2016年4月第32卷第8期

2016年4月第32卷第8期

Accession number:20161902344608
Title:Structure design of egg auto-picking system and manipulator motion planning
Authors:Yuan, Jin (1, 2); Li, Yang (1, 2); Liu, Xuemei (1, 2); Zhao, Xinxue (1, 2); He, Linfei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China; (2) Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Machineries and Equipments, Tai'an, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Xuemei(lxmywj@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:48-55
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, egg collection device appears that the automatic degree is low, and cannot meet the needs of automatic egg production in China. In order to solve the problem, this paper designs an egg auto-picking device. Such device consists of egg transport device, shake correcting device, egg picking execution device and automatic control system. Egg transport device comprises silica gel tank conveyor belt, driving roller with optical encoder, driven roller, servo motor and conveyor belt clamping device. Egg transport device is used for collecting, storing and transferring eggs. Shake correcting device is composed of spring, pulse electromagnet and beat parts. Several shake correcting devices are installed in the correcting area under the conveyor belt with equal space. Shake correcting device is used for arranging eggs on conveyor belt by a disorderly state into an ordered arrangement state. Egg picking execution device includes parallel picking-up structure and control system. Egg picking execution device is used for picking up eggs and transferring them to plate. Parallel picking-up structure consists of active arm, slave arm and picking manipulator. Picking manipulator is composed of rotation steering gear, enhancement steering gear, silicone sucker, and vacuum holes. The working process of egg auto-picking device is as follows: when the eggs go into the picking area, the proximity sensor will sense the array of eggs on the conveyor belt. The received signals by MCU(microcontroller unit) are transferred to personal computer (PC) controller via RS232 serial port. PC controller receives signals and calculates real-time coordinates for each egg. The PCL-839 control card based on PC controls the stepper motor drive through a closed loop controller. When the driving arm motor moves, the vacuum sucker at the end of the picking manipulator will trace the eggs and eventually pick up them. Simultaneously, SCM(single chip microcomputer) receive signals sent by the PC controller, and the steering gear controls the vacuum sucker to rotate upward by 90°. In this way eggs can be made vertical. At last, the picking manipulator transfers eggs on a tray. The eggs auto-picking device achieves the automatically picking up the eggs on the assembly line, improves the efficiency of egg automatic picking and frees up the labor. Picking manipulator is a core component of egg auto-picking device, and directly affects the success rate of egg picking and the working efficiency. By analyzing the working process of picking manipulator, the enhancement steering gear's output torque and the sucker's suction pressure are determined. On this basis, suitable enhancement steering gear of picking manipulator and suction pump are selected. In the process of research, we focus on the structural design of picking manipulator, the manipulator path planning, the route tracking prediction and the picking-laying solutions. Finally, the prototype of automatic egg collection device is manufactured; at the same time, the test of the success rate of egg picking, the egg picking-up speed and the optimization picking-laying solution is conducted. The results show that automatic egg collection device has the advantages of simple working and reliable location. Egg picking success rate reaches 98.3%, and the fastest operating speed of picking up the eggs into the pan can reach 2.4 s. The shortest time of optimum picking-laying solution is 73.2 s when the execution device picks up 30 eggs. This conclusion provides the reference for the structural design of picking device in automatic egg production systems. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Robot programming
Controlled terms:Automation - Belt conveyors - Computer control - Control - Control systems - Controllers - Conveyors - Design - Efficiency - Electric drives - Machinery - Manipulators - Mechanization - Motion planning - Personal computers - Silica gel - Silicones - Stepping motors
Uncontrolled terms:Auto pickings - Closed loop controllers - Manipulator motion-planning - Manipulator path planning - Microcontroller unit - Ordered arrangement - Picking manipulators - Single chip microcomputers
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 692.1 Conveyors - 705.3 Electric Motors - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 732.1 Control Equipment - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344613
Title:Effect of drip irrigation under plastic film mulching on soil water-heat utilization and high yield of oil sunflower
Authors:Yang, Hongyu (1, 2); Li, Xin (1, 2); Wang, Bo (2); Zhong, Haixu (2); Zhang, Binke (2); Wang, Zebin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China; (2) College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:82-88
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Oil sunflower is one of the most important oil crops. Because of its high yield and better oil quality, it is predominately planted in Mingqin County as a major oil crop. However, the shortage of irrigation water in the area is not favorable for the traditional oil sunflower farming system, in which large amount of water is required to support the growth of the plant. This study was conducted to investigate the efficient water and heat utilization, appropriate irrigation system for the oil sunflower with the drip irrigation under plastic film system. The traditional irrigation set as control and four treatments of drip irrigation under plastic film were deployed for the treatments, while soil moisture was monitored with the TRM-ZS3 system, and the other crop physiological as well ecological parameters were determined for the calculation of the soil water-heat dynamic, yield index, water utilization efficiency, water consumption pattern, and economic impacts. The experiments were carried out for continuous 2 seasons through the April 2012 to September 2013 at the Mingqin irrigation experimental station of Gansu Water Science Research Institute. The advantages of different irrigation treatments were analyzed in combined with the weather data from the TRM-ZS3 system, in addition, the effects of different irrigation systems on the water-heat dynamic, crop yield, water utilization and consumption were analyzed. The data showed that the drip irrigation under plastic film had the better moisture maintaining effects when compared to the traditional irrigation method. Soil water and temperature did not show dramatic variation under the drip irrigation under plastic film, and was suitable for the growth of the oil sunflower. The data indicated that the 288 mm irrigated water with 8 times during the growth season was the most favorable irrigation combination for the oil sun flower in this study. Under such an irrigation pattern, both the single grain weight and hundred grain weights were highest among the samples from the other irrigation treatments; Compared to the irrigation pattern, the yield increased by 6.03%, water consumption was reduced by 32.7%, the irrigation water requirement reduced by 162 mm; The water utilization efficiency increased by 56.8%, water productivity reached to 8.0 yuan per cubic meter and net income increased by 8.9%. When compared to the traditional flooding irrigation method, the drip irrigation could reduce the water consumption intensity of the entire growth season for 1.0 mm per day, it could also significantly reduce the invalid evaporation loss as well as the growth season water consumption. The under-mulch drip irrigation could also improve the soil water-heat distribution, improve the crop yield, water utilization efficiency and economic impacts. Therefore, the drip irrigation under plastic film is a practical and valuable water conservation farming system for the oil sunflower in Hexi area. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Economic and social effects - Efficiency - Film growth - Forestry - Moisture - Moisture control - Physiological models - Plastic films - Soil moisture - Soils - Sunflower oil - Water - Water conservation - Water management - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Benefits - Drip irrigation under plastic films - Ecological parameters - Experimental stations - High yield - Irrigation water requirements - Oil sunflower - Traditional irrigation
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344610
Title:Optimization design and effect analysis of multi-operation conditions of axial-flow pump device
Authors:Shi, Lijian (1); Tang, Fangping (1); Liu, Chao (1); Xie, Rongsheng (1); Xie, Chuanliu (1); Sun, Dandan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Hydraulic Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; (2) Institute of Water Conservancy Works Design of Xuzhou, Xuzhou, China
Corresponding author:Tang, Fangping(tangfp@yzu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:63-69
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The flow units of pump device will produce a bad flow regime when the axial-flow pump runs under off-design condition. The paper uses the numerical simulation and numerical optimization techniques, changes the geometric design parameters of axial-flow impeller, and carries out the optimization design of multi-operation conditions of axial-flow pump device. The optimization design based on pump device experiment analysis aims to improve the efficiency of operation under off-design conditions, broaden the scope of the efficiency of pump device, and reduce the operating cost of pump station. Firstly, this paper performs the parametric modeling of axial-flow impeller, and uses fewer design parameters to control the shape of pump blades by FORTRAN. According to the design condition to design an axial-flow impeller with high efficiency, and design the guide vane based on the design condition and the impeller. Use the impeller, the guide vane, and the standard inlet and outlet pipe to calculate the hydraulic performance of axial-flow pump device. Then do the experiment of the pump device to verify the accuracy and reliability of the numerical simulation of the pump device. Lastly, this paper carries out the optimization design of multi-operation conditions of axial-flow pump device. The design flow is 360 L/s, the small flow is 300 L/s and the large flow is 420 L/s, and the 3 flow conditions is chosen as the multi-operation conditions. Change the design parameters of axial-flow impeller, select the weighted average efficiency of pump device as the optimization object and the head of each condition as the constraint, and carry out the optimization design of multi-operation conditions of axial-flow pump device. For each design parameter, every change corresponds to a complete numerical simulation of pump device. Last but not least, this article does the internal flow field analysis of pump before and after optimization. The analysis mainly includes the streamline comparison of the different flow conditions for the outlet pipe, and the pressure comparison of the different flow conditions in the outlet of the impeller; besides, the NPSH(net positive suction head) is compared before and after optimization. The optimization results show that the optimized high efficiency range of axial-flow pump device is widened obviously compared to the initial pump device. The efficiency of small flow condition is increased by about 2.6%, the efficiency of design flow condition is increased by about 0.5%, and the efficiency of large flow condition is increased by about 7.4%, which is the most. As to the head of the axial-flow pump device, it is little changed, and can also meet the operation requirement. The optimized pump device can greatly reduce the operation cost of pump station, and the optimization design method of multi-operation conditions of axial-flow pump device can greatly shorten the design cycle. From the comparison of streamline and pressure before and after optimization, it can be seen that the optimized streamline is smoother and the pressure distribution is more reasonable. And the NPSH is similar, and does not become worse. This paper adopts the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation as the subject analysis method, which is combined with experimental study and replaces artificial way of optimization design based on experience, and proves the reliability and efficiency of the optimization design of multi-operation conditions of axial-flow pump device. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Computational fluid dynamics
Controlled terms:Axial flow - Computer simulation - Cost benefit analysis - Cost reduction - Design - Efficiency - Impellers - Numerical models - Operating costs - Optimization - Pumps - Reliability analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Axial flow pump - Computational fluid dynamics simulations - Experiment analysis - Geometric design parameters - Hydraulic performance - Multi-operation conditions - Net positive suction heads - Numerical optimization techniques
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 723.5 Computer Applications - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344619
Title:Simulation of effects of topography and soil/land use spatial aggregation on sediment yield and runoff using AnnAGNPS
Authors:Zhong, Keyuan (1); Chen, Xingwei (1, 2, 3); Chen, Ying (1, 2, 3); Liu, Meibing (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geographical Science Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; (2) Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fuzhou, China; (3) Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center for Monitoring and Assessing Terrestrial Disasters, Fuzhou, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Ying(chenying_nju@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:127-135
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The parameter spatial aggregation has signicant impacts on the results of Annualized Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution model (AnnAGNPS). Parameter spatial aggregation mainly includes spatial aggregation of topographic (T) parameters and soil & land use (SL) parameters. The previous studies mainly focused on the coupling impacts of the 2 kinds of parameters' spatial aggregation on the hydrologic process, lacking the separate impacts of the 2 kinds of parameters' spatial aggregation on the hydrologic process in different time scales, and the comparison of the impacts of 2 kinds of parameters' spatial aggregation on hydrologic process. The objective of this study was to distinguish the impacts of T parameters aggregation and SL parameters aggregation on the simulation results of the AnnAGNPS. Taoxi watershed which is located in the southeast of China was selected as the study area. Based on the sensitivity analysis of parameter by differential sensitivity analysis (DSA) method, the AnnAGNPS model with the daily time step was set up. Nine discretization scenarios including 15, 30, 50, 70, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 hm2were established, and 6 topographic indices (i.e., channel length, slope length of subbasin, average slope of channel, maximum gradient of channel, average slope of subbasin and maximum gradient of subbasin) and the areas of different soil and land use types were calculated to evaluate the impact of cell division on the parameter aggregation. And then 7 combination scenarios were carried out to evaluate the impact of T and SL parameters spatial aggregation on runoff and sediment yield at annual and daily time scale, the scenarios T15SL15, T15SL50, T15SL100 and T15SL300 with the same T parameters aggregation were used to analyze the effect of SL parameters spatial aggregation on hydrologic process, and the scenarios T15SL300, T50SL300, T100SL300 and T300SL300 with the same SL parameters aggregation were used to analyze the effect of T parameters spatial aggregation on sediment yield and runoff. The results showed as follows: 1) The aggregation effects of T and SL parameters significantly increased with the increasing of critical source area (CSA). 2) The spatial aggregation of SL parameters reduced the annual runoff and annual sediment yield, and the predicated sediment yield decreased at a greater rate compared to annual runoff responding to the increase in values of CSA; while the T parameters aggregation reduced the annual sediment yield, but had not significant influence on the annual runoff. 3) Aggregation of T parameters was the main factor affecting the daily runoff process, resulting in the increase of peak runoff and the decrease of the time reaching the peak runoff, and its influence on the annual maximum one-day runoff was greater than the annual maximum five-day runoff. 4) The spatial aggregation of SL parameters had great effects on annual maximum one-day and annual maximum five-day sediment load, and the annual maximum one-day and annual maximum five-day sediment load decreased significantly with the increase of aggregation degree. The change ratio of the annual maximum five-day sediment load was a little larger than that of the annual maximum one-day. Additionally, the T parameters aggregation resulted in the decrease of the time reaching the peak sediment. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Sediments
Controlled terms:Cell proliferation - Land use - Models - Runoff - Sensitivity analysis - Soils - Topography
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - AnnAGNPS - Critical source areas - Different time scale - Differential sensitivity - Parameter aggregations - Runoff and sediment yields - Spatial aggregation
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 442.1 Flood Control - 461.9 Biology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 921 Mathematics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344641
Title:Effect of heat treatment intensity on structure and binding capacity of volatile compounds of myosin
Authors:Lü, Tong (1); Lin, Junjie (1); Zhou, Changyu (1); Wang, Ying (2); Cao, Jinxuan (1); Pan, Daodong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; (2) The School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
Corresponding author:Cao, Jinxuan(caojinxuan@nbu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:285-291
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In this paper, myosin in pork was extracted as the object of the research, and the purity of the protein was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE); the effects of variable heating strength on the total sulfydryl content (T-SH), the secondary structure and the surface hydrophobicity of myosin were detected by Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Eight typical meat flavor compounds were added to the myosin solutions to form a myosin-flavor compound interaction system. Taking the ratio of flavor compounds relative content as index, the influence of different heating strength on the flavor binding ability of myosin was studied by means of solid-phase microextraction - gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS), providing a reference for future research on the formation mechanism of meat flavor. The results showed that heat treatment had significant effect on the absorption and release of various flavor compounds, through changing myosin conformation to hit the mark what we wanted to achieve; when the temperature was adjusted up to 55, the myosin molecules were unfolded obviously, resulting a conversion from α-helix and β-sheet to β-turn and random coil. However, as the temperature continued to increase to 75, the myosin molecules degenerated and the process showed the reverse change, that was to say, there was a transition from β-turn and random coil to α-helix and β-sheet. In the procedure when the temperature was raised to 45, the amount of protein sulfydryl group remained stable, but there was a marked reduction when further improving the temperature to 80, resulted in protein aggregating because a small part of sulfydryl converted to disulfide bond; the surface hydrophobicity of myosin continued to increase dramatically during the course of the temperature going up to 65 and then many hydrophobic residue groups would be exposed at the molecular surface, however, when the temperature rose, its surface hydrophobicity decreased slightly, indistinctively; myosin's binding ability to 3-methyl butaldehyde, pentanal, heptanal and octanal was enhanced with the protein unfolding and decreased with the protein degenerating. Besides the hydrophobic group and hydrogen bond, sulfydryl group played a considerable role in affecting the binding ability of myosin to aldehydes. On the one hand, the binding ability of myosin to 2-pentanone presented a trend of first decreasing and then increasing on the whole, in which it showed the lowest binding ability under the condition of 45 and the fastest binding under 85; on the other hand, their binding ability between myosin and 2-heptanone, 2-octanone or 2-nonanone demonstrated a trend of increasing, decreasing, and then increasing again, and the binding ability reduced to the minimum while myosin degenerated at the temperature of 75, and the binding ability rose to the highest at the temperature of 85 compared to other conditions. To sum up, the binding ability of myosin to ketones mainly depends on the hydrophobic properties. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Flavor compounds
Controlled terms:Bins - Covalent bonds - Electrophoresis - Flavors - Fluorescence spectroscopy - Gas chromatography - Heat treatment - Hydrogen bonds - Hydrophobicity - Ketones - Mass spectrometry - Meats - Molecules - Proteins - Temperature - Thermal processing (foods) - Volatile organic compounds
Uncontrolled terms:Effect of heat treatments - Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry - Myosin - Secondary structures - Sodium dodecyl sulphate - Solid-phase microextraction - Surface hydrophobicity - Total sulphydryl content
Classification code:537.1 Heat Treatment Processes - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 694.4 Storage - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 822.3 Food Products - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344640
Title:Technical and economical evaluation model of offshore scallops capture operation platform and its application
Authors:Zhang, Guangfa (1); Zhang, Bin (1); Xu, Jiashuai (1); Lü, Jian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Navigation and Naval Architecture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:278-284
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, trawl fishing as a traditional method is widely used in shellfish harvesting at home and abroad. However, using this method to catch the scallops has many disadvantages, such as huge energy consumption, high labor intensity, and poor fishing efficiency, which have become the key questions to restrict the sustainable development of marine fishing industry. Therefore, it's very worth researching alternative scallop fishing equipment to meet the requirements of green development. The offshore scallop capture equipment is made up of platform deck, floating body and mooring, which is a kind of floating offshore engineering structure. This equipment occupies multiple functions, such as fishing, sorting, refining, storage and so on. Winch motors (ground net machine and anchor winch), cargo winch, generator unit, scallop separator, working cabin, accommodation and diesel generator were installed on the platform, and solar power as the source of power. In addition, to keep the scallops fresh and achieve the purpose of saving space, 2 shellfish purification storage networks were also set below the platform. Compared with the trawl fishing, it would substantially reduce energy consumption, realize precision fishing, raise fishing efficiency, and decrease the cost of purification. In this paper, based on the comparative methods, the technologic and economic parameters and the economic assessment indices were selected for the establishment of the technical and economic evaluation model, which was to investigate the economy of offshore scallops capture working platform. Firstly, the platform trawling engine power, the platform span, the hauls of platform anchored one time, the lateral movement time of platform anchored one time, the trawling speed of platform and the total construction cost of platform were selected as the technologic and economic parameters. Secondly, the capture fuel consumption per unit area, the unit cost of fishing and the capture efficiency were selected as the economic assessment indices. Next, the technical and economic evaluation model was established according to the technologic and economic parameters and the economic assessment indices. At last, based on this model, the economic calculation of fishing methods including fishing vessels and scallops capture working platform was carried out by using the comparative method. The results showed that when the platform trawling engine power was 400-470 kW, the platform span was 0.5-3.0 km, the lateral movement time of platform anchored one time was less than 2 h, the trawling speed of platform was beyond 1.4 kn, the total construction cost of platform was less than 27.5 million yuan, the scallops capture working platform project had more advantages over the fishing method of fishing vessels. Meanwhile, from these data, it was concluded that the haul of platform anchored one time was not very sensitive to the effect of scallops capture working platform project. The offshore scallops capture working platform conformed the policy of energy saving and emission reduction that was in line with the national "Twelfth Five-Year Plan". By further experimental verification, the analysis model and method can provide the economic theory reference for the fundamental changes in fisheries production mode in China. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Fishing vessels
Controlled terms:Costs - Digital storage - Drilling platforms - Economic analysis - Economics - Emission control - Energy conservation - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Engines - Equipment - Fisheries - Fishing (oil wells) - Marine engines - Marine industry - Metal drawing - Molluscs - Offshore structures - Parameter estimation - Purification - Shellfish - Solar energy - Technology - Winches
Uncontrolled terms:Economical evaluation - Energy saving and emission reductions - Experimental verification - Off shore platforms - Reduce energy consumption - Scallops capture operation - Technical and economic evaluation models - Total construction costs
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 461.9 Biology - 471 Marine Science and Oceanography - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 535.2 Metal Forming - 605 Small Tools and Hardware - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 671.2 Ship Equipment - 674.1 Small Marine Craft - 674.2 Marine Drilling Rigs and Platforms - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 901 Engineering Profession - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344611
Title:Improved frequency-shifted and re-scaling stochastic resonance for gear fault diagnosis
Authors:Xie, Youhao (1, 2); Liu, Xiaole (1); Liu, Houguang (1); Cheng, Gang (1); Chen, Xihui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China; (2) Anhui LieBao Automobile Co., Ltd, Chuzhou, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Houguang(liuhg@cumt.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:70-76
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the progress of agricultural technology, agricultural machinery is developing towards the direction of large power, high speed and high efficiency. Due to structural complexity and harsh working conditions, the gear in the agricultural machinery is prone to failure. If the fault cannot be detected accurately, it will result in great economic losses and even much more serious casualties. Yet, the fault feature information is not only weak, but also usually drowned in strong background noise. As a result, it is a challenging project to extract the fault feature information precisely. Different from the traditional de-noising method, the traditional frequency-shifted and re-scaling stochastic resonance method can divert the noise energy to the weak characteristic signal. So it can make the weak characteristic signal increased when the noise was reduced. Then it can precisely realize the aim of detecting the weak characteristic signal which is drowned in strong background noise. Meanwhile, it breaks the limitation of the traditional stochastic resonance due to the frequency-shifted and re-scaling method involved. So, it can be applied under the conditions of large parameters. However, the traditional frequency-shifted and re-scaling stochastic resonance method just does the optimization on the single parameter and neglects the interaction between individual parameter. It cannot sufficiently make full use of the advantages of stochastic resonance in the weak feature signal extraction. So an improved frequency-shifted and re-scaling stochastic resonance method is proposed in this paper. In the proposed method, the signal-noise ratio (SNR) is chosen as the optimization objective, and the improved fish swarm algorithm is used for synchronous optimization of the frequency-shifted and re-scaling stochastic resonance system parameters. With the progress of the optimization, the precision and speed of the traditional fish swarm algorithm will become lower and lower due to the fixed view and step. So an improved method is taken in this paper and the details are as follows. In the improved fish swarm algorithm, each fish calculates the average of the distances between all other fishes and itself. Then the average value is taken as the visual field of itself, and meanwhile the 0.1 times visual field is taken as the step of itself. In this paper, in order to verify the validity of the method proposed, a numerical simulation is performed firstly. The numerical simulation results show that the method can divert the noise energy to the weak characteristic signal and effectively detect the weak feature information under strong background noise. Secondly, the experimental investigation of a gear with normal teeth and broken teeth is made. We find that compared with the processed vibration signals of the normal teeth and broken teeth, the fault is prone to distinguish. And we can judge that the fault occurs on little gear, which is in agreement with the experimental condition. The experimental results show that the method proposed can not only validly detect the weak information under strong background noise, but also make a diagnosis for the gear fault. Finally, by comparing this proposed method with the traditional frequency-shifted and re-scaling stochastic resonance method and the wavelet threshold de-noising method, we find that this method is much more valid in weak feature detection under strong background noise. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Fault detection
Controlled terms:Accidents - Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Algorithms - Circuit resonance - Feature extraction - Gear teeth - Gears - Losses - Magnetic resonance - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Optimization - Resonance - Signal denoising - Signal detection - Signal to noise ratio - Stochastic systems - Vision
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural technologies - Experimental conditions - Experimental investigations - Fish-swarm algorithms - Frequency-shifted and re-scaling - Stochastic resonances - Vibrations - Wavelet threshold de-noising
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 703.1 Electric Networks - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344634
Title:Temperature and humidity variation characteristics of desulfurated flue gas at outlet of wet flue gas desufurization system
Authors:Bao, Jingjing (1); Mao, Lin (1); Li, Zhuofan (1); Zhu, Jingyao (1); Ma, Ling (1); Yang, Linjun (2); Yang, Hongmin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering Laboratory of Energy System Process Conversion and Emission Reduction Technology of Jiangsu Province, School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:231-237
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Emission of fine particles can be controlled effectively in the wet flue gas desufurization (WFGD) system by the combining vapor heterogeneous condensation technology. Fine particles removal efficiency is influenced directly by the supersaturation degree of desulfurated flue gas with water vapor added. The supersaturation degree of desulfurated flue gas depends on the temperature and humidity of desulfurated flue gas and the amount of water vapor added. Hence the research of variation characteristics of desulfurated flue gas temperature and humidity would provide a basis for fine particles removal in WFGD system combined with vapor heterogeneous condensation. The results are significant to the optimization of WFGD operating conditions, the estimation of the amount of water vapor added and the fine particle removal with high efficiency and low energy. Based on the limestone-based desulfuration process, the influences of the temperature and humidity of inlet flue gas, superficial gas velocity, liquid-to-gas ratio, desulfurization solution temperature etc. on the temperature and humidity (absolute humidity and relative humidity) of desulfurated flue gas were investigated in this paper. The results showed that the relative humidity and absolute humidity of desulfurated flue gas would first decrease sharply from 88%, 82.2 g/kg to 52%, 57.3 g/kg respectively, and then become flat when the superficial gas velocity increased from 2.5 to 2.9 m/s. An increase of liquid-to-gas ratio from 5 to 20 L/m3was beneficial to enhance the absolute humidity and relative humidity of desulfurated flue gas. They increased from 39%, 46.4 g/kg to 91%, 84.3 g/kg, respectively. The increase amplitude of relative humidity was much higher than that of absolute humidity. With the increasing of the temperature of desulfuration solution, the temperature, absolute humidity and relative humidity of desulfurated flue gas enhanced significantly. If the desulfurization liquid temperature rose from 25 to 60 , the relative humidity, absolute humidity and temperature of desulfurated flue gas could enhance from 54%, 25.9 g/kg and 42 to 85%, 98.5 g/kg and 56 , respectively. However, the flue gas relative humidity became flat while the desulfurization solution temperature increased to 40 . If the temperature of desulfurization solution was kept constant, the absolute humidity and temperature of desulfurated flue gas increased evidently early and became flat afterward with an increase of inlet flue gas temperature, while the relative humidity decreased slightly. When a spray tower was used as desulfurization tower, the higher relative humidity of desulfurated flue gas could be obtained under the following conditions: superficial gas velocity smaller than 2.5 m/s, liquid-to-gas ratio higher than 15 L/m3, desulfurization liquid temperature of about 50 , relative humidity of inlet flue gas of desulfurization tower larger than 15%, and temperature of inlet flue gas of desulfurization tower lower than 110 . Moreover, the types of desulfurization tower also could affect the temperature and humidity of desulfurated flue gas. When the liquid-to gas ratio was 5 L/m3, the relative humidities of desulfurated flue gas at the outlet of turbulent ball tower, rotating-stream-tray tower and spray tower were 90%, 91% and 44%, respectively. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Gases
Controlled terms:Atmospheric humidity - Combustion - Condensation - Desulfurization - Flue gases - Flues - Liquids - Supersaturation - Temperature - Towers - Water vapor
Uncontrolled terms:Desulfurization solution - Flue gas desufurization - Heterogeneous condensation - Higher relative humidity - Superficial gas velocities - Temperature and humidities - Variation characteristics - Wet flue gas desulfurization
Classification code:402.4 Towers - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 801.4 Physical Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344633
Title:Load evaluation of non-point source pollutants from reservoir based on export coefficient modeling
Authors:Li, Na (1); Han, Weizheng (2); Shen, Mengnan (1); Yu, Shuli (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, China; (2) Changchun Institute of Urban Planning & Designing, Changchun, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:224-230
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Non-point source (NPS) pollution has been recognized as the largest threat to water resources throughout the world, and the evaluation of NPS loads is a priority in recent years. Major pollutants, particularly from agricultural activities, include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sediment that have been released into aquatic environments. It is also necessary to identify the spatial and temporal distributions of NPS pollutants and the highly polluted areas for the purpose of watershed management. Some models have been widely used at the watershed scale. However, variations in natural and social factors make it difficult to find a proper model to be used on NPS pollution management in China. The export coefficient model (ECM) has been used to evaluate the influence of NPS on total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in several cases, such as the Xitiaoxi watershed in Zhejiang, the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in Hubei Province, Beijing City, Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province, which all provide important reference for NPS management. Therefore, in this paper, the ECM was used to assess the influence of NPS on N and P loading in the Xinlicheng Reservoir of Jilin Province. Xinlicheng Reservoir, one of the drinking water resource areas in Changchun City, is located in middle of Jilin Province, and its catchment area covers an area of 1970 km2and includes 1 county, 3 districts and 2 cities. A large percentage of the population in the Xinlicheng Reservoir catchment area lives in small villages. The domestic sewage from the villages is scattered and discharged with little or no treatment. Data related to the main non-point sources were analyzed, including rural domestic wastes, distributed livestock farms, fertilizers and land use. Additionally, the potential N and P loading from NPS originated from a variety of sources were estimated and analyzed, including rural domestic waste, livestock farms, and land use. They gave the temporal distributions of the potential NPS loads within the reservoir area. In this study, the NPS pollutant load was simulated using the ECM. The results demonstrated that the TN and TP loads were respectively 2822.485 and 471.123 t/a. TN and TP loads were affected by the type of land utilization significantly. The contributions to pollution load from various types of pollutant sources were different. The magnitude orders of the contribution from various types of pollutant sources for TN and TP loads were wastewater and garbage from land use > livestock breeding > rural residents, and livestock breeding > land use > rural residents respectively. The differences among various districts about TN and TP loads and their load intensities were great. The research about the distribution of N and P pollutants and their load intensities from agricultural non-point sources can provide a foundation on regional planning and agricultural structure adjustment in study area. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that the ECM can provide a simple and reliable approach to evaluate the potential N and P loading in the Xinlicheng Reservoir of Jilin Province and is useful for the planning and management of the local agricultural watersheds. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Loading
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Catchments - Land use - Nitrogen - Phosphorus - Pollution - Potable water - Regional planning - Reservoir management - Reservoirs (water) - Runoff - Rural areas - Sewage - Soil conservation - Surface waters - Water conservation - Water management - Water pollution - Water resources - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural activities - Agricultural watersheds - Export coefficient models - Non-point source pollutants - Non-point source pollution - Pollution loads - Spatial and temporal distribution - Three gorges reservoir area
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.2 Regional Planning and Development - 441.2 Reservoirs - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 452.1 Sewage - 453 Water Pollution - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 512.1.2 Petroleum Deposits : Development Operations - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344615
Title:Water changes in wheat spike during grain filling stage investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors:Mou, Hongmei (1, 2); He, Jianqiang (1, 2); Xing, Jianjun (3); Yao, Shijin (1, 2); Tang, Yan (4); Wang, Ziqing (3); Du, Guangyuan (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (2) Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (3) College of Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (4) College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Du, Guangyuan(duguangyuan0511@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:98-104
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water plays a predominant role in physiology and biochemistry of a wheat spike during grain filling stage. It is one of the major factors that affect wheat yield and reproduction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) T<inf>2</inf>relaxometry were used in order to non-invasively and non-destructively study water distribution and migration of wheat spike from anthesis to maturity. An NMR imager with a 0.5 T permanent magnet and a 20 mm inner diameter open bored RF probe was used for both MRI and NMR T<inf>2</inf>relaxometry measurements. Armed with gradient coils which could produce a maximum of 0.04 T/m magnetic field gradient at x, y and z direction, the NMR imager could result in a vertical or transverse proton density weighted image by using multiple spin echo (MSE) pulse sequence. Repetition time, echo time, and spectral bandwidth were set at 5000 ms, 9.4 ms and 20 kHz, respectively. Slice thickness was 3 mm and a resolution of 0.22 mm was achieved within 42 min. An external reference tube with pure water in it was set vertically along the wheat spike for pixel signal intensity calibration when MRI measurement was conducted on transverse direction. NMR T<inf>2</inf>relaxation measurements were conducted by carr-purcell-meiboom-gill (CPMG) scheme. Repetition time and echo time were 13000 ms and 800 us, respectively. Four repeats were accumulated to increase signal to noise ratio. Proton density weighted MRI showed that water content in wheat grain increased gradually until 15 days post-anthesis (dpa), and from then on decreased with the accumulation of dry matter in the endosperm. Water content of the central region of the endosperm was higher than the outer region, which indicated that the milky materials were transported from the near coat endosperm to the central part. In the longitudinal images of wheat spikes, milky materials were shown accumulating from top to the bottom. Weight measurements showed that dry weight of glume and rhachis of individual wheat spike kept constant after anthesis and its water weight was stable during most development stage, which indicated that the change of signal amplitude in NMR T<inf>2</inf>relaxation spectrum of one wheat spike was mainly due to water status change in grains. According to NMR T<inf>2</inf>relaxation spectra of a wheat spike, water in wheat spike could be classified into three different components according to its phase state, namely free water, immobilized water, and bound water. Bound water increased gradually along with the accumulated milky materials in the endosperm, and reached a peak at the wax ripeness stage. At the full ripening stage, bound water began to decrease slightly in the process of respiration. The maximal rates of grain filling and dry matter accumulation were achieved at 15-27 dpa, but total water content of a wheat spike only decreased by one-tenth in this period. Water content decreased rapidly with wheat senescence and grain dehydration after 30 d. In general, the wheat spike maintained its water content at a high level at the rapid grain filling stage, which indicated the significance of high water content in assimilate accumulation. On the other hand, rapid dehydration at the ripening stage would also be an important factor in yield stability, since it would reduce energy cost by respiration and therefore preserve nutrients in grains. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Nuclear magnetic resonance
Controlled terms:Crops - Dehydration - Filling - Grain (agricultural product) - Magnetic resonance imaging - Magnetism - Permanent magnets - Resonance - Signal to noise ratio - Water - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Carrpurcell-meiboom-gill (CPMG) - Dry matter accumulation - Grain filling - Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) - Physiology and biochemistries - Relaxation measurements - Relaxation spectrum - Winter wheat
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 704.1 Electric Components - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344614
Title:Spatial variation of sugarcane water requirement and irrigation quota in Guangxi
Authors:Guo, Changqiang (1); Cui, Yuanlai (1); Li, Xinjian (2); Su, Shihua (2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; (2) Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center Station of Irrigation Experiment, Guilin, China
Corresponding author:Cui, Yuanlai(YLCui@whu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:89-97
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Guangxi Province, the major sugarcane production base in China, is of significant importance in ensuring the national sugar industry security duo to its high and stable sugarcane output. In order to understand the laws of water requirement of Guangxi sugarcane, guide sugarcane irrigation in different parts of Guangxi, achieve water conservancy modernization and consolidate the national base of sugarcane production, contour map of water requirement and irrigation norm of sugarcane covering the entire area of Guangxi were drawn and their associated spatial variability was investigated. A total of 3-year sugarcane irrigation tests were carried out in 7 experimental stations located in North Guangxi (Luzhai and Liuzhou stations), Central Guangxi (Wuxuan, Wuming, Fusui and Jiangzhou stations) and South Guangxi (Hepu station) from 2012 to 2014. The difference of sugarcane yield under the condition of various irrigation methods and norm was studied and data base of soil and irrigation were simultaneously established. Additionally, basic meteorological data (daily highest temperature, lowest temperature, relative humidity, etc) were collected by 25 nationally meteorological stations in this region. Based on existing data of soil and growth period of sugarcane from the 7 experimental stations, planting area of sugarcane in Guangxi was divided into North, Central, West and South Guangxi. In the aforementioned 7 experimental stations, Luzhai, Wuxuan, Jiangzhou, Fusui, Wuming and Hepu represented North Guangxi, east of Central Guangxi, west of Central Guangxi, West Guangxi and South Guangxi, respectively. According to this division and the meteorological data of nearly 60 years from the 25 meteorological stations, crop reference evapotranspiration ET<inf>0</inf>were estimated based on Penman-Monteith formula. Sugarcane crop water requirements ET<inf>c</inf>were estimated through dual crop coefficient method under 4 different irrigation methods of drip irrigation, small tube flow irrigation, micro-spray irrigation and furrow irrigation. And irrigation quota was obtained on the basis of water balance equation of crop in arid area. The corresponding contour maps were obtained according to the tension spline interpolation. Relative error between calculated and experimental data was from -1.9% to 16.7%, according to the comparison with ET<inf>c</inf>of Luzhai station and Jiangzhou station, where relatively complete data were collected during 2012 to 2013. The smaller error indicated that the dual crop coefficient method proposed here was reasonable. For convenience, Guilin of North Guangxi, Nanning of Central Guangxi, Baise of West Guangxi and Beihai of South Guangxi was considered as the representative sites, and their variation coefficients of daily average ET<inf>0</inf>during the growth period of sugarcane were 5.1%, 5.7%, 4.5% and 4.1%, respectively. For drip irrigation, the variation coefficient of daily average ET<inf>c</inf>were 6.4%, 7.2%, 5.3% and 5.2%, respectively, the irrigation quota were 25.9%,22.8%,21.8% and 21.9%, and the effective rainfall were 17.6%, 18.0%,19.0% and 20.7%, respectively. The results showed that the annual daily average temperature presented downward trend from low to high latitude among the growth period of sugarcane. The maximum point of daily average effective rainfall was located in Dongxing region. Difference of effective rainfall across Guangxi reached 65%, indicating the uneven spatial distribution of rainfall. The area from Baise to Tiandong was the district with small rainfall. Baise was the lowest point of effective rainfall in Guangxi with 1.94 mm/d annual daily average effective rainfall, which only accounted for 36% of Dongxing. However, the average temperature between Baise and Dongxing were similar among the whole growth period of sugarcane, which were 24.04 and 24.88, respectively. Peak point of daily average ET<inf>0</inf>was located in Beihai, which equaled to 3.88 mm/d. Tiandong was the regional peak point of West Guangxi, and the responding value was 3.67 mm/d. The results showed that spatial distribution of ET<inf>c</inf>under the different irrigation methods presented almost the same distribution law, which was gradually reduced from southeast to northwest. Beihai was the peak point across the whole Guangxi, and Tiandong was the local peak. Difference in spatial distribution of daily average ET<inf>c</inf>under the 4 irrigation methods were all about 40%. The value of ET<inf>c</inf>was 3.48, 3.48, 3.59 and 3.52 mm/d to drip, small tube flow, micro-spray and furrow irrigation, respectively. Irrigation quota under different irrigation methods also presented almost the same spatial distribution. Area with high value was the region from Guilin to Tiandong, the value of the region from Guiping to Lingshan was lower than the region of Tiandong. The region from Dongxing to Fangcheng was located in the low area of irrigation quota, where the value was just a little higher than the lowest one. The peak of irrigation norm across Guangxi was located in Tiandong, followed by Guilin and Beihai. Irrigation norm under the 4 methods of drip, small tube flow, micro-spray and furrow irrigation were 135, 135, 354 and 457 mm. Soil wetting proportion of drip, small flow tube, micro-spray and furrow irrigation were 0.35, 0.35, 0.85 and 1.00, respectively, and the irrigation quota increased with the increase of soil wetting proportion. Irrigation quota under micro-spray irrigation mode increased 147% compared with that under drip and small flow tube irrigation. The increase of irrigation quota under furrow irrigation mode was 2 times larger (232%) than that under drip and small flow tube irrigation, and lightly higher (34%) than micro-spray irrigation. Spatial heterogeneity of meteorological data, especially the rainfall data, led to the dramatically difference in irrigation space distribution of Guangxi sugarcane. Results could provide valuable information for irrigation application in sugarcane. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Crops - Evapotranspiration - Interpolation - Meteorology - Pipe flow - Rain - Soils - Spatial distribution - Sugar cane - Sugar industry - Tubes (components) - Water management - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Contour map - Irrigation quotas - Meteorological station - Penman-Monteith formula - Reference evapotranspiration - Spatial variations - Variation coefficient - Water balance equation
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and Pipelines - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822 Food Technology - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344606
Title:Online grading method for tissue culture seedlings of Spathiphyllum floribundum based on machine vision
Authors:Yang, Yi (1, 2); Chu, Qi (1); Yang, Yanli (3); Zhang, Xiangjie (4); Xu, Xiangpeng (1); Gu, Song (1, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (2) College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (3) Guangzhou Sky Mechanical & Electrical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China; (4) Foshan Sanshui Youngplant Horticulture Co., Ltd., Foshan, China
Corresponding author:Gu, Song(sgu666@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:33-40
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, most of young plants of Spathiphyllum floribundum are breeding by the technique of tissue culture. Due to absence of grading machine specially designed for primary-growth plants that is small, irregular and young, the grading of tissue culture seedlings are normally handled manually. In this paper, we proposed an automated online grading method for Spathiphyllum floribundum tissue culture seedlings based on the technique of machine vision. Since Spathiphyllum floribundum is a foliage flower, the leaf area is one of the most important parameters in grading, along with seedling height and diameter. Direct measurement not only would do damage to young plant because of its tenderness, but also the manpower productivity would decreased significantly. In our study, first, we grabbed the image of young plant under the natural state, and studied the relationship of actual parameters of Spathiphyllum floribundum tissue culture seedlings and the parameters of the image of Spathiphyllum floribundum tissue culture seedlings. By analyzing that leaf area of tissue culture seedlings image between actual leaf area and projection area of tissue culture seedlings, there was a linear relationship, and the regression coefficient R2was 0.9344. It was time-consuming to measure diameter on ground by machine vision considering plants diversity, uncertain position and rotation angle. By analyzing, the relationship between projection area and diameter on ground we found that actual diameter on ground had a polynomial function with projection area, and the regression coefficient R2was 0.9067. We also found that correlation of projection area and actual seedling height of tissue culture was insignificant. Ultimately, we reached the conclusion that the tissue culture seedlings can be graded by projection area and seedling height of the young plant image. The second task of this paper was to use machine vision to realize automatic grading algorithms according to the above conclusions. Considering the influence of shadow, a color image matching algorithm was executed for extracting projection area. Using the color of leaf, stem and root as a template, projection area could be intact segmented from background when darker was equal to 0.4, highlight was equal to 1.5 and hue was equal to 2.0. Based on the functional relationship between leaf area and projection area, leaf area could be calculated directly. The same procedure may be easily adapted to obtain diameter on ground. The ultimate positions of tissue culture seedling is stochastic in the field of camera view, thus the main difficulty for seedling height depended on how the measurement position was accurately determined. In this article, we adopted the method of seedling height based on MBR (minimum bounding rectangle). In the first step, color-image was preprocessed with gray scaling, and then binarization was implemented on grayscale image. Image segmentation algorithm had the most effective result when binary threshold value was equal to 103. Finally, a MBR of binarization image was obtained. Because tissue culture seedlings were shaped like strips, the length of MBR could be used to determine seedling height. By the testing of vision algorithm it was found that the relative error of coefficient of variation of leaf area, diameter in ground and seedling height was 0.35%, 7.95% and 1.44% respectively. Lastly, an online grading machine was made to test the grading precision and the productivity. The machine consisted of conveyor, machine vision detection device, grading unit and control unit. Test results revealed that besides the effectiveness of vision algorithms, the factors which determined the success rate of grading machine also included the distance between two young plants and the speed of the conveyor belt. By orthogonal experiment and range analysis, the results showed that the distance between two tissue culture seedlings had the most greatly influence to the success rate of grading machine. The second factor was the speed of the conveyor belt, the size of young plant had the least influence. In the end, the conclusion was that when the distance between two tissue culture seedlings was 0.25 m, the conveyor belt speed was 0.5 m/s the grading machine can get the highest success rate with minimal time consumption. In this condition, the typical speed of grading machine can reach 7 200 plants/h when hierarchical level for three levels, the grading precision can reach above 96%. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Tissue engineering
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Automation - Belt conveyors - Bins - Color - Color image processing - Color matching - Computer vision - Conveyors - Equipment - Image matching - Image segmentation - Measurements - Productivity - Seed - Stochastic systems - Tissue - Tissue culture
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Functional relationship - Image segmentation algorithm - Measurement positions - Minimum bounding rectangle - Online grading - Orthogonal experiment - Regression coefficient
Classification code:461.1 Biomedical Engineering - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 692.1 Conveyors - 694.4 Storage - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.2 Vision - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901 Engineering Profession - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344603
Title:Design and experiment of double cavity side-filled precision hole seed metering device for rice
Authors:Zhang, Guozhong (1, 2); Zhang, Shasha (1, 2); Yang, Wenping (1, 2); Lu, Kang (1, 2); Lei, Zhiqiang (1, 2); Yang, Ming (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; (2) Engineering Technology Research Center of Hubei Province for Modern Agricultural Equipment, Wuhan, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:9-17
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to realize field precision seeding and raise the utilization of seeding machine, a kind of double-cavity side-filled precision seed metering device for rice was designed, and a new seed-retaining structure was proposed, which used the brush to clean and protect seeds. The working principle seed metering devicewas analyzed and the related parameters were established. Qualification ratio, resowing ratio, missed seeding ratio and breaking ratio were regarded as the evaluation index. The study objects were "Peizataifeng" (hybrid rice) and "Huanghuazhan" (conventional rice), which were pre-germinated and their moisture were respectively 22.47% (wet basis) and 21.66% (wet basis). The single cavity of seed metering device was used to seed the hybrid rice and the double cavities of seed metering device were used to seed conventional rice with the different rotational speed of seeding axle, the different forward speed of conveyor belt, and the regular throwing-seed height. The experimental results showed there existed optimal combination parameters for the capability of the metering device to meet the needs of precision seeding, which were that the rotational speed of seeding axle was 25 r/min, the forward speed of conveyor belt was 1.0 m/s, the hole distance was 150 mm, the throwing-seed height was 150 mm, the angle between the type hole central line and the seeding disc axis line was 20°, and the angle between the radial direction of long axis for the section of type hole and the radial direction along the end face of the seeding disc was 90°. under the optimal combination parameters, the qualification ratio (2-4 seeds per hole) of seeding "Peizataifeng" (hybrid rice) with single cavity was 87.04%, the resowing ratio (0-1 seed per hole) was 2.96%, the cavity ratio (0 seed per hole) was 3.33%, and the breaking ratio was 0.40%. Meanwhile, the qualification ratio (5-8 seeds per hole) of seeding "Huanghuazhan" (conventional rice) with double cavities was 70.26%, the resowing ratio (0-4 seeds per hole) was 0, the cavity ratio (0 seed per hole) was 0, and the breaking ratio was 0.06%. The single cavity and the double cavities of seed metering device to seed different rice type, the change trends of the qualification ratio, the resowing ratio, the missed seeding ratio and the breaking ratio were consistent. The experimental results showed that the qualification ratio (2-4 seeds per hole) of seeding "Huanghuazhan" was more than 84.13%, the cavity ratio (0 seed per hole) was less than 3.33%, and the breaking ratio was less than 0.47%, when the rotation speed of seeding axle ranged from 10 to 25 r/min. Because the seed metering device has a double-cavity structure, it can seed with single cavity or double cavities, and the adjustment of seeding quantity is convenient. The study provides a basis for the design of double-cavity type seed metering device. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Pneumatic materials handling equipment
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Axles - Belt conveyors - Conveyors - Design - Machine design - Seed - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Double cavity - Double-cavity structures - Optimal combination - Precision seed-metering devices - Precision seeding - Retaining structure - Rice - Seed metering devices
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 632.4 Pneumatic Equipment and Machinery - 692.1 Conveyors - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344637
Title:Analysis on temporal and spatial variation of landscape ecological security in modern agricultural area
Authors:Yu, Xiao (1, 2); Wu, Kening (1, 2); Yun, Wenju (2, 3); Wei, Hongbin (1, 2); Liu, Ling (4); Song, Yinghe (5); Gao, Xing (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing, China; (3) Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Centre, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing, China; (4) School of Humanities and Economic Management, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China; (5) Land Surveying and Planning Institute of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Kening(wukening@cugb.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:253-259
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Modern agriculture is the foundation of national economic and social development, and because of its close correlations with nature, the landscape ecological security of modern agricultural region plays an important role in China's ecological reconstruction. The concept of landscape ecological security (LSES) can be described in both special and general ways. Based on the special definition, LSES is evaluated by the level of natural or human disturbance and the vulnerability of each landscape type in typical model. In this model, the level of disturbance is basically measured by landscape pattern indexes such as landscape fragmentation, isolation, dominance and diversity. The vulnerability of each type of landscape is mostly decided by expert experiences. Thus, the disadvantage of typical LSES evaluation model is that it cannot evaluate the ecological effects of the change of landscape types. Based on the general definition of LSES, some studies introduce P-S-R model on LSES evaluation. The advantage of P-S-R model is that it offers a wider range of index options. However, some of these indexes are based on economic and social statistic data, and they are limited by time and spatial scale of statistics. For these reasons, we built a landscape pattern security index (LSPS) based on the traditional LSES model to evaluate the disturbance of nature or human on landscape pattern and the vulnerability of landscape types. Ecological quality index (EQ) was introduced as a supplement to evaluate the effects of the disturbance on the health and service function of ecosystem. With this method, the LSES change of modern agricultural region during last 30 years was analyzed by a case study on the state-owned Youyi farm in the Sanjiang plain, and the four phases of Landsat TM/OLI images in the year of 1984, 1995, 2004 and 2014 were the main data sources. The major land use/cover types of study area were reclassified into seven classes including construction land, dry land and paddy field (arable land), grass land, water area, natural wetland and forest. Results showed that during the last 30 years, the intense arable land exploitation had resulted in an obvious land use and cover change, which had led to a series of positive or negative ecological consequences. The proportion of arable land area had increased from 54.61% to 76.58%, and natural wetland had declined from 22.24% to 1.60%. By an analysis on land use change matrix, the major type of land use/cover change during the whole period was a conversion from the natural wetland to the dry land, and finally to the paddy field. The time variation trend of LSES in the study area was obviously regular, and the value of LSES in the year of 1984, 1995, 2004 and 2014 were 0.65, 0.57, 0.55 and 0.60 respectively. From 1984 to 1995, the regional LSES showed a decline trend. Because of the implementation of land consolidation, which had basically restored the regional landscape fragmentation, the descent rate of LSES from 1995 to 2004 had slowed down. However, natural wetland loss caused by massive cultivated land expansion still led to a decline of LSES. From 2004 to 2014, more than half of dry land had converted into paddy field during the implementation of land consolidation project. Therefore, the increasing coverage of artificial wetland had, to some extent, restored the loss of ecosystem service value caused by the diminishing natural wetland. During the whole study period, the spatial autocorrelations of LSES were significantly (P<0.05) clustered. The value of Moran's I increased from 0.5548 of 1984 to 0.5851 of 1995, and declined to 0.2564 of 2014. The descent trend of Moran's I during the lasts 20 years might be caused by the continuous implementation of land consolidation which had changed the original structure of landscape ecosystem, and the unstable of newly formed pattern of LSES. The result of local autocorrelation of LSES showed that the area percentage of H-H and L-L kept declining, and the area percentage of no significance kept increasing during the last 30 years. This might attribute to the land use/cover change caused by modern agriculture development that had brought negative effects on the landscape ecosystem, and land consolidation that also had restored the fragmented landscape pattern and damaged ecosystem service function. Thus, in order to realize the sustainable development of modern agriculture, the future land consolidation should reinforce the multiple objectives of improving the quality of arable land as well as ensuring the regional ecological security. Verified by the empirical study, the method we proposed can be used to accurately analyze the succession trends of landscape ecosystem caused by natural or human disturbance at both overall and local levels, and the method has a broad applicability on landscape ecological security evaluation in other regions. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Landforms
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Autocorrelation - Ecology - Ecosystems - Function evaluation - Land use - Quality control - Remote sensing - Restoration - Wetlands
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural areas - Ecological reconstruction - Economic and social development - Ecosystem service functions - Ecosystem service values - Land use and cover change - Spatial autocorrelations - Temporal and spatial variation
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 481.1 Geology - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344631
Title:Composition analysis of particles filtered from biogas slurry by sieves with different mesh for sprinkling irrigation
Authors:Sheng, Jing (1); Xu, Qiao (1); Zhu, Puping (1); Sun, Guofeng (1); Zhang, Liping (1); Zheng, Jianchu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:212-216
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biogas slurry is a high-quality organic fertilizer, which is rich in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), amino acids, humic acid and plant hormone. However, only small scale of biogas slurry has been utilized because the limited knowledge of physical characteristics of slurry influences its filtration efficiency. So understanding the composition of particles in biogas slurry is very necessary to realize large-scale application of biogas slurry. The composition of particles in biogas slurry from an continuous-running biogas engineering was studied by using hierarchical filtering methods. The biogas engineering adopted semi-continuous fermentation technology, a typical fermentation technology in East China. Fresh biogas slurry was filtered with the sieves of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 meshes in turn, and then slurry particles were collected from the surface of these sieves. The shape of slurry particles was observed by Olympus digital microscope, and their size and distribution were analyzed. And the composition of particles and the nutrient contents for different depth of slurry layers were also studied after slurry was stored for 3 d. The data were analyzed by Excel 2007 and SPSS 19.0. The results showed that mycelium was found in the particles filtered out by the sieves of 80 and 100 meshes, and the number of mycelium filtered out by the sieve of 100 meshes was significantly more than 80 meshes (P=0.008). The proportion of particles filtered out by 80-mesh sieve was the most, which accounted for 53.1%. These may be main causes of slurry filtration blockage when using the screen mesh with small aperture. By synthesizing the factors of particle number, size and shape, it could draw the conclusions that the aperture of 60 meshes is suitable for slurry filter. The study of maximum size of particles passing through the filter found that part of particles or mycelia which were more than filter aperture size still could pass through the filter, which made pipe blockage possible during biogas slurry application. The maximum size of particles passing through 40-mesh sieve (aperture size 0.42 mm) was 1.1 mm, the maximum size of particles passing through 60-mesh sieve (aperture size 0.25 mm) was 0.7 mm, and the maximum size of particles passing through 80-mesh sieve (aperture size 0.177 mm) was 0.4 mm. To avoid pipe blockage in the subsequent biogas slurry irrigation, the size of the sprinkler pipe mouth should be increased appropriately. Particles in slurry subsided to the bottom during slurry storage. Under the condition of slurry storage depth of 1 m, particles mainly concentrated in the 70-100 cm layer after 3-day storage. Different depth of biogas slurry layers had no significant difference in total phosphorus (TP), potassium (K) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) contents, which means that the depth of biogas slurry doesn't need to be considered when it is utilized. Nevertheless, the content of total nitrogen (TN) in biogas residue was significantly lower than that in slurry, but TP and TK contents in biogas residue were extremely significantly higher than that in slurry, especially the content of TP was 87 times that of slurry. P content should be as the basis of biogas residue application. These results above can provide a reference for the establishment of large-scale and high-efficiency biogas slurry application project. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Biogas
Controlled terms:Chemical oxygen demand - Digital devices - Digital storage - Efficiency - Elementary particles - Fermentation - Fertilizers - Fungi - Irrigation - Manures - Mesh generation - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Phosphorus - Potassium - Screening - Sieves - Sprinkler systems (irrigation)
Uncontrolled terms:Biogas slurry - Fermentation technologies - Filtration efficiency - Large-scale applications - Mycelium - Physical characteristics - Semi-continuous fermentation - Sprinkling irrigation
Classification code:549.1 Alkali Metals - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 723.5 Computer Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.1 Production Engineering - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344630
Title:Anaerobic fermentation mixture from waste activated sludge under alkaline condition improving treatment effect of wastewater with low C/N
Authors:Liu, Ye (1); Wang, Shuying (1); Yuan, Yue (1); He, Yuelan (1); Peng, Yongzhen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Shuying(wsy@bjut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:206-211
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Direct discharging of high nitrogen and phosphorus concentration wastewater can bring serious eutrophication to the environment. The activated sludge process has been widely used for solving this problem. However, the process exhibits poor removal of nitrogen and phosphorus due to the shortage of carbon source, and also produces a lot of waste activated sludge (WAS) which needed to be treated and disposed. On the basis of these considerations above, anaerobic fermentation of WAS and fermentation liquid utilization processes were developed. However, fermentation liquid separation from fermented sludge was difficult and had high energy consumption. To avoid the problem of liquid-solid separation difficulty involved in traditional WAS anaerobic fermentation liquid utilization process, the feasibility of using fermentation mixture directly as external carbon source for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of wastewater treatment was discussed. Firstly, the characteristics of anaerobic fermentation mixture under the acidic (pH value of 4), neutral (pH value uncontrolled) and alkaline (pH value of 10) conditions over 90 days were compared. Secondly, biological denitrification and biological phosphorus removal processes by adding alkaline fermentation mixture of different volumes were investigated. A set of sequencing batch reactors (SBR) were respectively fed with 0.5 L seed sludge and 0.5 L wastewater, and then alkaline fermentation mixture of 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100 and 200 mL were added into the 7 reactors. The feasibility of using anaerobic fermentation mixture from WAS under alkaline condition as external carbon source was indicated by nitrate nitrogen (NO<inf>3</inf>--N) removal efficiency and pure phosphorus release amount. Meanwhile, the influence of ammonia (NH<inf>4</inf>+-N) concentration on biological nitrification process was analyzed. The results indicated that: 1) Alkaline fermentation mixture showed the best merit of reusable carbon source, with soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) reaching 3428.5 mg/L corresponded to short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) accumulation of 1521.4 mg COD/L. Meanwhile, a small amount of nitrogen (C/N=18.9) and phosphorus (C/P=57.0) was released during alkaline fermentation. 2) The NO<inf>3</inf>--N removal efficiency was 69.3% when the initial NO<inf>3</inf>--N concentration was 15.0±0.5 mg/L and the maximum pure phosphorus release amount was 18.5 mg/L in blank test. Compared with the blank test, the highest NO<inf>3</inf>--N removal efficiency (100%) occurred with the optimal additive volume of more than 30 mL in biological denitrification process. The maximum pure phosphorus release amount (22.8 mg/L) occurred with the optimal additive volume of 20 mL, 4.3 mg/L higher than that of blank test. However, excessive fermentation mixture could significantly reduce the nitrification rate. The highest NH<inf>4</inf>+-N removal rate was 0.293 mg/(L·min) with the optimal additive volume of 30 mL in biological nitrification process. When the additive volume was more than 30 mL (50, 100 and 200 mL), the NH<inf>4</inf>+-N removal rates were 0.244, 0.109 and 0.004 mg/(Lmin), respectively. Therefore, the strategy using anaerobic fermentation mixture from WAS under alkaline condition as external carbon source is feasible. It can solve the problems of carbon source lack and WAS disposal, and also simplify the process of traditional WAS anaerobic fermentation liquid utilization. This strategy is suitable for the treatment of rural domestic wastewater with low C/N ratio. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Activated sludge process
Controlled terms:Alkalinity - Batch reactors - Biological filter beds - Biological water treatment - Chemical oxygen demand - Denitrification - Energy utilization - Eutrophication - Fatty acids - Fermentation - Liquids - Mixtures - Nitrification - Nitrogen - Nitrogen removal - pH - Phosphorus - Problem solving - Radioactive waste disposal - Source separation - Waste treatment - Wastewater - Wastewater disposal - Wastewater treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Biological denitrification - Biological nitrification - Biological phosphorus removal process - Nitrogen and phosphorus removal - Sequencing batch reactors - Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) - Sludges - Soluble chemical oxygen demands
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 461.8 Biotechnology - 525.3 Energy Utilization - 622.5 Radioactive Wastes - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344617
Title:Soil water infiltration and distribution characteristics under different biochar addition amount
Authors:Wang, Yanyang (1); Wei, Yongxia (1, 2, 3, 4); Sun, Jipeng (1); Zhang, Yufeng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Water-saving Agriculture of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China; (3) Collaborative Innovation Center of Grain Production Capacity Improvement in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China; (4) Key Laboratory of High Efficiency Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Wei, Yongxia(wyx0915@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:113-119
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biochar is derived from the pyrolysis of biomass, and when buried in soil, it can play the role of long-term soil carbon storage. Evidence suggests that biochar can improve soil fertility and crop production in some circumstances. Aimed to the special double-layer soil structure formed by putting the biochar into the farmland soil, the soil water infiltration characteristics of different addition amounts of biochar (0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 t/hm2) were studied under the condition of ponding infiltration. The study was conducted by the verifying experimental study and model simulation, and combined the laboratory experiment and the field experiment. In field experiment, the field plots were used with the different biochar application rates, the trial was fully randomized with 3 replications, and the biochar was mixed into the topsoil before the soybean was sown. The water distribution model of biochar-soil double-layer soil structure was established and the farmland soil moisture distribution of different addition amounts of biochar in the field was simulated. The results showed that the water infiltration process of biochar-soil double-layer soil structure was composed of 2 nonlinear curves and their slopes were getting smaller. When the wetting front reached the interface between biochar and soil, the infiltration would be temporarily stopped, and the downward water in soil was accumulated on the upper layer until the water content at the interface surpassed 42.5% of the critical water content, which was the time of the turning point of the 2 curves. The soil infiltration rate, the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the critical suction were improved by the addition of biochar, and they were increased by 21.95%-112.20%, 14.29%-52.38% and 13.75%-78.69% respectively when compared with the control group. And the biochar addition also improved the storage capacity and the water content of the upper and lower layers; under the treatment of 80 t/hm2biochar addition, the water content of the upper layer increased by 35.08%, and the lower layer increased by 13.09%-19.96%. Therefore, the influence of the biochar addition on the upper layer was stronger than that of the lower layer. When the thickness of the upper soil was a constant value of 20 cm, the factor that affected critical suction was only the amount of biochar addition, and the correlation between them was greater than the other 2 infiltration parameters, i.e. the soil infiltration rate and the saturated hydraulic conductivity. Through the verification of the model predictions and field measurements of soil moisture, the distribution regulation of soil moisture can be expressed by the model established in the research under the condition of applying the biochar. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Carbon - Cultivation - Farms - Hydraulic conductivity - Infiltration - Moisture - Soil moisture - Soils - Water distribution systems - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Bio chars - Critical water content - Distribution characteristics - Distribution regulation - Infiltration parameters - Laboratory experiments - Saturated hydraulic conductivity - Water distribution model
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.3 Agricultural Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344624
Title:Cooling characteristics of closed greenhouse with water-walls in summer
Authors:Sun, Weituo (1, 2); Chen, Xiaoli (1, 2); Yang, Qichang (3, 4); Guo, Wenzhong (1, 2); Wang, Lichun (1, 2); Song, Wenpin (1, 5); Xue, Xuzhang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; (4) Key Lab of Energy Conservation and Waster Treatment of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (5) College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Xue, Xuzhang(xuexz@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:162-170
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The closed greenhouse is a light-permeable greenhouse type, with totally-enclosed architectural structure. Cooling by ventilation is replaced completely by mechanical cooling. Excess solar energy is collected and stored to be reused to heat the greenhouse or other buildings. The closed greenhouse can achieve energy conservation and emission reduction, recycling water of evapotranspiration, maintaining a high level of CO<inf>2</inf>concentration, as well as isolating the bacteria spores from external environment, etc. However, high air temperature inside the closed greenhouse is difficult to control effectively in summer, or a great deal of energy is needed to consume, resulting in a restriction of the closed greenhouse when used in actual production. In order to decrease air temperature inside the closed greenhouse, taking low carbon emission and energy-saving into consideration, a closed greenhouse with water-walls (CGWW) was designed and built in Changping District of Beijing, China. With an indoor ground surface of about 7.6 m2, it was supported by a steel skeleton and assembled from some glass tanks filled with water. And for suppressing the growth of green algae, pH value of the water was adjusted to 9.5. Water layer thickness of side walls and roof were 30 and 13 cm, respectively. Cooling characteristics of the CGWW in summer was tested from 26 Jul. to 10 Sep. 2015. During the test, cucumbers and rapes were cultivated inside the CGWW. The results showed that, average air temperature inside the CGWW was 29.4-34.3 around noon (10:00-16:00), decreased by 0.8-6.8 compared with ambient. Meanwhile, the air temperature drop range inside the CGWW got bigger with the increase of solar radiation or ambient air temperature (P<0.01). In 94.6% of the photosynthesis period (06:00-18:00), air temperature inside the CGWW was controlled within 35, which could avoid the high temperature stress effectively. So the CGWW had remarkable effect for cooling in summer. During the nighttime, relative humidity inside the CGWW was controlled within 80%, and the average value was 54.7%-73.7%, decreased by 7.2%-17.5% compared with ambient. Meanwhile, there was a negative linear correlation between humidity difference and temperature difference, inside and outside the CGWW (P<0.01). During the daytime, solar radiation in horizontal direction inside the CGWW was 31.5-67.4 W/m2, and accounted for 11.9%-17.8% of that outside the CGWW. As solar radiation transmitted into the CGWW from outside, ratio of far-red light decreased from 41.9% to 9.2%, with a transmittance of 6.0%, which was conducive to the suppression of high temperature inside the CGWW. Red and blue light had the most ratios and accounted for 23.9% and 27.1% of the spectrum distribution inside the CGWW, respectively, and both of them had an increase compared with outside. And red and blue light had transmittances of 32.4% and 37.5%, respectively, which were far higher than both UV-A and far-red light. Due to the selective permeability of the water-walls for solar spectrum, obviously, high temperature inside the CGWW could be controlled while adequate photosynthetically active radiation could be ensured. In addition, the CGWW showed some of regularity in distributions and daily variation of water-walls temperature and air temperature inside the CGWW. In summary, the CGWW which can obtain an ideal cooling effect, suitable humidity and illumination conditions via its own structure, has been proved to be a feasible, low carbon and energy saving greenhouse type, and will provide a reference and technical supports for the development of closed greenhouses. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Greenhouse effect
Controlled terms:Algae - Atmospheric temperature - Carbon dioxide - Cooling - Emission control - Energy conservation - Greenhouses - Humidity control - Moisture - Solar energy - Solar radiation - Walls (structural partitions) - Water recycling - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Ambient air temperature - Cooling characteristics - Dehumidifying - Energy conservation and emission reductions - Photosynthetically active radiation - Spectrums - Temperature differences - Water wall
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344623
Title:Real-time energy optimal dispatch for microgrid based on day-ahead scheduling of charge state
Authors:Meng, Xiaoli (1); Niu, Huanna (2); Jia, Dongli (1); Zhang, Xiaoxue (2); Luo, Xi (2); Yang, Minghao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, China; (2) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Niu, Huanna(nhn@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:155-161
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Recently, as an effective method of using distributed power generation, microgrid has been developed rapidly. The microgrid's safe and economic operation has been paid more and more attentions. Microgrid economic operation cannot goes well without perfect energy optimization scheduling. Microgrid energy optimization scheduling is based on the distributed power generation forecasting and load forecasting, aiming at making full use of energy storage unit, coordinating microgrid internal power supply and the power/energy flow between microgrid and large power grid and maximizing the microgrid economic benefits. In current literature, the dynamic optimization model and static optimization model can't combine the day-ahead scheduling with real-time scheduling and fail to make full use of the storage and removal effect of energy storage unit. In order to meet the project needs for real-time optimal dispatch of microgrid, in this paper, we proposed a real-time optimal dispatch model for microgrid based on the state of charge of day-ahead scheduling, and the network flow model. In this method, based on the real-time super short power generation/consumption prediction data, we developed methods to follow the state of charge of day-ahead scheduling, the future 5-15 minutes state of charge, charge and discharge power, the micro power supply, and power output planning. Firstly, the model took minimum equivalent power supply cost as the goal, it put four parts as constraint conditions: the controllable micro powers output, storage level, the interaction power between microgrid and power grid, and the power balance of microgrid. Then, based on the minimum cost and maximum flow theory, the nonlinear model was converted into a network flow model that can be solved linearly. In this theory, a directed topology network had been constructed. Three kinds of nodes existed in the network: 1) two virtual nodes: an original node and an terminal node; 2) four power output nodes: renewable energy generation output node, discharge power of grid node, discharge power of energy storage node, and controlled micropower supply output node; and 3) three power input nodes: load node, charge power of grid node and charge power of energy storage node. The arcs of directed topology were divided into three subsets. They were 1) four power output arc, from original node to power output nodes; 2) ten mutual power arc, from power output nodes to power input nodes; and 3) three power collection arc, from power input nodes to terminal node. Finally an example of microgrid was given, using the optimization model and algorithm which were proposed in this paper. The optimization scheduling results of grid-connected operation model and island operation model showed that by reasonable control of state of charge in each period, the given optimization scheme can maximize utilization of renewable energy power and minimize power supply cost of microgrid. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Electric load dispatching
Controlled terms:Costs - Digital storage - Distributed power generation - Electric power system control - Electric power system economics - Electric power transmission networks - Electronics packaging - Energy storage - Forecasting - Grid computing - Optimization - Renewable energy resources - Scheduling - Thermoelectric power - Topology
Uncontrolled terms:Maximum flows - Micro grid - Optimal dispatch - Power - Real - time scheduling - State of charge
Classification code:525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues - 525.7 Energy Storage - 706 Electric Transmission and Distribution - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and Techniques - 722.4 Digital Computers and Systems - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 912.2 Management - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344632
Title:Development and application of non-point source pollution load model of spatial and temporal distribution in Three Gorges Reservoir Region
Authors:Long, Tianyu (1, 2); Liu, Min (1); Liu, Jia (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; (2) National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:217-223
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Non-point source (NPS) pollution has been increasingly recognized as a major contributor to the declining quality of aquatic environment in recent years. Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR) covers an area of approximately 58 000 km2, its landscape is dominated by 74% mountains and 21% low hills, and comprises forests, agricultural areas, streams and stretches of steep terrain. In the TGRR, the massive use of fertilizers has caused the releases of large quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus, consequently leading to greater eutrophication. Therefore, there is a dire need for precise knowledge of the loads and causal factors of nitrogen and phosphorus, which remains a high priority for the TGRR and is also essential for the development of the entirety of China as well. NPS pollution is related to uncontrollable climatic events as well as site-specific conditions such as soil, topography, and land use. NPS pollution is difficult to be monitored in entire region, for it is generated over an extensive area and the pollutants enter receiving water in a diffused manner. As a result, many models have been developed for the NPS pollution load estimation, since the quantification is critical to guide decision makers before plans are implemented. Some mechanism models generally require substantial parameterization and calibration data that are often difficult to obtain, especially in large-scale regions and in developing countries. The export coefficient model has the advantages of requiring less data and having fewer parameters, and has been recognized to be applicable and acceptable for modeling the NPS pollution. However, the export coefficient model also has limitations. For example, it does not take into account the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall, as well as the spatial variation of the process that the pollutants on-side transfer to the water. In this paper, in order to study the spatial and temporal distribution of NPS pollution load in TGRR, a modified annual export coefficient model was proposed by introducing the rainfall erosivity factor into the annual average export coefficient model from John. Considering that there were losses when the pollutants on-side transfer to the water, based on terrain index and vegetation coverage degree, the spatially distributed loss coefficient for different land use was presented. Then, the NPS pollution load model of spatial and temporal distribution, which combined loss coefficient with the annual export coefficient model, was developed, and the model was also validated. Using the load model, the temporal and spatial distributions of the total nitrogen (TN) load and total phosphorus (TP) load in the TGRR were simulated from 2002 to 2012. The results showed that both the spatial and temporal variations of loads were obvious, and their inter-annual variations were affected observably by the rainfall erosivity factor. The annual average TN load was 2.6-4.2 kg/hm2, and the TP load was 0.432-3.186 kg/hm2. Among the loads from land use, rural population and livestock, the largest contribution of TN load was from livestock, about 45%, while the largest one of TP load was from land use, about 57%. The developed model in this paper can be used for estimating NPS load of other large-scale regions. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Spatial distribution
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Decision making - Developing countries - Eutrophication - Land use - Landforms - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Phosphorus - Pollution - Rain - Reservoirs (water) - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Development and applications - Load modeling - Loss coefficients - Rainfall erosivity - Spatial and temporal distribution - Spatial and temporal variation - Temporal and spatial distribution - Three Gorges Reservoir region
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 441.2 Reservoirs - 443.3 Precipitation - 453 Water Pollution - 481.1 Geology - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 912.2 Management - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344636
Title:Improving production characteristics of methane and organic acid during anaerobic batch digestion of poultry manure by adding bentonite
Authors:Pan, Junting (1); Ma, Junyi (1); Gao, Tianlei (2); Qiu, Ling (1, 2); Liu, Hongbin (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China; (2) The West Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of the Rural Renewable Energy Exploitation and Utilization of M.O.A, Yangling, China; (3) Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Qiu, Ling(QL2871@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:246-252
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There were approximately 20 billion chickens in the world in 2010, with 23% of the chicken population found in China. In 2009, the rapid development of chicken farms in China resulted in the production of 126 million tons of poultry manure. If managed inappropriately, poultry manure can cause serious environmental problems by polluting water, air, and soil. Anaerobic digestion is a complex bioconversion process that can treat organic waste and generate biogas with a high methane content that can be used as renewable energy, hence reducing the consumption of fossil fuel and curtailing greenhouse gas emissions. Ca2+-betonite is an environmental friendly material and is widely used in compost, heavy metal removal, pollutant adsorption, etc. In order to investigate the effect of betonite addition on anaerobic digestion of poultry manure, an orthogonal experiment L8(23)was conducted to determine amount of poultry manure (organic loading rate (OLR)), amount of bentonite and inoculum concentration on characteristics of methane production and organic acid production during anaerobic batch digestion of poultry manure under mesophilic condition (35±1) . The results showed that bentonite addition could significantly increase methane production per VS by 22.72% and 27.72% with 3.0% and 1.5% betonite addition (based on poultry manure total solids), respectively compared to the control group under low OLR condition. Methane production from poultry manure with 3.0% or 1.5% betonite addition had no significant (P>0.05) difference under low OLR condition. Specifically, methane production could be very significantly (P<0.05) increased by adding betonite under high OLR condition. Methane production was increased by 78.68% and 55.41% with 3.0% and 1.5% betonite addition, respectively, compared to the control group under high OLR condition. Methane production from poultry manure with 3.0% or 1.5% betonite addition had significant (P<0.05) difference under high OLR condition. In the treatment with 19.91 g VS (volatile solid) poultry manure, 3.0% bentonite addition and 20% inoculum concentration, the highest methane production was observed with methane production 301.92 mL/g, very significantly higher (P<0.05) than control group (87.8% more) and its variable cost was also the lowest with 2.43 Yuan per m3methane among all treatments. Variable costs of methane production from anaerobic digestion of poultry manure with betonite were 0.40 to 1.68 Yuan per m3lower than from anaerobic digestion of poultry manure only. Peak values of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) appeared five days earlier and were lower than the control group under low OLR condition. Variance of DOC, pH value and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in control group was higher than treatment groups with betonite showed stability of poultry manure anaerobic digestion could be improved by bentonite addition through increasing consistent of DOC degradation. Interestingly, formic acid and propionic acid were not found during the whole anaerobic digestion process of poultry manure with betonite. Variance of acetate, lactate and n-butyrate of treatment groups with betonite were lower than the control group showing that betonite addition could enhance the stability of anaerobic digestion process of poultry manure. Organic loading rate was the key factor of anaerobic digestion of poultry manure with bentonite under low OLR condition. Amount of betonite was the key factor of poultry manure anaerobic digestion with bentonite under high OLR condition. Inoculum concentration and OLR had significant interaction on acetate concentration. Organic loading rate had significant effect on lactate concentration. No interactions of these three factors were found on lactate concentration. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Animals - Bentonite - Composting - Cost accounting - Fermentation - Fertilizers - Fossil fuels - Gas emissions - Greenhouse gases - Heavy metals - Manures - Methane - Organic acids - Organic carbon - Propionic acid - Volatile fatty acids - Water pollution - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic digestion process - Dissolved inorganic carbon - Dissolved organic carbon - Environmental friendly materials - Inoculum concentrations - Organic acid productions - Organic loading rates - Production characteristics
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 453 Water Pollution - 482.2 Minerals - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 911.1 Cost Accounting
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344609
Title:Adaptive numerical atlas method of spherical four-bar mechanism and its applications for harvester
Authors:Sun, Jianwei (1); Chen, Lu (1); Chu, Jinkui (2); Liu, Xianping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Precision and Nontraditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:56-62
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The dimensional synthesis of spherical four-bar linkages mechanism, which contains function generation, path synthesis and rigid-body guidance synthesis, is an important part of linkage design. For integral period dimensional synthesis of spherical four-bar linkages mechanism by using Fourier series theory, firstly the mathematical model of spherical four-bar linkages mechanism is established and the Fourier transform's function expression is given. The relationship between output function and the basic dimensional type is found out. Then the spherical four-bar linkages mechanism's harmonic characteristic parameters database is created. Secondly, by using the fuzzy identification theory, the best suitable basic dimensional type of spherical four-bar linkages mechanism for prescribed output function is obtained. Thus, it achieves the purpose of spherical four-bar linkages mechanism function generation. For non-integral period dimensional synthesis of linkage mechanism, the Fourier series theory can not be analyzed and integrated. In many applications, the design requirement is non-integer periodic function. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to propose a new numerical atlas method to apply to the non-integer periodic function generation problem of spherical four-bar mechanism. The wavelet function has a good analysis ability in both time and frequency, which is its unique advantage for non-integral period dimensional synthesis of linkage mechanism. By taking advantage of the multi-resolution characteristic of the wavelet function, this paper presents the Haar wavelet feature parameter method for the non-periodic function generation of spherical four-bar linkages mechanism. Based on the analysis by wavelet theory of non-integral period output function of the spherical four-bar mechanism, the connection between the wavelet feature parameters of output function by translation or scaling and the wavelet feature parameters of primitive function could be discovered. Then a self-adaptive database of basic dimensional type of spherical four-bar linkages mechanism could be created, which contained 148 995 groups of basic dimensional types. Based on the created database and fuzzy recognition theory, a method of matching recognition was proposed by using the relationship between the wavelet feature parameters of basic dimensional type and the wavelet feature parameters of the given non-periodic function. And the given design interval of the spherical four-bar mechanism non-periodic function generation was realized. Based on the recognized result and the immanent connection between output function and wavelet feature parameters, the optimization object function could be created by using genetic algorithm. Then the result was optimized. This paper took the pendulum disc type cutting mechanism of combine as an example to illustrate the effectiveness and practicality of this method. To optimize the spherical four-bar mechanism function output result, the genetic algorithm was adopted, the population size was set as 200, the crossover probability was 0.08, the mutation parameter was 0.06 and the crossover operator was used. The percent error of the first set mechanism was 1.92%, and that of the second set mechanism was 2.31%, which indicated that the pendulum disc type cutting mechanism of combine met the requirement of actual testing, which was 3%. The study for the function generation and the pendulum disc type cutting mechanism of combine provides a very important theoretical basic and reference for the design, analysis and further study on path synthesis and rigid-body guidance synthesis. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Integral equations
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Bars (metal) - Database systems - Design - End effectors - Fourier series - Fourier transforms - Functions - Fuzzy inference - Genetic algorithms - Mathematical transformations - Mechanisms - Nomograms - Numerical methods - Optimization - Parameter estimation - Pendulums - Population statistics - Rigid structures - Spheres - Wavelet analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Cross-over probability - Dimensional synthesis - Function generation - Haar wavelets - Harmonic characteristics - Multiresolution characteristics - Optimization object function - Spherical four-bar linkage
Classification code:408 Structural Design - 535.1.2 Rolling Mill Practice - 601.3 Mechanisms - 723.3 Database Systems - 723.4.1 Expert Systems - 731.5 Robotics - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344621
Title:Segmentation of field rapeseed plant image based on Gaussian HI color algorithm
Authors:Zhai, Ruifang (1); Fang, Yihang (2); Lin, Chengda (3); Peng, Hui (1); Liu, Shanmei (1); Luo, Jun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; (2) Space Star Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China; (3) College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:142-147
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Field crop image segmentation has drawn considerable attention in many aspects of agriculture, such as identification of physiological stage, disease, insect, and vegetation cover estimation. This research was conducted in order to achieve environmentally adaptive segmentation of field rapeseed plant and background. A digital camera which was mounted on a tripod that was around 1.5 m high, Canon EOS Digital Rebel XS, was utilized to take pictures of the field rapeseed plants. For the sake of continuous monitoring of rapeseed plant, the camera acquired the images 2 times per day. The fact that color distribution of a single-colored object in the hue-saturation (HS) plane is not invariant with brightness changes has been testified in several researches. Statistical results also showed that at a specified intensity, the histogram shape of hue was similar to the Gaussian distribution. Accordingly, the single Gaussian model was used to characterize the distribution of hue at certain intensity. Fifteen images under different illumination conditions, which changed from sunny days, cloudy days, to rainy days, were selected to establish the HI_LUT (hue intensity looking-up table). First, all the background was removed, and only the green pixels which represented rapeseed plants were kept. The green pixels in RGB (red, green, blue) color space were transformed into HSI (hue, saturation, intensity) color space. The expectation and variance values of hues were computed at certain intensity. As for one given pixel, if the distance between the hue value of that pixel and the expected hue was smaller than a certain threshold, the pixel was segmented as green crop. However, how to select an appropriate threshold value was a key problem that shall be solved, for different threshold value may give rise to different results. This paper selected 45 field rapeseed plant images under different illuminations (sunny days, cloudy days, and rainy days) and different physiological stages (seedling, three-leaf stage, and four-leaf stage) as the samples to discuss the relationship between the selection of the threshold value and the segmentation result. Different threshold values were tested in order to find an appropriate threshold. Results showed that the best segmentation results were achieved and the integrity of the shape characteristic of rapeseed plant target was kept when the threshold value ranged from 2.4 to 2.6. However, if the threshold value equaled to 1.0, some green pixels were segmented as background. While the threshold was set as 4.0, non-green pixels were misclassified as rapeseed plants. In order to demonstrate the performance of the Gaussian HI algorithm, 4 established algorithms, namely, CIVE (color index of vegetation extraction), EXG-EXR (excess green - excess red), EXG (excess green) and VEG (vegetation) were implemented to make comparison with the Gaussian HI algorithm. Meanwhile, the ME (misclassification error) and RAE (relative objective area error) values were both calculated. Several conclusions could be drawn from the experimental results. 1) Good segmentation results could be achieved with the Gaussian HI algorithm with a few image samples. 2) The ME value of Gaussian HI algorithm reached 1.8%, while that of the other 4 algorithms were 2.7%, 3.8%, 3.1% and 4.2%, respectively. The RAE value was less than 3.6%, and that of the other 4 algorithms were 12.8%, 34.0%, 8.5% and 25.8%, respectively. 3) The standard deviation of the ME was 0.7%, and that of the RAE was 4.5%, which demonstrated that the algorithm showed better stability. The above test results verify the algorithm can segment the field rapeseed plant image effectively and guarantee the completeness of the crop shape, which can provide reliable database for the physiological stage identification of rapeseed plant. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Image segmentation
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Color - Color image processing - Crops - Gaussian distribution - Image processing - Oilseeds - Physiology - Pixels - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Color models - Continuous monitoring - Expectation and variance - Field rapeseed plant - Illumination conditions - Misclassification error - Single Gaussian model - Vegetation extractions
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344612
Title:Application of dropping head ponding test on calculation of water use efficiency in concrete lined canal
Authors:Chai, Chunling (1); Liu, Hongquan (1); Yang, Luhua (2); Li, Jing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Urban and Rural Construction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy Engineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:77-81
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Canal water use efficiency calculation by using ponding test shall be assisted with canal discharge. Ponding test is one of the tests to observe seepage quantity. Furthermore, to calculate canal water use efficiency, it is efficient to test low seepage canals such as concrete lined canal. The observation object in ponding test is a length of canal water statically. The test results could reflect seepage quantity influence factors, such as canal material, section form and depth of canal water. Canal water use efficiency calculation with inflow-outflow test is based on flow difference between upstream section and downstream section, which could reflect seepage process dynamically. According to canal discharge design formulas, four factors were concluded in canal discharge calculation: discharge section area, Chezy coefficient, hydraulic radius (or wetted width and longitudinal slope. Ponding test has two measurements according to the range of water level, one is constant head and the other is dropping head. It was assumed that as canal cross-section is designed, its discharge section area and R(X) could be calculated by depth of canal water, and different depth of canal water will lead to different discharge section area, R(X) and canal water use efficiency undoubtedly. If the canal discharge varies during the period of irrigation, the dropping head ponding test was fit for analyzing the relations between h and canal water use efficiency. The water balance theory was used to describe the process of canal water use efficiency calculation, and the relative parameters regulation was analyzed when depth of canal water was increased. Based on those, we set the canal discharge of unit time as the water volume, which could reflect canal discharge characteristic. It was assumed that W flowed along canal by v, if the length of canal was 1 km, canal water use efficiency calculation was described as six basic steps: 1) Applying ponding test to representative canal, and establishing the relationship between depth of canal water and seepage quantity; 2) Observing canal discharge to establish relationship between depth of canal water and canal discharge; 3) Letting time equal 1 second, and calculating the length of water volume; 4) Calculation of water seepage time; 5) Calculation of water seepage volume; and 6) Calculation of canal water use efficiency. Ponding test and canal discharge observation were both applied on the south 4th branch canal of main canal in Shijin Irrigation District, and dropping head method was adopted in ponding test, depth of canal water ranged from 0.294 to 0.940 m. Establishment process of relationship between depth of canal water and seepage quantity can be described as seven steps: 1) Making a scatter plot with X-axis as time and Y-axis as depth of canal water, and R2of the regressing the function was 0.99; 2) Discretizing depth of canal water interval [0.294-0.940] into intervals of length 0.001 m, calculate t<inf>i</inf>for h<inf>i</inf>. 3) Calculating water volume for each interval; 4) Calculating seepage time corresponding to each water volume; 5) Calculating seepage quantity in each interval; 6) Calculating the percentage of evaporation in total lost water, and correct the seepage quantity in each interval; and 7) Making a scatter plot with X-axis as depth of canal water of each interval and Y-axis as corrected seepage quantity of each interval, R2of the regression function was 0.99998. The sample size of canal discharge was 92, and corresponding depth of canal water fell in between 0.56 and 0.99 m. Through canal water use efficiency calculation, the results showed that canal water use efficiency was increased with depth of canal water and ranged from 0.988 to 0.991, and seepage quantity met the criterion of "Standard for engineering technique of seepage prevention on canal". While depth of canal water >0.7 m, the trend of canal water use efficiency was increasing smoothly and lightly. Hence, it was necessary to regard canal water use efficiency calculation by dropping head ponding test as a routine work for those canals which were working on different canal discharge. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Rivers
Controlled terms:Calculations - Canals - Concretes - Efficiency - Hydraulic structures - Irrigation - Ponding - Seepage - Testing - Water - Water levels
Uncontrolled terms:Canal water - Discharge characteristics - Discharge observations - Engineering techniques - Lined canals - Parameters Regulation - Ponding tests - Shijin irrigation districts
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 412 Concrete - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921 Mathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344644
Title:Process optimization of soy protein isolate-based edible films containing nanocrystalline cellulose from sunflower seed hull and chitosan
Authors:Chen, Shanshan (1); Tao, Hongjiang (2); Wang, Yajing (1); Ma, Zhongsu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (2) Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Zhongsu(zsma@jlu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:306-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC), chitosan (CS) and soy protein isolate (SPI) are all economic renewable products. Due to their degradability, high safety and special nutritious and healthcare function, they are ideal raw materials to prepare edible membranes. NCC boasts the advantages of high crystallinity, high strength, high specific surface area, environmental-friendliness and low cost. Their molecular structure contains a large amount of -OH. When mixed with the other natural macromolecules, they might easily form intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds to contribute to the stability of the structure of blended materials. The NCC adopted by the paper comes from the sunflower seeds hull, a kind of industrial production waste. The CS boasts favorable biocompatibility and biodegradability. Edible membranes with CS as the basic material can effectively prevent the occurrence of food pollution and corrosion, and extend the expiration date of food. SPI is a kind of vegetable protein with rich sources and nutrition and prepared through alkali dissolution acid sedimentation, whose protein content can reach above 90%. Soybean β-conglycinin, 7S, glycinin, and 11S, are its major components. As a highly nutritious plant protein, SPI has a lot of hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and hydrophobic bonds in its molecular structure, so it has a favorable membrane-forming property. Despite of a strong performance of air resistance, SPI is poor in terms of its mechanical strength. Although there is poor performance for the single membrane-forming component existing in practical applications, the performance of edible membrane can be improved by adding one or multiple natural materials with SPI as the basic membrane-forming material. In order to study edible membrane with a favorable performance and its preparation methods, this paper adopts SPI as the basic membrane-forming material, and adds NCC and CS into the material. The edible membrane is prepared through the alloying-casting-evaporation method. The single-factor experiment is conducted to study the influence of the material ratio, the pH value of membrane-forming materials and the mass concentration of edible membrane on the tensile strength, elongation at break, water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability of edible membrane. The principal component analysis (PCA) and the membership comprehensive rating are combined to work out the comprehensive score of the performance of edible membrane. In the single-factor experiment, the comprehensive score of edible membrane performance is adopted as the response value and various factors as independent variables. The response surface method is employed to optimize the process parameters. The quadratic polynomial mathematic model is built, and the validity of the model and the interaction between various factors are analyzed. Through the analysis of the model, the influence degree of various factors on edible membrane is in the following order: pH value > membrane-forming material ratio > mass concentration of glycerol. The optimal processing conditions for edible membrane are: membrane-forming material ratio is NCC:CS:SPI of 1.25:0.75:2, pH value is 3.59, and mass concentration of glycerol is 0.02 g/mL. Under the optimal conditions, the comprehensive score of the performance of edible membrane is predicted to reach 0.63. Through the verification experiment, the comprehensive rating of the performance of edible membrane is 0.62, the tensile strength was 19.56 MPa, elongation at break was 18.20%,water vapor permeability was 0.73×10-13g/(cm·s·Pa) and oxygen permeability was 2.21×10-5cm3/(m2·d·Pa) of edible films. This suggests that the process optimization is scientifically viable, and the infrared and scanning electron microscopic results suggest there is a good compatibility between membrane materials. The research findings of this paper can provide references for production and applications of edible membrane. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Membranes
Controlled terms:Biocompatibility - Biodegradability - Cellulose - Cellulose derivatives - Cellulose films - Chitin - Chitosan - Film preparation - Films - Glycerol - Hydrogen bonds - Molecular structure - Nanocrystals - Optimization - Oxygen permeable membranes - pH - Physical properties - Principal component analysis - Process control - Proteins - Tensile strength - Water vapor
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental friendliness - High specific surface area - Intra-molecular hydrogen bonds - Nanocrystalline cellulose - Scanning electron microscopic - Single-factor experiments - Soy protein isolates - Sunflower seed hull
Classification code:461.9.1 Immunology - 761 Nanotechnology - 801 Chemistry - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.043
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344625
Title:Optimal LED far-red light intensity in end-of-day promoting tomato growth and development in greenhouse
Authors:Cao, Kai (1); Yu, Jie (1); Ye, Lin (1, 2); Zhao, Hailiang (1); Zou, Zhirong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) the Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (2) Department of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
Corresponding author:Zou, Zhirong(zouzhirong2005@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:171-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Light emitting diode (LED) is a new light source which has several unique advantages, including the ability to control the spectral composition, the relatively cool emitting surfaces and minimum heating. Therefore, the research of precision utilization of LED is very important for energy saving and accuracy control in protected vegetable growth. In this study, Jinpeng NO.1 tomato seedlings were used as the material. After germination, the same-sized plants were selected and transplanted to the LED growth chamber with a temperature of 25 during the day and 20 during the night, 12 h photoperiod, and 65% relative humidity. In the daytime, tomato seedlings were grown under white LED at an illumination intensity of 168 µmol/(m2·s). The ratio of red light (655-665 nm) to far red light (725-735 nm) in white LED was 6.42. Before the tomato seedlings entered the darkness, they were shone by far-red light from 20:00 to 20:10 which lasted for 10 min. In the first part of this experiment, the effects of different end-of-day far-red light intensity on tomato seedlings height and stem fresh weight were studied. The end-of-day far-red light intensity included 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10 and 20 μmol/(m2·s). The results showed that, with the increase of far-red light intensity, the plant height and stem fresh weight increased, and when the far-red light intensity reached 10 μmol/(m2·s), the plant height and stem fresh weight reached their maximum value. In the second part of this experiment, the effects of end-of-day far-red light on tomato seedling morphology, dry mass distribution, hormone content, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate and mineral elements content were studied. The end-of day far-red light was scheduled to last for 10 min at an intensity of 10 μmol/(m2·s). The results showed that, after the end-of-day far-red light treatment, compared with the control, the plant height increased by 26.38%, the stem fresh weight increased by 15.36%, the dry mass was distributed more into stem, the content of IAA and GA<inf>3</inf>in tomato leaves increased by 19.61% and 50.00% respectively, the content of IAA and GA<inf>3</inf>in tomato stems increased by 42.18% and 40.00% respectively, and the content of chlorophyll and photosynthesis rate decreased by 20.24% and 13.99% respectively. The content of nitrogen (N) in stem decreased significantly, and the content of phosphorus (P) in leaf decreased significantly, while the content of potassium (K) in leaf increased significantly, and the N, P and K contents in root of tomato seedling all increased significantly (P<0.05). Phytochromes are important photoreceptors that sense red light and far-red light, and play very important role in plant growth and development. Phytochromes exist in 2 photo-interconvertible isomeric forms: the red-light-absorbing form and the far-red-light-absorbing form. After the end-of-day far-red light treatment, the far-red-light-absorbing form will quickly convert into the red-light-absorbing form, which affects the morphology of plant. Therefore, the height of tomato plants can be precisely controlled by regulating the end-of-day far-red light intensity. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Light emitting diodes
Controlled terms:Chlorophyll - Control - Energy conservation - Fruits - Light sources - Minerals - Morphology - Photosynthesis - Plants (botany)
Uncontrolled terms:Chlorophyll contents - Content of chlorophyll - Far-red lights - Growth and development - Illumination intensity - Photosynthesis rate - Spectral composition - Tomato seedlings
Classification code:482.2 Minerals - 525.2 Energy Conservation - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 741.1 Light/Optics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344602
Title:Yield calculation of agricultural non-point source pollutants in Huntai River Basin based on SWAT model
Authors:Fu, Yicheng (1); Zang, Wenbin (2); Dong, Fei (1); Fu, Min (3); Zhang, Jian (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China; (2) Beijing Water Science IT Co., Ltd, Beijing, China; (3) Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China; (4) Institute of Urban and Rural Construction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-8
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The establishment of non-point source pollutants output load model under the mode of rainfall-runoff and land use, the analog calculation of agricultural non-point source pollutants in the process of migration and transformation, and the systematic analysis of non-point source pollutants discharge quantity, distribution and composition characteristics are based on actual monitoring data, calibration and validation model, in consideration of underlying surface, hydrology and meteorology, and physical features of Huntai River basin. The areas 1 km away from each side of master stream Huntai River, Taizihe River and Daliaohe River and 5 km away from reservoir were defined as buffer zone, where the mode of land use was transformed so as to restore the natural ecosystem. The process of pollutant migration and conversion was simulated based on the calibration of key hydrological parameters, and the causes as well as the migratory features of non-point source pollution were investigated. The primary area of water environment pollution was mainly distributed along both sides of the water channel of the mainstreams of Huntai River. The point-source pollutant was mainly related to the distribution of industry and the amount of discharged wastewater. The risk of non-point pollution was mainly related to the pattern of agricultural plantation and farmland utilization. The secondary area of water environment pollution was mainly distributed along both sides of the water channel of tributaries. Therefore, the situation of pollutant production corresponding to the intra-regional regulation of industrial structure, land utilization pattern surrounding the water channel should be highlighted. The non-point pollution in Huntai watershed was dominated by farmland pollution, and the main indices of pollutants were total nitrogen (N) and total phosphorus (P). The contribution rate of pollutants was farmland runoff > livestock and poultry breeding > urban runoff > water and soil erosion > rural household wastes. For the chemical oxygen demand (COD), the primary source of pollution was the livestock and poultry breeding, followed by urban runoff and rural household wastes. Seen from unit area, the high loading intensity for total N was mainly distributed in Tai'an County and Haicheng City that locate at the lower reaches of Dahuofang Reservoir, and in Fushun County and Haicheng City that locate at the lower reaches of Taizi River. The high loading intensity for total P was mainly distributed in Tai'an County and Haicheng City, and in Fushun County. The loading intensity of total P in Dahuofang Reservoir and surrounding area, Tanghe Reservoir, and Shenwo Reservoir was not high. Considering the topography and the distribution of soil type, soil type at the upper reaches with large slope was dominated by brown soil and salinized paddy soil, which were easy to be eroded. The topography in Anshan, Haicheng, Yingkou and Panjin was even and had lower altitude. The soil type in these areas was dominated by meadow soil and brown soil. The amount of soil erosion and loss was not high and the loading capacity of pollutant was relatively small. The loading intensity of total N and total P in the middle and lower reaches of this area, such as Xinmin County, Shenyang City and Lianzhong County, was high. Seen from the distribution of land types in Taizi River watershed, the dry and wet farmlands in plain area were the key source areas of pollution load. In view of the topography, landform, land use type and condition, the pollution load in the upper reaches of this watershed area was relatively low because of higher vegetation density and less plow land, while it was high in the lower reaches because of more farmland and agricultural fertilization, and severer water erosion and soil loss. Under the pattern of conventional development, average annual soil erosion modulus of Huntai River basin was 400 kg/hm2, and total P and N output intensity was 7 and 19 kg/hm2, respectively. From the aspect of unit area, the maximum load intensity for total N and P was 317 and 260 kg/hm2, respectively. Owing to spatial variation in load intensity, average load intensity for total N and P was 29 and 10 kg/hm2respectively based on the calculation of area weighting. Under prevailing pattern of ecological protection, the loss amount of N and P was decreased. Annual reduction of total N and P was 9500 and 900 kg/hm2, respectively. The reduction amount of COD and ammonia nitrogen pollutants, caused by the conversion of arable land to forestry, was 14 and 5 kg/hm2, respectively. Through the comparison, the amount of pollutants under prevailing pattern of ecological protection was 9% less than that under the pattern of conventional development, and the reductions in COD, ammonia nitrogen, total N and total P were 5.12%, 31.67%, 10.40% and 25.95%, respectively. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:River pollution
Controlled terms:Agricultural runoff - Agriculture - Ammonia - Calculations - Calibration - Chemical oxygen demand - Ecology - Erosion - Farms - Land use - Loading - Metadata - Nitrogen - Phosphorus - Pollution - Reservoirs (water) - Rivers - Runoff - Rural areas - Sewage - Soil pollution - Soils - Topography - Water pollution - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural fertilization - Calibration and validations - Composition characteristics - Ecological protection - Non-point source pollutants - Non-point source pollution - SWAT model - Water environment pollution
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 441.2 Reservoirs - 444.1 Surface Water - 452.1 Sewage - 453 Water Pollution - 453.1 Water Pollution Sources - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 921 Mathematics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344628
Title:Optimization of ammonia nitrogen removal from biogas slurry in osmosis technology
Authors:Liu, Qingyu (1); Wei, Huanhuan (1); Lang, Xianming (2); Bao, Zhenyu (2); Liu, Yiwei (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China; (2) Liaoning Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenyang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:192-198
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the large scale of application and development in biogas project, the effective way to dispose the biogas slurry and other anaerobic fermentation residues becomes the bottleneck in biogas anaerobic fermentation technology development. To optimize the reaction conditions of osmosis technology for nitrogen removal, and with a consideration of ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency as the response value, Plackett-Burman test was used to determine the main factors from four affecting factors and the maximum ammonia nitrogen removal rate was obtained by using the steepest ascent test. Based on this, the Box-Behnken response surface method was used to optimize the significant factors. The results of Plackett-Burman test showed that the main factors affecting the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen were: the operating pressure, the recovery rate, and the pH value. When the steepest ascent test was closer to the optimal response region, we obtained the operating pressure of 5.4 MPa, the pH value of 7.5, the recovery rate of 75%. The optimization results can be known by the Box-Behnken response surface method. The impact of these three factors on ammonia removal efficiency was the operating pressure > the recovery rate>pH. The interaction of the operating pressure and the recovery rate, pH and the recovery rate were extremely remarkable.. The best experimental conditions for the maximum removal rate of ammonia (96.46%) were: the operating pressure of 5.53 MPa, the pH value of 7.70, and the recovery rate of 76.02%. Considering the controllability of the actual operation, the optimal test conditions were adjusted as: the operating pressure of 5.50 MPa, the recovery rate of 76%, the pH value of 7.70. Under such conditions, the mean value of ammonia nitrogen removal rate was 96.13% from three tests. We also used the quadratic regression equation to model the experimental results. The model output was very close to the test values, the error was only 3.43%. This showed that the quadratic regression equation can be used to reflect the effects of the selected factors, and the establishment of the model and the actual situation were quite fit. After obtaining optimal reaction conditions, we then implemented those conditions in disc-tube reverse osmosis membrane module system. The system has a unique open channel and special scientific hydraulic design, from which the turbulent state of the biogas slurry can make pollutants generated slowly effectively, and prolong the reverse osmosis membrane using time. The results showed that the optimization of the operating pressure, the pH value, the recovery rate improved the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen, and also provided an effective way to reduce membrane fouling. In all, by using response surface analysis method for ammonia nitrogen removal from biogas slurry in osmosis technology, we obtained optimal ammonia nitrogen removal rate of process parameters, and those parameters were proved to work in the operational reverse osmotic pressure systems. Our study provided a theoretical basis for in-depth understanding. The research will have a good application to biogas slurry ammonia reduction and enrichment technology. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Nitrogen removal
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Biogas - Efficiency - Fermentation - Membrane fouling - Nitrogen - Optimization - Osmosis - Osmosis membranes - pH - Recovery - Reverse osmosis - Surface analysis - Surface properties - Testing - Wastewater
Uncontrolled terms:Ammonia nitrogen - Ammonia nitrogen removal - Anaerobic fermentation residues - Biogas slurry - Experimental conditions - Optimal reaction condition - Response surface analysis methods - Response surface method
Classification code:452.3 Industrial Wastes - 522 Gas Fuels - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344643
Title:Inhibitory effect of litchi pericarp procyanidins on advanced glycation end products formation in model system of α-Lactose/L-Lysine
Authors:Li, Shuyi (1); Qin, Xinguang (2); Cheng, Jixiang (3); Zhu, Zhenzhou (1); He, Jingren (1); Liu, Gang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China; (2) College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; (3) School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Gang(lg820823@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:299-305
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Industrial food processing induces protein glycation modifications and toxic advanced glycation end products (AGEs) which affect human health. Thus, it is an urgent problem in food process industry to control and inhibit the formation of AGEs during Maillard reaction. In this study, a model system consisting of lactose (as reducing disaccharide) and lysine (as very reactive amino acid) was established to monitor the AGE formation. Litchi pericarp procyanidins (LPPC), a natural antioxidant, was incubated in the simulated systems at different concentrations (0.02-0.10 mg/mL) and temperature levels (80 or 100) with or without various metal ions (Al3+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Mg2+and Zn2+), which was to observe its inhibitory effect on AGEs. With all samples, the formation of fluorescent AGEs was quantitatively assessed using a spectrofluorimeter at excitation and emission wavelengths of 370 and 440 nm, respectively. The results showed that with the LPPC added, the formation of AGEs was significantly inhibited. The maximum relative inhibitory rate of LPPC on AGEs formation was up to 79.92%±5.21% after heated for 2.5 h at 80, while the relative inhibition rate of LPPC reached about 63.37%±4.12% after 30 min at 100. Moreover, there was the dose-effect relationship between the concentration of LPPC and its inhibition rate on AGEs formation: the half inhibitory concentration values of LPPC in the simulated food system at 80 and 100 were (0.081±0.006) and (0.144±0.009) mg/mL, respectively. After adding metal ions in the model system, the effect of metal ions on AGEs formation was found to depend on the heating time, as well as on the type of metal ion. The addition of 1.0 mg/L Al3+promoted the formation of AGEs, whereas the addition of 0.1 and 10.0 mg/L Al3+suppressed the AGEs formation. The 10.0 mg/L Al3+had the highest inhibition ratio, up to 58.34%±2.93% and 55.92%±2.94% at 80 and 100, respectively. After 1 mg/mL LPPC was added, the inhibition ratio of the solution containing Al3+with the concentration of 0.1 and 10.0 mg/L was increased significantly (P<0.05). And 1.0 mg/L Al3+became to have an inhibition effect at the presence of LPPC. At the presence of Fe2+, the formation of AGEs was obviously promoted, except at 0.1 mg/L under 80. However, LPPC addition changed the effect of Fe2+on the amount of AGEs at 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 and 50.0 mg/L. Moreover, the inhibition effect of LPPC on the AGEs was amplified. The addition of Ca2+, Mg2+and Zn2+with the concentration of 1.0 and 50.0 mg/L, increased the formation of AGEs in the lactose-lysine model system, especially for 50.0 mg/L Ca2+. However, the formation of AGEs could be suppressed when adding 0.1 and 10.0 mg/L Ca2+, Mg2+or Zn2+. The addition of 10.0 mg/L Ca2+, 0.1 mg/L Mg2+and Zn2+had the highest inhibition ratios, which were 43.89%±4.13%, 38.29%±1.62% and 47.23%±2.82% at 80, and 28.52%±1.17%, 27.24%±1.37% and 6.35%±0.04% at 100, respectively. However, after LPPC was added, all concentrations of metal ions inhibited the formation of AGEs. For the Cu2+, only low level of 0.1 mg/L could suppress the formation of AGEs. Nevertheless, LPPC decreased the content of AGEs at the presence of Cu2+even at 1.0, 10.0 and 50.0 mg/L. Overall, LPPC could be used as functional food ingredients to inhibit AGE formation. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Metals
Controlled terms:Amino acids - Flavonoids - Food processing - Glycosylation - Metal ions - Processed foods - Sugars - Temperature - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Advanced glycation end products - Dose-effect relationships - Emission wavelength - Inhibitory concentration - Natural antioxidants - Procyanidins - Simulation systems - Spectrofluorimeters
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 531.1 Metallurgy - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 822.3 Food Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344622
Title:Comparison of NDVI data between GF-1 PMS1 and ZY-3 MUX sensors
Authors:Xu, Hanqiu (1, 2, 3); Liu, Zhicai (1, 2, 3); Guo, Yanbin (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China; (2) Institute of Remote Sensing Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China; (3) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Soil Erosion, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:148-154
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China's commercial earth observation system has developed rapidly in the last decade. Successively launched respectively in 2012 and 2013, Ziyuan-3 (ZY-3) and Gaofen-1 (GF-1) are currently the main sources of high spatial-resolution imagery in China, which have provided invaluable land-observation information for a variety of applications. Nevertheless, the vegetation mapping ability and the quantitative relationship between the two kinds of sensor data are unclear as these have not yet been explored since the launch of the two satellites. To meet this special requirement, this study compares the vegetation measurement of GF-1 PMS1 and ZY-3 MUX sensor data based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Two tandem image pairs of Fuzhou and Jingmen, China, acquired respectively on June 14 and December 12, 2014, were employed for this comparison approach. Because of the difference in spatial resolution between the GF-1 PMS1 (8 m) and ZY-3 MUX (6 m) images, a comparison based on the ROI (region of interest) was carried out, as the pixel-by-pixel comparison method was not suitable. A total of 69 ROIs were collected, which included 44 ROIs from forests and 25 ROIs from paddy lands. The digital numbers of the red and near infrared bands of both sensors were converted to at-satellite reflectance, which were used to calculate the NDVI image pairs of the two sensors. The comparison mainly depended on the statistics of the NDVI data of both sensors and the regression analysis on the sampled ROIs. The results show that the NDVI data of GF-1 PMS1 and ZY-3 MUX sensors are quite similar because they have a very high degree of agreement, with the R2values of 0.95 for Fuzhou image pair and 0.98 for Jingmen pair. However, the comparison study finds that the differences do occur between both sensors' NDVI data. The data range and the standard deviation of ZY-3' NDVI are greater than GF-1' NDVI. Moreover, the NDVI of the ZY-3 MUX sensor generally has a higher mean value than that of GF-1 PMS1. Compared with ZY-3, the GF-1 PMS1 can underestimate the NDVI by up to -3% in Fuzhou's paddy observation. Nevertheless, this underestimation can be reduced in the high NDVI data region, where the NDVI values of GF-1 PMS1 are very close to those of ZY-3 MUX and sometimes even higher than ZY-3' NDVI regardless of vegetation types. Due to the differences between the NDVIs of both sensors revealed in this study, the NDVI derived from GF-1 PMS1 and ZY-3 MUX sensor data should not be compared directly if they are applied in the same project. Data conversion from one sensor to the other is generally required to ensure an accurate comparison between their NDVI-based products. This study shows that such a conversion can improve the agreement between the two sensors' NDVI data, as the difference in RMSE between the NDVI values of both sensors could be reduced by up to -16.3% based on the conversion model derived from the regression analysis with the data from 69 sampled ROIs. Analysis shows that the differences in two sensors' NDVI data are caused by the differences in the spectral response function, spatial resolution, and calibration accuracy between the two sensors. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Data handling
Controlled terms:Calibration - Image resolution - Image segmentation - Infrared devices - Pixels - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Sensors - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Earth observation systems - GF-1 - High spatial resolution imagery - Index - Normalized difference vegetation index - Observation information - Spectral response functions - ZY-3
Classification code:723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344629
Title:Treatment efficiencies of biogas slurry by earthworm-constructed vertical flow and horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands system
Authors:Tian, Suoxia (1); Yu, Qiong (1); Sun, Zhenjun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Zhenjun(sun108@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:199-205
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Anaerobic digestion slurry is wastewater with a characteristics of high solid content, high organic loads and hard for biodegradation. In this paper, Earthworm-constructed Vertical Flow (EVF) and Horizontal Subsurface Flow (HF) Constructed Wetlands System was designed based on the ecological functions of earthworms. The aim of this research was to investigate the potential of integrating earthworms into the vertical flow constructed wetlands to determine if they could mitigate clogging problems as well as to improve the wetland treatment performances. The Constructed Wetlands Systems were filled with sand and ceramsite as the main media. In this paper, hybrid constructed wetland system (a vertical flow wetland and followed by a Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland) was constituted to process anaerobic digestion slurry. Earthworms were added in the VF, a VF without earthworms was set as a contrast at the same time. We also set up two hydraulic loading 10, 20 cm/d, so there were four hybrid constructed wetland systems. After the system was in a stable performance mode, anaerobic digestion slurry was pumped into the systems. Effluents from each sample point were sampled and tested every six days during the two-month operation. Treatment efficiencies and the clogging were determined. Research results showed that when the average influent organic load reached 1.82 kg/(m2d), hydraulic loading 10, 20 cm/d, COD removal efficiency reached 90%, TP removal efficiency reached 94% and SS removal efficiency reached 97%, ammonium removal rate reached more than 80%, and the total nitrogen removal efficiency was also maintained above 60%. Adding earthworms in 1st stage (VF), COD, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus can meet emission standards under hydraulic loading 10, 20 cm/d. On the other hand, after the treatment of the Horizontal Subsurface Flow (HF) constructed wetland, COD, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, Suspended solid (SS) can meet emission standards. Adding earthworms increased removal of COD, NH<inf>4</inf>-N, TKN by 2%, 12%, 4%, respectively when the hydraulic loading was 10 cm/d. Improving the hydraulic load reduced greater amount of pollutants but the treatment efficiency decreased. Thus the processing costs were greatly reduced by improving the hydraulic load on the premise of effluent standards. The performance of horizontal subsurface flow wetlands in mitigating TN and TP was better than earthworm-constructed vertical flow wetland. Earthworms had the effect of synchronous treatment of sewage sludge and mitigating clogging. As such sludge handling cost would be greatly reduced, and therefore Earthworm-constructed Vertical Flow and Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands System have great potential applications in treating anaerobic digestion slurry. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Anaerobic digestion
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Biodegradation - Biogas - Cost reduction - Efficiency - Effluents - Nitrogen - Nitrogen removal - Phosphorus - Sewage sludge - Sludge digestion - Standards - Turbines - Wetlands
Uncontrolled terms:Biogas slurry - Clogging - Earthworm - Horizontal subsurface flow - Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands - Total nitrogen removal - Vertical flow constructed wetlands - Vertical flow wetlands
Classification code:452.2 Sewage Treatment - 452.3 Industrial Wastes - 461.8 Biotechnology - 522 Gas Fuels - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 902.2 Codes and Standards - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344627
Title:Treatment efficiency of wastewater in pilot test of biofloc reactor in recirculating aquaculture systems
Authors:Liu, Wenchang (1, 2); Luo, Guozhi (1, 2, 3); Tan, Hongxin (1, 2, 3); Sun, Dachuan (1, 2, 3); Liu, Bing (1); Zhang, Shiyang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; (2) Shanghai Aquacultural Engeering Research Center, Shanghai, China; (3) Shanghai Collaborative Innovation For Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
Corresponding author:Tan, Hongxin(hxtan@shou.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:184-191
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Taking into account the characteristics of aquaculture, researchers have proposed the biofloc technology (BFT), and created the conditions in the BFT reactor for the treatment of pollutants. BFT reactor could treat the aquaculture wastewater and the effluents of recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) and nitrate nitrogen (NO<inf>3</inf>--N) could be synchronously removed by BFT, and bioflocs could be used as raw materials for aquatic feed. If the BFT reactor was used as the key unit of RAS water treatment, it had the potential to synchronously remove suspended solids (SS), TAN and NO<inf>3</inf>--N, save water, improve the utilization efficiency of nutrients, and reduce the fixed investment of RAS. A kind of biofloc reactor was designed and applied as the only water treatment device in a pilot-scale RAS, and the operation efficiency was investigated under different hydraulic retention time (HRT), which was 12, 6, 4.5 and 3 h. It indicated that the HRT of biofloc reactor could be as small as 4.5 h. An irreversible phenomenon of washing out was observed during the 3 h HRT and the experiment could not be continuously conducted. The settling property of bioflocs in reaction zone was generally satisfactory. The sludge volume index (SVI-30) of biofloc significantly decreased with the declined HRT (12, 6 and 4.5 h), which was always higher than 150 mg/L throughout the experiment. The filamentous sludge bulking occurred, the dominant filamentous bacteria (TM7 genera incertae sedis) turned into Haliscomenobacter and Meganema with the declined HRT, and the relative abundance decreased. The waste removal rates were the best when the HRT was 12 h. The lowest concentrations of nitrite nitrogen (NO<inf>2</inf>--N) and NO<inf>3</inf>--N were observed under 4.5 h HRT, which were (0.02±0.01) and (1.70±0.06) mg/L, respectively, and for TAN, total nitrogen (TN) and SS in biofloc reactor effluent, the lowest concentrations were observed under 12 h HRT, which were (0.48±0.05), (4.47±1.00) and (14.20±8.26) mg/L, respectively. Besides, it did not cause organic pollution. When HRT was 4.5 h, the reactor could make the concentration of TAN, NO<inf>2</inf>--N, NO<inf>3</inf>--N and SS on aquaculture zone lower than 0.76, 0.10, 2.95 and 60.00 mg/L, respectively. Under different HRT conditions, the reactor was dominated by heterotrophic bacteria. The treatment of TAN was mainly through assimilation, and aerobic denitrification bacteria and anaerobic denitrification bacteria were the dominant bacteria in the reactor at the same time. The reactor can obtain a relatively long stable running state and good water treatment efficiency, which can be used as a kind of key water treatment device in RAS. This result can provide a reference for the further research and application of biofloc reactor in RAS. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Water treatment
Controlled terms:Aerobic bacteria - Aquaculture - Bacteria - Denitrification - Efficiency - Effluents - Microorganisms - Nitrogen - Nitrogen oxides - Nitrogen removal - Pollution - Radioactive waste disposal - Sewage sludge - Wastewater treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Aerobic denitrification - Aquaculture wastewater - Biofloc reactor - Heterotrophic bacterias - Hydraulic retention time - Operation efficiencies - Recirculating aquaculture system - Research and application
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 461.9 Biology - 622.5 Radioactive Wastes - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344638
Title:Evolution analysis of spatial pattern of rural settlements in sandy area of northern Yanchi
Authors:Wang, Manman (1, 2); Wu, Xiuqin (1, 2); Wu, Bin (1, 2); Zhang, Yuqing (1, 2); Dong, Guihua (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; (2) Yanchi Ecology Research Station of the Mu Us Desert, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; (3) China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Xiuqin(wuxq@bjfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:260-271
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The ecological environment of the sandy land of northern Yanchi is fragile, with disasters such as land desertification, drought and dust storms leading to a severe living environment. Therefore, the rural settlement in the region is quite different from other areas in China. To recognize the features of the evolution of the rural settlement and the affecting factors, we extracted the land use vector data from the interpretation of SPOT 5 remote sensing image in 2005 and ZY-1 O2C satellite image in 2012, with the interpretation accuracy of 90.1% and 90.7%, respectively. We used the data derived from field investigation, and adopted the methods of spatial metrics, spatial statistical measure model, geographic information system (GIS) hot cartography and geography detectors to quantitatively identify the spatial feature of rural settlements, and reveal the responses of spatial pattern differentiation of rural settlements to the natural topography, positional condition and social-economic development level. The results are as follows: 1) The scale of rural settlements in northern Yanchi was curtailed but the intensive degree was increased. The shape of rural settlements appeared to be simpler and more regular, and the distribution center of the rural settlement migrated towards the southeast direction. 2) The spatial distribution of aggregation was further strengthened, and the distribution density showed "dense inner and sparse outside" spatial characteristics. The "hot spot" area of settlement scale was largely unchanged, but the "cold spot" area demonstrated apparent rotation characteristics. 3) During the eight-year period, the rural settlements gradually approached the grassland, woodland, and were far away from the sand source area, suggesting that the tension between people and land has eased off, and the ecological living environment in the area is gradually optimized by human in a positive manner. 4) The spatial distribution of rural settlements in the study area was mainly influenced by natural topography and location conditions. Regional statistical analysis was conducted with the 1 km × 1 km grid based on the geography detector model, and the determination index value of each influence factor for the spatial distribution of rural settlements was calculated respectively. The most significant factor for the spatial distribution of rural settlements was location conditions, which mainly showed the distance from the agriculture irrigation area, the distance from the sand source and the proximity degree of the town, and the rural settlement layout also showed a certain dependence on the natural environment conditions, whereas, the social economic level showed no significant influence on rural settlement layout. These results can provide policy guidance and scientific basis for the spatial layout optimization and regulation of rural settlement, the new rural construction planning and the sandy habitat environment amelioration in sandy land. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:63
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Ecology - Economics - Geographic information systems - Image reconstruction - Land use - Maps - Models - Remote sensing - Spatial distribution - Spatial variables measurement - Storms - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological environments - New rural constructions - Rural settlement - Sandy area of northern Yanchi - Spatial associations - Spatial characteristics - Spatial evolution - Spatial layout optimizations
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 405.3 Surveying - 443.3 Precipitation - 454.3 Ecology and Ecosystems - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344616
Title:Photosynthetic characteristics of Japonica rice leave under alternative stress of drought and waterlogging
Authors:Lu, Hongfei (1, 2); Guo, Xiangping (2); Zhen, Bo (1); Wang, Zhenchang (2); Zhou, Xinguo (1); Li, Xiaopu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Xiangping(xpguo@hhu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:105-112
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Photosynthesis determines the growth and dry matter accumulation of rice, and drought and waterlogging stress can inhibit the photosynthesis of rice. Study on the light response curve would help to understand the photosynthetic characteristics of rice in a more detailed way. Pot experiments were performed to research the effects of alternative stress of drought and waterlogging (ASDW) at tillering and jointing stage on rice leaf photosynthesis, light response and CO<inf>2</inf>response, including net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, potential water use efficiency and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration. Four treatments were set up in 2013 at tillering stage of rice (the water depth of waterlogging was 10 cm) including light drought (T-LD) and severe drought (T-HD), at jointing stage (the water depth of waterlogging was 15 cm) including light drought (S-LD) and severe drought (S-HD). Irrigation with water depth at 0-5 cm except for drying yellow ripening stage (CK) was the control. The experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of Key Laboratory of Efficient Irrigation-Drainage and Agricultural Soil-Water Environment in Southern China (Hohai University), Ministry of Education. The results indicated that rice leaf photosynthesis was inhibited by ASDW at the both tillering and jointing stage, and photosynthetic capacity recovered as the stress changing from drought to waterlogging; At the end of water stress, the net photosynthetic rate of T-HD treatment was lower than that of T-LD and CK (P<0.01); The stomatal conductance of T-LD and T-HD treatment was reduced by 72.93% and 85.01% and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration was also significantly lower than CK, but the potential water use efficiency was more than two times of CK; The net photosynthetic rate of S-HD treatment was significantly lower than that of CK (P<0.01), while S-LD was lower than CK by 18.66%; The stomatal conductance of S-LD was close to CK, and that of S-HD was 62.73% lower than that of CK (P<0.01); and The intercellular carbon dioxide concentration of S-LD and S-HD treatments showed an increasing trend, and S-LD was 21.57% higher than CK (P<0.05), S-HD reached 1.50 times of CK, but potential water use efficiency of S-HD and S-LD treatments were lower than that of CK, and S-HD was 29.58% lower than CK (P<0.01). After stress, water stress treatments showed obvious compensation effect; On October 10th, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration of water stress treatments were significantly higher than those of CK (P<0.05); The potential water use efficiency of S-LD treatment was higher than that of other water stress treatments, but was still lower than CK by 21.35%. The net photosynthetic rate of water stress treatments was lower than CK under the same light intensity, but the light compensation point (LCP), light saturation point (LSP) and dark respiration rate were higher than that of CK, and net photosynthetic rate of rice CO<inf>2</inf>response curve was increased. In the tillering stage, the photosynthetic capacity of the light drought treatment was strong, which was weak of the light drought treatment at jointing stage. But in the ripening period, photosynthetic rate of the two severe drought stress treatments were higher than that of light drought treatments. Alternative stress of drought and waterlogging decreased the maximal rate of photosynthesis, but improve the carboxylation efficiency, change the photosynthetic rate turning point of CO<inf>2</inf>response curve. After the stress, increasing the light intensity appropriately and prolong the illumination time would be conducive to the rapid growth of rice. But the final yield of each treatment was significantly lower than that of CK (P<0.05). The results can provide valuable information for analyzing the accumulation of dry matter and irrigation water use efficiency of rice, and further proved that drought stress in the early did not reduce the ability of waterlogging tolerance of rice in the late, and slight drought-waterlogging stress in the early stage would be helpful for enhancing rice drought ability from the perspective of photosynthesis. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Drought
Controlled terms:Carbon dioxide - Carboxylation - Efficiency - Irrigation - Photosynthesis - Plants (botany) - Soil moisture - Stresses - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Alternative stress of drought and waterlogging - Carbon dioxide concentrations - Carboxylation efficiencies - Irrigation water use efficiency - Light compensation point - Light response - Photosynthetic characteristics - Rice
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344604
Title:Effects of different seedling substrates on physiological characters and grain yield of mechanized-transplanted rice
Authors:Lin, Yujiong (1, 2); Zhang, Junhua (1); Hu, Jijie (1, 2); Zhu, Lianfeng (1); Cao, Xiaochuang (1); Yu, Shengmiao (1); Jin, Qianyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China; (2) Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Jin, Qianyu(jinqy@mail.hz.zj.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:18-26
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the expansion area of mechanized-transplanted rice, the demand to high quality of rice seedling becomes more and more important. Traditional seedling raising pattern such as use of nutrient soil is difficult to meet the growing demand of mechanized-transplanted rice seedling. It is predicted that in the future, there will be more seedling substrate to replace nutrient soil for raising rice seedling. Thus the research for physical and chemical properties of seedling substrate, seedling physiological characters from those substrates, mechanized quality, grain yield and relationship among those are very important for selecting a proper substrate for raising rice seedlings. In this study, we used three different types of rice seedling substrate treatments: nutrient soil (CK), light soilless substrate and mixed substrate to determine the relation among physical and chemical properties of seedling substrate, seedling physiological characteristics, mechanized quality and grain yield, and to evaluate their adaptability and applicability. The results showed that volume-weight of light soilless substrate and mixed substrate were 85.19% and 74.07% lower than the control treatment, while the aeration porosity, water-holding porosity and their nutrient content were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control. Seedling age and plant height and shoot weight and shoot width showed advantage compared with that of the control treatment. Their seedling roots that can coil into a block and empty cone rate were less than 5%, and both were 4.17% and 4.32% lower than the control, respectively (P<0.05). With more dry matter accumulation in seedling stage, the seedlings from two substrate treatments regrew quickly and tillers started earlier after transplanted in field, resulting in the advancement of tillering stage and heading stage compared with the control treatment. The initial tiller stage of light soilless substrate treatment was ahead for four days than that of CK, and mixed substrate was two days. In both substrate treatments, rice was two days shorter in their total growth duration compared to that of CK. Light soilless substrate rice accumulated more root and shoot dry matter in seven days after transplanted, but after 14 days, Mixed substrate rice behaved the same in dry accumulation with soilless substrate rice. From both substrates, rice had significantly (P<0.05) more dry matter accumulation than that of the control treatment in all growing stages. More dry matter accumulation in tiller stage and strong root system in tillering stage helped the tillers to fade slowly, which led to more effective tillers per plant and more numbers of panicle than that of the control treatment. Yield and storage capacity (number of kernels and kernel size per plant) of light soilless substrate treatment and mixed substrate treatment were significant higher than the control treatment. The range of increased storage capacity were 14.01% and 10.67% (P<0.05), and yield were 5.30% and 6.14% (P<0.05), respectively. This study indicated that the physical and chemical properties of light soilless substrate and mixed substrate were superior to the control treatment, and their seedlings were suitable for mechanized transplanting technology. This was helpful to the development of industrialized seedling substrate product. Light soilless substrate is made of crops, straw, which is easy to get and can be decomposed completely in soil. Moreover, lighter in weight of light soilless substrate helped to reduce labor intensity and lower in water content helped to prolong the storage life. The yield from light soilless substrate was almost the same with the mixed substrate treatment, but was significant higher than that of control (P<0.05). With the obvious application advantage above, light soilless substrate was better for the production and application of seedling substrate. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Substrates
Controlled terms:Chemical properties - Grain (agricultural product) - Nutrients - Physical properties - Physiology - Plants (botany) - Porosity - Quality control - Soils - Water aeration
Uncontrolled terms:Aeration porosity - Control treatments - Dry matter accumulation - Physical and chemical properties - Physiological characteristics - Rice - Seedling - Yield traits
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 461.9 Biology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 801 Chemistry - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344620
Title:Relationship analysis between soil detachment rate and erosion factors on freeze-thaw slope
Authors:Liu, Yanchen (1); Wang, Xuan (1); Zhou, Lili (1); Zan, Xuelong (1); Sheng, Siyuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Xuan(xuanw11@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:136-141
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to determine the main hydrodynamic erosion factors that affect the soil detachment rate and establish the predicting model about soil erosion on freeze-thaw slope, the experiment study, involving 2 slopes (10° and 15°), 4 thaw depths (2, 5, 8 and 11 cm) and 2 flow rates (3 and 9 L/min), was carried out under the circumstances of scouring the slopes outdoors. In order to avoid the influence of the rainy season, the slopes had been paved and completed in October, for which the rainy days had past. The experimental indices were measured by different approaches, for instance, the staining method was utilized to measure the flow velocity; the runoff width could be measured through using a ruler at 9 positions; the thaw depth was measured by using a measuring needle. The whole process of this experiment lasted for about 15 min so as to avoid the deeper freezing level melting too much, which could affect the experiment result, for the longer the experimental process lasted, the deeper the frozen layer would melt under the function of the scouring power. The discharged sediment was collected at the end of the scouring trough and the frequency of collecting was once per minute. The changing tendency of soil detachment rate with the flow rate, slope, and thaw depth was discussed. Then, the relationships between the soil detachment rate and the hydrodynamic erosion factors (average runoff depth, shear stress, stream power, and unit stream power) were analyzed. Finally, the theory of stepwise regression analysis was adopted to build the soil erosion predicting model. The results of this experiment indicated that under the same thaw depth, the soil detachment rate increased with the increasing of the slope and flow rate; when scouring the same slope at the flow rate of 3 L/min, the most serious soil detachment occurred at the original thaw depth of 5 cm, and the soil detachment rate was decreasing gradually along with the increase of the original thaw depth; when the flow rate was kept at 9 L/min, the soil detachment rate had a tendency of increasing with the original thaw depth increasing. Besides, the correlation relationships between soil detachment rate and hydrodynamic erosion factors (shear stress, stream power, and unit stream power) were positive linear correlation (P<0.01), and the factor of stream power was more obvious than other factors. And the predicting model, which was based on the stream power and thaw depth, was also established. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Thawing
Controlled terms:Erosion - Flow rate - Flow velocity - Fluid dynamics - Forecasting - Freezing - Hydrodynamics - Regression analysis - Runoff - Shear stress - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Freeze-thaw effects - Linear correlation - Predicting models - Relationship analysis - Slope - Stepwise regression analysis - Stream power - Thaw depth
Classification code:442.1 Flood Control - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631 Fluid Flow - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344639
Title:Potato grading method of weight and shape based on imaging characteristics parameters in machine vision system
Authors:Wang, Hongjun (1); Xiong, Juntao (1); Li, Zouzou (1); Deng, Jianmeng (1); Zou, Xiangjun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:272-277
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Potato is cultivated as a major food resource in China. Manual grading is labor intensive. Machine vision system is one of the modern grading techniques and is becoming research focus. Weight and shape of potato are important indexes to divide potato grade. Generally, weight and shape of potato have significant positive correlation with outside dimension parameters of potatoes. It is the key to increase potato grading accuracy and speed in order to quickly obtain the imaging feature data possessing high correlation with potato weight and shape and to establish a strong correlation predictions estimation model for potato weight and shape. The focus of this research was to develop a potato grading method of weight and shape by means of image processing in the machine vision system. Firstly, the machine vision system was established, which can capture a potato's three projection images simultaneously using a V-shaped plane mirror. One hundred potato samples were randomly selected, which were constituted of large, medium, small sizes, approximation sphere and approximation ellipsoidal according to artificial visual determination. Then the image feature parameters were obtained employing the digital image processing technology, including the contour areas in top view and two side views, the length and width of circumscribed rectangle in projection image of every potato sample. Secondly, the feature parameters with high weights value were selected using PCA (Principle Component Analysis) method in Unscramble software. The analysis results showed that the first two principal components explained 96% information contained in all characteristic data, and the scores of 100 potato samples were distributed in obvious three regions in the score graph with small size located the lower-left area, medium size located the middle area, and large size located the upper-right area. The predicted model of potato weight was constructed by means of multiple linear regression analysis using data of three contour areas in top view and two side views of every potato sample. The actual weight of the potato samples were gained by an electronic balance, and the correlation coefficient was 0.991. The distinguish accuracy were respective 90%, 100%, 90% for large, medium and small sizes in potato sample test set. Finally, potato shapes were analyzed by PCA using feature data, including the length and width of circumscribed rectangle in three projection image of potato samples. The score graph showed that the first two principal components explained 95% information contained in all feature data. The feature data scores were used to divide 100 potato samples into two types. In order to use the image characteristic parameters to determine the shape of potatoes, we set two dummy variables as -1 and 1, respectively, which represented approximation sphere and approximation ellipsoidal. The prediction model of potato shape was then established by the partial least squares discriminate analysis. The actual shape of the potato samples were decided by artificial ocular measurement, with a ratio of classification of 86.7%. Grading test of shape classification was completed for 40 potato samples in test set using the regression equation. A potato sample with a positive calculated value was judged as approximation ellipsoid, and a potato sample with a negative calculated value was judged as approximation spherical. Grading accuracies for approximation ellipsoid and approximation spherical were 83.3% and 89.3%, respectively. Our research indicated that the regression model for shape grading was reliable. Therefore the approach for non-detection inspecting potato weight and shape were effective and feasible, which can be applied in a potato grading system. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Computer vision - Electronic scales - Grading - Image processing - Least squares approximations - Linear regression - Machinery - Nondestructive examination - Regression analysis - Spheres
Uncontrolled terms:Characteristic parameters - Correlation coefficient - Digital image processing technologies - Imaging characteristics - Multiple linear regression analysis - Partial least square (PLS) - Potato - Principle component analysis
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.5 Computer Applications - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344605
Title:Design and test of regulation and control equipment for nutrient solution of water and fertilizer integration in greenhouse
Authors:Yuan, Hongbo (1); Li, Li (2); Wang, Junheng (2); Wang, Haihua (2); Sigrimis, N.A. (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China; (2) Key Laboratory on Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research of Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (3) Department of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:27-32
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Excessive amounts of fertilizers and irrigation water are used in agriculture, which will lead to some negative effects. Not only the resource utilization rate is reduced, but also the liquid nitrate content exceeds because of drainage, and the underground water source is polluted finally. Integration technology of water and fertilizers can improve the resource utilization, while the pollution of the surrounding natural environment can be also reduced. Automatic control and regulation of irrigation water and fertilizers integration have been implemented in the greenhouse production in Europe and North America, the resulting result is reasonable fertilizers and water application, and the control accuracy is higher. However, excessive irrigation and use of fertilizers still exist in China's greenhouse production. The result of this production mode is that the proportion of nutrient inputs is unreasonable and the nutrient is in serious loss due to excessive irrigation. It is necessary to conduct the thorough research on the integration technology of water and fertilizers to develop the regulation technology and equipment of water and fertilizers integration suitable for Chinese actual situation and with low cost. Preparation of nutrient solution is a process that fully mixes fertilizers and water and makes the nutrient solution reach the preseted value. There are 2 different modes in the mixed tank, including advection and ideal mixing, where all kinds of liquids are mixed, and the actual system can be considered as the combination of these 2 modes. Moreover, considering the time delay caused by the flow of liquid in the pipers, the process of the preparation of the nutrient solution can be simulated by using a first-order lag transfer function model. However, in order to achieve higher control accuracy the mixing tank should have sufficient space. Such nutrient solution's electric conductivity (EC) value will not change dramatically when injected into the liquid fertilizers, and therefore, the mixing tank should have a larger space. But it will bring a lot of other problems, for example, EC values' adjustment speed and flexibility will become worse. To resolve this conflict, a Venturi device is added to the mixing tank in this paper, so a virtual volume is added to the mixing tank, and the whole nutrient solution preparation system is converted to a second-order lag system. According to the theoretical analysis of the nutrient solution preparation system, a regulation and control equipment of water and fertilizers integration nutrient solution is designed in this paper. Besides the nutrient solution preparation function, the equipment also has irrigation control and environmental control functions, and the system structure is composed of computer, master control module, wireless transmission module, EC and pH measurement module and driver control module. The wireless transmission module includes 433 MHz wireless transmission, third generation (3G) wireless transmission and short message service (SMS) alarm; the drive control module is divided into nutrient solution ratio drive, environmental control drive and irrigation control drive; and EC and pH value of the nutrient solution are detected by the EC and pH measurement module. The control of nutrient solution is implemented in the following ways: first, the EC and pH values of the nutrient solution in mixing tank are detected online in realtime, and then the detection results are sent to the master control module through the RS-485 bus. The different value between computer's set value and current detection value is calculated by the master control module, and the nutrient solution ratio drive module is controlled by master control module according to the calculated results, so the injection ratios of fertilizer mother liquid are controlled by solenoid opening and closing. The nutrient solution adjustment process is executed finally. The regulation algorithm of nutrient solution is realized by the incremental PID (proportion, integration, differentiation) algorithm and a gain adaptive Smith predictor. The experimental results show that the system enters a stable stage in about 30 s and is infinitely close to the set value of the 2.0 mS/cm EC. This shows that the nutrient solution regulation equipment is not only faster, but also more accurate for the system response. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Solution mining
Controlled terms:Automation - Cold rolling - Computer control systems - Control equipment - Delay control systems - Environmental engineering - Environmental management - Equipment - Fertilizers - Greenhouses - Groundwater - Integration - Irrigation - Light transmission - Liquids - Mixing - Nutrients - pH - Tanks (containers) - Time delay - Transmissions - Water - Water pollution - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive Smith predictor - Integration of water and fertilizers - Integration technologies - Nutrient solution - Regulation - Technology and equipments - Third-generation (3G) wireless - Wireless transmi-ssion modules
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 453 Water Pollution - 454.1 Environmental Engineering, General - 502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations - 535.1.2 Rolling Mill Practice - 602.2 Mechanical Transmissions - 619.2 Tanks - 713 Electronic Circuits - 731 Automatic Control Principles and Applications - 731.1 Control Systems - 732.1 Control Equipment - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other Structures - 901 Engineering Profession - 921.2 Calculus
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344642
Title:Improvement of allergenicity and functional properties of proteins from ginkgo seeds by high hydrostatic pressure treatment
Authors:Zhou, Hao (1); Wang, Chengzhang (1); Ye, Jianzhong (1); Tao, Ran (1); Chen, Hongxia (1); Li, Wenjun (1); Cao, Fuliang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, China; (2) College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Chengzhang(wangczlhs@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:292-298
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ginkgo biloba, one of the oldest species of tree, has existed on the earth for 200 million years, and 70% is from China. The seeds of Ginkgo biloba have been used in China as traditional food and medicine source for several thousand years. Research shows that ginkgo seeds have a relatively high protein content (10%-15%), and ginkgo seed protein (GSP) has many biological activities, including anti-oxidation, anti-aging, anti-tumor and anti-bacterial properties, so it has high nutritional and medicinal value. However, eating GSP can result in allergic reactions in humans. Till now, research on how to reduce and eliminate GSP allergy remains lacking. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment can modify the tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins and alter some of the epitope structures, which can reduce the allergenicity and improve the functional properties of food proteins. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of HHP treatment on structure, allergenicity and functional properties of GSP. GSP was treated under the pressure of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 MPa at 20 for 20 min respectively, and the target pressure was achieved within 1-2 min, held for 20 min and released to atmospheric pressure within 1-2 min. After HHP treatment, the allergenicity was measured by ELISA assay, the changes in molecular weight and conformational structure (secondary structure, free sulfhydryl group (SH) content, surface hydrophobicity and ultraviolet (UV) absorbance) of GSP were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), circula dichroism spectrum, fluorescence spectra and UV absorption spectrum, and the functional properties were analyzed for heat stability and emulsifying properties. The results showed that HHP treatment with the pressure range from 300 to 700 MPa could significantly reduce the allergenicity of GSP, an antigenicity reduction of 95% was observed in protein samples treated at 500 MPa, and a complete loss of allergenicity was observed in protein samples treated at 600 or 700 MPa. Meanwhile, after HHP treatment, the intermolecular and intramolecular disulfide bonds that originally stabilized the native protein structure were disrupted and the molecular weights, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of GSP were significantly changed. The electrophoretogram of raw GSP showed that the bands with apparent molecular weights (MW) ranged from 10 to 100 kDa, and the major protein bands were approximately 5, 10, 22, 30, 39 and 46 kDa. But after HHP treatment, the GSPs were disintegrated into proteins with small molecular weights ranging from 4 to 30 kDa, and moreover, α-helices and β-sheet in its secondary structures were largely destroyed and turned into random coil, and the UV absorption intensity, surface hydrophobicity and SH content of GSP were significantly increased. The great influence of HHP, which made IgE not bind to GSP, was correlated with the significant change in the structure and epitopes of the allergenic protein. Moreover, the HHP-treated GSP markedly improved the heat stability and emulsification index values comparable to those of the untreated GSP, suggesting that the HHP-treated GSP retained the ability to efficiently form emulsions. These results suggest that HHP can act as an important technological approach for the industrial production of hypoallergenic and improved-function GSP for potential use as base ingredient in food. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Proteins
Controlled terms:Ablation - Absorption spectroscopy - Allergens - Allergies - Atmospheric pressure - Covalent bonds - Electrophoresis - Emulsification - Epitopes - Hydraulics - Hydrophobicity - Hydrostatic pressure - Light absorption - Molecular weight - Structural properties - Structure (composition)
Uncontrolled terms:Antibacterial properties - Conformational structures - Free sulfhydryl groups - Functional properties - High hydrostatic pressure - Intramolecular disulfide bonds - Sodium dodecyl sulphate - Surface hydrophobicity
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 461.9.1 Immunology - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 632.1 Hydraulics - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 741.1 Light/Optics - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular Physics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344607
Title:Calculation and localization of bounding volume of grape for undamaged fruit picking based on binocular stereo vision
Authors:Luo, Lufeng (1, 2); Zou, Xiangjun (1); Ye, Min (1); Yang, Zishang (2); Zhang, Cong (2); Zhu, Na (2); Wang, Chenglin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Lab of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (2) College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin, China
Corresponding author:Zou, Xiangjun(xjzou1@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:41-47
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Undamaged picking is one of difficulties in automatic harvesting robots. Since grape is a cluster growing fruit and its pericarp and sarcocarp are weak, so grape is easy to be collided and damaged by the manipulator and end-effector when they approach to pick a candidate grape. To plan a collision-free path, a calculation and localization method for bounding volume of grape based on binocular stereo vision was presented. The vision system was consisted of two MV-VD120SC color cameras and the baseline distance of two cameras was 50 mm. Firstly, the binocular stereo vision system was calibrated by using a calibration plate ordered from MVTec Software GmbH (Germany), and subsequently the images captured by two cameras were rectified. Secondly, the grape cluster region was acquired by segmenting the rectified left image using an adaptive threshold method based on H-I color component. The exterior rectangle and barycenter of the region were extracted. The region of interest of peduncle was determined according to those extracted geometric information, and subsequently the picking point on peduncle was calculated out by combining the Hough line detection and the minimum distance restraint between barycenter and the detected line. The center and radius of grape berries were acquired using circle regression within the exterior rectangle. To accelerate circle regression and enhance the accuracy of berries recognition, an adaptive predication model of the berry radius in images captured at various distances was built through power multiplication method, and two rules were built to eliminate these redundant circles that were produced by circle regression. Thirdly, the disparity of the picking point and the center of berries between left and right images were calculated by stereo matching method based on similarity function of normalized correlation coefficient, and subsequently three-dimensional coordinates of picking point and center of berries were extracted by using the triangulation principle. Three-dimensional virtual grape cluster was rendered by using OpenGL functions. Fourthly, the coordinate system XYZ of grape cluster was built, which defined the picking point as origin and took vertical downward Y axis as grape of center axis. The distance L between origin and each detected berry under XZ plane was calculated, the Y-L coordinate system that was used to solve the maximum section of grape cluster was built, and the maximum contour section of grape cluster was obtained through seeking convex polygon, the bounding volume of grape acquired by rotating the section 360 degree around the center axis. Finally, to validate the performance of the proposed method, thirty pairs of images were captured at various distances within 600-1 100 mm using binocular stereo vision system in the Tianjin Chadian Grapes Science Park. The localization and size accuracy of grape bounding volume and the elapsed time of algorithm were tested. The test results indicated that the localization error of grape bounding volume was less than 5 mm, the relative error of height and maximum diameter was less than 4.95% and 5.64%, respectively, and the elapsed time of algorithm was less than 0.69s when the depth was less than 1 000 mm, which showed that the proposed method can prevent grape from damaging during grape picking. However, the localization accuracy was not satisfactory when multiple grapes were overlapping each other or the occlusion was serious, so further studies should focus on the localization of multiple overlapping grapes and occluded grapes. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Stereo image processing
Controlled terms:Application programming interfaces (API) - Binocular vision - Bins - Calibration - Cameras - Computer vision - Fruits - Geometry - Harvesting - Image matching - Image segmentation - Position control - Regression analysis - Stereo vision
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive threshold method - Binocular stereo vision system - Bounding volume - Grape - Normalized correlation coefficient - Three dimensional coordinate - Triangulation principles - Undamaged picking
Classification code:694.4 Storage - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 731.3 Specific Variables Control - 741.2 Vision - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344635
Title:Emission characteristics of CO and NO during co-combustion with municipal solid waste and straw biomass pellets
Authors:Xing, Xianjun (1); Li, Yongling (2); Zhang, Jing (2); Xing, Yongqiang (2); Zhang, Xuefei (2); Ma, Peiyong (1, 2); Xu, Baojie (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Advanced Energy Technology and Equipment Research Institute, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China; (2) Department of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China; (3) Measurement and Control of Mechanical and Electrical System Key Lab of Beijing, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:238-245
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The straw biomass pellets are co-combusted with municipal solid waste (MSW), which can solve the problems of insufficient supply and low calorific value of MSW, and also avoid mouldiness and spontaneous combustion due to long-term transport and storage of biomass before briquetting. However, researches on the combustion and emission characteristics of MSW mixed with straw biomass pellets are rarely reported. The experiment at constant temperature was designed to investigate the CO and NO<inf>x</inf>emission characteristics of MSW and straw biomass pellets co-combustion under the different conditions: blending ratio (10:0, 9:1, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, 1:9 and 0:10), temperature (650, 750, 850, 950, 1050 and 1150 ), particle size (30-40, 40-60, 60-80, 80-230 and greater than 230 meshes) and biomass species (cotton straw, corn stalk, corncob and rice straw). The results from the experiments indicated that the CO concentration was reduced with the increase of cotton straw pellets' ratio in the blended fuel and the burnout time moved forward. When the amount of MSW was higher than that of cotton straw pellets, the combustion peak value of NO was elevated by increasing the content of cotton straw pellets, and vice verse. The released amount of NO was reduced to the minimum as the blending ratio of MSW to cotton straw pellets was 5:5. The emission concentration of CO reached the minimum under the combustion temperature of 850. The peak time of NO moved forward with the increase of temperature, and the yields firstly increased, and then decreased. The higher reaction temperature caused the reduction of NO generation in the process of combustion. The peak concentrations of CO were reduced by decreasing the size of fuel particles. The particles had the threshold size of less than 60-80 meshes, and under this threshold size, the NO emission concentrations declined with the decreasing of particle size; while the particle size exceeded the threshold, the NO emission concentrations declined with the increasing of particle size. Compared to the result from the combustion of MSW, the CO peak concentration of MSW co-fired with biomass pellets dropped significantly. For the MSW mixed with the equal mass ratio of different biomass species, the higher nitrogen content of biomass pellets can result in the higher yields of NO during the co-combustion. These results can be as the reference for the actual production of MSW co-combustion with biomass particles and the pollutant emission control technology. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Spontaneous combustion
Controlled terms:Biomass - Blending - Briquetting - Cobalt - Combustion - Cotton - Diesel engines - Emission control - Municipal solid waste - Nobelium - Particle size - Pelletizing - Solid wastes - Waste incineration - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Combustion temperatures - Constant temperature - Emission characteristics - Emission concentration - Municipal solid waste (MSW) - Peak concentrations - Pollutant emission control - Reaction temperature
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 521.1 Fuel Combustion - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 622.1 Radioactive Materials, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344626
Title:Design and application of dry anaerobic fermentation system using flexible membrane-covered garage
Authors:Zhu, Dewen (1); Xie, Hu (1); Cao, Jie (1); Han, Baihe (1); Li, Ruirong (1); Wang, Pengjun (1); Qu, Haoli (1); Zhao, Weisong (1); Wang, Dongdong (1); Ma, Biao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:177-183
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Relative to wet fermentation, dry fermentation (the density of fermentable dry substrate materials ≥ 20%) is a new technology that anaerobia are used to decompose animal manure, straw and other organic solid wastes into CH<inf>4</inf>and CO<inf>2</inf>. This technology is an effective way to deal with rural organic wastes. However, considering the status of current research and application of dry fermentation, the technology developed in other countries has complex facility structure, high investment, complicated operation and higher safe operation requirements of the system. Domestic dry fermentation, which mainly focuses on ways to improve the rate of gas production and the pretreatment of fermentation feedstock rather than optimizing the structural design, enhancing heat and mass transfer, improving warming and insulation effects, and reducing production costs, has been hardly seen in large-scale production and its research has been limited in the pilot or experimental study. For the flexible membrane covered garage dry anaerobic fermentation introduced in this paper, we have combined the typical mature German garage dry fermentation with domestic flexible membrane covering to achieve technological integration and innovation. Our research provided data reference and technical support for large scale application of anaerobic dry fermentation in China. To overcome high costs, inefficiency, intensive labor, and time and human resources required for treating large quantity of biogas slurry residue, the difficulty of raw material pretreatment, high water consumption, and poor adaptability of raw materials in present anaerobic fermentation, the system in this paper was suitable for the mixed anaerobic fermentation of organic materials of various sources. Based on processing requirements of dry anaerobic fermentation, the new system had defined the key structural and operational parameters and designed facilities including dry fermentation reservoir, temperature enhancement system in winter and the spray enhanced heat and mass transfer system which was also under experiment. According to the production and application, the structure design of dry fermentation reservoir was reasonable. The design of temperature increased in the system that met the requirement in dry fermentation engineering and the spray system achieved the purpose of heat and mass transfer. The tests showed that the system was in good condition with gas production of 0.81 m3/(m3d), 67% CH<inf>4</inf>, and 48% degradation of raw materials. The stability of the system had greatly improved the ability of processing rural organic wastes and promoted the sustainable, healthy and rapid development of anaerobic fermentation. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Fermentation
Controlled terms:Biogas - Carbon dioxide - Design - Fertilizers - Garages (parking) - Heat transfer - Mass transfer - Structural design - System stability - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Design and application - Flexible membranes - Heat and mass transfer - Large scale productions - Large-scale applications - Operational parameters - Research and application
Classification code:402.2 Public Buildings - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 522 Gas Fuels - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 641.3 Mass Transfer - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161902344618
Title:Spatial distribution of soil moisture content under condition of snowcover
Authors:Fu, Qiang (1); Hou, Renjie (1); Liu, Dong (1); Li, Tianxiao (1); Wang, Zilong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Water Conservancy & Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:8
Issue date:April 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:120-126
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to reveal the complex changing process of the liquid moisture content sequence at all depth levels of soil vertical section in seasonal frozen region covered with thick snow, based on the field experimental data measured during the winter from November 2013 to April 2014, we analyzed the variation characteristics of liquid moisture content of soil layer in the different depth levels of 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60, 100, 140 and 180 cm under the following treating conditions: bare land area (no snow cover), nature snow cover area, compressed snow cover area and thickened snow cover area. And the dispersion degree of time series was evaluated with some indices like coefficient of variation and variance. Then the preliminary identification of spatial distribution regularities on soil liquid moisture content complexity was made under different snow cover treating conditions, and at the same time, we identified and checked out the complexity of the sequence of soil moisture content by the method of wavelet transform information cost function. During the seasonal freezing and thawing period, the snow cover blocked the water vapor transmission and energy exchange process between soil and external environment, owing to its high albedo and low thermal conductivity, the infiltration of snowmelt water played a role in the migration of soil liquid moisture and the soil temperature at the parallel time. The biggest variation amplitude of soil liquid moisture content was 18.31%, which appeared at the depth of 20 cm soil layer under the condition of bare land treatment, while it appeared at the depth of 15 cm soil layer under the condition of nature snow cover area, at the depth of 15 cm under the condition of compressed snow cover area and at the depth of 10 cm under the condition of thickened snow cover area, which showed a trend of gradually rising in 4 different levels. The largest discrete degree appeared at the depth of 20 cm under the treatment condition of bare land; with the increase in snow cover thickness and the enlargement of snow density, the maximum level of the discrete degree of the series gradually moved upward, and the variation coefficients of the discrete degree level were 6.0189, 6.1367 and 6.8546 respectively, whose fluctuation grew stronger. Wavelet transform information index could measure the complexity of the soil moisture content of each soil layer, and complex active layers under the treatment condition of bare land, nature snow cover, compressed snow and thickened snow were 21, 18, 14 and 10 cm; the influenced area of environmental factors on soil was decreased, and the soil active layer moved upward the surface in the presence of snow. The study reveals the complexity characteristics of soil moisture migration during freezing and thawing period in cold region of North China, and it provides the important guiding significance for predicting soil moisture reasonably, and promoting water resource utilization precisely and efficiently in spring sowing time. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Cost functions - Freezing - Land reclamation - Liquids - Moisture - Moisture determination - Snow - Soil moisture - Soils - Spatial distribution - Thawing - Thermal conductivity - Water content - Water resources - Wavelet transforms
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Complexity characteristics - Distribution regularities - Low thermal conductivity - Snow covers - Variation characteristics - Water resource utilization - Water vapor transmission
Classification code:442.2 Land Reclamation - 443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 921 Mathematics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.08.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

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