<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20161502233126
Title:Energy storage properties of mans nitro phase transition materials of multi-walled carbon nano-tubes of greenhouse
Authors:Liu, Xin (1); Tie, Jian (1); Tie, Shengnian (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) New Energy (photovoltaic) Industry Research Center, Qinghai University, Xining, China 
Corresponding author:Tie, Shengnian(tieshengnian@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:226-231
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is significant to study low temperature phase change materials (PCM) widely used in hothouses. The performance of low temperature sodium sulfate decahydrate based PCM composite affects hothouse temperature directly. Sodium sulfate decahydrate based PCM composite has suitable phase change temperature, but presents supercooling and phase stratification phenomenon. These problems restrict its practical application. The result of related study indicated that the heat conductive material had a certain influence on supercooling and phase stratification of PCM. We studied that the effect of nano-powders of sodium sulfate decahydrate on subcooling and phase stratification, of which the nano-carbon had the better effects on sodium sulfate decahydrate's supercooling and phase stratification. This paper explored the effect of multi-walled carbon nano-tubes (MWCNTs) with high thermal conductivity on 2 kinds of sodium sulfate decahydrate based PCM composites, named PCM A and PCM B. PCM A consisted of 90wt% Na<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>&middot;10H<inf>2</inf>O and 10wt% KCl. PCM B consisted of 86.4wt% Na<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>&middot;10H<inf>2</inf>O, 9.6wt% Na<inf>2</inf>CO<inf>3</inf>&middot;10H<inf>2</inf>O, and 4wt% NaCl. Firstly, MWCNTs was modified on surface by acid treatment at 90, 120 and 140 respectively, in order to obtain good compatibility with PCM A and B. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to detect the acid-treated MWCNTs and the surface functional groups on the MWCNTs were analyzed. Low vacuum scanning electron microscope was used to observe the surface morphology of acid-treatment MWCNTs. The acid-treated MWCNTs were added into PCM A and B by physical dispersion method. The time dependence of the temperature of PCM A and B containing acid-treated MWCNTs or not was recorded by date acquisition instrument to explore the effects of acid treatment temperature and mass fraction of MWCNTs on the degree of supercooling of PCM. The phase stratification phenomenon was photographed and investigated. The specific heat and thermal conductivity were measured by thermal constant analyzer. And the thermal conductivity and specific heat of thermally conductive material added into the PCM A and B were analyzed. The latent heat of PCM was analyzed by different scanning calorimetry measurements. Latent heat value directly affects the size of the heat storage capacity of the material. The results indicated that carboxyl group was formed in MWCNTs after acid treatment, which could improve the compatibility between MWCNTs and PCM A or B. By the scanning electron microscope, the surface topography change of the MWCNTs without oxidization and the MWCNTs with the surface modified by acid treatment at 90 was not obvious. And the MWCNTs with the surface modified by acid treatment at 120 had slight agglomeration. The MWCNTs with the surface modified by acid treatment at 140 had serious agglomeration and shear break. When 1wt% acid-treated MWCNTs at 120 were added, both of PCM A and B showed low degree of supercooling. Their specific heat and thermal conductivity reached the maximum, which were 5.095 mm²/s, 0.9325 w/mk and 4.2356 mm²/s, 0.9413 w/mk respectively in the vicinity of the phase transition temperature. Abrupt change of specific heat of the phase change material at this point showed that mutations occurred for latent heat material itself. The increase of thermal conductivity showed that the heat transfer effect of phase change energy storage material was enhanced in the process of heat absorption and heat transfer. Besides, PCM B containing 1wt% MWCNTs acid-treated at 120 had higher latent heat than PCM A. They were 143.6 and 97.42 J/g respectively. These experiment results indicate that the PCM B containing 1wt% MWCNTs is more suitable for hothouse application. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Phase change materials
Controlled terms:Agglomeration - Carbon nanotubes - Conductive materials - Dispersions - Energy storage - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - Greenhouses - Heat storage - Heat transfer - Latent heat  - Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCN) - Nanotubes - Scanning electron microscopy - Sodium - Sodium sulfate - Specific heat - Storage (materials) - Sulfur compounds - Supercooling - Surface topography  - Temperature - Thermal conductivity
Uncontrolled terms:High thermal conductivity - Low-vacuum scanning electron microscopes - Multi walled carbon nano tube (MWCNTs) - Performance of low temperatures - Phase change energy storage - Sodium sulfate decahydrate - Stratification phenomenons - Thermal storage performance
Classification code:525.7 Energy StorageEnergy Storage

 - 549.1 Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals

 - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

 - 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer

 - 694.4 StorageStorage

 - 708.2 Conducting MaterialsConducting Materials

 - 761 NanotechnologyNanotechnology

 - 801 ChemistryChemistry

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds

 - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other StructuresFarm Buildings and Other Structures

 - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20161502233108
Title:Effects of diesel injection quantity and injection interval on emission characteristics of directly injected natural gas engine
Authors:Li, Menghan (1); Zhang, Qiang (1); Li, Guoxiang (1); Shao, Sidong (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China; (2) State Key Laboratory for Reliability of Internal Combustion Engines at Weichai Power, Weifang, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Guoxiang(liguox@sdu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:95-100
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Adjustment of injection strategy has been considered as an effective and reliable way for the emission control of directly injected natural gas engines. However, the system investigation on the effects of pilot diesel quantity and injection separation is scarce. In order to achieve better emission characteristics by optimizing the injection strategy of directly injected natural gas engine, experimental investigation was conducted on a 6-cylinder pilot-ignited natural gas engine to study the effects of diesel injection quantity (DIQ) and separation between diesel and natural gas injection (SDN). The test engine was modified from a diesel engine with bore diameter of 126 mm, stroke of 155 mm and compression ratio of 17. The design of cylinder head was redesigned to adapt to the installation of the dual fuel injector, which had two concentric needles and two electronically controlled solenoid valves. An integrated pressure regulating module was added to control the injection pressure of diesel and natural gas. The supply system of natural gas, including compressor and buffer tank, was also added to provide compressed pipeline natural gas. Besides, the control module of natural gas injection was integrated into the original electronic controlled unit to realize the accurate control of both diesel and natural gas injection. In the experiment process, the intake temperature was fixed at 22&deg; CA and the intake air pressure was maintained at 101 kPa while the diesel rail pressure was adjusted to 18MPa. To prevent natural gas leaking into diesel, the rail pressure of natural gas was slightly lower than that of diesel (17.5 MPa). The tested operating condition was at engine speed of 1 275 r/min with brake specific effective pressure of 0.54 Mpa, which was a typical operating point of European steady state cycle. To evaluate the effects of diesel injection quantity (DIQ) and separation between diesel and natural gas injection (SDN), the injection timing of natural gas was kept constant at 8&deg; BTDC while diesel injection quantity was varied from 4.0 to 11.5 mg under four different injection separations (0.5 ms, 0.8 ms, 1.1 ms and 1.4 ms). The natural gas pulse width was adjusted in accordance with the diesel injection quantity to maintain the fixed engine brake specific power. The emissions were measured by a Horiba MEXA 7 200 exhaust gas analyzer. CO emissions were tested by nondispersive infrared technology. HC emissions were tested by flame ionization detector. NO<inf>x</inf>emissions were tested by chemiluminescent detector (CLD). The emissions of each operating point were collected after 5 minutes of steady operation and all the emissions were recorded three times to obtain the averaged values for further analysis. The experimental results showed that HC emissions decreased with the increase of diesel injection quantity at the same injection separation and increased with increasing injection separation at the diesel injection quantity of 4.0 mg; in the diesel injection quantity range of 6.0~11.5 mg. HC emissions changed slightly when the injection separation varied from 0.5 ms to 1.1 ms, however, when injection separation extended to 1.4 ms, the rising trend of HC emissions became more obvious. CO emissions exhibited a first decrease then increase trend with the increase of diesel injection quantity, and the minimum value occurred at the diesel injection quantity of 6.0 mg or 8.5 mg; a decrease with the increase of injection separation at all diesel injection quantities can also be observed. NO<inf>x</inf>emissions firstly declined and then rise with the increasing diesel injection quantity; additionally, at the injection separation of 0.5 ms, NO<inf>x</inf>emissions were relatively lower while reached the peak value at the injection separation of 1.4 ms. It can be concluded that the increase of diesel injection quantity has beneficial effects on HC emissions and negative effects on NO<inf>x</inf>emissions while exerts little influence on CO emissions; the extension of injection separation results in higher HC and NO<inf>x</inf>emissions as well as reduced CO emissions. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Compressed natural gas
Controlled terms:Air intakes - Atmospheric pressure - Brakes - Compressibility of gases - Compression ratio (machinery) - Diesel engines - Direct injection - Dual fuel engines - Emission control - Engines  - Exhaust gases - Fuel injection - Gas compressors - Gas emissions - Gas engines - Gases - Infrared radiation - Ionization of gases - Natural gas - Oil well flooding  - Separation - Solenoid valves
Uncontrolled terms:Chemiluminescent detector - Diesel injection - Emission characteristics - Exhaust gas analyzers - Experimental investigations - Flame ionization detectors - Non-Dispersive Infrared technologies - System investigation
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

 - 451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources

 - 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control

 - 511.1 Oil Field Production OperationsOil Field Production Operations

 - 521 Fuel Combustion and Flame ResearchFuel Combustion and Flame Research

 - 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels

 - 602 Mechanical Drives and TransmissionsMechanical Drives and Transmissions

 - 612.1 Internal Combustion Engines, GeneralInternal Combustion Engines, General

 - 612.2 Diesel EnginesDiesel Engines

 - 618.1 CompressorsCompressors

 - 619 Pipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering GenerallyPipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering Generally

 - 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

 - 741.1 Light/OpticsLight/Optics

 - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20161502233129
Title:Effect of coordinated treatment of membrane bioreactor and powder activated carbon on marine aquaculture wastewater
Authors:Zeng, Ganning (1, 2); Zhang, Ruxia (2, 3); Gao, Lulu (1); Shen, Jiangnan (1); Tu, Meiling (3); Ruan, Huimin (1); Zhang, Peng (4) 
Author affiliation:(1) Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China; (2) Academy of Marine Science &amp; Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China; (3) College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China; (4) Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:248-253
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the rapid development of marine aquaculture industry, the amount of wastewater discharged is increasing and the water environment in the coastal areas is seriously deteriorated. Because of high concentration of total suspended matter; the content of soluble organic matter and inorganic matter in marine aquaculture wastewater is huge, whichresult indifficulties for treatment. In order to protect the marine environment and reduce the disease spread, the treatment of intensive aquaculture wastewater has become an inevitable trend. However, mariculture wastewater is more difficult to treat than that of freshwater, because of the effects of salinity, especially on membrane's microbeeinhibition and contamination mitigation. In this paper, activated sludge within membrane bioreactor (MBR) disturbed by mariculture wastewater was investigated, during and after salt shock, meanwhile, effect of powdered activated carbon (PAC), was examined in parallel lab-scale MBR, particularly on their contaminant removal performance and membrane fouling influence, within the salinity ranging from 0 g/L to 35 g/L. Concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH<inf>2</inf>⁺-N) and nitrite nitrogen (NO<inf>2</inf>-N) were analyzed emphaticallyunder the long-term effect of macriculture wastewater, besides, variation of microorganism properties, membrane flux, and floc particle size were studied. Particularly, salinity changes range from 0 g/L to 5 g/L were selected to analyze corresponding, composition and concentrationchanges of the dissolved organic matter in bulk solution soluble microbileproducts, SMP and sludge flocs extracellular polymers substances (extracellular polymeric substances, EPS), which could help to explain the relationship between the hydrophobicity of sludge and polysaccharide, protein. The results showed that PAC could improve the anti-fouling ability of membrane, i. e. For MBR-PAC, The COD removal efficiencyis 7.3% higher than that of MBR, combined with better removal stability of NH<inf>4</inf>⁺-N and NO<inf>2</inf>-N. For MBR, the fluctuation of removal of NH+4-N and NO<inf>2</inf>-N was more obvious. In the process of salinity changes, the membrane flux of two parallel lab-scales presented a similar trend, in detail, the flux declined in the sensitive period andrecovered to a certain extent in stationary phase. However, the recovery period of MBR-PAC system was shorter than that of MBR, the change of flux is moreobvious in MBR. In result, the membrane flux under MBR-PAC system could be improved remarkable, which showed about 1.5 times than that of MBR, in the end, the flux of MBR was lower, and the membrane of MBR could be damaged. During the salinity changing process, PAC could increase the sludge relatively hydrophobic (RH) and average floc sludge particle size, at the same time, adsorption and flocculation ability of PAC would contribute the reduction of microbial metabolites, particularly for small molecular protein, obtaininga 34% reduction. At the end of operation, the sludge mean particle size of MBR-PAC waslarger, and the value increased 52 &mu;m than that of MBR. Conclusions could be made that introduction of PAC is a useful mitigation strategy for MBR. Slow down membrane fouling rate. MBR-PAC is suitable for mariculture wastewater treatment, and the treatment effect is superior to MBR. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Chemicals removal (water treatment)
Controlled terms:Activated carbon - Activated carbon treatment - Aquaculture - Bioconversion - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Biological water treatment - Bioreactors - Chemical analysis - Chemical oxygen demand  - Hydrophobicity - Marine biology - Marine industry - Membrane fouling - Membranes - Metabolites - Nitrogen - Nitrogen oxides - Organic compounds - Organic polymers  - Particle size - Polymers - Proteins - Reduction - Salt removal - Wastewater treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Activated sludge - Dissolved organic matters - Extra cellular polymers - Extra-cellular polymeric substances - Marine aquaculture wastewaters - Membrane bio reactor (MBR) - Powder activated carbon - Powdered activated carbon
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment TechniquesWater Treatment Techniques

 - 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and DisposalIndustrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal

 - 461 Bioengineering and BiologyBioengineering and Biology

 - 481.2 GeochemistryGeochemistry

 - 802 Chemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit ProcessesChemical Apparatus and Plants; Unit Operations; Unit Processes

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 815.1 Polymeric MaterialsPolymeric Materials

 - 815.1.1 Organic PolymersOrganic Polymers

 - 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

 - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20161502233105
Title:Design and test of IEA-I high speed wind tunnel for aerial plant protection
Authors:Tang, Qing (1, 2); Chen, Liping (1, 2); Zhang, Ruirui (1, 2); Xu, Min (1, 2); Xu, Gang (1, 2); Zhang, Bin (1, 3) 
Author affiliation:(1) National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing, China; (2) Beijing Key laboratory of Intelligent Equipment Technology for Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China 
Corresponding author:Chen, Liping
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:73-81
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agricultural aerial spray is one of the most efficient methods for large area plant protection. However, it suffers from the great loss of pesticide droplets, which is caused by the drift. Besides the impact of external environment (wind speed, flight altitude, relative humidity, and so on), the droplet distribution scope generated by the aerial spray nozzle dominates its drift potential. The high speed wind tunnel becomes one of the most important tools for quantitatively evaluating the aerial spray nozzles, because of its repeatability and stability in providing different test conditions. The IEA-I high speed wind tunnel was designed by the authors to estimate the performance of the aerial spray nozzles mounted on the fixed-wing agricultural aircraft. In order to obtain a good flow quality, a low-turbulence wind tunnel design principle was used to design this wind tunnel. The IEA-I high speed wind tunnel was built up at the National Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture in Beijing in April 2015. It was an open-circuit blowing type, and composed of power section, flexible section, diffusion section, settling chamber, contraction section and test section. The total length of the wind tunnel was about 7.8 m, the height was about 2 m, and the roughness of the internal faces of the wind tunnel was less than 5 &mu;m. A 75 kW centrifugal blower was used in the power section, which could provide a volume flow rate of 25 161 m³/h at the rated fan speed of 3 000 RPM. A flexible section was used to insulate the wind tunnel body from the vibration of the power section. The diffusion section had a 5&deg; diffusion angle to avoid flow separation. A specially designed hexagon honeycomb of stainless steel and 9 stainless steel screens with carefully selected mesh size were embedded inside the settling chamber. These kinds of structures could reconcile the flow and reduce the flow disturbances in the settling chamber. The contraction section was designed with a 5th power wall surface shape curve, a contraction ratio of 10. 24, and an exit diameter of 300 mm. In July 2015, the flow quality of the wind tunnel was tested carefully with hot film, pitot tube and high-speed PIV (particle image velocimetry), which strictly followed the flow field specification on high-speed and low-speed wind tunnel (GJB1179-1991). The objective of the test was to determine if the wind tunnel could reach its standard of design on speed range, turbulence intensity, flow field uniformity, and so on. The hot film was used to measure the wind speed and the turbulence intensity of the wind tunnel. It was found that the wind speed of the tunnel varied from 7.6 to 98 m/s and the turbulence intensity of the flow was less than 1.0%. There were linear relations between the wind speed of the tunnel and the frequency of the centrifugal blower, and the determination coefficient (R2) was 0.967 8. The high-speed PIV system was used to measure the instantaneous flow field in the test section of the tunnel. The flow field uniformity (coefficient of wind speed variation) under different wind speeds was found to be less than 0.4% and the averaged flow inclination angle was no more than 0.2&deg;. The pitot tube was used to measure the static and dynamic pressures of the flow in the test section. The stability coefficient of dynamic pressure was less than 2.0%. The axial length of the test section was determined to 460 mm and the normalized axial static pressure gradient was no more than 0.02 in this range. After being tested comprehensively, the IEA-I high speed wind tunnel has achieved the design specification, and it can be a suitable test platform for aerial spray nozzles by providing real flight flow field of the fixed-wing agricultural aircraft. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Wind tunnels
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Antennas - Blowers - Centrifugation - Design - Diffusion - Drops - Experiments - Fighter aircraft - Fixed platforms  - Fixed wings - Flexible electronics - Flow fields - Flow separation - Nozzle design - Nozzles - Rocket nozzles - Specifications - Speed - Spray nozzles  - Stainless steel - Testing - Tunnels - Turbulence - Velocity measurement - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural aircraft - Determination coefficients - External environments - High-speed wind tunnel - Low-speed wind tunnel - Particle image velocimetries - Plant protection - Stability coefficient
Classification code:401.2 Tunnels and TunnelingTunnels and Tunneling

 - 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

 - 511.2 Oil Field EquipmentOil Field Equipment

 - 545.3 SteelSteel

 - 618.3 Blowers and FansBlowers and Fans

 - 631 Fluid FlowFluid Flow

 - 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

 - 651.2 Wind TunnelsWind Tunnels

 - 652.1 Aircraft, GeneralAircraft, General

 - 652.1.2 Military AircraftMilitary Aircraft

 - 715 Electronic Equipment, General Purpose and IndustrialElectronic Equipment, General Purpose and Industrial

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 901.3 Engineering ResearchEngineering Research

 - 902.2 Codes and StandardsCodes and Standards

 - 943.3 Special Purpose InstrumentsSpecial Purpose Instruments

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20161502233116
Title:Effect of salt content on shear strength of sulfurous saline soil
Authors:Fu, Jiangtao (1, 2); Li, Yuezhou (1, 2); Hu, Xiasong (1, 3); Yu, Dongmei (1); Zhao, Dan (1, 2); Liu, Yabin (1, 2); Qi, Zhaoxin (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (3) Department of Geological Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China 
Corresponding author:Hu, Xiasong(huxiasong@tsinghua.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:155-161
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To investigate the influence of salt content on the shear strength of salinized soil as well as the relationship between cohesion force, internal friction angle and salt content, the Da Qaidam Salt Lake and surrounding areas located in the Qaidam Basin, Qinghai Province, have been selected as the testing area. The salinized soil samples at 0~30 cm beneath the ground surface have been collected and meanwhile salt-leaching tests on these collected salinized soil samples have been conducted to produce salt-leached soil. On the basis of the procedures mentioned above, according to the type and salinization degrees of the collected salinized soil, anhydrous sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) with different masses has been separately added into the salt-leached soil to make artificial sulphate saline soil with 6 salt gradients, and then direct shear tests have been conducted on these artificial sulphate saline soil to further investigate the influence of salt content on the shear strength, as well as the shear strength indices such as cohesion force and internal frictional angle. The results are as follows: after salt-leaching tests, soluble salt ions' content and pH value are markedly lower than the counterparts before salt-leaching. Total ion content decreases from 2.165 0% to 0.74%, which is lower than the value before salt-leaching and pH value decreases from 8.65 to 8.01. Moreover, after salt leaching, soil grain composition has changed by some extent, sand is reduced from 33.0% to 31.3%, silt is declined from 55.2% to 54.0%, and clay particle is increased from 11.8% to 14.7%, respectively. Meanwhile, as the soil density and moisture content are 1.41 g/cm³and 25.68% respectively, the cohesion force and internal friction angle for salt-leached soil are 14.8 kPa and 26.5&deg;, which are higher than the counterparts (6.7 kPa and 24.6&deg;, respectively) for salinized soil before salt leaching. With different salt contents, the cohesion force and internal frictional angle of the artificially salinized soil exhibit an trend of initial decreasing and then increasing as the salt content increases. And further study results show when salt content increases from 0.74% to 5.17%, the cohesion force and internal frictional angle for artificially salinized soil gradually decline, and as salt content increases from 5.17% to 14.17%, the cohesion force and internal frictional angle for artificially salinized soil increase gradually. And as salt content is 5.17%, the corresponding cohesion force and internal frictional angle for artificially salinized soil are 8.3 kPa and 26.1&deg;, respectively, which are both the minimum values. So the corresponding salt content value is the threshold value of the artificial sulphate saline soil, which indicates that there exists a threshold value for sulfate saline soil. As the salt content is below this value, the cohesion force and internal friction angle decline with salt content increasing, and as the salt content is beyond this value, the cohesion force and internal friction angle increase with salt content increasing. The achievement has theoretical and practical significance in further exploring the influence of various salt contents on the cohesion force and internal friction angle as well as on the shear strength of the salinized soil. And this study can also serve as a basis for the further studies on the engineering characteristics of salinized soil. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Shear strength
Controlled terms:Adhesion - Friction - Internal friction - Leaching - pH - Salts - Shear flow - Soil surveys - Soil testing - Soils  - Sulfur compounds - Tribology
Uncontrolled terms:Anhydrous sodium sulphate - Engineering characteristics - Internal friction angle - Internal frictional angles - Qaidam basin - Salt leaching - Sulphate saline soil - Threshold-value
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

 - 801.1 Chemistry, GeneralChemistry, General

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; RelativityClassical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20161502233135
Title:Simultaneous detection of surface deficiency and soluble solids content for Amygdalus persica by online visible-near infrared transmittance spectroscopy
Authors:Liu, Yande (1); Wu, Mingming (1); Sun, Xudong (1); Zhu, Dangning (1); Li, Yifan (1); Zhang, Zhicheng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechatronics Engineering, Eash China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:289-295
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Surface deficiency and soluble solid content (SSC) are important indexes for evaluating the quality of Amygdalus persica. The feasibility was investigated for detecting surface deficiency and SSC of intact Amygdalus persica simultaneously by online visible-near infrared (visible-NIR) transmittance spectroscopy. Ten tungsten halogen lamps were installed in a sorting line. The power of each lamp was 100 watt. The light sources were illuminated from both sides of the production line, and the detector received light from the bottom of the fruit cup. The spectrum of each sample was recorded automatically by using the hardware trigger mode. The index plate and driving gear were mounted on the same shaft. The location of the index plate's tooth was matched with the location of the fruit cup. Hall sensor was placed at a height of 2 mm above the tooth of the index plate. When the index plate turned one tooth, a Hall sensor sent a 3.5 V high frequency signal to trigger spectrometer to save one spectrum. The spectra were recorded with the integration time of 100 ms in the wavelength range of 550~900 nm when the samples were conveyed at the speed of five samples per second. The spectra of the same sample before and after damage were analyzed for investigation of the influence of the damage tissue within a peach affected the spectral content of the light transmitted through it. The spectral intensity of the damage was lower than the healthy ones for the damage issue affected the penetration of the light inside the fruit. Three quality discrimination methods of principle component analysis (PCA), least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) and partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLSDA) were used to identify the damage samples. The input vector and parameters of kernel function of LS-SVM model were optimized by two step grid search method. The PLSDA model yielded the best results of accuracy rate of 100% compared to PCA or LS-SVM methods. Considering the robustness of the partial least squares (PLS) regression model, two groups of healthy samples and the combinations of healthy samples and damage ones. Then the PLS regression model was developed for predicting SSC values. The performance of the PLS regression model was improved with the stand error of prediction (SEP) of 0.71% when the damage samples were removed out. The effective spectral variables were chosen by successive projections algorithm (SPA) method for improving the robustness of the PLS regression model. It was also investigated that the influence of the damage sample to the predictive ability of the PLS regression model. Therefore a new strategy was proposed for detection of surface deficiency and SSC for intact Amygdalus persica simultaneously by online visible-NIR transmittance spectroscopy. The new samples, which were not used in the calibration, were used to access the abilities of recognizing the damage samples and predicting SSC of intact Amygdalus persica. The accuracy rate was 100% for identifying surface deficiency samples, and the SEP was 0.71% for predicting SSC. The accuracy of sorting grade was 93% according to the SSC values. The results showed that simultaneous detection of surface deficiency and SSC were feasible by visible-NIR transmittance spectroscopy. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Least squares approximations
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural products - Forecasting - Fruits - Hall effect devices - Hall effect transducers - Infrared devices - Light sources - Near infrared spectroscopy - Principal component analysis  - Quality control - Regression analysis - Spectrometers - Spectrometry - Spectrum analysis - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Diffuse transmittance - Least squares support vector machines - On-line detection - Partial least squares discrimination analysis - Partial least-squares regression - Soluble solids content - Successive projections algorithms (SPA) - Visible-near infrared spectroscopy
Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 741.3 Optical Devices and SystemsOptical Devices and Systems

 - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and EquipmentAgricultural Machinery and Equipment

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

 - 941.4 Optical Variables MeasurementsOptical Variables Measurements

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20161502233128
Title:Characteristics of solar air-pretreatment solution grading thermal regeneration system
Authors:Peng, Donggen (1); Zhang, Xiaosong (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; (2) School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:242-247
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:At present, the most widely used air-conditioner is vapor compression cooling systems driven by electrical power. The dehumidification method of vapor compression cooling systems is often to cool the air below its dew point, and so the approach consumes much electrical energy, particularly when the air should be reheated after the dehumidification process. Besides the traditional dehumidification method (cooling the air below its dew point), the air may also be dehumidified by liquid desiccant and the liquid may be regenerated by solar energy. As a result, solar energy-driven liquid desiccant cooling systems have emerged as a potential alternative to conventional vapor compression systems for cooling and air conditioning. Two important parts of the solar liquid desiccant air conditioning system are the regenerator in which the weak solution is concentrated, and the solar collector in which solar radiation is transformed into heat energy. The 2 components may achieve their own functions respectively. The weak desiccant solution flows into the solar collector and absorbs the solar thermal energy, leading to the increase in its temperature, and then the heated weak desiccant solution flows into the regenerator and contacts with the passing air stream. In the regenerator, moisture is evaporated from the hot weak solution and then removed by the passing air, and as a result the weak solution is concentrated. On the other hand, solar collector/regenerators (C/Rs) are designed to achieve the dual functions of solar collector and solution regenerator for high regeneration efficiency. In order to increase the efficiency of solar solution C/R, a method of solar air-pretreatment solution grading C/R is put forward in this paper. The solar air-pretreatment solution grading C/R is chiefly made up of the first grade solar C/R, the second grade solar C/R and the packed bed dehumidifier. The first grade solar C/R adopts directly surrounding air for regenerating solution with low concentration that is used to dehumidify the regeneration air for regenerating solution with high concentration in the second grade solar C/R. Such design aims to increase regeneration efficiency of strong solution in the second grade solar C/R. A mathematical model on solar air-pretreatment solution grading C/R is built by defining quality factor of evaporation rate of water vapor that is used to show difference of regeneration performance of different concentration solutions under other same parameters. In that model, effective solution proportion and effective storage capacity are defined to describe the performance of solar air-pretreatment solution grading C/R. The simulation results show when the efficiency of heat exchange used for solution pre-dehumidification is equal to 0.69, the effective storage capacity reaches the maximum. Moreover, the effective storage capacity increases with the increasing of the product of specific surface area and tower length. There are critical values for relative humidity of surrounding air and solar radiation intensity that are used for judging if the new solution regeneration method is superior to direct solar solution C/R. Simulation results show the critical values for relative humidity and solar radiation intensity are 60% and 780 W/m²respectively under given simulation conditions in the paper. When the relative humidity of surrounding air is greater and the solar radiation intensity is weaker than its own critical value, solar air-pretreatment solution grading C/R has greater superiority compared with traditional solar C/R. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed solar air-pretreatment solution grading C/R performs satisfactorily for regenerating the solution with high concentration under the climates of high humidity and low solar radiation in southern China. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Collector efficiency
Controlled terms:Air conditioning - Atmospheric humidity - Cooling systems - Driers (materials) - Grading - Humidity control - Liquids - Models - Packed beds - Power inductors  - Regenerators - Solar collectors - Solar energy - Solar radiation - Thermoelectric equipment
Uncontrolled terms:Critical value - Effective solution proportion - Evaporation rate of waters - Liquid desiccant air-conditioning - Quality factors - Solar - Vapor compression cooling - Vapor-compression systems
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

 - 615.4 Thermoelectric EnergyThermoelectric Energy

 - 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and ComponentsHeat Exchange Equipment and Components

 - 643.3 Air ConditioningAir Conditioning

 - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena

 - 702.3 Solar CellsSolar Cells

 - 802.1 Chemical Plants and EquipmentChemical Plants and Equipment

 - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial ChemicalsChemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20161502233100
Title:Kinematic analysis and performance experiment of cam-swing link planting mechanism
Authors:He, Yakai (1, 2); Li, Shujun (1); Yang, Xuejun (2); Yan, Hua (2); Wang, Wei (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) Modern Agricultural Equipment Co., Ltd, Beijing, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Shujun(lisj@caams.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:34-41
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The application of mechanical transplanting on crops can effectively increase the product of crops and reduce the labor intense as modern cultivation techniques. But the popularization and application are limited by the problem of lower upright degree to some certain extent. A new type cam-swing link type transplanting machinewas designed to solve the problem of lower upright degree in current pot seedling planting machine. In addition, the receiving seedling stability of planting apparatus can be guaranteed well, owing to double parallel four-bar mechanism of this planting machine. In this paper, the kinematic model of the transplanting machine was established, including the equations of planting trajectory, planting velocity and planting acceleration for the planting device. For the purpose of high efficiency, interactive GUI design tool had been explored based on the MATLAB/GUI according to these mathematic equations. The influences on the transplanting trajectory of main parameters were analyzed based on MATLAB tool, including the length L1 and original phase angle &Phi; 1 of crank CD, the length L2 and original phase angle &Phi; 2 of swing AB, and the length L5 of link AG. The system parameters which had great effects on the planting trajectory were L1, L2, &Phi; 1 and &Phi; 2. These parameters were analyzed and optimized through the method of orthogonal experiment. The experimental scheme was designed according to orthogonal table off our factors and three levels. By analyzing the range table of residual, the parameter couldbe ranged as L2, L1, &Phi; 1 and &Phi; 2 from big to small, considering the degree of significant on upright degree of seedlings. The optimal combination could be selected that L1 is 118 mm, L2 is 52 mm, &Phi; 1 is 256&deg;, and &Phi; 2 is 316&deg;. Under the condition of this optimal combination, the motion model of transplanting machine was reestablished to generate a new optimized planting trajectory. The top of this trajectory was smooth to benefit the receiving seedling stability of planting device. As the total height of this trajectory was about 256 mm with 190 mm higher the ridge side, the planting device couldavoid touching down seedlings planted effectively. When the planting depth reached 60 mm, the maximum residual of curve at planting seedlings parts was 0.465 mm, the mean residual was 0.253 mm, and penetration angel was 81.05&deg;. The simulation results indicated that this optimized planting trajectory can improved the anteversion problem of seedlings that caused by compaction wheel and ensured the seedling planted higher upright degree. In order to verify the reasonability and accuracy of the theoretical model, the prototype was processed with the optimized parameters. Based on the prototype, field tests were carried out according to relevant standards in Yiyang county industrial park of China in March 2015. No crops were planted and the ridge film was mulched in the test plot before the testing, for simply obtaining test results without effects of the other crops. During the course of experiment, 30 horse-power tractor was selected as the only power. The total height of seedlings used was no more than 150 mm, and the height of seedlings substrate less than 60 mm. The plant vertical degree was considered as the main optimization indicator which influenced by the main parameter smentioned above. The data results showed that the mechanism proposed meet the requirements of pot seedling agricultural plant at the speed of 0.556 meter per second, and planting frequency was 60.7 plant percent minute. The qualified rate of upright degree with the variationco efficient of 2.03% was 95%, lodging rate was no more than 1.67%, and plant spacing error rate was only 0.22% with no lacking of seedlings. The results indicated that this machine had the good planting performances of high upright degree and low spacing error rate under the condition of high efficiency of planting. What this paper studied will provide theoretical reference for the subsequent transplanter research and development. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Cams - Crops - Cultivation - Efficiency - Kinematics - MATLAB - Mechanisms - Optimization  - Problem solving - Testing - Trajectories
Uncontrolled terms:Kinematic Analysis - Orthogonal experiment - Parallel four-bar mechanisms - Performance experiment - Research and development - Transplanter - Transplanting machine - Transplanting mechanisms
Classification code:601.3 MechanismsMechanisms

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

 - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20161502233107
Title:Outlet temperature characteristics for NO<inf>x</inf>catalyst container of diesel engine SCR system and its calculation model
Authors:Qiu, Tao (1, 2); Song, Xin (1); Lei, Yan (1); Liu, Xinghua (3); Liang, Hong (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China; (2) Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, China; (3) College of Mechanical and Vehicle, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:89-94
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology is considered as a highly efficient and promising after-treatment technology for deducing the diesel engine NO<inf>x</inf>emission. The temperature inside an SCR catalyst container is important for NO<inf>x</inf>conversion efficiency and SCR control precision. Accurate prediction for the temperature of the SCR catalyst under the condition of transient loads has important influence on the NO<inf>x</inf>conversion efficiency. In order to gain the detail of the temperature distribution inside the SCR catalyst container, this work designs 5 test plates with thermocouples which are mounted inside the SCR catalyst container in different places. These 5 test plates contain a serial of thermocouples located in different position to test the temperature distribution inside the SCR catalyst container. These 5 plates are orderly located from the inlet to the outlet of the container, and in each plate, there are totally 17 test points successively along 2 diameters which are respectively the horizontal and vertical directions. During the experiment, the diesel engine with the SCR system is tested under the varied operation engine speeds and loads to supply the SCR catalyst container with exhaust gases of different temperatures and mass flow rates. In addition, a mathematic model is proposed to predict the catalyst temperature at the outlet based on the tested inlet temperature data of the SCR catalyst container. The mathematic model is solved based on a program which is compiled by Matlab/Simulink codes. The experimental results show that under the steady conditions, the temperature inside the SCR catalyst container decreases from the inlet to the outlet of the container along the axial direction. The reason is that as the exhaust gas flows through the SCR catalyst container, the thermal energy of the exhaust gas decreases due to the thermal energy exchanges such as heat convection, heat conduction between the exhaust gas and the catalyst carrier, the container wall, as well as the environmental atmosphere. The experimental results also show that the outlet temperature is lower than the inlet temperature, and the maximum deviation between the tested inlet temperature and outlet temperature is 10.1%. However, the model-predicting outlet temperature has a better deviation of 6.2% with the tested outlet temperature. Under the conditions of transient operation, the downstream temperature of the catalyst container shows a delay of temperature increasing. As the engine speeds and loads change, firstly the inlet temperature rises, but the downstream temperature doesn't increase together with the inlet temperature, and it begins to rise after 40 s. The downstream temperature reaches its 95% of the maximum after nearly 380 s. The reason of this temperature-increasing delay is that the thermal energy transfer from the exhaust gas to the SCR catalyst especially under the transient condition takes much time, and the narrow catalyst holes cause flow resistances to the exhaust gas. This temperature-increasing delay is also demonstrated by the mathematic model. In addition, the model predicts that the outlet temperature under the transient condition has a deviation of less than 6% which is better than the deviation between the tested inlet temperature and the outlet temperature (32%). Therefore, the inlet temperature of the SCR catalyst container is not suitable to be simply adopted as the outlet one for the purpose of the SCR system control strategy, because there is great deviation between the inlet temperature and outlet temperature under both steady and transient operation conditions. In this work, the proposed mathematic model shows good calculation precision when predicting the outlet temperature under both steady and transient operation conditions. Compared with the simple method of adopting the inlet temperature as the outlet one, this model for predicting outlet temperature has better control precision especially under transient conditions, which is good for SCR system control strategy. The control algorithm is applied to the SCR system of a heavy-duty diesel vehicle, and the vehicle is tested based on the ESC (European steady-state cycle) and ETC (European transient cycle) test standards. The tests show that NO<inf>x</inf>emission is lower than the limit of the China IV emission standard, which demonstrates the proposed algorithm meets the control requirements of the vehicle. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Selective catalytic reduction
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Catalysts - Containers - Conversion efficiency - Diesel engines - Energy transfer - Engines - Exhaust gases - Forecasting - Gases  - Heat conduction - Heat convection - Job analysis - MATLAB - Models - Reduction - Speed - Temperature - Temperature distribution - Testing  - Thermal energy - Thermocouples - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:After-treatment technology - Calculation precision - Control requirements - Control strategies - Heavy duty diesel vehicles - Selective catalytic reduction technologies - Steady and transient - Transient conditions
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources

 - 451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control

 - 525.5 Energy Conversion IssuesEnergy Conversion Issues

 - 612.2 Diesel EnginesDiesel Engines

 - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

 - 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer

 - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

 - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial ChemicalsChemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 944.5 Temperature Measuring InstrumentsTemperature Measuring Instruments

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20161502233136
Title:Rapid detection of malathion residues in Chinese cabbage by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors:Huang, Shuanggen (1, 2); Wu, Yan (2); Hu, Jianping (1); Liu, Muhua (2); Wu, Ruimei (2); Fan, Yuan (2); Wang, Xiaobin (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) Optics-Electrics Application of Biomaterials Lab, College of Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China 
Corresponding author:Hu, Jianping(hujp@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:296-301
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The traditional pesticide residues detection methods had the disadvantages of complex sample preparation, expensive apparatus and high cost. For developing a rapid analysis detection method of pesticide residues, we investigated a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method coupled with colloidal gold for detection and characterization malathion residues in Chinese cabbage. Chemometric method was used to establish a rapid detection model of malathion pesticide residues in Chinese cabbage. A 200 mg/L standard solution was prepared by dissolving malathion power in acetonitrile. The standard solution was serially diluted with ultrapure water to prepare working solutions of 100, 50, 20, 15, 10, 5, 2, 1 and 0.5 mg/L. Fresh Chinese cabbages were collected from the agronomy experimental base of Jiangxi Agricultural University in June 2015. The Chinese cabbages were used to prepare samples as follows. 50 g Chinese cabbages were weighed and transferred on a plastic wrap. 76 Chinese cabbage samples were manufactured by spraying different concentration standard solution with a sprinkling can, and each concentration has two parallel samples. Then the 76 samples were homogenized separately by pulverizer. After that, the sample preparation steps were implemented for both SERS collection and GC-MS measurement as follows. 1) 10 g homogenized chinese cabbage sample, 1 g anhydrous sodium acetate, 5 g sodium chloride and 10 mL acetonitrile were blended in a centrifuge tube of 50 mL, and the centrifuge tube was vibrated for 1 min with a vortex mixer. A homogeneous solution was obtained and then separated for 5 min at a speed of 4 200 rpm on the centrifuge, and a yellow supernatant was acquired. 2) 2 mL of the supernatant was injected to a centrifuge tube of 15 mL containing anhydrous Magnesium sulfate, PSA, graphitized carbon and C18 for removing the effect of protein, fat, carbohydrates and other substances in Chinese cabbage. The centrifuge tube was blended for 1 min and then centrifuged for 5 min at a speed of 4 200 r/min. Then, the colourless supernatant was filtered. The filtrate was used directly for SERS measurement in the Optics-Electrics Application of Biomaterials Lab. 3) 1 mL of the filtrate was transferred into a 10 mL centrifuge tube and condensed with a termovap sample concentrator at 60 until the solvent absolutely evaporated. 4) The concentrated pesticide was diluted with 1 mL ethyl acetate and shaken for a moment. Then the eluted solution was transferred into a vial and used to measure its actual value by GC-MS in Jiangxi Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine technology center. Then three methods as SNV, MSC and Normalization were used to optimize the original Raman spectra signals, and the PLS models of malathion pesticide residues in Chinese cabbage were established. The limit of detection (LOD) can reach the level of 1.082 mg/L by SERS method, and the concentration can meet the tolerance levels for malathion pesticide residues in chinese cabbage. The model predictive performance used normalization preprocessing method was optimal. The correlation coefficient of the calibration samples model (Rc) was 0.983 2, RMSECV was 1.78 mg/L, the correlation coefficient of prediction model (Rp) was 0.973 2, and RMSEP was 2.37 mg/L. The model results of the higher Rp value and the lower RMSEP value indicated that the method of SERS could accurately predict the malathion pesticide residues in Chinese cabbage. The five unknown concentration samples were prepared to verify the accuracy of the prediction models. The absolute values of relative deviation were calculated to be between 0.70%-9.84%. The predict recoveries were calculated to be between 99.30%-109.84%. These indicated that the SERS method was receivable and credible for rapid detection of malathion pesticide residues in Chinese cabbage. The t value was 1.589, less than t0.05, 4=2.776. The results of t test demonstrated that the difference between SERS and GC-MS was not significant. This study demonstrates that SERS is capable of detecting and identifying malathion pesticide residues in Chinese cabbage quickly and accurately. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Pesticides
Controlled terms:Acetonitrile - Agriculture - Carbon - Centrifuges - Forecasting - Least squares approximations - Light transmission - Measurements - Raman spectroscopy - Sodium  - Spectrum analysis - Tubes (components)
Uncontrolled terms:Chinese cabbage - Malathion - Partial least square (PLS) - Rapid detection - Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Classification code:549.1 Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals

 - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and PipelinesPipe, Piping and Pipelines

 - 741.1 Light/OpticsLight/Optics

 - 802.1 Chemical Plants and EquipmentChemical Plants and Equipment

 - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial ChemicalsChemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20161502233097
Title:Effects of seed layer thickness on seed filling performance of seed feeding device for rapeseed and wheat
Authors:Lei, Xiaolong (1); Liao, Yitao (1); Li, Zhaodong (1); Zhang, Wenyu (1); Cao, Xiuying (1); Li, Shanshan (1); Liao, Qingxi (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China 
Corresponding author:Liao, Qingxi(liaoqx@mail.hzau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:11-19
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Seed feeding device determines the seeding performance of the air-assisted centralized metering system. Seed filling performance is the key parameter to affect feeding quality of seed feeding device. As seeds' flow properties and compressive force significantly affect seed filling performance, the effects of seed layer thickness on filling performance for rapeseed and wheat were studied in this research. EDEM (engineering discrete element method) software was used for simulating the filling performance and high speed camera technology was used for executing the experiment. Adjustable regulating plate was adjusted for seed layer thickness under different treatments. In EDEM simulation, the experimental factors were inclined angle of adjustable regulating plate with 3 levels (ranging from 50&deg; to 70&deg;), longitudinal distance of regulating plate with 6 levels (ranging from 0 to 25 mm), lateral distance with 3 levels (ranging from 42 to 50 mm) and rotational speed with 5 levels (ranging from 10 to 50 r/min) in single-factor test. Seeds' compressive force, tangential force and number of seeds in model-hole were used as test indices in simulation. Bench test was performed on test rig by using Huayouza 62 and Zhengmai 9023 as materials, while field experiment was carried out in the modern agriculture science park of Huazhong Agricultural University in 2015. The 3 inclined angles of adjustable regulating plate, 2 longitudinal distances and 3 lateral distances were evaluated for seed filling performance at 5 rotational speeds (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 r/min). Angles of adjustable regulating plate were 50&deg;, 60&deg; and 70&deg; using complete randomized design (one-factor), longitudinal distances were 15 and 20 mm and lateral distances were 42, 46 and 50 mm with two-factor full factorial test. Seeds' initial filling angle, filling angle which was measured by high speed camera using pco. dimax HD system, seed feeding rate, coefficient of variation of seed feeding rate and damage rate were dependent variables in bench experiments. The relationships between seed feeding rate, coefficient of variation of seed feeding rate and seeds' compressive force, tangential force, filling angle were analyzed. Results showed that: 1) Seeds' compressive force, seed filling angle and feeding performance of regulating plate with the angle of 60&deg; were better than other parameters. Seeds' compressive and tangential force increased with the increase of longitudinal distance and the decrease of lateral distance. Coefficient of variance of seeds' number decreased and then rose up. Seeds' compressive force was generally stable and tangential force increased with the increase of rotational speed. The number of seeds in each model-hole decreased by 5% with the rotational speed increasing of 10 r/min. 2) When rotational speed was within the range of 10~50 r/min, seed initial filling angle, filling angle and seed feeding rate rose with the increasing of longitudinal distance and the decreasing of lateral distance. In addition, the coefficient of variation of seed feeding rate decreased and then rose up with the increasing of longitudinal distance and the decreasing of lateral distance. Seeds' compressive force, tangential force and seed filling angle were positively and significantly correlated with seed feeding rate. Effects of seed layer thickness and rotational speed on seed filling angle mainly resulted from compressive force and tangential force, respectively. Regarding the agronomic requirements, the ideal parameters were longitudinal distance of 15 and 20 mm for rapeseed and wheat, and lateral distance of 46 mm. Under the combination condition of optimum seed layer thickness, the coefficient of variation of seed feeding rate and the damage rate for the seed feeding device were less than 1.0% and 0.1%, respectively. 3) Field experiments demonstrated that planting density was 38~50 plants per square meter and their coefficient of variation was 10.64% using the air-assisted centralized metering device under the condition of optimum seed layer thickness. Results showed that the use of this metering device made the emergence performance of rapeseed meet the agronomic requirements. This study investigated the mechanism of seed layer thickness which affected seed filling performance in seed feeding device for rapeseed and wheat. The investigation of seed layer thickness in this research can provide the basis for optimizing the structure of regulating plate and improving the feeding performance. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Feeding
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Agronomy - Cameras - Crops - Filling - High speed cameras - High speed photography - Oilseeds - Plates (structural components)  - Speed - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variance - Coefficient of variation - EDEM simulation - Experimental factors - Longitudinal distance - Rapeseed - Seed filling - Wheat
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and ShapesStructural Members and Shapes

 - 691.2 Materials Handling MethodsMaterials Handling Methods

 - 742.1 PhotographyPhotography

 - 742.2 Photographic EquipmentPhotographic Equipment

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20161502233134
Title:Design and test of on-line detection system for apple core rot disease based on transmitted spectrum
Authors:Guo, Zhiming (1, 2); Huang, Wenqian (2); Chen, Quansheng (1); Wang, Qingyan (2); Zhang, Chi (2); Zhao, Jiewen (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:283-288
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Internally defected apples are not easily distinguished from normal ones by their external appearances, since there are no visible defects on the exterior. Detection of internally defected apples with a suitable technique is thus crucial for quality control. Aimed to the nondestructive on-line test of the internal defect of apple, this work presented the development of an on-line detection prototype system using visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) technology as a new approach for on-line identifying the defects without sample destructiveness. The system included a fruit tray conveyor, an illumination source, a spectral acquisition unit, a photoelectric sensor, chassis, an industrial computer, a dark sample compartment, and an analysis unit. The critical components such as light source module, costumed fiber and transmission unit with separate tray were designed and developed to improve spectra signal quality, lower heat damage and reduce mechanical damage. The problem of photoelectric signal interference was solved by strong and weak electricity separation and metal shield. Special detection software was developed for real-time inspection based on multithread programming technology. The advantages of this software were presented by the process of modular design, including software system initialization, information communication, information interaction, spectral data acquisition and processing, spectral curve real-time display, defect category discrimination, statistics and saving of detection results. It is difficult to collect the internally defected apple samples from orchard, supermarket and wholesalers, because the symptoms are not externally recognizable and visible if the fruits are not cut. In this experiment, the apples with internal defects caused by core rot fungi were collected and cultivated. We tried the preparation of samples and achieved good performance. A total of 84 'Fuji' apples were used to establish classification model, and another batch (a total of 71 samples) was on-line measured for verification the robustness and applicability of model. The detection of internal quality information in nondestructive online way was achieved by this system. The differences of spectral response between intact and internally defected apple were compared and analyzed. Meanwhile, the varying degrees of defect apple were discussed. After the optimization of parameters, the conveyor was set at a speed of 3 apples within one second, and the integration time of the spectral collection was set to 80 ms. Spectral data were recorded as absorbance units. On the basis of selection characteristic wavelength, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was implemented to establish a discriminant model of apple internal defects. The optimal LDA model was used to estimate the samples in the training set, and the total classification rate was 94.05% in the training set. The optimal LDA was used to test the new samples in the prediction set, and the total classification rate was 90.14% in the predication set. The classification results demonstrate that the LDA model has high and robust classification performance. Additionally, we could found that slight degree internal defect was difficult to identify, because it was small in the core of apple with weak spectra response. The proposed system could successfully differentiate the apple with internal defect from intact apple. The results showed that a nondestructive on-line internal defect determination prototype based on Vis/NIR transmittance technique was feasible. In view of these results, the present research lays the foundation for the future development of an automatic system based on transmittance spectroscopy in the visible and NIR regions that is capable of detecting internal defects in apple fruits, which is extremely important from the economic point of view. The use of such detecting techniques potentially makes it possible to remove internally defected samples simply in a fast, nondestructive on-line way for high quality control in fruit industries. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Classification (of information) - Conveyors - Data acquisition - Data handling - Defects - Discriminant analysis - Infrared devices - Light sources - Models  - Multitasking - Nondestructive examination - Photoelectricity - Quality control - Signal detection - Signal interference - Spectrometry - Spectrum analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Apple - Internal defects - Non destructive inspection - On-line detection system - Transmittance spectroscopies
Classification code:692.1 ConveyorsConveyors

 - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and PhenomenaElectricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena

 - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing

 - 722.4 Digital Computers and SystemsDigital Computers and Systems

 - 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

 - 922 Statistical MethodsStatistical Methods

 - 941.4 Optical Variables MeasurementsOptical Variables Measurements

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20161502233096
Title:Review on research theories and observation techniques for preferential flow in unsaturated soil
Authors:Sheng, Feng (1, 2); Zhang, Liyong (1, 2); Wu, Dan (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science &amp; Technology, Changsha, China; (2) Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Water &amp; Sediment Science and Water Hazard Prevention, Changsha University of Science &amp; Technology, Changsha, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-10
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Preferential flow, which contributes to the rapid water flow and solute transport, is common rather than exceptional in natural unsaturated soils. Preferential flow allows irrigated water and applied agriculture chemicals to move through unsaturated zone to groundwater table quickly with limited degradation and filtration, increasing the losses of applied resources and energy, and making the groundwater under high contamination risks. There are different kinds of preferential flow, Macropore flow and finger flow are two of the most importance and receive tremendous of studies. Pipe flow, channel flow, funnel flow, bypass flow, oscillatory flow, short circuiting flow, heterogeneity-driven flow, subsurface storm flow, partial displacement flow, depression-focused recharge flow, and gravity-driven unstable flow also receive a lot of research interests because of the environmental problems and risks they induced. There are a number of factors to induce preferential flow. Soil structure and texture, the initial and boundary conditions, incorporating with the instability of infiltration front, affect the generation and development of preferential flow patterns. Because of the variety of preferential flow generating and impacting factors, and the diversity of preferential flow patterns, incorporated with the high-speed and non-equilibrium characteristics of preferential flow, the description and simulation of preferential flow is always the hot topic and big question in vadose zone hydrology. A variety of modeling approaches have been developed to describe preferential flow in soil. These are mainly continuum, discrete, and fractal approaches. The continuum approaches are relatively simple and straightforward to implement, but they are incapable of characterizing preferential flow paths caused by fingering and the spatial variability of soil properties. On the contrary, the discrete approaches have been successfully used to represent field observations of preferential flow. However, the discrete approaches are limited to small-scale applications and the physical mechanisms underlying these approaches are still not totally clarified. To properly characterize heterogeneous water flow processes in the soil and benefit from the combined advantages of the continuum and discrete approaches, models based on fractal theory are developed recently. While some previous field studies support the fractal approaches, in-depth studies have not yet been conducted on physical mechanisms underlying these approaches, determination of the fractal parameters, relation between fractal parameters and soil characteristics, and efficiency of applying fractal approaches for representing practical preferential flow processes. To study the characteristics of preferential flow and to evaluate the efficiency of numerical models for representing preferential flow, it is essential to visualize preferential flow from flow background. For this purpose, a variety of experimental approaches, such as micro-tension measurement, acoustic sounding, breakthrough-curves, non-invasion tomography, ground penetrating radar, and electrical resistance tomography, have been developed. However, these approaches either require very expensive and preferential machines or consume too much of time and labor. With the advantages of low price, distinct visibility, high water solubility, and requiring no special detecting machines, tracing (e. g. dye tracing and iodine-starch staining tracing) experiments are increasingly applied to study the detail characteristics of preferential flow in both field and laboratory. Within all the dyes, the food-grade dye pigment Brilliant Blue FCF, which is with some other advantages as limited toxicity and inactive, is most commonly used. However, as the dye is adsorbed by soils with high clay and organic carbon contents, iodine-starch staining tracing experiment is determined as a much more effective technique to visualize preferential flow pathways, as the anionic properties of iodide ion with high mobility and low adsorption even in heavy clay soils. Although preferential flow has received increasing studies these years, it is still far behind fully studied. Unifying the discrimination standard, increasing modeling efficiency and developing special equipments for preferential flow study are the main research directions in this field. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:122
Main heading:Groundwater flow
Controlled terms:Carbon - Clay - Clay products - Dyes - Flow of water - Flow patterns - Fractals - Geological surveys - Ground penetrating radar systems - Groundwater  - Groundwater pollution - Groundwater resources - Hydraulics - Iodine - Models - Organic carbon - Soils - Solute transport - Starch - Tomography  - Water - Water filtration
Uncontrolled terms:Electrical resistance tomography - Finger flow - Initial and boundary conditions - Macropore flow - Non equilibrium characteristics - Observation techniques - Preferential flows - Spatial variability of soil properties
Classification code:444.2 GroundwaterGroundwater

 - 445.1 Water Treatment TechniquesWater Treatment Techniques

 - 481.1 GeologyGeology

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

 - 631.1.1 Liquid DynamicsLiquid Dynamics

 - 632.1 HydraulicsHydraulics

 - 716.2 Radar Systems and EquipmentRadar Systems and Equipment

 - 746 Imaging TechniquesImaging Techniques

 - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial ChemicalsChemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 812.1 CeramicsCeramics

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; RelativityClassical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20161502233111
Title:Optimal allocation model of surface water and groundwater based on queuing theory in irrigation district
Authors:Yang, Gaiqiang (1, 2); Guo, Ping (1); Li, Ruihuan (1); Li, Mo (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Institute of Environmental Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China 
Corresponding author:Guo, Ping(guop@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:115-120
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water for agricultural irrigation is one of the main irrigation patterns of most irrigation districts in China. The input parameters of current optimization models of groundwater are usually crisp numbers, which are too simple to truly reflect the impacts of the groundwater utilization variance on irrigation areas over time. In order to obtain more reasonable results, this study aims to develop a model for the conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water model considering the uncertainties of the application of groundwater. In general, there are only a few growth stages during which crops are irrigated by groundwater, and the relationship between crop areas irrigated by groundwater and the duration of surface water irrigation can be described as Poisson distribution. The queuing theory was used to express the uncertainty of the groundwater exploitation, and the (M/M/C): (&infin;/&infin;/FCFS) model was adopted. Based on the analyses of the queuing behavior, an optimal irrigation water allocation model was established. The model takes into account two levels of canal system including main canals and trunk canals. The objective of the model is to minimize irrigation duration, subjected to a series of constrains including surface water availability, groundwater availability, permitted flux of main canals, permitted flux of trunk canals, irrigation duration of channels, irrigation area of subareas, etc. It is difficult to solve the model using conventional solution method because of the complexity and the nonlinearity of the structure of the model. Therefore, the particle swarm optimization algorithm which can solve above problems was adopted to obtain the optimal water allocation schemes for the five main channels. Results from applying the model to a case study in the Shijin Irrigation District in Hebei demonstrate the feasibility and the applicability of the developed model. The results showed that the optimal irrigation duration is 25.6 days which is better than the previous irrigation durations (40 days on average). Channel B1 is the key channel for the efficiency improvement of the whole irrigation system since its irrigation period occupies most of the optimal irrigation duration. The reason is that the design flux of channel B1 (16 m³/s) is small, while its controlled irrigation area (13 983 ha) is the largest among all subareas. The other channels are free in the adjustment of irrigation time. Channel B2 and B5 can be irrigated over a few days, which are 10.4 and 13.4 days. Channel B5 has the shortest irrigation duration (12.2 days), which illustrates that water supply capacity of channel B5 is the strongest compared with other irrigation areas in all channels. All channels are under full load working conditions during 13.4~22.7 days, thus it is particularly important to maintain the operation of the whole irrigation system. Subdistrict C1 can be irrigated by surface water during the whole period because it is the nearest to the canal head of the main canal. Subdistrict C5 is allocated with relatively more amounts of groundwater and its irrigated area by groundwater accounts for 43% of the whole irrigation area. This is because subdistrict C5 is farthest to the canal head of the main canal and has the minimum surface water use efficiency. The flux of all the canals are approximately equal to the corresponding design values, among which, the flux of B1 and B5 are higher than their design values but within the scope of 1.2 times of the design values. Accordingly, the water supply capacity of these two canals should be first adjusted in terms of improving the irrigation capacity of the whole system. However, as the area of B5 is the smallest, leading to the adjusting effect of B5 may not be as obvious as that of B1. Overall, most of the subareas are irrigated by surface water, occupying 93% of whole irrigation area. The study can reflect the variance of groundwater for irrigation over time and provide modelling reference for the establishment of the conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater in most irrigation districts of China. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Surface waters
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Availability - Canals - Crops - Design - Efficiency - Groundwater - Hydraulic structures - Irrigation - Irrigation canals  - Models - Optimization - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Poisson distribution - Queueing theory - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Irrigation districts - Irrigation water allocation - Optimal allocation - Optimization modeling - Particle swarm optimization algorithm - Queuing theory - Shijin irrigation districts - Surface water and groundwaters
Classification code:407.2 WaterwaysWaterways

 - 444 Water ResourcesWater Resources

 - 446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems

 - 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

 - 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20161502233110
Title:Vehicle ride comfort analysis and optimization based on artificial fish swarm algorithm
Authors:Fan, Zhengwu (1); Wang, Tie (1); Chen, Zhi (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Tie(wangtie57@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:107-114
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ride comfort is of great importance feature for the heavy truck, its optimization can improve the driver's driving conditions to reduce fatigue, and make the goods safer. Primary factors that can influence ride comfort are form and parameters of suspension, which are suspension stiffness, suspension damp and their combination. When the form of suspension is confirmed, more reasonable parameters can be selected by optimization method to improve ride comfort. Ride comfort optimization analysis belongs to the combinatorial optimization problem, at the same time, the nonlinear characteristics in optimization is essentially a nonlinear multimodal optimization problem. In this paper, at first, a nine-degree of freedom vehicle vibration model was established; Vehicle driver seat acceleration simulation tests were conducted with different vehicle speed. Also, both time and frequency domain analysis was implemented with MATLAB software development platform. On the whole, with the increase of the speed of the vehicle, the acceleration root-mean-square of vehicle driver seat became larger, so the vehicle ride comfort performance reduced. Especially at low speed and high acceleration change is more obvious. But in 40~80 km/h, the acceleration change quite gentle. That means to achieve the better economy and the vehicle ride comfort performance, the vehicle speed keeping in a medium speed is better. Based on C level road and the speed of 70 km/h, with an eight by four dump truck as experimental object, the ride comfort tests were conducted, moreover the test results compared with the results of simulation. The compared results showed that the simulation and the test were very close. And then, today technology was coming to a stage of intersection, infiltration, and interaction with multi-subjects. More and more issues on complexity, non-linearity, and system have come to us. To deal with such complexity of system, conventional techniques have become incapable, and to seek an optimization algorithm, which adapt to large-scale parallel with intelligent characteristics, has been a primary research target of related subjects. The artificial fish algorithm was proposed to optimize ride comfort. The artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA), a new method based on animal behaviors and the typical application of behaviorism artificial intelligence, was proposed by an internal scholar in recent years. It used the operators such as prey, swarm, follow and random behavior. The algorithm parameters, such as population, step size, sense of distance, the largest try-number, crowded degree coefficient and the largest number of iterations, has a great impact on the performance of the convergence. At the end, the artificial fish algorithm was used to optimize ride comfort by reasonable selection of the suspension parameters. The objective function was the acceleration root-mean-square of vehicle driver seat to be minimized. The decision variables were front suspension stiffness and damp. Moreover AFSA need to set up the appropriate algorithm parameters. For example, population scale, step size, sense of distance, the largest try-number, crowded degree coefficient and the largest number of iterations was 100, 100, 20 000, 100, 9 and 50. Where the population scale N was called the number of possible values of suspension parameters within the value range, step size was suspension parameters increasing or decreasing the amount of each iteration, and sense of distance visual was variables scope of each iteration. Optimization results show that the acceleration root-mean-square average fell by 16.82%, the biggest fell by 21.24% in 60 km/h, so it effectively improves the ride comfort h performance of heavy vehicles. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Optimization
Controlled terms:Acceleration - Algorithms - Applications - Artificial intelligence - Automobile suspensions - Automobile testing - C (programming language) - Combinatorial optimization - Crashworthiness - Degrees of freedom (mechanics)  - Frequency domain analysis - Iterative methods - Machinery - Magnetic levitation vehicles - MATLAB - Models - Parameter estimation - Software design - Speed - Stiffness  - Trucks - Vehicle performance - Vehicles - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Artificial fish algorithms - Artificial fish swarm algorithms - Combinatorial optimization problems - Comfort - Multimodal optimization problems - Nonlinear characteristics - Optimization analysis - Time- and frequency-domain analysis
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control

 - 662 Automobiles and Smaller VehiclesAutomobiles and Smaller Vehicles

 - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle ComponentsAutomobile and Smaller Vehicle Components

 - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor VehiclesHeavy Duty Motor Vehicles

 - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 914.1 Accidents and Accident PreventionAccidents and Accident Prevention

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20161502233131
Title:Estimation model of soil organic matter in desert mining area based on multispectral image data
Authors:Xia, Nan (1, 2); Tiyip, Tashpolat (1, 2); Ding, Jianli (1, 2); Nurmemet, Ilyas (1, 2); Zhang, Dong (1, 2); Liu, Fang (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, China 
Corresponding author:Tiyip, Tashpolat(tash@xju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:263-267
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil is related closely to human living and vegetation grow. The quality of soil organic matter (SOM) influences plant development. Scientists take a variety of researcheson soil. Many findings focus on the estimation of SOM using remote sensing data, which are usually hyperspectral and multispectral. The former has a detailed result of band information, while the latter provides a macroscopical and convenient way to get in whole area. In addition, processing hyperspectral data needs a strong mathematical background and software technology, while processing multispectraldata needs less. To apply the multispectral method to make decisions on buildings and planning is of great significance. In order to save resources, increase efficiency and accuracy, in May 2014, we collected soil samples in the various layers of 0~10, 10~20 and 20~30 cm, and there were totally 45 points marked by GPS (global positioning system) on Google Earth. The weighed aluminum box was used to hold some soil in each layer. The collections were taken back and dried for 24 h. Then the dried soil was weighed and the soil moisture was calculated. Meanwhile, the image needed pretreatment. The atmospheric correction should be taken to remove bands' noises to get clear data. Then the pixels of the image for each sample point were used to establish models. And at the same time, other soil was crushed and sieved in 2 mm, and the SOM was measured by the potassium dichromate volumetric method. The final work was to combine the reflectance data of multispectral image and the measured SOM data. We used the reflectance (R), the reflectance reciprocal (1/R), the reflectance reciprocal's logarithm (ln (1/R)), the reflectance's first derivative (FDR) and the measured SOM to build multiple linear regression models, and then, it was found that the FDR model had a better precision with the R2 of 0.963 between the predicted and the measured. This meant that the more effective approach could be applied to express the regional SOM if needed. By the FDR model, we predicted the SOM content in study area. It showed that the area with SOM content of 0~5 g/kg was 84.065% of the whole area and that with SOM content of greater than 10 g/kg was 0.001 5%. The greatest SOM value was 13.065 g/kg, and the inferior was closed to 0.355 g/kg, which was very low. The SOM content in the Wu caiwan area was lower than that in Qitai County, for the former's SOM was less than 1% in the most area. It also indicated that the highest average SOM content in the mining area was 7.35 g/kg, which was influenced by the organic matter in coal. The bare land's area was 2 674.44 km², accounting for 63% of all area, and the mean SOM content was 6.12 g/kg. The saline land and desert woodland had lower SOM content because of the development of water-soil loss, salinization and desertification. The low SOM content and less precipitation made the area a desert increasingly. Further more, we found that in the arid area, the soil moisture content was extremely low, so it was not only influenced weakly by moisture to using remote sensing means to estimate SOM, but also formed an advantageous method which provided a higher simulation precision. All in all, it is imperative to restore the ecologic environment in the study area. Measures should be taken immediately. Choosing appropriate vegetation to plant in desert will be the key to the restoring works, while enhancing supervision of the Kalamaili Nature Reserve and controlling grazing will contribute to slow down those negative phenomena above. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Data handling - Estimation - Global positioning system - Landforms - Linear regression - Models - Moisture - Organic compounds  - Reflection - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Saline water - Software engineering - Soil moisture - Spectrum analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Atmospheric corrections - Desert - Gps (global positioning system) - Multi-spectral - Multi-spectral image data - Multiple linear regression models - Multispectral images - Potassium dichromates
Classification code:444 Water ResourcesWater Resources

 - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue EngineeringBiological Materials and Tissue Engineering

 - 481.1 GeologyGeology

 - 481.2 GeochemistryGeochemistry

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 723.1 Computer ProgrammingComputer Programming

 - 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20161502233115
Title:Soil moisture inversion in pasture of northern Tibet based on vegetation index
Authors:Zhang, Yue (1, 2); Wang, Hongbin (1, 2); Wang, Yifan (1, 2); Han, Xing (1, 2); Zhao, Lanpo (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Soil Resource Sustainable Utilization for Jilin Province Commodity Grain Bases, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Hongbin(asionwang@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:149-154
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Dynamic monitoring of soil moisture by remote sensing can play a significant role in agricultural production. In recent years, continual attention has been focused on the thought that soil moisture information can be extracted by remote sensing indices. However, the majority of the studies on soil moisture estimation are applied without considering different depths and the time lag that vegetation index (VI) responds to soil moisture. This study investigated the potential of using the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) products, including normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI), to estimate soil moisture at distant in-situ measured sites. In this study, 30 sites were sampled under the same climatic setting, with the same soil type and the same vegetation type. The MOD13Q1 series data were selected to receive both NDVI and EVI products, which were 16-day composites with 250-meter spatial resolution. We alsoobtainedthe in-situ soil moisturedata that were measured once every 30 min from Soil Moisture/Temperature Monitoring Network (SMTMN) in the pasture of northern Tibet. Daily soil moisture was the average of soil moisturesthat were measured once every 30 min. To study the correlation between VIs and soil moisture, the daily time series of soil moisture data had to be processed to match the 16-day VIs. In order to move autocorrelation of most time series data, a simple moving averagemethod was used to identify the seasonal components: 47-point moving average for the daily soil moisture and 3-point moving average for the 16-day VIs. Deseasonalized time series was then produced by subtracting seasonal time series from raw time series. Collocatethe deseasonalized time series of soil moisture at 4 depths (0~5, 10, 20and 40 cm) and the NDVI, EVI in 2012 were used for correlation analysis. Similar analysis was also conducted for the comparison. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients were calculated during the growing season (from May to October) for 4 depths. Our hypothesis was that the soil moisture-VI regression model developed at one site could be used to estimate soil moisture using VIs at a distant site, providing that other sites had similar soil type, vegetation, and climate regime. Wetested the hypothesis by developing a regression model (at No.2 site) using the deseasonalized NDVI with a 5-day time lag as the independent variable and the deseasonalized soil moisture as the dependent variable at 4 native sites (No.1, No.3, No.4 and No.5) within the growing season. Results showed that the deseasonalized time series and the raw time series had the consistent results between NDVI, EVI and soil moisture at the 30 sites. Both NDVI and EVI needed longer time to respond to soil moisture change. Correlation based on raw time series of VIs and soil moisture was consistent with that based on deseasonalized time series at every depth. The maximum correlation value between deseasonalized NDVI, EVI and soil moisture was from 0.50 to 0.95, and the correlation was significant at the 99% level. Most correlation reached the maximum value whenVIslaged soil moisture by 5-10 days. Regression analysis was conducted using the deseasonalizedsoil moisture time series and the deseasonalizedNDVI time series with a 5-day time lag at No.2 site. Regression models developed at one site and applied to a similar distant site could estimate soil moistures. The correlation coefficient values between estimated and in-situ measured soil moisture at different depths varied from 0.64 to 0.68 at No.1 site, from 0.42 to 0.55 at No.3 site, from 0.88 to 0.94 at No.4 site, and from 0.67 to 0.92 at No.5 site, and higher elevationhad smaller correlation coefficient. Thus, elevation is the main factor that affects the accuracy of the regression model. This research can provide valuable information for method selection in pasture soil moisture estimation at different depths by remote sensingindices. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Atmospheric humidity - Climate models - Correlation methods - Image reconstruction - Moisture - Moisture control - Radiometers - Regression analysis - Remote sensing  - Satellite imagery - Soil moisture - Soils - Time series - Time series analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation analysis - Enhanced vegetation index - Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer - NDVI - Normalized difference vegetation index - Product-moment correlation - Regression model - Soil moisture estimation
Classification code:443 MeteorologyMeteorology

 - 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 655.2 SatellitesSatellites

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

 - 944.2 Moisture MeasurementsMoisture Measurements

 - 944.7 Radiation Measuring InstrumentsRadiation Measuring Instruments

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20161502233138
Title:Effect of steam explosion treatment on phenolic acid composition of wheat bran and its antioxidant capacity
Authors:Liu, Chong (1); Zhang, Ruiting (1); Liu, Benguo (2); Zheng, Xueling (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Grain and Food, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China; (2) School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China 
Corresponding author:Zheng, Xueling(xlzhenghaut@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:308-314
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The effects of steam explosion Steam explosion pretreatment is widely used at industrial scales. In this study, we mainly focused on the effects of steam explosion treatment (SET) on the phenolic acid composition and antioxidant activities of wheat bran, to provide theoretical support for the wheat industry development. The SET was performed at different pressures (0.5, 1.5, 2.5 MPa) and different residence times (30 s, 90 s). It was prior to rapid decompression (explosion) brought about by opening the ball valve. The exploded materials were collected, dried under vacuum and powdered. The phenolic compounds in wheat bran were divided into 2 fractions by methanol extraction and alkaline hydrolysis, the free phenolic acids and the bound phenolic acids. Different fractions contained different phenolic acid profiles, so High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for analysis of main phenolic acids (vanillic acid, syringic acid, 4-coumaric acid, ferulic acid) in 280 nm and 320 nm. The total phenolic content of the sample was discussed before and after SET. Several authoritative methods of antioxidant capacity, like 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-(2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacity, reducing capacity and 2, 2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, antioxidant assay in a linoleic acid system were also determined in this paper. The results indicated that the contents of main phenolic acids increased with SET. In the free phenolic acids, the content of vanillic acid was increased about 50% after steam explosion. The significant increasing in the contents of syringic acid, 4-coumaric acid and ferulic acids could be observed, at 2.5 MPa 30s, the increasing of content was separately 10, 36, 11-fold higher than that of the untreated one. Also, when the wheat bran was treated at 2.5 MPa with 30 s, the highest contents of these free phenolic acids was obtained except vanillic acid, and the further increase of the treatment pressure or time could decrease the content of the phenolic acids in wheat bran. In the bound phenolic contents, it demonstrated that the contents of syringic acid, 4-coumaric acid, ferulic acids increased with increasing SET to reach a peak at 2.5 MPa with 30 s, and then decreased. The highest contents were 36.561&plusmn; 0.544, 39.025&plusmn;0.202, 1 442.474&plusmn; 42.990 &mu;g/g separately at 2.5 MPa with 30 s. The content of ferulic acids ranged from 59.060&plusmn;4.310 to 1 442.474&plusmn; 42.990 &mu;g/g, nearly increased 25 times higher than the untreated one, which indicated that the SET is an effect method to free the phenolic acids in wheat bran. We also found that the bound phenolic contents of vanilic acid and ferulic acid were significantly higher than the free phenolic contents, indicating that these two major phenolic acids in wheat bran were not extractable by aqueous methanol but released upon alkaline hydrolysis. Especially for ferulic acid, the content in bound part was nearly 4.4 times higher than that in free part. The total phenolic content of the sample was detected by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. There was no difference between the untreated sample and steam-exploded samples at 0.5 MPa. Then, with the increase of treatment time and pressure of steam explosion, the total phenolic contents increased with increasing SET to reach a peak at 2.5 MPa, 30 s, and then decreased. The total phenolic content of the sample treated at 2.5 MPa, 30 s was 28 mg/g, nearly 9 times higher than the untreated one. Several authoritative methods of antioxidant capacity gave the consistent conclusion, compared with the untreated sample, the steam-exploded wheat bran showed the higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, antioxidant activity in a linoleic acid system and reducing power. SET is an efficient pretreatment method to release the insoluble bound phenolic acids and enhance the antioxidant capacity of wheat bran. The analysis indicates that when the wheat bran is treated by 2.5 MPa with 30 s, the release content of phenolic acids reach is the best and the antioxidant activity reach is the highest in the treatments. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Linoleic acid
Controlled terms:Agents - Antioxidants - Crops - Explosions - Fatty acids - Free radicals - High performance liquid chromatography - Hydrolysis - Liquid chromatography - Methanol  - Organic acids - Steam - Vacuum applications
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-oxidant activities - Phenolic acids - Radical scavenging activity - Radical scavenging capacities - Steam explosion - Steam explosion treatment - Total phenolic content - Wheat bran
Classification code:633.1 Vacuum ApplicationsVacuum Applications

 - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

 - 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial ChemicalsChemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.043
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20161502233102
Title:Design and speed optimization of leaf-crushing and tail-breaking system of sugarcane harvester
Authors:Xie, Luxin (1); Wang, Jun (1); Cheng, Shaoming (1); Hu, Jinbing (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Jun(jwang@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:50-57
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the most important procedures during sugarcane harvesting, leaves cleaning and tails severing are influenced by different growth height and lodging status, and the operating speeds of the rollers not only affect the operating efficiency of the sugarcane harvester, but also influence the quality of harvesting. In order to investigate the effect laws on the quality of peeling leaves and breaking tails of leaf-crushing impeller, leaf-cleaning impeller and tail wheel, the leaf-crushing and tail-breaking system was designed and manufactured for sugarcane harvester test bench after sugarcane harvesting. In the system, elastic wire springs were arranged uniformly on the leaf-crushing impellers, the outer edge of the leaf-cleaning impeller were installed with rubber plates, and the severing tail components on the tail wheels were elastic rib. As the test bench works, the rolling leaf-crushing impeller, leaf-cleaning impeller and tail wheel lacerated and peeled leaves attached tightly on the canes by producing centrifugal and frictional force. According to the mechanical properties that anti-deformation and impact resistance of the tails were significantly lower than other parts, the anti-float mechanism was designed for breaking tails, the groove of the circular arc can prevent the lateral movement and ensure the smooth transportation of the sugarcane. The experiments of peeling leaves and breaking tails of sugarcanes were conducted in Zhejiang University, 2015. A quadratic general rotary unitized design was carried out with leaf-crushing impeller speed, leaf-cleaning speed and tail wheel speed as experimental factors, and with non-cleaning rate, tail broken rate, skin broken rate and non-break rate as experiment indices. By using SAS 9.3 regression analysis method, response surface method and combined with nonlinear optimization calculation method, the working parameters were calculated optimally, and the optimal factor combination was established. The results indicated that, the tail-broken rate and skin broken rate were influenced by the speeds of the three impellers significantly, however, the non-break rate was influenced by the speed of tail wheel only, but it had no effect on the non-cleaning rate. The contribution rate order of non-cleaning rate was leaf-crushing impeller speed, leaf-cleaning speed and tail wheel speed. The contribution rate order of tail broken rate was tail wheel speed, leaf-crushing impeller speed and leaf-cleaning speed. The contribution rate order of skin broken rate was tail wheel speed, leaf-cleaning speed and leaf-crushing impeller speed. The contribution rate order of non-break rate was tail wheel speed, leaf-cleaning speed and leaf-crushing impeller speed. The optimum parameter combination of the test bench after optimization was 512.9 r/min of leaf-crushing impeller speed, 418.8 r/min of leaf-cleaning speed and 307.0 r/min of tail wheel speed. At this level, non-cleaning rate achieved theoretical optimum value of 4.98%, tail broken rate was 88.39%, skin broken rate was 5.19% and non-break rate was 96.21%. Verification experiment showed that the experimental value of non-cleaning rate was 4.86%, tail broken rate was 90%, skin broken rate was 4.78% and non-break rate was 97.5%, which indicated that the experimental values were consistent with predicted results, and regression models established by the experiment were appropriate, which can provide references to design whole-stalk sugarcane harvester and improve the harvesting quality. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Speed
Controlled terms:Cleaning - Crushing - Harvesters - Harvesting - Impact resistance - Impellers - Machinery - Mechanization - Models - Nonlinear programming  - Optimization - Regression analysis - Rubber products - Sugar cane - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Break rates - Cleaning rate - Experimental factors - Non-linear optimization - Regression analysis methods - Response surface method - Sugarcane harvesters - Whole-stalk sugarcane harvesters
Classification code:601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design

 - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 818.5 Rubber ProductsRubber Products

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20161502233120
Title:Cotton positioning technique based on binocular vision with implementation of scale-invariant feature transform algorithm
Authors:Zhu, Rongjie (1); Zhu, Yinghui (1); Wang, Ling (1); Lu, Wei (1); Luo, Hui (1); Zhang, Zhichuan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Ling(Lingw@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:182-188
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rapid development of mechanization in agriculture has made it possible to lower the manual labor hour and increase efficiency at the same time. In order to provide the mechanical arm of the cotton picking robot with the needed movement locus parameters, a cotton distance measuring device based on binocular vision with a full implementation of SIFT (scale-invariant feature transform) algorithm was introduced, which realized the positioning of all 11 pieces of cotton planted. Under indoor environment, the cotton images were captured with the control of projector flashlight and the unneeded backgrounds were segmented. Turn the RGB images into gray scale and enhance the gray value to make the cotton more obvious, and after sharpening the edges, the pretreatments of cotton images were finished. Blur the images through Gaussian filter with 8 different scales, calculate the DoG (difference of Gaussian) of Gaussian images and acquire the extrema of 26 neighboring pixels within neighboring scales, and thus SIFT key points were detected, all these key points were invariant to rotation, translation, zoom and affine, which was suitable for the match of cotton images. Calculate the gray gradient modulus value of the 4&times;4 seed points in 8 directions within the key point neighborhood, and the 128-dimensional SIFT descriptor of each key point was acquired. As to all the SIFT key points in the right image, select the dimension with the maximum variance, and calculate the median value of this dimension, find its corresponding key point and split the other key points according to the median value, repeat this step and the binary tree was built. As to every SIFT key point in the left image, search its potential matches (probably more than one) in the binary tree of the right image until its leaf node was found; save the brother nodes found along the path, establish priority sequence with BBF (best bin first) and expand from the brother nodes to their leaves, find the nearest and second nearest neighbors according to the similarity degree of the 128-dimensional key points between the potential matches until the sequence was empty or the algorithm exceeded its 200 times constraint. Thus 172 pairs of rough cotton matches of key points in 2 images were acquired, but there was still a possibility that there might be wrong matches among rough matches. In order to eliminate the wrong matches, estimate fundamental matrix with RANSAC (random sample consensus) algorithm and recover epipolar geometry constraint; during each sampling, use 8-point algorithm to compute an initial fundamental matrix, calculate the distance from every point to its corresponding epipolar line and count the ones within the threshold as inliers. Repeat this step and choose the fundamental matrix with the most inliers or the least error (in case there were more than one fundamental matrix with the same inlier number) as the final output fundamental matrix, and the corresponding inliers were called refined cotton matches. Using the RANSAC algorithm we got 151 pairs of refined cotton matches, and there were no wrong matches in the refined matches, which helped make the results of cotton three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction more accurate. Calibrate the camera to get its intrinsic matrix, and then get essential matrix according to fundamental matrix and intrinsic matrix through transformation. Split essential matrix and the camera's external rotation matrix and translation vector were acquired. To this point, inputs needed for cotton 3D reconstruction were all ready, and they were 151 pairs of refined matches of cotton, intrinsic matrix, external rotation matrix and translation vector. Put these inputs into the equations and 2D cotton image coordinates could be transformed into 3D coordinates, and the 3D reconstruction of cotton point cloud on the plant was realized. At last the 3D coordinate values of every cotton were obtained and their centroid coordinate values were calculated. Result showed that all 11 pieces of cotton were all successfully 3D positioned, with an average error of 0.0393 m compared with manual measurement, which proves the calculated data are valid and this binocular vision system is reliable enough for practical application. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Image matching
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Binary trees - Binocular vision - Bins - Cameras - Computational geometry - Computer vision - Cotton - Gaussian distribution - Image acquisition  - Image processing - Image reconstruction - Linear transformations - Machinery - Matrix algebra - Object recognition - Plants (botany) - Robots - Stereo image processing - Trees (mathematics)  - Vision
Uncontrolled terms:Binocular vision systems - Random sample consensus - RANSAC algorithm - Scale invariant feature transform algorithms - Scale invariant feature transforms - Second-nearest-neighbor - SIFT Feature - Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction
Classification code:694.4 StorageStorage

 - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing

 - 731.5 RoboticsRobotics

 - 741.2 VisionVision

 - 742.2 Photographic EquipmentPhotographic Equipment

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20161502233123
Title:Moisture phase state and distribution characteristics of seed during rice seed soaking process by low field nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors:Song, Ping (1, 2, 3, 4); Xu, Jing (1); Ma, Henan (5); Wang, Cheng (2, 3, 4); Yang, Tao (1); Gao, He (6) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China; (2) National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (4) Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment Technology for Agriculture, Beijing, China; (5) Network Crime Investigation Department, National Police University of China, Shenyang, China; (6) Liaoning Province Station of Forestry Technology Popularizing, Shenyang, China 
Corresponding author:Yang, Tao(328748306@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:204-210
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a fast, nondestructive and accurate test technique, which can be used to study the phase and distribution characteristics of moisture in rice seed during the soaking process. In this paper, the transverse relaxation time T2 has been analyzed by Carr-Purcell-Mei boom-Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence. Thephase and change rules of moisture in rice seed are distinguished according to the different transverse relaxation time T2 in the T2 inversion spectrum. Samples of rice seed (variety was Shennong 9903) were obtained from Rice Research Institution, Shenyang Agricultural University in 2014. The mass of 10 seeds was determined as one sample with the total weight of 0.251 g, and there were 120 samples that were used in the present paper. The central frequency and the width of pulse of the magnetic field were searched by free induction decay (FID) pulse sequence, and all test samples were put in the low field NMR instrument one by one. All the tests were conducted by 4 times. The initial moisture content of the seeds was analyzed by NMR and the average transverse relaxation time T2 of rice seed was determined by CPMG pulse sequence. Test samples after data acquisition were soaked in water; the soaking time was ranging from 1 to 6h under standard laboratory conditions (20). After wiping the surface water of test samples with absorbent paper, the soaked samples were put in the NMR instrument again for data collection, and each test was repeated by 4 times. The spin echo signals collected by the repeated tests were valuated by the NMR inversion fitting software, and the average value of the inversion results was taken as the relaxation time and the signal amplitude of the sample. All the experimental data were statistically analyzed and expressed by mean &plusmn; standard deviation, and the results were analyzed by the regression analysis. The comparative dispersion of the data were obliterated according to the composition of the samples, the NMR equipment and the different measurement parameters. The test results showed that the low field NMR technique could be used for the analysis of the component, distribution and content of rice seed moisture during the soaking process. The results also showed that the value of T2 could indicate moisture component and phase state and the value of moisture signal amplitude (A2) could reflect the distribution of moisture. Moisture stratification and phase state could be evaluated by changing the number of iterations in the inversion fitting procedures. The experimental results showed that: the internal moisture of seed could be divided to bound water and free water during the soaking process according to the different transverse relaxation time T2. Moisture stratification of seed could also be divided into inner moisture, middle moisture and outer moisture. It could be seen that the moisture absorption ratio of rice seed could be reasonably estimated by the regression equation of 2 moisture states and moisture stratification. It was found that the total moisture content was kept increasing in the soaking process according to the difference of signal amplitude in the T2 inversion spectrum, while the movement of moisture was a little different due to different determination basisand classification. Low field NMR technique has 2 advantages: the first one is it reveals the moisture variation more intuitively during seed soaking, the second one is itreveals the moisture transfer more dynamically during seed soaking, and thus it provides an efficient detection method for the determination of the moisture content of seeds. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Nuclear magnetic resonance
Controlled terms:Crops - Data acquisition - Magnetism - Moisture - Moisture control - Moisture determination - Regression analysis - Relaxation time - Resonance - Software testing  - Spectrum analysis - Surface waters
Uncontrolled terms:Bound waters - Distribution characteristics - Free water - Initial Moisture Content - Inversion spectrum - Low field nuclear magnetic resonance - Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) - Transverse relaxation time
Classification code:444.1 Surface WaterSurface Water

 - 701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and PhenomenaMagnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena

 - 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing

 - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

 - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; RelativityClassical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity

 - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics

 - 944.2 Moisture MeasurementsMoisture Measurements

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20161502233122
Title:Method for image intensification of underwater sea cucumber based on contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization
Authors:Yang, Weizhong (1, 2, 3); Xu, Yinli (1, 2, 3); Qiao, Xi (1, 2, 3); Rao, Wei (1, 2, 3); Li, Daoliang (1, 2, 3); Li, Zhenbo (1, 2, 3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Internet of Things in Agriculture, Beijing, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Zhenbo(lizb@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:197-203
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Because of the suspended solids in the underwater environment, and light absorption and scattering, underwater sea cucumber image has the weaknesses of illumination uneven, low contrast, various kinds of noise and soon, causing difficulties for the identification for underwater robots. In this paper, image enhancement technology for underwater sea cucumber image was studied, and a method called Contrast-limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) was proposed to deal with the underwater sea cucumber images. We used sea cucumbers which grew up in Shandong Haiyang Thousand-Island Lake aquaculture base as the experimental subject, and recorded video by artificial dive underwater with the digital camera (Canon Power Shot G12) in July 2015, in order to get all kinds of images (single sea cucumber, sea cucumber with substrates, many sea cucumbers) filtrated the pictures from all the videos, at last we got about 200 images which contained a variety of circumstances. The image enhancement algorithm used in the article has the following steps: Firstly, the original image was divided into several sub regions of the same size (each sub region was continuous and non-overlapping). Secondly, we selected a specific value to make sure that the number of pixels in each gray level was no more than this value, and then used the specific value to intercept the histogram of each sub region, and the intercepted pixels were evenly distributed to each gray level. Thirdly, we made histogram equalization to the gray histogram of each sub area after shearing. Fourthly, bilinear interpolation was used to get gray value of the central point of each sub block, and taking these points as reference points, the mapping of each pixel point in the image was determined by the mapping of by the four reference points around. Finally, the enhancement of the underwater sea cucumber images was finished by using the method of Contrast-limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization, and we also used other image processing methods (such as: histogram equalization, linear conversion) dealing with sea cucumber images. Then through subjective judgment (observe the change of processed image and its histogram, compare the changes and find out which method is the best one), we found out that images processed by HE had the shortcoming of noise over-enhancement, processed by Linear conversion turn up color distortion. Also by evaluation functions: Mean squared error (MSE), Peak signal to noise rate (PSNR), and information entropy were used for objectively evaluated the method used in this paper and the other methods. We got the average value of MSE and PSNR, the information entropy and processing time by processing 200 images, and it turned out that the value of the method used in this paper was better than the other methods: the average of MSE was about 29.5705, PSNR was about 24.119 4, and information entropy was about 6.9364. Generally speaking, the value of MSE was smaller, the result was better, and the value of PSNR and information entropy was bigger, the result was better. The study showed that CLAHE took great advantages of several other methods to achieve good results. To get better parameters which are suitable for underwater sea cucumber image, we also improved the algorithm by studying the related parameters, while the split window was too large, the strengthen will be weaken; too small window will cause over-enhancement, and found that the effect was best when the window size was about 32&times;32. The experimental results show that: CLAHE algorithm shows better performance in improving the quality of underwater sea cucumber image and maintaining the details of the images than the other methods, the value of objective evaluation function has a better promotion, and all of this provides convenience for the identification of underwater robot positioning. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Animals - Electromagnetic wave absorption - Function evaluation - Graphic methods - Image enhancement - Light absorption - Mapping - Mean square error - Pixels - Processing  - Quality control - Robots - Signal to noise ratio
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive histogram equalization - Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) - Histogram equalizations - Image enhance - Image enhancement algorithm - Image enhancement technologies - Sea cucumber - Undersea image
Classification code:405.3 SurveyingSurveying

 - 711 Electromagnetic WavesElectromagnetic Waves

 - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing

 - 731.5 RoboticsRobotics

 - 741.1 Light/OpticsLight/Optics

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

 - 913.4 ManufacturingManufacturing

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20161502233127
Title:Effects of drip irrigation under plastic film on muskmelon soil environment and yield in greenhouse
Authors:Wang, Jingwei (1, 2); Niu, Wenquan (1, 3); Xu, Jian (1); Li, Yuan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China; (2) The Center of Ecological Environment Construction of Soil and Water Conservation in Shanxi Province, TaiYuan, China; (3) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS &amp; MWR, Yangling, China 
Corresponding author:Niu, Wenquan(nwq@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:232-241
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil urease is the key enzyme of soil nitrogen cycle, which is the important indicator to measure soil quality and fertility and can significantly affect the material and energy exchange between plant and soil and plant production especially in the plastic greenhouse. In order to investigate the effects of different drip irrigation with plastic mulched on muskmelon soil environment, soil urease and melon production in plastic greenhouse, a test was conducted in a sunlight plastic greenhouse in Dazhai Village, Dazhai Town, Yangling City, Shaanxi Province, China from April to July, 2014. The test was designed according to orthogonal experiment with 3 factors and 3 levels, using orthogonal table L9 (34), which contained 3 factors including the film-covering (P), the drip line density laying (T) and the irrigation low limit (L). The film-covering was divided into 3 levels, i. e. the full film-covering (PF), the half film-covering (PH) and the no film-covering (PN). The drip line density laying was divided into 3 kinds of layout, i. e. 1 pipe for 1 line (T1), 3 pipes for 4 lines (T3/4) and 1 pipe for 2 lines (T1/2). The irrigation low limit was divided into 60% (L60), 70% (L70) and 80% (L80) of field capacity respectively, which corresponding upper limit was 65%, 75% and 85% of field capacity. And there were 9 tests in all: PFT1L80 (Treatment 1), PNT1/2L70 (Treatment 2), PNT3/4L80 (Treatment 3), PHT1/2L80 (Treatment 4), PFT1/2L60 (Treatment 5), PFT3/4L70 (Treatment 6), PNT1L60 (Treatment 7), PHT3/4L60 (Treatment 8), and PHT1L70 (Treatment 9). Each treatment was repeated by 3 times and had 27 test plots in all. The soil environment factors, such as soil moisture content, soil temperature and soil pH value were measured. And the urease activity, the melon yield and the fruit quality of melon under the changes of the soil environment factors were also measured, and the fruit quality of melon contained the soluble sugar, soluble solids and the organic acid. And the response of soil urease to different environmental factors change and the response of the melon yield and the fruit quality to the soil urease were analyzed. The results showed that the different film-covering, drip line density laying and irrigation low limit could create significantly different soil moisture distribution, soil temperature and soil pH value, which led to the different soil urease activities and melon yield. The root-zone soil of muskmelon had better water distribution uniformity, higher soil temperature and lower soil pH value and could significantly increase soil urease activity under the condition of half covering, 80% field capacity and 1 pipe for 2 lines. The urease activity of the treatment of 60% field capacity was high in fruit swelling and mature periods, while that of the treatment of 70% field capacity was high in seedling period, and that of the treatment of 80% field capacity was always the highest in each stage. The muskmelon yields were 34.46 and 31.27 t/hm²respectively under the combination of half covering, 80% field capacity and 1 pipe for 2 lines and the combination of half covering, 70% field capacity and 3 pipes for 4 lines, which was significantly higher than the yield 28.02 t/hm²under the condition of full covering, 80% field capacity and 1 pipe for 1 line. In addition, the different film-covering, drip line density laying and irrigation low limit had also significant effects on the melon fruit quality. The half film-covering had the same soluble sugar level with the full-covering, and was 14.26% lower than the full-covering in soluble solids content but its organic acid content was the lowest. And the 1 pipe for 2 lines had the most amount of TSS (total soluble solid) which was 3.93% and 25.94% higher than 1 pipe for 1 line and 3 pipes for 4 lines respectively. And the 1 pipe for 2 lines had the lowest organic acid content which was 27.58% and 39.51% lower than 1 pipe for 1 line and 3 pipes for 4 lines respectively. And the 80% field capacity had the lowest organic acid content while had the same soluble sugar and soluble solids level with the 60% and 70% field capacity. Therefore, the film-covering mode of half covering and the drip irrigation pipe density of 1 pipe for 2 lines would be recommended for melon cultivation in the greenhouse in Guanzhong region of Shaanxi Province, and the irrigation low limit should be 70% field capacity in seedling period, 80% field capacity in flowering period and fruit swelling period, and 60% field capacity in mature period. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Fruits - Greenhouses - Irrigation - Moisture - Organic acids - pH - Soil moisture - Temperature - Water - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Drip irrigation - Drip irrigation pipes - Drip irrigation under plastic films - Environmental factors - Lower limits - Orthogonal experiment - Soluble solids content - Water distribution uniformities
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

 - 801.1 Chemistry, GeneralChemistry, General

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20161502233117
Title:Remote monitoring system for corn seeding quality based on GPS and GPRS
Authors:Huang, Dongyan (1, 2); Zhu, Longtu (1); Jia, Honglei (2); Yu, Tingting (1); Yan, Jing (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Bionics Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China 
Corresponding author:Jia, Honglei(jiahl@vip.163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:162-168
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The information of corn sowing quality such as seeding amount, missed planting and repeated planting not only reflects the implementation effect of corn planting, but also is an important reference for accurate prediction of corn yields. It is very important to obtain the information of corn sowing quality and monitor and manage it remotely. In this paper, a remote seeding monitoring system based on GPS (global position system) and GPRS (general packet radio service) was designed. The system is mainly composed of a sensor signal acquisition unit, main control unit, DGPS (differential global positioning system), GPRS DTU (GPRS data transfer unit) module and remote server. It can monitor the seeding status of pickup finger seed-metering device in real time by a PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) piezoelectric sensor, and achieve a precise position of the seeding status by the DGPS. The data of sowing quality can be transmitted by GPRS DTU modules and managed by remote server software. In order to improve system monitoring accuracy, the PVDF piezoelectric sensor is attached to the seeding outlet baffle with a sectorial form. The sensor is soft, thin and highly sensitive. During the process of seeding, seeds hit the PVDF piezoelectric sensor one by one. The hits of seeds make the piezoelectric polarization inside the film. The sensor generates a voltage signal respectively. Therefore, the voltage signals generated by the piezoelectric sensor can be used to determine whether there is missed planting or repeated planting. The current seeding position is recorded by DGPS which can provide better accuracy than basic GPS. The DGPS consists of 2 parts, i. e. the GPS mobile station and GPS reference station. The GPS reference station comprises a GPS receiver, a GPRS DTU module and a single-chip microcomputer. The GPS mobile station is used to observe the GPS signals which are used for sowing position. The GPS reference station is used to make a correction data, which is used to reduce the deviation of sowing position. The GPS mobile station is fixed on the top of tractor and the main control unit is installed in the cab, and both of them are connected with each other by shielded wire. The GPS reference station can be placed anywhere within 10 km distance from planting site, and it is not allowed to move during the process of seeding. Another GPRS DTU module is used to transmit sowing quality data and position data from the main control unit to the remote server. A server application based on Visual Basic 6.0 and Access 2003 has been developed. The application has a powerful function and a friendly interaction interface, and it is easy to operate. By the server application, the sowing quality data can be monitored in real time and the sowing quality information can be shown in a map. The map is based on the actual percentage of missed planting and repeated planting, and there are 3 different colors to represent different information of corn sowing quality. Red represents missed planting, yellow represents repeated planting, and green represents normal. Meanwhile, the system also provides the function of query, statistical analysis, and printing reports. The system was applied for a field test. The experiment results showed that the system's accuracy of seeding amount was 97.4%, accuracy of missed planting was 96.1% and accuracy of repeated rate was 95.9%. This system can effectively monitor seeding performance and have the function of monitoring and management for the sowing data remotely. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Computers - Crops - Data transfer - Electric sensing devices - Emergency traffic control - Global positioning system - Ground penetrating radar systems - Information management - Microcomputers - Piezoelectric devices  - Piezoelectric transducers - Piezoelectricity - Quality control - Seed - Sensors - Signal processing - Voltage measurement
Uncontrolled terms:Differential global positioning systems - GPRS (general packet radio service) - Monitoring and management - Piezoelectric polarizations - Piezoelectric sensors - Polyvinylidene fluorides - Remote monitoring system - Single chip microcomputers
Classification code:432.4 Highway Traffic ControlHighway Traffic Control

 - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and PhenomenaElectricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena

 - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing

 - 716.2 Radar Systems and EquipmentRadar Systems and Equipment

 - 722.4 Digital Computers and SystemsDigital Computers and Systems

 - 732 Control DevicesControl Devices

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

 - 942.2 Electric Variables MeasurementsElectric Variables Measurements

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20161502233130
Title:Effect of nitrification and urease inhibitor on carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions in winter wheat and summer maize rotation system in North China
Authors:Zhao, Zichao (1); Han, Xiao (1); Shi, Yuefeng (1); Wu, Wenliang (1); Meng, Fanqiao (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 
Corresponding author:Meng, Fanqiao(mengfq@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:254-262
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is of great importance that Comprehensive and accurate analyzing the quantitative impacts of major agricultural management practices on carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission within agricultural system for the sustainable agricultural development in China. A field experiment was designed to study the effects of nitrification and urease inhibitor on GHG emission, soil organic carbon change and crops yield of winter wheat-summer maize system at the North China Field Experimental Station for Intensive Agricultural Ecosystems Research (located in the Xilujia village of the Xincheng town, Huantai county, Shangdong province; 36&deg; 58N, 117&deg; 59E; altitude: 9 m above the average sea level). Four treatments were arranged, including urea (U), urea plus nitrification inhibitor (DMPP, NI), urea plus urease inhibitor (NBPT, UI) and urea plus nitrification inhibitor and urease inhibitor (DMPP and NBPT, NIUI). We monitored the emission of CO<inf>2</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O and CH<inf>4</inf>, soil organic carbon change and crop yields of wheat and maize during the period of October 2012 to October 2013. Three methods, i. e., soil-based approach (SBA), crop-based approach (CBA) and soil &amp; crop-based approach (S&amp;CBA), were employed to assess the net greenhouse gas warming potential (NGWP) of different nitrification and urease inhibitors in the intensified agricultural system. The monitoring data revealed that there were two N<inf>2</inf>O emission peaks for wheat and one for maize, all after the farming activities of fertilization or irrigation during winter wheat-summer maize production. Cumulative N<inf>2</inf>O emissions of NI, UI and NIUI were 48.3%, 25.1% and 38.2% lower than that of U treatment, and all treatments were the sink of CH<inf>4</inf>. Irrigation and fertilization also increased the emission of CH<inf>4</inf>. Compared with U treatment, NI, UI and NIUI significantly decreased the uptake of CH<inf>4</inf>by soil, and the decrease was 29.7%, 18.8% and 13.9%, respectively. All treatments had a seasonal induced change of soil CO<inf>2</inf>emission, i. e., lower in winter and higher in summer season. Similar to CH<inf>4</inf>, irrigation and fertilization also enhanced the soil respiration. During the research period, average soil respiration rates were 383.9, 385.4, 420.2 and 392.0 mg/(m²&middot;h) for the U, NI, UI and NIUI treatment, respectively. UI treatment emitted significantly higher quantity of CO<inf>2</inf>than other three treatments (U, NI and NIUI) and the differences between these three treatments were not significant. Soil GHGs emissions were significantly correlated with the soil water content and temperature (P&lt;0.01). The crop yields of NI, UI and NIUI treatments were 4.0% (0.59 t/hm²), 2.0% (0.29 t/hm²) and 6.7% (0.99 t/hm²) higher than that of U treatment, respectively. The NGWP quantified by S&amp;CBA was the highest (15 704-17 860 kg/hm²), followed by CBA (4 195-7 107 kg/hm²) and SBA approach (-7 304-(-6 599) kg/hm²). Different NGWP results of the three assessment methods were because of the different carbon sequestration carriers. S&amp;CBA and CBA calculated NGWP on the basis of the removed and returned crop biomass (grain for S&amp;CBA and straw for CBA) and estimated considerably higher GHG mitigation potential than that the change of soil organic carbon stock defined by SBA. The NGWP of NI and NIUI were higher than that of U and UI treatments whatever the method was chosen. Chemical fertilizers application and irrigation were the two main sources of indirect greenhouse gas emission in current study. These results reveal that urea plus DMPP and urea plus DMPP and NBPT could be the promising farming measures to reduce GHG emission and improve the crop yield in North China. S&amp;CBA method is more appropriate for the farmland system with the goal of high yield grain production. Increasing the production of crop grain and straw, reducing chemical fertilizers application and saved irrigation are the main farming measures to decrease the NGWP of farmland system in North China. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:41
Main heading:Greenhouse gases
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Carbon dioxide - Crops - Ecosystems - Farms - Fertilizers - Forestry - Gas emissions - Gases - Grain (agricultural product)  - Greenhouse effect - Irrigation - Metabolism - Monitoring - Nitrification - Organic carbon - Sea level - Soil moisture - Soils - Urea  - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Assessment method - Nitrification inhibitor - North China - Organic - Urease inhibitors
Classification code:451 Air PollutionAir Pollution

 - 451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources

 - 454.3 Ecology and EcosystemsEcology and Ecosystems

 - 471.1 Oceanography, GeneralOceanography, General

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20161502233132
Title:Quality evaluation of live Yesso scallop and sensor selection based on artificial neural network and electronic nose
Authors:Fu, Runze (1, 2); Shen, Jian (1); Wang, Xichang (2); Liu, Junrong (3); Ni, Jin (1); Fan, Wen (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China; (2) College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; (3) College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:268-275
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Optimization of live Yesso scallop transportation technology needs to establish an effective and special quality evaluation method, however, the complicated and variable physiological parameters of live creature make the quality difficult to identify. The objective of this study was to investigate whether an electronic nose, comprising 18 metal oxide Semiconductor gas sensors, could be used for measuring and modeling quality changes of Yesso scallop during live transportation, and to discuss the feasibility of portable rapid evaluation equipment for live Yesso scallop. Third instar live scallops, 8~12 cm, were purchased from a depuration workshop of Zhangzi Island, Dalian, China in May 2015. These scallops were just finished depuration and placed in stress environment (exposed in the air 24 h at 20, shocked and collided in a moving car), Samples were taken every 3 hours and recorded in chronological orderwere A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J, respectively. Two kinds of test scallops (T and N), 8~12 cm, arriving at port that day, were purchased from a fish market in Jungong Road of Shanghai, China in May 2015. Sample N were purchased at 4 am; Sample T, which had been placed in a foam box covered with crushed ice, were purchased at 2 pm. For each batch of scallops, 50 organisms were collected and three kinds of indicators were detected: survival indicators, physiological indicators and electronic nose odor fingerprints. Survival indicators included shell opening rate, skirt shrinking rate and death (skirt was unresponsive to stimuli) rate; Physiological indicators included SOD value, oxygen consumption rate and seawater turbidity; The Electronic nose utilized in this experiment was FOX 4 000 from Alpha-MOS. Two grams of the scallop tissue sample (the samples were analyzed in septuplicate) were placed in a 10 mL volume of a vial and heated at 50 for 10 min, and 300 &mu; l of headspace air was automatically injected into the e-nose by a syringe and sensor responses were recorded for 120 s (flushing with reference air). The maximum response points of e-nose, automatically recorded for each of 18 sensors, were used for analysis. The death rate, shell opening rate and skirt shrinking rate approached 58%, 88% and 100% after 24 hours of placing in stress environment. These scallops had completely lost commercial value, and 24 hours of placing in stress environment was supposed to simulate the whole process of Yesso scallop's quality dropping. The result of principal component analysis and clustering analysis of electronic nose data was used to combine with survival indicators and physiological indicators, then the quality of scallop was divided into five grades, respectively were Degree 1 (Sample A), Degree 2 (Sample B), Degree 3 (Sample C and D), Degree 4 (Sample E), Degree 5 (Sample F, G, H and I. And standard electronic nose odor fingerprint was established for each grade. Two different grades of live scallop were tested by learning vector quantization neural network (LVQ), probabilistic neural network (PNN) and support vector machine neural network model (SVM) The training set were Sample A-I, test set were Sample N and T These three kinds of neural network all can make a rapid evaluation of test samples, and the accuracy rates of LVQ network for training set was 100%, but accuracy rates for test set was not 100%, and the running time was 27.026 s. The accuracy rates PNN network for training set was 100%, but accuracy rates for test set was also not 100%, and the running time was 9.121 s. The result of SVM network was both accurate and rapid: test sample T were all forecasted to level 4, test sample N were all forecasted to level 3, and the time from cross validation to simulation was just 7.652 s. Eight electronic nose sensors that screened by loading value of principal component analysis can also be used to distinguish the live scallop odor characteristics. A rapid evaluation method for Yesso scallop during live transportation had been successfullyestablished in this study, and the screening of electronic nose sensors would be used toprovide technical support for developing the portable quality evaluation equipment in further research. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Electronic nose
Controlled terms:Chemical sensors - Metals - Models - Molluscs - MOS devices - Neural networks - Oxide semiconductors - Physiological models - Physiology - Population statistics  - Principal component analysis - Quality control - Sales - Sensors - Shellfish - Shrinkage - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Learning vector quantization neural network - Metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors - Physiological indicators - Physiological parameters - Probabilistic neural networks - Quality evaluation method - Transportation technology - Yesso scallop
Classification code:461.9 BiologyBiology

 - 471 Marine Science and OceanographyMarine Science and Oceanography

 - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated CircuitsSemiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits

 - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 801 ChemistryChemistry

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20161502233137
Title:Authenticity identification of Maca and its product based on high performance liquid chromatography fingerprint
Authors:Liu, Xingyong (1, 2); Shao, Jinliang (1, 2); Chen, Xinglian (1, 2); Wang, Li (1, 2); Li, Qiwan (1, 2); Liu, Hongcheng (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China; (2) Supervision &amp; Testing Center for Farm Products Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, China 
Corresponding author:Liu, Hongcheng(liuorg@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:302-307
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Maca has many health benefits and high price in China and the products may be adulterated, so authenticity is important to its quality. In order to identify the authenticity of maca products and analyze difference of maca and its products, chromatographic fingerprint peaks identification and difference analysis were used at Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (YAAS), Kunming city, Yunnan province, China, in 2015. Common maca products including tablets and dry film were purchased on Kunming markets and different ecotypes and regions maca collected from Lijiang, Tibet and Huize, which have big planting scale with representative. Fresh maca samples were by natural drying and smashed to powder less than 60 mesh, then dried to constant weight by drier at 70. About 1.000 g dried sample was ultrasonic extraction under 200 MHz with 10 mL petroleum ether for 30 min, then filtered with filter paper, rotary evaporator was used to concentrate dry, added 5 mL acetonitrile to dissolve extract, and filtered by 0.45 &mu;m filter membrane. Chromatographic peaks of maca were separated effectively by use A Waters Symmetry ShieldTM C18 column with a detection wavelength of 210 nm and a gradient program with acetonitrile-water, and under 0.80 mL/min flow rate. According to the method validation, method has high precision, good repeatability and stability, and same batch maca samples chromatographic peaks relative retention time and relative peak area standard deviation relative values were less than 3.5% and 5%, respectively. 19 batches of maca samples and 6 maca products fingerprint were analyzed, and the number 9 peak was set as reference peak to correct retention time because of separated complete, moderate appearance time, and larger peak area and all samples were existed. 15 common characteristic peaks were determined of maca and its products basis retention time, their area accounted 92.5%-97.8% for total peak area, established the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint of maca and its products, and digital fingerprint was also established based on relative retention time and corresponding peak area. Maca products common chromatographic peaks area were smaller compared with maca, and also contained some non-common peaks, this explained some components were lose in process and other components was added. Fingerprint for maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) and maca products was investigated based on three different recognition methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis (LDA) and similarity analysis. PCA was performed based on digital fingerprint. PCA extracted characteristic root was greater than 1, then 5 principal components were extracted representing the information of sample, and cumulative contribution rate was 100% with component loading matrix. Two-dimensional scatter plot was drawn by use principal component 1 and 2 loading, so maca and its products can be distinguished by scatter plot. LDA divided samples into two categories, then chromatographic peaks area were as independent variable and one cross validation was used, and the classification result had 97.4% correct recognition rate for maca and its products. Maca samples could be distinguished obviously from maca product samples by using method of either two-dimensional map or LDA. Similarity were calculated by included angle, and similarity analysis indicated that maca and its products have difference (P&le;0.05), and similarity value were 0.916 and 0.668, respectively, and not only no significant differences (P&ge;0.05) between different origins and ecotypes maca, but also between maca products. Maca from Huize, Lijiang, Tibet were 0.882, 0.928 and 0943, respectively. Different ecotypes Maca of yellow, purple and blank were 0.920, 0.922 and 0.904, respectively. Maca dry film and tablets were 0.737 and 0.598, respectively. The results showed that each of the three employed methods could reflect consistent pattern recognition results and characteristics of fingerprint. The results showed that maca products have characteristic components of maca, but their content had differences. This could provide an identification method and reference for guaranteeing the authenticity and quality of Maca products. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Acetonitrile - Chromatography - Discriminant analysis - Extraction - High performance liquid chromatography - Liquid chromatography - Liquids - Palmprint recognition - Pattern recognition - Processing  - Ultrasonic applications
Uncontrolled terms:Authenticity identifications - Chromatographic fingerprints - Chromatographic peaks - Classification results - Identification method - Maca - Relative retention time - Ultrasonic extraction
Classification code:723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

 - 753.3 Ultrasonic ApplicationsUltrasonic Applications

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 913.4 ManufacturingManufacturing

 - 922 Statistical MethodsStatistical Methods

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20161502233112
Title:Optimization of irrigation schedule based on RZWQM model for spring wheat in Shiyang River Basin
Authors:Zhou, Shiwei (1); Hu, Xiaotao (1); Wang, Wen'e (1); Andales Allan, A. (2); Zhang, Yajun (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling, China; (2) Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States 
Corresponding author:Hu, Xiaotao(huxiaotao11@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:121-129
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The climate of Shiyang River Basin is dry and rainless. The average annual pre cipitation is only 160 mm with the time differences. The optimizing irrigation system has been widely recognized by achieving the water saving. In past researches, the upper limit of water was usually the field capacity, which could lead to the waste of irrigation water. When determining scheming wetting layer depth, they considered effects on crops inadequately. RZWQM (root zone water quality model) had been widely used in studies of the effects of sewage sludge on soil-crop systems due to the accurate simulation of farmland water and nutrient cycling. To explore the scheming wetted soil layer depth and irrigation upper limits in different growth period for spring wheat, the field experiments were conducted in Shiyang River Basin of the Gansu province in 2014. According to the status of crop water requirement and crop growth characteristics, we set different irrigation upper limits and scheming wetted soil layer depth at different stages. We irrigated fields with border irrigation. The irrigation upper limits (expressed as field capacity) were set to 100%, 95%, 90%, 85% and 80%. In seedling stage, the scheming wetted soil layer depths were set to 30 cm, 35 cm, 40 cm, 45 cm and 50 cm. In jointing stage, the scheming wetted soil layer depth were set to 40 cm, 45 cm, 50 cm, 55 cm and 60 cm. In heading stage and filling stage, the scheming wetted soil layer depths were set to 50 cm, 55 cm, 60 cm, 65 cm and 70 cm. The experiments were adopted orthogonal design and chosen L25 (55) orthogonal tables. All irrigation threshold was 65% of field capacity. The field experiments were chosen A1B1C1D1E1, A1B3C3D3E3, A1B5C5D5E5 to repeat 3 times. The field measured data was used to calibrate and verify the model. The RMSE of each layer of soil water content was not greater than 0.03%. The mean deviation of soil water content in five layers was 12.37%. The deviation of yield was relatively stable, which was around 20%. The results showed that RZWQM could be used to simulate the change of soil water content and growth of crop. Then the model was used to evaluate the effect of various irrigation upper limits and scheming wetted soil layer depth in different growth period on crop yield, irrigation amount, water use efficiency and the frequency of irrigation. The irrigation amount of A1B4C4D4E4 was the most, which was 431.1 mm. The irrigation amount of A5B3C2D1E5 was the least, which was 323.7 mm. The difference between A1B4C4D4E4 and A5B3C2D1E5 was 125 kg/hm². The yield in different irrigation treatments was not obviously changed compared with the needed irrigation amount so we could save water on the premise of not decreasing yield. The effect of the irrigation upper limit on irrigation amount was more remarkable than that of crop yield. The reducing of irrigation upper limit could increase the irrigation frequency to improve the yield of spring wheat. The differences of GIWUE were from the differences of irrigation amount. The GIWUE of A5B3C2D1E5 was the most, which was 2.48 kg/m³. The GIWUE of A1B4C4D4E4 was the least, which was 1.84 kg/m³. The difference between A5B3C2D1E5 and A1B4C4D4E4 was 0.64 kg/m³. The appropriate scheming wetted soil layer depth could effectively improve the utilization efficiency of irrigation water and achieved the purpose of water saving. Through regulating irrigation upper limit and scheming wetted soil layer depth in different growth period, we could save water and improve the yield of spring wheat. Considering the influence of the control factors on the yield, irrigation amounts and GIWUE, we choose 80% of soil moisture as irrigation upper limit, and the optimal scheming wetted soil layer depths are 30 cm, 60 cm, 50 cm and 70 cm at seeding, jointing, heading and filling stages, respectively. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Efficiency - Injection molding - Optimization - Rivers - Sewage sludge - Soil moisture - Soils - Water  - Water conservation - Water quality - Water resources - Water supply - Watersheds - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Crop water requirements - Irrigation treatments - Root zone water quality models - Soil layer - Spring wheat - Upper limits - Utilization efficiency - Water use efficiency
Classification code:444 Water ResourcesWater Resources

 - 444.1 Surface WaterSurface Water

 - 445.2 Water AnalysisWater Analysis

 - 446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems

 - 452.2 Sewage TreatmentSewage Treatment

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20161502233099
Title:Subsoil fertilization plow and its effect on improving barren soil
Authors:Wang, Qiuju (1); Liu, Feng (2); Gao, Zhongchao (1); Yao, Chunyu (1); Zhang, Jinsong (1); Chang, Benchao (1); Gao, Pan (1); Zhang, Chunfeng (3); Jia, Huibin (3); Jiao, Feng (4); Jiang, Hui (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Environment Resources, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; (2) Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Research Department, Harbin, China; (3) Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Research Department, Jiamusi, China; (4) Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China 
Corresponding author:Gao, Zhongchao(gaozhongchao0713@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:27-33
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There is a large area of low productive soil, many soil types, and different low productive reasons in Heilongjiang Province. So improving low productive soil has important significance for agriculture. Subsoil fertilization is a comprehensive soil improvement technology which can improve subsoil's bad physical and chemical properties. Studying team has done research on improving planosol with subsoil fertilization, and this technology has the effect of continually increasing yield, but there is lack of the research on other soil types, and the practical mechanical tools. In this paper, the subsoil fertilization plow was researched according to the subsoil fertilization technology requirements, and applied on the improvement of carbonate meadow chernozem and thin layer black soil, which was aimed to clarify its soil improvement effect on soil physical and chemical properties and corn yield, and provide the mechanical and technological support for its wide application in low production soil. The field contrast method was applied in this study, and 3 treatments were set which included deep loosing (DL), subsoil fertilization (SF) and control (CK). The result showed that the effects of subsoil fertilization and deep loosing on soil physical and chemical properties, yield characteristics and yield were not consistent. The lasting effect of deep loosing and subsoil fertilization on deceasing soil shear strength was obvious. For carbonate meadow chernozem and thin layer black soil, the soil shear strength was decreased by 7.14 and 5.41 kPa under DL treatment, and by 12.16 and 8.20 kPa under SF treatment respectively compared with that of the CK in the first year after soil improvement; the soil shear strength was decreased by 0.68 and 2.25 kPa under DL treatment, and by 6.65 and 11.31 kPa under SF treatment respectively compared with that of the CK in the second year after soil improvement. The bulk density and hardness were the same as the above change. Subsoil fertilization could improve soil air permeability and saturated hydraulic conductivity; the air permeability coefficient was respectively 3.22 and 15.28 times higher than the CK on the 10-30 cm soil layer of carbonate meadow chernozem and thin layer black soil in the first year after improvement, and 5.17 and 3.78 times after the second year; the saturated hydraulic conductivity was respectively 8.93 and 7.68 times higher than that of the CK after the first year, and respectively 12.62 and 3.38 times after the second year. The effect of deep loosing was not obvious. The DL and SF treatment could improve water consumption of subsoil, and the order of water consumption was CK&gt; DL&gt; SF in 0-30 cm soil layer, and SF&gt; DL&gt; CK in 30-60 cm soil layer. The water consumption in subsoil layer was 30% of total water consumption, and 10% more than the CK. The total phosphorus and available phosphorus were increased by 0.05 g/kg and 3.21 mg/kg under SF treatment compared with the CK in 20-30 cm soil layer of carbonate meadow chernozem, and by 0.01 g/kg and 1.92 mg/kg in 30-40 cm soil layer, and the phosphorus offering intensity of the 2 layers was improved by 5.17 and 17 times compared with the CK; The total phosphorus and available phosphorus were increased by 0.09 g/kg and 15.05 mg/kg under SF treatment compared with the CK in 20-30 cm soil layer of thin layer black soil, and by 4.19 g/kg and 4.96 mg/kg in 30-40 cm soil layer, and the phosphorus offering intensity of the 2 layers was improved by 5.17 and 17 times compared with the CK. Subsoil fertilization and deep loosing could promote the corn growth, increase the length and width of ear, grain number per spike, 100-seed weight and yield. The yield was increased respectively by 18.01% and 14.28% under subsoil fertilization and deep loosing in the first year after soil improvement for carbonate meadow chernozem, and respectively by 6.82% and 2.87% in the second year after soil improvement; the increased yield was respectively 6.45% and 1.80% in the first year after soil improvement for thin layer black soil, and respectively 11.18% and 5.11% in the second year. The effect of increasing yield for carbonate meadow chernozem is more obvious than that for thin layer black soil. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Air permeability - Carbonation - Chemical properties - Crops - Grain growth - Hydraulic conductivity - Hydraulic machinery - Phosphorus  - Plants (botany) - Shear flow - Shear strength - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Black soil - Effect - Meadow chernozem - Physical and chemical properties - Subsoil fertilization plow
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment TechniquesWater Treatment Techniques

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

 - 632.1 HydraulicsHydraulics

 - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and MachineryHydraulic Equipment and Machinery

 - 801 ChemistryChemistry

 - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids

 - 933.1.2 Crystal GrowthCrystal Growth

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20161502233103
Title:Numerical simulation test of maximum stress of tuber in cassava lifting
Authors:Yang, Wang (1); Li, Xiaoyue (1); Wang, Rongrong (1); Yang, Jian (1); Pan, Qin (1); Li, Juanjuan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China 
Corresponding author:Yang, Jian(yangokok@gxu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:58-64
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to discover the influence law of maximum stress of cassava tuber, and obtain the allowable maximum lifting force without the breakage of cassava tuber during cassava tuber lifting, the numerical simulation model of soil, cassava tuber and cassava stem system was established by adopting explicit dynamics simulation software LS-DYNA. In the numerical simulation model, large deformations and fractures of the soils close to the tubers occurred and small deformations occurred in most parts of the rest. Thus, the coupling method of FEM (finite element method) and SPH (smoothed particle hydrodynamics) was applied in the numerical simulation model. The SPH method was used in inner soil layer where large deformations occurred and the FEM method was used in the outer soil layer where small deformations occurred. The coupling between the inner and outer soil was realized by" nodes-surface" in LS-DYNA. And MAT_FHWA_SOIL was selected as soil material model in the numerical simulation model, because it takes account of the influence of moisture content, strain softening, strain rate effect, void ratio, and pore-water pressure, and obeys the modified Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion. Numerical simulation tests of cassava tuber lifting were carried out by using the numerical simulation model and the quadratic regression rotation design method. There were 5 experiment factors and 2 experiment indices in the quadratic regression rotation design tests. The experiment factors were the lifting velocity, the length, dimension and growth depth of the tuber and the soil hardness, respectively. The experiment indices were the maximum lifting force and the maximum stress of tuber which were measured under different factor combination conditions. According to the numerical simulation tests results, the multi-factor coupling mathematic models between the maximum stress of the tuber and the lifting velocity, the length, dimension and growth depth of the tuber and the soil hardness were established by using statistical software SPSS. Based on the coupling mathematic models, the different influencing factors and their interactions on the maximum stress of the tuber were investigated, the relationship curves were drawn by using mathematics software MathCAD, and the corresponding influence laws were obtained by the relationship curves. And based on the numerical simulation tests results, the scatter diagram of the maximum lifting force and the maximum stress of tuber was plotted by using mathematics software MathCAD, and the correlation between them was studied by the scatter diagram. According to the scatter diagram, the allowable maximum lifting force was obtained under which there was no breakage of tuber. Moreover, the allowable maximum lifting force under which there was no breakage of tuber was verified by cassava tuber lifting tests, which were carried out in the cassava planting field in Wuming County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in the end of December 2014 by adopting the method of random sampling. Meanwhile, the maximum lifting force and the breakage rate of tuber were analyzed by statistical method. When the allowable maximum lifting force was less than 0.98 kN, the breakage rate of tuber was 2.5%. The result showed that the multi-factor coupling mathematic models between the maximum stress of the tuber and the lifting velocity, the dimension and growing depth of the tuber and the soil hardness had high precision, because the F test of the multi-factor coupling mathematic models was significant at 0.000 1 level. The multi-factor coupling mathematic models could be used in the effect analysis of the maximum stress of tuber. With the increasing of lifting velocity, the maximum stress of tuber increased at first and then decreased. With the increasing of growing depth, tuber length and soil hardness, the maximum stress of tuber increased. But the maximum stress of tuber decreased when tuber's diameter increased. There was little correlation between the maximum stress of tuber and the allowable maximum lifting force. The allowable maximum lifting force was 0.98 kN. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Finite element method
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Computer software - Deformation - Hardness - Hydrodynamics - Models - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Plants (botany) - Software testing  - Soils - Strain rate - Tubes (components) - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Cassava tubers - FEM (finite element method) - Lifting forces - Mathematics model - Maximum stress - Mohr Coulomb yield criterion - Pore-water pressures - Smoothed particle hydrodynamics
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and PipelinesPipe, Piping and Pipelines

 - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

 - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and EquipmentAgricultural Machinery and Equipment

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20161502233125
Title:Evaluation on heat preservation effects in micro-environment of large-scale greenhouse with active heat storage system
Authors:Zhou, Sheng (1, 2); Zhang, Yi (1, 2); Cheng, Ruifeng (1, 2); Yang, Qichang (1, 2); Fang, Hui (1, 2); Zhou, Bo (1, 2); Lu, Wei (1, 2); Zhang, Fang (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) Key Labatory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China 
Corresponding author:Yang, Qichang(yangq@ieda.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:218-225
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A Chinese Solar Greenhouse (CSG), is characterized by a lean-to south-facing roof covered with a removable blanket for nighttime heat preservation and a solid north wall for daytime solar energy storage. However, the land utilization efficiency of the CSG is only 30%-45% because of the necessary distance between 2 adjacent greenhouses to prevent shading. Moreover, inner available space of the CSG is usually small, which results in intensive labor and low mechanization. To solve above problems, a new-type large-scale greenhouse with an active heat storage system was designed. The greenhouse was tunnel type, and had wide span with steel frame and south-north orientation. Thus, the necessary distance between 2 adjacent greenhouses was shortened to 2 m from 6-8 m of the traditional CSG. In this case, the land use efficiency of the new type greenhouse was increased to 87.4% from 30%-45% of the traditional CSG. The greenhouse was designed with a height of 5 m, a length of 60 m and a width of 20 m. Greenhouse indoor ground was 0.5 m lower than that outdoor to increase available space for plant growth and labor work, and to improve the stability of the micro environment. The north wall built with red bricks and a removable external blanket with total heat transfer coefficient of 1.2 W/(m²&middot;K) and an internal thermal screen made of aluminized film were used in the experimental greenhouse. To guarantee daytime solar storage and nighttime heat preservation, the greenhouse employed an active heat storage-release system (AHS). The AHS with 50 south-facing collectors was used to collect solar energy by flowing water between 2 sheets of black plastic foil and store heat energy in 2 underground insulated water tanks (8 m³each). During the nighttime, when the air temperature inside the greenhouse was lower than the set-point, the AHS was used to heat the greenhouse by circulating warm water from the tanks. If only one tank was used, its temperature would gradually increase during the day and decrease during the night. With some smaller tanks we could empty or fill the energy in order. The total area of 50 south-facing collectors (with the length of 2 m and the width of 1.35 m) was 130 m². Some collectors were installed vertically against the north wall and south wall, and some were installed with a tilt angle of 55&deg; and a distance of 3.75 m in 2 rows from north to south in the greenhouse to collect more solar energy. During the winter about 15% of the greenhouse floor was shaded by the collectors where the low and scotophil leaf vegetables were planted. There were the large-scale greenhouse (experimental) and CSG (reference) located in Beijing (40&deg; 13'N, 116&deg; 65'E). A reference CSG was 60 m long and 8 m wide with a ridge height of 3.8 m. The north wall was 2.3 m high and 0.46 m thick, and composed of red bricks with 240 mm thickness outside and 120 mm thickness inside, and polystyrene board with 100 mm thickness in the middle. Tomato was used as a model plant in 2 greenhouses. The experiment was conducted from December 5th, 2014 to February 5th, 2015. Indoor air temperature, relative humidity, initial cost of the greenhouse, energy consumption and performance of the AHS were analyzed. The results showed that the land utilization efficiency of the experimental greenhouse could be increased up to 87.4%. Average nighttime air temperature in the experimental greenhouse was 1.5-3.1 on sunny day and 1.2-2.8  on cloudy day higher than that in the reference CSG. The average air temperature in the experimental greenhouse was kept above 10 during the whole night. It was 19.3 higher than outdoor air temperature. The relative humidity in the experimental greenhouse was 7%-10% lower than that in the reference CSG during nighttime. The average COP (coefficient of performance) of the AHS was 3.4-4.2 and the average daily electricity consumption of the AHS was 0.013 kWh/m²during both sunny days and cloudy days. Compared with traditional heating methods using fossil fuels, the AHS system achieved 47% energy savings. The initial cost of the experimental greenhouse was 307.2 yuan/m², which was 144.5 yuan/m²lower than the CSG. The above results indicate that the large-scale greenhouse with an active heat storage system can improve land utilization efficiency and heat preservation performance, and decrease greenhouse initial cost and inside relative humidity. Thus, the large-scale greenhouse with an active heat storage system is worthy of popularization and application. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Greenhouses
Controlled terms:Atmospheric humidity - Atmospheric temperature - Brick - Costs - Electric energy storage - Energy conservation - Energy utilization - Environmental regulations - Fossil fuels - Heat storage  - Heat transfer - Land use - Machinery - Solar energy - Solar heating - Tanks (containers) - Temperature - Walls (structural partitions) - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Active heat storage and release system - Average air temperature - Chinese solar greenhouse - Coefficient of Performance - Electricity-consumption - Land utilization - Large scale - Outdoor-air temperature
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and DevelopmentUrban and Regional Planning and Development

 - 408.2 Structural Members and ShapesStructural Members and Shapes

 - 414.2 Brick MaterialsBrick Materials

 - 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

 - 454.2 Environmental Impact and ProtectionEnvironmental Impact and Protection

 - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation

 - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization

 - 619.2 TanksTanks

 - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

 - 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer

 - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena

 - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other StructuresFarm Buildings and Other Structures

 - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20161502233118
Title:Design and implementation of laying hens perch distribution monitoring system based on LabVIEW platform
Authors:Mao, Taotao (1); Teng, Guanghui (1); Li, Zhizhong (1); Bai, Shibao (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 
Corresponding author:Teng, Guanghui(futong@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:169-174
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the welfare and health level of laying hens, alternative housing systems for egg production are emerging and increasingly adopted by egg producers. Perching systems are among those worthy of consideration for adoption, since they can increase the laying hens' vertical and horizontal activity space, and also allow them to express their natural roosting behavior, which is an important indicator of good welfare. Yet along with the shift to the perching systems comes the need to investigate whether the new design of such system, such as the location, number, or size of the perches, can accommodate the laying hens' behavioral needs when at rest. These needs are often investigated by observing the laying hens' distribution in the perches. However, such information is seriously lacking or hard to acquire automatically, and the manual collection of the data is not only inefficient, but also disturbs the laying hens even though it's achievable occasionally. To enable continuous monitoring of perch use, time spent at perches and frequency of visits to perches by laying hens, a system for the automatic monitoring of laying hens' perch distribution based on LabVIEW platform was developed, and the main features consist of an on-site data acquisition module, a system calibration module, a data analysis module, and a remote user interface module. The automated monitoring system employs load-cell weighing, video imaging and a data acquisition system. The experiment was carried out in a perch system between August 26, 2015 and September 26, 2015 at the Shang Zhuang Experimental Station of China Agricultural University. The system was equipped by feeders, manure belt, nest boxes, perches, egg belt and etc. The experiment unit housed a breeding group of 80 hens and 8 cockerels, and 15 perches were equipped inside and numbered from 1 to 15. Every weighing node was formed by 2 weight sensors fixed on the cage stents and a two-meter long perch. The weight calibration equation was obtained at the beginning of the experiment by least square fitting the collection value and the actual weight value and was applied to the data acquisition program. A synchronous image was captured by a network camera when the distribution weight data were collected. The laying hens' distribution values on the 6th, 7th and 8th perches for every image were identified manually and then compared with the data calculated by the system to verify the system accuracy. The results showed that the accuracy of the laying hens' average distribution value was higher than 90%, and when the distribution number was less than 6, the accuracy was greater than 99%. There were about 40 hens on the perches at night during the period of the experiment, which indicated the 50% perch utilization. At the age of 70 weeks, the absolute error of the laying hens' average weight between measured manually and calculated by the system was within 0.1 kg. Thus, the simplified system can be applied to monitor the average body weights of laying hens during rearing period. The monitoring system can supply the real-time information of laying hen perch distribution accurately in the perching systems. This paper describes the detailed design and development of the automated monitoring system of laying hens perch distribution. Such a system can provide data support and reference for perching system design of laying hens. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Animals - Calibration - Data acquisition - Design - Fertilizers - Real time systems - User interfaces - Weighing
Uncontrolled terms:LabViEW - Laying hens - Monitoring system - Perch distribution - Welfare
Classification code:722.2 Computer Peripheral EquipmentComputer Peripheral Equipment

 - 722.4 Digital Computers and SystemsDigital Computers and Systems

 - 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 943.3 Special Purpose InstrumentsSpecial Purpose Instruments

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20161502233113
Title:Applicability evaluation of different algorithms for reference crop evapotranspiration in Yangtze River Basin based on inverse distance weighted method
Authors:Jia, Yue (1); Cui, Ningbo (1, 2); Wei, Xinping (1); Gong, Daozhi (3); Hu, Xiaotao (4) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering &amp; College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; (2) Provincial Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture in Hill Areas of Southern China, Chengdu, China; (3) State Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Water Use and Disaster Loss Reduction of Crops, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Beijing, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&amp; F University/Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Yangling, China 
Corresponding author:Cui, Ningbo(cuiningbo@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:130-138
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to making true the exact calculation of reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) and increase the accuracy with the lack of meteorological data in the large area, the Yangtze River Basin is divided into upstream, midstream and downstream according to the altitude of the stations. A new method of space distribution based on Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation method is raised which can present every substream, including upstream, midstream and downstream. This method can include the connection of different stations. There are 102 meteorological stations which can provide 50 years of daily meteorological data from 1963 to 2013. In this research, we used the methods of Penman-Monteith (P-M), Hargreaves-Samani (H-S), Irmark-ALLEN (I-A), Pristley-Taylor (P-T), Makkink (M-K), Penman-Van Bavel (PVB), 1948 Penman (48-PM) to calculate daily ET0 of every stations of the Yangtze River Basin. The method of Penman-Monteith can be used to be the standard method to calculate standard daily ET0 to evaluate other methods because of its accuracy. The coefficient of Nash-Sutcliffe, the daily relative root mean square error, the consistency coefficient of Kendall can be used to evaluate the precision index of the method. The result showed that the best method of daily ET0 imitative effect compared with P-M is PVB in the three substreams, because the slope of the imitative equation of PVB in upstream is 0.946, the slope in midstream is 1.065, and the slope in downstream is 1.005. The method of Pristley-Taylor has a better effect in the midstream and downstream, and the slopes of the imitative equation are 1.030 and 1.201.The method of Makkink also has a good effect in the midstream and downstream, and the slopes are 0.857 and 0.936. The determination coefficient of daily ET0 imitative equation of these six methods all achieved very significant levels (&alpha; =0.01) in three substreams. The methods of Pristley-Taylor and Penman-Van Bavel have high calculation accuracy in all area of the Yangtze River Basin, and the highest absolute error of monthly ET0 is 0.55 mm/d using the method of Pristley-Taylor, at the same time the highest absolute error of monthly ET0 is 0.48 mm/d using the method of Penman-Van Bavel. The effect of the methods of Hargreaves-Samani and Irmark-ALLEN are worse than other methods to calculate monthly ET0 in the whole Yangtze River Basin. The method of Pristley-Taylor is the best method to calculate ET0 in the upstream of the Yangtze River Basin, because the daily relative root mean square error is 0.341 mm/d, the coefficient of Nash-Sutcliffe is 0.886, and the consistency coefficient of Kendall is 0.829. The method of Penman-Van Bavel is the best method to calculate ET0 in the midstream and downstream of the Yangtze River Basin. In the midstream, the daily relative root mean square error is 0.201 mm/d, the coefficient of Nash-Sutcliffe is 0.973, and the coefficient of Nash-Sutcliffe is 0.926. In the downstream, the daily relative root mean square error is 0.306 mm/d, the coefficient of Nash-Sutcliffe is 0.954, and the consistency coefficient of Kendall is 0.869. In the Yangtze River Basin, the relative error of Pristley-Taylor and Penman-Van Bavel are the lowest among these methods which are less than 35%, the relative error of is the highest among these methods which is more than 40%. In conclusion, the method of Pristley-Taylor and Penman-Van Bavel are the best methods to calculate ET0 in the Yangtze River Basin, the calculation process are simple at the same time. The method of Pristley-Taylor and Penman-Van Bavel can be a simplified recommendation of calculating ET0 in the Yangtze River Basin. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Rivers
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Climate change - Climate models - Crops - Errors - Evapotranspiration - Interpolation - Inverse problems - Mean square error - Meteorology  - Models - Watersheds
Uncontrolled terms:Applicability evaluation - Inverse distance-weighted interpolation - Reference crop evapotranspirations - Space distribution - Yangtze River basin
Classification code:443 MeteorologyMeteorology

 - 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

 - 444.1 Surface WaterSurface Water

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20161502233109
Title:Simulation and experiment of dual channel PID control for hydraulic steer-by-wire system of tractor
Authors:Lu, Zhixiong (1); Gong, Jiahui (1); Lu, Yang (1); Diao, Xiuyong (1); Cheng, Zhun (1); Jiang, Chunxia (1); Zhou, Jing (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:101-106
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The hydraulic steering-by-wire system abandons the mechanical connection between hand-wheel and front steering wheels, and thus the driver's intent is delivered via electrical signal. The actuator of hydraulic steering-by-wire system is the hydraulic cylinder. ECU (electronic control unit) generates the corresponding electric current to control the opening of electro-hydraulic proportional servo valve after receiving the steering signal, which correspondingly leads to the displacement of steering hydraulic cylinder. The displacement direction determines the steering direction and the magnitude determines the steering angle. At present, asymmetric hydraulic cylinders are mostly adopted. However, due to the piston areas are varied as the piston rod moves in different directions, even if the opening of electro-hydraulic proportional servo valve and the pressure are fixed, the displacements of the piston rod vary under stretch and retracting condition. Combining hydraulic steering-by-wire system with asymmetric hydraulic cylinder, we know that accuracy adjustment of steering is essentially the adjustment of the hydraulic cylinder piston rod's displacement on the left or right side. Therefore, the traditional PID (proportional integral derivative) control of hydraulic steering-by-wire system is not efficient for precise control of steering angle. Considering the error is either positive or negative in steering angel, to improve control accuracy, the hydraulic cylinder can be regarded as different hydraulic cylinders with different piston areas working alternately. This paper presented the idea of dual-channel PID control, in which way the 2 hydraulic cylinders (positive or negative error) used different channels with different PID parameter values. The characteristic of dual-channel control was that when the errors, whose magnitudes were same and positivity and negativity were different, were adjusted with different PID values, the control current of electro-hydraulic proportional servo valves was not same. However, the difference of cavity work area finally guaranteed the same displacement of hydraulic cylinder piston rod, namely the accuracy of adjustment. In addition, in order to avoid the low accuracy of a simplified mathematical model as well as the time-consuming defect of other software, we used SimHydraulics to build the physical model of hydraulic steering-by-wire system conforming to the real platform, whose preferences consulted the reality; the simulation of following response and steering angle pulse test of the steering wheel was completed, the test rig of hydraulic steering-by-wire system was set up, and then IPA15F2K61S2 chip of STC was chosen, which was written to the dual-channel control program to be a controller of the hydraulic steering-by-wire system platform. The steering wheel angle was the input signal of controller, and the product of the actual angle and the steering ratio was a feedback signal. The output signal of the controller was the current controlling the electromagnetic proportional servo valve. The experiments of the steering wheel were completed under the control of single channel and dual channels on platform; and the effect of dual-channel PID control on the system was analyzed by combining simulation and experiment results. Under the dual-channel PID control, the simulation results showed that, the following error was 0.473&deg; and the step response time was 0.273 s, the errors in different directions were almost the same, and they were both superior to the performance of the traditional PID control, for which the following error was 1.315&deg; and the step response time was 0.334 s. Moreover, compared with single channel PID control, the error of dual-channel PID control decreased by 64%, and the response speed increased by 18%. The results of experiments on platform were consistent with the simulation, which indicated that under the control of dual-channel PID, the response of hydraulic steering-by-wire system was faster, the following error was smaller, and the errors in positive and negative direction were almost the same. Thus, it is concluded that the system under the control of dual-channel PID has superior following performance and control precision as well as more desirable stability and reliability. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Hydraulic actuators
Controlled terms:Automobile steering equipment - Computer software - Control systems - Controllers - Cylinders (shapes) - Errors - Hydraulic machinery - Machinery - Mechanical actuators - Piston displacement  - Pistons - Pneumatic control equipment - Pneumatic servomechanisms - Proportional control systems - Response time (computer systems) - Software testing - Step response - Three term control systems - Tractors (truck) - Two term control systems  - Wheels - Wire
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Dual channel - Ecus (electronic control unit) - Mechanical connections - PID (proportionalintegral-derivative) - SimHydraulics - Simplified mathematical model - Stability and reliabilities
Classification code:535.2 Metal FormingMetal Forming

 - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components

 - 612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine ComponentsInternal Combustion Engine Components

 - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and MachineryHydraulic Equipment and Machinery

 - 662.4 Automobile and Smaller Vehicle ComponentsAutomobile and Smaller Vehicle Components

 - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor VehiclesHeavy Duty Motor Vehicles

 - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

 - 731.1 Control SystemsControl Systems

 - 732.1 Control EquipmentControl Equipment

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20161502233104
Title:Microstructure and properties of in-situ synthesis Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-Ti (C, N) composite coatings of agricultural machinery tool by thermit process
Authors:Qu, Ping (1, 2); Ma, Yuejin (1); Li, Jianchang (1); Ma, Luping (1); Zhao, Jianguo (1); Sun, Weilian (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electric Engineer, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China; (2) Science and Technology Research Institute, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China 
Corresponding author:Ma, Yuejin(myj@hebau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:65-72
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve surface strength of agricultural machinery key parts such as rotary blade and plough under atmospheric conditions, the heat released from the exothermic reaction of termite as an internal heat source, and plasma arc column as an external heat source, the in-situ synthesis of Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-Ti (C, N) (AT composite materials) composite coating was prepared on Q235A steel specimen surface by reactive plasma cladding technology. Firstly, raw materials were the cheap thermite (iron oxide and aluminum powder), titanium powder, graphite powder, TiN powder and Ni60A powder, which were mixed in a planetary-type ball mill DQM according to the mass fraction ratio of Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>:Al:Ti:C:TiN:Ni60A=36. 5:13. 5:8. 4:2. 1:4. 5:35, milled for 6 hours, was made a mixed powder paste with the self-made glue which was the adhesive, and then was coated on the surface of pretreated Q235A specimen and the thickness was 2 mm&plusmn;0.5 mm, reserving 2-3 mm arc end. Secondly, the sample was placed in the vacuum drying oven and were dried under 80 during 12 hours, then cooled the sample to room temperature. Using the plasma arc column of DML-300 plasma welding machine as an external heat source, condition of the arc could be ignited successfully, increased appropriately the working distance (about 8 to 10 mm) and reduce the cladding current (120 A). The plasma arc single channel was used to scan the clad and reached thermite ignition temperature, then the thermite in the pre-coated raw material occurred chemical reaction to generate Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>and Fe. After the first cladding operation was finished, it immediately reduced the operating distance and appropriately increased the cladding current, using the optimized process parameters: cladding current of 200 A, cladding speed of 2.5 mm/s, preset coating thickness of 2.0 mm, ion gas flow of 0.6 L/min, working distance of 4 mm. Then the in-situ synthesized Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-Ti (C, N) composite coating was remelted and placed in Argon protection atmosphere cooling. The composition, microstructure, phase and performance of Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-Ti (C, N) composite coating were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy disperse spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), micro hardness tester and friction testing machine. The results indicated that the new phase Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>and Ti (C, N) were synthesized in-situ on Q235A steel during the plasma cladding process and the composite coatings were made, which had a good metallurgical combination with Q235A steel substrate. The coating was mainly composed of reticular structure, nested structure and spherical structure. The hard phase Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>and Ti (C, N) and Fe-Ni binding phase were mutual inclusion between themselves body, nested within each other, constituting the spatial reticulate structure. The highest hardness value of the coatings was up to HV0.52160, and the average hardness was HV0.51870, and about 7.7 times of Q235A steel substrate. The friction coefficient of AT composite coating was about 0.372 and the wear loss of the AT composite coating was about 1/7 of 65Mn steel, and 1/17 of Q235A substrate surface. Compared with the substrate materials, the AT composite coating had higher hardness and more excellent friction and wear properties, which provided an experimental and theoretical reference for the surface strengthening of agricultural machinery materials. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Composite coatings
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Aluminum - Aluminum coatings - Cladding (coating) - Composite materials - Flow of gases - Friction - Hardness - Materials testing apparatus  - Microstructure - Plasma (human) - Plasma welding - Scanning electron microscopy - Steel metallurgy - Steel research - Thickness measurement - Tin oxides - Titanium compounds - Titanium nitride  - Titanium oxides - Tribology - Wear of materials
Uncontrolled terms:Atmospheric conditions - Friction and wear properties - In-situ synthesis - Metallurgical combinations - Microstructure and properties - Reactive plasma cladding - Thermit - Ti (C ,N)
Classification code:461.9 BiologyBiology

 - 531.1 MetallurgyMetallurgy

 - 538.2.1 Welding ProcessesWelding Processes

 - 541.1 AluminumAluminum

 - 545.3 SteelSteel

 - 631.1.2 Gas DynamicsGas Dynamics

 - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds

 - 813.2 Coating MaterialsCoating Materials

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and EquipmentAgricultural Machinery and Equipment

 - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; RelativityClassical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity

 - 943.2 Mechanical Variables MeasurementsMechanical Variables Measurements

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20161502233121
Title:Edge-preserving Retinex enhancement algorithm of night vision image for apple harvesting robot
Authors:Ji, Wei (1, 2); L&uuml;, Xingqin (1); Zhao, Dean (1, 2); Jia, Weikuan (1); Ding, Shihong (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Facility Agriculture Measurement and Control Technology and Equipment of Machinery Industry, Zhenjiang, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:189-196
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the adaptability and working efficiency of apple harvesting robot used to promptly pick the ripe apples, the harvesting robot has to work continuously at night. But the night vision image of apple has many dark spaces and shadows besides the low resolution. These negative factors bring difficulties for the harvesting robot to work at night. So this paper proposes an edge-preserving Retinex algorithm based on guided filtering to enhance apple night vision image. The illumination component is estimated by using the guided filtering which can be used as an edge-preserving smoothing operator, and then it is removed from the original image to obtain the reflection component with its own characteristics. After Gamma correction, the 2 parts of the image are synthesized into a new image. Finally the night vision image of apple is enhanced. The specific implementation process is stated as follows: firstly, an apple night vision image of the RGB (red, green, blue) is converted into HSI (hue, saturation, intensity) color space. Then the intensity of the image is processed by the guided filtering which has a function of edge-preserving. This algorithm is able to accurately estimate the illumination of the image in the edge area with high contrast. After that, a single scale Retinex algorithm is used for logarithmic transform to get the reflection image. Then, the Gamma corrections are used for reflection component and illumination component. The 2 parts of the image are synthesized into a new image and the resulting image is converted into RGB color space. Finally, the output of the apple image is the target enhancement image. This paper selects 30 apple night vision images collected under fluorescent lighting to make simulation experiment compared with histogram equalization algorithm, homomorphic filtering algorithm and Retinex algorithm based on bilateral filtering. From the visual effects, the 4 methods have a certain degree of enhancement. By using the histogram equalization algorithm, not only the brightness has improved greatly, but also the reflective part of the apple is magnified. And the apple in the dark area is not fully displayed. After using the homomorphic filtering algorithm, the night vision image is enhanced and the enhancement effect of the highlight reflective area is poorer. After using the bilateral filtering algorithm, the edge is also maintained as this proposed algorithm, but there is a circle of white halo at the area of the apple gradient mutation. However, after using the proposed algorithm to enhance the images, the apple fruit is more prominent. Its details are clearly visible in the dark areas and there is no phenomenon of over-enhancement. There are more obvious visual effect and clearer outline of the target fruit, and the halo part has been well suppressed. According to the objective performance indices of experiment results, it shows that the mean grey value of the 30 images after processed by the proposed method, compared with the original image, histogram equalization algorithms, homomorphic filtering algorithm and Retinex algorithm based on bilateral filtering, increases averagely by 230.34%, 251.16%, 14.56% and 7.75%, respectively, the standard deviation on average increases by 36.90%, -23.95%, 53.37% and 28.00%, respectively, the information entropy increases averagely by 65.88%, 99.68%, 66.85% and 17.53%, respectively, and the gradient on average increases by 161.70%, 64.71%, 139.89% and 17.70%, respectively. The enhancement effect of proposed algorithm is superior to other 3 algorithms. In addition, compared with the Retinex algorithm based on bilateral filtering, the proposed algorithm has an average reduction of 74.56% in processing time, which reflects the timeliness and efficiency. In conclusion, this algorithm has an unique advantage for night vision image enhancement. So it can satisfy the actual demands and realize the continuous operation of apple harvesting robot at night. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Edge detection
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Color - Color image processing - Efficiency - Fluorescence - Fruits - Graphic methods - Harvesting - Image enhancement - Image processing  - Information filtering - Nonlinear filtering - Robots - Signal filtering and prediction - Vision
Uncontrolled terms:Edge-preserving smoothing - Enhancement algorithms - Guided filters - Histogram equalizations - Illumination components - Logarithmic transforms - Night vision images - Retinex
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing

 - 731.5 RoboticsRobotics

 - 741.1 Light/OpticsLight/Optics

 - 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 903.1 Information Sources and AnalysisInformation Sources and Analysis

 - 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20161502233119
Title:Evaluation method for effect of farmland shelterbelts on crop yield based on RS and GIS
Authors:Shi, Xiaoliang (1); Li, Ying (2); Deng, Rongxin (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China; (2) Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China; (3) Institute of Resources and Environment, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Ying(liying@neigae.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:175-181
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Accurately evaluating the effect of farmland shelterbelt on crop yield plays an important role in shelterbelt construction and management at regional scale. A method evaluating the farmland shelterbelt's effect on crop yield based on remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) was put forward in the paper. First, by using multi-temporal remote sensing images combined with the theory of management for shelterbelt, the managing phase of the shelterbelts was recognized, and the shelterbelts were divided into 4 stages, including mature, pre-mature, post-mature and updated stage. Besides, the growth status of shelterbelts was classified as good, average and bad according to the value of normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI). Therefore, the decision rule of protection effect for farmland shelterbelts was established on the basis of managing phase and growth status of shelterbelts. Then the spatial distribution map of protection effect of shelterbelts was obtained by combining a simple model and GIS. In order to analyze the farmland shelterbelt's effect on crop yield under similar natural conditions and remove other affecting factors, with the support from mechanism methodology and GIS, the crop potential productivity was computed according to the factors such as radiation, temperature, precipitation, and soil. The study area could be divided into 3 regions, i. e. low, middle and high production area. Besides, based on the meteorological data and the in-situ measured data of crop yield, absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) inversed by remote sensing, light use efficiency, and harvest index, the crop yield was estimated at regional scale with the light use efficiency model. Finally, on the basis of above results, including spatial distribution of protection effect, crop potential productivity and estimated crop yield by remote sensing, we proposed a method evaluating the farmland shelterbelt's effect on crop yield. Taking a sample area in shelterbelts key construction region of northern Changchun as the example, the farmland shelterbelt's effect on maize yield in 2009 was evaluated. The spatial distributions of protection effect of farmland shelterbelts and crop potential productivity subregions were obtained in study area. Besides, we estimated the maize yield in 2009 with the MODIS NDVI and the sampled data of maize yield. The result showed the absolute error of estimated maize yield in study area was 467.75 kg/hm², and the relative error was 5.43%, which met the needs of accuracy completely for crop yield estimation by remote sensing. The change of maize yield was analyzed in the subregions with different protection effect of shelterbelts and crop potential productivity in study region, and the results showed that farmland shelterbelt could enhance maize yield to some extent. Especially, in the lower production area with poor natural condition, the farmland shelterbelt could significantly increase maize yield, and the yield increase rate could be up to 8.85%. The yield increase rate was 6.81% and 2.4% in middle and high production area, respectively. Consequently, under the better nature condition, the protection effect on crop yield could be weaken. In high production area, tree was predominant in competition and would affect crops negatively, which could led to the reduction of crop yield in some places. Therefore, the planning and construction of farmland shelterbelts should be in accordance with local conditions, so that farmland shelterbelts could maximize the benefits by using the smallest area. For poor natural condition and severe wind area, the construction of farmland shelterbelts should be strengthened. But in an area with better natural conditions, the separation distance of shelterbelts network should be increased to weaken the negative effect of shelterbelts on crop yield. The research can not only enrich the technological means in protection effect of farmland shelterbelt for spatial information technology, but also make the evaluation results for farmland shelterbelt's effect on crop yield at regional scale more scientific and reasonable, and provide decision-making support for the shelterbelt management. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Decision making - Efficiency - Forestry - Geographic information systems - Image reconstruction - Information systems - Meteorology - Productivity  - Remote sensing - Spatial distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Crop yield - Farmland shelterbelts - Light-use-efficiency models - Multi-temporal remote sensing - Normalized differential vegetation indices - Photosynthetically active radiation - Spatial distribution map - Spatial information technologies
Classification code:821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 903.3 Information Retrieval and UseInformation Retrieval and Use

 - 912.2 ManagementManagement

 - 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20161502233106
Title:Development of low-frequency ultrasonic atomizing nozzle driving circuit with class E resonant inverter
Authors:Gao, Jianmin (1); Xu, Qiang (1); Tang, Jing (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:82-88
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ultrasonic atomization atomizers are widely used in many fields with their excellent atomization properties. However, as a key part of ultrasonic atomization system, ultrasonic atomization nozzle driving powers are still costly, inefficient and unstable. In order to design an ultrasonic atomization driving circuit with high efficiency and low cost, a class-E resonant converter of high efficiency and low power dissipation was developed in this paper. The class-E inverter is a well-known resonant converter that can generate high-frequency sinusoidal current and has high power conversion efficiency. Only one transistor with a control circuit was used in the main power circuit, which made the class-E resonant converter high efficiency and low cost solution for low frequency ultrasonic atomization atomizers. The nozzle adopted in this paper was a novel micro index and low frequency ultrasonic nozzle whose parameters were as follows: input voltage 36 V, resonant frequency 60 kHz and output power 15 W. A class-E resonant inverter merged with the series resonance equivalent circuit of nozzle at its resonance frequency was used to drive the low- frequency ultrasonic atomizer at zero voltage switching. It was analyzed that the basic circuit structure, working principles and circuit characteristics of class E resonant inverter circuit under the optimal working condition. Additionally, a simplified model and merged model were respectively used to calculate waveforms and ideal parameters of this ultrasonic nozzle. The ideal parameters were validated based on the theoretical calculations and simulations conducted in saber software. However, the voltage waveform across the switch S was the key point to determine circuit performances. The shunt capacitor C, which was one of key parameters, was composed of the MOSFET output capacitance, the choke parasitic capacitance and the external shunt capacitance. When the value of the shunt capacitor C was properly designed, the energy stored in the shunt capacitor C discharged entirely just before the switch S turned on and the switch turned on at zero voltage. In this case, with less switching lost, the maximum power could be achieved. When the value of shunt capacitance C was larger than optimal value, the voltage rate of rise and fall across the shunt capacitance C decreased during the switch off and the switch voltage waveform did not reach zero prior to turn-on switching. Therefore, the switching losses occurred instantly when the switch turned on and the MOSFET may be burned out. In contrast, when the value of capacitance C was smaller than ideal value, the energy stored in the shunt capacitor C was discharged completely in advance. Furthermore, the MOSFET body diode turned on when the switch current was negative. Therefore, the turn-on switching losses and the large conduction losses of the body diode occurred at the same time. In order to verify the design method, a driving circuit of a 15 W ultrasonic atomization nozzle was built. The experimental results showed that the class-E resonant inverter could be succeeded in applying to drive the low-frequency nozzle and the circuit efficiency was 85% or more. The designed circuit was investigated as a good solution to drive the low-frequency ultrasonic atomization nozzle. Additionally, experimental waveforms were in a good agreement with simulation results. From the waveform charts, we can obtain methods of the quantitative parameter adjustment to reach optimum condition. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Frequency converter circuits
Controlled terms:Atomization - Atomizers - Capacitance - Capacitors - Electric inverters - Electric network analysis - Equivalence classes - Field effect transistors - Low power electronics - MOSFET devices  - Natural frequencies - Nozzle design - Nozzles - Power converters - Reconfigurable hardware - Spray nozzles - Spraying - Switching - Zero voltage switching
Uncontrolled terms:Low frequency ultrasonic - Low-frequency ultrasonic atomization nozzles - Optimal state - Quantitative parameters - Resonant inverters - SABER software - Theoretical calculations - Ultrasonic atomization
Classification code:631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

 - 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and PhenomenaElectricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena

 - 703.1.1 Electric Network AnalysisElectric Network Analysis

 - 704.1 Electric ComponentsElectric Components

 - 713.5 Electronic Circuits Other Than Amplifiers, Oscillators, Modulators, Limiters, Discriminators or MixersElectronic Circuits Other Than Amplifiers, Oscillators, Modulators, Limiters, Discriminators or Mixers

 - 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated CircuitsSemiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits

 - 721.3 Computer CircuitsComputer Circuits

 - 802.1 Chemical Plants and EquipmentChemical Plants and Equipment

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20161502233098
Title:Design and experiment of key parts of pneumatic variable-rate fertilizer applicator for rice production
Authors:Qi, Xingyuan (1); Zhou, Zhiyan (1, 2); Yang, Cheng (1); Luo, Xiwen (1, 2); Gu, Xiuyan (1); Zang, Yu (1); Liu, Wulan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University/Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Aviation Application ERCAAA, Guangzhou, China; (2) Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in South China, Changsha, China 
Corresponding author:Zhou, Zhiyan(zyzhou@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:20-26
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Variable-rate fertilizer applicator is one of the most important machines of precision agriculture. Nowadays, the main machine for topdressing in rice is centrifugal disc distributor, and this machine has a better width, but has an unstable spread uniformity at the direction of working width, and most of them also cannot fertilize with a variable rate at the working width direction. In order to satisfy the needs of variable-rate fertilizer application in rice, and use less fertilizer to produce more yield, a pneumatic variable-rate fertilizer applicator for rice production, which used outer groove-fertilizer-wheel and pneumatic fertilizer spreader, was designed. Firstly, the simulation of the key components of the variable-rate fertilizer applicator was carried out to optimize the structure of the mixed joint and the air divider box under the following initial boundary conditions: the inlet gas velocity was 12 m/s, the inlet gas volumetric flow of air divider box was 0.03 m³/h, and all the testing components were under the same pressure in outlet and environment. The results indicated that the small keyhole structure not only improved the average pressure in air divider box and the uniformity of airflow dividing, but also promoted the fertilizer falling for mixed joint of air and fertilizer. Secondly, a series of testing experiments of the key components of the variable-rate fertilizer applicator were carried out to investigate the correlation between the rotating speed of fertilization wheel and the amount of fertilizer application under the following conditions: use the mixed joint with small keyhole structure, the inlet gas velocity was 12 m/s and the air divider box pressure was 110 kPa. The results showed that there was a significant linear relationship between the rotating speed of fertilization wheel and the amount of fertilization, and the correlation coefficient was up to 0.998. Adjusting the rotating speed of fertilization wheel could accurately adjust the amount of fertilization. In other words, it could achieve the purpose of variable fertilization by real-time control the rotating speed of fertilization wheel combined with the fertilization demand and the forward speed of fertilizing machine. The variable amount of fertilization could be reached in the range of 40-200 kg per hectare when the forward speed of fertilizing machine was 1 m/s and the rotating speed of fertilization wheel was in the range of 10-40 r/min. And the errors of fertilizer application amount for each fertilizer ejector's outlet was less than &plusmn; 5%, which basically reached the requirements of fertilization uniformity. Finally, the impacts of the fertilizer pipeline length and installation height difference on the fertilization outlet velocity and lag time were studied when the inlet gas velocity was 12 m/s and the air divider box pressure was 110 kPa. The results showed that the fertilizer pipeline length and installation height difference had a significant effect on the fertilizer ejector's outlet velocity and fertilization lag time. Therefore, in order to minimize the influence of fertilization lag time on fertilization uniformity, the fertilizer pipeline length should not be too long, and it is also suggested that the fertilizer ejector's outlet is not higher than the inlet in order to reduce the impact of installation height difference. This study provides a basis for further prototyping and optimization of the pneumatic variable-rate fertilizer applicator. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Applicators
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Air - Air ejectors - Crops - Design - Ejectors (pumps) - Fertilizers - Machine design - Pipelines  - Pneumatics - Real time control - Rotating machinery - Speed - Velocity - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Fertilizer applications - Fertilizer spreaders - Paddy fields - Precision Agriculture - Variable fertilizations - Variable rate fertilizer applicators - Variable rate fertilizers
Classification code:601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design

 - 618.2 PumpsPumps

 - 618.3 Blowers and FansBlowers and Fans

 - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and PipelinesPipe, Piping and Pipelines

 - 632.3 PneumaticsPneumatics

 - 731 Automatic Control Principles and ApplicationsAutomatic Control Principles and Applications

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20161502233133
Title:Optimization of grading and classification technology for machine-picking leaves based on YJY-2 type classifier
Authors:Yuan, Haibo (1); Hua, Jinjie (1); Deng, Yuliang (1); Jiang, Yongwen (1); Wang, Yueliang (2); Chen, Gensheng (1); Zhang, Lanmei (3); Yin, Junfeng (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Technology Research Center of Tea Industry, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China; (2) The Yuyao Yao-Jiang-Yuan Tea and Tea Machine Co. Ltd, Yuyao, China; (3) Panan County Bureau of Local Products, Panan, China 
Corresponding author:Yin, Junfeng(yinjf@mail.tricaas.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:276-282
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The mechanized picking of fresh tea leaves gains the advantages of high efficiency, low cost and laborsaving, which is favorable to large-scaled and mechanized tea production in the future. However, due to the limitations of existing picking equipment, machine-picked fresh leaves are often the mixtures of old and tender leaves with different grades, which seriously affects the sensory quality and economic benefits of tea products. Therefore, the classification of collected fresh leaves is required before processing. In order to avoid uneven quality of fresh leaves and thereby achieve mechanized plucking and processing for high quality tea leaves, the working settings of a novel fresh leaves classifier (ZL 201320064553.4) were systematically investigated in this study. Using mechanically plucked fresh leaves of Longjing 43 tea variety as experimental material, we compared the classification efficiency using different combinations of grading sieve plates (i. e., a variety of hole types such as round and ellipse holes) and vibration frequency (40, 50 and 60 Hz). We applied the tea processing workflow including spreading out fresh leaves, fixation, cooling, rolling, initial baking, cooling resurgence, first frying, cooling, second frying, and baking sufficiently. Hand-picked leaves (tenderness from one bud with one leaf to one bud with 2 leaves), mechanically picked leaves and mechanically picked leaves with classification were processed to the coiled type green teas, respectively according to the steps described above. Then we systematically evaluated the sensory quality and comprehensive benefit of obtained tea products. The results showed that when the novel fresh leaves classifier was applied to classify the mechanically plucked fresh leaves of Longjing 43 tea variety, the sieve plate #1 with ellipse holes (the length of the short axis was 0.6 cm, and the length of the long axis was 2.0 cm) resulted in better grading for small or elongated fresh leaves such as one leaf and debris, and the average proportion of such fresh leaves in the outlet was 75.7%. The sieve plate #2 with round holes (the diameter was 2.0 cm) was suitable for the classification of the fresh leavesthat were" one bud with one leaf" (one of the target products of grading operation), and the average proportion of this kind of fresh leaves in the outlet was 70.22%. The sieve plate #3 with round hole (the diameter was 2.6 cm) was suitable to classify the fresh leaves that were " one bud with 2 leaves" (one of the target products of grading operation), and the average ratio of such leaves in the outlet was 67.89%. Moreover, by combination of these sieve plates, the finally obtained fresh leaves after grading showed the tenderness predominantly equal to or higher than" one bud with 3 leaves", and the average percentage of this kind of fresh leaves in the outlet was 79.53%. The selection of vibration frequency was dependent on the plate material and classification effect. When the vibration frequency was low, it not only affected the operation efficiency of classification, but also weakened the effect of grading since the hanging leaf would block the meshes. When the vibration frequency was too high, despite good fluency, the" flow" rate of fresh leaves was so high that some of the fresh leaves would be thrown out, resulting in classification efficiency reduction. Furthermore, the high vibration frequency was more likely to form plate resonance and break the cam bearing. So a vibration frequency of 50 Hz was appropriate to achieve the satisfactory grading and smooth operation with less resonance, and thus avoid the damage to sieve plates. Sensory evaluation results showed that the tea products made from the graded leaves had significantly improved sensory quality compared with those without classification, and the average sensory score was improved by 2.55, especially in the flavor. Compared with the products made from hand-picked leaves, the tea sample of Grade 1 was similar in appearance, aroma and taste. In this study, by machine-grading of fresh leaves and processing into coiled type green tea, the finished tea production was increased by 18.1%, and the average yield was increased by 2.74%; in addition, the comprehensive profit was remarkably improved by 1.22 yuan per kg fresh leaves, compared with that obtained by direct processing of machine-picked leaves without grading. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Grading
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Beverages - Classification (of information) - Cooling - Efficiency - Mechanization - Processing - Quality control - Sensory perception - Sieves  - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Classification efficiency - Comprehensive benefit - Economic benefits - Experimental materials - Grading and classifications - Operation efficiencies - Sieve plates - Vibration frequency
Classification code:461.4 Ergonomics and Human Factors EngineeringErgonomics and Human Factors Engineering

 - 601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design

 - 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer

 - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing

 - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and EquipmentAgricultural Machinery and Equipment

 - 822.3 Food ProductsFood Products

 - 913 Production Planning and Control; ManufacturingProduction Planning and Control; Manufacturing

 - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:20161502233101
Title:Optimizing design on knife section of reciprocating cutter bars for harvesting cotton stalk
Authors:Song, Zhanhua (1, 2, 3); Song, Hualu (1, 2, 3); Yan, Yinfa (1, 2, 3); Li, Yudao (1, 2, 3); Gao, Tianhao (1, 2, 3); Li, Fade (1, 2, 3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; (2) Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Machineries and Equipments, Taian, China; (3) Sub-laboratory of National Engineering Laboratory for Agricultural Production Machinery and Equipment, Taian, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Fade(lifade@sdau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:42-49
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China is one of the most important cotton-producing areas in the world. It is well known that cotton stalk is a kind of renewable biomass energy resource and can be widely used. Therefore, it is very important to research the harvesting techniques and equipment of cotton stalk, and design the cutting blade of cotton stalk. The conception of cutting effective rate was put forward on the basis of analyzing the cutting pattern of the reciprocating cutter, and it was used to describe the cutting characteristics of reciprocating cutter, because the cutting pattern of the reciprocating cutter could describe the cutting quality and height of the stubble of cotton stalk. In order to explore the effect of the knife section structural parameters (the width, height, and leading end width of the knife section) as well as the operating parameters (the average cutting velocity was 0.9 m/s, and the ratio of cutting velocity to feeding velocity was 1.25) on cutting effective rate of cotton stalk reciprocating cutter, and optimize the structural parameters of the knife section, the simulation test was performed with the ADAMS software. The simulation testing scheme designed with the box-behnken design (BBD) method was a three-factor three-level testing scheme, and the testing factors were the width of the knife section, the height of the knife section cutting edge, and the width of the leading end. The response surface analysis method was used to analyze the simulation testing data and optimize the knife section structural parameters of the cotton stalk reciprocating cutter. In order to observe and analyze the cutting process and morphological structure of the stubble as well as optimize the profile of the knife section, the cutting test was performed with a cutting test bench of cotton stalk by the high-speed photography technology. The samples were the ripe cotton stalks with the diameter of 11.7-13.2 mm, and the moisture content of 31%-37%, which were collected from a cotton field located at Shanghe County, Shandong Province. The results obtained from the response surface test showed that the effects of the width of the knife section, the height of the knife section cutting edge, and the width of the leading end on the objective value (the cutting effective rate) were significantly different (P&lt;0.01), and the effects of the interactions between the width of the knife section and the height of the knife section cutting edge, between the width of the knife section and the width of the leading end, and between the height of the knife section cutting edge and the width of the leading end on the objective value were also significantly different (P&lt;0.01). By analyzing the sequence images of cutting process of cotton stalk from the cutting test by the high-speed photography technology for cotton stalk, it was known that the effects of the different profile of the leading ends on the cutting quality of cotton stalk and the height of the stubble of cotton stalk were significantly different. It was concluded that the optimal combination of the knife section structural parameters of cotton stalk reciprocating cutter was that the width of knife section was 90 mm, the height of knife section cutting edge was 52 mm, the width of leading end was 15 mm, and the profile of leading end was arc-shaped. On the basis of the results of the verifying tests, it was found that the cutting effect of cotton stalk for cotton stalk reciprocating cutter with the new knife section was good, the height of cotton stalk cutting stubbles of the optimized knife section was 5.9 mm shorter than the standard knife section's, the average value of cutting power per unit area of cotton stalk for the optimized knife section was 6.1% less than the standard knife section's, and the smoothness of cutting stubble section of cotton stalk for the optimized knife section was 12% more than the standard knife section's. The results of this research can provide technical support not only for developing a new cotton stalk cutter, but also for designing the equipment for harvesting hard stalk with a large planting area. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Cutting equipment
Controlled terms:Computer software - Cotton - Cutting - Cutting tools - Design - Energy resources - Equipment - Harvesting - High speed photography - Machinery  - Mechanization - Optimization - Photography - Software testing - Surface analysis - Surface properties
Uncontrolled terms:Cotton stalk - Knife section - Optimizing design - Reciprocating cutter - Response surface analysis methods
Classification code:525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues

 - 601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design

 - 603.2 Machine Tool AccessoriesMachine Tool Accessories

 - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

 - 742.1 PhotographyPhotography

 - 746 Imaging TechniquesImaging Techniques

 - 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 901 Engineering ProfessionEngineering Profession

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 42>

Accession number:20161502233114
Title:Effects of winter drip irrigation mode and quota on water and salt distribution in cotton field soil and cotton growth next year in northern Xinjiang
Authors:Zhao, Bo (1, 2); Wang, Zhenhua (1, 2); Li, Wenhao (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Modern Water-saving Irrigation Corp, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Zhenhua(wzh2002027@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:139-148
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A field experiment was carried out in order to explore the winter irrigation on cotton field in arid region. Influences of winter irrigation pattern and irrigating water quota for cotton field in northern Xinjiang on soil water and salt distribution as well as cotton growth and yield in the next year were discussed. From October in 2013 to October in 2014, Key Corps Laboratory for Modern Water-saving Irrigation of Shihezi University, carried out the field experiment. Field without winter irrigation was taken as the control group (CK). The winter irrigation experiment set a total of 9 test groups, including 2 irrigation patters (drip irrigation and flood irrigation) and 4 irrigation water quotas: DI-1800 (drip irrigation, irrigation quota of 1 800 m³/hm²), DI-3000 (drip irrigation, irrigation quota of 3 000 m³/hm²), DI-2400 (drip irrigation, irrigation quota of 2 400 m³/hm²), DI-3600 (drip irrigation, irrigation quota of 3 600 m³/hm²), FI-1800 (flood irrigation, irrigation quota of 1 800 m³/hm²), FI-3000 (flood irrigation, irrigation quota of 3 000 m³/hm²), FI-2400 (flood irrigation, irrigation quota of 2 400 m³/hm²), and FI-3600 (Flood irrigation, irrigation quota of 3 600 m³/hm²). We used soil drilling and drying method to measure soil moisture content, and electric conductivity method to measure soil salt content, and we observed and measured the cotton growth situation for each treatment and growth stage to determine population physiological index. Dynamic changes of water and salt in 0~300 cm soils before sowing, rate of emergence, population physiological indices (leaf area duration, net assimilation rate, and leaf area index) and cotton yields in the next year of all testing groups were monitored and compared. When comparing the effect of irrigation, we found water spread and infiltrated evenly under drip irrigation situation, the infiltration speed was slow, and the water retention effect was considerably good; under the circumstance of flood irrigation, the irrigation speed was fast, the infiltration was uneven and waterlogging occurred in the cultivation layer. Results showed that winter irrigation had certain impact on water and salt content and distribution in soil profile before sowing in the next year. For both flood irrigation and drip irrigation, the influence of irrigation on water and salt contents was intensified with the increase of irrigation water quota. Winter irrigation could leach and reduce salt contents in superficial soils. Salt distribution in soil profile (especially 0~150 cm soils) before sowing was greatly influenced by winter irrigation. Due to the strong leaching effect of winter irrigation on soil salt content, it could provide good water and salt environment for crop growth. Compared to flood irrigation, drip irrigation provided more uniform and regular water infiltration. Drip irrigation in winter had an important role on cotton growth and yield in the next year. Difference of population indices between testing groups and CK increased with the increase of irrigation water quota. Appropriate irrigation water quota could increase the rate of cotton emergence in the next year and improve the population indices in early period significantly. Under winter drip irrigation with the quota of 3 000 m³/hm², the cotton canopy photosynthetic potential, group net assimilation rate and leaf area index improved respectively by 34.30%, 19.23% and 42.60% compared with those without winter irrigation treatment, and the photosynthesis potential and leaf area index reached peak value 10 days in advance. The leaf area index peak under 3 000 m³/hm²drip irrigation was 10 d earlier than CK and higher than that under the flood irrigation. Winter irrigation also could increase cotton yield in the next year. The cotton yields under 3 000 and 3 600 m³/hm²drip irrigation were 10.66% and 12.36% higher than that under the CK. Based on the comprehensive considerations to the effect of winter irrigation pattern and irrigation water quota on soil water and salt distributions as well as cotton growth and yield in the next year, this paper concludes that 3 000 m³/hm²drip irrigation is the optimum one. It can not only leach soil salts as deep as 300 cm, but also contribute a high yield, reaching 6 107.75 kg/hm². &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Cotton - Floods - Infiltration - Leaching - Physiology - Population statistics - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soil testing - Soils  - Subirrigation - Water - Water conservation - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Drip irrigation - Drip irrigation modes - Electric conductivity methods - Flood irrigation - Net assimilation rates - Physiological indices - Water and salts - Water-saving irrigation
Classification code:444 Water ResourcesWater Resources

 - 461.9 BiologyBiology

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617

<RECORD 43>

Accession number:20161502233124
Title:Evaluation method of corn salt resistance during germination based on ultra weak photon emission
Authors:Xi, Gang (1); Zhao, Yanyan (1); Liu, Kai (1); He, Ruirui (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Applied Physics, Institute of Science, Xian University of Technology, Xi'an, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:6
Issue date:March 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:211-217
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The diagnosis and evaluation of salt tolerance about crop during germination is the basic research of modern agriculture, and it has very important significance to ensure global food security. Currently, there are many reports on evaluation of salt tolerance during crop germination, and mostly based on morphological index such as the germination rate, germination energy, germ length, root length and seed fresh quality. These traditional evaluation methods have many defects such as a lot of work, very complex calculations, long measurement period, more amount of seeds to use, and not suitable for rare species. Ultraweak photon emission, including spontaneous photon emission and delayed photon emission induced by external light, is a kind of life information in the form of living cells. According to the changes of ultraweak photon emission, the noninvasive detection about the changes of metabolism and functional state of living cell can be achieved and may be applied to evaluate crops salt tolerance. In order to explore the noninvasive detection and evaluation method about the salt tolerance of corn during germination based on the ultraweak photon emission from germinating crop seed, NaCl with 100 mmol/L was used to form the salt stress, and this paper studied the differences of two corn varieties Wanrui No.168 and Zhengdan No.958 in salt tolerance during germination period based on the conventional seed germination salt tolerance index. At the same time, we also studied the differences of the spontaneous photon emission and delayed photon emission induced by blue LED about corn varieties Wanrui No.168 and Zhengdan No.958 during germination under the 100 mmol/L NaCl stress. The results showed that the seed fresh quality, spontaneous photon emission intensity and delayed photon emission integral intensity of two corns varieties Wanrui No. 168 and Zhengdan No. 958 gradually increased in the normal germination process, there was positive correlation between the changes of seed fresh quality and spontaneous photon emission (the correlation coefficient was 0.982 27 and 0.962 51 respectively). Under the 100 mmol/L NaCl stress, there was also a positive correlation between the seed fresh quality and spontaneous photon emission of two varieties of corn (the correlation coefficient was 0.983 57 and 0.991 06, respectively). The study also found that the NaCl stress inhibited the increase of seed fresh quality and spontaneous photon emission of the two corn varieties in different degrees, inhibitory effect of the NaCl stress on Zhengdan No.958 was greater than Wanrui No.168. According to the relative inhibition rate of NaCl stress on the spontaneous photon emission and delayed photon emission during germination could distinguish and evaluate the strength of salt tolerance about corn varieties Wanrui No. 168 and Zhengdan No. 958 during germination. Compared the evaluation result based on the relative inhibition rate on spontaneous photon emission and delayed photon emission from germinating seeds under the NaCl stress with the conventional seed germination salt tolerance index and storage material transport rate, the evaluation results were the same, and it showed that the evaluation methods based on the relative inhibition rate of spontaneous photon emission and delayed photon emission under the NaCl stress were reliable. The relative inhibition rate of spontaneous photon emission and delayed photon emission respectively reflected the impact of NaCl stress on cell metabolism and cell damage. Since the evaluation method about salt tolerance based on the spontaneous photon emission and delayed photon emission from germinating seeds cells has many advantages, such as sensitive, rapid, non-destructive and so on, this method can reflect the response of cellular metabolism, adaptation and harm process under NaCl stress, and it is expected to become a kind of practical, wide applicability and reliable new method of evaluation salt tolerance on germinating crops seeds. &copy; 2016, Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Cells - Crops - Cultivation - Cytology - Food supply - Metabolism - Photonics - Photons - Physiology - Plants (botany)  - Salts - Seed
Uncontrolled terms:Corn - Germination - Nacl stress - Photon emissions - Salt tolerance - Spontaneous photon emission
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue EngineeringBiological Materials and Tissue Engineering

 - 461.9 BiologyBiology

 - 741.1 Light/OpticsLight/Optics

 - 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 822.3 Food ProductsFood Products

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

 - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular PhysicsAtomic and Molecular Physics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201617