2/h with 5-30 L liquid tank and 2-10 m spraying swath under different application conditions, have been applied for crop field chemical control. From the year of 2011, Chinese researchers started to study the UAV pesticide application techniques and the research focus was to explore the effect of working parameters (flight height and flight velocity) on spray deposition, drift and biological efficacy. However, most of those studies emphasized the spray deposition on the ground and in the canopy, and there was no study involving spatial deposition distribution. The choice of droplet sampling material and the accurate measurement of working parameters were always 2 hard problems in UAV pesticide application test. In order to explore the spatial spray deposition distribution, the downwash flow field characteristics for UAV pesticide application with accurate flight height and velocity and the relationship of these 2 aspects, a novel measurement method was proposed in this paper, and 3 typical models of UAVs were tested using this method in wheat field in Anyang, Henan Province from May to June, 2015. A cuboid aluminum spatial spray deposition sampling frame (SSDSF) with monofilament wires was made for collecting the droplets of UAV pesticide application in 4 directions, and a set of multi-channel micro-meteorology measurement system (MMMS) was applied for measuring the downwash wind speed in 3 directions. The SSDSF was placed outside the edge of the wheat field. The MMMS had 16 wireless micro-meteorology sensors, and all these sensors, divided into 2 lines, were arranged below the UAV flight path in the wheat field. Beidou navigation satellite system and airborne global position system were jointly used for controlling and recording the working height and velocity of UAVs. The flight height was set as 2.5 m and the velocity was set as 5.0 m/s. Two sets of weather stations were respectively fixed at 2 and 6 m to measure the environmental parameters at test site. In every test, the operator controlled the UAV to take off at the distance of 20 m from the edge of the field. When the UAV reached the required height, open the spray system and let the UAV fly over the experimental field and go through the SSDSF. After tests, the monofilament wires on the SSDSF were collected for measuring the absorbance of the tracer brillantsulfoflavin by the fluorescence spectrometer, and the spray deposition, deposition rate and distribution ratio could be figured out. The results showed the distribution of the spatial spray deposition and the downwash flow field of UAV could be measured effectively at exact flight height and velocity via this method. When the average wind speed was 1.7 m/s, the average temperature was 31.5&#8451; and the average relative humidity was 34.1%, the average distribution ratios of spray deposition for the 3WQF80-10 type UAV on the upwind part, the top part, the downwind part and the bottom part were 4.4%, 2.3%, 50.4% and 43.7%, respectively; that for the CG-Q60S type UAV on these 4 parts were 2.5%, 1.5%, 43.2% and 52.8%, respectively; that for the LXD8-3WD10 type UAV on these 4 parts were 1.9%, 2.0%, 21.9% and 74.7%, respectively. By comparing the measurement results of the spatial spray deposition distribution and the downwash flow field, it is found that the regularities of spatial deposition distribution completely conform to the regularities of downwash flow field distribution, and the downwash flow field characteristic measurement is a valid method for the analysis of spatial spray deposition distribution. The results can provide valuable information for the research of UAV pesticide application techniques and the establishment of the standard of spray deposition and drift tests of UAV in crop field. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Controlled terms:Aluminum coatings - Automobile manufacture - Crops - Deposition - Deposition rates - Deposits - Drop formation - Drops - Flow fields - Machinery  - Mechanization - Meteorology - Pesticides - Radio navigation - Remote control - Spatial distribution - Tracking (position) - Velocity - Wakes - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Beidou navigation satellite systems - Distribution - Environmental parameter - Flow field characteristics - Flow field distribution - Fluorescence spectrometers - Global position systems - Spray deposition
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 601  Mechanical Design - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 652.1  Aircraft, General - 662.1  Automobiles - 716.3  Radio Systems and Equipment - 731.1  Control Systems - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 813.2  Coating Materials - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921  Mathematics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20162302465192
Title:Fluid-solid coupling analysis of wind-energy concentration devices with organic glass
Authors:Ji, Zhongtao (1, 2); Tian, De (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory for Alternate Electrical Power System With Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing; 102206, China; (2) College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing; 655011, China 
Corresponding author:Tian, De(tdncepu@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:98-102
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The concentrated wind energy device is the core of the wind energy concentration generator, so the material choice of the former can influence directly the widespread application of the latter. This research adopts a fluid-solid interaction (FSI) method to study the viability of using organic glass to manufacture concentrated wind energy devices. The Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus and fracture stress of organic glass change with the temperature. Therefore, the wind pressure distribution on the surface of the concentrated wind energy device is worked out when air flows at the speed of 25 m/s at different temperatures under normal atmospheric pressure. Then, the maximum equivalent stress and the maximum deformation can be also worked out when the wind pressure distribution is loaded on the concentrated wind energy device at the corresponding temperature. So at first, a solid-field model of a concentrated wind energy device is created based on the size of the model by using the computer aided design (CAD) software. And the solid-field model is imported into the finite element analysis software and a cylinder is established, and the cylinder and the solid field have the same axial line. The radius of the cylinder is 10 m and the height is 30 m. The distance between the inlet of the fluid-field area and the bottom surface of the concentrated wind energy device is 5 m. Then through Boolean subtraction method, a geometric fluid field is established by subtracting the solid field area in the cylinder. With the help of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, the fluid field is simulated and calculated in a specific wind field. A non-uniform tetrahedron meshing and an SST k-&omega; turbulence model are adopted. The fluid medium is air and the pressure is always 101325 Pa. The temperatures are 233.15, 243.15, 253.15, 263.15, 273.15, 283.15, 293.15, 303.15 and 313.15 K respectively. The density, the thermal conductivity coefficient, the constant-pressure specific heat capacity and the viscosity correspond to the pressure of 101 325 Pa and the temperature. And the mass flow rate, turbulent kinetic energy and specific dissipation rate can be calculated from the density, viscosity and size of fluid field. When the temperature is 293.15 K, the density, viscosity, thermal conductivity coefficient, constant-pressure specific heat capacity, mass flow rate, turbulent kinetic energy and specific dissipation rate are respectively 1.2054 kg/m³, 1.86&times;10^-5kg/(m&middot;s), 0.02593 w/(m&middot;K), 1013 J/(kg&middot;K), 9 464.048 kg/s, 0.686 m²/s²and 24 s^-1. The mass flow inlet and pressure flow outlet are adopted. The surface roughness height of the concentrated wind energy device is set to 0.3 mm. When the component residual reaches 1.0&times;10^-4kg/s, the equation converges and the distribution of the wind speed and wind pressure in the fluid field under different temperatures are obtained. The diagram of wind speed distribution shows that, when the temperature is 293.15 K, the average wind speed inside the central cylinder exceeds 25 m/s. This indicates that the concentrated wind energy device has increased wind speed and concentrated the energy. In the structural static module, the solid field, as a whole, is split into tetrahedral meshes, and the size of the structural unit is 0.005 m. When the calculated results of the fluid field are loaded on the concentrated wind energy device, the stress cloud plot and the solid-field deformation plot are obtained. The plots show that, when the temperature is 293.15 K, the maximum stress is on the back of the outer edge of the shrinkable pipe, with a maximum stress of 1.5378 MPa, far less than the fracture stress of candidate organic glass of 71.704 MPa. And the maximum equivalent deformation is 3.0995 mm. Therefore, it is concluded that organic glass can be used as the material of the concentrated wind energy device. Meanwhile, the analytical process can provide the references for the analysis of probability of producing concentrated wind energy devices with the material whose mechanical properties change with temperature change. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Finite element method
Controlled terms:Air - Atmospheric pressure - Atmospheric temperature - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer aided design - Concentration (process) - Cylinders (shapes) - Deformation - Elastic moduli - Flow fields  - Flow interactions - Fracture - Glass - Kinetic energy - Kinetics - Mass transfer - Materials - Models - Oceanography - Pressure distribution  - Specific heat - Speed - Structural dynamics - Surface roughness - Thermal conductivity - Turbulence models - Viscosity - Wind - Wind effects - Wind power
Uncontrolled terms:Concentrated wind energies - Energy concentration - Finite element analysis software - Fluid solid interaction - Normal atmospheric pressure - Organic glass - Thermal conductivity coefficient - Wind pressure distribution
Classification code:408  Structural Design - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 471.1  Oceanography, General - 615.8  Wind Power (Before 1993, use code 611 ) - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 641.3  Mass Transfer - 723.5  Computer Applications - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 812.3  Glass - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 931.1  Mechanics - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20162302465208
Title:Abrupt motion tracking of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) based on local texture and color model
Authors:Chen, Haiyan (1, 2); Zhang, Aihua (1); Hu, Shiya (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou University and Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (2) School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China 
Corresponding author:Zhang, Aihua(lutzhangah@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:214-218
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) is one of the main biological disasters in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and adjacent areas in China. Video-based animal behavior analysis is a critical and fascinating problem for both biologists and computer vision scientists. According to the color similarity between Plateau pika and the background, as well as the uncertainty and randomness of plateau pika motion in natural habitat environment, a new visual descriptor named the local texture difference operator LTDC was proposed to reflect the subtle differences between the plateau pika and the background. The LTDC operator, being more robust to target expression, made up for the deficiency of using single LTC. The LTDC operator discarded the structure information of local texture and retained the difference information of local texture, with low compute complexity. Aimed at the uncertainty and randomness of plateau pika motion, considering the prior knowledge that the position displacement between two adjacent frames was smaller in smooth movement and the position displacement between two adjacent frames was larger in abrupt motion, we extracted motion information between the adjacent frames using the frame difference method at first, then judged the movement mode of plateau pika by motion information, taking appropriate sampling tracking strategy to track plateau pika. If the mode was judged to be a smooth motion mode, we employed the Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling tracking method based on the motion smoothness assumption. Else we adopted Wang-Landau Monte Carlo sampling tracking method used for abrupt motion tracking. Considering the fact of that object tracking method of motion-induction algorithm based on HSV color histogram usually had the deformation of inaccurate tracking or loss of target in the scenario where the color was similar between the background and the object, the LTDC operator was combined with RGB color information to characterize the object model, and the object model was embedded into the motion induction tracking framework for the plateau pika tracking. The test video collected the plateau pika activity behavior in the winter of 2014 in natural habitat environment, located in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, eastern longitude 101&deg;35'36&Prime;-102&deg;58'15&Prime;, northern latitude 33&deg;58'21&Prime;-34&deg;48'48&Prime;. The video was totally 254 frames, with its size 320 pixels&times;240 pixels, and the fame rate 25 frames per second. The video feature was that the color was very similar between the plateau pika and background. Simultaneously, the plateau pika motion, being abrupt and occurring occasionally, was very stochastic. To test the tracking performance of the proposed method, we compared the tracking results obtained from proposed method with those of the motion-induction method and the WLMC method. Because the target representation was HSV color histogram in motion-induction method and the WLMC method, it was inclined to fail to track target. The target was lost at 39^thframe with motion-induction method, and at 10th frame with WLMC method. But the tracking performance of proposed method using LTDC texture color model could locate the target all the time, even when the abrupt motion occurred. With the motion-induction method being compared with WLMC method, the tracking success rate of proposed method reached 97.93%, but the tracking success rate of motion-induction method and WLMC method were 31.82% and 24.79% respectively, which were 32.49% and 25.31% of the tracking success rate with proposed method. The error of the proposed method was smaller and the error fluctuation range was also smaller. The tracking stability of the proposed method was superior to that of motion-induction method and WLMC method. The error mean of proposed method was 62.79% and 67.24% of that calculated with the motion-induction method and WLMC method respectively. The error variance of proposed method was 19.74% and 19.66% of that obtained with the motion-induction method and WLMC method respectively, reducing by 80.26% and 80.34%. The experimental results show that the proposed tracking method has a strong distinguishing ability of target and background. The object can be accurately positioned under the scenario of color similarity between the object and the background, and the scenario of complex motion ways. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Monte Carlo methods
Controlled terms:Color - Color codes - Computer vision - Ecosystems - Errors - Graphic methods - Image processing - Markov processes - Models - Motion analysis  - Motion estimation - Pixels - Random processes - Stochastic systems - Surface discharges - Target tracking - Tracking (position)
Uncontrolled terms:Difference operators - Frame difference methods - Markov chain monte carlo samplings - Motion information - Object Tracking - Ochotona curzoniae - Qinghai Tibet plateau - Structure information
Classification code:454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.5  Computer Applications - 741.1  Light/Optics - 741.2  Vision - 922.1  Probability Theory - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 961  Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20162302465222
Title:Wettability of bamboo shoot shell under chemical treatment
Authors:Guan, Mingjie (1, 2); Xue, Minghui (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing; 210037, China; (2) Nanjing Forestry University, Bamboo Engineering and Technology Research Center, State Forestry Administration, Nanjing; 210037, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:309-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Bamboo shoot shell is a kind of natural biomaterial waste from bamboo shoot growing and processing in China. With more than 40% cellulose and strong vascular bundle fiber, it is a good raw material for biomaterial composites. Its main functions are water blockage and tissue protection. The wax coat on the inner surface prevents loss of water from the shoot, the micropapillae and trichome on outer surface also hinder liquids entry. Therefore, poor wettability of bamboo shoot shell blocks adhesive application in making it into biomaterial composites. This study aimed to understand the wettability of bamboo shoot shell and improve the wettability of bamboo shoot shell by chemical treatment methods. The bamboo shoot shell of Pleioblastus amarus (keng) was treated with HCl and NaOH solution of 3 different concentrations by 3 kinds of time. Bamboo shoot shell samples with 30 mm &times; 30 mm &times; t mm (t is thickness) were dipped in 1%, 2% and 5% HCl solution and 0.5%, 1% and 2% NaOH solution respectively and dipping time was controlled as 2, 4 and 6 h correspondingly. After treatment, the contact angle of the inner surface and outer surface of bamboo shoot shell was analyzed by 4 reagents, i.e., water, phenolic formaldehyde resin (solid content was 42.6%, and viscosity was 200 cps), 2 methyl iodide, and ethylene glycol. The surface free energy was also calculated based on the function of Lifshitz - van der Waals. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to characterize microstructure of the surface of bamboo shoot shell after treatment. The results showed that when water and phenolic formaldehyde resin adhesive were taken as contact reagent, the contact angle values of the inner surface of bamboo shoot shell were bigger than those of the outer surface of bamboo shoot shell under different treatment conditions. The contact angle values of 3 groups were as follows: Control &gt; HCl group &gt; NaOH group. While, there was not similar trend when ethylene glycol and 2 methyl iodide were taken as contact reagent. When the concentration of HCl solution was the same, the contact angle of water and phenol formaldehyde resin adhesive on the inner and outer surface of bamboo shoot shell decreased with the treatment time increasing. When water was as contact reagent, under the treatment of 5% HCl solution for 6 h, the decrease amplitude of contact angle values of the inner and outer surface of bamboo shoot shell was 3.53% and 22.82% respectively compared with Control group. When the concentration of NaOH solution was the same, the contact angle of water and phenol formaldehyde resin adhesive on the inner and outer surface of bamboo shoot shell also decreased with the treatment time increasing. Under the treatment of 2% NaOH solution for 6 h, the decrease amplitude of contact angle values of the inner and outer surface of bamboo shoot shell was 29.85% and 35.69% respectively compared with Control group. The surface free energy of the inner and outer surface of bamboo shoot shell was calculated according to the initial contact angle values of the water, ethylene glycol and 2 methyl iodide as contact reagent. The surface free energy of the inner and outer surface of bamboo shoot shell ranged from 26 to 50 mJ/m², and was ranked as 2% NaOH solution for 6 h &gt; 5% HCl solution for 6 h &gt; Control group. Compared with Control group, the surface free energy of the inner and the outer surface of bamboo shoot shell increased by 1% and 77.68% respectively after 5% HCl solution treatment for 6 h, while those after 2% NaOH solution treatment for 6 h increased by 58.33% and 79.68% respectively. It was obvious that the similar effect occurred between 5% HCl solution and 2% NaOH solution treatment on wettability of the outer surface. While, 2% NaOH solution has better effect on wettability of the inner surface of bamboo shoot shell. SEM analysis showed that the inner surface of Control group was covered with smooth waxy coat on its vascular bundles fiber, and uneven trichomes and micropapillae were distributed on the outer surface of bamboo shoot shell; after treatment of 5% HCl solution for 6 h, stomata were seen on the inner surface of bamboo shoot shell and wax coat became smoother compared with those of control group, and more micropapillaes appeared on the outer surface of bamboo shoot. Under the treatment of 2% NaOH solution for 6 h, vascular bundle fibers stood out and wax coating hardly existed, only a small amount of wax particle residues existed on the inner surface of bamboo shoot shell, and fiber grain became clear and more micropapillaes appeared on the outer surface of bamboo shoot. This SEM result also showed that 2% NaOH solution for 6 h had better effect on improving the wettability of the inner surface of bamboo shoot shell and had similar effect on the outer surface of bamboo shoot shell with 5% HCl solution for 6 h. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Bamboo
Controlled terms:Chemicals removal (water treatment) - Composite materials - Contact angle - Ethylene - Ethylene glycol - Fibers - Formaldehyde - Free energy - Hydrochloric acid - Microstructure  - Phenolic resins - Phenols - Polyols - Processing - Resins - Scanning electron microscopy - Shells (structures) - Synthetic resins - Van der Waals forces - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Adhesive applications - Bamboo shoot shells - Biomaterial composites - Chemical treatment method - Chemical treatments - Phenol-formaldehyde resin adhesives - Surface free energy - Surface microstructures
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 811.1  Pulp and Paper - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers - 913.4  Manufacturing - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.3  Atomic and Molecular Physics - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.044

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20162302465207
Title:Method for detecting crop rows based on binocular vision with Census transformation
Authors:Zhai, Zhiqiang (1); Zhu, Zhongxiang (1); Du, Yuefeng (1); Zhang, Shuo (1); Mao, Enrong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimized Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China 
Corresponding author:Zhu, Zhongxiang(zhuzhonxiang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:205-213
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Machine vision is an important method for the navigation of agricultural machinery. The crop row detection is a key aspect of the navigation based on machine vision for pathway determination. The binocular vision based technique can locate the spatial position of crop rows, which is more effective for crop field with high weeds pressures than monocular vision based technique. The feature point detection and stereo matching are essential aspects of binocular vision algorithm, which will affect the accuracy and efficiency of crop row detection. To enhance the accuracy and efficiency of crop row detection for complex crop field, a new crop row detection method based on Census transform was presented in this paper. The presented method consisted of 3 modules that were image preprocessing, feature point detection and crop row detection. The image preprocessing module was composed of grayscale transformation and feature point detection. To separate crop rows from backgrounds, an improved function of excess green minus excess red (ExG - ExR) was used to transform RGB (red, green, blue) color image to grayscale image, in which only the ExG features were transformed by the classical ExG - ExR function. The improved ExG - ExR function was compared with the ExG and the classical ExG - ExR method. The comparative results showed that the improved ExG - ExR function was more effective to suppress the background noise. The smallest univalue segment assimilating nucleus (SUSAN) detector was used to detect corner points, which could describe the contour of crop rows. The module of feature point detection consisted of stereo matching and three-dimensional (3D) coordinate point calculation. An accurate stereo matching algorithm based on Census transformation was used to calculate the disparity of SUSAN corner point. The Census transformation of the SUSAN corner point was the primitive, and the sum of absolute difference (SAD) function was the similar metric. To reduce the computing burden and improve the accuracy, the sizes of Census mask and SAD mask were both 5&times;5 pixel. As the binocular camera (BB2-08S2C-38) used in this paper was assembled with 2 parallel monocular cameras, the 3D coordinates of SUSAN corner points were calculated based on their disparities. If the coordinates in the width and height axes of an SUSAN corner point were within the range of width and height thresholds, the point would be extracted to be a feature point of crop rows. As the crop rows were always parallel according to agronomic arrangement, the amount of crop rows in image could be estimated based on the frequency histogram of width distribution. The distance between adjacent crop rows was assigned to the interval, and the range of coordinates in width axis of feature points was assigned to the number of groups in the histogram. The feature points on each crop row were distributed with the shape of ellipse. After obtaining the amount of crop rows, feature points were used to locate the long axis of their distribution based on the principle component analysis (PCA) method. The long axis of the feature points was used to fit the centerline of the corresponding crop row. An SAD based crop row detection algorithm was set as a comparative algorithm. Videos of cotton field that were without infestations, with shadows, with weeds and in turnrows were used to test the 2 algorithms. Results showed that, the proposed algorithm was more robust to the changes of conditions and consumed a little more time; in the situations without turnrows, the accuracy of crop row detection was no less than 92.58%; for the deviation angle of detected centerlines of crop rows, the absolute mean value and standard deviation value were no more than 1.166 and 2.628&deg; respectively; for the processing time, the mean value and standard deviation value were no more than 0.292 and 0.025 s. The accuracy and efficiency of presented method can satisfy the requirement of field operations. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Stereo image processing
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Algorithms - Binocular vision - Cameras - Computer vision - Crops - Edge detection - Efficiency - Feature extraction - Graphic methods  - Image matching - Image processing - Image recognition - Navigation - Principal component analysis - Statistics - Stereo vision - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Census transformation - Crop row detection - Principle component analysis - Smallest univalue segment assimilating nucleus - Stereo match - Stereo matching algorithm - Sum of absolute differences - Three dimensional (3D) coordinates
Classification code:723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.2  Vision - 742.2  Photographic Equipment - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20162302465216
Title:Dry-fog controlled humidity system and its application in fruit &amp; vegetable storage
Authors:Meng, Xiangchun (1); Huang, Zepeng (1); Bi, Fangcheng (1); Jin, Wenyuan (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou; 510640, China; (2) Suzhou Dafu Foreign trade Food Co., Ltd., Suzhou; 215000, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:271-276
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To keep fresh and quality of postharvest fruit &amp; vegetable, it is the most important to provide storage environments with high relative humidity (RH). Currently in China, the two mainly used humidification methods are packaging with plastic membrane/bag and installing ultrasonic humidifier in the storage room. All these methods have different degree of disadvantages. In order to provide steady high RH and keep fresh for unpackaged fruits &amp; vegetable under storage, a kind of dry-fog controlled humidifier system was designed and built. Main parts of the system are humidity sensor, Israeli made atomizer with orifice size of 5 mm, water purification system, air compress system, purified water storage tank, pressure regulation and controlling device, water and air transportation tubes, and micro-computer controlling terminal. Mists generated through the fogger had average particle diameters of 2-10 &mu;m, which can rapidly spread and integrate into surrounding environment air, providing RH as high as 90%-98%. The humidity sensor in the storage room can continually sense changes of humidity and transmit the signal to the micro-computer controlling terminal, then the controlling unit can automatically control on or off of the atomizer. So that RH in the storage room can keep at the setting point level, and this was demonstrated by RH monitor within 24 hours after system and responding efficiency tests. Application test and evaluation on fruit &amp; vegetable fresh keeping was conducted, and the results showed that tested fruit &amp; vegetable stored under dry-fog controlled humidifier had much less weight loss than those stored under natural RH condition, but at the same water content level as those packaged with plastic bag. In addition, storage time and shelf life of the tested fruit and vegetable exposed to the dry fog was doubled as compared to those stored in the natural RH condition. Overall sensory quality index of dry-fog exposed fruit and vegetable was also improved. Moreover, attributes of controlling decay incidence and delaying decay development were also found with dry-fog controlled humidity system during postharvest storage period (data not shown). Finally, evaluation and analysis of installation and usage cost of dry-fog controlled humidity system was done. In conclusion, advantages of dry-fog controlled humidity system are no water condensation under low temperature, keeping the cooling storage room 'dry' with high humidity, saving energy and labor work, and protecting environment. These findings suggest that the application of dry-fog controlled humidity system has major benefits on postharvest storage of fresh fruit and vegetables. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:12
Main heading:Humidity control
Controlled terms:Air cleaners - Air purification - Air transportation - Atmospheric humidity - Computer control - Digital storage - Energy storage - Fog - Fruits - Humidity sensors  - Plastic containers - Purification - Quality control - Temperature - Vegetables - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Controlled humidities - Fogger - Fresh fruit and vegetables - Fresh keepings - High relative humidities - Surrounding environment - Water loss - Water purification systems
Classification code:431.1  Air Transportation, General - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 443.2  Meteorological Instrumentation - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 451.2  Air Pollution Control - 525.7  Energy Storage - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.5  Computer Applications - 817.1  Polymer Products - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20162302465179
Title:Construction and evaluation of modern agricultural processing mode based on four attributes
Authors:Wang, Minjing (1); Sun, Junshe (1); Pei, Haisheng (1); Yang, Yue (1); Chen, Zhou (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing; 100125, China 
Corresponding author:Sun, Junshe(sunjsh61@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-7
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the transformation of China's economy to a new normality, optimizing industrial structure, improving element efficiency and cultivating consumption demand become deeply important for transformation and upgrading of China's industry. Agricultural products processing industry is not only a strategic pillar industry of China's economic and social development, but also a livelihood industry of national nutrition to ensure safety and health. However, the China's agricultural products processing industry is relatively extensive on the whole, and therefore, building a scientific and systematic modern agricultural products processing engineering model is of great significance to guide the development of the industry. Based on the 4 attributes, i.e. material value, low carbon processing, industrial ecology and product market, the paper used the theory, tools and methods of systematics, and established a new set of methodologies of 4 systems, including material value system, low carbon processing system, industrial ecology system and product market system. According to the principles of science, practicality and simplicity, the weights of these indices were reckoned by the comparison matrix of analytic hierarchy process built in the software of MATLAB 7.6. Partial classification criteria of evaluation index system were built by the combined method of qualitative analysis and quantitative calculation. By using the method of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, the whole staffs of 15 people, who were industry experts and scholars, government regulators, agricultural products processing enterprise technical and managerial personnel, evaluated the agricultural products processing pattern implementation degree. Liaoning Hongsan Peanut Industry Co., Ltd. in Heishan County, Liaoning Province, China, was chosen as a case study. The enterprise was founded in 2008, and this model was used for the overall design of the whole industry chain in 2013. Design key points were: 1) The peanut kernels, branches, leaves, root, shell and other leftovers and residue, the residual liquid, the by-products from the processing of peanut meal were fully used; 2) The use of solar energy photovoltaic (with the help of plant, community building roof) electricity to provide power to completely or partly replace the traditional energy implementation projects in energy balance; 3) All parts of peanut processing were alone with each other (antioxidants recycling), and cold rolling oil, enzymatic hydrolysis of peanut protein peptide, and clothing, such as low carbon processing technology were utilized; 4) The integration of peanut integrated coupling cleaner production technology; 5) As health industry, the production had the guiding role of healthy and functional products. A system of comprehensive evaluation index system consisting of 4 criteria layers and 21 indices was established for modern agricultural products processing model. The empirical analysis showed that the Liaoning Hongsan Peanut Industry Co., Ltd. had the comprehensive evaluation score of 3.9871, which indicated that the model was in the above medium level, and the evaluation result was consistent with the real production. The study not only has a high reference value for the transformation and upgrading of traditional agricultural processing industry, but also provides theoretical support for the research of modern agricultural industry mode. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:11
Main heading:Industrial economics
Controlled terms:Accident prevention - Agricultural engineering - Agricultural products - Agriculture - Cold rolling - Commerce - Ecology - Efficiency - Enzymatic hydrolysis - Human resource management  - MATLAB - Oilseeds - Personnel - Plants (botany) - Pollution control - Processing - Product design - Solar energy - Solar power generation
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation - Comprehensive evaluation index system - Economic and social development - Four attributes - Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation - Industrial upgrading - Mode - Quantitative calculation
Classification code:454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 535.1.2  Rolling Mill Practice - 615.2  Solar Power - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 801.2  Biochemistry - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 912.4  Personnel - 913.1  Production Engineering - 913.4  Manufacturing - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921  Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20162302465188
Title:Experiment and model of kinetic energy distribution of damping sprinkler
Authors:Liu, Junping (1); Bao, Ya (1); Zhang, Qian (1); Yuan, Shouqi (1); Liu, Xingfa (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technical, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:70-75
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:According to that there are few researches for the external spraying characteristics of damping sprinkler, the paper studied kinetic energy per unit volume and kinetic energy intensity of the sprinkler with or without water sprinkling gear under different nozzle diameters. In order to study the kinetic energy distribution and its model of damping sprinkler, hydraulic parameters of damping sprinkler were tested under the operating pressure of 175, 200, 250 and 300 kPa with different nozzle diameter of 3.6, 4.0, 4.4 and 4.8 mm, respectively. The laser precipitation monitor (LPM) was used to measure the drop diameter and velocity. The result showed that kinetic energy per unit volume of the sprinkler without or with water sprinkling gear was small at the test location between 0 and 3 m along the sprinkler. Meanwhile the difference of kinetic energy per unit volume of the sprinkler without or with water sprinkling gear was small as well. Kinetic energy per unit volume of the sprinkler with water sprinkling gear was larger than the one without water sprinkling gear when the distance from the nozzle increased. And the variation range of kinetic energy per unit volume increased with the increasing of the distance from the sprinkler. Without water sprinkling gear, the difference of kinetic energy per unit volume was small for different nozzle diameters at the same distance from the sprinkler, but it was bigger under the condition with water sprinkling gear. At the same location from the sprinkler, kinetic energy per unit volume decreased with the increase of nozzle diameter. The models of kinetic energy per unit volume and kinetic energy intensity distribution were established. The correlation coefficient of kinetic energy per unit volume distribution model was above 0.94. The correlation coefficient of kinetic energy intensity distribution model was above 0.90. Kinetic energy intensity of the sprinkler with water sprinkling gear increased when the distance from the sprinkler increased. Without water sprinkling gear, kinetic energy intensity increased firstly, then gradually decreased, next increased again, and finally decreased rapidly to 0. Water sprinkling gear could make kinetic energy intensity reach the maximum in advance. Kinetic energy intensity was small at the test location between 0 and 2 m along the sprinkler with or without water sprinkling gear. The difference of kinetic energy intensity became larger when the distance was over 2 m. Compared to the sprinkler with water sprinkling gear, kinetic energy intensity of the sprinkler without water sprinkling gear under different working pressure was relatively small. With the distance from the sprinkler increasing, kinetic energy intensity showed a trend of increasing gradually firstly and then dropping to 0. The kinetic energy intensity under different nozzle diameters was small when the distance from the nozzle was 0-4 m and the difference was less than 0.002 W/m2. When the distance from the nozzle was further, the kinetic energy intensity of the sprinkler for different nozzle diameters was different greatly, and the maximum difference reached 0.006 W/m2. There was no obvious relationship between kinetic energy intensity and nozzle diameter with water sprinkling gear when the location from the sprinkler is same. The result provides certain academic value for studying the damping sprinkler's external spraying characteristics. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Kinetics
Controlled terms:Damping - Gears - Kinetic energy - Location - Machinery - Mechanization - Models - Nozzles - Spray nozzles
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Energy intensity - Energy intensity distribution - Hydraulic parameters - Kinetic energy distributions - Nozzle diameter - Per unit volume - Water sprinkling
Classification code:601  Mechanical Design - 601.2  Machine Components - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 931.1  Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20162302465214
Title:Application of agricultural land gradation and land consolidation to cultivated land requisition-compensation balance
Authors:Wang, Panpan (1); Song, Ge (1); Wang, Yue (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Land Management, Northeast University, Shenyang; 110169, China 
Corresponding author:Song, Ge(songgelaoshi@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:258-264
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To improve the poor quantity and quality of the supplementary cultivated land, cultivated land requisition-compensation balance is of great significance for national food security. The paper discusses the application of results of agricultural land gradation and land consolidation to the cultivated land requisition-compensation balance with GIS spatial analysis function, which was based on case analysis of the Ordos - Anping - Cangzhou Gas Pipeline Project (Yuxian Section). After stack process of maps of overall land use planning in towns and townships, the authors determined classification results of agricultural land and construction project site selection in cultivated land requisition-compensation balance, the spatial location and the quality gradation of the occupied cultivated land. The weighted average method was used to calculate the comprehensive classification and total amount of the cultivated land. On the basis of selecting land development and consolidation project which met requirement and was checked, scope of land development and consolidation, land use division and present land use map should be stack processed. Then according to principles of cultivated land supplement, the location of supplementary cultivated land should be identified. Based on principles of compensating basic farmland and stack process of spatial location, quality grade and land use plan map should be identified for basic farmland in complementary region and the spatial location of complementary basic farmland. On the basis of solving index transaction, the method of compensating cultivated land and basic farmland could be used to the cultivated land requisition-compensation balance in different regions. The intended land use area of Ordos - Anping - Cangzhou Gas Pipeline project (Yuxian Section) is 31.6080 hm², among which the occupied basic farmland is 7.9392 hm². The comprehensive grade of the occupied basic farmland was calculated as 13 with the weighted average method. The reasons for choosing Yuxian section as the complementary cultivated land are as follows: 1) This piece of land was other grassland before development, while after development, the area of the checked new dry land is 37.9693 hm²and the grade is 13. That 7.7000 hm²of the new dry land is used to implement the cultivated land requisition-compensation balance, which meets the quantity and quality requirements of complementary cultivated land. 2) There are large tracks of ordinary farmland around the block, which can be connected with the location of complementary cultivated land, thus the cultivated land can be concentrated scaled. Based on stack process of classifying maps of agricultural land use and maps of overall land use planning in towns and townships, the location of complementary basic farmland could be determined. The reasons are as follows: 1) The agricultural land grade in this block is 13. The grade of complementary basic farmland meets the requirement of the grade of occupied basic farmland. 2) It is close to Dongtou village. For the village's future development without limitation, a not very close block is chosen. 3) This block is connected with designed basic farmland, which meets the requirement of land concentrated scaled. The results show that: 1) Based on the results of agricultural land gradation, the quantity and spatial layout of the occupied cultivated land can be accurately positioned. After calculation and analysis, the gradation of the occupied cultivated land can be determined as well. 2) Based on the results of agricultural land gradation and land consolidation, the quantity, quality and spatial layout of the supplementary cultivated land and the ordinary farmland which is designed as the basic farmland can be determined; it can be ensured that the gradation and quantity of the supplementary cultivated land are not less than those of the occupied cultivated land; the gradation and quantity of supplementary basic farmland are not less than those of the occupied basic farmland; and the supplementary cultivated land and other cultivated land are concentrated scaled. 3) Because of imperfect trading mechanism, there exist sharp differences in target price in cultivated land requisition-compensation balance among different regions. On the basis of solving index transaction, the method of compensating cultivated land and basic farmland can be used to the cultivated land requisition-compensation balance in different regions, which can provide a more scientific approach for the cultivated land requisition-compensation balance. In summary, based on the classification results of agricultural land and the results of land development and consolidation, the supplement of cultivated land and basic farmland can be rationed and located accurately. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Farms - Food supply - Gas pipelines - Geographic information systems - Grading - Location - Pipelines - Rural areas - Site selection  - Statistical methods
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural land - Agricultural land use - Classification results - Consolidation projects - Land development - Present land use maps - Requisition-compensation balances - Weighted average method
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 619.1  Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 822.3  Food Products - 903.3  Information Retrieval and Use - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20162302465180
Title:Design and experiment on loss sowing testing and compensation system of spoon-chain potato metering device
Authors:Sun, Wei (1); Wang, Guanping (1); Wu, Jianmin (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou; 730070, China 
Corresponding author:Wu, Jianmin(wujm@gsau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:8-15
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The spoon-chain metering device is widely used in small and medium-sized potato planter at present. Its performance is closely related with the quality as well as the efficiency in seeding operation. Because of the diced potato is used in planting in most parts of China, and their shape and size are not consistent, it is hard to take tuber in spoon and loss sowing event may occur easily. The rate of loss sowing can be reduced by optimizing the structure of metering device and the operation parameters, nevertheless, the rate of loss sowing is still around 7%. The artificial reseeding is usually adopted to guarantee the quality of planting. However, this not only increases the labor input and the operating costs, but also brings loss sowing because of the fast speed of seed metering device together with the slower reaction for a man. In order to solve the universal problem of the loss sowing in the spoon-chain potato seeding metering device, with high-performance microcontroller ATmega16 as the core, the detection system is designed, which is composed of the locating and potato monitoring module, and the automatic compensation unit consisting of the solid-state relay and the electromagnet. Locating module mainly includes small magnets and Hall sensor. When every small magnet which is fixed to the plate of the seed spoon skips over the Hall sensor, the magnetic field will be tested by Hall sensor and the information about spoon's arrival is sent to the microcontroller, and the microcontroller will launch the infrared transmitting circuit to emit infrared pulse. If there is no tuber on spoon, the infrared receiving tube will receive infrared pulse, and the electrical level of related port between detecting circuit and microcontroller will fluctuate; the microcontroller sends working instruction to the reseeding implement system according to program, and the reseeding pulse output by microcontroller is received by reseeding implement system; then, the current will flow across the electromagnet coils through the solid-state relay, and the potato seed at the entrance on the compensation way will be hit into the protecting groove under the effect of electromagnet thrust. After that, the hitting stick returns to its original position due to the function of spring restoring force. Otherwise, the reseeding implement system does not work. In order to test the performance of loss sowing detection and automatic compensation system of the chain at different working speeds, the bench test is carried out using the self-made spoon-chain test-bed for potato sowing. Spoon-chain and seed-bed belt are driven by a motor and its velocity is adjusted by inverter. The sandbox is arranged in front of the conveyor belt to simulate the movement of potato on the seed bed. The diced potato is used in the main metering system, while the micro-tuber with the diameter of 20-25 mm is adopted in reseeding system. The chain speed is set as 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 m/s, and the number of theoretical seed metering is 1000 at different speeds. The number of total seeding, loss sowing, normal seeding, theoretical seeding and reseeding are obtained by conducting the bench test. It can be concluded that the number of theoretical seeding is the sum of total seeding and loss sowing, and the number of normal seeding is the difference of the total seeding and reseeding. The original rate of loss sowing, reseeding and final loss sowing can be calculated according to the statistical data. Among them, the original rate of loss sowing is the ratio between the number of loss sowing and the number of theoretical seeding with no automatic compensation system; the rate of reseeding is the ratio between the number of reseeding with compensation system and the number of loss sowing with no automatic compensation system; the final rate of loss sowing is the ratio between the number of loss sowing and the number of theoretical seeding. The tests show that the changes of the final rate of loss sowing and the rate of reseeding are relatively small when the linear velocity varies from 0.3 to 0.8 m/s, and the final rate of loss sowing is less than 2%, and the rate of reseeding is around 85%. The performance of the designed potato loss sowing detection system and the compensation unit is stable, and the loss sowing problem of potato spoon-chain metering device in the operation process can be solved fairly well. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Chains
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Belt conveyors - Controllers - Design - Electric power system protection - Electromagnets - Hall effect devices - Hall effect transducers - Machine design - Magnets  - Microcontrollers - Operating costs - Reconfigurable hardware - Semiconductor relays
Uncontrolled terms:Compensation systems - Electromagnet coils - High-performance microcontrollers - Metering devices - Operation parameters - Potato - Seed metering devices - Transmitting circuit
Classification code:601  Mechanical Design - 602.1  Mechanical Drives - 692.1  Conveyors - 704.1  Electric Components - 706.1  Electric Power Systems - 714.2  Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 721.3  Computer Circuits - 732.1  Control Equipment - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 911.1  Cost Accounting
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20162302465198
Title:Water cycle model and its assessment under cyclic irrigation of drainage water in paddy district
Authors:Yu, Yingduo (1, 2); Jiao, Pingjin (1, 2); Xu, Di (1, 2); Zhang, Xueping (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing; 100038, China; (2) National Center for Efficient Irrigation Engineering and Technology Research, Beijing; 100048, China; (3) Groundtopeak Tianpinghang Land Consolidation &amp; Rehabilitation Co., Ltd, Beijing; 100875, China 
Corresponding author:Jiao, Pingjin(jiaopj@iwhr.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:138-143
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Cyclic irrigation supplements irrigation and reduces flood, which has the potential to reduce the harm of drought-flood abrupt alternation and agricultural non-point pollution, but there is no effective method to simulate water cycle in paddy field under cyclic irrigation of drainage water. Thus a water balance model was built to describe the inflow of drainage and outflow of irrigation water requirement for a pond under cyclic irrigation of drainage water. Drainage amount was calculated with the improved SCS (soil conservation service) model. Rice irrigation water requirement amount was estimated from crop water requirement, leaching water amount and effective precipitation. Crop water requirement amount was calculated with the Penman-Monteith equation and crop coefficient method, and the effective precipitation was calculated with the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) SCS method. The model application showed that there was plenty of drainage water for reuse in paddy area of Zhanghe irrigation district, and the drainage amount contributed 18.1%, 41.2% and 16.9% of irrigation water requirements for dry year, normal year and wet year, respectively. The actual reuse amount of drainage water was affected by irrigation-drainage area ratio, pond capacity ratio and pond initial storage ratio. Supplement irrigation ratio was defined as the ratio of cyclic irrigation amount of drainage to total irrigation amount, and drainage reuse ratio was defined as the ratio of cyclic irrigation amount of drainage to total drainage amount. Supplement irrigation ratio and drainage reuse ratio increased with the increase in irrigation-drainage area ratio and then stabilized at the maximum for different hydrological years. The maximum supplement irrigation ratio of about 20% and the maximum drainage reuse ratio of about 60% were observed at the irrigation-drainage area ratio of 0.15 and 0.5, respectively, for the dry year and normal year. For the wet year, the maximum supplement irrigation ratio of about 20% and the maximum drainage reuse ratio of about 100% were observed at the irrigation-drainage area ratio of 0.4 and 0.15, respectively. Supplement irrigation ratio and drainage reuse ratio increased with the increase in pond capacity ratio and then stabilized at the maximum for different hydrological years. As the pond capacity ratio increased to 1000, 2000 and 700 m³/hm², the drainage reuse ratio reached the maximum of 100%, respectively, for dry year, normal year and wet year. The maximum supplement irrigation ratio of about 20% were observed at the pond capacity ratio of 1500 m³/hm², and the higher increase period of supplement irrigation ratio occurred at the pond capacity of below 700 m³/hm²for dry year and 300 m³/hm²for normal year and wet year. As the pond initial storage ratio increased to 0.7, 0.9 and 0.9, the drainage reuse ratio started to decrease from the stable maximum of about 60%, 40% and 100%, respectively. Supplement irrigation ratio increased with the increase in pond initial storage ratio and then stabilized at the maximum of about 20% with pond initial storage ratio of 0.7 for dry year, and 0.9 for normal year and wet year. The water cycle model in paddy district under cyclic irrigation of drainage water can be an effective method for matching pond size or drainage-irrigation area, and be used for different weather and soil conditions. However, the weather and crop condition variations of different districts should be considered because the pond and drainage-irrigation area are obviously affected by local conditions. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Drainage - Floods - Lakes - Models - Ponding - Soil conservation - Wastewater disposal - Water  - Water conservation - Water pollution - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point pollution - Irrigation water requirements - Paddy - Penman-Monteith equations - SCS model - Soil conservation services - United states department of agricultures - Water cycle
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 453  Water Pollution - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20162302465191
Title:Pressure test method of gas-solid two-phase flow field in grinding chamber with hammer mill
Authors:Cao, Liying (1); He, Long (1); Zhang, Yubao (1); Liu, Yunfeng (1); Li, Yanyan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Mechanical Engineering School, Inner Mongolia Science &amp; Technology University, Bao Tou; 014010, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:90-97
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to test the flow field of the mill, the project group proposed a new method based on virtual instrument technology, and constructed a set of test system according to the method, which coverd the design of the instrument selection, data acquisition, data analysis and processing. In the program design process, we designed an integrated virtual digital filter using the powerful data and signal analysis tools in LabVIEW, which covers 6 kinds of commonly used digital filters. Taking a new type of mill prototype as the experimental object, the project group carried out many test experiments on the single air flow field and the air and solid two-phase flow field in the chamber. Firstly, the pressure and velocity of the air flow field in A section were tested by 2 kinds of test methods and the single flow field of the whole chamber was simulated and analyzed. Through the comparison, the result showed that the error was in the 5% and the 3 ones were consistent with each other. Secondly, when the speed was constant, the pressure distribution of the flow field near the wall under the condition of no load and load was consistent with that of the flow field near the wall. Thirdly, the influence of material concentration on the flow field near the wall was not obvious at the 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 r/min rotating speed of the air flow field, the effective value of the pressure decreased with the increase of the speed, and the air-solid two-phase flow had the same law. The effective value of the pressure in the corresponding test point was reduced. In air flow field, the pressure value of less than or equal to 1500 r/min was positive. This showed that in the work, the low speed of the pressure field was small, and the negative pressure of the back was small. Besides, rotation speed of the mill had a great influence on negative pressure, when the speed changed from 1000 to 2500 r/min, and the maximum negative pressure of test was from -20.35 to -411.15 Pa. The negative pressure calculated by back propagation (BP) neural network algorithm was from -37.24 to -678.42 Pa. The effect of material on the flow field near the wall was not much, but it would weaken the negative pressure in the center area. The sealing performance of the mill had great influence on the internal flow field. Under the 2500 r/min work condition, so the theoretical maximum negative pressure was -2.5 KPa, and the test maximum negative pressure was only -411.15 Pa. Therefore, the method and the measuring system provide the technical support for the following study on the relationship between the pressure and the structural parameters of the mill, and provide the theoretical basis for the optimization design of the new type of mill. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Two phase flow
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Air - Backpropagation - Backpropagation algorithms - Data acquisition - Data handling - Digital filters - Flow fields - Grinding mills - Hammers  - Processing - Speed - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Back propagation neural networks - Gas solid two phase flow - Hammermills - Negative pressures - Optimization design - Pressure test method - Structural parameter - Virtual instrument technology
Classification code:605.2  Small Tools, Unpowered - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 703.2  Electric Filters - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.4  Artificial Intelligence - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 913.4  Manufacturing
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:20162302465202
Title:Estimating soil moisture from hyperspectra in saline soil based on EPO-PLS regression
Authors:Peng, Xiang (1); Hu, Dan (1); Zeng, Wenzhi (1); Wu, Jingwei (1); Huang, Jiesheng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan; 430072, China 
Corresponding author:Wu, Jingwei(jingwei.wu@whu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:167-173
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The information of surface soil moisture is of great importance for the irrigation and production of agriculture. Researches have shown that surface reflectance spectra of soils are often jointly affected by soil moisture content and salt content, whichhas not yet been sufficiently addressed. In this study, we investigated the external parameter orthogonalization (EPO) method to eliminate the effect of soil salinity by preprocessing soil spectral reflectance and establishing EPO-PLS (partial least squares regression after EPO pre-processing) model to predict soil moisture content. Soil salt composition and texture were obtained by taking soil samples in Hetao Irrigation District, Inner Mongolia, China in July 2014. The components of soil salt were mixed to artificially create 11 levels (percentage by weight, g/(100 g)) of salt salinity in the soil samples: 0.1 (natural soil salt content), 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0%. The moisture contents of total soil samples were designed as relative weight 38%. Filling 11 replicate dishes (12 cm in diameter) with each level of salinity soil, respectively. Each dish was filled with about 374 g wet soil with 3cm depth and a bulk density of 1.3. A controlled laboratory experiment was conducted by a way of continuously monitoring changes of soil moisture and salt content. Soil reflectance spectra were measured for each level of salt salinity samples in a darkroom using Analytical Spectral Device FieldSpec 3 Hi-Res (ASD, USA) spectrometer covering wavelengths from 350 to 2500 nm at an interval of 1 nm. Reflectance spectra and weight of each soil samples were measured every day until the weights remained unvaried (completely air-dried). Based on laboratory controlled experiments, this paper is mainly focused on the changes of slightly and moderately salt-affected soil reflectance spectra in the process of evaporation. We quantitatively analyzed the changes in soil reflectance of overall bands and the results suggested that a combination of salt and moisture in soil caused confusion of soil reflectance spectra. The reflectance spectra of soils are leveling off and almost converge to 0.2 after moisture content reaches 25% where the effect of soil moisture dominates in the reflectance spectra of soil. However, for salt-affected soil reflectance spectra, a clear increasing pattern is noted along with a decreasing of soil moisture, in which the severer the salinity is, the higher the reflectance value and the faster the rising speed of average reflectance would be. The effect of soil salt on soil reflectance spectra became predominant when more and more salt accumulated on the soil surface in a form of white crusts with high reflectance because of moisture evaporation. EPO is a method to reduce the space dimensionality in regard to external parameters which is referred to soil salt in this paper. PLS and EPO-PLS models were established to predict the moisture of salt-affected soil, respectively. The prediction results of PLS model show a significant deterioration and bias with an increase of soil salt content. It is clear that soil salt has a strong influence on the prediction of soil moisture content. Direct application of PLS models leads to an over-predicted results of moisture content of salt-affected soil, based on the spectra of non-saline soil samples. Through comparing PLS with EPO-PLS model, R²and RPD rose from 0.722 and 1.976 to 0.898 and 3.145 for validation data, respectively. RMSE was reduced from 5.087 g/(100 g) to 3.237 g/(100 g). Results show the model quality of EPO-PLS for prediction of soil moisture increases significantly. EPO is verified to eliminate the effect of soil salt on spectra successfully. In this way more precise information of soil moisture can be predicted by establishing the partial least squares regression after EPO pre-processing and the approach should realize the soil moisture estimation well in saline area. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Evaporation - Forecasting - Irrigation - Least squares approximations - Models - Moisture - Moisture determination - Reflection - Regression analysis - Soil moisture  - Soil surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Analytical spectral devices - Hetao irrigation districts - Orthogonalization - Partial least squares regression - Significant deteriorations - Soil moisture estimation - Soil salinity - Soil spectral reflectance
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 944.2  Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 42>

Accession number:20162302465201
Title:Mechanical model of small U-shaped concrete lining canal with three arc-plates under frost heaving
Authors:Tang, Shaorong (1); Wang, Hongyu (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:159-166
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Exploring the frost heaving effects of structures in cold regions is quite necessary, especially in Northern China, since frost heave will be a major cause of damage to some geotechnical structures there. The present paper takes the small U-shaped canal of splicing concrete lining with three arc-plates as a case study sample, which is a common structure type at the construction of canal in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia, and investigates the effects of frost heave on stress state of canal's concrete lining. At first, take 6 assumptions to simplify the complicated factors of frost heave. According to the superposition principle, we consider the frost heave action on the concrete linings as the combined result of gravity, tangential freezing stress, normal frost heaving stress and freezing stress, and give the equilibrium relationship between them both integrally and locally; then we analyze the force for each part of concrete lining subjected, and establish the mechanical model under frost heave according to the structure and failure characteristics of concrete linings and the site monitoring experiment data in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia during freeze-thaw period from 2013 to 2015. Thus, the simple computational formulas of internal force for linings' each part including the slabs of lining, the arc plates and the U-shaped bottom of lining are obtained. Using the above formulas, in one U-shaped canal with three arc-plates concrete lining with known size in the prototype observation region, the frost heave and the internal force are calculated. The calculating results show that: Firstly, the small U-shaped canal with three-plates bears compression and relatively uniform bending moment together, which is in accordance with actual engineering; Secondly, the most complicated stress situation of the concrete lining exists in the areas from the junction of slab and arc plate to the rigid seams with cement mortar of fine aggregate concrete, where the section easily cracks or is destroyed if the frost heaving and freezing stress are big enough; Thirdly, if the camber of the slab of lining is too small, it may lead to the fragility of concrete linings under frost heaving situation; Fourthly, the position of normal frost freezing stress decides the bending moment of canal's slope. At last, this paper further analyzes the effects of camber of slab and central angle of arc plate on normal heaving stress, discusses the position of normal frost freezing stress, and gives the following suggestions that the camber of the slab of lining ranges from 20 to 26 degrees, and meanwhile, normal frost freezing force actions at the position of 2/3 of slope from the top. Especially, the internal forces of rigid seam are researched by using the central angle of arc plate, which indicates the position of rigid seam. Results show that, due to great axial and shearing force, the rigid seam is weakness position of concrete lining, and thus, the central angle of arc plate should be greater than the half of the central angle of curved bottom slightly when it is designed in order to obtain lesser frost heaving force and damages. All these works are beneficial for the design of U-shaped canal with three-ace plates in frozen soil area. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Structural design
Controlled terms:Bending moments - Cambers - Canal linings - Concretes - Freezing - Frost effects - Frozen soils - Hydraulic structures - Irrigation - Linings  - Models - Plates (structural components) - Stresses
Uncontrolled terms:Concrete linings - Failure characteristics - Frost heaving - Geotechnical structure - Mechanical model - Prototype observations - Superposition principle - U-shaped
Classification code:407.2  Waterways - 408.1  Structural Design, General - 408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 412  Concrete - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 652.1  Aircraft, General - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 43>

Accession number:20162302465217
Title:Dynamics analysis on water migration of corn ear during natural ventilation
Authors:Chen, Siyu (1, 2); Wu, Wenfu (1); Xu, Yan (1); Han, Feng (1); Qin, Xiao (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun; 130022, China; (2) College of Mechanical Engineering, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi; 154007, China 
Corresponding author:Wu, Wenfu(wwfzlb@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:277-282
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Moisture migration reflects energy exchange caused by any kind of imbalance potential such as temperature, pressure and humidity. In order to reveal the moisture migration rules of corn ear, the absolute water potential, moisture diffusion coefficient and activation energy of corn ear were analyzed during the natural ventilation based on the absolute water potential theory and the absolute water potential was used to represent the imbalance. Corn ear nature ventilation experiment was carried out in 4 self-made rectangular test granaries. Experiment granaries were placed outside from north to south. Weighing sensors placed at granary bottom could record granary's overall quality in real time and calculate the moisture content of corn ear indirectly in every granary. There were 84 temperature sensors distributed in 4 granaries. The experiment monitoring system began to monitor from December to next April, and the storage period was about 4 months. Results indicated that drying corn to safe moisture at low temperature needed 3 or 4 months in the natural ventilation process, the absolute water potential of air and corn ear increased with the increase of temperature, and the corn ear was in the desorption state when the corn absolute water potential was greater than the air absolute water potential. When the absolute water potential of corn and air approached gradually, the corn moisture remained unchanged because water molecules lacked sufficient thermal energy to overcome the resistance which prevented water molecules evaporating from the grain surface to ambient air. Moisture migration from west to east was affected by water potential gradient in 4 granaries, corn moisture declined faster in windward side than others, and lower drying rate could be received during the initial period of natural ventilation. Corn moisture diffusion coefficient was in the range of from 2.563&times;10^-12to 5.340&times;10^-12m²/s, the change of moisture diffusion overall tended to increase with the increase of temperature but it exhibited a downward trend in the late stage affected by the absolute water potential. Different averages in different width of granaries indicated moisture diffusion coefficient was affected by grain thickness. In the process of moisture migration, moisture diffusion coefficient showed the moisture migration changes over time inside the material, and activation energy showed the energy level of water molecules in the diffusion and evaporation. Both of them were the important parameters for moisture migration dynamics analysis. Activation energy could express the need of energy that per mole water was broke away from the material in the drying process. Analyzing the activation energy could estimate the lowest energy consumption and how easily the material was dried. Arrhenius equation could describe the relationship between moisture diffusion coefficient and temperature, by which the obtained average activation energy was 35.76 kJ/mol. Water migration was a complicated heat and mass migration process, and grain was impelled continuously to desorb and absorb due to the gradient of temperature and humidity. Dynamics analysis on water migration can judge the equilibrium state of grain and ambient air, and predict the water migration direction, the moisture variation rate and the concentrated area of damp and hot during the drying and storage process. It can provide the theoretical basis for grain moisture control and early warning. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Moisture control
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Chemical activation - Crops - Diffusion - Drying - Dynamics - Energy utilization - Grain (agricultural product) - Grain elevators - Moisture  - Molecules - Temperature - Ventilation - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Arrhenius equation - Corn ear - Gradient of temperature - Moisture diffusion - Moisture diffusion coefficient - Moisture migration - Natural ventilation - Water migration
Classification code:525.3  Energy Utilization - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 643.5  Ventilation - 731.3  Specific Variables Control - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 931.3  Atomic and Molecular Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.039

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

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Accession number:20162302465215
Title:Design and development of system for mapping granary on basis of WPF 3D application
Authors:Zhao, Yandong (1); Tu, Jiayan (1); Liu, Shengbo (1); Du, Xingyuan (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) ZhongKeHangYu (Beijing) Automation Engineering Technology Co., LTD, Beijing; 100081, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:11
Issue date:June 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:265-270
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Counting the total volume of grain in the granary, which represents an indispensable work in grain storage management, is of great importance to the macro grain regulation in China. In response to the low efficiency and accuracy of traditional way to survey and map the grain-pile volume in granary, this paper proposed a method for rapidly re-constructing the 3D model of the grain pile based on 3D laser scanner technique, and a method for accurately calculating the grain-pile volume based on constructing 3D laser monitoring system. This system employed the DME5000 of German SICK, the 3D laser range finder with its range finder installed on the grain pile and then created a Cartesian coordinate system in a granary. With the range finder scanning the surface of grain pile, distance can be calculated between the point on the grain pile and the bottom of the granary, and the original point cloud data of the information about the grain pile can be obtained after scanning some points. As noise point could not be avoided during the process of collecting those data because of the influence from environment and irregular point clouds were scattered, the standard point cloud data could be acquired by processing the original data through noise-eliminating, jointing and gridding. Median filter was used to remove noise while weighted average algorithm was applied in polygonizing. The standard point cloud data were processed with 3D triangulation in accordance with the Delaunay principle, on the basis of which three-dimensional curve surface model of grain piles were built. Then the 3D model of the grain pile could be built with the help of 3D rendering engine on the basis of Windows Presentation Foundation, a technology from Microsoft. At the same time the grain-pile volume could be calculated by means of square grid. The principle of the grid algorithm was to divide the bottom of the grain pile into a number of squares so that the total volume of the grain pile could be equal to the total volume of the columns with a square bottom. The system was firstly adopted in an experiment to calculate the volume of the grain pile in a laboratory which located in Beijing Forestry University. Due to the small volume of the grain pile for experiments, accurate measurement could be done manually. The actual volume of the grain pile was 2.205 m³. By completing scanning ten times and analyzing the data acquired in this experiment, we got the relative tolerance of only 0.318% between the actual volume of the grain pile and the one calculated by scanning the grain pile with this system, with the standard deviation of 0.0083 m³. Another experiment was conducted in a granary in Cangzhou, Hebei province. The experimental result was compared with the one acquired by means of manually traditional surveying and mapping method. After ten times of surveying and mapping with the help of this system, we got the average grain volume of 22469.97 m³, with the standard deviation of 42.92 m³. The volume calculated with traditional manual method was 22466.50 m³, with the standard deviation reaching 70.25 m³. The experimental results showed that this system could acquire accurate and stable grain-pile volume, and definitely meet the requirement of granary management in real works. This provides an effective way to improve the efficiency and accuracy of accounting inventory in the management of granary in reality. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Piles
Controlled terms:Data handling - Design - Digital storage - Efficiency - Grain elevators - Laser applications - Mapping - Median filters - Models - Monitoring  - Radar equipment - Range finders - Scanning - Statistics - Storage management - Surveying - Surveys - Three dimensional computer graphics
Uncontrolled terms:3-d modeling - 3D-laserscanning technology - Granary - Point cloud - Volume
Classification code:405.3  Surveying - 408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 694.4  Storage - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 716.2  Radar Systems and Equipment - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 723.3  Database Systems - 744.9  Laser Applications - 913.1  Production Engineering - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 943.1  Mechanical Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.11.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.