2016年4月第32卷第7期

2016年4月第32卷第7期

Accession number:20161602258039
Title:Runoff simulation based on SCS mode in Bortala River Basin in Xinjiang
Authors:Wang, Jinjie (1, 2, 3); Ding, Jianli (1, 2); Zhang, Cheng (3); Zhang, Zhe (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China; (3) Xinjiang Vocational and Technical College of Communications, Urumqi, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Jianli(watarid@xju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:129-135
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rainfall and snowmelt are important ways to produce runoff in Boertala River. The characteristics of arid basin are large area and snowmelt in the surrounding mountains. But the water resource is the most important factor for socio-economic development especially in arid regions. Calculating the total water resources can provide reference for government in formulating strategies. The soil conservation service curve number (SCS-CN) model developed by National Resources Conversion Service (NRCS), Department of Agriculture, the United States of America is the most popular and widely applied for direct runoff estimation. This method is modified by accounting for the static portion of infiltration and the antecedent moisture. It has passed through a great deal of discussion among scientists and hydrologists. The model is based on the water balance equation, in which the curve number is derived from the tables given in the National Engineering Handbook for catchment characteristics, such as soil type, land use, hydrologic condition, and initial soil moisture condition. The variability of these components can cause the instability of model parameters. The method provides the relationship among rainfall depth, retention parameter, curve number, and initial abstraction. In practice, the variability of retention parameter and curve number is observed, as a result of seasonal and storm morphology changes. To describe this variability and assess the errors in the estimation of curve number, many statistical studies were performed. The aim of the paper was to assess the variability of retention parameter and contribute to a better understanding and estimation of retention parameter for its practical application in water resource management. Applications of the original SCS-CN model for runoff estimation without the calibration of retention parameter value tended to give inaccurate results in arid area. The existing universal rainfall-runoff model is widely used in humid areas of small watershed; but for arid and semi-arid large watershed, we need find the good method to improve the model. In this paper, we focus on Wenquan watershed in source regions of Boertala River, and analyze the change trend about the temperature, rainfall and runoff in nearly 50 years. This paper used the 16 m resolution remote sensing image from high-definition earth observation satellite "Gaofen-1", which provided the land use classification data for original SCS-CN model to determine the curve number. This paper used Landsat8 OLI 30 m resolution remote sensing image to inverse the land surface temperature and vegetation index. And the surface temperature/vegetation index (T<inf>S</inf>/VI) was used to inverse the soil moisture. Use the principle of soil moisture absorption balance to estimate the model's retention parameter. It is the innovation in this paper. Use the degree-day model to calculate the equivalent water of snowmelt. Precipitation may need to be revised as the sum of snowmelt and rainfall. At last we used both original model and modified model to simulate the runoff of the 18 rainfall events from March to October in 2013 so as to explore the suitable modified SCS-CN model to simulate the runoff for the large basin with the mixed supply of rainfall and snowmelt. Results showed that the improved model's simulation value was close to the original model very well. In the validation periods, their correlation coefficients were 0.66 and 038, respectively. And relative errors were 17% and 27%, respectively. It further demonstrated that we can use remote sensing to inverse the land surface parameters for SCS-CN model, and use modified algorithm of SCS-CN model parameters to improve the accuracy of the simulation results. Improved model's simulation results show that it has feasibility and practicability for Wenquan watershed. From the improved algorithm of SCS-CN model parameters, it is evident that there is still some room for the original SCS-CN model to be modified and replaced by other relationships for more reliable runoff estimation. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Parameter estimation
Controlled terms:Agricultural runoff - Agriculture - Arid regions - Atmospheric temperature - Economics - Image reconstruction - Infiltration - Land use - Models - Moisture - Natural resources management - Precipitation (meteorology) - Rain - Remote sensing - Rivers - Runoff - Snow melting systems - Soil conservation - Soil moisture - Soils - Surface measurement - Surface properties - Water management - Water resources - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Catchment characteristics - Earth observation satellites - Landsat8 image - Rainfall-runoff modeling - Runoff simulation - Socio-economic development - Soil conservation service curve numbers - Waterresource management
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.5 Agricultural Wastes - 943.2 Mechanical Variables Measurements - 951 Materials Science - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258061
Title:Process optimization for extraction of corn germ oil by aqueous ethanol
Authors:Ni, Shuangshuang (1); Yang, Ruijin (1); Zhang, Wenbin (1); Zhao, Wei (1); Hua, Xiao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Ruijin(yrj@jiangnan.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:283-289
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Corn germ is a kind of byproduct of the wet milling and alcohol industry of corn, which is substantial. Corn germ (dry) contains 35%-56% oil, with linoleic acid (C18:2) being the predominant fatty acid (49%-61.9%). The tocopherol content of corn germ is the highest in all vegetable oils. Corn germ is a cost-effective resource for healthy nutritious oil. In recent years, aqueous enzymatic extraction of corn germ oil has been researched widely. However, this method has the disadvantages of consuming expensive enzyme and long production cycle. In order to reduce the production cost and shorten the extraction time of aqueous method on corn germ oil extraction, the diluted ethanol extraction method was developed in present study based on the consideration that the ethanol added into water was beneficial for demulsifying the emulsion in the homochromous process of oil extraction. Ethanol is a non-toxic and efficient emulsion splitter which has been used in vegetable oil recovery. The product of aqueous ethanol extraction (in appropriate concentration) is directly the free oil rather than the highly emulsified cream after centrifugation. The internal demulsification mechanism is that the diluted aqueous ethanol solution can change the local micro-environment of emulsion and collapse the structure of orderly water molecular around emulsion drops. This method can simplify the follow-up steps and shorten the total production time. Simultaneously, moderate pretreatment was employed to enhance free oil yield further. The research investigated the influence of particle size, solid-liquid ratio, incubation temperature, ethanol concentration, pH value and time for extraction on the oil content of free oil phase, water phase and sediment phase. The result showed that particle size and ethanol concentration made the most contribution to enhancing free oil yield, and extraction time had the minimal impact. The optimal conditions of this aqueous extraction method were: finely ground 4 times (the particle size was 49.18 μm), solid-liquid ratio of 1:7 g/mL, incubation temperature of 70, ethanol concentration of 30%, system pH value of 9.0 and incubation time of 2 h. Under the optimal conditions, the free oil yield reached 94.05%±0.32%, the residual oil content in water and sediment phase was 3.49%±0.77% and 2.55%±0.82% respectively. Through determining the quality indices such as acidity, peroxide value and water content of crude corn germ oil extracted by aqueous ethanol solution, it could be concluded that the quality of extracted crude corn germ oil was superior to the national standard of crude corn oil, and similar to the first grade pressed corn oil under the national standard. The crude oil extracted by aqueous ethanol solution only needs a simple refining to reach the demand of intake, instead of the "five-step refining" (degumming, depickling, decoloring, dewatering and deodorizing). It can not only simplify the processing, but also preserve the micro nutrients like phytosterol and tocopherol to the greatest extent. Aqueous ethanol extraction method is an efficient and suitable method of extracting corn germ oil, with the peculiarity of mild conditions, simple operations and superior products. Hence, it can be concluded that aqueous ethanol technology has a good applying prospect in oil production industry. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Extraction
Controlled terms:Chemical industry - Cost effectiveness - Crude oil - Demulsification - Emulsification - Ethanol - Fatty acids - Linoleic acid - Optimization - Particle size - Petroleum reservoirs - pH - Plants (botany) - Refining - Vegetable oils - Well stimulation
Uncontrolled terms:Aqueous enzymatic extraction - Aqueous ethanol solutions - Corn germs - Ethanol solutions - Incubation temperatures - Oil and fats - Oil production industry - Pre-Treatment
Classification code:512.1 Petroleum Deposits - 512.1.1 Oil Fields - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 805 Chemical Engineering, General - 911.2 Industrial Economics - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258029
Title:Design and stiffness analysis of three-dimensional (3-PRRP4R) parallel vibration reduction mechanism
Authors:Niu, Junchuan (1, 2); Zhang, Fuliang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China; (2) Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Corresponding author:Niu, Junchuan(niujc@sdu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:58-65
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to solve the problems of multi-dimensional vibration in industry and agriculture effectively, the optimization design of the 3-PRC parallel mechanism is carried out for improving its kinematic performances and mechanical properties. A classic 3-PRC parallel mechanism with 3 translational degrees of freedom (DOF) has some defects such as asymmetry, and low mobility. Therefore, for eliminating these defects, the 3-PRC parallel mechanism is upgraded into a novel 3-PRRP4Rparallel mechanism by adopting some optimal measures. Firstly, change the cylindrical pair into a revolute one and apply a 4R structure which includes 4 revolute pairs in the mechanism so as to make the parallel mechanism move more smoothly. Additionally, change the arrangement form of sub-chains from square to equilateral triangle, which makes the force distributed more homogeneously on platforms. Finally, change the position relationship between the sliding pair and the revolute pair, and eliminate the unwanted additional torque. After the improvement of the mechanism, based on the screw theory, the degree of freedom and the motion form of the 3-PRRP4Rparallel mechanism are analyzed. The result shows that the 3-PRRP4Rparallel mechanism is still a 3-DOF translation mechanism which can be used as three-translation vibration reduction platform. Using the homogeneous coordinate transformation method, the kinematics of the 3-PRRP4Rparallel mechanism is formulated. The inverse kinematics solution describes the displacement relationship between upper platform and active joints which are on the lower fixed platform. Jacobian matrix, which describes the velocity relationship between upper platform and active joints which are on lower platform, is obtained by the analysis of velocity. Through the coordinate searching method, the workspace of the 3-PRRP4Rparallel mechanism is obtained, which has better symmetricity than the classic 3-PRC parallel mechanism. The comparison of the workspaces shows the 3-PRRP4Rparallel mechanism is more suitable as a multi-dimensional vibration reduction mechanism. With the help of Adams software, the mechanical properties of cylindrical pair and 4R structure are analyzed, and the result proves 4R structure has better mechanical properties than cylindrical pair. The multi-dimensional vibration reduction system is established by using the 3-PRRP4Rparallel mechanism as the main body and installing the spring damping between active joints and lower platform. Based on the principle of virtual work, the statics of the 3-PRRP4Rparallel mechanism is analyzed. Static equilibrium equation, which describes the force relationship between upper platform and active joints, is established. Static equilibrium equation can be used to set the structure parameters of mechanism and the preload of spring at the initial time. The stiffness of parallel mechanism describes the relationship between the force on upper platform and the corresponding displacement of upper platform, and it is very complex. In order to describe the spatial distribution law of the stiffness visually and briefly, the equivalent stiffness is introduced, and its formula is derived as well by means of dividing the magnitude of the force on upper platform by the magnitude of the displacement of the upper platform. With this formula, the equivalent stiffness in any arbitrary position can be obtained. With the help of MATLAB, the obtained figures, which describe the distribution law of equivalent stiffness in some special positions, show the general distribution law of equivalent stiffness in workspace. The distribution law of equivalent stiffness can help us to make sure whether the special position is useful or not, so it is very important for the application of parallel mechanism. Therefore, the paper provides some valuable guidance for the optimization design, the dynamic analysis, the equivalent stiffness inspection of parallel mechanisms, and the application of multi-dimensional vibration reduction system. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Mechanisms
Controlled terms:Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Fixed platforms - Inverse kinematics - Inverse problems - Jacobian matrices - Kinematics - MATLAB - Mechanical properties - Models - Offshore oil wells - Optimization - Stiffness - Vibration analysis - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Homogeneous coordinate transformations - Inverse kinematics solutions - Parallel mechanisms - Static equilibrium equations - Translational degrees of freedoms - Vibration reductions - Vibrations - Workspace
Classification code:511.2 Oil Field Equipment - 512.1.1 Oil Fields - 601.3 Mechanisms - 921 Mathematics - 931.1 Mechanics - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258053
Title:Spatiotemporal variations analysis for land use in Fen River Basin based on terrain gradient
Authors:Li, Jingjing (1); Lü, Zhemin (1); Shi, Xiaoping (1); Li, Zhi (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Li, Zhi(lizhibox@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:230-236
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Land use/cover change (LUCC) is a key component of global climate change, and it has great impacts on climate, hydrological processes, biodiversity and ecological processes. Therefore, more attentions have been paid to LUCC. As land use pattern is significantly influenced by topographical factors that indirectly has impacts on water and surface energy balance, analysis of land use pattern is thus a useful method to assess the rationality of LUCC according to the variations in their topographic factors, which will further provide important information for land use management and soil conservation. Fen River Basin is one of the regions with most severe soil loss on the Loess Plateau, and it has been experiencing great changes in land use pattern due to the implementation of soil conservation measures. After using land use data of 1986, 1995, 2005 and 2010 to analyze the temporal and spatial variation in land use from 1986-2010, and using terrain niche index derived from DEM (digital elevation model) to represent the topographical factors of different land use patch, the relationship between terrain and land use change was systematically analyzed. Results showed that from 1986 to 2010, the main land use types of the study region were farmland, forest and grassland, which account for 94% of the whole catchment, and the main land use change types were the decrease of farmland and the increase of urban and residential land. The rate of land use change for the period of 1986-1995, 1995-2005 and 2005-2010 were 13.2%, 25.8% and 36.4%, respectively, indicating a speed-up land use changes. But for the whole study period, the land use change rate was 1.3%, which implied that the land use pattern was recovering the original status with less human disturbance. Our results also showed that the spatial distribution of land use types had close relationships with terrain gradient. The farmland, urban/residential land and water sources were mainly located in the areas with low terrain gradient, while grassland in the areas with middle terrain gradient and forest in the areas with mid-high terrain gradient. According to the land use change TUPU, we found that the primary land use change types were stable type and repeated change type, which accounted for 98.4% of the whole catchment. The stable land use change type was mainly composed of forest with large terrain gradient and farmland with small low terrain gradient, while the repeated change type mainly from the mutual conversion between grassland and farmland at areas with mid-low terrain gradients. In addition, the results indicated that LUCC in the Fen River Basin was the combined effect of natural processes, human activities and government policies. The natural processes played a key role in the impacts of terrain gradient effect on land use change, while human activities and policies were very important drivers that can make land use change rapidly in a short time period. Overall, the land use pattern in the Fen River Basin has been becoming rational. However, some improper land use change types were also detected. Based on analyzing the rationality of land use change by topographical factors, this study was meaningful to the sustainable development of land resources, and it can provide important information for land use management in the Fen River Basin. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Biodiversity - Catchments - Climate change - Farms - Forestry - Information management - Information use - Landforms - Planning - Rivers - Runoff - Sediments - Soil conservation - Soils - Surveying - Topography - Watersheds - Wetlands
Uncontrolled terms:Change TUPU - Digital elevation model - Global climate changes - Loess Plateau - River basins - Spatio-temporal variation - Temporal and spatial variation - Terrain niche index
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 405.3 Surveying - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 444.1 Surface Water - 454 Environmental Engineering - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 912.2 Management - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258052
Title:Review and improvement of calculation method for mine reclamation bond
Authors:Cheng, Linlin (1); Ma, Lu (1); Fu, Yajie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing), Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Cheng, Linlin(chll@cumtb.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:224-229
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As an effective way to promote reclamation in mining area, reclamation bond system has been adopted by western countries as early as 1970s. China has also adopted this system in recent years. As it is relatively new, there are still many aspects that need to be improved. The core of the system is how to calculate the amount of bond. If the size calculated is too small, there will be a huge capital gap and great financial burden for the government and community to reclaim the mining site once the mining enterprise escapes the reclamation obligation. If the size calculated is too big, it will restrict the mining capacity and affect economic development. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the problems of the calculation methods in China to find out a scientific and reasonable method to promote the healthy and sustainable development of mine land reclamation bond system. Calculation methods in practice and academia at home and abroad are summarized and contrasted. The result shows that it has been confirmed by international successful practice and theory research that mine land reclamation bond should be calculated according to land reclamation cost. While calculation methods in practice differ greatly in China, and the amounts calculated are often below the reclamation costs, which has affected the fairness and effectiveness of the bond system. Methods of calculating reclamation cost in academia can be divided into 2 categories. One method is to calculate reclamation cost by modifying the 'standard cost'. The other method is to calculate reclamation cost by adding up all of the reclamation fees occurring during the process of mining site reclamation. Both of the 2 methods cannot give consideration to objectivity, scientific rationality and operability at the same time. It is concluded that the bond's calculation basis for each province should be unified as reclamation cost to guarantee sufficient reclamation fund. Aiming at the deficiency of existing calculation methods, this paper puts forward the calculation method and model of the coal mining reclamation bond based on the leading factors affecting land destruction. Firstly, the causes of land destruction by coal resource mining are analyzed and the general factors (the thickness of coal seam, the slope of the terrain, the mining method etc.) affecting the form and degree of land destruction are identified. Secondly, the leading factors affecting land destruction are determined by analyzing the correlation degree between land destruction and general factors. Thirdly, the leading factors are graded and each grade is given a value respectively. And their weights are determined. The coal mining is assessed through the comprehensive condition index of the leading factors affecting land destruction, which is the product of the value of the grade and the weight of the leading factors. The model of the corresponding relationship between the index and the reclamation cost is constructed through the inductive analysis of the reclamation cases. The corresponding reclamation cost per comprehensive condition index is determined. At last, the calculation model of the bond is built by multiplying the total index, the corresponding reclamation cost per comprehensive condition index, the unforeseeable fee, the inflation rate and the destruction area of the calculation unit. Compared with existing calculation models, this model is more objective, scientific and easier to operate. It provides a theoretical support for the unification of calculation methods of reclamation bond based on reclamation cost throughout the country. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Reclamation
Controlled terms:Coal - Coal deposits - Coal mines - Coal reclamation - Cost benefit analysis - Costs - Deposits - Economic and social effects - Land reclamation - Land use - Mines - Mining - Models
Uncontrolled terms:Calculation models - Correlation degree - Economic development - Inflation rates - Mine reclamation - Mining enterprise - Scientific rationalities - Western countries
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 502.1 Mine and Quarry Operations - 503 Mines and Mining, Coal - 503.1 Coal Mines - 524 Solid Fuels - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258065
Title:Effect of freezing treatment on structure and adsorption characteristic of soy protein porous materials crosslinked by aldehydes
Authors:Bi, Binbin (1); Lin, Qiaojia (1); Zheng, Peitao (1); Li, Feng (1); Ouyang, Ting (1); Chen, Nairong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Nairong(fafucnr@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:309-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The main goal of this work was to prepare porous materials using renewable soy protein as raw material. Soy protein was first blended with sodium hydroxide solution and crosslinked by aldehydes (formaldehyde, glyoxal and glutaraldehyde) to fabricate soy protein gel. The gel was then treated by freezing in refrigerator and liquid nitrogen to obtain porous materials after dry vacuum. A series of dynamic rheological tests were conducted for the gel, which included the strain sweep ranging from 0.5% to 120% at 1 Hz and the frequency sweep ranging from 0.13 to 3.6 Hz at 2% strain. Pore properties of these porous materials including the BET specific surface area, average pore diameter, pore size distribution and pore volume were characterized by the DFT method based on the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isothermal. The microstructure of porous materials was investigated by the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The thermostability of porous materials from ambient temperature to 600 in nitrogen was investigated at the heating rate of 10/min by thermo gravimetric analysis technology. The results showed that the aldehydes crosslinked soy protein was efficient in forming gel. The storage modulus and loss modulus of soy protein gels were all increased as the scanning frequency increased, and the storage modulus was always higher than the loss modulus; the glutaraldehyde crosslinked soy protein gel had the highest storage modulus, as evidenced by rheological behavior analysis. These indicated that glutaraldehyde crosslinked protein was better than formaldehyde or glyoxal. Pore properties analysis results showed that aldehydes treatment porous materials had a higher BET specific surface area, a larger pore volume, and a smaller porous size than the control sample. Compared with the sample treated in refrigerator, the similar tendency was also observed on the porous materials treated by liquid nitrogen, which was that the diameter of nanoscale pore size was lower than 80 nm, the pore volume of mesoporous accounted for at least 50% of total pore volume, and the pore volume percentage decreased with the order of mesoporpus > macropore > micropore. All the refrigerator-treated porous materials showed the diameter of nanoscale pore size was lower than 70 nm. The BET specific surface area and pore volume of porous materials treated by liquid nitrogen had the decreased tendency with the order of glutaraldehyde > glyoxal > formaldehyde, indicating glutaraldehyde could be the crosslinking agent for soy protein porous material, but the freezing treatment had a greater influence on the pore structure than aldehydes did. This also could be evidenced by the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isothermal. The FESEM observations suggested that the pore patterns of all soy protein porous materials were micron grade circular pore and nanoscale slit pore, but the liquid nitrogen treatment resulted in more circular pore than the refrigerator treatment. Two times the mass loss (before 100 and after 200) occurred during the heating process of all samples, but soy protein porous material prepared from glutaraldehyde and liquid nitrogen treated soy protein showed better thermal stability after 440, indicating a better thermostability as evidenced by the thermo gravimetric analysis. There were 14.5% p-nitrophenol and 5.6% hexavalent chromium absorbed when glutaraldehyde and liquid nitrogen treated soy protein porous materials were soaked into the solution of p-nitrophenol and potassium dichromate for 3 h, respectively. Therefore, glutaraldehyde and liquid nitrogen treated soy protein porous materials could be potentially applied as adsorption or thermal insulation materials, or prepare other porous materials such as carbon aerogel. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Storage (materials)
Controlled terms:Absorption - Adsorption - Aldehydes - Carbon - Elastic moduli - Formaldehyde - Freezing - Gas adsorption - Gravimetric analysis - Isotherms - Liquid nitrogen - Liquids - Mesoporous materials - Nanostructured materials - Nanotechnology - Nitrogen - Phenols - Pore size - Porous materials - Proteins - Refrigerators - Scanning electron microscopy - Specific surface area - Stability - Thermal insulation - Thermogravimetric analysis - Vacuum applications
Uncontrolled terms:Adsorption characteristic - BET specific surface area - Cross-linked proteins - Field emission scanning electron microscopes - Rheological behaviors - Sodium hydroxide solutions - Soy protein - Thermal insulation materials
Classification code:413.2 Heat Insulating Materials - 633.1 Vacuum Applications - 644.3 Refrigeration Equipment and Components - 694.4 Storage - 761 Nanotechnology - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.044
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258045
Title:Hyperspectral estimation of leaf total phosphorus content in apple tree based on optimal weights combination model
Authors:Feng, Haikuan (1, 2, 3, 4); Yang, Fuqin (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); Li, Zhenhai (1, 2, 3, 4); Yang, Guijun (1, 2, 3, 4); Guo, Jianhua (1, 2, 3, 4); He, Peng (1, 2, 3, 4); Wang, Yan'an (6)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Key Laboratory for Information Technologies in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (4) Beijing Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Internet of Things, Beijing, China; (5) College of Civil Engineering, Henan Institute of Engineering, Zhengzhou, China; (6) College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Fuqin(yangfuqin0202@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:173-180
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The phosphorus status is an important parameter for evaluating the growth status and predicting the production in apple trees. The objective of the study was to demonstrate the feasibility of remote sensing monitoring the apple leaf total phosphorus content and its expansibility in regional and annual level. Spectral reflectance of leaves and concurrent apple leaf phosphorus content parameters of samples were acquired in Xiazhai Village, Chaoquan District, Feicheng City, Shandong Province, China during the apple growth season from 2012 to 2013, and the optimal weight combination model was built using the Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network. Leaf spectra and total phosphorus content of apples were measured at the fast-growing period of shoot, the time of blooming of vernal treetop, the fruit expansion period, the fruit maturity stage, and the color changing stage in the leaves. The paper was based on the apple whole stage. The leaf reflectance was measured and then the normalized difference spectral index (NDSI) and ratio spectral index (RSI) that were sensitive to total phosphorus content were built; the optimal weight combination model of the RBF was discussed and the hyperspectral estimation model for total phosphorus content in apple leaves was established. Firstly, We analyzed the correlation between the phosphorus content and the original spectrum, determined R<inf>553</inf>and R<inf>722</inf>as the diagnostic band of leaf phosphorus content, and constructed the estimation model of total phosphorus content. The coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and relative error (RE) were 0.69, 0.07 g/(100g), 0.2% and 0.80, 0.06 g/(100g), 0.2%, respectively; the NDSI and RSI was constructed referred to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and ratio vegetation index (RVI). The sensitivity of hyperspectral vegetation indices NDSI<inf>(546, 521)</inf>, NDSI<inf>(553, 518)</inf>, RSI<inf>(543, 525)</inf>and RSI<inf>(1394, 718)</inf>to phosphorus content was determined by the contour map of combination range (400-2500 nm) with the leaf total phosphorus content. The estimated model was built based on the empirical statistical relationships between NDSI<inf>(546, 521)</inf>, NDSI<inf>(553, 518)</inf>, RSI<inf>(543, 525)</inf>, RSI<inf>(1394, 718)</inf>and total phosphorus content, and the corresponding R2, RMSE and RE were 0.87, 0.05 g/(100g) and 0.3%, 0.86, 0.05 g/(100g) and 0.05%, 0.87, 0.05 g/(100g) and 0.2%, and 0.85, 0.05 g/(100g) and 0.2%, respectively. Lastly, the optimal weight combination model of RBF neural network was constructed; the goal and spread were calculated by iteration until the min (et) was minimal. The R<inf>553</inf>, R<inf>722</inf>, NDSI<inf>(546, 521)</inf>, NDSI<inf>(553, 518)</inf>, RSI<inf>(543, 525)</inf>and RSI<inf>(1394, 718)</inf>were considered as independent variables and the total phosphorus content was taken as dependent variable in the combination model. Gaussian function was used as radial basis function, which could get the optimal weight for every independent variable. The results indicated that the prediction of the optimal weight combination model of RBF neural network had a higher precision, compared to the mean of the 6 estimated models (traditional empirical statistical models), the R2was increased from 0.82 to 0.94, and the RMSE was decreased from 0.06 to 0.05 g/(100g). The validation results also indicated that the estimation accuracy of the optimal weight combination model (R2=0.55 and RMSE=0.05 g/(100 g)) was higher than the empirical statistical relations (R2=0.38 and RMSE=0.06 g/(100g)). The optimal weight combination model of RBF is a new technical method which can provide a rapid and nondestructive diagnosis of the phosphorus status of apple leaves. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Phosphorus
Controlled terms:Forestry - Fruits - Functions - Iterative methods - Mean square error - Models - Radial basis function networks - Reflection - Remote sensing - Spectrum analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Apple leaves - Coefficient of determination - Hyperspectral vegetation indices - Normalized difference vegetation index - Optimal weight - Radial basis function neural networks - RBF Neural Network - Remote sensing monitoring
Classification code:804 Chemical Products Generally - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258035
Title:Design and calculation of airfoil profile of blade in axial flow pump based on singularity approach
Authors:Yan, Jing (1); Liu, Xiaobing (1); Zhou, Xucheng (2); Liu, Xiaomei (2); Yang, Xiaolin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Fluid and Power Machinery, School of Energy and Environment, Xihua University, Chengdu, China; (2) Yongyi Pump Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China
Corresponding author:Yan, Jing(jingyan16@aliyun.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:100-105
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Singularity calculating program is an important approach to design blade airfoils of axial flow machinery. This method is originally used in the runner design of propeller turbines. High efficiency and satisfactory performance of the runners has proved that this program has many advantages compared with other calculating methods for axial flow machines. To improve performance characteristics of axial flow pumps, it is valuable to introduce singularity calculating approach for the design of axial flow pumps. The principles in this program can be described briefly as follows. A vortex sheet is placed along a special curve in the uniform flow field with planar potential flow. If the induced velocity superimposed with the original planar uniform flow can ensure the curve to be a streamline and this streamline can meet all flowing boundary conditions, a solid curved thin plate can be used to replace the vortex sheet, for the flow field formed by the plate and the flow field without the plate are identical. Because velocity distribution of a potential flow is determined by its potential function, which satisfies the Laplacian equation. The solution to any Laplacian equation is solely determined by boundary conditions of the flow. As the induced velocity is developed by vortex sheet, the vortex density distribution along the sheet is very important. In a developed planar flow surface, for the same cascade, energy conversion and relative velocity in the runners and impellers are opposite, and stagnant point and singular point are also located in 2 opposite positions of the same airfoil. As a result, the vortex density distribution along the airfoil mean line can't be the same for the cascade when used for 2 kinds of hydraulic machines. However, there is only one distribution function presented in traditional approaches reported in all literatures. Further analysis showed that the traditional distribution function was only suitable for boundary conditions of runner airfoils. Later a new type of vortex density function was found. The induced velocity generated by new function along with the uniform flow can make the stagnant and singular points located in the required place, and the resultant velocity satisfies the Kutta-Joukowski law. The density function develops a curve with slight bending to form the mean line of airfoils. However, the vortex density function obtained cann't be used directly in the following calculation. It is only a starting point to deduce all formulae for later calculation. Since the vortex density function suitable for impellers is different from the corresponding function for runners, the conventional program formulated for runners cann't be applied in impeller airfoil calculation. According to the recently developed density function, potential flow theories and mathematical analysis, authors of this paper have obtained a series of formulae to locate 7 points in airfoil mean line and finally form the mean line of airfoil. In a primary planar straight cascade consisting of the airfoils of infinity, it takes an arbitrary one as the basic airfoil. Along the mean lines of all airfoils, the vortex sheets with the same density function are placed. On a given point among 7 points on the mean line of the basic airfoil, the vertical and horizontal velocity components are the superposition of 2 types of induced velocities, which are generated by continuous vortices on the basic airfoil mean line and by continuous vortices on all other airfoils. When the induced vertical and horizontal velocity components are calculated, superpose the velocity components of uniform flow on them. Thus, the actual relative velocity components can be achieved for all 7 points on basic mean line. The calculated relative velocity components then lead to the detection of the velocity direction at each point and 7 points can finally be located. A smooth curve passing all 7 fixed points will form the mean line of airfoil. In addition to calculating principles and obtained formulae, detailed designs are presented in this paper. All formulae for different kinds of velocity component calculation in this paper are different from the corresponding expressions in traditional approaches. The results presented in this paper make it possible to design axial flow pumps by using singularity approach, and will help pump design engineers use the new way in their design practice. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:12
Main heading:Vortex flow
Controlled terms:Airfoils - Axial flow - Boundary conditions - Chemical detection - Density functional theory - Design - Distribution functions - Energy conversion - Flow fields - Functions - Hydraulic machinery - Hydraulic motors - Impellers - Laplace transforms - Machine design - Machinery - Potential flow - Probability density function - Pumps - Velocity - Velocity distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Airfoil profile - Cascade flow - Design and calculation - Horizontal velocity components - Mathematical analysis - Singularity approach - Traditional approaches - Vortex density functions
Classification code:525.5 Energy Conversion Issues - 601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 652.1 Aircraft, General - 801 Chemistry - 921 Mathematics - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258033
Title:Starting characteristic of mixed-flow pump based on quasi-steady state assumption
Authors:Li, Wei (1); Ji, Leilei (1); Shi, Weidong (1); Li, Weiqiang (1); Zhou, Ling (1); Jiang, Xiaoping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University/National Research Center of Pumps, Zhenjiang, China
Corresponding author:Li, Wei(lwjiangda@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:86-92
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Quasi-steady state flow characteristics are the approximately discrete superposition of the transient flow characteristics in the mixed-flow pump during starting period, and it is meaningful to understand the transient characteristics by researching the quasi-steady state performance. In order to study the quasi-steady state flow characteristics of mixed-flow pump during starting period, the external characteristic curve of quasi-steady state and the transient dimensionless head performance were obtained by numerical simulation and experiment based on the transient performance parameters of the external characteristic experiment. The overall flow field of mixed-flow pump was numerically simulated by the commercial software ANSYS-CFX, which was based on the time-averaged N-S equation, the standard k-Ε two-equation turbulence model, and the SIMPLEC algorithm. Based on the analysis of pressure field and velocity vector under 3 different rotating speeds, the general laws of the quasi-steady state were summarized through numerical simulation of mixed-flow pump. The results were compared with the transient PIV (particle image velocimetry) experimental results. The calculated head presented a perpendicularly rising trend, and deviated from the experimental head with the increasing of the volume flow rate, which was due to the ignoring of blade acceleration effect in the quasi-steady state. The process of the experimental dimensionless head deviating from the quasi-steady state condition proved that the transient effect was caused by the impeller acceleration. The starting period of the mixed-flow pump was described by using the dimensionless head changing over time. The transient experimental dimensionless head curve decreased rapidly from a great value with the increasing of rotational speed, and then increased and coincided with the calculated quasi-steady state curve. Similar pressure distribution was presented in the mixed-flow pump under 3 different rotating speeds. The pressure and the relative velocity vector at the impeller inlet cross section met the similarity law approximately. Besides, the large-scale tip leakage vortex turned up at the low rotating speed. By comparing the flow field of the quasi-steady state and transient measurement at the time of 0.75 s, the tip leakage appeared under quasi-steady calculation, and the backflow and tip leakage vortex came up at the rim of impeller. But the boundary layer of wall ending region developed from laminar flow to turbulence flow in the experimental transient measurement. When the time was 1.07 s, the relative velocity distribution at the impeller inlet cross section was uniform, but the fluid had a moving trend from hub to rim, which was related to the impeller blade under the inertia force effects in the transient PIV measurement. Meanwhile, the entrainment effect at the impeller inlet flow field by the transient PIV measurement was more conspicuous. Consistent with the dimensionless transient performance, PIV measurement results showed that the transient effect of internal flow characteristics in the mixed-flow pump during starting period was distinct from that of quasi-steady state conditions. The results in this paper provide the academic basis and reference for verifying the accuracy of quasi-steady state method, and revealing the transient internal flow characteristics of mixed-flow pump during starting period. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Transient analysis
Controlled terms:Atmospheric thermodynamics - Boundary layers - Computer simulation - Flow fields - Impellers - Laminar boundary layer - Laminar flow - Leakage (fluid) - Models - Navier Stokes equations - Numerical models - Pumps - Rotating machinery - Steady flow - Transients - Turbulence models - Velocity distribution - Velocity measurement - Vortex flow
Uncontrolled terms:Mixed flow pump - Quasi steady state conditions - Quasi-steady state - Quasi-steady-state assumptions - Starting periods - Transient characteristic - Transient flow characteristics - Two-equation turbulence models
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 601.1 Mechanical Devices - 601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 723.5 Computer Applications - 921 Mathematics - 921.2 Calculus - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 943.3 Special Purpose Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258040
Title:Allocation optimization of water resources based on uncertainty stochastic programming model considering risk value
Authors:Fu, Qiang (1); Li, Jiahong (1); Liu, Dong (1); Li, Tianxiao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Fu, Qiang(fuqiang0629@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:136-144
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To ensure the sustainable water development of regional agricultural and improve the use efficiency of water, it is very important to optimize the allocation of water resources. There are many uncertain factors in the process of the water resources allocation in the food production areas with the change of the system environment in China, and in the pursuit of the minimum cost, there are also many uncertain risks. Choosing the 5 important agricultural regions, i.e. Qitaihe, Jiamusi, Shuangyashan, Hegang and Jixi located on the Sanjiang Plain as the study area, by using the method of interval two-stage stochastic programming method and introducing the risk appetite, the surface water and groundwater joint scheduling is established under the condition of water resources optimal allocation, and the water deficit and the optimal configuration of water law for each administrative region are analyzed. The results show that the surface water is much deficient in Shuangyashan and Jixi during the water distribution process, where the mainly exploited is the groundwater; for Jiamusi, which is an administrative region with larger grain production area, the water demand is bigger, and the external water supply is more; for Qitaihe and Hegang where the planting areas are lesser, considering the cost of water diversion and grain yield, the less external water is needed to pilot to reduce the cost. The calculation results show that the changing rules of water deficit and the optimal allocation of water under different administrative region and different water level are as follows: Qitaihe and Jixi have small change under different water level, Jiamusi and Shuangyashan have great change under different water level, and the minimum cost of water under the optimal allocation is 736.12×108-843.40×108yuan. At last, the paper analyzes the minimum cost of optimal allocation of water resources under different probability of water level and different risk preference scenario on Sanjiang Plain. Because under the low water level, it is easy to cause the high demand for water resource system, and an increased level of risk aversion can be instead of water cost increase, the cost of water shortage will be increased to meet the basic requirements of crops, which changes from 344.2×108-355.4×108to 411.5×108-430.7×108yuan; at a high level of the water, the increase of the level of risk aversion can reduce the cost which caused by the loss of oversupply, and thus reduce the total cost of water from 422.5×108-435.3×108to 351.7×108-365.3×108yuan; in the middle level, it is between low and high water level. This model conjoins the advantages of the interval of two-stage stochastic programming and the characteristics of the risk value model. In the joint allocation of water resources, the model comprehensively considers the cost and risk, effectively saves water cost, and enhances the ability of water resources system to avoid risk. The model makes up for the deficiency of the traditional interval two-stage stochastic programming method, introduces the risk preference of decision makers to find the minimum cost of water resources' optimal allocation scheme under the condition of uncertainty, avoids concentrating the risk loss in a certain region, and facilitates reasonable water resource allocation for policymakers in different administrative regions on the Sanjiang Plain. The water allocation in different region and different time realizes the dynamic distribution of multi-water source irrigation system. This model can ensure the need of crop grow when the irrigation water resources are rationally configured in the growing period of the crop, and effectively avoids the waste of water resources, as well as improves the efficiency of irrigation water, which is of great significance for sustainable use of water resources. The research improves the utilization efficiency of water resources and provides the basis for the planning of regional water management, which can more truly reflect the uncertainty for optimization allocation of water resources. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cost reduction - Costs - Crops - Decision making - Efficiency - Flood control - Grain (agricultural product) - Groundwater - Groundwater resources - Irrigation - Models - Optimization - Resource allocation - Risk perception - Risks - Stochastic models - Stochastic programming - Stochastic systems - Surface water resources - Surface waters - Water - Water conservation - Water levels - Water management - Water supply - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Optimal allocation of water resources - Resource optimal allocation - Risk value - Stochastic programming model - Surface water and groundwaters - Two-stage stochastic programming - Uncertainty - Water resources allocations
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics - 912.2 Management - 913.1 Production Engineering - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.1 Probability Theory - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258041
Title:Risk analysis on agricultural drainage ditch filling and flood disasters in lower plain area of North China
Authors:Zhao, Xiaoyu (1, 2); Zhang, Fengrong (1, 2); Li, Chao (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Fengrong(frzhang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:145-151
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The construction of irrigation and water conservancy was initiated on the North China Plain in the 1950s, which played a significant role in the saline-alkali soil improvement and flood discharge. However, the phenomenon of filling agricultural drainage ditches has become common in the North China Plain since the 1990s. It is necessary to know the condition of filling agricultural drainage ditches and flood disasters related with this phenomenon. Nowadays, there are few researches to analyze the condition of filling agricultural drainage ditches. In order to enrich existing studies, this research took Cangxian County which was battered by flooding and soil salinization in lower plain area as a case study, and explored the condition of filling agricultural drainage ditch and the flood disaster. The changes of drainage ditch area and spatial variation were analyzed based on land use databases of Cangxian County in 1992 and 2010 using the method of GIS (geographic information system). Then, the condition of filling agricultural drainage ditch was investigated by means of the field research in Nan Gutun Village. This village was one of the most densely populated agriculture villages in Cangxian County. Interviewing with the village committee members and the villagers over 70 years old, we learned about the local agricultural production mode, the way of life, the changes of agricultural drainage ditch and its mechanisms from 1960s to now. Finally, we analyzed the risk of flood disasters from the aspects of precipitation trends, percentage of precipitation anomalies, underground water level, drought/flood frequency, relationship between soil water capacity and rainfall, and upland water condition. The results showed that from 1992 to 2010, the area of drainage ditches in Cangxian County reduced by 37.73%. Meanwhile, the proportion of drainage ditches in Cangxian County decreased by 2.03% and the farm ditches was the most serious in being filled. The results of flood disaster analysis showed that the annual precipitation had an obvious downtrend and the seasonal precipitation was evenly distributed. With the underground water level lowering at the average speed of 1-2 m/a, soil water supplement through soil capillarity was decreasing. This made the storage capacity of soil water enlarged before rainy season. Based on soil physics, 1 m water-free soil could contain approximately 140 mm precipitation, which played a significant role in slowing down the surface runoff. At the same time, the actual water flow in the upstream was decreasing. Moreover, China's rapid urbanization and industrialization is accompanied by a continuous growth of water use, and upland water is mainly used for cities, which results in the decrease of upland water. In consideration of all condition, the risk of flood disasters was reducing according to the precipitation, soil water capacity and upland water. In other words, under the constant climate circumstances, the condition of filling agricultural drainage ditches did not increase the risk of flood in the majority of years. But we found in the field research that the risk of flooding increased after the heavy rain. Based on the results above, we suggest that the government should take terrain, underground water level and soil into consideration in the redesigning of drainage ditch systems, and attain the goal of maintaining high and stable yield of grain, farmland infrastructure protection and requisition-compensation balance of cultivated land through the scientific planning of water conservancy construction and land consolidation. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Floods
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Capillarity - Consolidation - Disasters - Drainage - Filling - Flow of water - Geographic information systems - Groundwater - Land use - Landforms - Precipitation (meteorology) - Rain - Risk analysis - Risk assessment - Rural areas - Saline water - Soil mechanics - Soil moisture - Soils - Water levels - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Drainage ditches - GIS (geographic information system) - Infrastructure protection - Irrigation and water conservancies - Land consolidations - North China Plain - Requisition-compensation balances
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 443.3 Precipitation - 444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 481.1 Geology - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 631.1.1 Liquid Dynamics - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 922 Statistical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258043
Title:Formulas screening of special fertilizer for spring maize in county area of northern Shanxi based on GIS and soil testing data
Authors:Guo, Junling (1, 2); Wang, Yongliang (1, 2); Guo, Caixia (1, 2); Jin, Hui (3); Yang, Zhiping (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Environment & Resources, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Nutrient Resources in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China; (3) Institute of Agricultural Resources & Economy, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Zhiping(yzpsx0208@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:158-164
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Based on the data of soil testing and fertilizer recommendation project, we researched and screened the formulae of spring maize special compound fertilizer in Ying County in northern Shanxi Province by the GIS (geographic information system). We followed the principles of regional nitrogen (N) amount control and timing in critical growing stage, and soil available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) maintained at a rational level. Firstly, we collected soil testing data and "3414" field experiments data of spring maize in Ying County. The regional appropriate N application rate was 200 kg/hm2by the fertilizer effect function method, among which 80 kg/hm2was as base fertilizer applied before sowing while 120 kg/hm2was as topdressing applied at large bell stage. Furthermore, we established the functional relationship between available nutrients (P and K) and relative yield, which was used to determine soil nutrient plenty-lack index of P and K. The results showed that soils were divided into low level (< 5 mg/kg), medium level (5-16 mg/kg), high level (16-26 mg/kg) and very high level (> 26 mg/kg) groups by P classification indices. As well as, on the basis of K classification indices, soils were divided into low level (< 30 mg/kg), medium level (30-105 mg/kg), high level (105-150 mg/kg) and very high level (>150 mg/kg) groups. According to spatial variability characteristics and classification indices of soil available P and K, we set up P and K recommended fertilization index system by the comprehensive utilization of the soil nutrient plenty-lack index method and the fertilizer effect function method. Based on the analytical data of 1374 soil samples, by using Kriging interpolation of GIS, we obtained the spatial variability maps of regional soil nutrient P and K. The results indicated that the spatial variability of available P and K was obvious. Because of this, the scientific management of soil available P and K and the rational use of P, K fertilizers were important for regional agricultural development. In additon, using GIS technology we also obtained the maps of regional N, P and K fertilizer recommended dosage, which showed that P fertilizer application rates of low-level, medium-level, high-level, very high-level soils were 90, 68, 45 and 30 kg/hm2, respectively, while K fertilizer application rates were 68, 45, 30 and 15 kg/hm2, respectively. The regional appropriate N application rate was 200 kg/hm2, of which 80 kg/hm2was base fertilizer and 120 kg/hm2was topdressing. After overlay analysis of N, P and K fertilizer recommended dosage maps by the GIS, we formed the spring maize formula figure for the county. The formula figure showed that there were 11 special fertilizer formulae with different proportion in the area, whose total nutrients were all designed to 45%. Through further screening study, we proposed 3 general regional N-P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>-K<inf>2</inf>O formulae for spring maize in Ying County, which were 20-17-8, 17-19-9 and 21-12-12(NPK nutrient content ratios of special compound fertilizer, which total nutrient content was 45%). The areas of 3 general regional formulae followed the trend of 20-17-8 > 17-19-9 > 21-12-12. In order to evaluate 20-17-8 regional formula, we conducted the field trials. The results showed that the maize yield increased by 7.69% with the designed regional formula in comparison with farmers' habitual practice, but the difference was not significant. The other 2 formulae needed to be verified in the future research. With all results of analyses, we find that the GIS technology is a very effective means for studying the formula of regional special compound fertilizer, which helps us learn the regional soil nutrient condition and fertilizer demand situation intuitively. All in all, soil testing and fertilization technology combined with GIS technology can promote the application and popularization of soil testing and formula fertilizing project, and provide the theoretical basis for spring maize nutrients' efficient utilization. By this way, we can improve the regional fertilization technology and promote the economy development of the area. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Experiments - Fertilizers - Geographic information systems - Information systems - Interpolation - Nutrients - Screening - Soil testing - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural development - Compound fertilizer - Comprehensive utilizations - Fertilizer applications - Formula - Functional relationship - GIS (geographic information system) - Spring maize
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 903.3 Information Retrieval and Use - 921.6 Numerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258055
Title:Effect of hot air drying temperature on microstructure of Chinese jujube
Authors:Wei, Yulong (1); Yu, Ning (1, 2); Xu, Mingqiang (1, 3); Chen, Kai (1); Li, Huanrong (1); Wang, Ping (1, 4); Liu, Chao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Pharmaceutically, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi, China; (2) College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; (3) Storage and Processing of Agricultural Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China; (4) College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, China
Corresponding author:Li, Huanrong(lhrgjw@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:244-251
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Chinese jujube is one of the most important dried fruits, and it is popular for its unique flavor, good taste and rich nutrition. Over the years, with the improvement of people's living standards, more and more people require high-quality jujube products, however the existing processing technology can not satisfy the needs, so improving the processing technology becomes increasingly important. Currently, most researches have focused on the changes in the organizational structure of finally dried jujube, and fewer studies have focused on drying process. In order to study the effect of hot air drying temperature on microstructure of Chinese jujube, jujubes were dried under different temperature (35, 40, 45, 50 and 55). Paraffin section and microscopic imaging technology were used to obtain the distribution curve of the flesh cell and the cavity structure parameters during the hot air drying process. Distribution curve skewness and kurtosis (fresh jujube as the reference) were used to describe the changes of microstructure parameters during the hot air drying process, and the fitting equation of microstructure parameters (area ratio, perimeter ratio and equivalent diameter ratio of flesh cell to cavity cross-section) and macro drying parameter (moisture ratio) was established. The results indicated that the distribution curve skewness, kurtosis with various microstructural parameters could better describe the flesh cell and cavity changes trend during the drying process with different temperatures. Due to environmental stress response and differences in the distribution of moisture and heat, the shrinkage of pulp cells and the collapse or expansion of cavity were not with consistency or continuity during drying process of 5 temperatures. Comparing different temperatures, low temperature (35) and high temperature (55) drying process had great impact on flesh cells' shape changes, and under high temperature (55) the shrinkage degree of pulp cells was more significant. During the hot air drying process, collapse and expansion of cavity both existed, which were more significant under high temperature, and cavity expansion was serious in early and post drying process. In actual production, we should not adopt prolonged high temperature or low temperature drying to avoid excessive shrinkage and cavity's excessive expansion seriously, which affected the texture of flesh and the mouthfeel of jujubes. In drying process, jujube microstructure parameters did not decrease linearly with the decreasing of moisture content, but presented undulation changes. Therefore, the nonlinear model was used to describe the change of each microscopic parameter with different moisture content, and we found that the nonlinear model could better simulate the effect of cell perimeter ratio (R2>0.8379, standard deviation<2.9943%), however, the simulation effect of the cavity perimeter ratio was poor (R2>0.9229, standard deviation<25.1682%). So when the relationship between macro drying parameter and microstructure parameter during hot air drying process was establish, we could select the cell area ratio, cell perimeter ratio and cavity equivalent diameter ratio as microscopic parameters. Results can provide a reference for the development of new hot air drying technology. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Cells - Curve fitting - Cytology - Expansion - Higher order statistics - Imaging techniques - Low temperature drying - Low temperature production - Microstructure - Models - Moisture - Moisture determination - Nonlinear systems - Shrinkage - Solar dryers - Statistical methods - Statistics - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Different moisture contents - Equivalent diameter ratio - Jujube - Micro-structure parameters - Microscopic parameter - Microstructural parameters - Organizational structures - Processing technologies
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 746 Imaging Techniques - 802.1 Chemical Plants and Equipment - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements - 951 Materials Science - 961 Systems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258022
Title:Spatio-temporal dynamics analysis of cropland in Northeast China during 1990-2013 based on remote sensing
Authors:Man, Weidong (1, 2); Wang, Zongming (1); Liu, Mingyue (1, 2); Lu, Chunyan (3); Jia, Mingming (1); Mao, Dehua (1); Ren, Chunying (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (3) College of Computer and Information, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Zongming(zongmingwang@iga.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-10
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The Northeast region is one of the most important agricultural production bases in China. To reveal the change rules of cropland in Northeast China, based on Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI images, combining object-based classification and manual interpretation, the information of cropland in 1990, 2000 and 2013 was extracted. Combining the results of classification and other relevant data such as climate, terrain and economy, the characteristics of spatio-temporal pattern and its driving factors in Northeast China were analyzed. The results showed that: combining object-based classification and manual interpretation could access cropland information quickly and accurately, and the classification accuracy was above 93%. The total area of cropland in Northeast China was 41.66 million hectares in 2013, which was 33.51% of total area in Northeast China, including 13.76% of paddy land and 86.24% of dry land. In the 4 provinces, the cropland in Heilongjiang was the most. From 1990 to 2013, the total area of cropland in Northeast China increased by 2.25×104km2, including 2.21×104km2during 1990-2000 and 369.51 km2during 2000-2013, and the quick change of cropland decreased. The increased cropland was derived mainly from reclaiming wetland of 1.18×104km2(49.40%) during 1990-2000 and 4438.62 km2(67.77%) during 2000-2013. Though the amount was a few, it was an important characteristic that the cropland increased from sea surface reclamation. The decreased cropland was transformed mainly into build-up land and wetland, including 795.89 km2(39.70%) and 649.27 km2(32.39%) respectively during 1990-2000 and 2098.85 km2(32.79%) and 2028.86 km2(31.70%) respectively during 2000-2013. The cropland occupied by build-up land was mainly distributed around provincial capitals such as Harbin, Changchun and Shenyang and in lower reach of Liaohe River Plain, and the cropland transformed into wetland was mainly distributed in Sanjiang Plain and Songnen Plain. The reclamation from wetland, woodland and grassland receded, and the reclamation from bare land and sea enhanced. The effects of the "Grain for Green Project" were significant. Comparing 1990-2000 and 2000-2013, dry land increased at first and then decreased, and paddy land increased continuously. The increased paddy land was derived mainly from dry land. The proportion of dry land transformed into paddy land and paddy land transformed into dry land was 6:1 during 1990-2000 and 7.7:1 during 2000-2013. Planting pattern change was another important feature. The area-weighted centroid of paddy land generally moved northeastward by 207.41 km, and the area-weighted centroid of dry land changed non-significantly. The cropland across China indicated a significant variation in spatio-temporal characteristics in the past 23 years. The amount of cropland decreased in the south and increased in the north. The barycenter of newly increased cropland moved north. The regions with significant cropland change occupied those conditions which were the annual precipitation from 500 to 700 mm, the mean annual temperature between 2 and 4, the slope less than 3°, and the elevation less than 200 m. During the 23 years, although climate change impacted the change in cropland, the factors in policy regulation, economic development, scientific and technological progress, population growth, urban sprawl and other human factors played the main roles in the cropland change, which impacted the spatio-temporal characteristics, and policy regulation was the leading factor. The road that the pattern of agricultural development transforms, and the labor productivity and the yield per unit area increase will be the only road to the development of cropland in Northeast China. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Rain
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Classification (of information) - Climate change - Economics - Land reclamation - Land use - Landforms - Population statistics - Productivity - Reclamation - Remote sensing - Roads and streets - Surface waters - Urban growth - Wetlands
Uncontrolled terms:Cropland - Driving forces - Manual interpretation - Mean annual temperatures - Northeast China - Object-based classifications - Spatio-temporal dynamics - Spatiotemporal characteristics
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and Development - 403.1 Urban Planning and Development - 406.2 Roads and Streets - 442.2 Land Reclamation - 443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 443.3 Precipitation - 444.1 Surface Water - 481.1 Geology - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 971 Social Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258063
Title:Effect of Ligusticum chuanxiong hort extract for antisepsis and preservation of navel orange
Authors:Deng, Lizhen (1); Liu, Ke (1); Leng, Feifan (1); Xiao, Hongwei (3); Chun, Jiong (2); Yang, Wenxia (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Life and Environmental Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China; (2) National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, China; (3) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Wenxia(5ywx@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:296-302
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Concerning the tissue of the decay of navel oranges caused by blue and green moulds, the continuous use of fungicides has faced 2 major problems: the increasing public concern regarding fungicidal residue contamination, and the proliferation of resistance in the pathogen populations. The aim of this research was to develop the new preservative technology of navel oranges. The bioactivity of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort extract in vivo and vitro against Penicillium italicum and Penicillium digitatum, and their effects on the quality of postharvest navel orange fruits were studied. The Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort's rhizoma was extracted by 70% (v/v) ethanol under ultrasonic conditions. Then the concentration of the extract was adjusted for further experiments. In the in vitro experiments, the chuanxiong extract was added into potato dextrose agar (medium), and a series of chuanxiong extracts with different concentrations containing medium were developed to test the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on Penicillium italicum and Penicillium digitatum. The results showed that Penicillium italicum and Penicillium digitatum were inhibited effectively in presence of the extract, and the MIC was both 25.00 g/mL. In the in vivo experiments, the fruits were wounded, inoculated with Penicillium italicum or Penicillium Digitatum, and treated with chuanxiong extract. After 1 week, the green and blue moulds incidences on treated oranges were both reduced. It demonstrated that the extract could significantly inhibit pathogen grow in the navel oranges when the concentration was 4%. The extract was further used on postharvest navel oranges, and the extract had no adverse impact on fruits. What was more, 3% and 4% extracts were good for fruits, especially the 4% extract. The results showed that, compared to the control group, the extract had a significant effect on the preservation and quality maintenance of postharvest navel oranges when the concentration was 4%. The decay time was put off, the fruit rotting rate, the weightlessness rate, and the malonaldehyde (MDA) content were significantly reduced; the activity of peroxidase (POD) was induced, the decrease of total acid content was delayed, and the contents of total sugar and total soluble solid were kept well to some extent, but it had little effect on the peel's color and the content of vitamin C. After 100 d storage at room temperature, the fruit treated with 4% extract had the rotting rate of 5.42%, the weightlessness rate of 4.16%, the color value of 17.18, the total acid content of 0.51 g/(100 g), the vitamin C content of 52.40 mg/(100 g), the total soluble solid content of 13.9%, the total sugar content of 11.70 g/(100 g), the peroxidase activity of 8.3 u/(min·g), and the malonaldehyde content of 3.89 μmol/g. The results indicated that, applying the chuanxiong extract on postharvest navel orange fruits was simple and feasible. This research provides a reference for the exploitation of natural fungicides, and the preservation of navel oranges with Chinese medicine during storage, transportation and selling. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Citrus fruits
Controlled terms:Energy storage - Enzyme activity - Enzyme inhibition - Fruits - Fungicides - Molds - Physiology - Weightlessness - Wood preservation
Uncontrolled terms:Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort - Minimum inhibitory concentration - Navel orange - Pathogen populations - Penicillium digitatum - Peroxidase activities - Potato dextrose agars - Quality maintenances
Classification code:461.9 Biology - 525.7 Energy Storage - 656.1 Space Flight - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 821.4 Agricultural Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258054
Title:Effects of rice seed soaking methods on moisture absorption capacity by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors:Song, Ping (1, 2, 3, 4); Yang, Tao (1); Wang, Cheng (2, 3, 4); Song, Peng (2, 3, 4); Pan, Dayu (2, 3, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China; (2) National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agri-Informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (4) Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment Technology for Agriculture, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Tao(328748306@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:237-243
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) detection technique was used to study the effects of different seed soaking methods and soaking solution on rice seed water absorption for finding a better seed soaking method. In the test, the transverse relaxation time T<inf>2</inf>inversion spectrum was used to study the change of rice seeds water status and water absorption characteristics. It was found that the soaking process can change the distribution of the moisture inside the rice seed. The seed water absorption capacity were not significant (P>0.05) to the initial moisture content rate, but were significant (P<0.05) to different soaking methods. The results show that the seed water absorption rate is the highest using the intermittent soaking method of soaking 2 h-drying 1 h-soaking 2 h in the 4 kinds of different seed soaking methods of 4 h continuous soaking, soaking 3 h-drying 1 h-soaking 1 h, soaking 2 h-drying 1 h-soaking 2 h and soaking 2 h-drying 2 h-soaking 2 h. The seed water absorption rate is the highest using the 40% formalin 50 times liquid in the 6 kinds of different soaking solutions of pure water, strong chlorine 300 times liquid, saturated clarification lime water, 40% formalin 50 times liquid, 40% formalin 100 times liquid and 40% formalin 200 times liquid. The experimental results can provide an effective method for the determination of moisture absorption in the seed soaking process, also provide the data support and theoretical basis for seeking the best soaking condition. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Water absorption
Controlled terms:Absorption spectroscopy - Drying - Formaldehyde - Liquids - Magnetic field effects - Magnetism - Moisture - Moisture determination - Nuclear magnetic resonance - Relaxation time - Resonance - Seed
Uncontrolled terms:Absorbing capacity - Absorption characteristics - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR) - Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) - Relaxation spectrum - Transverse relaxation time - Water absorption capacity
Classification code:701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1 Mechanics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258057
Title:Process optimization for efficient extraction of soluble calcium from fishbone assisted by induced electric field
Authors:Yang, Na (1, 3); Jin, Yamei (1, 3); Wu, Fengfeng (1); Chen, Yisheng (1); Jin, Zhengyu (1, 2, 3); Xu, Xueming (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food Science and Technology, JiangNan University, Wuxi, China; (2) State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, JiangNan University, Wuxi, China; (3) Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Xueming(xmxu@jiangnan.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:258-262
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Abundant wasted animal bone is left after processing of meat products, which is a major challenge for engineers to develop an economic and efficient technique to recycle these byproducts. Valuable compounds such as carbohydrates, minerals and amino acids can be extracted from waste biomasses using the electric-field-assisted processing technique. However, there is no report on the electric-field-assisted processing of agricultural byproducts based on the inductive methodology. Therefore, this study was aimed to develop and implement the induced electric field to process these materials. A purpose-made reactor based on the single-phase transformer structure was designed, built and used to assist with the efficient extraction of soluble calcium. The system is composed of power source, thermostatic circulating water bath, silicone steel chip, glass spring (the support tube of the secondary coil), primary coil, solvent inlet, glass chamber, sample inlet, jacket shell and 100-mesh sand core. Acid solvents acted as the secondary coil conductor with the turn number of 16, which was connected to the glass chamber to form a closed loop. Each time, dried fish bone powder was placed through the inlet into the glass chamber. Distilled water (pH value of 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5) was then added from the inlet into the chamber to immerse the samples, ensuring the glass spring was filled with the solution without forming any air bubble. The pH value of the solvent was adjusted with hydrochloric acid. When a sample was added to the solution, the solid-liquid ratio was 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 or 1:6 g/mL. The operation of the system involved an excitation voltage (0-200 V) at varying frequency applied on the primary coil (turn number was 120) winding along the core. Then an alternating magnetic flux was generated in the silicone steel chip. Ultimately, an alternating induced electric field was formed in the glass chamber to assist the sample processing. The glass chamber had an external jacket shell with an outlet and inlet, so the temperature of the reaction system could be maintained using the thermostatic circulating water bath (25-80 ). The electric field frequency ranged from 400 to 700 Hz. The samples were taken out at regular time during the extraction and the soluble calcium content was examined. Meanwhile, a control was set, in which soluble calcium was extracted under the same conditions but without the addition of excitation voltage. Results showed the calcium yield was improved with the increase of excitation voltage, and increased by 224.25% at 160 V and 450 Hz compared with the control (without voltage) under the condition of the pH value of 2.5, the solid-liquid ratio of 1:5 g/mL and the temperature of 50 for 25 min. Lower pH value was more conducive to the dissolution of calcium ion when the excitation voltage was constant. Electric field frequency had a negative effect on the yield of soluble calcium. Optimum parameters of the electric-field-assisted extraction of soluble calcium were 160 V, 450 Hz, pH value of 1.5 and solid-liquid ratio of 1:5 g/mL. The influence order of the processing parameters was as follows: excitation voltage > pH value > solid-liquid ratio > electric field frequency. This research provides a potential method based on inductive methodology for rapid extraction of valuable compounds from agricultural byproducts. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Extraction
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Bone - Byproducts - Calcium - Electric excitation - Electric fields - Electric windings - Glass - Liquids - Optimization - pH - Silicones - Solvents - Structural optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural by-products - Assisted extractions - Electric field frequency - Fishbone - Induced electric fields - Processing parameters - Single-phase transformers - Transformer structure
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 812.3 Glass - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258044
Title:Upscaling method for corn canopy LAI using MaxEnt model
Authors:Su, Wei (1); Wu, Daiying (1); Wu, Hongfeng (2); Zhang, Mingzheng (1); Jiang, Fangfang (1); Zhang, Rui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Scientific and Technical Information Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Land Reclamation Sciences, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Su, Wei(suwei@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:165-172
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Leaf area index (LAI) is one of the key parameters to show canopy structure of crops. It is of great importance to obtain accurate LAI for monitoring and estimating the yield. Unfortunately, the LAI estimation results have scale effect resulting from feature space complexity, the difference of different remote sensing data source, and the nonlinear of remote sensing inversion model. So the scaling transformation is necessary when the multi-source remote sensing images are used. Scaling transformation is a process that extending the information and knowledge gained from a scale to other scales, including upscaling and downscaling. For a good upscaling method, the inherent information of high resolution image should be kept in low resolution image although its spatial resolution has been reduced. Statistical relationships between data for upscaling based on remote sensing products, and pixel decomposition method for upscaling the existed spatial continuously data from high-resolution to low resolution are commonly used. But most of agronomy parameters data are from site observation and sampling, these point data are informative and accurate. But the point locations are separated and dispersed, and space representatives are limited. So it is practical to up-scale these point data to spatial continuously data. There are regression analysis method, geo-statistical method, fractal method and others for point data's upscaling, in which counter point sample size requires a high quality, and short of sufficient consideration on effect from various supplementary information related to the object to the sample point. MaxEnt is a general-purpose machine learning method with a simple and precise mathematical formulation. So the MaxEnt model was used in this study for upscaling maize canopy LAI from point data to spatial continuously data. The LAI point data measured in field work, Landsat8 OLI remote sensing image and the meteorological data were the data sources in this study. Firstly, classified the measured LAI data, getting meteorology temperature, surface temperature and relative humidity through spatial interpolation, spectral reflectance and spatial continuously data of vegetation index from remote sensing inversion. The data above could be used as environment variables, and distribution probabilities in different kinds of LAI data could be obtained through the MaxEnt Model. Secondly, we made a superposition for LAI probabilistic forecasting pictures, which converted LAI probability value to quantitative value. Lastly, we classified the research areas, and provided crops planting region, and then made a mask processing for the conversion results using the resulted pictures of classified fields so that we could get the results of LAI upscaling for maize canopy. The result showed that, comparing the upscaling conversion result with measured LAI data through the MaxEnt Model, we could found that R2equaled 0.601 and RMSE was 0.898, indicating a high correlation between the two. The mutual occlusion between maize canopy leaves, resulting in an overall low result within an acceptable range. Therefore, the MaxEnt model can be used to upscaling crop canopy LAI from point data to spatial continuously data, and this method can be used to other crops as well. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Artificial intelligence - Atmospheric temperature - Crops - Estimation - Forestry - Image reconstruction - Learning systems - Meteorology - Probability - Probability distributions - Regression analysis - Space optics
Uncontrolled terms:Environmental variables - MaxEnt models - Probabilistic forecasting - Regression analysis methods - Remote sensing data source - Scale effects - Supplementary information - Upscaling
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric Properties - 656.1 Space Flight - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921 Mathematics - 922.1 Probability Theory - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258049
Title:Feasibility evaluation of biomass fly ashes from power station using as fertilizer
Authors:Zhang, Zhen (1); Han, Zongna (2); Sheng, Changdong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; (2) Shandong Engineering Consulting Institute, Jinan, China
Corresponding author:Sheng, Changdong(c.d.sheng@seu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:200-205
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The installed capacity of power plants directly firing agricultural and forestry biomass is increasing rapidly in China. As a consequence, the annual production of biomass ash, as a by-product, from the power plants increases greatly. Ash management and utilization is becoming an important issue to consider in daily operation of power plants. Biomass ash from grate-fired power plants includes bottom ash and fly ash. In comparison to bottom ash, fly ash may have higher contents of hazardous and toxic heavy metal elements enriched during biomass combustion process. The potential impact of heavy metals on the environment may limit its applications for agricultural and forestry purposes. It therefore necessitates comprehensively characterizing the properties and evaluating the potential environmental impact of fly ash before its utilizations. In this work, we aimed to investigate the utilization of biomass fly ashes from grate-fired power plants for agricultural and forest purposes and their environmental impact. Two fly ashes (A and B) were respectively collected from two grate-fired power plants, both burning mixed fuels of crop straws and wood barks. The ashes were characterized systematically with various methods. Based on the analysis results, their applications on agricultural and forest soils and corresponding environmental impact were evaluated based on the relevant standards. Following standard methods, the basic properties of the two fly ashes including the contents of moisture, content of ash and total organic carbon, the pH value, electrical conductivity and their size cuts were measured. The contents of nutrient and heavy metal elements were determined with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy, respectively. For evaluating the environmental impact, the leaching behavior of the fly ashes was also analyzed following the national standard of solid waste-extraction procedure for leaching toxicity. The results showed that both the fly ashes were strongly alkaline with the pH values greater than 12. They were high in total organic carbon content (18.39% and 7.79% for ash A and B, respectively) and rich in nutrient elements including K, Ca, Mg and P. Both ashes were lower in heavy metal elements and their contents of the main heavy metal elements were below the limits set by the standards of some European countries for utilizing biomass ashes on agricultural and forestry soils and by China national standard for using coal fly ashes. The high pH value and Ca content implied that the two ashes could be used as soil conditioner. The high content carbons of the two ashes were beneficial to improve soil quality. Nevertheless, the contents of K<inf>2</inf>O plusP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>were 9.62% and 6.04% for fly ash A and B, respectively, much lower than those required for compound fertilizer. However, it did not exclude their use as soil conditioner materials of compound fertilizer on soils. In all, the two fly ashes can be used as a fertilizer or soil conditioner in agriculture and forest. The characterization on the size cuts of the two ashes suggested that the application may even be improved by pre-treating the ashes with size fractionation. Moreover, the leaching of the main heavy metals in the fly ashes were, much lower than 1% except 1.274% for Cr in fly ash A. Thus the utilization was not likely to pollute the agricultural or forest soil. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Environmental impact
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Alkalinity - Ash handling - Ashes - Biohazards - Biomass - Calcium - Carbon - Coal ash - Coal combustion - Combustion - Fertilizers - Fly ash - Forestry - Heavy metals - Inductively coupled plasma - Leaching - Magnesium - Mass spectrometry - Nutrients - Optical emission spectroscopy - Organic carbon - pH - Power plants - Quality control - Soil conditioners - Soils - Timber - Waste incineration - Waste utilization - Wood fuels
Uncontrolled terms:Compound fertilizer - Electrical conductivity - Heavy metal elements - Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopies - Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy - Quality evaluation - Total Organic Carbon - Total organic carbon content
Classification code:452.3 Industrial Wastes - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 454.2 Environmental Impact and Protection - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 524 Solid Fuels - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 549.2 Alkaline Earth Metals - 691.1 Materials Handling Equipment - 801 Chemistry - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 932.3 Plasma Physics - 941.4 Optical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258059
Title:Effect of diluent type on analysis of zeta potential of colloid particles of soymilk protein
Authors:Shi, Xiaodi (1); Guo, Shuntang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Shuntang(shuntang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:270-275
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Zeta potential of protein particles was an essential indicator to evaluate soymilk stability, and before the measurement, dilution of soymilk was regarded as a necessary procedure. In order to guarantee the accuracy and scientificity of analysis results of zeta potential, appropriate diluent should be chosen. In this study, deionized water and soymilk permeate were respectively used to dilute soymilk, and the effects of these two diluents on zeta potential, size distribution, pH value and electrical conductivity of soymilk were compared. According to the results, if soymilk was diluted by deionized water, a remarkable increase in the absolute value of zeta potential could be observed with the increase of dilution ratio (*P<0.05), and it was mainly attributed to the dissociation of soymilk aggregations and the decrease of ionic strength, since the size of protein particles became smaller, the pH value deviated from that of soymilk, and the electrical conductivity was significantly decreased after the dilution (*P<0.05). By contrast, when soymilk permeate was the diluent of soymilk, the absolute value of zeta potential, as well as the size distribution of protein particles, the pH value and the electrical conductivity, did not change with the increase of dilution ratio, which indicated that the charged stability of soymilk protein particles was well kept after the dilution. Therefore, soymilk permeate could be considered as an ideal diluent in the measurement of zeta potential. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Zeta potential
Controlled terms:Agglomeration - Deionized water - Dilution - Electric conductivity - Ionic strength - Particle size - pH - Proteins - Size distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Absolute values - Colloid particles - Dilution ratio - Electrical conductivity - pH value - Protein particles - Soy milk
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment Techniques - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 801 Chemistry - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258046
Title:Three dimensional visual simulation method of crop disease state based on image
Authors:Miao, Teng (1, 2, 3, 4); Guo, Xinyu (1, 3, 4); Wen, Weiliang (1, 3, 4); Xiao, Boxiang (1, 3, 4); Lu, Shenglian (1, 3, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (2) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China; (3) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (4) Key Laboratory for Information Technology in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Guo, Xinyu(guoxy@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:181-186
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Simulation of three-dimensional (3D) crop scene infected by crop disease is a tough task, because the related appearance data information is difficult to obtain. To obtain specific disease appearance information, careful bacteria culture and continuous observation may be needed with long-time experimental work and precise environmental control. This paper presents a general method to simulate the appearance transition of crop leaves infected by common diseases based on existing image in the Internet. We assume that a disease image contains some key appearance information in the process of disease infection. Based on this assumption, a set of static properties are extracted from image including shape and color of disease spots on the crop surface, and meanwhile the relevant dynamic transition processes of these properties are also deduced. For analyzing color transition, K-MEANS is firstly used to classify the color vectors of pixels in disease image into 8 categories and the average color vector of each category is computed which is called disease color feature vector. Then, these 8 vectors are sorted based on their proportions of green channel. To get a continual color aging simulation result, 7 linear functions are generated by interpolation between adjacent vectors. Finally, 141 discrete color vectors are sampled from these functions and used to generate the disease color transition texture. In order to obtain dynamic morphogenesis process of disease spot, the threshold segmentation method is firstly applied to segment the disease spot pixels from the pixels of normal crop leaves. Then a gray value is computed for each disease spot pixel based on the mimimum Euclidean distance between pixel's color vector and each disease color feature vector. These gray values of each disease spot pixel are recorded into the texture called morphogenesis texture. The distribution of disease spot on the crop organ surface is complex and random. A interactive interface tool has been developed for designing the distribution. With the tool, users can put some morphogenesis textures onto any location of the crop 3D models and change the size and direction of morphogenesis textures according to users' experience. The operating result is also saved as the texture called distribution texture. The disease color transition texture and distribution texture contain the necessary dynamic appearance information of disease spot and are used in the visualization step. For simulating a dynamic and continual appearance transition process of crop disease, a group of degree parameters for arbitrary 3D position on the crop surface are applied to generate the disease appearance which is computed using the distribution texture and the interactive parameter called general disease degree parameter. With the general degree parameter, user can get a simulation result under any infected state. In order to better define the disease appearance, we decompose it into the symptom appearance for describing the ageing status of the crop organ and the mildew layer appearance caused by the accumulation of mycelium. We consider the crop organ as a homogeneous structure and use the isotropic ward BRDF (bidirectional reflectance distribution function) model to simulate the symptom appearance. The diffuse reflection of ward model at arbitrary position on crop is selected from the color transition texture based on the degree parameter of this 3D position. In order to simulate the volumetric nature of the mildew layers, the shell model is integrated into our approach and the attributes of shell model are all controlled by the degree parameter. We have realized the algorithm in this paper using OpenGL, and found that the method can realistically render the appearance of the crop infected by the disease using only one or a few images. Our strategy is to use existing disease image from Internet to generate plant disease 3D animation, and it can solve the problem of the lack of related apparent data information of plant diseases. This research can provide a powerful tool to produce animations for agricultural science training. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Disease control
Controlled terms:Application programming interfaces (API) - Color - Crops - Diseases - Distribution functions - Environmental management - Fungi - Image processing - Internet - Models - Morphology - Pest control - Pixels - Plants (botany) - Three dimensional computer graphics - Vectors - Visualization
Uncontrolled terms:BRDF (bidirectional reflectance distribution function) - Continuous observation - Digital plant - Distribution of disease - Dynamic transition process - Interactive interfaces - Threedimensional (3-d) - Threshold segmentation
Classification code:454.1 Environmental Engineering, General - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 741.1 Light/Optics - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.1 Algebra - 922.1 Probability Theory - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258051
Title:Diffusion flux of N<inf>2</inf>O and its influencing factor in agricultural watershed of subtropics
Authors:Zhang, Yu (1, 2); Qin, Xiaobo (2); Liao, Yulin (3); Fan, Meirong (4); Li, Yue (1); Chi, Min (1); Li, Yu'e (2); Wan, Yunfan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; (2) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha, China; (4) Changsha Environmental Protection College, Changsha, China
Corresponding author:Qin, Xiaobo(qinxiaobo@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:215-223
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To investigate the rule of dissolved N<inf>2</inf>O concentration and N<inf>2</inf>O flux diffused from river water and its influential factors, a one-year (from April 2014 to April 2015) monitoring was conducted in Tuojia watershed of Xiangjiang River, which is located in the red soil hilly area of subtropical China. The double-layer-diffusion model was used to measure the diffusion of N<inf>2</inf>O flux from river water and the environmental factors of water were monitored by a portable multi-parameter meter. Four reaches of Tuojia watershed with the upstream, middle stream and downstream were employed in this study. The results indicated that there was significant spatial difference in the N<inf>2</inf>O flux between each reach. The annual dissolved N<inf>2</inf>O concentration and the diffusion flux of N<inf>2</inf>O from four reaches of Tuojia River varied from 0.006 to 1.38 μmol/L (0.15±0.26 μmol/L) and from -0.88 to 337.94 μg/(m2·h) (32.60±56.41 μg/(m2·h)), respectively. And the corresponding range of the concentration of ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon varied from 0.004 to 8.32, from 0.01 to 3.05, and from 0.92 to 6.72 mg/L, respectively, ((1.29±1.49), (1.43±0.63), and (2.99±1.25) mg/L respectively). And the annual conductivity from 4 reaches of Tuojia River varied from 50.36 to 248.43 μS/cm (138.37±47.56 μS/cm). Generally speaking, the totally transfer of N<inf>2</inf>O was increased with the pollution loading of the river water. However, the temporal variation of N<inf>2</inf>O flux between 4 reaches was not significant (2>4>3>1 for the 4 reaches). Except several sites in headwater region during winter period where we found negative N<inf>2</inf>O fluxes, others expressed the continuous positive fluxes. Winter period (from January to April in 2015) showed the highest N<inf>2</inf>O flux and summer period (from July to October in 2014) outputted the smallest N<inf>2</inf>O flux. By the correlation analysis, we found there were significant and positive correlations between dissolved N<inf>2</inf>O concentration and inorganic N (NH<inf>4</inf>+-N and NO<inf>3</inf>--N) concentration (r=0.44, P<0.05; r=0.52, P<0.05), dissolved organic carbon (r=0.49, P<0.05) and conductivity (r=0.45, P<0.05) respectively, while there were no significant relationships between stream dissolved N<inf>2</inf>O concentration and water temperature (r=-0.10), dissolved oxygen (r=0.03), water pH value (r=0.08) and redox potential (r=-0.09). And at the same time, there were significant and positive correlations between N<inf>2</inf>O flux and inorganic N (NH<inf>4</inf>+-N and NO<inf>3</inf>--N) concentration (r=0.50, P<0.05; r=0.58, P<0.05), dissolved organic carbon (r=0.46, P<0.05) and conductivity (r=0.50, P<0.05), while water temperature (r=-0.10, P<0.05) showed negative correlation with N<inf>2</inf>O flux in some cases, and additionally, dissolved oxygen (r=0.10), water pH value (r=0.11) and redox potential (r=-0.08) showed no significant relationships with stream N<inf>2</inf>O flux. For the N<inf>2</inf>O production from river water, the nitrification process controlled the fashion. The results of our study indicated that waste and sewage produced by agricultural non-point source pollution, livestock breeding and human activities were the main reasons leading to the increase of river pollution loading, which gave rise to more stream N<inf>2</inf>O transportation. Our findings may provide important reference for further understanding and research on the assessment of global N<inf>2</inf>O budget of rivers in subtropical region. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:River pollution
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Biochemical oxygen demand - Budget control - Diffusion - Dissolution - Dissolved oxygen - Emission control - Greenhouse gases - Nitrification - Nitrogen - Nitrogen oxides - Organic carbon - pH - Pollution - Pollution control - Redox reactions - Rivers - Sewage - Soils - Stream flow - Temperature - Tropics - Water pollution - Water pollution control - Water resources - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - Agricultural watersheds - Diffusion fluxes - Dissolved organic carbon - Environmental factors - Impact factor - Nitrous oxide - Water system
Classification code:407.2 Waterways - 443 Meteorology - 444 Water Resources - 444.1 Surface Water - 451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 452.1 Sewage - 453 Water Pollution - 453.2 Water Pollution Control - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 801.1 Chemistry, General - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258027
Title:Variation of technology productivity of harvesting outfit along with site conditions
Authors:Qiao, Jinyou (1); Han, Zhaozhen (1); Hong, Kui (1); Chen, Haitao (1); Hao, Yuxuan (1); Zhang, Xuezhen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Qiao, Jinyou(qiaojinyou@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:43-50
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is theoretical basis for harvest machinery selection to discuss technology productivity changing with plot conditions, which are plot area, length, width and so on under the condition of land managing scales over the wide range. Harvesting operation is one of the key processes of grain production, and choosing the appropriate harvesting machine is a vital step to reap the grain with larger technology productivity. A lot of researches on agricultural mechanization selection have been done by both domestic and foreign experts. It has been found that there are existing methods for agricultural machine selection such as fuzzy clustering comprehensive evaluation method, linear programming, and mixed integer linear programming. In these methods, the economic performance of the agricultural machinery unit is the objective considered in most cases. But the technical performances of agricultural machinery units, such as the practical productivity, are usually neglected. Plot conditions, including plot area, length, width, and distance between plots, are not considered in the methods, but they are important factors influencing the technology productivity of agricultural machineries. At the same time, it has also been found that the power of most agricultural machineries does not match the plot conditions in the practice of agricultural production. In this paper, the mathematic models calculating every kind of time consumption item during combined operation, including working time, turning time, preparation time before unloading, unloading time, preparation time after unloading and transferring time between plots, were established. On the basis of that, the mathematic models for calculating the combines' technology productivity under the condition of different unloading ways were also set up. These mathematic models contain the variables such as plot area, length, width and distance between plots, and reveal the regularities of technology productivities changing with plot conditions. Experiment was designed according to the method of tracing the practical operating process. Taking 8 kinds of typical combines for harvesting soybean as experiment objectives, the values of all kinds of time consumption items were tested under the condition of fixed distance during the process of normal harvesting operation after enough experiments were executed. All the data of time consumption items were checked using the normal distribution models and the error data were removed according to the 3-Sigma principle. The mathematic models of time consumption items and combine technology productivity established were proved to be correct by the experiments and the actual operating status. According to the models and tested data, the technology productivities of 8 kinds of combine harvesters changing with plot conditions were calculated after the MATLAB program was designed and executed. Curve groups of technology productivity of each kind of combine changing with plot conditions were drew out using the EXCEL. Thus, the quantitative regularity of technology productivity of combine changing with plot conditions was revealed. According to the regularity, the technology productivity became larger as the value of plot area and length became bigger, but the changing velocity of technology productivity became slow after a specific values of plot area and length. The technology productivity of combine with the header width of 2-3 m was higher when the plot area was more than 3 hm2and the length was more than 400 m. For the combines with the header width of 4-5 m, the technology productivity was higher when the plot area was more than 5 hm2and the length was more than 600 m. The technology productivity of combine with the header width more than 7 m was higher when the plot area was more than 7 hm2and the length was more than 800 m. The results of the paper can provide the direct theoretical guidance for practical combine selection under the status of land managing scale with large range, and they are also the improvement and supplement for the theory of agricultural machinery selection. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Productivity
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Combines - Grain (agricultural product) - Harvesters - Harvesting - Integer programming - MATLAB - Models - Normal distribution - Optimization - Software testing - Unloading
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural mechanization - Agricultural productions - Combine harvesters - Comprehensive evaluation - Experimental study - Land condition - Mixed integer linear programming - Normal distribution model
Classification code:691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 723.5 Computer Applications - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 922.1 Probability Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258023
Title:Design and experiment of performance testing system of multi-channel seed-metering device based on time intervals
Authors:Ding, Youchun (1); Wang, Xueling (1); Liao, Qingxi (1); Li, Ming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Corresponding author:Ding, Youchun(kingbug163@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:11-18
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Precision metering device is the core component of seed drills, its performance determines the seeding qualities. At present, precision metering device has difficulty achieving a top seeding performance during the working time and avoiding loss sowing. Hence a seeding performance detection system must be innovated for precision seeding device to evaluate seeding performance, especially for multi-channel seeding device of rapeseed. So to be able to detect seeding performance such as normal index, miss index and multiple index accurately for multi-channel precision rapeseed drill, a multi-channel seeding performance detection system has been developed based on seeding time intervals. The system consists of a host computer (industry touch panel computer) and a slave computer (MSP430 MCU) the two-level system. Under the control of the host computer, the slave computer is in charge of collecting the seeding signals produced by a fiber-optic sensor through the time capture interrupts and collecting rotation speed signals produced by a photoelectric sensor through the external interrupt and timer interrupt. These signals were converted into seeding time-interval sequence and rotation-speed sequence respectively. Then the slave computer transmits the sequences to the host computer through the serial port with one designed transmission protocol. The host computer analyzes the sequences and computes the seeding performance indexes such as normal index, miss index and multiple index. On one hand, in order to verify the ability of multi-channel performance detection, tests were tried out by a series of given sequences by plates with different teeth and spacing angles. Seven different of type-A plates with uneven teeth and spacing angles were designed for different and random seeding performance by the fiber-optic sensor producing high and low electrical levels which were converted time-interval sequence by MCU's Time-Capture Interrupt. Type-B plate with 25 even teeth and spacing angles was designed to detect type-A plate rotational speed by the photoelectric sensor, which was installed coaxially with type-A plate on a step-motor. During the test, each plate was tested respectively at different rotation speeds such as 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 230, 250 and 300 r/min. Tests showed that the protocol with an error recovery of retransmission mechanism made the serial-port communication transmit data accurately and reliably. These seeding performance indexes gotten by performance detection system were the same as theory performance indexes for every type-A plate at every different rotation speeds. At the same time, the multi-channel detection worked well and got the accurate performance indexes. It is easy to obtain conclusion that the performance detection system has the ability to detect the normal index, miss index and multiple index for multi-channel precision metering device. On the other hand, to assess the system detection precision tests were carried out on the JPS-12 test-bed of the pneumatic rapeseed precision metering device by high-speed camera system with setting of 11000 fps, 320×480 pixels to record the seeding process of precision rapeseed drill at different rotation speeds. Time intervals extracted by counting the frames of two neighboring rapeseeds were compared with the sequence captured by MCU. The test of assessing the system detection precision indicated that: the system's maximum time-interval error is 0.876 ms and maximum average error is 0.192 ms. The composite error of performance indexes is 0.87% and the composite maximum error is 3.98%. The system has realized to detect seeding performance for pneumatic rapeseed precision metering device, and it would provide reference for the performance synchronous detection and optimal design for multi-channel precision metering device. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Signal detection
Controlled terms:Design - Drills - Errors - Fiber optic sensors - Fiber optics - High speed cameras - Machinery - Mechanization - Microcontrollers - Network protocols - Oilseeds - Palmprint recognition - Photoelectricity - Pneumatics - Rotation - Seed - Shafts (machine components) - Speed - Stepping motors - Switching circuits
Uncontrolled terms:High speed camera systems - Maximum time interval error - Multichannel detection - Retransmission mechanism - Seeding performance - Serial port communication - Time interval - Transmission protocols
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 601.2 Machine Components - 603.2 Machine Tool Accessories - 632.3 Pneumatics - 705.3 Electric Motors - 713.4 Pulse Circuits - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal Processing - 723.5 Computer Applications - 741.1 Light/Optics - 741.1.2 Fiber Optics - 742.2 Photographic Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258064
Title:Cultivation of Paenibacillus polymyxa by solid-state fermentation of pear residues
Authors:Zhao, Guoqun (1); Niu, Mentian (1); Lu, Shikang (2); Guan, Junfeng (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China; (2) Shijiazhuang Mass Bio-Fertilizer Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China; (3) Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
Corresponding author:Guan, Junfeng(junfeng@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:303-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pear juice is one of main processed products of pear fruit in China. A lot of pear residues are produced during pear juice processing, and the waste is up to 40%-50% of pear fruit weight. Because pear residues contain many stone cells and can not be used directly as animal feed, most of them have to be discarded in fields or near factories. Paenibacillus polymyxa is a widely distributed bacterial species in the environment, and has no pathogen to humans, animals and plants. P. polymyxa strain produces several antibiotics and hydrolytic enzymes, which play an important role in the biocontrol of plant pathogens and the promotion of plant growth. It is reported to be both a plant-growth-promoting and effective biocontrol agent. P. polymyxa D1, a naturally occurring biocontrol agent isolated from soil, can stimulate plant growth and effectively suppresse several soil-borne diseases. Many researches on submerged fermentations of P. polymyxa have been done, but study on its solid-state fermentation has not been reported at the present. In this work, fresh Yali pear's residues were used to cultivate P. polymyxa D1 in a solid-state fermentaion. Fresh Yali pear's residues contained 76.2% moisture, 5.5% residual sugars and 0.32% proteins. The effects of cultivation conditions on its cell growth and sporulation were investigated. The results showed that pear residues were good material for solid-state fermentation and very suitable to cultivate P. polymyxa D1. The mositure of fresh Yali pear's residues was very high, which might not be in favour of the cell growth during solid-state fermentation. Addition of wheat bran into pear residues improved significantly the cell growth. The possible reason of this result was that oxygen supply and nutritional status of the culture medium were improved obviously when pear residues were mixed with wheat bran. When the ratio between pear residue and wheat bran was 5:2, the highest viable cell number was achieved, 2.5×109cfu/g. Spore number was an important parameter of microbial agent. Cultivation conditions could influence bacterial sporulation. The viable cell number and spore yield of P. polymyxa D1 obviously increased when urea, sodium nitrate and soybean meal were added into the cultural medium of pear residues, and soybean meal had the best stimulation effect. However, NH<inf>4</inf>NO<inf>3</inf>, NH<inf>4</inf>Cl and degossypolized cottonseed protein inhibited the cell growth and spore formation. Mineral salts also influenced the cell growth and sporulation of P. polymyxa D1. Supplement of NaCl, MgSO<inf>4</inf>, CaCO<inf>3</inf>and FeSO<inf>4</inf>into the medium largely inhibited the spore formation of P. polymyxa D1. Addition of KH<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>greatly promoted the cell growth and sporulation, and its spore yield and sporulation efficiency were 4.52×109cfu/g and 95.6%, respectively. P. polymyxa is a highly anaerobic bacterium. The spore yield of P. polymyxa D1 decreased obviously as the medium volume in the fermenter increased. The optimal cultivation temperature of P. polymyxa D1 was 34°C, which was higher than that in submerged frementation. The optimal cultivation time of P. polymyxa D1 was 120 h. It was found that the spores were formed very slowly by the cells of P. polymyxa D1 when cultivated with pear residues in solid-state fermentaion, compared with submerged fermentation. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Animals - Bacteria - Biocontrol - Calcium carbonate - Cell growth - Cells - Cultivation - Cytology - Fermentation - Fruit juices - Growth kinetics - Oxygen supply - Pathogens - Plant life extension - Proteins - Technology - Urea
Uncontrolled terms:Cultivation conditions - Naturally occurring - Paenibacillus polymyxa - Pear residue - Plant growth promoting - Solid-state fermentation - Spore - Submerged fermentation
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and Biology - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.3 Agricultural Methods - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.3 Food Products
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.043
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258026
Title:Parameter optimization and test of key parts of fertilizer allocation device based on EDEM software2
Authors:Dun, Guoqiang (1); Chen, Haitao (1); Feng, Yining (1); Yang, Jilong (1); Li, Ang (1); Zha, Shaohui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Haitao(htchen@neau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:36-42
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Because of the covering of a large amount of root and straw after no-tillage sowing, when doing inter-tillage and topdressing, it will cause the rate of seedling injury to increase and affect crop yield, and meanwhile, due to no fertilizer application before no-tillage sowing, so it is very important to supply sufficient fertilizer to meet different crops' nutrient requirements on the growth duration. Relevant research points out that, when the layer spacing and ratio between based fertilizer and seed fertilizer are 6 cm and 3:7 for wheat, the fertilizer can guarantee crop's nutrient requirements in different stages, but for soybean, it is 4-8 cm and 1:2, and other crops are also different. There are many research reports about layered fertilization ditcher in and abroad, but there are few researches on fertilizer allocation device. So, it is very important to design a new fertilizer allocation device with adjustable ratio. The application of prototype simulation technology of granular materials has become simple and easy with the increase of computer operation speed and the introduction of EDEM, and meanwhile, it can shorten the time of research and development cycle and reduce the costs. A new fertilizer allocation device with adjustable ratio, which consists of bevelled tongue outer groove-wheel fertilizer feeder, fertilizer uniform distribution device and fertilizer ratio-adjusting device, has been designed, and it has the function of separating the fertilizer in different layers in adjustable setting proportion, and meanwhile, the main parameters of key parts have been made by theory analysis. In order to enhance the accuracy and stability of fertilizer allocation device with adjustable ratio and analyze the influence on working performance when structure parameters of fertilizer uniform allocation device change, at first, the discrete element simulation model of fertilizer allocation device with adjustable ratio is built by using EDEM and the working process is simulated. The fertilizer particles' space distribution in entrance and exit of fertilizer uniform distribution device indicates the device can enhance the uniformity of particles' space distribution and realize its function. The bar diameter and the divided number are selected as test factors, the qualified index and the wave index were selected as index, and the two-factor and three-level orthogonal parameter optimization test is conducted. The results indicate that, for the 2 test indices, the divided number is very significant (P<0.01) and the bar diameter is significant (P<0.05); the qualified index decreases with the divided number and the bar diameter increasing, and the wave index decreases with the divided number increasing and the bar diameter decreasing; the qualified index is 0.903, the wave index is 68.6, and the fertilizer uniformity distribution device has the best working performance when the bar diameter is 4 mm and the divided number is 16. Second, in order to verify the simulation test results and prove the feasibility of parameter optimization of fertilizer uniform distribution device using simulation test method, different fertilizer uniform distribution devices have been built and the verification test has been carried out with the same test method. The verification test has the same results with the simulation, but in the verification test, the qualified index is 0.928 and the wave index is 78.0 when the optimized structure parameters are also 4 mm bar diameter and divided number of 16. The simulation test and verification test have the same response of factors, and the simulation parameter optimization has been validated which show the simulation test method is feasible. The result has a certain reference value for the research of fertilizer allocation device. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Computer simulation - Crops - Experiments - Nutrients - Optimization - Software prototyping - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Allocation device - Discrete element simulation - Fertilizer applications - Parameter optimization - Research and development - Simulation parameters - Simulation technologies - Simulation test methods
Classification code:723.1 Computer Programming - 723.5 Computer Applications - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258030
Title:Filtering efficiency model and experiment of gear-shaped wood fiber diesel particle filter
Authors:Guo, Xiurong (1); Du, Danfeng (2); Qi, Zhanfeng (1); Liang, Zhongyu (1); Liu, Yuexiong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; (2) Traffic College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Du, Danfeng(ddf72@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:66-71
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Diesel engine is widely used in the fields of industrial and agricultural production and transportation for their good economy and dynamic performance. Unfortunately, diesel engines emit high quantities of particulate matter (PM) which is a potential risk to public health. Micron wood fiber is a kind of porous biological material that can be applied to filter PM emitted by diesel engine. In this paper, in order to increase the filtration efficiency and decrease filtration resistance, a wood fiber filter is developed, of which the internal structure is hollow and the external structure is like gear, and its advantages are low price, less requirement for diesel quality and large adsorption capacity for PM. In these respects, the gear-shaped wood fiber filter is promising in developing countries where the sulphur content is high in diesel oil. This gear-shaped wood fiber filter can be installed in a detachable DPF (diesel particle filter) whose temperature inside can be controlled below 220. First of all, based on the filter theory of fiber material, the filtration efficiency model of the gear-shaped wood fiber filter is established. Referring to the existing research and formula, the filtration efficiency of the gear-shaped wood fiber filter can be expressed by theoretical formula to be the function of wood fiber diameter, filling rate of wood fiber filter, thickness of filter and diameter of PM. Due to the diameter of PM ranging from 0.01 to 10 μm and mainly concentrating at around 0.1 μm, the recommended value of PM diameter is 0.1 μm. Then, through theoretical analysis and numerical calculation, the relationship curve between the filter efficiency and the influence factors is obtained. Lastly, a test bench of the filter performance is set up and used to verify the theoretical analysis results. In the test, we develope 10 gear-shaped wood fiber filters with different parameters according to the simulation results and set the speed and the load of the engine as 2 000 r/min and 50%. The results show that the experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical results, i.e., the increasing of the filter thickness, the decreasing of the wood fiber diameter and the lowering of the filter filling rate will definitely improve the filtration efficiency of the gear-shaped wood fiber filter. For Lister Petter AA1 diesel engine, when the size of the DPF filter chamber is 140 mm in diameter and 150 mm in height, the filtration efficiency and the resistance of the filter with the wood fiber diameter of 15 μm, the filling rate of 0.3, the filter thickness of 12 mm are both in the most ideal range. At this point, the gear-shaped wood fiber filter has high efficiency and low exhaust resistance. When this filter works for 60 h from a new one, the filtration efficiency varies within a small range and the filtration state is relatively stable. When this filter works from 60 to 100 h, the filtration efficiency increases rapidly and reaches 96% at the end. However the filtration resistance exceeds the specified limit and a new wood fiber filter should replace the old one after it works for 100 h. Furthermore, the test results also show that the filtration efficiency of all filters made in test are more than 85%, which can meet the demand of the national standard of the diesel exhaust emission. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Wood
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Air filters - Bandpass filters - Biological materials - Developing countries - Diesel engines - Diesel fuels - Efficiency - Engines - Experiments - Fibers - Filling - Health risks - Models - Monte Carlo methods - Wood products
Uncontrolled terms:Adsorption capacities - Agricultural productions - Diesel exhaust emissions - Diesel particular filter - Filtration efficiency - Filtration resistance - Numerical calculation - Wood fiber
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution Control - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 461.7 Health Care - 523 Liquid Fuels - 612.2 Diesel Engines - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 703.2 Electric Filters - 811.2 Wood and Wood Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 901.3 Engineering Research - 913.1 Production Engineering - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258031
Title:Efficiency improvement of centrifugal pump with function surface imitating dolphin skin structure
Authors:Shang, Yangeng (1); Jin, E (1); Ke, Qingpeng (1); Han, Yamin (2); Gao, Zhihua (3); Tian, Limei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (2) Jilin Hunchun Mining Group, Hunchun, China; (3) Qingdao Sifang Rolling Stock Research Institute Co., Ltd, Qingdao, China
Corresponding author:Tian, Limei(lmtian@jlu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:72-78
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the present study, 2 bionic functional surfaces mimicking from shark skin and dolphin skin respectively were designed and constructed. The simplified riblet mimicking from shark skin was sculptured on the cast iron, and such model was called Model 1 in this study. The riblet was controlled by 3 parameters: the depth of riblet, the aspect ratio and the spacing of riblet. The Model 2 was designed on the basis of Model 1. A layer of elastic material was coated on the Model 1, and this kind of bionic surface was called Model 2. The 200 QJ50-26 type centrifugal pump which was produced by Jilin Aojitong Pump Company, Limited was selected as the implementation carrier of the 2 bionic models, and the study on pump efficiency enhancement by above 2 models was performed in the present paper. There were 3 groups of pumps selected in the experiment. The samples 1 and 2 were the pumps whose impeller surface adopted Model 1, the samples 3 and 4 adopted Model 2 on the pumps impeller, and the sample 5 was a pump with ordinary impeller. The experimental results showed that compared to the sample 5, the pump efficiency of the samples 1, 2, 3 and 4 was all improved effectively in the effective working flow range. The pump efficiency of the samples 1 and 2 was increased by 2%-3%, and the samples 3 and 4 by about 5%. However, the difference was that for the samples 1 and 2, the pump efficiency was enhanced only during the effective working flow range (40-60 m3/h), while the pump efficiency of the samples 3 and 4 was increased in all the flow range from 0-60 m3/h. Above experimental results indicated that the efficiency enhancement effect of the pump mimicking from dolphin skin was obvious. According to the structure of Model 1 and 2, 2 experimental samples were designed and prepared in the flow visualization test, which was performed at the flow speed of 5 cm/s and water temperature of 20. The experimental results showed that the distance between wake attachment point and tail for Model 2 was shorter than that for Model 1, which indicated that the negative pressure of Model 2 was lower than that of Model 1. That was to say, the pressure drag of Model 2 was smaller than that of Model 1. In addition, during the experiment, the surface elastic deformation of Model 2 produced by the flow pressure was clearly observed. Furthermore, it was found that the wake vortex spacing of Model 2 was shorter than that of Model 1, which indicated that the wake vortex of Model 1 was generated frequently, and the energy dissipation was higher than that of Model 2. The drag reduction effect of Model 2 was better than that of Model 1. Therefore, the pump efficiency enhancement effect of Model 2 is more effective than Model 1, that is to say, the bionic functional surface mimicking from dolphin skin structure is more effective to improve pump efficiency. The reasons to pump efficiency improvement are that the elastic deformation of surface material which is coupling with the bionic structure together can control fluid medium effectively, inhibit the spread and development of fluid medium disturbance, and reduce the vortex generation density and speed. So, the dissipation of energy is reduced and the drag reduction is achieved. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Pumps
Controlled terms:Aspect ratio - Biomimetics - Bionics - Cast iron - Centrifugal pumps - Dolphins (structures) - Drag - Drag reduction - Efficiency - Elastic deformation - Energy dissipation - Flow visualization - Fluids - Impellers - Models - Visualization - Vortex flow - Wakes
Uncontrolled terms:Efficiency enhancement - Efficiency improvement - Elastic materials - Functional surfaces - Negative pressures - Reduction effects - Surface materials - Water temperatures
Classification code:407.1 Maritime Structures - 461 Bioengineering and Biology - 525.4 Energy Losses (industrial and residential) - 534.2 Foundry Practice - 601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 913.1 Production Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258024
Title:Design of shelling machine for camellia oleifera fruit and operating parameter optimization
Authors:Zhu, Guangfei (1); Ren, Jiajia (2); Wang, Zhen (2); Xiang, Hai (1); Mu, Rensheng (2); Li, Shaohua (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) China Machinery Kangyuan Cereals and Oils Equipment (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Xiang, Hai(xh9377@263.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:19-27
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In China, Camellia oleifera fruit is deeply loved by consumers as specific woody oil resource. Because of the composition of fatty acid for camellia seed oil is highly similar to olive oil, it is also known as "Oriental olive oil". However, the shelling operation of Camellia oleifera fruit largely relies on natural drying, which is of low efficiency, high labor intensity, high processing cost, and great dependence on weather. In order to improve the performance of shelling machine for Camellia oleifera fruit, increase the shelling rate and reduce the seed breaking rate, choosing the shelling rate and seed breaking rate as the indices, 3 aspects were studied based on the existing shelling equipment and practical engineering experience in this paper. Firstly, the physical parameters of Camellia oleifera fruit were studied. The parameters such as density, bulk density, grain size, water content and proportion of each component of Camellia oleifera fruit from Changning City were measured, which provided the data for the design of shelling machine parts. Secondly, the mechanism and main structure of the shelling machine were studied. In the beginning, the merits and defects of commonly-used methods for shelling were summed based on their working principle and mechanism. According to practical engineering experience and the measured data above, the final squeeze-rub shelling method for Camellia oleifera fruit was determined. Then the structure of main parts was designed, which included the shelling device consisting of the roller, annular plate and the regulating mechanism, and the separation device consisting of stirring shaft and circular groove structure screen. Finally, the three-dimensional (3D) prototype model was established and the drawing design was completed. Thirdly, the operating parameters of shelling machine for Camellia oleifera fruit were studied. The shelling machine for Camellia oleifera fruit was manufactured based on the structure design, and then the operating parameters' optimization test was made. In the experiment, Camellia oleifera fruit's shelling gap, speed of shelling motor, speed of separation motor were taken as single factors, respectively, and the shelling rate and seed breaking rate were taken as indices. The influence trend of these factors on the indices was drew out. Based on the result, the orthogonal experiment was designed, which aimed at studying the effects of the speed of shelling motor, the speed of separation motor and the gap of shelling on shelling rate and seed breaking rate. The results indicated that the water contents of the fresh Camellia oleifera fruit, shell and seed were 60.08%, 74.55% and 45.60%, respectively. The particle size distribution was 20-50 mm, and the bulk density was 0.52 kg/L. The optimal combination parameters were that the speed of shelling motor was 125 r/min, the speed of separation motor was 343 r/min and the shelling gap was 12 mm. And under the condition, the shelling rate was 96.91%, the seed breaking rate was 3.38% and the production capacity was up to 2 t/h. The optimal parameters achieved in this paper can provide reference and technical support for the actual application of shelling machine for Camellia oleifera fruit. And it will benefit the processing industry of Camellia oleifera fruit. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Structural design
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Crops - Design - Fatty acids - Fruits - Machine design - Oils and fats - Olive oil - Optimization - Particle size - Particle size analysis - Petroleum deposits - Separation - Speed - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Camellia oleifera fruits - Operating parameters - Optimal combination - Orthogonal experiment - Practical engineering - Processing industry - Shelling - Threedimensional (3-d)
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, General - 512.1 Petroleum Deposits - 601 Mechanical Design - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258042
Title:Predicting maturity period for winter wheat using remote sensing and effective accumulated temperature-solar radiation model
Authors:Huang, Jianxi (1); Niu, Wenhao (1); Ma, Hongyuan (1); Su, Wei (1); Zhu, Dehai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Huang, Jianxi(jxhuang@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:152-157
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Knowing the proper time to harvest crops is a major step towards successful farming because it helps to avoid the negative effects of bad weather and improves the quality and quantity of the crops. Thus, it is of significant importance to predict the maturity period of the crops for improving the production benefits and decreasing the loss. At present, researchers have developed models to predict the maturity period, including meteorological statistical model, crop-growing model, and remote sensing monitoring model, etc. But those models have limitations in timeliness, regional promotion or have complex implementation process. Therefore, in this research, we aimed at improving maturity period prediction of winter wheat using winter wheat planting regions in Hebei, Henan and Shandong province as study areas. Firstly we retrieved the heading stage from S-G filtered MODIS LAI in 2013 when wheat LAI reached the peak using dynamic threshold method. Then, in order to obtain the maturity period forecasts values for 1 km by 1 km winter wheat grids, effective accumulated temperatures and total radiation distribution from heading to maturity have been collected through historical agro-meteorological observational data and ground meteorological data from 2008 to 2012 by the Thiessen polygons method. It assumed that a Thiessen polygon has uniform varieties of winter wheat, uniform effective accumulated temperature and total solar radiation. Effective accumulated temperatures and total radiation model from heading to maturity were built based on the effective accumulated temperatures and total radiation distribution, then each grid cell was calculated for the accumulated temperature of the date when LAI reached its peak and total solar radiation. After that, in order to obtain the predicting data of all the regions, we predicted the maturity period of the winter wheat for each day for 16 days after the present time combining with TIGGE (THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble) and ground meteorological data. When the effective accumulated temperatures and total radiation of a grid cell met the requirements of effective accumulated temperatures and total radiation from heading to maturity, the winter wheat would reach maturity date. Finally, we used the heading period data of agricultural meteorological station to verify the data of maturity period. The results showed that the correlation coefficient R2and the root mean square error (RMSE) between observed date and predicted date for the heading were 0.89 and 3.62 days, respectively. The R2and RMSE between predicting date and observed date for the maturity was 0.92 and 2.89 days respectively. Predicting errors of maturity which was extracted from MODIS LAI haven't increased much more, it turned out that predicting accuracy for maturity based on meteorological data was higher than the maturity date based on remote sensing data, but the prediction of maturity based on remote sensing data fitted large scale region. So the prediction which used both remote sensing data and meteorological data could obtain the satisfactory results. The method provided a reference of crop maturity data for other agricultural regions. So the method was easy to be used in larger scale, and also serves as a simplified model. Besides, the method solved the existing problems of poor timeliness and lacking spatial distribution, thus it helps a lot to predict the maturity period of the crops. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Remote sensing
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Cultivation - Forecasting - Mean square error - Meteorology - Radiation - Radiometers - Satellites - Solar radiation - Weather forecasting
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulated temperatures - Correlation coefficient - Implementation process - Meteorological station - Radiation distribution - Remote sensing monitoring - Root mean square errors - Winter wheat
Classification code:443 Meteorology - 655.2 Satellites - 657.1 Solar Energy and Phenomena - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 922.2 Mathematical Statistics - 944.7 Radiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258032
Title:Analysis and test of performance and hydraulic excitation characteristics of centrifugal pump with different seal ring clearances
Authors:Gao, Bo (1); Wang, Zhen (1); Yang, Li (1); Du, Wenqiang (1); Wu, Chunbao (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) Jiangsu Chuanshan Mining Limited by Share Ltd, Zhenjiang, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Bo(initial_wz@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:79-85
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to obtain more information about the clearance flow in a centrifugal pump and provide further reference for the design of centrifugal pumps, this paper researched and analyzed the distribution of radial force and pressure fluctuation of the impeller in a centrifugal pump via using the methods of the numerical simulation and the verification of experiment. Numerical calculations and experiments were carried out with different seal ring clearances which were respectively 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 mm. The special speed of model pump was 69. On the one hand, after numerical simulation the influence of different seal ring clearances on the impeller radial force was obtained by calculating and analyzing the pressure of outer surface of impeller. On the other hand, the pressure pulsation signals were obtained by experimental measuring at monitoring points that included 8 locations. Of those, 6 monitoring points were arranged at the seal ring and volute, and 2 monitoring points were arranged at the impeller inlet. According to the clearance size of model pump seal ring (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 mm), there were 3 cases. The comparison of 2 head curves from the numerical calculation and the experiment showed they had good agreement. The influence of the seal ring clearance on the pressure pulsation of the model pump could be changed obviously with the changing of the condition and the location of the monitoring points. And there was an optimum size of the seal ring clearance with which the pressure pulsation amplitude under the design condition was the smallest. At the inlet of the front cavity, the pressure pulsation amplitude of the case of 0.25 mm was about 3.1 times that of the case of 0.5 mm, and about 1.3 times at the impeller outlet. When the seal ring clearance was 0.25 mm, the mean pressure pulsation amplitude of the wear-ring was the minimum. At this time the pressure pulsation amplitude of the case of 0.75 mm was about 1.24 times that of the case of 0.5 mm. At the impeller inlet and its upstream, the pressure pulsation amplitude of the case of 0.75 mm was about 0.67 times that of the case of 0.25 and 0.5 mm. The radial force of the impeller was changed by the changing of the seal ring clearance. With the increasing of the seal ring clearance, the leakage of the fluid flow increased, which not only changed the pressure fluctuation at the impeller inlet and outlet, but also induced the pressure fluctuation at the inlet of the front cavity. For the pressure fluctuation under the design condition, there was an optimum value of the seal ring clearance, with which the pressure fluctuation amplitude was the minimum. At the same time, the radial force of the impeller changed with the changing of the pressure along the outer surface of the impeller, and the total radial force changed nonlinearly. The traditional design of the centrifugal pump has been carried out by studying the pressure fluctuation and the radial force induced by different seal ring clearances. By studying the changing of pressure pulsation signals and radial forces, this paper provides the reference for the traditional design of centrifugal pumps. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Seals
Controlled terms:Centrifugal pumps - Computer simulation - Design - Flow of fluids - Impellers - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Pressure
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental measuring - Hydraulic excitations - Monitoring points - Numerical calculation - Pressure fluctuation - Pressure pulsation - Radial forces - Wear ring
Classification code:601.2 Machine Components - 618.2 Pumps - 619.1.1 Pipe Accessories - 631.1 Fluid Flow, General - 723.5 Computer Applications - 921 Mathematics - 921.6 Numerical Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258038
Title:Distribution characteristic of soil moisture and roots in rain-fed old apple orchards with water-fertilizer pit on the Loess Plateau
Authors:Song, Xiaolin (1, 2, 3); Wu, Pute (1, 2, 3, 4); Zhao, Xining (2, 3, 4); Gao, Xiaodong (2, 3, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (2) Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (3) National Engineering Research Center for Water Saving Irrigation at Yangling, Yangling, China; (4) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Pute(gizwpt@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:121-128
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil water is the key factor that limits vegetative growth and productivity in semiarid ecosystem, and the process of water uptake by the root system is of key importance for the effective management of irrigation. The relationships between soil water and plant have been reported for a wide range. However, there is very limited information about the relationships among soil water, fine root distribution and water-fertilizer pit (WFP) depth. This study was conducted to investigate the distribution characteristics of soil moisture and roots for 21-year-old 'Fushi' apple trees (Malus pumila Mill) under the WFP technology. The apple trees had a planting distance of 4 m between trees and 5 m between tree rows, and were planted on a typical rain-fed orchard with 15° slope. Three WFP treatments (with 3 replicates) were used in mature apple orchard, i.e., WFP<inf>40</inf>(pit depth of 40 cm), WFP<inf>60</inf>(pit depth of 60 cm) and WFP<inf>80</inf>(pit depth of 80 cm), and CK (without WFP technology) as the controlled trial. c (Luoyang shovel) was used to obtain fine roots from 3 different horizontal positions, and soil moisture (volumetric) was measured by the time domain reflectometer (TDR) system with a measuring tube of 3 m at 20 cm increment in a vertical direction. The results showed that: 1) The low soil moisture content zone appeared in 40-80 cm soil profile of the CK, and the WFP significantly promoted the increase of the soil moisture content in the region. The average soil moisture content increment (145.4%) under WFP<inf>60</inf>was the maximum, WFP<inf>40</inf>was the next (133.4%) and WFP<inf>80</inf>was the minimum (76.6%). 2) The vertical variations of soil moisture content had the same tendency under WFP<inf>40</inf>and WFP<inf>60</inf>treatments, which was that the moisture content firstly increased and next decreased and then increased again with the increase of soil depth in the vertical direction, and WFP<inf>80</inf>showed the opposite tendency. The wetted area under WFP<inf>40</inf>was concentrated in 40-100 cm soil profile and WFP<inf>60</inf>was in 20-140 cm and WFP<inf>80</inf>was below 140 cm, and the depth of the wetted area moved down with the depth of the pit (WFP). In the horizontal direction, the soil moisture content decreased with the increase of horizontal distance. The mean moisture content under WFP<inf>60</inf>was the maximum, which was 11.60% and 10.45% in 0-100 and 100-200 cm experimental soil profile, respectively. And under WFP<inf>40</inf>, it was 10.93% and 10.41%, respectively; and WFP<inf>80</inf>was 9.33% and 10.27%, respectively. 3) In 0-300 cm soil layer, the total root dry weight density under CK, WFP<inf>40</inf>, WFP<inf>60</inf>and WFP<inf>80</inf>was 372.12, 579.08, 594.76 and 491.82 g/m3, respectively. The root system distribution proportion in 0-100, ≥100-200 and ≥200-300 cm soil profile was as follows: CK (69.88%, 13.74% and 16.38%), WFP<inf>40</inf>(66.04%, 14.26% and 19.70%), WFP<inf>60</inf>(70.35%, 24.08% and 5.58%) and WFP<inf>80</inf>(46.54%, 15.04% and 38.42%), and the distribution of root had relation with the spatial change of soil water. The result showed that the WFP technology could change the spatial distribution of soil water, which affected the root system distribution proportion in the soil profile with different depth, and the deeper the WFP got, the deeper the wetted area reached. Thus, the WFP technology is beneficial to roots by helping them absorb water and nutrients in a wider wetted area and improving drought resistance. Our results show that the application effect of WFP<inf>60</inf>is better than WFP<inf>40</inf>and WFP<inf>80</inf>. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Farms - Fertilizers - Forestry - Fruits - Landforms - Moisture - Moisture determination - Nutrients - Orchards - Rain - Reflectometers - Sediments - Soil moisture - Soils - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Distribution characteristics - Effective management - Limited information - Loess Plateau - Roots - Semi-arid ecosystems - Time-domain reflectometers - Vertical direction
Classification code:443.3 Precipitation - 481.1 Geology - 483 Soil Mechanics and Foundations - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 941.3 Optical Instruments - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258062
Title:Evaluation of juicy sac granulation in citrus with low field nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors:Wang, Miao (1, 2); Zhang, Jing (1, 2); He, Yan (1, 2); Lu, Jia (1, 2); Guo, Jing (1, 2); Dai, Chao (1, 2); Wang, Fengzhong (1, 2); Fan, Bei (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China; (2) Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-Products Processing (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Fan, Bei(fanbei517@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:290-295
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Citrus is one kind of the most important edible fruits, which has important nutrition and economic value. However, the phenomenon of juicy sac granulation, which causes Citrus quality to decline in the process of postharvest storage, seriously affects the Citrus' edible value and commodity value. Using the technical apparatus for automatic recognition and classification of the Citrus with juicy sac granulation has important practical significance and application potentiality. Low field pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) analysis is a kind of measurement technology that is growing, due to its advantages of nondestructive measurement, rapidity and good consistency. The degree of juicy sac granulation in Citrus is closely related to the existent form and content of water. The present study, using the LF-NMR to evaluate the juicy sac granulation of Citrus, researched the correlativity between LF-NMR intensity of different form of H<inf>2</inf>O and degree of juicy sac granulation. The degree of juice sac granulation was classified by 9 assessors' sensory evaluation, and validated by the Duncan test and the significance analysis of correlation with physiology indices. These physiology indices including moisture content, lignin content, vitamin C content, weight-loss ratio and respiratory strength, which were significantly correlated to the classification by sensory evaluation of 9 assessors, were analyzed by the correlation significance testing. It was found that the integral values (I<inf>21,</inf>I<inf>22</inf>and I<inf>23</inf>) of 3 peaks (T<inf>21,</inf>T<inf>22</inf>and T<inf>23</inf>) on transverse relaxation time (T<inf>2</inf>) inversion spectrum significantly reflected the juicy sac granulation and were correlated to its degree evaluated by human senses (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The reason was that the integral values (I<inf>21,</inf>I<inf>22</inf>and I<inf>23</inf>) of 3 peaks (T<inf>21,</inf>T<inf>22</inf>and T<inf>23</inf>) on transverse relaxation time (T<inf>2</inf>) represented the responses of 3 different forms of water (chemically combined water, immobile water and free water) in the Citrus fruit respectively. And by the linear fitting analysis with human's sensory evaluation results, a mathematic model with I<inf>21</inf>and I<inf>23</inf>as testing indices was established to judge juice sac granulation degree. In present study, 27 Citrus fruits with different juice sac granulation degrees were used to set up the equation for the prediction of Citrus' sac granulation degree, and 8 Citrus fruits were used for the validation of the effectiveness and accuracy of the fitting equation. However, because of its unsatisfying precision, the classification of juice sac granulation was simplified into acceptable or unacceptable on juice sac granulation based on the result of score, which was calculated according to the original fitting equation and the demand of Chinese National Standard. Therefore, the modified method got a good accuracy and practical effectiveness. The paired-samples t-test analysis indicated that there was no significant deference between artificial intelligence evaluation scores and sensory evaluation scores (P=0.4982<t=0.7143). The results show a potentiality for the application of LF-NMR testing in isolating Citrus with low quality in agro-product storage, sale and processing. And authors finally discussed the indices such as water content, lignin content, vitamin C content and respiratory strength involved in the process of juice sac granulation, and assumed that these characteristics may be related to the adverse stress condition and the lignification process of Citrus. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Nuclear magnetic resonance
Controlled terms:Artificial intelligence - Citrus fruits - Fruits - Granulation - Lignin - Magnetism - Moisture - Nondestructive examination - Physiology - Relaxation time - Resonance - Sensory analysis - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic recognition - Chinese national standard - Citrus - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance - Measurement technologies - Non-destructive measurement - Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance - Transverse relaxation time
Classification code:445.2 Water Analysis - 461.9 Biology - 701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 723.4 Artificial Intelligence - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258036
Title:Optimal damping matching for shock absorber of vehicle leaf spring suspension system
Authors:Zhou, Changcheng (1); Pan, Lijun (1); Yu, Yuewei (1); Zhao, Leilei (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China; (2) School of Automation, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Changcheng(greatwall@sdut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:106-113
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Damping matching is the key problem of shock absorber design for leaf spring suspension system, and there is no optimal matching theory to resolve this problem at present, which seriously restricts the improvement of ride comfort and driving safety. So, in order to make the leaf spring suspension system achieve the optimal damping matching so that the vehicle has good ride comfort and driving safety, in this paper, based on the quarter vehicle model and random vibration theory, taking the minimum of body vertical vibration acceleration as the target, a mathematical model of optimal damping ratio of suspension based on ride comfort was established; taking the minimum of wheel dynamic load as the target, a mathematical model of optimal damping ratio of suspension based on driving safety was established; then, according to the golden section, a mathematical model of optimal damping ratio of suspension based on ride comfort and driving safety was built. Based on this, the root mean square value of suspension dynamic deflection was taken as the leaf spring vibration amplitude, which was obtained under actual road conditions for vehicle driving, and the root mean square value of suspension vibration velocity obtained under actual road conditions for vehicle driving was combined with the principle of energy conservation; by analyzing and processing the load and deformation array data of leaf spring loading-unloading test, the equivalent damping of leaf spring under certain work condition and the damping ratio provided by leaf spring for the suspension were built. Then, combining the optimal damping ratio of suspension based on ride comfort and driving safety with the damping ratio provided by leaf spring, using the displacement superposition principle, the optimal damping ratio, which should be provided by shock absorber matching to the optimal damping of leaf spring suspension, was built. Based on this, using the smoothness-safety ratio and the two-way ratio, a mathematics model of velocity characteristic of shock absorber matching to the optimal damping of leaf spring suspension was built. With a practical example, the optimal damping ratio and the velocity characteristic of shock absorber for leaf spring suspension system were designed, and the optimal damping matching method was validated by the simulation. The result showed that using the theoretical design method for the shock absorber, the root mean square value of body vertical vibration acceleration was reduced by 7.67% compared with the traditional experience method. Furthermore, in order to further verify the correctness of the result, the optimal damping matching method was validated by the vehicle ride comfort test. The result showed that using the theoretical design method for the shock absorber, the root mean square value of body vertical vibration acceleration was reduced by 6.72% compared with the traditional experience method. Therefore, the results showed that the optimal damping matching method of shock absorber for leaf spring suspension system was correct, and it could significantly improve the ride comfort of vehicle and make the vehicle have good driving safety. This study has significant value of theory research and practical application for shock absorber design of leaf spring suspension system. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Leaf springs
Controlled terms:Automobile bodies - Automobile suspensions - Damping - Design - Dynamic loads - Magnetic levitation vehicles - Models - Roads and streets - Shock absorbers - Suspensions (components) - Unloading - Vehicle suspensions - Vehicles - Vibration analysis - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Equivalent damping - Loading-unloading tests - Optimal damping - Principle of energy conservation - Random vibration theory - Root mean square values - Superposition principle - Vibrations
Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 408.1 Structural Design, General - 601.2 Machine Components - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 691.2 Materials Handling Methods - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258050
Title:Effects of light quality and intensity on nitrogen oxide gas emissions of rice phyllosphere and rhizosphere at flowering and seed setting stage
Authors:Xu, Shengguang (1); Chen, Zebin (1); Yu, Lei (1); Liu, Jiani (1); Chen, Wurong (1); Li, Bing (2); Wang, Dingkang (1); Geng, Kaiyou (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, China; (2) Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
Corresponding author:Geng, Kaiyou(1071889543@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:206-214
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to clarify the contribution of rice plants to nitrogen oxides gases (NOGs) emissions, such as N<inf>2</inf>O and NO<inf>x</inf>(NO and NO<inf>2</inf>), and understand the control mechanism of light quality and intensity, the NOGs emissions from rice phyllosphere and rhizosphere and their relationship with light quality and intensity were investigated at the flowering and seed setting stage in a liquid culture medium system. Under controlled nitrogen (N) and controlled light conditions in a light-water incubator with the separation of the inner chamber and outer chamber, the experimentation strictly separated and sealed the phyllosphere in the inner chamber and the roots in the outer chamber without harm occurring on the rice plants. For different weak light qualities (yellow, green, white, red and blue lights) and intensities (dark, 0; weak, 4000 lx; moderate, 6000 lx; strong, 8000 lx), using double-chamber method, a simultaneous leaf and root determination was designed to measure the source of NOGs emissions. N<inf>2</inf>O concentration of air samples was analyzed by the gas chromatography within 10 h (from 8:00 to 18:00), while NO<inf>x</inf>(NO and NO<inf>2</inf>) gas was measured by the 42i type NO-NO<inf>2</inf>-NO<inf>x</inf>gas analyzer simultaneously. The results showed that: 1) Under a constant nitrogen nutrient (concentration of N was 90 mg/L, NH<inf>4</inf>NO<inf>3</inf>-N), when rice seedlings were treated with moderate (6000 lx) and strong light (8000 lx), the average rates of N<inf>2</inf>O and NO emission from rice phyllosphere were 27.08, 29.15 µg/(poth) and 2.25, 0.94 µg/(poth), accounting for 57.38%, 54.19% and 76.79%, 51.93% of the total N<inf>2</inf>O and NO evaporation loss for the whole rice plant, respectively. More than 90% of NOGs released from rice phyllosphere and rhizosphere was N<inf>2</inf>O, but no evident NO<inf>2</inf>emission was detected under the same condition. 2) Under a constant light intensity (1600 lx), N<inf>2</inf>O emission of rice phyllosphere in yellow, green, white, red and blue lights was 2.16, 13.40, 1.07, 3.82 and 7.08 μg/(poth), respectively. N<inf>2</inf>O emission of rice phyllosphere and NO release of rice rhizosphere could be inhibited by red and blue light compared with the results for green light (P<0.05), while NO emissions of rice phyllosphere and rhizosphere were inhibited by blue light synchronously. Nevertheless, no evident NO<inf>2</inf>emission of rice phyllosphere and rhizosphere was detected, and N<inf>2</inf>O emission of rice rhizosphere could be promoted by red and blue light synchronously under the same condition. 3) Within the range of 0-8000 lx, N<inf>2</inf>O emission of phyllosphere and rhizosphere and NO release of rhizosphere could be promoted by the increase of light intensity, but NO emission from rice phyllosphere was inhibited significantly by strong light (8000 lx) illumination. 4) There was a very significant positive linear regression relationship between N<inf>2</inf>O emission of rice phyllosphere and N<inf>2</inf>O emission of rice rhizosphere (r=0.776, R2=0.587, P<0.01). Therefore, N<inf>2</inf>O emission of rice phyllosphere could be controlled by N<inf>2</inf>O release of rice rhizosphere, and the impacts of different light quality and intensity on N<inf>2</inf>O emissions of rhizosphere would further affect N<inf>2</inf>O emissions of phyllosphere. But there was not the same correlation of NO emission between rice phyllosphere and rhizosphere. In summary, by increasing the red and blue light proportions and synchronously regulating the light intensity according to nitrogen application rate, NOGs emissions of rice phyllosphere and rhizosphere can be inhibited effectively at the flowering and seed setting stage. This work clarify the contribution of rice plant to NOGs emissions and provide a scientific basis for revealing how light-control technology affects paddy NOGs emissions at the flowering and seed setting stage. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:41
Main heading:Air pollution control
Controlled terms:Chromatography - Crops - Gas chromatography - Gas emissions - Gases - Light - Light emitting diodes - Nitrogen - Nitrogen oxides - Particulate emissions - Quality control - Seed - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Control mechanism - Light conditions - Nitrogen application rates - Nitrogen nutrient - Red and blue light - Regression relationship - Rice - Rice rhizospheres
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution Sources - 451.2 Air Pollution Control - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits - 741.1 Light/Optics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.3 Quality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258028
Title:Damping characteristics of chassis suspension system of high clearance agricultural machinery based on friction damper
Authors:Chen, Yu (1); Chen, Suiying (1); Du, Yuefeng (1); Zhu, Zhongxiang (1); Mao, Enrong (1); Fu, Qiufeng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimized Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Jiuquan OK Seed Machinery Co., Ltd, Jiuquan, China
Corresponding author:Mao, Enrong(gxy15@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:51-57
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As an important part of the agricultural equipment, high clearance agricultural machinery is usually equipped with suspension system to reduce the vibration from uneven road. However, most of the suspensions have not been equipped with dampers and the vibration attenuation mainly depends on the damping of springs and tires. When the machine runs at a higher speed or works on some bad roads, the damping effect of the suspensions will become worse. In this paper, an independent strut type air suspension system with friction damping was designed according to the operating characteristics and requirements of high clearance agricultural machinery. The suspension system uses the Firestone 1T15L-4 air spring as the antivibration element and the nylon 66 resin slider as the damping element. When the suspension works, the vibration energy is consumed via the relative slippage between the nylon slider and the guide frame of the air spring. Since the high clearance agricultural machinery commonly uses the vacuum intertillage radial tire, the impact of tire damping on suspension antivibration cannot be ignored. Based on this, the vertical dynamic model of the suspension system was established, including the tire damping model and the viscous yielding resilience friction damping model, and then the state equation of the system was obtained. On the basis of the state equation and the filtered white noise random road excitation model, the simulation model of the system was created in Matlab/Simulink R2012a. And the designed suspension system was equipped in a high clearance emasculation machine and the field test was carried out in Jiuquan City, Gansu Province in August 2015. Before testing, the internal pressure of the air spring was adjusted to assure the height of the spring close to 280 mm. And the friction damping force was regulated by adjusting the bolt preload using the torque wrench. The Lancetec ULT1001 piezoelectric acceleration sensor was used to measure the acceleration signal of the sprung and unsprung mass. The MIRAN KTC-325 displacement sensor was applied for measuring the suspension dynamic deflection signal. During the test, the emasculation machine was set to run on the field at a constant speed of 8 km/h, and the sampling frequency was set to 200 Hz. The data acquisition card NI USB-6216 and the software LabVIEW were applied to collect the signals of acceleration and displacement. The main purpose of the simulation and experiment was to study the influence of the changing friction damping force on the vibration characteristics of the suspension, and verify the correctness of the mathematical model. The simulation and test results showed that when the friction damping force was equal to zero, the acceleration root mean square (RMS) and the suspension dynamic deflection of the sprung and unsprung mass were relatively large. At this time, the suspension system depended merely on the self-damping of the air spring and rubber tire to attenuate vibration. The suspension was in an underdamped state and the damping effect was poor. With the increase of friction damping force, the RMS of sprung and unsprung mass reduced firstly and increased afterward, which reached the minimum value at the force of 1800 N and got the best damping effect, and tended to be equal when the force exceeded 5000 N. That was because the force was too large and the suspension was locked, leading to the direct transmitting of pavement impact load to the vehicle body and thus the worse damping effect. In addition, the RMS of the suspension dynamic deflection continued to decrease in the whole process of friction damping force increasing. According to the time domain and frequency domain analysis of the acceleration data, when the friction damping force was set to 1800 N, the RMS values of the sprung and unsprung mass accelerations were approximately equal to 1.874 and 8.953 m/s2respectively in simulation, while the vehicle test results were 1.604 and 9.653 m/s2respectively. Meanwhile, the resonance frequencies of the masses were approximately equal to 1.2 and 10.7 Hz respectively in simulation, while the vehicle test results were 1.1 and 11.4 Hz respectively. The above data showed that the natural frequency of the designed suspension system was far away from the most sensitive frequency range of human body that is from 4 to 8 Hz. And the acceleration RMS of sprung mass was significantly decreased in contrast with the unsprung mass. In summary, the designed suspension has a good vibration property and the developed mathematical model is reasonable to reflect the dynamic performance of the suspension. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Suspensions (components)
Controlled terms:Acceleration - Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Automobile bodies - Automobile suspensions - Computer programming languages - Crashworthiness - Damping - Data acquisition - Equations of state - Excited states - Frequency domain analysis - Friction - Magnetic levitation vehicles - MATLAB - Models - Natural frequencies - Polyamides - Rayon - Roads and streets - Springs (components) - Struts - Suspensions (fluids) - Testing - Time domain analysis - Tires - Transportation - Tribology - Valves (mechanical) - Vehicles - White noise
Uncontrolled terms:Air suspension - Chassis suspension systems - Damping characteristics - Friction damper - Operating characteristics - Piezoelectric acceleration sensor - Vibration characteristics - Vibration reductions
Classification code:406.2 Roads and Streets - 408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 601.2 Machine Components - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle Components - 723.1.1 Computer Programming Languages - 723.2 Data Processing and Image Processing - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 815.1.1 Organic Polymers - 818.5 Rubber Products - 819.2 Synthetic Fibers - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment - 914.1 Accidents and Accident Prevention - 921 Mathematics - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258056
Title:Design of PVC elastic thin wall packing box for eggs and experiment of its mechanical property
Authors:Zhang, Rong (1); Wang, Shucai (1); Mei, Zhimin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Shucai(wsc01@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:252-257
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the establishment of the system of intensive poultry industrial chain of production and marketing, the integrated management of production, processing and sales of eggs is gradually implemented. Although it is greatly improved, the mechanization of China's poultry industry is still facing the problems such as investment risk and low degree of automation, while mechanization is the foundation of poultry industrial chain. Moreover, the final quality of eggs also depends on its production date, temperature, cushioning packaging and storage. Eggs are easily damaged. Broken eggs are easy to breed microorganisms, which can contaminate other eggs, so there are about 10%-14% loss during circulation. The breakage rate of circulation can be reduced by packing. Recently, with the rapid development of information technology and electronic business, and the development of large-scale industrial projects, the brand awareness is gradually strengthened. The total consumption and per capita consumption level of China's packaging eggs are significantly improved. Some large-scale equipments, fragile agricultural products or objects (such as eggs) need lossless transport from the production base to the destination. The way of a quick, long-distance transport is demanded. Both the industrialization and automation package of egg industry and the long-distance non-destructive transport can be implemented by excellent packages, which have important implications for reducing the breakage rate of eggs, improving the packaging efficiency and reducing the labor costs. In this paper, the theoretical study of the mechanical properties of packaging made in the elastic slice was performed, different transport packagings of eggs were designed, and then the experiments for mechanical properties of the packaging with no load and full load were carried out by the texture analyzer (TMS-PRO, from America). Using the experimental design method, the changes in breakage rate with the variation factors were analyzed, the protective packaging for eggs and the protective effect of egg boxes were detected, and then the product costing and the feasibility of industrial production were analyzed, in order to reduce eggs' breakage rate of transport, and improve the industrialized automatic production line for the packaging of eggs. The results were presented in the paper: 1) The packaging box of Series C was feasible; 2) The arch structure design of C packaging could support the load of about 90-130 N, and X packaging could support the load of about 80-110 N; 3)The maximal loading capacity of the full box was better than that of the empty box; 4) The capacity of packaging box was significantly enhanced with the increase of eggs' number in the box. In this paper, it was verified that egg breakage rate could be reduced in industrial production and transportation using the new cushioning package. The packaging design mechanism and method for lossless transport of eggs proposed in this paper can provide the reference for optimizing the packaging structure for eggs. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Packaging
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Chains - Compensation (personnel) - Cost accounting - Design - Design of experiments - Experiments - Machinery - Mechanical properties - Mechanization - Product design - Wages
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic production line - Breaking strength - Experimental design method - Industrial production - Integrated management - Large scale equipments - Long-distance transport - Percapita consumption
Classification code:601 Mechanical Design - 602.1 Mechanical Drives - 694.1 Packaging, General - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 911.1 Cost Accounting - 912.4 Personnel - 913.1 Production Engineering - 951 Materials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258060
Title:Process optimization for lactic acid bacteria fermentation to reduce cadmium in rice
Authors:Liu, Yejia (1, 2); Lin, Qinlu (1); Xiao, Dongmei (2); Zhang, Jun (2); Lin, Lizhong (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China; (2) Jinjian Cereal Industry Co., Ltd, Changde, China
Corresponding author:Lin, Lizhong(188080012@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:276-282
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A kind of rice noodle fermentation broth from Changde provides strains to remove the heavy metal cadmium in rice. And the main microbial flora in this fermented liquid is plant lactobacillus. Plant lactobacillus can break down the rice protein to make cadmium free from combining state and then move out from rice. The bacterial cell membrane can also remove cadmium from rice by the effect of adsorption. Plackett-Burman design (PBD), Steepest ascent experiment (SAE), and Box-Behnken design (BBD) were used to optimize the process of this experiment. The results showed that, main factors which obviously affected the rates of cadmium removal in rice screened by PBD were the additive quantity of water, the amount of strengthening bacteria and the fermentation temperature. We also adopted the response surface design of experiment to find the optimum fermentation conditions by using SAE that is a high efficient screening experiment method. The scopes of 3 main factors were respectively that, the additive quantity of water was from 110%-130%, the amount of strengthening bacteria was from 0.5&permil; to 0.9&permil; and the fermentation temperature was from 30 to 34. The optimum fermentation conditions were obtained, which were the additive quantity of water of 120%, the amount of strengthening bacteria of 0.8&permil;, and the fermentation temperature of 32. It also included the other fermentation conditions just like the additive amount of liquid yeast of 2%, the additive amount of salt of 0.8%, and the time fermentation period of 22-26 h. Under this optimal condition, the removal rate of cadmium was 79.24%. Heavy metal cadmium in rice was determined by Graphite Furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Finally, this method was verified on its effects on 3 different batches of cadmium rice. The research results showed that this method could be used in different batches of early rice. Full rice grain was used to ferment in this experiment. And after completion of fermentation, the rice grain was still intact, which retained the comprehensive processing suitability of rice. This method which used microbial fermentation to remove the cadmium from rice was simple and convenient. It was also suitable for the industrial large-scale processing. Although the rice material after dealing with cadmium removal through fermentation could not be used in the food processing industry, it completely reached the requirements of food processing or other industry processing. Therefore, the results of this research have great significance in improving the status quo of cadmium rice in some regions. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Chemicals removal (water treatment)
Controlled terms:Absorption spectroscopy - Atomic absorption spectrometry - Bacteria - Budget control - Cadmium - Chemical contamination - Cytology - Design of experiments - Fermentation - Food additives - Food processing - Grain (agricultural product) - Heavy metals - Lactic acid - Liquids - Optimization - Processed foods - Salt removal - Strengthening (metal)
Uncontrolled terms:Fermentation temperature - Food processing industry - Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry - Lactic acid bacteria fermentations - Reduction rate - Response surface designs - Rice - Steepest ascent experiments
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue Engineering - 531 Metallurgy and Metallography - 531.1 Metallurgy - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals - 741.3 Optical Devices and Systems - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 822.2 Food Processing Operations - 822.3 Food Products - 901.3 Engineering Research - 921.5 Optimization Techniques
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258025
Title:Kinematics analysis and experiment of crank rocker vibrating coarse sorting machine for unshelled oil-tea fruit
Authors:Li, Lijun (1); Hu, Wenyu (1); Gao, Zicheng (1); Min, Shuhui (1); Wang, Penghui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Institute, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
Corresponding author:Li, Lijun(junlili1122@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:28-35
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nowadays because the separation step of shell and seed of oil-tea fruit wants to reach the ideal effect by one pace, they can not get satisfactory separation rate of shell and seed. In our study, we determine to choose roughing at first, and then select cleaning method. In order to improve the efficiency of the late selection and separation, design an oil-tea fruit coarse sorting machine which is simple in structure and convenient in manipulation and easy to latter careful sorting. Its work is to shell big shells, break tea fruit, without breaking separate tea fruit and dross among the mixture of shells and seeds of oil-tea fruits which are broken. And leave small broken shells and intact tea seed into the next selection. Now, this paper wants to proof the rationality of the design of oil-tea fruit roughing machine. First, we simplify it as crank and rocker mechanism, and analyze it with the principle of the screening. When the speed of screen increases, materials collide with the edge of the mesh, and pile up on the screen and are difficult to go through the screen; and on the other hand when the speed of screen decreases, the interaction between material particles and sieve is small, which leads to lower screening efficiency. Then, we analyze the motion parameters of coarse sorting machine through the force analysis, and there are 3 kinds of forces on the material and a kind of inertia force. We use static balance and dynamic static to analyze the material which has a tendency to slide along the screen surface. Through the analysis, we conclude that the motion parameters meet the design requirements. Second, we carry out the coarse sorting machine's dynamic simulation and analysis through ADAMS software toward the 5 equidistant material models placed on the model screen surface position. Combining the work principle of shaker with ADAMS software, carry out the kinematics simulation analysis, and get the curves of the amplitude of 5 material models. By using the law of diminishing amplitude we analyze the change of screen surface amplitude and validate that the amplitude design of coarse sorting machine is reasonable. Third, through orthogonal combination experiment of 3 levels and 3 factors, it is concluded that for the influence on the retention rate of seed, the incline angle of screen surface ranks first, the screen length ranks second and the crank speed comes last. And as for the influence on screening efficiency, the order from high to low is the screen length, the incline angle of screen surface, and the crank speed. Besides, by analyzing the response surface, it is concluded that the influence of crank speed and screen length on the retention rate of seed interacts with that on screening efficiency. Then use Design-Expert software to obtain the optimum working conditions of oil-tea fruit roughing machine. When the crank speed is 276.12 r/min, the incline angle of screen surface is 6.69°, and the screen length is 1005.8 mm, we can get the optimum retention rate of seed, which is 96.84%, and also the optimum screening efficiency, which is 96.77%. Oil-tea fruit roughing machine meets the design requirement. The research results provide a reference for the design of later accurate selection machine. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Computer software - Design - Dynamics - Efficiency - Kinematics - Machinery - Mechanization - Optimization - Piles - Separation - Shells (structures) - Speed
Uncontrolled terms:Crank and rocker mechanisms - Kinematics analysis - Kinematics simulation - Material particles - Optimum working conditions - Screening efficiency - Shaker - Simulation and analysis
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and Shapes - 601 Mechanical Design - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and Applications - 723.5 Computer Applications - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 821.4 Agricultural Products - 913.1 Production Engineering - 921.5 Optimization Techniques - 931.1 Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258047
Title:Co-pyrolysis characteristic and dynamic analysis of alkali lignin and oil shale
Authors:Bai, Jingru (1); Shao, Jiaye (1); Li, Mengdi (1); Jia, Chunxia (1); Wang, Qing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization Ministry of Education, Northeast Dianli University, Jilin, China
Corresponding author:Bai, Jingru(jlbjr@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:187-193
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Use of different heating rates (30, 50, 80 K/min) for lignin alkaline and oil shale mixed sample (lignin alkaline dosage 20%, 50%, 80%) in co-pyrolysis combined with TG-FTIR technique, we analyzed pyrolysis products and cumulative production trends at different heating rates. After that we fit data in two model free kinetic analysis methods (FWO method, Starink method). The results showed that due to differences in the rate of heat transfer, the amount of heat a sample received determined the quantity of weight loss from a tested sample. Weight loss increase in five specimens was observed with the increase of heating rate at the high temperature region. When lignin alkaline was added to oil shale, DTG curves changed significantly at 400-500 . After 600 , both oil shale and lignin in co-pyrolysis had an overlapped peak. Based on TGA data collected and the data in the pyrolysis product precipitated at the initial temperature and the temperature corresponding to the termination of weight loss, both samples obtained separate pyrolysis product yields when co-pyrolysis solution was in the same mixed sample heating rate. The 50% lignin alkaline product yields were the highest in contrast to that with mixed different heating rates and different mixing ratio of lignin alkaline and oil shale. It was possible that at the heating rate of 80 K/min, lignin alkaline dosage product yielded 50% of the maximum. According to FTIR detection, in the mixed sample, cumulative production curve of pyrolysis products under different mixing ratio showed that 50% of lignin alkaline added in the mixed sample with respect to the separate production of the two pyrolysis products can reduce aromatic ring structure compounds, phenolic compounds, H<inf>2</inf>O. For different heating rate and yield curve of accumulated pyrolysis products, it showed that the aromatic ring structure compounds, and CO<inf>2</inf>, CH<inf>4</inf>cumulative production in response to increase of heating rates and temperature increased proportionally. Cumulative production of H<inf>2</inf>O over heating rate and temperature was proportionally related for pyrolysis temperature of 200-600 . Only after 700 , CO cumulative production and its relationship with the heating rate was proportionally related to temperature rise. For phenolic compounds, cumulative production at 50 K/min reached the highest for 250-800 . In this temperature range heating rate and cumulative production of phenolic compounds was proportionally related to temperature. But beyond 800 , at heating rate of 30 or 50 K/min, output began to fall. To choose proper lignin alkaline and oil shale content under a 50% of the mixed sample with a heating rate of 30, 50, 80 K/min we calculated the activation energy E for conversion rate for both lignin alkaline and the oil. The activation energy of both fit a linear function with a correlation coefficient of 0.95 and they were approximately parallel each other. The activation energy at the same conversion rate of maximum error was only 10 kJ/mol. In the model free methods, the conversion rate 0.45, 0.7, 0.85 have emerged during the activation energy decreases. By fitting the result, the two methods can show the complexity of the reaction mechanisms. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Oil shale
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Aromatic compounds - Biomass - Carbon dioxide - Chemical activation - Heat transfer - Heating - Heating rate - Lignin - Mixing - Oil shale processing - Phenols - Pyrolysis - Shale - Shale oil - Well stimulation
Uncontrolled terms:Aromatic ring structure - Correlation coefficient - Cumulative production - Initial temperatures - Model-free method - Pyrolysis temperature - Rate of heat transfer - TG-FT-IR
Classification code:512.1 Petroleum Deposits - 513.1 Petroleum Refining, General - 523 Liquid Fuels - 641.2 Heat Transfer - 802.2 Chemical Reactions - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 804.2 Inorganic Compounds - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and Derivatives
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258034
Title:Optimal experiment and analysis on installation position for diffuser of centrifugal pump based on operating stability
Authors:Liu, Houlin (1); Ming, Jiayi (1); Xiao, Jiawei (1); Dong, Liang (1); Bai, Yu (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) Shenyang Blower Works Group Corporation, Shenyang, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Houlin(liuhoulin@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:93-99
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The hydraulic performances, pressure pulsations and vibrations of a single-stage single-suction centrifugal pump with radial diffuser at 3 different installation positions were tested for the purpose of improving the operating stability and exploring the best installation position. The experiment was conducted in a closed test platform. Numerical simulations were taken to find 3 typical positions. Through the simulation performance curve, the obvious difference occurred in 3 positions, i.e. the positions with the angle between volute tongue and radical diffuser blade of 0°, 20° and 40°. In order to provide 3 different positions, a unique radial diffuser with many positioning holes was made. Through changing the installation position of radial diffuser, 3 different testing pumps were obtained. The test measured the hydraulic performance of the pump, the pressure pulsation of the volute outlet section and the vibrations of the whole pump. The flow was measured by the turbine flow meter. The head and the power were calculated with the data gotten by the pressure transmitters in the inlet and outlet and the torque meter respectively. The pressure pulsation of the volute outlet section was measured by a high-frequency pressure transmitter. The vibration sensors were arranged in the pump, with 2 sensors monitoring the x direction and y direction respectively in the pump cover and 1 sensor monitoring the z direction in the bearing body. All the data were collected simultaneously. The sampling frequency was 10.24 kHz and the sampling time was 30 s. Through testing the pumps with 3 different radial diffuser installation positions, the data of the pressure and vibration acceleration were obtained, the performance curves, pressure pulsation amplitude, pressure pulsation characteristics in time domain and frequency domain, and the vibration amplitude and vibration characteristics in frequency domain were analyzed. The experimental results showed that when the volute tongue was set at the middle of the radial diffuser channel, the hydraulic performance of the pump was the best among all positions, and the maximum efficiency was higher by 2%. The vibration acceleration amplitudes at 3 different directions kept low value. However, the pressure pulsation amplitude would rise especially in the large flow, which was 2.25 kPa higher than other positions. Because of the existence of the radial diffuser, the blade passing frequency was not the main activating frequency, the 2 times and 3 times shaft frequency were the main activating frequency for the pressure pulsation, and the 2 times and 6 times shaft frequency were the main activating frequency for the vibration acceleration. With the flow increasing, the pressure pulsation amplitudes at volute diffuser section decreased firstly, reached the bottom under the 0.6 times designed working condition, and then increased. Different installation positions had slight effects on the pressure pulsation characteristics and vibration pulsation characteristics. The frequency law of the pressure pulsation and the frequency spectrum of the vibration acceleration kept almost the same under the same operating conditions. Therefore, the study provides a certain reference for the installation of the radial diffuser. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Vibration analysis
Controlled terms:Centrifugal pumps - Chemical activation - Flowmeters - Frequency domain analysis - Hydraulic motors - Pressure - Pressure sensors - Time domain analysis - Transmitters
Uncontrolled terms:Blade passing frequency - Hydraulic performance - Installation position - Radial diffuser - Simulation performance - Vibration acceleration - Vibration characteristics - Vibrations
Classification code:618.2 Pumps - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and Machinery - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 921 Mathematics - 921.3 Mathematical Transformations - 931.1 Mechanics - 943.1 Mechanical Instruments - 944.3 Pressure Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258048
Title:Design and biogas production characteristics of vertical continuous dry fermentation equipment
Authors:Yu, Meiling (1); Gu, Shiyan (2); Yu, Yang (3); Dong, Ying (4); Liu, Peihan (1); Zhu, Jun (1); Qiao, Xingguo (5)
Author affiliation:(1) Liaoning Institute of Energy Resources, Yingkou, China; (2) College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China; (3) Yingkou Environmental Assessment Ltd., Yingkou, China; (4) The Geological Society of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China; (5) Liaoning Coastal Industrial Base Station of Environmental Monitoring, Yingkou, China
Corresponding author:Gu, Shiyan(syndgsy@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:194-199
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The wet anaerobic fermentation technology generates a large amount of biogas slurry. Biogas slurry treatment is the bottleneck of anaerobic fermentation technology development. In addition, according to past experience and theoretical calculation, maintaining an adequate liquid anaerobic fermentation temperature consumes about 30% of the system capacity. In winter, it even reaches 45% in the northern cold regions. This limits the anaerobic fermentation technology development greatly in northern cold region. The dry anaerobic fermentation technology, on the other hand, does not produce biogas slurry, and its residue is easy to be processed into the organic fertilizer. The level of the moisture content of China municipal waste is especially suitable for dry anaerobic digestion. However, the dry fermentation technology is relatively new, and the system control is more difficult than liquid fermentation. From that perspective, research on development of anaerobic dry fermentation devices is the key for the success of the technology. The features of designed vertical continuous dry fermentation equipment include stir heat up adjustment tank, multipoint distribution feed, vertical anaerobic fermentation tank and slurry reflux mixing process. Altogether, the fermentation system can process high volume of solid organic waste and produce biogas. The vertical continuous dry fermentation equipment mainly included the stir heat up regulating tank, feed pump, vertical anaerobic fermentation tank and discharge pump. A reflux inlet and fresh organic waste material inlet at the top of stir heat up regulating tank were set up, the bottom of stir heat up regulating tank was connected to the vertical anaerobic fermentation tank through the feed pump. An air outlet at the top of fermentation tank was set up which was connected to the gas pipeline. The discharge port on the bottom, the biogas slurry and residue that outflowed from discharge port was divided into two paths by discharging pump and first adjust the control valve. One path was connected to reflux inlet of stir heat up regulating tank, the other was the residue export connected to the discharge piping. We expected that such design could realize a quick start for biogas generation without stirring and heating in anaerobic reactor, and without adding water consumption during the process. We also expected that such device could save energy, reduce the volume of biogas slurry residue, protect the environment, and reduce the cost. The top of the vertical anaerobic fermentation tank using multipoint feeding distribution way facilitated more uniform distribution of fermentation raw materials. The internal temperature in the fermentation tank without stirring and heating device was maintained by continuous in and out of the hot materials. We used the reactor to conduct fermentation experiment to study the effect of slurry reflux and gas characteristics by comparing with a control group. The VFA (volatile fatty acid) content of application reflux was reduced, and the VFA content was minimum by reflux ratio of 1:7. When C/N ratio was close to 25:1, there was no ammonia nitrogen accumulation and gas production was the best. The high reflux ratio of 1:8-1:9 appeared to have a certain extent accumulation of VFA content. The flux ratio at 1:9 was the highest for generating biogas slurry quantity, and the VFA accumulation phenomenon was the most obvious, which reached 7822.4 mg/L. At the same time, high ammonia concentration inhibited biogas production. In conclusion, with a high clinker backflow, the anaerobic fermentation system would be suppressed. The slurry reflux had no significant influence in methane content. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Volatile fatty acids
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Anaerobic digestion - Biogas - Design - Equipment - Fatty acids - Fermentation - Fertilizers - Nitrogen - Pumps - Tanks (containers) - Waste disposal - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Acid accumulations - Ammonia nitrogen - Anaerobic fermentation - Biogas production - Dry anaerobic digestions - Dry fermentation - Organic waste materials - Theoretical calculations
Classification code:452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal - 522 Gas Fuels - 618.2 Pumps - 619.2 Tanks - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 901 Engineering Profession
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258037
Title:Effects of winter irrigation and soil surface mulching during freezing-thawing period on soil water-heat-salt for cotton fields in south Xinjiang
Authors:Yao, Baolin (1, 2); Li, Guangyong (1); Wang, Feng (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Architecture Engineering, Tarim University, Alaer, China; (3) Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xinxiang, China
Corresponding author:Li, Guangyong(lgycau@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:114-120
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Scarce water resources and soil salinity are important limiting factors for agricultural production and environmental melioration in extremely drought area and fragile ecological environment of Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang. The under-film drip irrigation has gained universal applications as an efficient and economically viable irrigation method for increasing water use efficiency and reducing the adverse effects of cotton growth. But for winter and spring irrigation quotas are relatively high and cause groundwater level to rise, after freezing-thawing in winter, salinization occurs on soil surface and it is harmful to the growth and development of cotton seedlings. Soil surface mulching can effectively reduce soil water loss and soil salt accumulation in winter fallow periods, reduce winter and spring irrigation quota, and achieve the purpose of water saving and salinity controlling. To explore the freezing-thawing characteristics in drip irrigation cotton fields under different soil surface mulching and winter irrigation quotas, field experiments were carried out, which included 3 soil surface mulching methods: bare fields (cotton stubble and plastic film were removed before winter irrigation), high stubble fields (cotton stubble and plastic film remained in fields before winter irrigation), corn straw mulching fields (cotton stubble, plastic film remained in fields and mulched corn residue had the length of about 5-10 cm length and the thickness of 5 cm, 400 kg/hm2), and 2 winter irrigation quotas: winter irrigation 200 mm quota and no winter irrigation. The experiment was composed of 6 treatments: winter irrigation with bare land (WIB), winter irrigation with high cotton stubble (WICS), winter irrigation with corn straw mulching (WICM), no winter irrigation with bare land (NWIB), no winter irrigation with high cotton stubble (NWICS), and no winter irrigation with corn straw mulching (NWICM). The soil temperatures in 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 and 100 cm were measured; soil water contents and soil salt contents of different soil depth profiles (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 cm) were measured for different treatments. The field experiments were conducted from November 15th, 2013 to April 4th, 2014 and from November 15th, 2014 to April 4th, 2015. And the results showed that: 1) mulching of soil surface and irrigation could prevent soil temperature from decreasing during soil temperature falling period and play cooling effect during soil temperature rising period; winter irrigation with corn straw mulching could stabilize soil temperature; soil temperature variation in temperature decreasing period was less than soil temperature rising period, and soil temperature variation degree was NWIB > NWICS > NWICM; 2) the freezing index over the experiment periods was bare fields > high cotton stubble fields > corn straw mulching fields under the same winter irrigation quotas; for winter irrigation increased soil moisture, soil heat capacity and soil temperature, the freezing index under WIB, WICS and WICM was 0.35, 29.03 and 41.95·d smaller than NWIB, NWICS and NWICM respectively; the thawing index under no winter irrigation was more than winter irrigation treatment under the same soil surface mulching, showing NWIB (300.64 ·d) > WIB (292.55 ·d), NWICS (256.43 ·d) > WICS (239.49 ·d), and NWICM (200.82 ·d) > WICM (156.80 ·d); 3) soil surface with corn straw mulching and winter irrigation was beneficial to maintain soil water during winter fallow period; under the same soil surface, soil moisture storage in 0-100 cm under winter irrigation was higher than no winter irrigation, and under the same winter irrigation quota, soil moisture storage in 0-100 cm under corn straw mulching was higher than cotton stubble and bare fields; WICM moisture storage was 29.10% and 10.36% higher than WIB and WICS respectively, and NWICM moisture storage was 14.97% and 2.21% higher than NWIB and NWICS respectively. After freezing and thawing process, 0-100 cm soil water storage under NWIB, NWICS and NWICM reduced respectively by 18.32, 7.36 and 2.62 mm on average; 4) 0-30 cm soil salt content was arranged as bare fields > high cotton stubble fields > corn straw mulching fields. Winter irrigation with 200 mm could leach soil salt, the leaching effect was corn straw mulching fields > high cotton stubble fields > bare fields, and the leaching rate was 34.86%, 15.82% and 7.26% respectively. Under no winter irrigation, soil salt content was accumulated, and soil salt accumulation rate was bare fields (10.11%) > high cotton stubble fields (7.96%) > corn straw mulching fields (3.01%). The research results can provide important information for the soil water-temperature-salt regulation in winter fallow periods in south Xinjiang. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Cotton - Film growth - Freezing - Groundwater - Irrigation - Leaching - Moisture - Plastic films - Soil moisture - Soils - Specific heat - Straw - Temperature - Temperature distribution - Thawing - Water conservation - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Freezing and thawing - Freezing-thawing periods - Increasing water-use efficiencies - Soil surfaces - Soil temperature variations - Soil water - Xinjiang
Classification code:444 Water Resources - 444.2 Groundwater - 446.1 Water Supply Systems - 483.1 Soils and Soil Mechanics - 641.1 Thermodynamics - 802.3 Chemical Operations - 817.1 Polymer Products - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

Accession number:20161602258058
Title:Effect of salt solution rinse on properties of hairtail surimi gel by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors:Yang, Wen'ge (1, 2); Zhang, Wen (1, 2); Wang, Xiaofei (1); Xu, Dalun (1, 2); Lou, Qiaoming (1); Zhang, Jinjie (1); Yan, Xiaojun (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; (2) Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Wen'ge(yangwenge@nbu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:7
Issue date:April 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:263-269
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the previous optimization test, relative content of salt-soluble protein, gel strength of surimi gel, washing loss rate were used as the indices to study the influence of different salt solution washing on the hairtail surimi quality, and the optimum concentration of each single-component salt solution (0.30% NaCl, 0.06% CaCl<inf>2</inf>or 0.50% sodium citrite) was determined. Then the above-mentioned 3 kinds of salt solution were mixed in certain proportion, and their optimal proportions (0.15% NaCl, 0.04% CaCl<inf>2</inf>and 0.35% sodium citrite) in the compound salt solution were obtained by the orthogonal array design. In this paper, the water relaxation time (T<inf>2</inf>) and proton density of hairtail surimi gel were explored by the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR). Using the moisture content, water holding property, gel strength, photographs of scanning electron microscope (SEM) of hairtail surimi gel as the indices, the effects of single-component salt solution and compound salt solution on the properties and moisture distribution of hairtail surimi gel were studied. Results of LF-NMR showed that the water in the hairtail surimi gel was bound stronger and its degree of freedom decreased after the washing treatment by 4 groups of salt solution. According to the data of texture analyzer and SEM, the surimi washed by NaCl, CaCl<inf>2</inf>solution showed a higher gel strength, and a denser and more uniform aperture of gel network. Combining the water distribution and water holding capacity of the surimi gel, the results showed that the immobilized water in the gel of surimi washed by NaCl or CaCl<inf>2</inf>solution was not easy to turn into the free water, and their water holding capacity were stronger than those in the gel of surimi washed by sodium citrite or compound salt solution. The reason might be the contraction and denaturation of protein induced by NaCl or CaCl<inf>2</inf>solution, which caused the decrease of the binding ability of water in some extent, and the effect of CaCl<inf>2</inf>solution on the contraction and denaturation of protein was more obvious. The myofibrillar protein of hairtail surimi was flaccid by the rinse with the sodium citrite solution, which led to the exposure of hydrophilic group, then the water were intercepted by the surimi gel network under the influence of hydrophilic group. This was the reason that the free water content was the least in the gel of surimi washed by CaCl<inf>2</inf>solution. When the 3 kinds of salt solution (NaCl, CaCl<inf>2</inf>, and sodium citrite) were mixed during the washing treatment, the synergistic effect was produced. The gel of surimi treated by the compound salt solution had higher moisture content, lower free water content, better water holding capacity and gel strength, and denser network. Compared to the single component, the hairtail surimi rinsed with the compound salt solution has a better quality. © 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Nuclear magnetic resonance
Controlled terms:Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Gels - Hydrophilicity - Magnetism - Moisture - Moisture determination - Proteins - Resonance - Scanning electron microscopy - Washing - Water content - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Hairtail surimi - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR) - Optimum concentration - Orthogonal array designs - Rinse - Salt solution - Water holding capacity
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply Systems - 701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena - 804 Chemical Products Generally - 804.1 Organic Compounds - 931.1 Mechanics - 944.2 Moisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.07.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES

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