<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20162102422655
Title:Tension members strengthening stability of two-way grid single-layer cylindrical shell in greenhouse
Authors:Zhang, Zhonghao (1, 2); Fu, Qiang (2); Fan, Feng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin; 150090, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China 
Corresponding author:Fu, Qiang(fuqiang@neau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:172-179
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Single-layer two-way grid cylindrical shell with tension members is superior in providing high transparency, aesthetic appeal and material efficiency, and it is suitable for greenhouse structure. For testing its suitability for greenhouse use, tension member installation, tension member initial axial forces and out-of-plane tension member placement were considered in a two-way grid cylindrical surface because of the in-plane rigidity of a two-way grid shell was lower than that of a three-way grid shell. So, the single layer two-way grid cylindrical shell roof with tension members in out-of-plane and diagonal members was developed for the purpose of examining the tension member arrangement on the strength behavior of single layer cylindrical shell. A tension member's function was to increase the in-plane and out-of-plane rigidity of a single layer two-way grid and to improve its stability behavior. In order to understand the effect of tension members, we determined the stability of cylindrical shells based on elastic and elasto-plastic complete-process analysis by using the finite element software ANSYS and self-compiled pre-post-processing programs. Some characteristic responses such as critical loads, buckling modes and distribution maps of plastic level were collected. The effects of various geometrical and structural parameters such as initial imperfection, different supporting conditions, unsymmetrical distribution of loads, rise span ratio and tension member prestress were investigated by elasto-plastic stability analysis. In the numerical calculations, out-of-plane tension member placement caused an increase in critical load and rigidity of load-deflection relationship under symmetrical and asymmetrical loadings. The critical load of two-way grid shell increased also by the introduction of the initial axial force to tension member. The results showed that the cylindrical shells were concluded to be sensitive to initial geometric imperfection, when the rise span ratio reached 1/6, the critical loads of cylindrical shells supported along four edges would be reduced by 24%. Unlike the other cylindrical shells, the critical load of two-way grid shell with tension member trended towards enlarger under the influence of unsymmetrical distributed load with the rise span ratio was 1/4, the critical loads would increase by 25% of the maximum degree. The plasticity distribution of grid member assumed the transversal grid members in the both sides of the central regions going into plastic easily caused by the large axial forces, the central regions were still characterized by sensitive areas. The out-of-plane tension members in the central section reached plastic status easily, so it was very important to design out-of-plane tension members in the practical engineering. Through a statistical analysis of elastic and elasto-plastic stability critical loads, "3&sigma;" principle was suggested to determine the effect of initial geometric imperfection on the stability of cylindrical shells. A plasticity reduction coefficient for the single layer two-way grid shells with tension member was proposed to reveal the influence of material nonlinearity on critical loads. As a result, the plastic reduced coefficients of cylindrical shells were summarized to be 0.46~0.84. Through the analytical results, the elasto-plastic stability behaviors of single layer two-way grid shells with tension members were concluded, and the results provided a theoretical basis and technical support for the practical engineering in modern greenhouse construction. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Tensile strength
Controlled terms:Axial flow - Cylinders (shapes) - Elastoplasticity - Finite element method - Geometry - Greenhouses - Loading - Loads (forces) - Plasticity - Rigidity  - Shells (structures) - Stability - Steel beams and girders
Uncontrolled terms:Complete process analysis - Critical load - Initial geometric imperfection - Load-deflection relationships - Shells - Tension members - Two ways - Unsymmetrical distribution
Classification code:408  Structural Design - 408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 691.2  Materials Handling Methods - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 921  Mathematics - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.024

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20162102422641
Title:Soil salinity variation characteristics of cotton field under long-term mulched drip irrigation
Authors:Li, Wenhao (1, 2); Wang, Zhenhua (1, 2); Zheng, Xurong (1, 2); Zhang, Jinzhu (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water &amp; Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Modern Water-Saving Irrigation of Xinjiang Production &amp; Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Zhenhua(wzh2002027@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:67-74
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the arid area after long-term drip irrigation, the accumulation of soil salinity has attracted a lot of attentions and concerns to researchers, which is also an important factor to limit the agricultural production and affect the oasis ecological stability and the sustain able application of drip irrigation. In order to elucidate the influence of applying drip irrigation technology on soil chemical properties, the percentage change of salinity and salt ions were monitored and analysed in a typical oasis area (Xiayedi irrigation area in Shihezi city of Xinjiang) from 2008 when the drip irrigation was first applied until to 2013. In mid April and mid October of every year, the change of salt ions were monitored in fixed-point soil layer. The total soluble salt content of soil samples were determined and then the content of Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, SO<inf>4</inf>^2-and Cl<inf>-</inf>in soil samples were also determined by using the titration method. The results showed that the salinity, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, SO<inf>4</inf>^2-and Cl<inf>-</inf>in the soil decreased with increasing drip irrigation application years, showing a negative exponent function relationship. The salinity and ions decreased relatively fast during the early period of applying drip irrigation under mulch but then dropped slowly. The soil was saline in the first year of drip irrigation as the average content of soil salinity in 0-100 cm was 24.84 g/kg, higher than 20 g/kg. The average of soil salinity in 0-100 cm was 5.09 g/kg&gt;3 g/kg after years of drip irrigation. From the second to sixth year of drip irrigation, cotton survival rate increased from 8.56% to 76.39% and the yield was gradually increased from 853.85 kg/hm²to 4515.48 kg/hm². The technology of drip irrigation under film in saline soil made big benefit to local farmers. Sodium adsorption ratio can characterize the soil alkalization, while ratio of Cl^-/SO<inf>4</inf>^2-makes a big role in classification of saline alkali soil. Through the calculation and comparison of the ratio of sodium adsorption and the equivalence ratio of Cl^-/SO<inf>4</inf>^2-in different drip periods, we founded that the sodium absorption ratio and the ratio of Cl^-/SO<inf>4</inf>^2-(equivalence ratio) gradually reduced with increasing years of drip irrigation. This indicated that the composition of anion and cation changed year by year and the degree of alkaline soil decreased. Under the current irrigation system and practice of fertilization, the types of saline alkali soil maybe transform chloride-sulphate solonchak (0.2&lt;Cl^-/SO<inf>4</inf>^2-&lt;1) into sulphate solonchak (Cl^-/SO<inf>4</inf>^2-&lt;0.2) by long-term utilization of mulched drip irrigation technique. Thus, the technology of drip irrigation under mulch in cotton field is conducive to cotton growth in the salt-affected oasis area. This research can provide data support for a large-scale promotion of drip irrigation technology. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Alkalinity - Cotton - Ions - Salts - Soil surveys - Soils - Titration
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Drip irrigation - Drip irrigation under mulches - Mulched drip irrigations - Planting years - Saline-alkali soils - Sodium adsorption ratio - Soil chemical property
Classification code:483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801  Chemistry - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.010

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20162102422657
Title:Cooling by interior spraying ventilation and roofing sprinkling ventilation on open beef cattle barn improving production performance of beef cattle
Authors:Wu, Wuping (1); Li, Chuan (1); Wu, Huadong (1); Huang, Aimin (1); Zhang, Yongzhen (1); Yang, Shitang (2); Shu, Dengqun (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang; 330045, China; (2) Jiangxi Gao'an Yufeng Agricultural and Livestock Co., Ltd, Yichun; 330800, China 
Corresponding author:Shu, Dengqun(sudengq@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:187-193
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to relieve the summer heat stress in South on production performance of beef cattle and investigate the effects of different environmental regulation forms, 24 Jinjiang beet cattle were randomly divided into 3 groups, and each group had 8 cattle. Environmental regulation forms of Group 1, Group 2 and Groups 3 were interior ventilation, interior spray ventilation and roof sprinkling ventilation, respectively. The average weight of 3 groups was (250.38&plusmn;24.54), (247.93&plusmn;24.54) and (250.00&plusmn;24.02) kg (P&gt;0.05), respectively. Experiment was conducted in July and August, 2014.Environment temperature, relative humidity, cattle rectal temperature, breathing rate and daily weight gain were measured. Economic benefits of interior spray ventilation and roof sprinkling ventilation were analyzed. The results showed that compared with Group 1, during running time (between10: 00 and 18: 00) for the roof sprinkling ventilation, the temperature at 0, 1, 2 and 3 m under the roof decreased by 4.79 (P&lt;0.01), 2.13 (P&lt;0.01), 1.37 and 1.42&#8451;, respectively; the relative humidity increased by 9.66% (P&lt;0.01), 6.76% (P&lt;0.01), 2.66% and 1.80%; respectively; the temperature of 1.5 and 0.5 m from the ground decreased by 1.2 (P&lt;0.05) and 1.07&#8451;, respectively at 14: 00; the dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity from the ground were (33.61&plusmn;1.55)&#8451; and 61.23%&plusmn;4.03%, respectively, while those of Group 1 were (35.28&plusmn;1.62)&#8451; and 56.43%&plusmn;3.62%, respectively. Compared with Group 1, the temperature of Group 3 decreased by 1.67&#8451; (P&lt;0.01), but the relative humidity increased by 4.80% (P&lt;0.05). The dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity of Group 2 before spray ventilation were (34.58&plusmn;1.73)&#8451; and 57.34%&plusmn;4.25%. The temperature and relative humidity of Group 2 after spray ventilation were (32.03&plusmn;1.85)&#8451; and 67.65%&plusmn;5.65%. Compared with Group 1, the temperature of Group 2 before and after spray decreased by 0.70 and 3.25&#8451; (P&lt;0.01), respectively, but the relative humidity increased by 0.91% (P&gt;0.05) and 11.22% (P&lt;0.01), respectively. At 14:00 and 18:00, the temperature-humidity-velocity index(THVI) of Group 2 before and after the spray decreased by 0.51 and 0.70&#8451; (P&lt;0.05), respectively; meanwhile the THVI of Group 3 before and after the spray decreased by 0.99 (P&lt;0.05) and 0.85&#8451; (P&lt;0.05), respectively. The breathing rate of Group 2 and 3 decreased by 13 and 12 times/min (P&lt;0.05), respectively. The rectal temperature of beef cattle in all groups was within normal range. Compared with Group 1, the daily weight gain of Group 2 and 3 increased by 11.11% and 26.36% (P&lt;0.05), and the input-output ratio improved by 14.01% and 14.65%, respectively. These results suggest that the heat stress of beef cattle in South can be relieved by interior spray ventilation and roof sprinkling ventilation in some way. Economic benefits of Group 2 and 3 are improved. Moreover, the effect of roof sprinkling ventilation is prior to that of interior spray ventilation. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Roofs
Controlled terms:Beef - Cooling - Economic and social effects - Environmental regulations - Fans - Meats - Spraying - Thermal spraying - Thermal stress
Uncontrolled terms:Beef cattle - Dry bulb temperature - Input-output ratio - Production performance - Roofing sprinkle - Temperature and relative humidity - Temperature humidity - Thermal environment
Classification code:454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 618.3  Blowers and Fans - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 813.1  Coating Techniques - 822.3  Food Products - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.026

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20162102422666
Title:Analysis of land cover conversion scenarios based on land-valleys-water coupling interface zones in Three Gorges Reservoir
Authors:Deng, Hua (1); Shao, Jing'an (2); Zhang, Shichao (2); Wang, Jinliang (1); Gao, Ming (1); Wei, Chaofu (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Southwest China), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Surface Process and Environment Remote Sensing in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, College of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing; 401331, China 
Corresponding author:Shao, Jing'an(shao_ja2003@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:249-257
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The reservoir water level of the Three Gorges reservoir is gradually raised by means of phase water storage. The rise of water level is bound to direct the expansion of the water area, and then land cover will inevitably be overwhelmed and replaced, with the ultimate result of mountain, valley and water interface change. The research on temporal and spatial pattern of land cover conversion in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area attracts a lot of attention owing to reservoir water level fluctuation. In this study, land use/cover classification system was proposed in view of the continuity of the flooding time and differences in land cover natural features. The characteristics and trajectories of land cover conversion at the different operation phase of the Three Gorges Reservoir were analyzed based on Four-term multi-temporal land use/cover remote sensing data, the water system and DEM data. And thus, the distribution characteristics of main land cover conversion types on land, valleys and water coupling interface zones and in the condition of different terrain factors that need to be studied further also were summarized. The results showed that land cover in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area varied in degrees of conversion, while the overall spatial pattern remained more or less the same. It consisted mainly of seasonal green land cover and evergreen land cover, accounting for more than 96% of the whole reservoir. In addition, land cover conversion was considerably different in direction and scale throughout the operation phase of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. More notable was that the main ways of land cover conversion at the three operation phases of the Three Gorges Reservoir were basically consistent, that were, the conversions between seasonal green land cover and evergreen land cover, the conversions of seasonal green land cover to gray land cover, and green land cover as well as blue land cover to water. However, the phased differences of spatial distribution and extension of major land cover conversion were remarkable. Furthermore, form the local point of view, there were also sharp phased differences in land cover conversion on land, valleys and water coupling interface zones. It was the conversion between land cover on land-land interface zones that was the main way at the first two phases (1997-2003 and 2003-2006), while land cover conversion on land and valleys interface zones was the most prominent from 2006 to 2009. Moreover, the conversion directions of the same land cover types on land, valleys and water coupling interface zones had changed at different operation phase. Finally, the distribution of land cover conversion was basically in accordance with natural and human activities laws. Altitudes and slope had significant impact on land cover conversion through Three Gorges Reservoir Area, but slope aspect only had an outstanding impact on land cover conversion at flooded area. Overall, these results indicated that the spatial characteristics of local land cover conversion at three operation phase of the Three Gorges Reservoir, and they were helpful for land use planning and ecological environment protection in the reservoir area. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Reservoirs (water)
Controlled terms:Digital storage - Floods - Land use - Landforms - Petroleum reservoirs - Phase interfaces - Remote sensing - Water levels
Uncontrolled terms:Coupling interfaces - Distribution characteristics - Ecological environment protections - Land cover - Operation phase - Temporal and spatial pattern - Three gorges reservoir area - Water-level fluctuation
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 441.2  Reservoirs - 481.1  Geology - 512.1.1  Oil Fields - 722.1  Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 801.4  Physical Chemistry
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.035

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20162102422665
Title:Analysis of spatio-temporal patterns of rural space function based on entropy value method and Dagum Gini coefficient
Authors:Hong, Huikun (1); Liao, Heping (2); Li, Tao (2); Yang, Jun (2); Xie, Deti (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environments in Southwest University, Chongqing; 400716, China; (2) School of Geographical Sciences in Southwest University, Chongqing; 400715, China 
Corresponding author:Xie, Deti(xdt@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:240-248
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China is on an important stage, in which social economy and urbanization are developed rapidly, and the constant urban and rural population mobility and economic and social development elements' destruction and interaction, resulting in the reconstruction of rural space. The purpose of this paper is to establish a theoretical basis and method for scientific construction of reasonable rural space function evaluation index system, and to provide a scientific basis for the rural functional orientation and direction of development and a reference for the rural land use planning, management and ecological protection. In this paper, we specified rural spatial multi-function into rural production, rural ecological function and rural life function. Combining with the study of rural land use characteristics, we selected 15 indicators including per capita food production, rural population and area of cultivated land per capita the value of tertiary industry per capita, rural employment structure, gross output value of farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, and the ecological service value, the forest coverage rate, wetland area ratio, per capita of water resources, soil and water loss rate, disaster index, hospitals and health hospital beds per 10000 people, rural housing area per capita, urban and rural income balance index and rural residents per capita living expenditures for consumption. For data collection, we took entropy method to measure the value of the function of rural space and exploration of rural spatial pattern of differentiation and evolution tendency, and estimation method based on the GIS technology and Dagum Gini coefficient in different areas of Chongqing rural space function value of non equilibrium and dynamic distribution of empirical research. The results showed that the functional intensity of rural production space and ecological space was higher than that of rural life function, and the functional value of rural space in Chongqing city during 2003-2013 period was different. Rural space function value and spatial distribution of regional disparity in general showed low-high-low fluctuations in the unstable situation, that was, the total function of the rural space value gap was smaller in general, and the effects of the gap of economic development between the regions of the overall difference was obvious and density of rural space function value spatial distribution of ring increasing. The function of rural production space presented an upward trend. Rural ecological spatial function of the overall presented a low-high-low fluctuation of the unstable situation. The rural living space function was in a high-low-high-wave dynamic state. Inter regional disparity was the main reason for the non balanced development of rural ecological space and living space in Chongqing city. Each sub function intensity in different functional areas of disparities, especially between the Metropolitan Function Area, Newly Developed Urban Area and Northeastern Ecological Conservation Area, Southeastern Environment Protection Area, the gap of rural ecological space function and rural living space was large, and the gap tended to expand. Dagum Gini coefficient can not only effectively solve the problem of the regional disparity of source, but also can help descripting the sample distribution to effectively solve the overlapping problem between samples. The result was credible and had high reliability. It had an important complementary role for the research of rural territorial function theory and research methods. The results of this study on rural functional provided 1) scientific basis to the position and development direction, 2) policy reference for rural land use planning, management and ecological protection, and 3) a good example for other rural areas on the function of fostering and rural construction. In theory, this paper only made a macro evaluation, and the evaluation of the micro unit needed to be further verified to improve the science and rational. At the same time, the influence factors and consequences of the non equilibrium of rural spatial function should be considered in this study. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Ecology - Economic and social effects - Economics - Forestry - Function evaluation - Geographic information systems - Hospitals - Housing - Land use  - Spatial distribution - Urban planning - Water resources - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological conservation areas - Ecological service values - Economic and social development - Evaluation index system - Gini coefficients - Multifunction - Spatial differentiation - Spatiotemporal patterns
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1  Urban Planning and Development - 444  Water Resources - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 462.2  Hospitals, Equipment and Supplies - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.3  Information Retrieval and Use - 921  Mathematics - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.034

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20162102422651
Title:Real time defogging system used for video image of farmland based on modified dark channel prior algorithm
Authors:Lu, Jianqiang (1); Wang, Weixing (1, 2, 3); Hu, Ziang (1); Shi, Ying (1); Huang, Dewei (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou; 510642, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Weixing(weixing@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:143-148
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Using real-time video to capture farmland digitization regulation is an important step in the protection of essential farmland, but problems exist such as a large area of bright sky background and extreme weather i.e. image degradation caused by rain or fog. Generally, we run the defogging process which is used for image processing to clarify the hazy image in the service. However, the cost is high and the process is in unreal time so that it is not suitable for the storage of video data and real-time alarm. With the innovation of computer hardware, it is possible now to defog in real-time under the haze weather. The Langley research center of the national aeronautics and space administration transplanted the algorithm which is based on Retinex algorithm to DSP(Digital signal process) enhancement system that meets the real-time requirements to deal with 256&times;256 gray-scale image. ClaireVue's team from Tsinghua University developed a real-time system on the iPhone 4 to defog 192&times;144 video image. Cai Zixing's team from Central South University put forwarded an algorithm based on the mist theory to achieve theoretical efficiency of real-time processing. In this paper, we aim at defogging the basic farmland video surveillance images in real-time. We achieved the MDCP (modified dark channel prior) algorithm which was improved on the basis of dark channel prior defogging algorithm with the combination of the dividing and merging of human visual perception to hazing. We built up a system which can clarify the basic farmland video surveillance image by using the subsample of transmittance, adjacent pixels completion, application processing block and the front-end hardware layered method to defog. In order to objectively demonstrate the effectiveness of MDCP algorithm, we used no reference evaluation model to evaluate MDCP algorithm, dark channel prior algorithm and multi-scale Rentinex algorithm and we gained the objective assessment of clarifying the hazy image. The data showed that MDCP algorithm was more prominent in intensity, tone reproduction and information of structural aspects than the other two algorithms in clarification. MDCP algorithm had the highest comprehensive evaluation indicators following by DCP (dark channel prior), and Retinex was the lowest among the three. The defogging system which was used for basic farmland video surveillance included video input device (camera), real-time image processing device(DSP hardware system) and monitor. We adopted SONY SSC-G103 CCD (Charge-couple Device) camera as video input device. DSP hardware system which is made up by the TMS320DM642 platform helped to complete the acquisition of video codec, to format conversion, and to clarify processing. Our test which was based on video image processing and algorithm complexity showed that the system improved the strength of hazy image, tone reproduction and structural information indicator and it kept the good real-time and fluency. In summary, the basic farmland video monitoring front-end of defogging system had some advantages of low cost, low power consumption and processing in real-time while comparing to traditional system which enhanced image in services. It achieved the goal that defogging the video surveillance image in front-end and real-time. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Cameras - Computational complexity - Computer hardware - Digital storage - Farms - Hardware - Interactive computer systems - Knobs - Monitoring  - NASA - Real time systems - Reconfigurable hardware - Security systems - Signal processing - Video signal processing
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive evaluation - Defogging - Human visual perception - Langley research centers - Low-power consumption - Real-time image processing - Structural information - Video image processing
Classification code:605  Small Tools and Hardware - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 716.4  Television Systems and Equipment - 721.1  Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 721.3  Computer Circuits - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 742.2  Photographic Equipment - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 914.1  Accidents and Accident Prevention
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.020

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20162102422659
Title:Effect of doubled CO<inf>2</inf>concentration on accumulation of photosynthate in Lycium barbarum by¹³C isotope tracer technique
Authors:Shi, Yuanbao (1, 2); Cao, Bing (1); Song, Lihua (1); Wang, Guibin (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural College of Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China; (2) Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing; 210037, China 
Corresponding author:Cao, Bing(bingcao2006@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:201-206
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the substrate of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide concentrations play an important role in plant growth and accumulation and distribution of photosynthate. In recent years, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is rising and is predicted to continue to rise in the future. The impact of atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf>concentration enrichment on plant has become a research hotspot. Lycium barbarum is one of Ningxia important economic tree species, and the Lycium barbarum industry development will increase farmers' income. In this research, we studied differences of accumulation and distribution of photosynthate in different organs of Lycium barbarum with two levels, one is doubled CO<inf>2</inf>concentration ((720&plusmn;20) &mu;mol/mol) and another one is natural environment of atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf>concentration ((360&plusmn;20) &mu;mol/mol). The field-based open top chambers system was used to simulate the CO<inf>2</inf>concentration with two standards, and carbon isotope (¹³C) tracer technique was used to trace the destination of photosynthetic product. The photosynthetic parameter was measured in two Lycium barbarum growth stage to determine difference photosynthetic ability between treated trees and a control, and the value of 13C was also measured to indicate the influence of doubled CO<inf>2</inf>concentration on accumulation of photosynthate in Lycium barbarum. The results showed that the photosynthetic parameters included net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO<inf>2</inf>concentration, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency of Lycium barbarum under doubled CO<inf>2</inf>concentration rose significantly compared with those parameters of the control. The leaf transpiration rate under doubled CO<inf>2</inf>concentration in rapid growth stage (90 d) was significantly lower than the control, but no difference in later stage of growth (120 d). Compared with the control, the¹³C natural abundance of all the four different organs (root, stem, leaf and fruit) of Lycium barbarum of the doubled CO<inf>2</inf>concentration treatment was decreased. After¹³C isotope labeling, and compared the &delta;¹³C value of the four different measurement times, the maximum &delta;¹³C value of leaf was at the 24 h; the maximum &delta;¹³C value of root and stem was at the 48 h, and then decreased, but the decrease range of root was smaller than stem. Through the change regularity of these organs' &delta;¹³C value, it can be confirmed that the transfer direction of photosynthetic product was from leaf to stem, then to root. After been treated with doubled CO<inf>2</inf>concentration, the &delta;¹³C value in the root, stem and leaf of Lycium barbarum in 90 d and 120 d increased with different degree compared with the control. The percentage of &delta;¹³C value increased with stem (65.53%)&gt;root (27.39%)&gt;leaf (18.05%) at 90 d, with fruit (145.04%)&gt;leaf (143.56%)&gt;root (49.96%)&gt;stem (43.26) at 120 d. It indicated that, with atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration doubled, the photosynthetic capacity of Lycium barbarum and the accumulation of photosynthate in all four different organs of Lycium barbarum increased, and the accumulation of photosynthate increased in stems in the rapid growth stage was the larger than leaf and root, while the accumulation of photosynthate increased in fruit and leaf was larger in later growth stage. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Carbon dioxide
Controlled terms:Atmospheric chemistry - Atmospheric composition - Carbohydrates - Crops - Forestry - Fruits - Isotopes - Photosynthesis - Plant life extension
Uncontrolled terms:Isotope-tracer techniques - Lycium barbarum - Open top chambers - Photosynthates - Photosynthetic product
Classification code:741.1  Light/Optics - 801  Chemistry - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.028

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20162102422669
Title:Drying characteristics and microstructures of pumpkin slices with ultrasound combined far-infrared radiation
Authors:Liu, Yunhong (1); Li, Xiaofang (1); Miao, Shuai (1); Yin, Yong (1); Zhu, Wenkui (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang; 471023, China; (2) Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou; 450001, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:277-286
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Far-infrared radiation drying presents several advantages such as strong thermal effect and high energy efficiency comparing with traditional hot air drying, and ultrasound technology has significant reinforcement influence on mass transfer during drying process. Hence, the combination of far-infrared radiation technology and ultrasound technology could strengthen both heat transfer and mass transfer theoretically. However, the literature about the drying of ultrasound combined with infrared radiation is scarce until now. In this research, a drying equipment including a contact ultrasound system and a far-infrared radiation heating system was fabricated. Drying characteristics of pumpkin slices under the contact ultrasound combined with far-infrared radiation were studied, and the effects of contact ultrasound and far-infrared radiation heating on the microstructure of pumpkin slices were analyzed with scanning electric microscope technology. The results showed that the drying times at far-infrared radiation heater's temperatures of 160, 200, 240 and 280&#8451; were 510, 390, 270 and 180 min, respectively, and the rise of far-infrared radiation heater's temperature could significantly increase thermal energy as well as drying rate. Moreover, the temperature inside pumpkin slices which were heated by far-infrared radiation was higher than the surface temperature during drying process, which indicated that the energy of far-infrared radiation could impinge on and then penetrate into pumpkin slices before the energy was converted to heat. Contact ultrasound could improve drying rate significantly and the increase of ultrasound power from 0 to 60 W could lead to about 26.7% reduction of drying time at the radiation temperature of 200&#8451;, which indicated the cavitation effect and mechanical effect of ultrasound could improve the internal energy of moisture and weaken the acting force of organization structure on water molecules, and in result enhance internal mass transfer. However, the difference of drying rates was reduced as drying process went on, which indicated that the strengthening effect of ultrasound on drying rate decreased with the reduction of moisture content. The values of effective moisture diffusivity ranged from 0.98&times;10^-9to 2.85&times;10^-9m²/s, and increased with the increase of ultrasound power and far-infrared radiation temperature. The rise of ultrasound power could improve the effect of far-infrared radiation heating on moisture diffusion to some degree, yet the increase of far-infrared radiation heating could slightly weaken the strengthening effect of ultrasound on mass transfer. The improvement of ultrasonic power could enhance the cavitation effect and mechanical effect and enlarge the affected region, and in result, augment the size and the number of micro-tunnels inside organization structure of material. The rising of far-infrared radiation temperature could provide more thermal energy and achieve higher moisture evaporation rate, and produce more micro capillaries as well as cause larger micro tunnels. The application of contact ultrasound technology during far-infrared radiation heating could reduce drying energy consumption by 6.67%-20.21%. The application of far-infrared radiation heating technology combined with contact ultrasound technology could affect internal microstructure of material and intensify mass and heat transfer significantly and synergistically, and achieve higher drying rate, shorter drying time and lower operation cost subsequently. The finding of this work can provide theoretical basis and technical reference for the research and application of drying technology of contact ultrasound combined with far-infrared radiation. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Infrared drying
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Cavitation - Drying - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Heat transfer - Heating - Heating equipment - Infrared radiation - Mass transfer  - Microstructure - Moisture - Molecules - Plants (botany) - Radiation - Radiation effects - Thermal energy - Thermoacoustics - Ultrasonics
Uncontrolled terms:Drying characteristics - Drying energy consumption - Effective moisture diffusivity - Far-infrared radiation - Heat transfer and mass transfers - Pumpkin - Research and application - Ultrasound waves
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 525.2  Energy Conservation - 525.3  Energy Utilization - 631.1.1  Liquid Dynamics - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 641.3  Mass Transfer - 741.1  Light/Optics - 751  Acoustics, Noise. Sound - 753.1  Ultrasonic Waves - 931.3  Atomic and Molecular Physics - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.038

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20162102422634
Title:Parameter optimization and experiment of vibration seed-uniforming device for hybrid rice based on discrete element method
Authors:Lu, Fangyuan (1); Ma, Xu (1); Qi, Long (1); Tan, Suiyan (1); Tan, Yongxin (1); Jiang, Likai (1); Sun, Guodong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China 
Corresponding author:Ma, Xu(maxu1959@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:17-25
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Hybrid rice requires sparse and precision seeding, and it increases yield by its strong tillering ability. But the existing mechanization planting technology can not meet the planting requirement of hybrid rice, and it is necessary to understand the mechanism of hybrid rice precision seeding technology. This paper studied the vibration seed-uniforming device in the seedling devices of hybrid rice through the theoretical analysis, simulations and experimental setup, in order to clarify the influence of the vibration frequency and amplitude of its V-T type vibration plate on the movement of seeds and the influence of seed flow characteristics on seeding performance in the sowing process, which could lead to an improvement in the seedling performance. Firstly, through the kinetic analysis of individual seed, the seed gliding and jumping conditions on the V-T type vibration plate were obtained, and the amplitude, frequency, and vibrator installation angle of the vibration plate were identified as the 3 key factors that affected the sowing performance. Secondly, to further study the movement principles of seeds on the vibration plate, the working process of the V-T type vibrating plate was simulated using the discrete element method (DEM) analysis software EDEM and the Hertz-Mindlin non-slip model. In the EDEM software, seed particles were modeled as spheres with 10 different diameters, in order to more accurately depict the characteristics of actual hybrid rice seeds. When designing the simulation motion parameters of the V-T type vibrating plate, since the pneumatic vibrator was installed on the center of the V-T type vibration plate, which led to varied vibration parameters across the plate, the vibration frequency and amplitude at different parts of the vibration plate were measured separately and adopted in the model. Next, 8 groups of simulation experiments were designed by varying the amplitude and frequency of the vibration plate, and the successful sowing rate was used as the standard to evaluate sowing performance. The simulation result showed that vibration frequency from 57 to 59 Hz led to the uniform distribution of seeds on the V-T type vibration plate and relatively better sowing performance. To validate the feasibility and accuracy of the simulation result, a single-factor experimental design was implemented. The result indicated a high accuracy for the EDEM simulation of the sowing process using the vibration seed-uniforming device, and a relative error of from 1.15% to 6.19% in the successful sowing rate was shown between the simulation and experimental value. Finally, based on simulation and experimental results, 3 experimental factors, the material choice of the vibration arms, the installation angle of the vibrator and the pneumatic vibrator inlet pressure, were chosen to carry out parameter optimization experiments of vibration seed-uniforming device. The optimal parameter combination was obtained, which was 60Si2Mn as the material of vibration arms, 47.5&deg; as installed angle of vibrator, and 0.26 MPa as the pneumatic vibrator inlet pressure. With this optimal parameter combination, the performance of the vibration seed-uniforming device was improved, and the successful sowing rate was 92.86% and the cavity rate was 1.14%. This study provides a basis for the future research on the improvement of the precision sowing technology of hybrid rice. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Vibration analysis
Controlled terms:Crops - Finite difference method - Machinery - Mechanization - Mindlin plates - Optimization - Pneumatic control equipment - Pneumatics - Seed - Vibrations (mechanical)  - Vibrators
Uncontrolled terms:Flow charac-teristics - Hybrid rice seed - Optimal parameter combinations - Parameter optimization - Precision sowing - Uniform distribution - Vibrating plate - Vibration uniform-seeds device
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 601  Mechanical Design - 601.1  Mechanical Devices - 632.3  Pneumatics - 632.4  Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 921.6  Numerical Methods - 931.1  Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.003

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20162102422632
Title:Development of aerial electrostatic spraying systems in the United States and applications in China
Authors:Zhang, Yali (1, 2); Lan, Yubin (1, 2); Bradley, K Fritz (3); Xue, Xinyu (4) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering/Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Aviation Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (2) International Lab of Agricultural Aviation Pesticide Spraying Technology, Guangzhou; 510642, China; (3) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX; 77845, United States; (4) Nanjing Research Institute of Agriculture Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China 
Corresponding author:Lan, Yubin(ylan@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-7
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aerial electrostatic spraying system is the specialized application of conventional electrostatic spraying technology over the air operating platform. It plays an important role in aerial plant protection technology. Droplets with aerial electrostatic spraying can be adsorbed to the lower part of crop plants and the back of leaves as well as the front of the crop leaves. Aerial electrostatic spraying system is able to achieve disease and pest control and reduce environmental pollution with lower chemical application rate due to its uniform chemicals coverage, rapid droplet sedimentation, and low drift loss. The application of aerial electrostatic spraying system in agricultural production is an important part of aerial plant protection technology, which has attracted extensive attention of scholars in the world. When researchers originally developed aerial electrostatic spraying systems, the electrostatic spraying technology had been successfully applied in greenhouses, orchards and other ground spraying operations, which could significantly increase the droplet deposition on the target and reduce the drift to non-target areas. The United States is first country of the world to use an aircraft for pesticide spraying operations. For the experimental study on how to apply electrostatic spraying technology to aerial spraying equipment, the United States is also taking a leading role in this field. Research on aerial electrostatic spraying in the United States started in the 1960s. This summary is intended to detail this development process during the past 50 years and related test work, including early research on aerial electrostatic spray system, its continuous improvement, and the final determination of the prototype of the system. Aerial electrostatic spraying system can effectively reduce spray rate and increase spray droplet deposition, but it still has to face the challenges of improving the crop control effectiveness and reducing downwind spray drift. In addition, the application scope and optimum operating conditions of the aerial electrostatic spraying system for different crops and pests control require further research and exploration. Agricultural aviation industry has maintained great interests on aerial electrostatic spraying since the concept was first proposed. Laboratory test data of electrostatic spraying systems demonstrated a significant increase in the effect of droplet deposition and full coverage of leaves, but the droplet deposition and pest control results in field trials were not satisfied, and sometimes even lower than conventional spraying system. Nevertheless, the potential of aerial electrostatic spraying technology in increasing droplet deposition on the back of leaves and the reduction of chemical application rate shows that most technology has its scope of application and optimal operating conditions. Many factors affect the effectiveness of aerial electrostatic spraying operations. In addition, since the labelled application rate of most pesticides available in the United States is greater than that of an aerial electrostatic spraying system, it will be so difficult to maintain the required charge to mass ratio for an aerial electrostatic spraying system. The contradiction has hindered for the development of the aerial electrostatic spraying technologies. However, this also proved the advantages of aerial electrostatic spraying system from the other hand. The lower application rate per unit area can greatly improve the overall efficiency of aviation spraying operations in that one single flight sprays larger area of crops. China's aerial electrostatic spraying systems in application mainly focused on introducing expensive overseas key equipment. Chinese researchers must research and develop aerial electrostatic spraying systems and accessories that work for our own conditions while introducing overseas technologies. It is proposed in this paper that the study of aerial electrostatic spraying technology in China should be combined with precision spraying and variable rate spraying technology to carry out related research and exploration.The great advantage of aerial electrostatic spray systems has established its place in the scheme of modern agriculture aviation. With continued experimental research and evaluation, modern aerial electrostatic spray systems will continue to support the agricultural aviation industry. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Flight dynamics
Controlled terms:Agricultural implements - Agriculture - Civil aviation - Crops - Deposition - Disease control - Drops - Electrostatics - Fighter aircraft - Indicators (chemical)  - Pest control - Pesticides - Plants (botany) - Pollution control - Spraying
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Continuous improvements - Droplet deposition - Electrostatic spray - Environmental pollutions - Optimal operating conditions - Optimum operating conditions - Plant protection
Classification code:431.1  Air Transportation, General - 652.1.2  Military Aircraft - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 801  Chemistry - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 803  Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.001

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20162102422645
Title:Structural equation model analyzing relationship among N application-carbonhydrate product-grain yield of maize
Authors:Zeng, Xieting (1); Peng, Zhengping (2); Peng, Yunfeng (3, 4) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Facility Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing; 100125, China; (2) College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding; 071001, China; (3) Division of Plant Sciences 1-31 Agriculture Building, University of Missouri, Columbia; MO; 65211, United States; (4) State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; 100093, China 
Corresponding author:Peng, Yunfeng(pengyf@ibcas.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:98-104
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Maize is an important food source globally, and the grain yield of maize is tightly associated with carbohydrate dynamics in developing ear at silking stage. However, it is unclear how carbohydrate changes is related with grain yield and its components. In order to address issues above, a 2-year field study with maize hybrid 'Pioneer 32D79' grown with 0, 150 and 300 kg/hm²N application was conducted at the University of Missouri Bradford Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA. Maize grain yield and its 2 major components (kernel number and kernel weight) were measured at physiological maturity when 50% of the grains exhibited black layer formation from the mid-portion of the ears. Shoot dry weight and N content were also determined at both silking and maturity. Meanwhile, soluble protein concentration was analyzed in developing ear and ear-leaf of maize, and carbohydrate concentrations including glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch were assayed in the whole ears at silking. In addition, the structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the pathways of different carbohydrate concentrations in regulating kernel number, kernel weight and grain yield across the 3 N addition gradient. Our results showed that, increasing N application rate increased maize grain yield, kernel number and kernel dry weight at physiological maturity. At silking, N applications generally increased ear dry weight, spikelet primordia, ear and ear-leaf total N and soluble protein concentrations. In developing ear, glucose and fructose concentrations of maize increased with increasing N availability, whereas sucrose and starch concentrations declined. Singular regression analysis revealed that glucose and fructose positively regulated maize grain yield and its 2 components, but starch had a negative impact on all the 3 variables. The SEM analysis indicated that kernel number and kernel weight explained 91% of the total variance in grain yield. Kernel number had greater effect on yield, with the standardized path coefficient of 0.66, while kernel weight only had a path coefficient of 0.34. Meanwhile, carbohydrate concentrations accounted for 82% and 59% variation in kernel number and 100-kernel dry weight, respectively. Monosaccharide concentration (the sum of glucose and fructose) also influenced kernel number and weight, but starch had a larger path coefficient for kernel number than kernel weight (-0.51 vs -0.31). However, no significant correlations were observed in sucrose concentration with either kernel number or weight. These results revealed that the carbohydrate composition in unpollinated ears during the critical period is a good indicator of kernel set and grain filling, as well as final grain yield. Further exploration of enzyme activities and the regulation of enzyme activities in unpollinated ears are necessary to illustrate the underlying mechanism with regard to carbohydrate dynamics in maize ear as influenced by variations in N availability. In conclusion, studies that enhance our understanding of the causal relationships of C and N dynamics in developing ears with grain yield will be critical to increase N use efficiency of maize. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Carbohydrates - Dynamics - Enzymes - Fructose - Glucose - Physiology - Plants (botany) - Proteins - Regression analysis - Starch  - Sugar (sucrose)
Uncontrolled terms:Carbohydrate compositions - Dry weight - Kernel number - Physiological maturity - Regulation of enzyme activity - Soluble proteins - Structural equation modeling - University of Missouri
Classification code:461.9  Biology - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 822.3  Food Products - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.014

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20162102422660
Title:Efficiency of denitrifying simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal and side-stream phosphorus recovery process
Authors:Zou, Haiming (1, 2); Lu, Xiwu (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang; 233100, China; (2) School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing; 210096, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:207-212
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Generally, it is unsuitable for treatment of domestic wastewater with a low C/N ratio by conventional wastewater treatment processes due to the lack of carbon source in sewage, probably leading to not meeting the A in first-grade sewage effluent discharge standard of GB18918-2002. For this, development of an economic and environmental friendly process for treating of domestic wastewater is urgent, which may provide a benefit for development of wastewater treatment technologies and enhancement of water environmental quality. Moreover, phosphorus is a non-renewable resource and the quantities of mineral phosphorus resources are rapidly decreasing in the world due to increase in demanding of the industrial and agricultural activities. Recovery of phosphorus is regarded as one of effective strategies for preventing exhaustion of phosphorous rock. Domestic wastewater and its treatment processes are commonly a potential source for phosphorus recovery, which may provide a new way for development of sewage treatment process linking nutrients removal with phosphorus recovery. In recent years, theories development in denitrifying simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal and induced crystallization may give a new idea and direction for exploitation of new domestic wastewater treatment process linking nutrients removal with phosphorus recovery. A novel process for nutrients biological and phosphorus recovery from domestic wastewater with a low C/N ratio was proposed in this study. Effectiveness of the new process of denitrifying simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal and side-stream phosphorus recovery was assessed by investigating the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (NH<inf>4</inf><inf>+</inf>-N) and phosphate (PO<inf>4</inf>^3--P) removal performances and phosphorus recovery efficiency. The wastewater with COD, TN, NH<inf>4</inf><inf>+</inf>-N and PO<inf>4</inf>^3--P concentrations of 239.2-259.5, 39.6-43.8, 38.2-41.8 and 8.72-11.40 mg/L, respectively, belongs to low C/N sewage. We used those low C/N ration waste water in the influent, and those in the effluent were 15.2-21.6, 8.5-9.6, 3.6-4.7 and 0.31-0.49 mg/L, meeting the A in first-grade sewage effluent discharge standard of GB18918-2002. The COD removal efficiency in anaerobic tank was significantly higher than that in other tanks and NH<inf>4</inf><inf>+</inf>-N removal mainly occurred in the aerobic tank. In the process, phosphorus in the influent was removed mainly by denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms (DPAO) and induced hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystallization, where the phosphorus total removal efficiency was 95.9% obtained here and 71.5% of that was completed in the induced crystallization (IC) column, suggesting the advantages of the process in the phosphorus recovery. Moreover, the post-aeration tank can remove any surplus carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, thus contributing to enhance the water quality of effluent. The results obtained from here may serve as a new approach for nutrients removal combined with phosphorus recovery from domestic wastewater. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Wastewater treatment
Controlled terms:Chemical oxygen demand - Crystallization - Denitrification - Efficiency - Effluent treatment - Effluents - Environmental technology - Mineral resources - Nitrogen - Nitrogen removal  - Nutrients - Phosphorus - Reclamation - Recovery - Sewage treatment - Tanks (containers) - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Denitrifying phosphate-accumulating organisms - Domestic waste water treatment - Nitrogen and phosphorus removal - Phosphorus recovery - Sewage treatment process - Simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removals - Wastewater treatment process - Wastewater treatment technologies
Classification code:445.2  Water Analysis - 452  Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 454  Environmental Engineering - 619.2  Tanks - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 913.1  Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.029

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20162102422649
Title:Soil anti-scouribility of abandoned land and its relationship with influencing factors in Loess Plateau Gully region
Authors:Guo, Mingming (1); Wang, Wenlong (1, 2); Shi, Qianhua (1); Chen, Tongde (1); Li, Jianming (3); Kang, Hongliang (1); Zhu, Baocai (1, 4); Li, Yanfu (5) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China; (3) Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan; 430010, China; (4) Forestry College, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China; (5) 5.Nanjing Hudraulic Research Institute, Nanjing; 210029, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Wenlong(wlwang@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:129-136
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ecological environment of the Loess Plateau has been remarkably improved and soil and water loss is effectively controlled due to the implementation of the "grain for green" project. The most crucial reason is that the physical consolidation, reticular connection, root-soil agglomeration and biochemical reaction effects make the soil anti-scouribility (AS) to be improved significantly. In order to evaluate the impacts of abandoned land and their different coverage levels on soil AS and related soil physical properties, twenty plots with two treatments of table-land abandoned land (TAL) and gully-head abandoned land (GAL), five abandoned plant coverage levels and two repeated experiments were selected to study the soil AS by using runoff plot flow-scouring method in the gully area of the Loess Plateau. The soil AS was determined in 2 m&times;0.5 m runoff plot at an adjusted discharge of 4 L/min for 31 minutes. Within 31 minutes of each test, runoff and sediment samples were collected every one minute in the first three minutes and every two minutes in the following testing time using runoff bucket for determining sediment concentration. Soil bulk density, water-stable aggregate content, soil disintegration rate, infiltration rate and organic matter content were determined by using conventional methods. Root density and biomass were determined by harvesting and dried in oven. The results showed that as the coverage of the abandoned land increased, compared with CK (farmland), water-stable aggregate content, root density and root biomass of TAL and GAL measurements were significantly increased (P&lt;0.05). When coverage was more than 0%, soil disintegration rate of TAL and GAL measurements had a decrease of 44.87%~79.16% and 33.79%~70.65%, respectively. While the increments of 70.12%~222.70% and 59.20%~194.88% for organic matter content. When coverage was the most highest, the soil bulk density was decreased and infiltration coefficient was increased significantly, for TAL and GAL respectively. The AS of TAL with 0% coverage had no difference with those of the CK, while AS of other coverage plots increased rapidly in approximately 2.31~7.57 times increments compared with those of the CK. The AS of GAL was increased 0.99~7.12 times increments compared with those of the CK. With the increment of coverage, the effect that root improved the soil anti-scouribility capacity was more significant. The positive exponential function can be used to describe the relationship between AS of TAL and GAL and bulk density and infiltration rate, while the negative exponential relationships occurred in AS and water-stable aggregate content and disintegration rate. The effects of organic matter content, root density and biomass on AS can be characterized by linear functions. Regression analysis indicated that AS of TAL had the exponential function with water-stable aggregate content, disintegration rate and root density (P&lt;0.01), also the exponential function existed between AS and water-stable aggregate content and organic matter content (P&lt;0.01). The water-stable aggregate content was the crucial factor influencing the AS of TAL and GAL measurements. The results may provide valuable information for the assessment of ecology function of "grain for green" project and water and soil loss control. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Biomass - Ecology - Exponential functions - Land use - Landforms - Organic compounds - Regression analysis  - Risk management - Runoff - Sediments - Soil testing - Soils - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Abandoned land - Ecological environments - Infiltration coefficients - Loess Plateau - Organic matter content - Physicochemical property - Root - Water stable aggregates
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 406  Highway Engineering - 442.1  Flood Control - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 481.1  Geology - 481.2  Geochemistry - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 921  Mathematics - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.018

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20162102422642
Title:Effect of irrigation water salinity on yield, quality and water use efficiency of hot peper
Authors:Qiu, Rangjian (1); Liu, Chunwei (1); Xu, Jinqin (1); Chen, Jun (1); Cheng, Shanshan (1); Liu, Xu (1); Chen, Hongzhou (1); Wang, Zhenchang (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing; 210044, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing; 210098, China 
Corresponding author:Liu, Chunwei(liu-chunwei@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:75-80
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A pot experiment of hot pepper was conducted at Agrometeorology Research Station of Jiangsu Province from April to July, 2015 to assess the effect of irrigation water salinity on evapotranspiration, yield, fruit quality and water use efficiency. Five salinity treatments of 0.9 (CK), 1.6, 2.7, 4.7 and 7 dS/m were used and each treatment was replicated 4 times. The 20 pots were completely randomized block design. Irrigation water salinity was increasing by adding 1:1 milli equivalent concentrations of NaCl and CaCl<inf>2</inf>to half strength Hoagland solution. Plants were irrigated with 120% of evapotranspiration. A glass bottle was set underneath each pot to collect drainage water amount. Evapotranspiration was calculated by water balance method. Results showed that the soil salinity was accumulated when irrigated with increasing salinity content of irrigation water. The electrical conductivities of saturated soil extracts (EC<inf>e</inf>) was significant (P&lt;0.001) linearly increased with the increase of irrigation water salinity. Evapotranspiration significant linearly decreased with the irrigation water salinity and EC<inf>e</inf>, and the effect was mainly on fruit maturation and harvesting stage. Compared to CK, the seasonal evapotranspiration was significantly decreased by 13%-40% except for irrigation water salinity of 1.6 dS/m. Compared with CK, the yield of hot pepper significantly decreased by 27%-65% when irrigation water salinity higher than 1.6 dS/m. This was as a result of reduction in single fruit weight and single fruit number. The relationship between relative yield and EC<inf>e</inf>was analyzed. The percentage yield loss per unit increase in EC<inf>e</inf>beyond the threshold value was 5.61% and threshold value of EC<inf>e</inf>was 1.5 dS/m, which presented the hot pepper was considered moderately sensitive to salinity. The yield response factor was 1.72, indicating that hot pepper was sensitive to water stress caused by salinity. The fruit length, maximum fruit width, singe fruit weight and number and fruit water content decreased, while fruit firmness and total soluble solid increased as irrigation water salinity increased. The water use efficiency of hot pepper also significant linearly decreased with the irrigation water salinity. This was because salinity reduced water loss more than the reduced yield. When irrigation water salinity was 1.6 dS/m, the evapotranspiration, yield and water use efficiency of hot pepper was not significant decreased. Thus the irrigation water salinity of 1.6 dS/m could be adapted to irrigation when fresh water was limited. The study could provide valuable information for production of hot pepper and improving water use efficiency under saline irrigation. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Bottles - Efficiency - Evapotranspiration - Fruits - Glass bottles - Saline water - Soils - Water - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Electrical conductivity - Equivalent concentrations - Salinity - Salinity treatment - Seasonal evapotranspirations - Total soluble solids - Water balance method - Water use efficiency
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 446.1  Water Supply Systems - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 694.2  Packaging Materials - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 913.1  Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.011

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20162102422658
Title:Thermal interference characteristics of wells in ground source heat pump system based on analytical and numerical calculation of mixed solution
Authors:Wang, Junqing (1); Yuan, Yanping (1); Cao, Xiaoling (1); Qin, Ping (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) The College of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu; 610031, China 
Corresponding author:Yuan, Yanping(ypyuan@home.swjtu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:194-200
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In practical engineering, buried pipe is the form of well group. At present, there are two ways to calculate the heat transfer in a group of wells. One is to calculate the heat transfer of a single well, which is then directly multiplied by the number of holes to get the heat transfer of well group, without consideration of the thermal interference between wells. The other is the direct use of analytical solution or numerical simulation. The numerical solution of the powerful is good at calculating complex heat transfer problems, and can effectively grasp the dynamic heat transfer characteristics of buried pipe. The heat transfer space is large and the geometry configuration is complex, so the computation time is too long. In order to establish a heat transfer model of well group that can be quickly solved and used for thermal disturbance characteristics, the mixed solution heat transfer model based on analytical and numerical calculation is presented. The basic idea is to divide the space of the well group into the space inside borehole (including multiple drilling holes) and outside borehole taking the borehole wall as the boundary. Both steady-state analytical method and transient numerical heat transfer method are used to analyze the heat transfer characteristics inside and outside borehole respectively, and the 2 regions are coupled by the borehole wall temperature. After the establishment of summer conditions of single drill pipe heat exchanger test-bed, and the verification of single well heat transfer model, the FLUENT software in combination with the heat transfer model of well group is used to further study the wells at 3 kinds of special positions in the square well group (middle well, edge well and corner well), and the typical well group of physical model is determined and the thermal interference coefficient of the well group is defined. Finally, the thermal interference characteristics of the typical well group are studied mainly under the condition of continuous operation in summer. The research results show that with the development of heat exchanger of well group, the heat interference between wells in well group is generated and gradually increases, and at the same time the degree of heat interference for the middle of well is the largest, followed by the edge of well and the corner of well; due to the influence of heat interference, the heat transfer capability of the corner of well is the biggest and its borehole wall temperature is the lowest, the heat exchange ability and borehole wall temperature of the edge of well are in the middle, and the heat transfer capability of the middle of well is the minimum and its borehole wall temperature is the highest. After running for 90 d, the heat exchange of the corner of well is 6.5% more than the edge of well, and the heat exchange of the edge of well is 7.1% more than the middle of well; the contribution rate of heat exchange of the corner of well to the well group is gradually increased with the running time, that of the middle of well is gradually reduced with the running time, while that of the edge of well is basically unchanged. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Geothermal heat pumps
Controlled terms:Boreholes - Boring - Heat exchangers - Heat pump systems - Heat transfer - Numerical methods - Oil well drilling equipment - Software testing - Verification - Wells
Uncontrolled terms:Dynamic heat transfers - Heat transfer capability - Heat transfer characteristics - Heat transfer problems - Interference characteristics - Numerical calculation - Numerical heat transfer - Thermal interferences
Classification code:511.2  Oil Field Equipment - 604.2  Machining Operations - 616.1  Heat Exchange Equipment and Components - 641.2  Heat Transfer - 721.1  Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory - 723.5  Computer Applications - 921.6  Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.027

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20162102422648
Title:Laboratory study on soil erosion of loess convex and concave slopes with application of polyacrylamide
Authors:L&uuml;, Wei (1); Li, Shuqin (1, 2); Li, Fahu (1); Lei, Tingwu (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, China Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling; 712100, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Fahu(lifahu@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:122-128
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The effects of polyacrylamide (PAM) application rate on composite slope were carried out under simulated rainfall condition in the laboratory. The composite slope included convex and concave slopes. The upslope and down slope gradients of convex slope respectively were 5&deg;, 10&deg;, 15&deg; and 20&deg;, 25&deg;, and those of concave slope were 20&deg;, 25&deg; and 5&deg;, 10&deg;, 15&deg;. Polyacrylamide application rates were 0 (control), 5, 10, and 20 kg/hm². Total treatment numbers were 48. Results showed that under no PAM application, sediment concentration in runoff on concave slope or the convex slope with a small upslope gradient (5&deg;) was decreasing gradually with rainfall duration, but the sediment concentration in runoff on the convex slope with a big upslope gradient (&ge;10&deg;) increased sharply at some time during rainfall process because of rill erosion occurrence. The time that rill erosion occurred usually was within 8-10 min. after rainfall began, and it was shortened with the increased upslope gradient for the convex slope with gradient greater than 10&deg;. The possibility of rill erosion occurrence on convex slope was higher than on concave slope under no PAM application. Soil mass loss increased with the increase of slope gradient, and the averaged soil mass loss from all convex slope treatments was 7.4 times greater than that from concave slope treatments. Generally, PAM application significantly increased sediment concentration in runoff and soil mass loss from concave slope or the convex slope with the small upslope gradient of 5&deg; (P&lt;0.05). Polyacrylamide application played a remarkable control role on rill erosion occurrence and no obvious rill erosion occurred after its application, consequently PAM application resulted in the decrease of soil mass loss from the convex slope with the gradient greater than 10&deg;. After PAM application, the combination of different slope gradients did not obviously affect soil mass loss for convex slope and concave slope. When PAM application rates were 5, 10 and 20 kg/hm², the averaged soil mass loss was (1.61&plusmn;0.30), (2.27&plusmn;0.77), and (1.83&plusmn;0.57) kg for convex slopes and (1.09&plusmn;0.38), (1.82&plusmn;0.59), and (1.87&plusmn;0.49) kg for concave slopes, respectively, and the averaged soil mass loss from convex slopes for all PAM application rate treatments was 20% greater than that from concave slopes. Polyacrylamide can be used to control soil loss from convex slope with an upslope gradient bigger than 10&deg; in production practice. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:45
Main heading:Soil conservation
Controlled terms:Erosion - Polyacrylates - Rain - Runoff - Sedimentation - Sediments - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Application rates - Laboratory studies - Polyacrylamide(PAM) - Production practice - Rainfall duration - Sediment concentration - Simulated rainfall - Slope type
Classification code:442.1  Flood Control - 443.3  Precipitation - 483  Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.017

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20162102422654
Title:Impact of land fragmentation on identification of winter wheat distribution accuracy by soft and hard change detection method
Authors:Zhu, Shuang (1, 3); Zhang, Jinshui (2, 3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Polytechnic College, Beijing; 100042, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing; 100875, China; (3) College of Resources Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing; 100875, China 
Corresponding author:Zhang, Jinshui(zhangjs@bnu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:164-171
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soft and hard change detection method (SHCD) is a newly proposed approach and previous studies have showed that this method is useful for accurately identifying crop. In this paper, SHCD was used for classifying winter wheat in both simple, homogeneous, low fragmented regions and complicated, heterogeneous, discontinuous regions, and the impact of agricultural landscape pattern and image resolution on the accuracy of winter wheat identification was quantified. Experimental process included simulation image creation, winter wheat mapping by SHCD and result analysis. Simulated images were obtained by the crop change detection model, the winter wheat phenology and the effects of parcel fragmentation. Winter wheat mapping was obtained by the processing of image differencing, sample selection, and ESVM division. Three statistical methods were used to estimate the precision of winter mapping for different window sizes. And we further analyzed the effects of image resolution, window size and spatial characteristics on the identification of winter wheat distribution accuracy. The results showed that: 1) The optimum resolution was 10 and 40 m for hard change detection (HCD) and soft change detection (SCD), respectively. Different from HCD and SCD methods, SHCD was not sensitive to pixel resolution and always yielded accurate classification results. 2) From the view of efficiency, the calculating process including hyperplane segmentation and labelling was same for SHCD, SCD and HCD methods. During the labeling stage, SCD directly assigned the membership probability to each test pixel, while HCD segmented the feature space using hyperplane and adopted thresholds to determine the label for test pixels. By combining the advantages of HCD and SCD, SHCD firstly segmented the feature space into wheat, mixed wheat and non-wheat area using marginal hyperplanes, and then assigned the membership probability for mixed wheat. Accuracy assessment results showed that: 1) In highly fragmented regions, the root mean square errors (RMSEs) of SHCD were lower than 0.15 and not sensitive to image resolution. The bias values were low; the R2 values were higher than 98% and increased with window size increasing. 2) In lowly fragmented regions, SHCD was also not influenced by image resolution. Compared with SCD and HCD, wheat distribution derived from SHCD also had the lowest RMSE and bias and the highest R²value. Combining the advantages of HCD and SCD method, SHCD method effectively eliminated the classification errors caused by spectral variability in hard change areas by SCD method and exclusive result in soft change areas by HCD method. Therefore, SHCD method provided the highest accuracy of crop acreage. So this simulation experiment provides experimental basis and ideas for winter wheat identification in real situations. However, SHCD is limited to classification errors of ESVM method, which is difficult to identify crop from other land cover types between land parcels. Besides, the impact of the different land cover types with similar spectral characteristics is inevitable for this method. Finally, even though SHCD shows good results for soft change area, the errors of commission are still large, which needs to be solved in the future. At the same time, in order to reduce the impact of other factors, simulation experiment simplified real situations, which needs to be tested in real research areas furthermore. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Crops - Errors - Geometry - Image analysis - Image recognition - Image resolution - Mapping - Mean square error - Pixels  - Remote sensing - Signal detection - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural landscapes - Change detection - Classification results - Membership probability - Root mean square errors - Spatial characteristics - Spectral characteristics - Winter wheat
Classification code:405.3  Surveying - 716.1  Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723  Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921  Mathematics - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.023

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20162102422673
Title:Structural performance analysis of bamboo under different chemical and heat treatments
Authors:Chu, Jie (1); Zhang, Junhua (1); Lu, Haidong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Forestry, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China 
Corresponding author:Zhang, Junhua(junhuazhang@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:309-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to make clear of the crystallinity change characteristics of moso bamboo in different heat pretreatments, improve the treatment processing and the development and utilization technology of bamboo base composite material, the changing rule of the crystallinity of four-year raw bamboo was studied under the 117 and 135&#8451; with different concentration of acid, alkali and glycerol. The pretreated bamboo samples were filtered through a Buchner funnel and washed with deionized water until the effluent was pH-neutral, and then dried in the oven for 1 h at (103&plusmn;5)&#8451;. Extractives in the samples were removed by Soxhlet extractor for 12 h with 80 mL ethanol and 40 mL benzene. The extracted residue was air-dried overnight prior to characterization. Holocellulose was isolated from extractive-free biomass using a modified procedure from the literature. Extractive-free pretreated samples (2 g), deionized water (150 mL), sodium chlorite (1.0 g) and glacial acetic acid (0.2 g) were added into a kapak sealing pouch, and the sealing pouch was in a shaking water bath for 1 h at 75&#8451;. After 1 h, another batch of sodium chlorite and glacial acetic acid were added and the mixture was heated in the water bath for 1 h again. This process was repeated 4 times until the holocellulose turned white. Then, the pretreated bamboo samples were cooled, filtered through a Buchner funnel, washed several times with deionized water and air-dried in a fume hood. Cellulose was isolated from holocellulose sample by an acid treatment following a procedure from the literature that holocellulose was treated with 17.5% NaOH (50 mL) at 98-100&#8451; for 4 h, cooled to 0&#8451;, filtered in a Buchner funnel, washed several times with deionized water and air-dried in a fume-hood. The methods included using crystal X-ray diffraction to measure the area length, spacing, crystal plane diffraction peak position, crystalline index and parameters, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to verify the change of crystalline region, and using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) to complete the thermal degradation studies for moso bamboo. Results showed that the 002 peak position in the direction of large angle was obviously offset, the 002 crystal width and the grain size in crystalline region were decreased, and the half peak width in crystalline region was becoming smaller. In addition, its high peak deformation was sharp, and the crystalline intensity increased significantly after different chemical heat treatment; the trend of relative crystallinity declined at 117&#8451;, and when the temperature rose to 135&#8451;, it recovered gradually. SEM and TGA further validated that the fibrous structure became thinner and there was the tendency difference for pyrolysis temperature of chemical compositions after processing; a comprehensive study showed that after treatment the cellulose content was increased, the lignin removal effect was obvious, and the chemical composition of several different processes had a relatively large difference. Research results will provide the theoretical reference basis for the regeneration and processing of bamboo and the development and utilization of bamboo base composite. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Bamboo
Controlled terms:Acetic acid - Cellulose - Chemical analysis - Cracking (chemical) - Crystalline materials - Degradation - Deionized water - Effluents - Fume control - Glacial geology  - Gravimetric analysis - Heat treatment - Organic acids - pH - Photodegradation - Scanning electron microscopy - Sodium - Thermogravimetric analysis - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical compositions - Chemical heat treatment - Chemical treatments - Chemical-and-heat treatment - Development and utilizations - Pyrolysis temperature - Relative crystallinity - Structural performance analysis
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 451.2  Air Pollution Control - 452.3  Industrial Wastes - 481.1  Geology - 537.1  Heat Treatment Processes - 549.1  Alkali Metals - 801  Chemistry - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 811.1  Pulp and Paper - 811.3  Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 933.1  Crystalline Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.042

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20162102422652
Title:Synchronous measurement of 3D morphology and illuminance of plant leaves based on binocular vision
Authors:Yu, Helong (1); Huang, Pu (1); Su, Honghong (2); Zhang, Chao (3); Ding, Minquan (1); Han, Zhiyuan (4); Feng, Xue (4) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun; 130118, China; (2) College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing; 400044, China; (3) School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Poly-technical University, Xi'an; 710000, China; (4) School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing; 100084, China 
Corresponding author:Feng, Xue(fengxue@tsinghua.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:149-156
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Plant leaf is an important organ for photosynthesis and transpiration, and it has a significant effect on plant growth, yield and quality of crops. It is necessary to measure the three dimensional (3D) morphology (3D coordinates of each point on the surface of plant leaves) and illuminance distribution of leaves are important for the study of plant growth. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed a method of measuring the leaf 3D morphology and illuminance distribution synchronization of texture plants based on binocular vision. Firstly, according to the pinhole imaging principle, there is a one-to-one correspondence between 3D spatial coordinate points and image points. The camera calibration is a necessary process when the recovery of information such as angles and distance of spatial points and image points is required. So the intrinsic and external parameters and distortion parameters of the camera were obtained by improved Zhang's Calibration. For obtaining the 3D spatial coordinate points, two cameras was used to capture the left and right image by the binocular vision principle. To find out the same texture image points of leaves, the digital image correlation technique was used. From the above work we can measure 3D coordinate points of leaf and calculate distance that surface point of leaf to the left camera optical center. For improving the accuracy of 3D coordinate points measurement, the left and right raw format images of chessboard calibration target and leaf were captured by using two same type of color COMS cameras with high resolution and unpacked it to RGB 3-channel images. G channel image brightness was still highest when the illuminance was much lower, so chosen G channel image for calculation. Secondly, in order to achieve the illuminance distribution, according to the applied optics theory and lambert's law, the image gray values and the illuminance were positively correlated. So an image illuminance measurement equation was developed. Leaf surface illuminance was only related to the distance and image gray values when the camera system parameters were invariant for diffuse reflectance plant leaves. Therefore, when the image gray values and the distance were obtained, the illuminance calculation of plant leaves can be realized. For improving the accuracy of 3D illuminance distribution measurement, converted the RGB format image to HSV format image and segmentation based on hue of image and smoothed. Thirdly, in order to verify the reliability and accuracy of the synchronous measurement method, in this paper, we took Fittonia arundinacea as experiment object. We needed to calibrate before experiment. So 16 left and right chessboard calibration target images under the different postures were captured and used to calculate the intrinsic, external parameters and distortion parameters, and irradiated it with uniform light. One hundred leaf left and right images and the corresponding illuminance data were collected synchronously, then the size of 30&times;20 pixels of leaf area were selected to calibrate the camera system parameters. For verifying the illuminance equation, captured 120 left and right images of different light intensity and measured illuminance, the illuminance sensor was used to measure the corresponding illuminance. Through the comparative analysis of the illuminance sensor measurement values and the image measurement average values, we found that the correlation was 0.996, the average relative error was less than 6%, which can meet the basic requirements of the application of agricultural information monitoring in intelligent light control. Besides that, it was irradiated with non-uniform light and the image was collected. The original G channel image for 3D morphology measurement was used. The results showed that it was the best when the sub region radius was 57 pixels and the interval of sub region was seven pixels. The illuminance equation was used to measure illuminance distribution of the original G channel image and the hue segmentation and smooth G channel image of leaf synchronously, the latter was better. The experimental results showed that the method can satisfy the synchronous measurement of 3D morphology and illuminance distribution of the leaf. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Stereo image processing
Controlled terms:Binocular vision - Bins - Calibration - Cameras - Image segmentation - Light - Lighting - Morphology - Pixels - Plants (botany)  - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Illuminance distribution - Leaf - Plants - Synchronous measurements - Three dismensional
Classification code:694.4  Storage - 723.2  Data Processing and Image Processing - 741.1  Light/Optics - 741.2  Vision - 742.2  Photographic Equipment - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.021

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20162102422672
Title:Manufacturing technology optimization of laminated veneer lumber from intact corn stalk rinds
Authors:He, Xun (1, 2); Wang, Defu (1, 3); Tang, Yugui (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou; 450002, China; (2) Shangqiu Polytechnic, Shangqiu; 476100, China; (3) Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Zhengzhou; Henan Province; 450002, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Defu(dfwang0203@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:303-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The utilization of agro-residues as a kind of raw material for making composite board is beneficial to boom rural economy, protect forest and construct ecological agriculture. Corn stalk rind separated by the rind-pith-leaf separation equipment, as the major component of corn stalk, can be used as raw material for producing composite board because of its high mechanical strength. The intact corn stalk rinds after the removal of the epidermis in different heights and the polymeric diphenylmethane isocyanate (pMDI) were used as the material, and the composite boards from the intact corn stalk rinds were produced by a new technology for the laminated veneer lumbers(LVL) in this study. The influences of the sampling height, the mass fraction of adhesive, the hot-pressing temperature, and the hot-pressing time on the physical and mechanical properties of the LVL were investigated. The following physical and mechanical properties were measured according to GB/T17657-2013: modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength, thickness swelling in 2 hours, and water absorption in 2 hours. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the LVL at the root and the ear part were better than those at the top part except the IB; with an increase of the mass fraction of adhesive, the mechanical properties of the LVL such as the MOR, the MOE, and the IB increased significantly (P&lt;0.01), while the values of physical properties such as the TS2h and WA2h were decreased; the mechanical properties of the LVL were better when the hot-pressing temperature was 150&#8451; and the hot-pressing time was 6 min, but the values of physical properties were increased with the hot-pressing time increasing. The optimal parameters for the manufacturing process of LVL from corn stalk rinds were as follows: The sampling height at the root, the adhesive content of 12%, the hot-pressing temperature of 150&#8451;, and the hot-pressing time of 6 min. Under the optimized conditions, the MOR, MOE, IB, TS2h and WA2h of the LVL were (74.6&plusmn;1.45) MPa, (6705.5&plusmn;116.3) MPa, (1.40&plusmn;0.02) MPa, 6.6%&plusmn;0.32% and 31.9%&plusmn;2.09%, respectively. The mechanical and physical properties of the LVL could meet the Chinese national standard requirements for flooring fiberboard belonging to ordinary type and the LVL with the modulus of elasticity of 6000 MPa. These findings provide theoretical basis and technological support for the board-making process by intact corn stalk rinds and the improvement of physical and mechanical properties of the board. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Materials properties
Controlled terms:Elastic moduli - Hot pressing - Laminated composites - Laminating - Lumber - Manufacture - Mechanical properties - Optimization - Physical properties - Plastic deformation  - Processing - Veneers - Water absorption
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese national standard - Corn stalk - High mechanical strength - Hot pressing temperature - Laminated veneer lumber - Manufacturing technologies - Mechanical and physical properties - Physical and mechanical properties
Classification code:802.3  Chemical Operations - 811.2  Wood and Wood Products - 816.1  Processing of Plastics and Other Polymers - 913.4  Manufacturing - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.041

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20162102422636
Title:Fatigue analysis of corn harvester frame based on power density
Authors:Li, Fuqiang (1); Liu, Shourong (1); Mao, Enrong (1); Du, Yuefeng (1); Lin, Yulong (1); Tian, Jiyun (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimized Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China 
Corresponding author:Liu, Shourong(lsr@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:34-40
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Unlike passenger vehicles, mobile farming units are constantly subjected to shock loads while working in the field. The frame of a corn harvester supports all the essential components including the engine, cab, tanker, and header, etc. Because fatigue performance is critical to the reliability of the entire harvester, it is therefore important to apply an appropriate method to evaluate the corresponding fatigue life. A novel fatigue theory named Power Density was explored in this paper to estimate the fatigue life of the frame with significantly better precision. Power density is a quantitative measure of the stress gradient in time, thus having a physical unit of power per cubic meter volume as in W/m³. The power density of a material can be established using S-N curve. Short-time Fourier transform (STFT) is employed to resolve the frequency content of the input signal which is inherently random in time. The dominant frequency components of the induced stress variation in time along with the corresponding transformation coefficients at a certain time can be extracted in the STFT time-frequency domain. Hamming window was chosen and properly configured to extract the salient features unique to the stress signal acquired. Assuming that the induced stress variation was a time harmonic function, the power density of each frequency can thus be expressed by stress amplitude, frequency and time according to Fourier theory. Using the assumption, the damage rate at a certain time can be determined. The accumulated damage within a time period was then calculated by summing up the damage collected at each time interval. Consequently the fatigue life can be estimated according to the accumulated damage and the time period. An experimental plan was also developed to obtain the stress profiles of the critical points in the harvester frame under the real-world working condition. The critical test points were determined by physical investigation and finite element analysis. Strain gauges were mounted to each test point and subsequently hooked up to a Wheatstone bridge for outputting strain readings in real-time. The output voltage was amplified by a signal amplifier module and acquired by a computer program running on an NI DAQ card. The response rate of the strain gauge was 50000 Hz. Sampling frequency was then set at 5000 Hz to ensure no aliasing of the test data would occur. The dynamic stress-time curves of all the test points were stored as voltage signals. Finally, using the test data and the power density theory, the fatigue life of the corn harvester frame was estimated at 394 h, as opposed to 845 h that was obtained by applying the Miner rule. The fatigue life estimate given by the new theory was in close agreement with the real-world operation life of the corn harvester frame which was between 400 and 500 h. In this new approach, we considered both the amplitude and oscillation frequency of the stress variation simultaneously, the fatigue estimate was physically more credible, particularly so when the working conditions involved loading inputs that were nonstationary, broadband, and random. In addition to providing a feasible alternative to all current fatigue theories, the method developed in the paper demonstrated to be applicable to the fatigue analysis of farming equipment. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Fatigue damage
Controlled terms:Amplifiers (electronic) - Density functional theory - Fatigue of materials - Fatigue testing - Finite element method - Frequency domain analysis - Harmonic functions - Harvesters - Machinery - Mechanization  - Occupational risks - Process monitoring - Strain gages - Strain rate - Stress analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Fatigue life estimates - Feasible alternatives - Frame - Frequency - Power densities - Short time Fourier transforms - Time frequency domain - Transformation coefficients
Classification code:601  Mechanical Design - 713.1  Amplifiers - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 913.1  Production Engineering - 921  Mathematics - 922.1  Probability Theory - 943.1  Mechanical Instruments - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.005

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20162102422640
Title:Experiment on physical and chemical characteristics of activated brackish water by magnetization or ionization
Authors:Wang, Quanjiu (1); Zhang, Jihong (1); Men, Qi (2); Tan, Shuai (1); Zhou, Liwei (2); Liu, Xiangyan (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China; (2) Xijiang Huili Irrigation Technology Co., Ltd, Urumqi; 832011, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:60-66
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The application of activated brackish water in the water treatment and agriculture fields has been getting a lot of attention. The activated brackish water usually has different impact on the growth of plant, and a reasonable index is necessary for evaluating the effects of different activated brackish water. In this paper, a laboratory experiment was carried out to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of the NaCl brackish water, which were set as different salinity (0.1, 1, 2, 3 and 5 g/L). The magnetized and ionized methods were adopted to activate the brackish water, and the technical requirements of the ionized activation system of brackish water were ascertained. Meanwhile, the changes of surface tension coefficient, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and pH value of activated brackish water were studied by the laboratory test. The results indicated that there were stable grounding current and activation effects, when the grounding resistance was less than 5 &Omega;. Furthermore, the changes of the physical and chemical characteristics of the activated brackish water were extremely remarkable. The surface tension coefficient reduced significantly, while the change of dissolved oxygen was opposite. In the meantime, the electrical conductivity and pH value were affected at different degrees. With the increase of brackish water salinity, the surface tension coefficient increased accordingly, while the dissolved oxygen changed oppositely. The surface tension of the activated brackish water relatively reduced by 9.14%-13.84% in the brackish water with the salinity of 5 g/L, while the dissolved oxygen relatively increased by 8.04%-10.23%. According to the surface tension's relative reduction, the difference was obvious among different activated treatments. The ionized activation treatment was superior to the magnetized water, and the stainless steel ionized separator (SIW) was better than the one with magnesium core (MIW). There was the optimum magnetization for permanent magnet, and the surface tension's relative reduction had the maximum value under the magnetic field strength of 3000 Gs. The variable frequency (VF) magnetized brackish water treatment was stable, but still less than the optimum magnetization. On the basis of the value of dissolved oxygen relative increment, the distinction was also significant among different activated treatments. The value of oxygen relative increment had the maximum value under the magnetic field strength of 3000 Gs. When the salinity exceeded 3.0 g/L, the effect was greatly reduced. Foremost, there existed a significant index function relationship between the relative reduction of surface tension and the relative increment of dissolved oxygen (R²&gt;0.88, P&lt;0.05). The relationship could be used to estimate the corresponding relative increment of dissolved oxygen, when the relative reduction of surface tension was known. In conclusion, the surface tension's relative reduction can be used to quantitatively evaluate the changes of the physical and chemical characteristics of the activated brackish water. This study may provide valuable information for the application of activated brackish water in agriculture irrigation. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Dissolved oxygen
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Biochemical oxygen demand - Chemical activation - Chemical properties - Dissolution - Electric conductivity - Electric field effects - Electric grounding - Ionization - Ionization of liquids  - Magnetic fields - Magnetization - Oxygen - Permanent magnets - pH - Physical properties - Stainless steel - Surface tension - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Brackish water - Electrical conductivity - Laboratory experiments - Magnetic field strengths - Physical and chemical characteristics - Quantitative evaluation - Surface tension coefficient - Technical requirement
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 545.3  Steel - 701.1  Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 701.2  Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 704.1  Electric Components - 801  Chemistry - 801.1  Chemistry, General - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 931.2  Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.009

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20162102422661
Title:Effect of temperature on denitrifying phosphorus removal efficiency using modified A²/O process
Authors:Zhang, Lanhe (1); Zhuang, Yanping (1); Wang, Xuming (2); Zhang, Haifeng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Dianli University, Jilin; 132012, China; (2) Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing; 100089, China 
Corresponding author:Zhang, Lanhe(zhanglanhe@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:213-219
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is well accepted that nitrogen and phosphorus are the predominant compounds for the promotion of algae growth, and the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus involved in the wastewater has received a world-wide attention. In the biological wastewater treatment process, temperature is one of the most important physical factors, which will influence the metabolic activity and growth of microorganisms and thus their conversion capabilities in the carbonaceous, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. The effects of temperature variations on the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen and phosphorus were investigated with an anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic process (AOA) (i.e., modified A²/O process). Compared to the conventional anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process (i.e., A²/O process), the modified A²/O process could utilize the internal carbon contained in poly-&beta;-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) of the phosphorus accumulation organisms (PAOs) as the carbon source in the anoxic stage for denitrification. The AOA process could avoid the problem induced by the lack of carbon source in denitrification and the completion of carbon source between microorganisms for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Besides, the environmental conditions created under the AOA process could promote the reproduction and growth of the denitrifying phosphorus accumulation organisms (DPAOs). The effects of temperature variations on PHB degradation rate, NO<inf>3</inf>^--N reduction rate and phosphorus uptake rate were also discussed. Furthermore, the effects of temperature on the kinetics of anoxic metabolism were analyzed. The present research could provide theoretical guidance and technical supports for the engineering application of the simultaneous removal process of nitrogen and phosphorus. The results showed that temperature had a significant impact on the denitrifying phosphorus removal system. When the temperature declined from 12 to 9&#8451;, the removal efficiency of COD declined from 86.76% to 81.19% and the removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) declined from 61.44% to 59.39%, whereas the change of the removal efficiency of PO<inf>4</inf>^3--P was slight. According to the performance tests with the denitrifying phosphorus removal sludge, too high or too low temperature could lead to the changes of phosphorus release and absorption rate. The rates of anaerobic phosphorus release, aerobic phosphorus uptake and anoxic phosphorus uptake reached the maximum values at 27&#8451; and were 7.38, 9.18 and 5.15 mg/(g&middot;h), respectively. The temperature also had a great influence on the proportion of DPAOs in the activated sludge. When the temperature was 27&#8451;, the ratio of DPAOs/PAOs reached its maximum value of 56.16%. The effects of temperature on phosphorus uptake rate, NO<inf>3</inf>^--N reduction rate and PHB degradation rate were quite remarkable in the denitrifying phosphorus removal process. When the temperature was 27&#8451;, the rates of the phosphorus uptake, nitrate reduction and PHB oxidation were the highest, which were 5.15 mg/(g&middot;h), 7.13 mg/(g&middot;h) and 0.81 mmol/(g&middot;h), respectively. By using the extended Arrhenius equation, the temperature kinetic coefficients of the anoxic stage were 1.120-1.164 and 1.137-1.153, respectively, which indicated that all the anoxic stoichiometry parameters were sensitive to temperature changes. In conclusion, in the field application, measures should be taken to maintain an appropriate temperature range in order to enhance the simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Temperature
Controlled terms:Biological water treatment - Chemical oxygen demand - Degradation - Denitrification - Efficiency - Enzyme kinetics - Kinetics - Metabolism - Microorganisms - Nitrogen  - Nitrogen removal - Phosphorus - Phosphorus compounds - Reduction - Removal - Temperature distribution - Wastewater - Wastewater treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process - Anoxic phosphorus uptake - Biological wastewater treatment process - Denitrifying phosphorus accumulation organisms - Denitrifying phosphorus removal - Engineering applications - Environmental conditions - Nitrogen and phosphorus removal
Classification code:445.1  Water Treatment Techniques - 452.3  Industrial Wastes - 452.4  Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 461.9  Biology - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 913.1  Production Engineering - 931  Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.030

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20162102422637
Title:Characteristics of particle coagulation and oxidation in exhaust pipe of diesel engine
Authors:Wang, Zhong (1); Sun, Bo (1); Zhao, Yang (1); Qu, Lei (1); Zhao, Huaibei (1); Li, Mingdi (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang; 212013, China; (2) Mechanical Engineering College, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu; 215500, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:41-46
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Diesel particulate is one of the main sources of atmospheric particulate matter PM2.5, which seriously harms human health. With the emission regulations become increasingly stringent, higher requirements have been put forward, not only on the quality of particulate emissions but also on the particle number. The change trend of particle size distribution and oxidation characteristics of the diesel particulate are analyzed, in order to understand the change process of the diesel engine particles in the exhaust pipe. For further reduction of the diesel engine exhaust particulate, the post processing technologies have been widely used, such as diesel particulate filter (DPF). A lot of carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>), water vapor, hydrocarbon (HC) and particulate matter and other components are contained in the diesel engine exhaust, and the temperature, pressure and other parameters of the exhaust gas flow changed in the exhaust pipe of the diesel engine. The exhaust particulate matter was also accompanied by condensation and oxidation reduction and other physical and chemical processes, and as a result the physical and chemical characteristics of particles also changed. The particle size distribution and oxidation characteristics of the particles were important for the particle capture efficiency and regeneration. The particle size distribution along the direction of movement of the exhaust gas flow and different positions was measured by using the engine exhaust particle size spectrometer (EEPS). Along the direction of the exhaust gas particles at different sites during the pyrolysis process, pyrolysis kinetic parameters, ignition temperature and burnout characteristics index were studied, and particle pyrolysis reaction rate and degree of difficulty were analyzed by using the device of thermogravimetry/differential simultaneous thermal analyzer. According to the experiment data, along the direction of the exhaust gas flow, the number of nucleation particles decreased, the number of aggregated particles increased, and the particle size of aggregated particles became larger. It showed that in SOF (soluble organic fraction) evaporation stage and soot oxidation process, the particle weight loss rate increased, and the weight loss peak temperature decreased; along with the diesel engine exhaust gas flow direction, when reducing the temperature of the gas, the content of H<inf>2</inf>O in particles increased from 1.3% to 2.46%, the content of SOF increased from 38.21% to 42.05%, the soot percent content decreased from 57.84% to 52.24%, and the ash content increased from 3.01% to 3.25%; the pre-exponential factor of particle was reduced from 7.93&times;10¹²to 4.67&times;10¹²and the activation energy could be reduced from 157.3 to 127.9, the ignition temperature decreased from 546 to 501&#8451;, which was reduced by about 8.2%, the combustion characteristic index increased from 8.16&times;10^-9to 1.62&times;10^-8, and the burnout characteristics index was risen by 14.5%. Therefore, based on the study of the particle size distribution and oxidation characteristics which came from the small non-road diesel engine exhaust pipe of particles, it can be concluded that along the exhaust gas flow direction, with lower exhaust temperature, the burnout performance of the particle gets improved and effectively raises the regeneration of particle collector. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Particles (particulate matter)
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Aggregates - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Diesel engines - Elementary particles - Emission control - Engines - Exhaust systems (engine) - Flow of gases  - Gases - Hydrocarbon refining - Ignition - Light transmission - Oxidation - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Pyrolysis - Size distribution - Soot  - Thermoanalysis - Thermogravimetric analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Atmospheric particulate matter - Combustion characteristics - Diesel particulate filters - Exhaust particulate matter - Exhaust pipes - Oxidation characteristics - Physical and chemical characteristics - Post-processing technologies
Classification code:406  Highway Engineering - 451.2  Air Pollution Control - 521.1  Fuel Combustion - 612.2  Diesel Engines - 631.1.2  Gas Dynamics - 741.1  Light/Optics - 801  Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 931.3  Atomic and Molecular Physics - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.006

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20162102422670
Title:Vacuum pulsed drying characteristics and quality of lotus pollen
Authors:Fang, Xiaoming (1, 2); Zhang, Xiaolin (1); Wang, Jun (1); Zhang, Qian (3); Xiao, Hongwei (1); Liu, Yanhong (1); Ju, Haoyu (1); Liang, Shan (4); Gao, Zhenjiang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100083, China; (2) Bee Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100094, China; (3) College of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi; 832000, China; (4) Shanghai Reli Technology Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai; 200125, China 
Corresponding author:Gao, Zhenjiang(zjgao@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:287-295
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pollen is the male reproductive material of plants and contains abundant nutrient substances, such as protein, polysaccharide and lipid of pollen, which are good for health-promoting. Drying is an essential processing step for pollen preservation since it can prevent the growth of microorganisms and decrease a lot of the moisture-mediated deteriorative reactions, and thus prolong the shelf-life of pollen. Currently, the traditional drying method for pollen is the natural sun drying, due to its low capital investments and operation simplicity. However, traditional natural sun drying possesses severe disadvantages, such as long drying time, rewetting or rotting caused by bad weather, contamination by dust and insects, non-uniform drying, and color deterioration due to long exposure to solar radiation. Furthermore, there are also some other drying technologies for pollen, such as hot air drying, vacuum freeze-drying and microwave drying. These drying methods all have some advantages and disadvantages which influence the drying rate and quality. Therefore, in order to improve the drying process and enhance the quality of pollen, the traditional drying technique should be replaced by more efficient, safer and more controllable industrial drying methods. Vacuum pulsed drying is a novel drying technology which can increase the drying rate and improve the product quality compared to traditional hot air drying. In current work, the vacuum pulsed drying technology was employed to dry lotus pollen and the effects of vacuum keeping time (15, 12, 9, 6, and 3 min) and drying temperature (45, 50, 55, 60, and 65&#8451;) on the drying characteristics and quality of pollen were explored. It was found when the vacuum keeping time was 12 min, it obtained the least drying time. The drying time decreased with the increasing of drying temperature. The Weibull distribution model was applied to the drying process and the results were analyzed. The scale parameter &alpha; and shape parameter &beta; were used to calculate moisture diffusion coefficient and drying activation energy. The results showed that the moisture diffusion coefficient varied from 2.154 2&times;10^-11m²/s to 6.2543&times;10^-11m²/s, and the drying activation energy was 20.88 kJ/mol, which meant that removing 1 kg water needed about 1160.00 kJ energy. In terms of dried quality, there was no color deterioration after vacuum pulsed drying. No significant change of b^*was found between the color of fresh pollen and dried pollen. It was found that the protein content of dried pollen initially increased and then decreased gradually with the decrease of vacuum keeping time. When the drying temperature was 45&#8451;, and the pulsation ratio of vacuum keeping time to atmosphere keeping time was 12 min:3 min, it obtained the most protein content of 18.43%. The vacuum keeping time and drying temperature all had significant influence on the protein of pollen. With the increasing of drying temperature, the microstructure became more porous which could significantly influence the texture. Larger number of pores and large pore size could enhance the moisture migration rate. It was also found that the integrity of pollen grain decreased with the increasing of drying temperature, for higher temperature caused more damage to the microstructure. The current work provides theoretical and technical reference for applying vacuum pulsed drying technology to pollen drying process. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Atmospheric temperature - Chemical activation - Color - Deterioration - Diffusion - Enzyme kinetics - Investments - Microstructure - Moisture  - Plants (botany) - Pore size - Proteins - Quality control - Solar dryers - Weibull distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Capital investment - Drying characteristics - Drying temperature - Moisture diffusion coefficient - Moisture migration - Natural sun drying - Pollen - Vacuum-freeze drying
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 741.1  Light/Optics - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.039

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20162102422671
Title:Motion force analysis and simulation of dry-cured ham during knead processing
Authors:Zhang, Yijie (1); Yu, Yang (1); Kong, Lingqiong (2); Zhang, Xi (3); Hu, Hongchao (1); Shi, Jie (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming; 650201, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming; 650201, China; (3) College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming; 650201, China 
Corresponding author:Zhang, Xi(943727490@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:296-302
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Yunnan Ham is one of China's 3 best-known brands of dry-cured hams. Over many years, the production of Yunnan Ham has relied on the manual skills of workers. Therefore, the production process is confronted with such problems as inefficiency, extremely high salinity, and instability in quality. Because of the impact of other domestic and foreign ham brands, the market share of Yunnan Ham has been declining every year. Considering this situation, the Yunnan Agricultural University has developed a novel HTRZJ500 ham-kneading machine (hereinafter referred to as HTRZJ500) suited for the production features of Yunnan Ham. The HTRZJ500 operates based on the following principles: while dry-cured pig legs are conveyed on a belt, it is kneaded by a cam gear and pressure-rolling device located below and above the conveyor belt, respectively; the pig leg is kneaded and massaged through a combination of top kneading and roll kneading. Based on the anatomical structure of a Yunnan Ham and the structural dimensions of the kneading device, the pig leg model is divided into 4 kneading sections (i.e., A, B, C and D), and a working position graph for the 7 typical kneading positions used during the process is drawn, from feeding the pig leg onto the kneading area to the complete exiting of the pig leg through the second group of pressure rollers in the kneading area. As shown in the working position graph, there is a phase angle difference of 90&deg; between the adjacent cams. The pig leg is jointly kneaded by 2 groups of cams and 2 groups of pressure rollers throughout the process, from the entry of Section A to the exit of Section D through the second group of cams. The pig leg experiences a wavelike kneading effect under the joint action of top kneading by cams and roll kneading by pressure rollers. Based on the working position graph and design parameters, the pig leg is top-kneaded approximately 36 times by the cams for 12 s. The 2 peak values of kneading force are 609 and 973 N. The Yunnan Agricultural University developed a SolidWorks-based virtual prototype of the ham-kneading device, and employed SolidWorks Motion to simulate the kneading process during which the pig leg passed through 3 groups of pressure rollers. The simulation time was 4 s, and the velocity diagram and acceleration diagram for the pig leg was obtained with the simulated variation curve for the kneading force. The following simulation results were obtained: (1) Both the velocity and acceleration of the pig leg changed in the vertical direction; the acceleration changed uniformly. The continuous up-down vibration of the pig leg helped in fully eliminating the accumulated blood in internal blood vessels, loosed the leg meat and caused rapid penetration and diffusion of salt into the leg meat. (2) The simulated variation curve of kneading force had 2 peak values (677 and 994 N), and the relative errors between simulation and calculated value of the working position graph were 10% and 2.1% respectively, proving the practicality of the kinematics simulation analysis model. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the kneading process of the kneading machine developed for Yunnan Ham through a combination of diagrammatic method and virtual simulation technology. The research methods and ideas are very novel, and the research contents are significant for improving the mechanized production process of Yunnan Ham. The research conclusions provide theoretical and technical guidance for pilot production and structure optimization of the physical prototype of HTRZJ500 in the future study. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Mammals
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Belt conveyors - Blood vessels - Cams - Competition - Computer simulation - Curing - Drying - Kinematics  - Meats - Models - Pilot plants - Rollers (machine components) - Structural optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Anatomical structures - Dry-cured ham - Kneading - Kneading device - Phase angle differences - Structural dimensions - Structure optimization - Working position diagrams
Classification code:461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 601.2  Machine Components - 601.3  Mechanisms - 692.1  Conveyors - 723.5  Computer Applications - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 822.3  Food Products - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 931.1  Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.040

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20162102422664
Title:Component change law of char during bamboo pyrolysis process
Authors:Liu, Biao (1); Dong, Yabin (1); He, Tao (2); Chen, Yingquan (1); Yang, Haiping (1); Wang, Xianhua (1); Chen, Hanping (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science &amp; Technology, Wuhan; 430074, China; (2) Wuhan Tianying Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan; 430074, China 
Corresponding author:Yang, Haiping(yhping2002@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:232-239
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pyrolysis is a promising thermochemical technology for the utilization of biomass and other organic solid wastes. As we know, low energy-grade biomass can be converted quickly to fuel gas, bio-oil and char products through pyrolysis, but the mechanism of biomass pyrolysis is still unclear, especially for the chemical bonds breaking and re-bonding process. Char is the matrix of organic groups and the most important intermediates of biomass pyrolysis. Therefore, research on chemical composition and structure evolution of char has a great significance for the explication of biomass pyrolysis mechanism. In this paper, 0.7% ash content bamboo particles were used as raw material to prepare pyrolytic char. Pyrolysis experimental was performed on a bench-scale fixed-bed between 250 to 600&#8451; with a temperature of 50&#8451; increment, samples decomposed at the set temperature for 40 minutes and then cooled to ambient temperature with a flow of 99.999% nitrogen. The elemental composition of the char was determined using a CHNS/O elementary analyzer(Vario Micro cube, Germany), and the chemical structure of char was recorded using diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and two-dimensional perturbation-based correlation infrared spectroscopy (2D-PCIS). The ultimate analysis of char showed that the main deoxidization reaction occurred in the temperature range of 105-300 and 350-450&#8451;, while the removal of hydrogen occurred at 300-350 and 450-600&#8451;. Moreover, the H/C value of char generated at 350 and 600&#8451; were around 0.6 and 0.3, respectively. It indicated that the previous char consisted of a large number of non-condensed aryl structure and the latter char contained numerous fused ring structure. The DRIFTS and 2D-PCIS results showed that H-bond, free OH, saturated hydrocarbon bond, aryl C-C/C-H, C=O, fused structure C-C, ether C-O-C, pyran ring C-O and primary alcohol C-OH groups, etc., were extremely sensitive to pyrolysis temperature, and these structures existed various correlations with each other. In the pyrolysis process, the reaction of H-bond and alkyl-CH groups occurred early before free OH and aromatic C-H groups, the two sets of groups changed the opposite direction with pyrolysis temperature increment. It demonstrated that free OH was derived from the deconstruction of H-bond network, and removal of saturated -CH structure was conductive to the aromatization process of char. The relative intensities of -CH, -CH<inf>2</inf>, -CH<inf>3</inf>groups began to decrease at the temperature of 250, 300 and 350&#8451;, respectively, which indicated that the reaction(scission of branched chain and pyran ring-opening reaction) of -CH occurred earlier than demethylation. Meanwhile, we found that the relative intensities of primary alcohol C-OH and pyran ring C-O decreased quickly between 250 to 350&#8451;, while carbonyl C=O and aliphatic ether C-O-C structure formed at the same temperature. It revealed that the primary alcohol groups may be oxygenated to carbonyl C=O structure, and the cleavage of pyran ring C-O generated large amounts of molecular fragments which contained aliphatic ether groups. The relative intensity of aromatic structure (aryl C-C, C-H) obtained the maximum value at 350-400&#8451;, which was attributed to the fracture of aryl ether (&beta;-&omicron;-4, &alpha;-&omicron;-4) and reconstruction and condensation of small aliphatic fragments. When the pyrolysis temperature was above to 400&#8451;, the relative intensities of ethers C-O-C and carbonyl C=O structure decreased sharply, while aryl-substituted structure increased rapidly, which indicated that the aryl substitution reaction has become the dominant reaction. As temperature increased to 500&#8451;, more and more aryl substitutes condensed to fused structure, the char prepared at 600&#8451; was consist of large amounts of fused ring structure. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Pyrolysis
Controlled terms:Aromatic compounds - Aromatization - Bamboo - Biomass - Bond strength (chemical) - Chemical bonds - Cracking (chemical) - Ethers - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Infrared spectroscopy  - Organic polymers - Reflection - Substitution reactions - Waste utilization
Uncontrolled terms:Char - Chemical compositions - Diffuse reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopies - Elemental compositions - Fused ring structures - Saturated hydrocarbons - Thermochemical technologies - Two-dimensional perturbation
Classification code:801  Chemistry - 801.4  Physical Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 811.1  Pulp and Paper - 815.1.1  Organic Polymers
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.033

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20162102422663
Title:Analysis of mineral composition of oil shale semicoke and its co-combustion performance with cornstalks
Authors:Liu, Hongpeng (1); Sun, Xiaojian (2); Jia, Chunxia (1); Qin, Hong (1); Wang, Qing (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Dianli University, Jilin; 132012, China; (2) China Resources Power Dengfeng Company, Dengfeng; 452473, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Qing(rlx888@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:226-231
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Oil shale semicoke, the product of oil refining process at oil shale retorting, possesses more ash content and lower calorific value, and now is mainly treated by piling up. But due to some phenolic compounds, sulfides and polycyclic aromatics contained in the leachates, oil shale semicoke may cause severe damage to the environment at the piling-up process, which has been a bottleneck in the further development and utilization of oil shale, while utilizing the combustion of oil shale semicoke to produce heat is an effective use way. At this foundation the article further explored the utilization possibility of the combustion of oil shale semicoke and biomass. The thermogravimetric combustion experiment of oil shale semicoke and cornstalk blends was conducted with temperature programming thermoanalysis technology, which was to investigate the change of different combustion components of Wangqing oil shale semicoke and cornstalks during the whole co-combustion process. And the X-ray diffraction experiments of Wangqing oil shale semicoke at different burnout temperatures were conducted to explore the influence of the mineral on the combustion of oil shale semicoke. The change curves of the combustion component of Wangqing oil shale semicoke and cornstalk blends were acquired by the thermogravimetric curve simulation method based on the kinetics of solid-state decomposition. The results of X-ray diffraction experiments showed that the decomposition and polymerization reaction of the mineral of Wangqing oil shale semicoke mainly occurred at 873-1023 K. The thermogravimetric combustion experiment of oil shale semicoke showed that the combustion process of the semicoke went through 4 stages, and the stage of volatiles emission burning went through 2 stages for the semicoke with high ash content, which was different from other oil shale semicokes. The 4 main stages of the combustion of Wangqing oil shale semicoke and cornstalk blends included volatiles emission burning, fixed carbon burning, residual fixed carbon burning and carbonate minerals decomposition stage. The stage of volatiles emission burning went through 1 stage, while the stage of fixed carbon burning went through 2 stages, for the combustion of fixed carbon could not be burned out during one process. The mixed cornstalks promoted the burning of volatiles of the blends and made the decomposition of carbonate minerals migrate to low temperature area. The free energy of activation and the reaction order of the main co-combustion process of the blends were calculated. The results showed that the free energy of activation needed at different co-combustion stages of the blends had distinct limitation, and the free energy of activation at the stage of volatiles emission burning was about 181, 227-233 kJ/mol at the stage of fixed carbon burning, 256-262 kJ/mol at the stage of residual fixed carbon burning, and 288-293 kJ/mol at the stage of carbonate minerals decomposition. The free energy of activation of the blends combustion decreased due to the mixed cornstalk, which also promoted the combustion reaction, and the change of the reaction order could be as the characterization of the combustion component changing in different stages. The study results can provide theoretical technical support for the industrial utilization of the combustion of oil shale semicoke. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Oil shale
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Biomass - Carbonate minerals - Carbonation - Chemical activation - Combustion - Free energy - Minerals - Oil shale refining - Oil shale retorting  - Shale - Shale oil - Temperature - Thermogravimetric analysis - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Cornstalks - Development and utilizations - Free energy of activations - Polymerization reaction - Reaction orders - Semi-coke - Solid-state decomposition - Temperature-programming
Classification code:482.2  Minerals - 512.1  Petroleum Deposits - 513.1  Petroleum Refining, General - 523  Liquid Fuels - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 801  Chemistry - 802.2  Chemical Reactions
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.032

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20162102422668
Title:Extraction of vegetation coverage and analysis of landscape pattern in rare earth mining area based on Landsat image
Authors:Li, Hengkai (1); Lei, Jun (1); Yang, Liu (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Architectural and Surveying Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou; 341000, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:267-276
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Mining rare earth ore has brought vegetation degradation, serious ecological and environmental problems in mining area, and it has already received more and more attentions and concerns by the society. By using 23 years Landsat series remote sensing images as data source, and choosing Lingbei rare earth mining area in Dingnan County as study area, in this paper, we analyzed the change of vegetation coverage of landscape pattern under the disturbance of rare earth mining. In order to improve the reliability of analyzing landscape pattern, the vegetation coverage of study area was extracted with four methods of forest canopy density mapping model (FCD), dimidiate pixel model (DPM), three-endmember and four-endmember linear spectral mixture model (LSMM). Taking vegetation coverage of the studied area acquired from the high-spatial-resolution remote sensing image of Pleiades as the checking data, the most suitable method of vegetation coverage in rare earth mining area was selected. And the change of landscape pattern was analyzed with this method. In addition, to prove the universality of this method, vegetation coverage of Heling rare earth mining area in Xunwu County was also extracted with methods of FCD model, DPM and three-endmember LSMM. In the test, we selected randomly 30 samples from a 0.5 meter high-spatial-resolution aerial image as the checking data. The result showed that the correlation coefficients of FCD model, DPM, three-endmember and four-endmember LSMM were 0.9008, 0.9247, 0.9804 and 0.9465, respectively. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of FCD model, DPM, three-endmember and four-endmember LSMM were 0.3411, 0.2434, 0.0378 and 0.0893, respectivley. Similar results were obtained from the Heling rare earth mining area in Xunwu County. These two parameters of the correlation coefficients and RMSE could clearly show that the three-endmember LSMM was more suitable and accuracy for the extraction of vegetation coverage due to considering the spectral characteristics of peculiar tail sand in rare earth mining area. The landscape pattern dynamic analysis showed that fragmentation of low-level vegetation coverage and high-level vegetation coverage was at the low level in the mining area, concentrated and connected trend was obvious. And patch density (PD) value of the other three levels' vegetation coverage were higher, they existed some ecological risks. The Largest Patch Index (LPI) of low-level vegetation coverage was relatively large in four years, and showed the fluctuating change. The area was mainly constituted by the bare of rare occurrences, and it had close relationship between ore occurrences' reclamation and expanding. When LPI reached 0.543 6 and its area was 1 km²in 2013, vegetation destruction caused by an individual mine was still larger. When the LPI of high-level vegetation coverage had a more dramatic change, and it reached the maximum of 80.5190 in 2008, the area of high-level vegetation coverage increased in patches of ways due to people strengthened on ecological governance of rare earth mining area. When around small patches of low-level vegetation coverage gradually transformed into high-level vegetation coverage, high-level vegetation coverage patches became the entire mining matrix patches. The Aggregation Index (AI) of low-level vegetation coverage was consistently high, and its LPI was lower than high-level vegetation coverage. When the ionic rare earth was mined mainly in individual occurrence of small area, and ore occurrences were many and dispersed, this led environmental damage that were more difficult to control. After year 1999, with the scale expansion of mining and its process improvement, rare earth mining became the main cause for mining area's landscape change. On the premise of overall improvement of ecological environment in mining area, the low-level vegetation coverage area concentrated in the ore occurrences and surrounding ore occurrences become landscape distribution pattern with rare earth mining area features of ore occurrences. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Rare earths
Controlled terms:Ecology - Extraction - Forestry - Image analysis - Image processing - Image reconstruction - Image resolution - Mapping - Mean square error - Models  - Ores - Photomapping - Remote sensing - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Change of landscape patterns - Coverage - Ecological environments - Landscape pattern - Linear spectral mixture model - Mining areas - Root mean square errors - Spectral characteristics
Classification code:405.3  Surveying - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804.2  Inorganic Compounds - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.037

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20162102422662
Title:Gas characteristics of household solar biogas production system with constant temperature in whole year
Authors:Li, Jinping (1, 2, 3); Zhen, Xiaofei (1, 2, 3); Yang, Airong (1, 2, 3); Huang, Juanjuan (1, 2, 3); Dong, Ti (4) 
Author affiliation:(1) Western China Energy &amp; Environment Research Center, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Complementary Energy System of Biomass and Solar Energy, Lanzhou; Gansu Province; 730050, China; (3) China Northwestern Collaborative Innovation Center of Low-carbon Urbanization Technologies, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (4) Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou; 510640, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:220-225
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to ensure the annual gas demand of farmers in North China and explore the gas characteristics in the household biogas digester with constant temperature, the 3 m³solar constant temperature biogas digester was developed. Stability of the biogas, biogas characteristics under different fermentation temperature and different fermenting materials, annual biogas characteristics, and operation strategy were studied with this system. The batch type experimental research showed that the system could be run steadily and continuously throughout the year. And the annual cumulative production of biogas was 398.52 m³under the weather conditions in Lanzhou area. The system could realize constant temperature anaerobic fermentation at 26, 28 and 37&#8451; when the lowest ambient temperature exceeded -19.9, 0.7 and 6.9&#8451;, respectively. In addition, the methane volume fraction was improved prominently or the production gas cycle was shortened when the pig manure was mixed with corn straw, wormwood and lotus leaves by a certain mixing proportion. Compared with pig manure fermentation, the volume fraction of methane of biogas produced by mixed material was promoted by about 8% as the volume ratio of raw material pig manure:wormwood:water:inoculums was 1:2:2:1. It could shorten the fermentation period remarkably when the wormwood, lotus and pig mature were taken as fermentation materials. At the end of the fermentation process with the mixed material at 37&#8451;, the daily biogas production was difficult to meet consumers' demand. And the daily average biogas production could keep 0.8 m³in a week if we supplied 0.025 m³new material with the same proportion. This experiment can provide reference for the efficient use of renewable energy. Utilizing the mixed materials can regulate the gas production and gas quality, and advices can be adopted for users to use raw materials which come from local resources according to season conditions. Three pails of new materials with same proportion (0.025 m³) are needed to replenish for anaerobic fermentation equipment every week, when the stability of gas production is unsure and the daily gas production is hard to satisfy users requirement that is to keep the daily gas production of 0.8 m³one week. When the gas consumption increases, the measures that regulate temperature and feed to add the gas production can be adopted to satisfy the biogas utilization demand. The biogas production system with constant temperature operates steadily all the year round. Meanwhile, biogas can completely satisfy the demand of 3-5 people's household cooking and gas in a year. And the biogas digester using pig manure as raw materials can still achieve the gas production with (26&plusmn;1.5)&#8451; constant temperature and the daily biogas production of over 1.3 m³, when the average environmental temperature range is between -23.8 and -5&#8451; in winter, even encountering 3 successive overcast or snowy weather. The biogas digester using pig manure and wormwood as raw materials can achieve the 37&#8451; gas production and the daily biogas production of over 1.7 m³. And when the year-round solar radiation range is 11.7-17.4 MJ/m², the fermentation tank per cubic meter needs 10 glass vacuum tube solar collectors of &phi;58 mm&times;1800 mm. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Biogas
Controlled terms:Electron tubes - Fermentation - Fertilizers - Gases - Manures - Methane - Solar radiation - Straw - Volume fraction
Uncontrolled terms:Biogas production systems - Blended stock - Constant temperature - Environmental temperature - Fermentation temperature - Gas characteristics - Pig manure fermentations - Use of renewable energies
Classification code:641.1  Thermodynamics - 657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 714.1  Electron Tubes - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.031

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20162102422653
Title:Effect of solar radiation intensity and observation angle on canopy reflectance hyperspectra for winter wheat
Authors:Guo, Jianmao (1); Wang, Qian (1); Tong, Yingxiang (2); Fei, Dunyue (1); Liu, Junwei (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology/College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing; 210044, China; (2) Shou Meteorological Office of Anhui Province, Shouxian; 232200, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:157-163
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, as spectral resolution is being accurate to nanometer level, hyperspectral remote sensing has a unique advantage in the detection of plant life information and the analysis of vegetation growth status. Grasping bidirectional reflectance characteristics of the canopy reflectance spectrum is significant to improve the accuracy of remote sensing applications. Many scholars at home and abroad measured and analyzed the vegetation reflectance rate with the change of view angle, variation of solar zenith angle and season, but they mainly focused on the meadows and forests, and the systematical sensitivity analysis on crop reflectance spectrum was less involved. This paper got a lot of multi-angle hyperspectral remote sensing data based on surface automatic remote sensing platforms. Different from the traditional field spectrometer (ASD Fieldspec), Jaz-Combo 2 spectrometer (Ocean Optics, America) uses the field automatic observation system and has some advantages of low cost, continuous observation all day and real-time automatic remote sensing. This paper continuously observed multi-angel canopy reflectance spectra for winter wheat, and analyzed how various factors influenced the canopy reflectance spectra and 2 commonly used vegetation indices NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and EVI(enhanced vegetation index). The results showed that the fluctuation form for the measured canopy reflectance spectra from the self-designed ground automatic remote sensing platforms was found to be consistent with that simulated by the PROSAIL (PROPECT+SAIL) model and also similar to the results studied by Hiker T and Coops N C, et al. The above results demonstrate the measured canopy reflectance spectral data are effective and available, and the calculation method of data is also proved to be reasonable and feasible. With the solar radiation increasing, the canopy reflectance spectra showed an increasing trend and were more obvious in response to weather conditions on sunny days than cloudy days. "Hot spot effect" and "specular reflection" can be used to explain the phenomenon that with the changes of view angle, the canopy reflectance spectra show different distributions. When the direction of observation and the incidence direction of the sun were on the same side (backscatter), the field of view(direct radiating portion of solar rays) coinciding with the incidence direction of the sun had the strongest point of reflection; when the direction of observation and the incidence direction of the sun were on the opposite side(forward scatter), the field of view(direct radiating portion of solar rays) coinciding with the incidence direction of the sun had the weakest point of reflection. Under the above described conditions, vegetation index NDVI and EVI also showed similar variation with canopy reflectance spectra. Influenced by the red band and near infrared band, the change trend of NDVI and EVI was very consistent. The multi-angle relevant analysis of vegetation index NDVI and EVI showed they had a highly significant linear correlation (R²&gt;0.72, P&lt;0.01). So there were no obvious advantages or disadvantages between NDVI and EVI for uniform growth status and full coverage of vegetation, and they would provide the theoretical reference for the choice and design of remote sensing's view angle and the application of vegetation indices. In this paper, the observations only occurred in the field under uniform growth conditions which was fully covered by the late growth winter wheat, so that the data analysis was not sufficient. In subsequent studies, the data need to be further analyzed with different methods, and crop varieties, crop species and growth period are also needed to verify the findings. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Crops - Incident solar radiation - Infrared devices - Reflection - Sensitivity analysis - Solar radiation - Spectrometers - Spectrum analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Canopy - Canopy reflectance spectra - Hyperspectral remote sensing - Hyperspectral remote sensing data - NDVI - Normalized difference vegetation index - Remote sensing applications - Wheat
Classification code:657.1  Solar Energy and Phenomena - 741.3  Optical Devices and Systems - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921  Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.022

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20162102422650
Title:Forecasting of water quality using grey GM(1,1)-wavelet-GARCH hybrid method in Songhua River Basin
Authors:Xu, Mei (1); Yan, Fu (1); Liu, Zhenzhong (2); Li, Gaohua (1); Qu, Peiyun (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China; (2) College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin; 150030, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:137-142
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to predict water quality changes in the future, and to provide the theoretical basis and decision-making processes for protecting the ecological environment of water resource and for the sustainable development in Songhua river basin, a reasonable forecasting model needs to be developed to safeguard quality of drinking, irrigation and industrial water uses from Songhua river basin. To determine the changes of current water quality, and offer scientific methods for managing water quality, we proposed a short time series hybrid forecasting method based on wavelet transform, grey model and autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH). Firstly, the actual measured data ratio has been worked out, and we considered the ratio as the condition to decide whether to use the GM(1,1) as the initial forecast model or not. If the final forecasting has less error than actual measured data and the class of accuracy arrived at 1 level (posterior error ratio&le;0.35), then we took the model as the forecast model. Else, we took the grey-wavelet-GARCH as the final forecast model. Secondly, when using the grey-wavelet-GARCH model, we tried to use DB3 to decompose and reconstruct into approximate series and detailed series, and analyzed the approximate series data and tested its ration in condition of grey model until its ratio met required precision (in this paper, the precision was the class of accuracy arrived at 1 level). After that, we used GM(1,1) to forecast the approximate series to find out its future values while the detailed series future values were forecasted by GARCH model. The detailed series had a large fluctuation so it was better to use the GARCH model to forecast it. The GARCH model had advantage in time series forecasting with a large fluctuation. Finally, the sum of the approximate and detailed series future values was used as the final forecast values. In this paper, there were three contamination factors as the key factors to study the water quality, and there were CODMn, DO and NH3-N. They were selected according to the edition of GB3838-2002 (the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water). the limit of basic project standard. Items that would exceed the II class standard limit of the project were used as the limit for the pollution factors. Considering that CODMn, COD and BOD were related to the content of organic matter in water, and from past research we learned that CODMn is the main pollution factor in Songhua river environment. It reflects the level of aerobic content in water. As such, we chose the CODMn as one of the main pollution factors. The total nitrogen, total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen reflect the eutrophication status. At the same time, dissolved oxygen is also one of the important factors for the solubility of heavy metals and for all kinds of life organisms in water, we chose it as one of the main pollution factors. NH<inf>3</inf>-N is the product of microbial decomposition of nitrogen containing organic matter. We selected it as one of the main pollution factors. The model was tested by actual measured data of DO in Fu-Yuan county from first week to 15th week in 2012. The prediction by the model had no significant difference with actually measured data (P=0.001&lt;0.01, errors &lt;3.39%), showing high accuracy of the model, and the model was suitable for the prediction of water quality changes. After that, we used this model to predict and analyze the three pollution indicators of four counties in Songhua river basin from first week to eighth week in 2013.The forecasting showing that the errors of dissolved oxygen was between 2.96% and 6.11%, CODMn was between 1.75% and 5.1%, and NH<inf>3</inf>-N was between 2.37% and 9.77%. The predicted results had less errors to the measured data, and the forecasting was basically in agreement with measured data. This study can provide a reference for the relevant departments to take the reasonable measures to protect the Songhua river. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:River pollution
Controlled terms:Biochemical oxygen demand - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Decision making - Dissolution - Dissolved oxygen - Environmental protection - Errors - Eutrophication - Forecasting  - Heavy metals - Models - Nitrogen - Organic compounds - Oxygen - Pollution - Potable water - Rivers - Statistical methods - Surface waters  - Sustainable development - System theory - Time series - Time series analysis - Water pollution - Water quality - Water resources - Watersheds - Wavelet decomposition - Wavelet transforms
Uncontrolled terms:Autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity - Decomposition and reconstruction - Ecological environments - Environmental quality standards - Hybrid forecasting - Microbial decomposition - Solubility of heavy metals - Time series forecasting
Classification code:444  Water Resources - 444.1  Surface Water - 445.2  Water Analysis - 453  Water Pollution - 454.2  Environmental Impact and Protection - 461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 481.2  Geochemistry - 531  Metallurgy and Metallography - 802.3  Chemical Operations - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 912.2  Management - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics - 961  Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.019

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20162102422647
Title:Effect of shrub (Caragana intermedia) encroachment under different sandy habitats on content and distribution of soil organic carbon in desert grassland
Authors:Wu, Xudong (1, 2); Song, Naiping (2); Pan, Jun (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Agricultural School of Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China; (2) Breeding Base of State Key Laboratory for Preventing Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China 
Corresponding author:Song, Naiping(songnp@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:115-121
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Shrub encroachment is one of the serious ecological problems in arid and semiarid regions of Northwest China. In order to explore the distribution of organic carbon fractions of sandy sierozem during the process of shrubs encroachment, soil samples at the depth of 10 cm were collected in April 2015 from different development stages of shrub patches and grassland patches of degraded sandy grassland in 4 different sandy habitats (interdunal lowland, fixed sand, semi-fixed and shifting) by shrub, Caragana intermedia, in Yanchi County of Ningxia, Northwest China. Soil organic carbon (SOC), labile organic carbon (LOC), and particulate organic carbon (POC) contents and soil particle composition were analyzed. In addition, we analyzed the soil organic matter, total N, total P and soil particle composition from 4 different sandy habitats. Results showed that the SOC fractions in 4 sandy habitats had significantly differences between the medium development stages of shrub patches and grassland patches (P&lt;0.01), which showed that the SOC, POC, LOC and POC/SOC in shrub patches were significantly higher (P&lt;0.01) than that of grassland patches in 4 sandy habitats. However, there was not significant differences in LOC/SOC between the medium development stages of shrub patches and grassland patches. The SOC in the medium development stages of shrub patches and grassland patches appeared a peak in fixed sand, similarly, the LOC, POC and LOC/SOC appeared peaks of the various developmental stages in fixed sand, and then reduced gradually from fixed to shifting sand. Correlation analysis showed a significant correlation (P&lt;0.01) among SOC, LOC to POC of the medium development stages of shrub patches and grassland patches, and between SOC and LOC/SOC. However, there was no relevance between soil clay and silt fractions and the organic carbon fractions and their distribution ratios. In summary, the labile organic carbon fractions and POC can be characterized as more sensitive indicators of shrub encroachment and degradation grassland. Study above reveals the distribution of soil resources caused by shrub encroachment in arid and semiarid region of North China, and it provides the important infromation for soil restoration in desert grassland. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Organic carbon
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Ecosystems - Landforms - Population distribution - Sand - Soils - Textures
Uncontrolled terms:Arid and semi-arid regions - Correlation analysis - Desert grassland - Intermedia - Organic carbon fraction - Particulate organic carbon - Shrub encroachments - Soil organic matters
Classification code:405.3  Surveying - 443  Meteorology - 444  Water Resources - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1  Geology - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804.1  Organic Compounds
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.016

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20162102422633
Title:Design and experiment of type 2ZGF-2 duplex sweet potato transplanter
Authors:Hu, Lianglong (1); Wang, Bing (1); Wang, Gongpu (1); Yu, Zhaoyang (1); You, Zhaoyan (1); Hu, Zhichao (1); Wang, Bokai (1); Gao, Xuemei (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Reasearch Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing; 210014, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:8-16
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sweet potato is an important food crop in the world. It is also a raw material for starch industry, and a health food to prevent cancer and a feedstock for bioenergy as well. The sweet potato planting area in China per year on average is usually 3667000 hm², accounting for 45% of the world's planted area. Sweet potato is usually asexual propagation adopted with root tuber, stem cuttings are transplanted with high ridge in large fields. In order to improve the mechanization transplanting level of sweet potato in China and solve outstanding issues currently existed in mechanization transplanting of sweet potato such as more frequently tractors operation, wheels going in ditches easy to cause damage and break ridges, poor transplanting performance, etc., a type 2ZGF-2 sweet potato transplanting compound operation machine matched with high-powered tractor of 55.13-80.85 kW was developed. The machine can complete two ridges of rotary tillage, ridging, broken stubble, furrowing, transplanting, reshaping operation all at once. This reduced farm working times compared with traditional segment operating machine, saved energy and reduced roller compaction of farmland. The machine had standardized cultivation with row spacing of 900 mm, which was easily matched with the rear wheel track of large and medium tractors, avoiding damage to ridge and tuber. This machine also used the widely used insertion form "oblique insertion method" in sweet potato transplanting. The angel between stem exposed to the ground of sweet potato seedlings and ridge top surface after operation was 60&deg;-70&deg;. Non-zero speed transplanting principle was adopted, and motion trajectory of clip-on-chain was trochoid, which properly increased the operation speed of the transplanter as well. Meanwhile, in order to guarantee coordinated work among ditching of furrower, seedling of clip-on-chain, and compaction of roller, the distance between the back-end soil boundary point of furrower and confirmed planting point of clip-on-chain was 110 mm. The distance between the lowest point of disk roller and confirmed planting point of clip-on-chain was 118 mm. In order to avoid too large pressure damage to the top ridge, the designed width of narrow disc was 70 mm, which was 30% smaller than the conventional size. Through the research, it was clear that transplanting plant spacing was related to the diameter of driving wheel, slip rate of land wheel, chain link number among clip-on-chains and drive sprocket. Different numbers of teeth were used to replace the drive sprocket to achieve the convenience of adjusting the plant spacing within 210-300 mm. In this study, the optimal parameters tested for the two indexes which affected evaluation of sweet potato seedling cultivation quality were carried out. The order of the main factors affecting the quality of the seedling operation was obtained as follow: showing length of feeding&gt;furrower depth&gt;operating speed. The optimal parameters combination was determined as: showing length of feeding 140 mm, furrower depth, 80 mm, operating speed, 0.3 m/s. When the qualification rate of seedling angel was 97.9%, the qualification rate of transplanting depth was 98.2%, better to meet the requirements of the sweet potato machinery transplanting. This study not only supplied the sweet potato transplanting market with an urgent and practical tool, but also provided theoretical basis and reference for the innovation development and optimization of sweet potato transplanting machinery. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Chains - Compaction - Crops - Cultivation - Design - Machine design - Mechanization - Rollers (machine components) - Sprockets  - Tractors (agricultural) - Tractors (truck) - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Compound operation - High-powered tractors - Motion trajectories - Naked seedling - Optimal parameter - Roller compaction - Sweet potato - Transplanting
Classification code:601  Mechanical Design - 601.2  Machine Components - 602.1  Mechanical Drives - 663.1  Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.002

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20162102422646
Title:Thermal analysis determining soil organic matter content and thermal stability
Authors:Zhao, Longhua (1); Liu, Xiaofen (2); Wang, Yajing (1); Ren, Tusheng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resource and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing; 100193, China; (2) College of Agriculture, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan; 056021, China 
Corresponding author:Ren, Tusheng(tsren@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:105-114
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil organic matter (SOM) content and stability are important parameters for soil quality. There is a need to determine SOM content and stability with easy and cost-effectively techniques. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of thermal analysis for determining SOM content and stability. Soil samples were collected from a long-term paddy fertilization experiment located in Ningxiang County of Hunan Province. The study consisted of 5 treatments: no fertilizer application (CK), chemical fertilizer (CF), straw amendments and chemical fertilizer (RCF), 30% organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer(LMCF), and 60% organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer (hMCF), which created a gradient of SOM content and stability. Four aggregate fractions (&gt;2, &gt;0.25-2, &gt;0.05-0.25, and &le;0.05 mm) were obtained by using the wet-sieving method. Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were conducted on SOM content and stability of bulk soil and aggregates samples from room temperature to 700 and 500&#8451;, respectively. Firstly, there were 2 groups of SOMs in the soil: the thermal-unstable SOMs that decomposed in the temperature range of 200-350&#8451;, and the thermal-stable SOMs that decomposed in the temperature range of 350-550&#8451;. Secondly, SOM content determined by thermal analysis was in the range of 4%-8%, SOM content determined by elemental analysis was in the range of 3%-6%. Comparing to SOM data from elemental analysis, the thermal analysis method overestimated SOM content by 2.10 percentage points. There was a positive linear relationship between SOM contents between the 2 methods (r=0.88, P=0), thus thermal analysis values could be converted to conventional ones by subtracting 2.10% from the readings. Thirdly, the proportion of thermal labile SOM in total SOM (Exo1/Exot) and the temperature at which half of total SOM decomposed (TG-T<inf>50</inf>) were used to indicate SOM thermal stability. ParameterExo1/Exot correlated positively to TG-T<inf>50</inf>(r=-0.95, P=0) and was more sensitive to SOM thermal stability than did TG-T<inf>50</inf>, thus Exo1/Exot was a more reasonable parameter to indicate SOM thermal stability. Fourthly, Exo1/Exot showed positive correlation with the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy absorbance of carbohydrates, alkanes, aromatic series, and soil basal respiration and metabolic quotients, indicating that the thermal stability of SOM had a good consistency with chemical and biological stability. Fifthly, integrated application of organic and chemical fertilizers increased SOM in aggregates significantly. A combination of crop residue and chemical fertilizer was also beneficial to SOM improvement. No apparent effect was observed on plots with chemical fertilizer alone. In terms of SOM content, the largest value appeared in the &gt;0.25-2 mm fractions, followed by the &gt;2 and &le;0.05 mm fraction. Finally, SOM thermal stability under the treatments with high manure and rice residue tended to be higher than under the treatments of chemical fertilizer alone and control. There was no homogeneous response in SOM thermal stability to aggregates size and bulk soil under different fertilizer treatments. Comparing to traditional chemical oxidative technique and elemental analysis method, thermal analysis has the advantages of simple, quick, no requirement of sample pretreatment, and providing both SOM content and stability. Therefore, we concluded that thermal analysis was a viable technique for measuring SOM content and thermal stability, and can be applied for studying management effects on SOM content and stability, and for evaluating soil quality. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Agricultural wastes - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Chemical analysis - Chemical stability - Differential scanning calorimetry - Fourier series - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Nobelium  - Organic compounds - Quality control - Soils - Stability - Thermoanalysis - Thermodynamic stability - Thermogravimetric analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical and biologicals - Content - Fertilization experiment - Fertilizer applications - Integrated applications - Linear relationships - Positive correlations - Soil organic matter contents
Classification code:406  Highway Engineering - 461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 622.1  Radioactive Materials, General - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 801  Chemistry - 801.2  Biochemistry - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 804.1  Organic Compounds - 821.5  Agricultural Wastes - 913.3  Quality Assurance and Control - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations - 944.6  Temperature Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.015

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20162102422639
Title:Design of suction flow distributor of main pump in non-oil-immersed air gap type hydraulic electro-motor pump
Authors:Li, Xiaoping (1, 2); Ji, Hong (1, 2); Zhang, Jiming (1, 2); Wang, Jinlin (1, 2); Li, Ruifeng (1, 2); Wei, Wenbin (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (2) Hydraulic &amp; Pneumatic Engineering Research Center in Gansu Province, Lanzhou; 730050, China; (3) School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing; 102206, China 
Corresponding author:Ji, Hong(jihong@lut.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:54-59
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The suction performance of hydraulic pumps is one of the important factors restricting pumps' integration and work with high rotating speed. A port-plate centrifugal pump was designed to play a role of charging pumps to boost the inlet pressure of main pump in a non-oil-immersed air gap type hydraulic motor vane pump, which could guarantee the sufficient suction of main pump working at a higher speed. Two problems were incurred when the delivery flow of port-plate centrifugal pump flowed through the suction flow distributor of main pump. The delivery flow of centrifugal pump developed high pressure difference between the outside and inside of flow distribution channel of main pump, and this high pressure difference gave more chances to the separation between vanes and stator of vane pump (main pump). Vortices were formed when the rotary flow flowed through the flow distribution channel of main pump, which made the flow resistance increase and made the fluid flow into the main pump uneasily. And the harm of 2 problems became increasingly serious with the increase of rotating speed. Aiming at solving the problems, an improvement structure that introduced balance slots and guide slots into the suction flow distributor of main pump was proposed. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software Fluent was used to simulate the flow field distribution and verify the improvement effect of this structure. The results of flow field calculation showed that the balance slot provided a route for the fluid flow from the outside discharge channel to the inside assistive channel and communicated the pressure of them. The pressure of discharge channel was slightly decreased, while that of assistive channel had a sharp increase because of the balance function of balance slot. So the outlet pressure difference of them was kept at a low value. The formation of vortex was avoided when the rotary flow flowed through the discharge channel because of the direction function of guide slot. So the flow resistance of discharge channel was decreased, the inlet flow of discharge channel had an obvious increase, the static pressure of fluid in the discharge channel gradually increased in the flow direction, and the outlet static pressure of discharge channel and assistive channel increased markedly. With the guide slot wrap angle rising, the inlet flow of discharge channel had the upward trend (less than 80&deg;) at first, and then a trend of nearly flatting. The outlet static pressure of discharge channel and assistive channel had the same rule with the inlet flow of discharge channel when the guide slot wrap angle changed; when guide slot wrap angle was larger than 80&deg;, the outlet static pressure of discharge channel increased by 10% and that of assistive channel increased by 15.4%. In addition, the balance slot approximately kept the outlet pressure difference between discharge channel and assistive channel at a low constant value with the change of guide slot wrap angle. A better suction performance is obtained by the main pump because of the improved design of the suction flow distributor that reduces the pressure difference between discharge channel and assistive channel and increases the inlet pressure of main pump, which guarantees the reliability and high efficiency of main pump working at the higher speed. This research can serve as references of flow distribution design of main pump in the hydraulic electro-motor pump. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Centrifugal pumps - Design - Electric motors - Flow control - Flow fields - Flow of fluids - Hydraulic motors - Inlet flow - Magnetic devices - Models  - Plates (structural components) - Problem solving - Pumps - Rotating machinery - Rotational flow - Vane pumps - Vortex flow
Uncontrolled terms:Discharge channel - Flow distribution - Flow distribution designs - Flow field calculation - Flow field distribution - Guide slot - Pressure differences - Suction performance
Classification code:408.2  Structural Members and Shapes - 601.1  Mechanical Devices - 618.2  Pumps - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 632.2  Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 705.3  Electric Motors - 723.5  Computer Applications
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.008

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20162102422656
Title:Red light treatments at night during seedling stage in greenhouse promoting tomato vegetative growth and improving yield
Authors:Cao, Kai (1); Yu, Jie (1); Ye, Lin (1, 2); Zhao, Hailiang (1); Zou, Zhirong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) The Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Department of Horticulture, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China; (2) School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan; 750021, China 
Corresponding author:Zou, Zhirong(zouzhirong2005@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:180-186
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Phytochromes are photochromic proteins that exist with 2 photo-interconvertible isomeric forms: the red-light-absorbing form (Pr) and the far-red-light-absorbing form (Pfr). A short exposure to light in the middle of the night causes inhibition or promotion of growth and flowering in plants, namely night break. After red light night break treatment, phytochrome will convert from Pr form to Pfr form to influence tomato growth, flowering and yield. Therefore night break has been extensively applied as a tool to study the photoperiodic control of flowering and growth for many years. In this study, Jinpeng NO.1 tomato seedlings were used as the material. After germination, the same-sized plants were selected and transplanted to the light emitting diode (LED) growth chamber with a temperature of 28&#8451; during the day, and 20&#8451; temperature, 12 h photoperiod and 65% relative humidity during the night. The daily night break treatment was started from 20:00 to 08:00 by red LED light lasting for 5 min at an intensity of 20 &mu;mol/(m²&middot;s). The night break treatments were applied in different frequencies, including 2 times (once every 4 h), 3 times (once every 3 h), 5 times (once every 2 h), 11 times (once every 1 h), and constant red light in night. The effects of night break by red LED light on tomato seedling morphology, flowering and hormone contents were studied. The Michaelis-Menten growth model was used to fit the relationship between night break times and the stem elongation, and stem diameter respectively. When all tomato seedlings flowered, 20 tomato seedlings in each treatment were transplanted in a greenhouse, to study the influence on per tomato fresh mass and per plant yield when tomato seedlings were pretreated by red light night break. The results showed that, the night break frequencies had significant effect on tomato stem diameter and stem height. When the night break time was 5, the stem diameter decreased by 25.08% and the stem height increased by 30.72% compared with the control. The days needed for flowering were also significantly influenced by night break frequencies. When the night break time increased to 5, the days needed for flowering increased from 39 to 53 d, and the leaves needed for flowering increased from 8 to 11 leaves. Dry matter of the whole tomato plant showed no difference between the red light treatments at night and the control, but the distribution of carbohydrate in different organs changed significantly. When the night break was 5, 11 times or constant red light at night, the stem dry matter significantly decreased by 28.30%, 30.19% and 33.96% respectively compared with the control; on the contrary, leaf dry matter increased by 16.67%, 19.44% and 18.06% respectively. The contents of indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin (GA<inf>3</inf>) were also significantly influenced by night break frequencies. When the night break time was 5, the content of IAA in stem and leaf decreased significantly by 51.10% and 29.93% respectively, and the content of GA<inf>3</inf>in stem and leaf decreased significant by 46.71% and 40.47% respectively. The tomato plant's pretreatment by red light at night significantly influenced tomato later growth and yield. When the night break time was 5, the per fresh fruit mass of the first cluster increased by 41.78% and per plant fresh fruit mass increased by 11.36% compared with the control. According to the results of red light treatment at night, we can control the growth and development of tomato plants by controlling the night break frequencies. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Light emitting diodes
Controlled terms:Forestry - Fruits - Greenhouses - Models - Morphology - Plants (botany) - Seed
Uncontrolled terms:Different frequency - Growth and development - Indoleacetic acid - Photoperiodic control - Red light - Tomato - Vegetative growth - Yield
Classification code:714.2  Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 821.6  Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 951  Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.025

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20162102422667
Title:Reuse type judgment of mining wasteland based on land use competitiveness
Authors:Liu, Huifang (1, 2); Liu, Youzhao (1); Bi, Rutian (2); Xu, Yangyang (2); Wang, Shumin (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing; 210095, China; (2) College of Resource &amp; Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu; 030801, China 
Corresponding author:Liu, Youzhao(yzliu@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:258-266
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Reutilization of a large area of mining wasteland is a realistic way to meet the demand of mining resource economic transformation and spatial structure optimization for mining wasteland reuse. Confirming reasonable reuse type of mining wasteland is the basis and precondition for mining wasteland consolidation. Changhe basin in Zezhou County, Shanxi Province is taken as a case study, which has 120 mining wastelands caused by coal mine integration in 2015 with the area of 345 hm². The data used in this paper are collected from the field survey on mining wasteland distribution (July, 2015), Zezhou land use planning (from 2005 to 2020), the peasant household survey in study area (July, 2015), the 13th five-year Zezhou industry planning, Zezhou ecological function area report (2007). Firstly, the method of identifying mining wasteland reuse type is presented in this paper based on the competitiveness evaluation for non-agricultural, agricultural and ecological mining waste land. The evaluation index system should be built first to determine the possible reuse types of mining wasteland, which includes 2 aspects, i.e. suitability and driving force, and 6 specific indices: natural factor, location, demographic factor, economic factor, policy and public participation. Then, the competitiveness evaluation model should be established to identify intensity, spatial distribution and expected land use change trend for each type of mining waste land. Lastly, the triangle model is used to assess the reuse types of mining wasteland based on 21 types of land use competitiveness combination. In this paper, the boundary map of administrative villages in study area and the distribution map of coal mining wasteland are superimposed, and the mining wasteland patch is taken as the specific evaluation unit. The weight of each index is determined by an analytic hierarchy process. Quantification of each index is to determine the land types of mining wasteland in the study area. The result shows that: 1) Based on the spatial distribution analysis, non-agricultural mining wastelands those have high competitiveness are adjacent to county or provincial road. Spatial distribution of agricultural mining wastelands those have high competitiveness was adverse to that of high competitiveness non-agricultural mining wastelands, and in accordance with that of ecological mining wastelands those have medium competitiveness. The spatial distribution can reflect the competition state between reuse land types; 2) As for the judgment results of land reuse types, there are a total of 120 mining waste lands mainly distributed in 34 villages in study area. Among them, 50% can be converted to construction land, the area of which is 191.53 hm².These mining wastelands are mainly located in these regions which have a long history of coal mining and whose economic level and population density are high. In addition, they lie at or are adjacent to the core of villages and towns or main roads; 40% can be converted to agricultural land, which have an area of 115.19 hm²and are located near the village or water; 10% can be converted to ecological land, which have an area of 38.28 hm²and are located in the mountainous areas where the economic level and population density are low. By investigation, mining waste lands in the study area are mostly reused as construction land. The research result can provide the theoretical support for the determination of the consolidation planning of coal mining wasteland in the study area. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Land reclamation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Coal - Coal mines - Competition - Ecology - Economics - Forestry - Land use - Mining - Population distribution  - Population dynamics - Population statistics - Rural areas - Spatial distribution - Structural optimization - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Changhe basin - Competitiveness evaluations - Economic transformation - Evaluation index system - Judgment - Population densities - Spatial distribution analysis - Wasteland
Classification code:403  Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 405.3  Surveying - 442.2  Land Reclamation - 454.3  Ecology and Ecosystems - 502.1  Mine and Quarry Operations - 503.1  Coal Mines - 524  Solid Fuels - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911.2  Industrial Economics - 921  Mathematics - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 971  Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.036

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20162102422638
Title:Performance prediction of axial pump based on wavelet neural network
Authors:Li, Jun (1, 2); Chen, Jiawen (1, 3); Liao, Weili (2); Gao, Chuanchang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electric Power, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou; 450045, China; (2) Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an; 710048, China; (3) College of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing; 211100, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:47-53
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Axial pumps have been widely used in hydraulic and agricultural engineering. During the process of manufacturing and transformation of axial pumps, it is very important to predict the essential performance and obtain essential performance curve. However, due to the short flow channel and the rapid change of flow pattern, the internal flow becomes extremely complex. Compared to centrifugal pump, it is very difficult to obtain the essential performance curve. So, the processes of design and manufacturing are cumbersome and the economy is very poor. Commonly, manufacturers use the processes which are the circles of designing, prototype, test and improvement to obtain the essential performance curve, while it is tedious, cumbersome and laborious. If the essential performance and essential performance curve can be predicted, the associated costs will be reduced significantly, and the cycle of the design, manufacture and renovation will be shorten obviously. To obtain essential performance curve, the traditional methods are using model test or similar conversion, and their drawbacks are expensive cost, long-cycle test and over reliance on assumption accuracy and satisfaction degree. Neural network is a new idea and method to solve the performance prediction of axial pump. Today, wavelet neural network has been widely used in various engineering fields, such as water conservancy, energy and electron. Wavelet neural network uses continuous wavelet function instead of back propagation (BP) neural network activation function. It inherits the advantages of wavelet transform and BP neural network, and has many characteristics, such as self-learning, self-adaptive, nice time-frequency, and strong modeling capabilities. Using wavelet neural network method, the prediction model was established, which was suitable for axial pump to predict essential performance and obtain essential performance curve. The author selected the Morlet wavelets as wavelet function, increased the momentum item and adopted the gradient descent learning algorithm. The adaptability, convergence and accuracy of the model were examined by 2 models' training. Compared with the BP neural network, this model showed the advantages that the convergence speed was accelerated and the accuracy was improved greatly. Through the contrast and analysis between predicted data and tested data in actual engineering renovation, the prediction accuracy, stability and practicability of the model were further proved. The results showed that the model had higher precision and stability, the transformation cycle was also shortened effectively, and the renovation cost was reduced greatly. According to the above, the essential performance curve can be obtained and the essential performance can be predicted economically and reliably. So, the research based on the wavelet neural network has a higher practical engineering value, and it can provide technical support and reference during the process of design, manufacture and renovation of axial pump. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Wavelet transforms
Controlled terms:Backpropagation - Channel flow - Complex networks - Cost reduction - Costs - Flow patterns - Forecasting - Learning algorithms - Manufacture - Models  - Neural networks - Pumps - Turbulent flow - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Axial pumps - Back propagation neural networks - Gradient descent learning algorithm - Performance curve - Performance prediction - Practical engineering - Transformation cycles - Wavelet neural networks
Classification code:537.1  Heat Treatment Processes - 618.2  Pumps - 631.1  Fluid Flow, General - 722  Computer Systems and Equipment - 723.4  Artificial Intelligence - 911  Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 921.3  Mathematical Transformations
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.007

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20162102422635
Title:Influence of air blower parameters of pneumatic seed-metering system for rapeseed on negative pressure characteristics and air blower selection
Authors:Shu, Caixia (1); Wei, Yuepei (1); Liao, Yitao (1); Lei, Xiaolong (1); Li, Zhaodong (1); Wang, Du (1); Liao, Qingxi (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan; 430070, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:26-33
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The seeding performance of 2BFQ series planter pneumatic precision seed-metering system for rapeseed is affected by load changes, surface features and vibration in field. The pneumatic seed-metering system of 2BFQ series planter for rapeseed is composed of precision seed-metering devices, air blower and air pipelines. The structure and the working parameters of the system such as the number of precision seed-metering device, power rate and rotational speed of the air blower are affected the air pressure inside the seed-metering device and consequently influence the seeding performance directly. When the absolute value of negative pressure is decreased, miss index is increased. When that is increased, multiple indexes are increased. The objective of this research is to choose the appropriate structure and working parameters to ensure the air pressure of seed-metering device in the perfect condition. However, the quantitative analysis and mathematical model of the pneumatic seed-metering system were needed more investigation. The design of the pneumatic seed-metering system depended mainly on experiments the value estimation. To solve the problem, a series of experiments were carried out to study negative pressure effects and pump parameters. First, the negative pressure value of metering device was measured and automatically saved to the PC by pneumatic system testing device. Negative pressure uniformity was analyzed to determine proper point of air cavity which represented the suitable value of the whole negative pressure. Secondly, the effects of rotational speed of metering disc, number of seed-metering device, air blower rated power, air blower operating speed were studied. Thirdly, further analyze were made and mathematical models were established with aid of 1stOpt (First Optimization) to provide a basis for design of the system. Results showed that the negative pressure of cavity was uniform so that any measurement of negative pressure at any point was satisfactory. The rotational speed of metering disc resulted in a negligible impact on the average value of negative pressure. The absolute value of negative pressure increased when the number of metering units decreased or when air blower rated power and rotational speed increased. A mathematical model (M1) was selected to choose an air blower. Then another mathematical model (M2) was developed to estimate the rotational speed which included negative pressure, number of metering units and air blower rated power and rotational speed. Determination coefficients of previously mentioned factors were more than 0.92, verifying relative error within -8.23%-6.62% and -6.12%-8.25% for model M1 and M2, respectively. Mathematical model M1 was employed to describe the number of seed-metering devices and then was used to calculate the air blower power which could be used. Furthermore, mathematical model M2 was used to calculate pump rotational speed by using the negative pressure and number of seed-metering devices. Based on the two models, pump design parameters of metering system were set up as to give the air blower selection and rotational speed to match the 2BFQ series pneumatic planter precision seed-metering system for rapeseed. The system proved to be practicable by investigating it through bench test and field experiments. Research results provided the basics of theoretical methods and guidance for the structural optimization and practical application of the 2BFQ series planter pneumatic precision seed-metering system for rapeseed. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Atmospheric pressure - Blowers - Crops - Estimation - Models - Oilseeds - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Pneumatics - Pressure effects  - Pumps - Rating - Speed - Structural design - Structural optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - Direct planter - Negative pressure effect - Negative pressures - Pneumatic seed-metering systems - Precision seed-metering devices - Seed metering - Structure and working parameters
Classification code:408.1  Structural Design, General - 443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 618.2  Pumps - 618.3  Blowers and Fans - 632.3  Pneumatics - 632.4  Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 821.1  Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4  Agricultural Products - 921  Mathematics - 921.5  Optimization Techniques - 931.1  Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.004

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:20162102422643
Title:Modeling reference evapotranspiration by generalized regression neural network combined with temperature data
Authors:Feng, Yu (1); Cui, Ningbo (2, 3); Gong, Daozhi (1); Hu, Xiaotao (4); Zhang, Kuandi (4) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Engineering Laboratory of Crops Efficient Water Use and Drought Mitigation/Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing; 100081, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering/College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu; 610065, China; (3) Provincial Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture in Hill Areas of Southern China, Chengdu; 610066, China; (4) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China 
Corresponding author:Cui, Ningbo(cuiningbo@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:81-89
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the only connecting parameter between energy balance and water balance, evapotranspiration (ET) is the most excellent indicator for the activity of climate change and water cycle, and therefore, accurate estimation of ET is of importance for hydrologic, climatic and agricultural studies. ET is commonly computed by reference evapotranspiration (ET<inf>0</inf>), and this paper investigated the performance of generalized regression neural network (GRNN) algorithm in modeling FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (PM) ET<inf>0</inf>only with the temperature data in 19 meteorological stations located at the western, middle, and eastern part of Sichuan basin, southwest China. Data of meteorological variables containing maximum air temperature (T<inf>max</inf>), minimum air temperature (T<inf>min</inf>) for the period of 1961-1990 were used as input variables to train the GRNN model, and data for the period of 1991-2014 were used to validate the GRNN model. The performance of GRNN model was compared with the empirical temperature-based Hargreaves (HS1) and calibrated Hargreaves (HS2) models considering the PM ET<inf>0</inf>as the benchmarks. The evaluation criteria of root mean squared error (RMSE) and model efficiency (E<inf>ns</inf>) were used for the comparison. The statistical results indicated that the RMSE values of the GRNN, HS1 and HS2 models were 0.41, 1.16 and 0.70 mm/d, respectively, and the E<inf>ns</inf>values of the GRNN, HS1 and HS2 models were 0.88, 0.13 and 0.67, respectively, which manifested the performance of the GRNN model was encouraging. The RMSE of the HS1 model was the biggest every year at temporal scale in all 3 sub-zones of Sichuan basin, followed by the HS2 model, and the RMSE of the GRNN model was the smallest; the E<inf>ns</inf>of the GRNN model was bigger than HS1 and HS2 model every year at temporal scale in all 3 sub-zones. The RMSE of the HS1 model was the biggest in every meteorological station of Sichuan basin at spatial scale, followed by the HS2 model, and the RMSE of the GRNN model was the smallest; the E<inf>ns</inf>of the GRNN model was bigger than HS1 and HS2 model in every meteorological station at spatial scale. Based on the RMSE and E<inf>ns</inf>, the errors of GRNN, HS1 and HS2 models showed an increasing tendency, which indicated the error of all the 3 models would become bigger in the future. The ranges of the ET<inf>0</inf>values computed by the PM, GRNN, HS1 and HS2 model were 695~837, 709~820, 1029~1178 and 818~975 mm, all of which showed an increase tendency with a rate of 2.7, 2.0, 2.2 and 2.4 mm/a respectively in recent 24 years. Compared with the PM model, GRNN, HS1 and HS2 overestimated the ET<inf>0</inf>value by 0.8%, 45.1% and 17.3%, respectively. The analysis of the performance of GRNN, HS1 and HS2 models at temporal and spatial scale confirmed the good ability of the GRNN model in estimating ET<inf>0</inf>when the data for PM model were not fully available, and thus the GRNN model should be adopted to compute ET<inf>0</inf>. This paper can provide the reference for estimating the crop water requirement in Sichuan basin when only temperature data are accessible. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Atmospheric temperature
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Benchmarking - Climate change - Errors - Evapotranspiration - Mean square error - Meteorology - Models - Neural networks - Regression analysis  - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Crop water requirements - Generalized Regression Neural Network(GRNN) - Generalized regression neural networks - Meteorological variables - Penman-Monteith models - Reference evapotranspiration - Root mean squared errors - Temperature data
Classification code:443.1  Atmospheric Properties - 641.1  Thermodynamics - 821  Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2  Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.012

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

<RECORD 42>

Accession number:20162102422644
Title:Biodegradable film enhancing nutrient uptake of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and reducing soil nitrate accumulation
Authors:Gu, Xiaobo (1); Li, Yuannong (1); Du, Yadan (1); Yang, Dan (1); Wu, Guojun (1); Ren, Quanmao (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling; 712100, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Yuannong(liyuannong@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:10
Issue date:May 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:90-97
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biodegradable film has been proven to be a good substitute for traditional refractory plastic film in the cultivation of maize, cotton and sunflower due to the similar effects of improving soil temperature and moisture, and increasing yield. However, whether biodegradable film mulching can reduce the accumulation of soil nitrate, soil organic matter content and affect the nutrient uptake by plants or not is not clear. Therefore, 3 treatments including traditional refractory plastic film (PM), biodegradable film (JM) and no film (CK) were set up in the present study to systematically analyze and compare their effects on above-ground dry matter, soil organic matter, soil nitrate accumulation, nutrient uptake and seed yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in 2 growing seasons (2012-2013 and 2013-2014). The results showed that the above-ground dry matter in PM and JM at all growth stages were higher than that in CK, and no obvious difference was found between PM and JM. Soil organic matter in CK at 0-60 cm soil depth were higher than that in PM and JM at 60, 150 and 240 days after sowing (DAS), and significant difference was not found between PM and JM at 60 and 150 DAS; but at 240 DAS, soil organic matter in JM was significantly higher than in PM. Soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation at 0-200 cm soil depth fell fast in 0-60 and 150-240 DAS, and decreased slowly in 60-150 DAS. The variation trend of soil nitrate accumulation with soil depth at 60 and 150 DAS among PM, JM and CK were consistent in the same year, but significantly difference was found at 240 DAS. In 2012-2013, a drought season, an obvious peak (15.2 kg/hm²) at 80 cm soil depth was discovered just in PM, but JM and CK had no obvious peak. In 2013-2014, a wet season, PM had 2 obvious peaks at 80 and 160 cm soil depths, with the values of 14.7 and 17.3 kg/hm², respectively, but JM and CK only had 1 obvious peak, with the values of 14.3 and 11.5 kg/hm², respectively. Seed yield and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake of winter oilseed rape at seedling, flowering and harvesting stages were almost the same between PM and JM, which were all significantly higher than CK. Compared to PM, the seed yield in JM had no significant difference and the seed nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake at harvesting was similar, but the soil organic matter increased by 7.0% and nitrate accumulation reduced by 34.1% at 240 DAS. Traditional plastic film consumed soil fertility excessively at the late growth stage, which wass unfavorable for the sustainable development of agriculture, and the nitrate nitrogen residue in the soil was higher than biodegradable film, which had more serious risk potential for groundwater pollution. Biodegradable film was recommended for winter oilseed rape cultivation. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Biodegradable polymers - Biodegradation - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Cultivation - Film growth - Groundwater - Groundwater pollution - Nitrates - Nitrogen  - Nutrients - Oilseeds - Organic compounds - Phosphorus - Plastic films - Potassium - Refractory materials - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Biodegradable film - Nitrate accumulation - Nitrate nitrogen - Nutrient uptake - Oil seed rape - Soil organic matter contents - Soil organic matters - Soil temperature
Classification code:444.2  Groundwater - 461.2  Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.8  Biotechnology - 481.2  Geochemistry - 483.1  Soils and Soil Mechanics - 549.1  Alkali Metals - 804  Chemical Products Generally - 812.2  Refractories - 815.1  Polymeric Materials - 817.1  Polymer Products - 821.3  Agricultural Methods - 821.4  Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.013

Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.