<RECORD 1>
Accession number:20161402194487
Title:Overview of precise irrigation scheduling based on stem diameter variations
Authors:Lin, Lu (1); Tang, Yun (1); Yan, Wanli (1); Zhang, Jitao (1); Ji, Zengshun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Modern Agriculture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China
Corresponding author:Ji, Zengshun(jzs0308@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-13
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The growing scarce water resource has promoted the scientists to develop new technologies for scheduling irrigation. Of these, the ones relying on plant-based water-stress indicators have been found to have the greatest potential. Thus, measurements of stem water content and water potential, canopy temperature, sap flow (SF), and stem diameter variation (SDV), among other variables, have proved useful not only for research purposes, but also for precise irrigation scheduling in commercial production sites. In this work, we systematically reviewed the research achievements and growing trends of precise irrigation scheduling based on SDV. Of those mentioned above, the water-stress indicator had received most attention from the scientific community in terms of its potential for irrigating commercial production sites. Apart from being capable of an early detection of water stress, even if this was mild, SDV could be continuously and automatically recorded. This was a clear advantage over conventional indicators such as stem water potential, canopy temperature and leaf gas exchange parameters (net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular carbon dioxide, transpiration rate, and so on). The principle of SDV, the history of dendrometers and dendrographs, relationships between SDV-derived index and the other water-stress indicators (water potential and sap flow) were introduced and analyzed in this paper. Among the SDV-derived indices that were useful for scheduling irrigation, the maximum daily shrinkage (MDS) and stem growth rate (SGR) were the most widely used. For young trees and in their periods of rapid stem growth, SGR could be a better indicator than MDS. In periods of negligible stem growth, however, SGR could not be used as an indicator of plant water stress. SDV outputs were affected by seasonal growth patterns, crop load, plant age and size, and the other factors, apart from water stress. Thus, expert interpretation of SDV records was required before using them for scheduling irrigation, which limited their potential for automation of the irrigation. Therefore, the characteristics of an SDV-derived index for irrigation scheduling must be evaluated for the local conditions. In this study we described the characteristics that must be taken into account in the evaluation, such as variability, signal strength, sensitivity, earliness, reliability and robustness. Furthermore, methods to schedule irrigation from SDV records were summarized as using absolute values of SDV-derived indices, the signal-intensity approach and combining SDV with SF. Although SDV-derived indices showed a high variability among plants, in most cases the signal intensity was high enough to achieve an acceptable sensitivity. Accordingly, the signal intensity was important for the realization of precision, digitization and the intelligentization management of the irrigation, and was successfully used to schedule low-frequency irrigation in orchards of a variety of species, for both full-and deficit-irrigation treatments. The hot spots in this field were also proposed at last and they should be focused on the following aspects: 1) To explore more effective sensor shelters to decrease the noise produced by physical contact; 2) To determining the appropriate SDV-derived index according to the actual environment to achieve the high enough signal intensity and sensitivity; 3) To quantify the effects of other factors except water stress on SDV outputs; 4) To combine SDV with other water stress index (such as SF) to enhance the explanations for how the plants absorb and utilize the water; and 5) To combine SDV measurements with aerial or satellite imaging for scheduling irrigation in large orchards with high crop-water-stress variability. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:109
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Crops - Farms - Forestry - Growth rate - Moisture - Orchards - Plants (botany) - Scheduling - Shrinkage - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Commercial productions - Irrigation scheduling - Net photosynthesis rate - Reliability and robustness - Sap flow - Stem diameter - Stem water potentials - Water stress
Classification code:444 Water ResourcesWater Resources
- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally
- 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds
- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
- 912.2 ManagementManagement
- 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 2>
Accession number:20161402194517
Title:Effect of different sizes on growth during smoltification in atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and its mechanism of physiological response
Authors:Zhang, Mo (1); Gao, Xiaolong (1, 2); Li, Xian (1); Qu, Shancun (3); Liu, Ying (1, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; (2) University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (3) Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-tech Co., Ltd, Yantai, China; (4) Nantong R&D Center of Marine Science and Technology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nantong, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Ying(yinliu@qdio.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:221-227
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. juveniles with various initial body weight of (30.25±2.12) g (SW1 group), (24.27g±1.59)g (SW2 group), (18.05±2.46)g (SW3 group) were reared in a recirculating system under a photoperiod of 12:12 light: dark in 1-42 days and 24 light: 00 dark in 43-84 days to evaluate the effects of size on growth performance and mechanism of physiological response during smoltification. The results showed that the maximal condition factor, daily weight gain, food conversion efficiency, and net yield were found in SW2, with significant difference in different experimental groups (P<0.05). There were significantly higher special growth rate in body length and body weight in SW2 than in other groups (P<0.05); and there were significant differences in coefficient of body length and body weight variation among the three groups (P<0.05). The CV of body length of S. salar in the different groups did not significantly change in the first 6 weeks of the study. But when the condition was changed to full light the coefficient of variation of body length significantly increased in the SW1 and SW2 groups, and the change was more significant in group SW1 compared to the other groups (P<0.05). The CV of body weight of S. salar in group SW3 varied greatly over the course of the experiment. Within the first 6-week light cycle (12L:12D), the coefficient of variation of body weight in SW1, SW2 showed insignificant difference (P>0.05). After the condition was changed to full light in the last 6 weeks, the coefficient of variation of body weight in 3 groups was narrowly varied. At 84 d, the value in the SW3 group was significantly higher than that in any other group (P<0.05). The hemoglobin concentration and the number of red blood cell (RBC) were found to be increased with the increase in size, indicating that the increase demand of oxygen for fish. The maximal white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte, neutrophils was found in SW3 group, which showed that enhanced their disease-resistant capability. The number of red blood cells did not differ significantly between groups SW1 and SW2 (P>0.05), but the value was significantly higher than that in group SW3 (P<0.05). The number of thrombocytes fell with the increase of culture size, and the three groups differed significantly (P<0.05).The number of neutrophil was close among these groups, and no significant difference was identified (P>0.05). The highest values of total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) appeared in SW2 group, and the difference of three groups were marked (P<0.05). The concentration of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) increased with the increase in size (P<0.05), which suggested that the enhancement of energy utilization in the blood and body. The concentration of uric acid and carbamide in metabolites was highest in group SW2. Their concentrations in groups SW1 and SW2 did not differ significantly (P>0.05), and they were significantly higher than those in group SW3 (P<0.05). The concentration of T-Bil in group SW3 was significantly higher than those in the other two groups (P<0.05).The concentration of glucose were no significant difference (P>0.05), which suggests that utilization rate of glucose by Salmo salar L. is lower. The concentration of CK was highest in group SW3, but no significant difference was identified among the three groups (P>0.05). So Salmo salar L. in 24.27±1.59g should be selected for the smoltification, thereby optimizing the culture condition and increasing the culture yield per water body at lower cost, which can theoretically referenced for the scale aquaculture of Salmo salar L. seeds. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Blood
Controlled terms:Anthropometry - Biochemistry - Cells - Energy utilization - Glucose - Growth (materials) - Physiological models - Physiology
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Experimental groups - Hemoglobin concentration - Physiological response - Recirculating system - Salmo salar - Size - Smoltification
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and BiologyBioengineering and Biology
- 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization
- 801.2 BiochemistryBiochemistry
- 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
- 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 3>
Accession number:20161402194527
Title:Evolution characteristics and its driving force of rural residential land at village level during 1980-2012
Authors:Feng, Yingbin (1); Yang, Qingyuan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Public Administration, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang, China; (2) School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Qingyuan(yizyang@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:280-288
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Currently, the Chinese social economic transition has been in a critical period when more resistance and frictions for such transitions are occurring. The social and economic transition and urban-rural restructuring have been real issues for social economic transition, and adjustment time for China's social economic policy development, we established rural residential land use map at village level, spatial attribute data of rural residential land at peasant household level and social economic data during different time using the method of field research called Participatory Rural Appraisal. Based on rural residential land evolution process at spatial and time dimensions and its characteristics in Guni village of Chongqing in resent 30 years since 1980, we analyzed evolution characteristics of rural residential land scale, space form, structure system and landscape pattern at village level, and summed up general rule of rural residential land evolution in space and time dimensions. The results showed that rural residential land area in Guni village was 22.79 hm<sup>2</sup>in 1980, and increased to 33.47 hm<sup>2</sup>in 2012. The average annual growth reached 1.21%. Rural residential land patch had been in a central tendency at time dimension, and expansion rate of rural residential land experienced a process from pure extension to coexistence of expansion and tightening. Rural residential land patch was in an irregular shape, which was departed from circular and square at spatial and time dimensions. The spatial structure of rural residential land presented an evolution tendency from relatively centralized to comparatively decentralized, while spatial structure system of main settlements had an acute evolution with unreasonable grade. The landscape diversity of rural residential land patch and its uniform distribution degree had a further improvement at village level, but the landscape heterogeneity had been further stood out at group level. Leading factors (total population, quantity of labor force and peasant household) could promote the expansion of rural residential land scale. However, its influence had a downward trend with time scale. Economic development level factors such as average income were inducement factors, and its driving force had further strengthened with time. Locations along the highway were one of the leading driving forces of newly-added rural residential land expansion, and the expansion of rural residential land since 2005 had been the result of new rural reconstruction policy-driven. Based on driving force model of rural residential land evolution from "nature-economy-position" aspects,it could reveal that increase number of farmers is a main factor to promote the expansion of rural residential land scale. At time level, the driving force of rural residential land growth at micro level has experienced among population driving, economy driving and environment policies driving. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Economic and social effects - Economics - Housing - Land use - Models - Population statistics - Public policy
Uncontrolled terms:Chongqing cities - Driving forces - Evolution - Rural residential - Village level
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and DevelopmentUrban and Regional Planning and Development
- 403.1 Urban Planning and DevelopmentUrban Planning and Development
- 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 4>
Accession number:20161402194501
Title:Soil organic carbon sequestration, yield and income increment of rotational tillage measures on Weibei highland maize field
Authors:Li, Juan (1, 2); Li, Jun (3); Cheng, Ke (2); Han, Jichang (2); Wang, Li (1, 4); Shang, Jinxia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (2) Shaanxi Province Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, China; (3) College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (4) Forest Technology Extend Center of Wuwei City of Gansu Province, Wuwei, China
Corresponding author:Li, Jun(junli@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:104-111
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Weibei highland of Shaanxi province belongs to warm temperate and semi-humid drought climate zone, so drought is the biggest limiting factor for crop production on dryland. Shortage of precipitation and uneven distribution in seasons are the main factors to cause the low and unstable yields of spring maize (Zea may L.) grown on dryland. A long-term practice of applying single soil tillage measures in this area causes soil compaction, poor ability of retaining rainwater and a low crop water use efficiency. In order to investigate the effects of different rotational tillage systems on soil production for spring corn fields, soil organic carbon sequestration, crop yields and water use efficiency (WUE) as well as economic benefits for different tillage system were determined on the Loess Platform of China. The research results could provide basis to establish a reasonable soil tillage system for a cop rotation system under a certain fertilizing method in the semi-humid and prone-to-drought Loess Platform. The objectives of this research were to study the effects of different rotational tillage patterns on soil bulk density, soil organic carbon sequestration, yield and economic benefit increase in spring maize rotation region in Weibei highland. A five-year field experiment was carried out from 2008 to 2012 in Dryland Agricultural Research Station, Ganjing Town (latitude 35°33'N; longitude 110°08'E; 900 m above sea level), Shaanxi province. There were six different rotational tillage systems in the study including no-tillage/sub-soiling rotation (NT↔ST), sub-soiling/continuous-tillage rotation (ST↔CT), continuous tillage /no-tillage rotation (CT↔NT), no-tillage/no-tillage rotation (NT↔NT), sub-soiling/sub-soiling rotation (ST↔ST) and continuous tillage/continuous rotation (CT↔CT). The data for spring corn grain yield, water use efficiency and economic benefits under different rotational tillage treatments were analyzed. Results showed that in the aspects of loosening soil, decrease of the frequency of tillage machine rolling and improving soil structure and lower bulk density, NT ↔ ST was the best among the six different rotational tillage systems, followed by ST ↔ ST (P > 0.05). In addition, soil organic carbon reserves increased by 6.6%-17.4% in average of 0-60 cm soil layer with the applying of six rotational tillage systems. NT ↔ NT tillage showed advantages in increasing the soil organic carbon sequestration. NT↔ST rotation system changed the distribution of soil organic carbon characteristics in the top soil layer, and then made the soil nutrients distribute evenly. Through comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the grain yield, water use efficiency and economic benefit for spring corn of six rotational tillage systems in five years, NT↔ST rotation tillage was the best with a yield of 9 338.8 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>, WUE of 22.6 kg/(hm<sup>2</sup>·mm) and economic benefit of 7 600.5 Yuan/hm<sup>2</sup>. The second was ST↔CT. Increase of crop grain yield, water use efficiency and economic benefits of the NT↔ST rotation tillage was respectively 3.7%-15.7%, 17.6%-45.8% and 10.1%-40.4% higher than other treatments(P > 0.05). The grain yield, water use efficiency and economic benefits of all five rotational tillage systems were higher than conventional tillage. The soil bulk density and soil organic carbon sequestration of NT↔ST treatment were the best among six tillage treatments, as well as the crop yield, water use efficiency and crop yield increment. Therefore NT↔ST was the most suitable conservation tillage practice for spring maize field on Weibei dryland, followed by ST↔CT rotation tillage. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Crops - Cultivation - Drought - Economic analysis - Economic and social effects - Efficiency - Grain (agricultural product) - Organic carbon - Rotation - Sea level - Sediments - Soil conservation - Soil mechanics - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Rotational tillage mode - Spring maize - Water use efficiency - Weibei highlands - Yield
Classification code:444 Water ResourcesWater Resources
- 471.1 Oceanography, GeneralOceanography, General
- 483 Soil Mechanics and FoundationsSoil Mechanics and Foundations
- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics
- 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
- 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics
- 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering
- 931.1 MechanicsMechanics
- 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 5>
Accession number:20161402194495
Title:Influence of solenoid valve response times on water hammer in variable rate spraying system
Authors:Zhou, Xingxiang (1); Liu, Haihong (2); Wu, Shu (2); Wei, Xinhua (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Corresponding author:Wei, Xinhua(wei_xh@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:64-69
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study influence of solenoid valve's response times on water hammer in PWM controlled variable rate spraying system, Solidworks software was used to build a 3D geography model of solenoid valve's flow area based on 6013A type solenoid valve. Gambit was used to mesh the model and to define the boundary types. Fluent was to simulate the process of solenoid valve's operating process. The solver was 3D pressure based unsteady one. Turbulent model was realizable k-Ε turbulent model. Response times of solenoid valve were set as 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ms. During the simulation, the pressure of solenoid valve's entrance was simulated and the outputs pressure curves with flow time was plotted with the output interval set as 0.001 s. According to the pressure curves, water hammer pressure in the pipe decreased while the response time increased when solenoid valve opened or closed. When the response time increased from 10 to 50 ms, water hammer pressure was reduced 78% when solenoid valve opened, while the water hammer pressure was reduced 79% when solenoid valve closed. A simplified PWM controlled variable rate spraying system was created and it consisted of pressure source (the living water supply system), pressure sensor, solenoid valve (opening time was 20 ms and closing time was 30 ms) and a hollow cone atomization nozzle. Experiments on the basis of this spraying system were carries out with the same working condition as simulation and the pressure curves were created. The results showed that the relative errors of experimental and simulated valued of water hammer pressures were below 10% with the same response times, suggesting that this model was accurate and the simulation results were reliable. Then, the solenoid valve's closing process in theory was analyzed according to indirect water hammer pressure formula. The theoretical analysis results were consistent with the simulation results, indicating that the indirect water hammer pressure formula could predict water hammer pressure generated by solenoid valve's closing process in PWM controlled variable rate spraying system with high frequencies. However, the indirect water hammer pressure formula could not calculate water hammer pressure generated by solenoid valve's opening process directly. Nevertheless, when the response times were the same, the water hammer pressures generated by solenoid valve's opening process were linearly related with those generated by solenoid valve's closing process, and the proportionality factor was 1.91 and the coefficient of determination was 0.99. This study was helpful in understanding the influence of solenoid valve's structure parameters on water hammer and in building the simulation model for the whole PWM variable rate spraying system and for optimizing the spraying system. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Solenoid valves
Controlled terms:Nozzles - Process control - Pulse width modulation - Response time (computer systems) - Solenoids - Spray nozzles - Spraying - Tin plate - Water hammer - Water supply - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of determination - Controlled variables - Proportionality factors - Response times - Simulations - Structure parameter - Variable rate spraying - Water hammer pressure
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems
- 545.3 SteelSteel
- 619 Pipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering GenerallyPipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering Generally
- 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General
- 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and MachineryHydraulic Equipment and Machinery
- 704.1 Electric ComponentsElectric Components
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 6>
Accession number:20161402194521
Title:Effects of C/N and solid content of raw materials on electricity generation of cattle manure fermentation
Authors:Wang, Chengxian (1, 2); Shen, Jianguo (1); Zhang, Xiaomei (1); Pan, Yueqing (1); Lin, Tong (1); Zhang, Yizhen (1); Xin, Yanjun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China; (2) School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
Corresponding author:Xin, Yanjun(xintom2000@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:245-250
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, there are many methods to deal with the cattle manure in China. Those methods include the gathering of biogas with the fermentation technology, producing organic fertilizer with composting technology, and building ecosystems between livestock breeding and plant resources. Although these technologies have been industrialized, methane produced by these technology, needs to be transformed into electrical energy again in use. If organic matter could be transformed into electrical energy directly, the utilization efficiency of solid agricultural resources could be significantly improved, and then enormous economic and social benefits would be produced. Nowadays, the studies of microbial fuel cell (MFC) have gained the concern of many researchers for a long time. In order to reduce the pollution of agricultural solid waste and promote the development of agricultural modernization, an electricity production device with double chambers based on MFC was built and investigated to generate electricity from cow dung and wheat straw. Two ratios of carbon-nitrogen (C/N) (20 and 30) and 3 levels of solid content (1%, 5% and 10%) were selected respectively to study their impacts on the electricity generation efficiency. The variations of many factors were monitored during this process, including voltage, current, power density, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and pH value. The process of electricity production was finished when the voltage reduced to a very low level that was similar to the initial voltage. The results showed that when the solid content was 1%, the electricity generation performance was better than others. When the C/N was 20, the highest voltage, current and power density were 0.57 V, 1.12 mA and 464 mW/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively. When the C/N was 30, the highest voltage, current and power density were 0.80 V, 0.76 mA and 422 mW/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively. After the fermentation, VFA concentration and pH value changed obviously under different C/N and solid content. When the C/N was 20, and the solid content was 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively, compared with the initial value, the VFA concentration was increased by 270%, 255% and 313%, respectively, and the pH value was reduced by 0.45, 1.11 and 0.92, respectively; when the C/N was 30, and the solid content was 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively, compared with the initial value, the VFA concentration was increased by 281%, 243% and 395%, respectively, and the pH value was reduced by 0.88, 0.90 and 1.13, respectively. Additionally, the organic matter, total nutrient content and pH value in the solid-state remainder after fermentation met the standards for organic fertilizers of agricultural industry standard (NY525-2012). Therefore, the remainders in solid state after fermentation could be used as organic fertilizers or raw materials of organic fertilizers. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Electric power generation
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Carbon - Electric potential - Fatty acids - Fermentation - Fertilizers - Fuel cells - Manures - Microbial fuel cells - Organic compounds - pH - Volatile fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural industries - Agricultural modernizations - Economic and social benefits - Electricity generation - Electricity generation efficiencies - Fermentation technologies - Power densities - Solid contents
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue EngineeringBiological Materials and Tissue Engineering
- 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and PhenomenaElectricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena
- 702.2 Fuel CellsFuel Cells
- 801.1 Chemistry, GeneralChemistry, General
- 801.2 BiochemistryBiochemistry
- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally
- 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
- 821.5 Agricultural WastesAgricultural Wastes
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 7>
Accession number:20161402194497
Title:Experiment of screen hydrocyclone separator for micro-irrigation
Authors:Qiu, Yuanfeng (1); Meng, Ge (2); Luo, Jinyao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; (2) School of Resource and Civil Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
Corresponding author:Meng, Ge(172246012@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:77-81
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Hydrocyclone separator is one kind of filtration equipment that can separate the sediment from high silt content water by using the principles of rotational flow and centrifugal force. In recent years, research on hydrocyclone separator is mostly in the field of petroleum and chemical industry. Existing literature research and filtering equipment more focuses on low silt content water, but the study on high silt content water as micro-irrigation water source in water shortage areas is lack. This paper put forward a type of screen hydrocyclone separator for micro-irrigation, aimed to resolve the congestion problem of high silt content water as micro-irrigation water source. The screen hydrocyclone separator and conventional separator were compared through the experiment, which was done from October to December 2014 at the State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University. The experiment chose XLF200 screen hydrocyclone separator with the cylinder diameter of 200 mm, the water outlet diameter of 65 mm, the water inlet diameter of 50 mm, and the bottom outlet diameter of 50 mm. The experiment was designed for the screen hydrocyclone separator and conventional separator under the same condition, and took samples for overflow and bottom flow in different inlet pressure working conditions, and measured quantity of inlet flow, concentration of inlet flow, pressure difference of inlet flow and overflow, quantity of bottom flow, concentration of bottom flow, split ratio of bottom flow, quantity of overflow and concentration of overflow, so as to calculate respectively the separation efficiency and classification efficiency for the screen hydrocyclone separator and conventional separator. The results showed that the quantity of overflow and quantity of bottom flow increased with increasing the inlet pressure, but the split ratio of bottom flow increased with decreased inlet pressure for both the screen hydrocyclone separator and the conventional separator. 3 different working conditions with the inlet pressure of 0.26, 0.30 and 0.34 MPa were designed to analyze the classification efficiency. The results showed that the partition granularity of the screen hydrocyclone separator were 20.0, 25.0 and 22.5 μm, and the separation limit of the screen hydrocyclone separator were 83.5, 89.0 and 86.0 μm, and the separation accuracy of the screen hydrocyclone separator were 0.43, 0.40 and 0.43. The partition granularity of the conventional separator were 24.5, 27.5 and 24.5 μm, and the separation limit of the conventional separator were 86.0, 95.0 and 87.0 μm, and the separation accuracy of the conventional separator were 0.27, 0.42 and 0.34. If the separation efficiency by 80% was considered as the evaluation index, the average separation particle diameter of the screen hydrocyclone separator was 45.0 μm, but the average separation particle diameter of the conventional was 65.0 μm on the 3 different working conditions with the inlet pressure of 0.26, 0.30 and 0.34 MPa. Under the condition of different inlet pressure, experimental results showed that the separating efficiency and classification efficiency of the screen hydrocyclone separator were better than the conventional separator without screen. So the screen hydrocyclone separator was even more suitable to the requirement of micro-irrigation on water quality. The results provide valuable information for the optimization and also the development and production of the filters in micro-irrigation. Beyond that it will help to cut down the manufacturing and operating cost of the micro-irrigation project and accelerate the development of the micro-irrigation technology. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Separators
Controlled terms:Chemical industry - Cyclone separators - Efficiency - Inlet flow - Irrigation - Particle size - Petroleum industry - Petroleum research - Pressure - Silt - Traffic congestion - Water - Water filtration - Water quality - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Classification efficiency - Filtration equipment - Literature researches - Microirrigation - Pressure differences - Separating efficiency - Separation efficiency - Water resources and hydropower engineering
Classification code:444 Water ResourcesWater Resources
- 445.1 Water Treatment TechniquesWater Treatment Techniques
- 445.2 Water AnalysisWater Analysis
- 446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems
- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics
- 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General
- 802.1 Chemical Plants and EquipmentChemical Plants and Equipment
- 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations
- 805 Chemical Engineering, GeneralChemical Engineering, General
- 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods
- 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering
- 931.1 MechanicsMechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 8>
Accession number:20161402194524
Title:Esterification-hydrogenation of bio-oil to generate alcohol & ester fuels
Authors:Chang, Jiamin (1, 2); Xu, Ying (2); Ma, Longlong (1, 2); Wang, Tiejun (2); Zhang, Qi (2); Chen, Guanyi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering & State Key Lab of International Combustion Engine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversions, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Longlong(mall@ms.giec.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:263-267
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a clean sustainable substitute for fossil fuel, bio-oil has properties of acidity and instability, which affected its large scale application. Based on its high acid, ketone, aldehyde and phenol content, three processes for the bio oil upgrading were investigated: Separated esterification and hydrogenation (SHE), one step esterification-hydrogenation (OEH), and one step esterification-hydrogenation plus second hydrogenation process (OEH plus). The studies were conducted over Mo modified Raney Ni catalyst (Mo-RN) and Ru/C catalyst with the light fraction of sawdust fast pyrolysis oil as feedstock. The catalysts reuse performance and the reaction pathways of the typical components during the bio-oil upgrading process were also studied. For the SEH process, esterification reaction was conducted without catalysts, and the hydrogenation reaction of the produced esterification bio-oil were carried out over Mo-RN and Ru/C respectively. For the OEH process, methanol and the raw bio-oil were reacted over Mo-RN and Ru/C directly. Based on OEH-Ni, second hydrogenation over Ru/C catalyst under mild condition (120) was conducted after the OEH-Ni process. Over all, the oil properties were improved significantly through the different upgrading process. Through the separate esterification process, oil acidity decreased substantially, showing the acid content decreased from 39.41% of the raw oil to 12.40% of the ES-oil. Accordingly, the total acid value decreased from 55.76 to 16.11 mg/g. In the following hydrogenation process, esters converted to corresponding alcohols under H<inf>2</inf>atmosphere over Mo-RN and Ru/C catalyst, resulted in an alcohol content of 56.61% and 43.06%, respectively. Mo-RN showed better catalytic performance on the hydrogenation of phenol and ketone compounds. In the one step hydrogenation reaction process, Ru/C showed better performance for acid and ester converting to corresponding alcohols, showing the acid and ester content of 8.12% and 8.01% for OEH-Ru and 11.43% and 17.15% for OEH-Ni process. Mo-RN better improved the ketone and phenol conversion, showing the content of 1.56% and 6.60%. Through the OEH process, saturated alcohol & ester content increased from 9.99% in the raw oil to 58.31% and 71.95% for Ru/C and Mo-RN, respectively. For the one step hydrogenation over Mo-RN catalyst along with its following second hydrogenation process, acid, phenol and ester in OEH-Ni oil got more thoroughly conversion to alcohol compounds, leading to obtaining an OEH plus upgraded oil of 84.20% saturated alcohol and ester content. Meanwhile, through the second hydrogenation, oil properties showed great improvement for the total acid value decreasing from 111.52 to 11.75 mg/g and pH value from 3.67 increased to 5.88. Besides, even in the second use of Mo-RN and Ru/C catalyst, no significant deactivation was observed. The saturated alcohol and ester content was still kept at 68.37% and 75.84% degree for the OEH -Ni* and OEH plus process, respectively. Through esterification hydrogenation process, oil properties showed great improvement in the acidity and stability. This esterification hydrogenation method is proved to be a promising routine for efficient upgrading bio-oil to oxygenated fuel. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Oils and fats
Controlled terms:Alcohol fuels - Biofuels - Catalysts - Esterification - Esters - Fossil fuels - Fueling - Fuels - Hydrogenation - Ketones - Nickel - Phenols
Uncontrolled terms:Catalytic performance - Esterification reactions - Fast pyrolysis oil - Hydrogenation process - Hydrogenation reactions - Large-scale applications - Reaction pathways - Saturated alcohols
Classification code:548.1 NickelNickel
- 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions
- 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial ChemicalsChemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals
- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally
- 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 9>
Accession number:20161402194506
Title:Salt accumulation characteristics of topsoil in meadow wetland in Yinchuan plain
Authors:Xia, Guiju (1); He, Tonghui (1); Yu, Ji (1); Wu, Chunyan (1); Zhao, Yongquan (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North-western China of Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; (2) Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
Corresponding author:He, Tonghui(hetonghui@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:142-148
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Belonging to typical oasis wetlands in China, the wetland of Yinchuan not only is the barrier of biodiversity, but also plays a crucial role in environmental regulation and productive improvement. Unfortunately, it is prone to salt accumulation in the wetland. Therefore, it will be of great significance for having a good knowledge on the impact of the process of water and salt migration on wetland ecosystem to find out the spatial accumulation characteristics of soil salinity in the meadow wetlands in Yinchuan Plain. This paper uses the field survey and laboratory analysis methods to research the distribution of vegetation, the classification of soil salinization and the situation of salt accumulation in the meadow wetlands in Yinchuan Plain. In this study, we set up 57 experimental plots with 123 points, and the plant communities in the study area are divided into 3 vegetation types, 8 vegetation subtype s and 27 formations according to the traditional classification. A total of 44 species of plants are investigated, which is a relatively small number; according to the investigation results on the plant communities in ditch wetland in the Yinchuan Plain by Cheng Zhi, the investigated plants reached a total of 87 species, belonging to 31 families and 71 genera, and the plants along ditch slope were divided into hygrophyte, mesophyte and halophyte with plants in ditch base. On the basis of the soil surface salinity (0-20 cm), the soil in the study area is divided into 5 grades: I, II, III, IV and V, and the corresponding salt contents are ≥10, [4~10), [2~4), [1~2) Chinese character <1 g/kg, respectively. The results show that soil salt content increases from south to north in the meadow wetlands in Yinchuan Plain. Salinity of different kinds of vegetation meadows is in a descending order as follows: salty vegetation, typical meadow and wet meadow. And Salinity in different topographical meadows is dry lake beach > floodplain > lake beach outside river levee > wet lake beach > sand beach. Buried depth of groundwater and salt-water cycle process are the decisive factors of salt distribution characteristics. Behind the large-scale wetland restoration in Yinchuan Plain, there is a hidden risk of land salinization in the lakeside zone, and if there is no good artificial recharge of irrigation and drainage vent of salt leaching, the natural restoration vegetation in lakeside meadow will be salt meadow or salt shrub. The vegetations artificially planted also have the problems of the accumulation and degradation of soil salinity. The study on the spatial accumulation characteristics of soil salinity in the meadow wetlands of Yinchuan Plain were found out is helpful to understand the biogeochemical cycle, source and sink effect in wetland ecosystem, reveal the salt accumulation effect and its distribution characteristics in the process of wetland development in Yinchuan Plain, and further understand the effect of water and salt migration process of wetland ecosystem in Yinchuan Plain. The results provide the scientific guidance to the lakeside and bank afforestation and ecological construction and to wetland comprehensive utilization, especially wetland grassland construction. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Soil pollution
Controlled terms:Beaches - Biodiversity - Biogeochemistry - Ecology - Ecosystems - Environmental regulations - Groundwater - Lakes - Landforms - Levees - Reforestation - Restoration - Salts - Soil surveys - Soils - Vegetation - Wetlands
Uncontrolled terms:Accumulation characteristics - Artificial recharge - Biogeochemical cycle - Comprehensive utilizations - Distribution characteristics - Ecological construction - Natural restoration - Yinchuan plains
Classification code:407.3 Coastal EngineeringCoastal Engineering
- 442.1 Flood ControlFlood Control
- 444.2 GroundwaterGroundwater
- 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering
- 481.1 GeologyGeology
- 481.2 GeochemistryGeochemistry
- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 10>
Accession number:20161402194515
Title:Experiment and simulation for convective heat transfer in all-glass evacuated tube solar collectors
Authors:Zhang, Tao (1); Han, Jitian (1); Tian, Rui (2); Yu, Zeting (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China; (2) College of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, China
Corresponding author:Han, Jitian(jthan@sdu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:206-212
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The experimental study of natural convection for solar collectors with different coating materials and being equipped with guide plate is carried out step by step through the experimental platform of solar-assisted fuel cells under the research background of renewable total energy systems, which mainly include solar energy comprehensive utilization, solid oxide fuel cells, gas turbine and Kalina refrigeration cycle. The three-dimensional mathematical model on natural convection and forced convection of solar collectors is established to study the flow and heat transfer data with the field synergy and entransy principle on the basis of experimental verification. The natural convection results show that the thermal efficiency and the entransy increment rise gradually with the absorption rate increasing from 0.95 to 1.0 and the emission rate decreasing from 0.06 to 0.16, and the thermal efficiency of experiment for high absorption is 1.17% higher than that of low absorption. The thermal efficiency of experiment for solar collectors increases by 2.17% after equipped with guide plate, because the mixed flow in the vacuumvacuum tube disappears and the guide plate strengthens the flow at the bottom of the vacuum tube. The reasonable plate thickness of guide plate for all-glass vacuum tube water heaters is 2 mm, the reasonable plate length of guide plate is 60-100 mm distance from the bottom of the vacuum tube, and the reasonable position of guide plate is 16-20 mm above the axial line of the vacuum tube. The forced convection results show that the Reynolds number and the Nusselt number decrease gradually after the fluent flow into manifold but the Reynolds number and the Nusselt number increase gradually at the exit of manifold. Although the fluent is extremely volatile along the vacuum tube, the Reynolds number and the Nusselt number of horizontal double collectors are higher than that of vertical single collector. The angle between speed vector and temperature gradient vector is 0° with downward fluid and 180° with upward flow, because the collector overall temperature is gradually reduced from vacuum tube bottom to manifold. It makes more fluid absorb the bottom heat, because the internal flow of vacuum tube is smooth and the mixed flow in vacuum tube disappears. Manifold velocity gradually decreases because there is backflow interiorly, but temperature increases because fluid absorbs solar radiation, and the field synergy in collector outlet is higher than others because temperature field is consistent with velocity field according to numerical simulation. Although the entransy increments of vertical single collector and horizontal double collectors are negative values in initial period, they gradually rise with the heat time increasing. There are 2 parts for entransy dissipation in the vacuum tube. The entransy dissipation of horizontal double collectors (from 0.2 to 1.8 m) is less than that of vertical single collector along the vacuum tube axis because the definite condition is to give heat flux boundary. The entransy dissipation of horizontal double collectors (from 0 to 0.2 m) is less than that of vertical single collector along the vacuum tube axis because the definite condition is constant temperature when hot water in vacuum tube flows into water tank and heat transfer occurs between hot and cold water. Enhancement of heat transfer effect of horizontal double collectors is better than that of vertical single collector, because its entransy increment is higher than that of vertical single collector and its entransy dissipation is better than that of vertical single collector. It is determined that the solar collectors with guide plate can be adopted in natural convection and the horizontal double collectors can be employed in forced convection in the thermal field of solar-assisted fuel cells with low and medium temperature. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Collector efficiency
Controlled terms:Combustion - Electron tubes - Forced convection - Fuel cells - Gas fuel purification - Gas turbines - Glass - Heat convection - Heat flux - Heat transfer - Natural convection - Nusselt number - Refrigeration - Reynolds number - Solar collectors - Solar energy - Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) - Temperature - Tubes (components) - Velocity - Water heaters - Water tanks
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive utilizations - Enhancement of heat transfer - Entransy dissipation - Evacuated tube solar collector - Experimental verification - Field synergy principle - Solar assisted - Three-dimensional mathematical models
Classification code:522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels
- 612.3 Gas Turbines and EnginesGas Turbines and Engines
- 619.1 Pipe, Piping and PipelinesPipe, Piping and Pipelines
- 619.2 TanksTanks
- 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General
- 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
- 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer
- 644.1 Refrigeration MethodsRefrigeration Methods
- 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena
- 702.2 Fuel CellsFuel Cells
- 702.3 Solar CellsSolar Cells
- 714.1 Electron TubesElectron Tubes
- 812.3 GlassGlass
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 11>
Accession number:20161402194516
Title:Analysis of water environment risk on biogas slurry disposal in paddy field
Authors:Wang, Zichen (1, 2); Liang, Yonghong (2); Sheng, Jing (1); Guan, Yongxiang (2); Wu, Hao (2); Chen, Liugen (1); Zheng, Jianchu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Circular Agricultural Research Centers, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; (2) Jiangsu Station of Agro-Ecological Monitoring and Protection, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Sheng, Jing(nkysj@hotmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:213-220
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To study the digestion ability of biogas slurry in paddy field and the potential risk of water environment pollution in the process of digestion, 4 irrigation amounts of biogas slurry treatments and 2 control treatments were designed based on the location test with engineering measures in this study. The treatments included 1000 t/hm<sup>2</sup>biogas slurry at base-tiller stage of rice combined with 120 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>nitrogen (urea) at panicle stage of rice (BS10), and 635.29, 423.53, 211.76 t/hm<sup>2</sup>biogas slurry at base-tiller stage respectively combined with 423.53, 282.35, 141.18 t/hm<sup>2</sup>biogas slurry at panicle stage (300% BS, 200% BS and 100% BS). The control treatments were conventional fertilization (CF) with 180 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>nitrogen (urea) at base-tiller stage and 120 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>nitrogen (urea) at panicle stage, and no-fertilization treatment (CK) without fertilizer both at base-tiller stage and at panicle stage of rice. Then the changes of the total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in both field surface water and soil percolation water at 40 and 60 cm depth were monitored 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 d after biogas slurry application during the main rice growth period. The data were analyzed by Microsoft Excel (2010) and SPSS for windows (13.0). Results showed that: 1) The key period of biogas slurry digestion in paddy field was the first 3 d after irrigation with the total nitrogen degradation rate of 46.67%-78.36% and the ammonia nitrogen degradation rate of 47.52%-85.27%. And the digestion rate at panicle fertilizer stage was greater than that at base-tillers stage. The environmental risk of surrounding water body eutrophication was bigger if runoff was generated 3 d after the irrigation. To ensure safe disposal and realize the reduction of agricultural non-point source pollution source and emissions, engineering measures should be adopted such as closing field drain or increasing ridge height by 5-10 cm to control surface runoff. 2) The potential risk of surrounding water pollution with the amount of biogas slurry digestion above the 200% BS processing (i.e., 705.88 t/hm<sup>2</sup>) was higher than the conventional fertilization treatment both at base-tillers stage and at panicle fertilizer stage. Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment, 100% BS processing (i.e., 352.94 t/hm<sup>2</sup>) had a lower potential risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, the biogas slurry digestion in paddy field should adopt the way of more irrigation times and fewer disposal amounts. 3) To resolve the pollution risk to soil percolation water from biogas slurry digestion in paddy field with engineering measures was mainly concentrated in the tillers stage, and the ammonia nitrogen pollution risk was the main risk while the nitrate pollution risk was less. The pollution was different among different water penetration depths. Research indicated that the safe disposal amount of biogas slurry at a time in tillers stage should be controlled below the amount of 211.76 t/hm<sup>2</sup>, and less than 423.53 t/hm<sup>2</sup>in panicle fertilizer stage. These results can provide a theoretical reference for the technology of biogas slurry safe disposal in paddy field and the technology of reducing emission in agricultural non-point source pollution from source. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Water pollution control
Controlled terms:Agricultural runoff - Agriculture - Ammonia - Biogas - Degradation - Environmental impact - Environmental management - Eutrophication - Fertilizers - Groundwater - Groundwater pollution - Irrigation - Metabolism - Nitrates - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Pollution - Pollution control - Risk assessment - River pollution - Runoff - Soil moisture - Soil pollution - Solvents - Surface waters - Urea - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Biogas slurry - Environmental control - Paddy fields - Safe disposals - Water environments
Classification code:444.1 Surface WaterSurface Water
- 444.2 GroundwaterGroundwater
- 453 Water PollutionWater Pollution
- 454.2 Environmental Impact and ProtectionEnvironmental Impact and Protection
- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics
- 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels
- 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions
- 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial ChemicalsChemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals
- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally
- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
- 914.1 Accidents and Accident PreventionAccidents and Accident Prevention
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 12>
Accession number:20161402194489
Title:Analysis and improvement of transportation performance of sugarcane cutter spiral lifting mechanism
Authors:Li, Shangping (1, 2); Deng, Xiong (2); Ye, Caifu (2); Wang, Haibo (2); Shen, Zhonghua (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China; (2) College of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; (3) College of Mechanical and Control Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:21-28
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the blocking issue of logistics system in sugarcane harvester, by the methods of simulation analysis and experimental research, the cutter spiral lifting mechanism and the effects of friction coefficient and working parameters on the sugarcane material flow were studied and discussed. The average residence time of sugarcane in the transmission device of the screw conveyor was considered as test index and the virtual prototype simulation model was established by the software ADAMS and Unigraphics. Simulation results indicated that increasing friction coefficient of cutter spiral lifting mechanism could improve the delivery rate of the sugarcane and effectively inhibit the clogging problem. The high-speed photography results of experimental prototype showed that while a tyre rubber with high friction coefficient was used as the covering layer for the cutter spiral lifting mechanism and the cutter speed was about 750 r/min, the retention time of sugarcane was shortened by 17% compared to original rebar spiral lifting mechanism. This characteristic could improve the congestion problem of logistics system, and verify that the friction coefficient was exactly the main affecting factor. Based on this principle, this paper worked out the structure improvement of the cutter spiral lifting mechanism. The helical circular cross section was changed into a helical rectangular cross section, which made the contact way of the cutter spiral lifting mechanism and sugarcane change from point contact originally to line contact. The computer simulation experiments under different structures' transmission speed, displacement, force and so on were conducted, and the analysis indicated that for the 20 mm cutter spiral lifting mechanism that was improved, the sugarcane residence time was shortened by 32% comparing with the original cylindrical spiral. Meanwhile, after the sugarcane head entered the spirals, the loading time from the spiral to the sugarcane head relatively decreased and the time of the loading process was shorter, and the universal impact force for the sugarcane was bigger, which made the cane's feeding into the system more easily and rapidly. Before the sugarcane tail left the spiral, the favorable impact from spiral still existed, its impulse changed by 11.1 N·s, and the backward displacement of the sugar cane increased. And in the comparison of different width of spiral plane, the spiral retention time of sugarcane decreased by 18.5% when the plane width increased from 12 to 20 mm. If the width of spiral plane continued to increase to 24 mm, the trapped time of sugarcane increased by 17.6% compared to 20 mm width. When sugarcane tail left the spiral, the spiral with 12 and 24 mm width would have an adverse impact on sugarcane, which was unfavorable to the sugarcane conveying, while the spiral with 16 and 20 mm width would not only make the time of cane heading into the spiral shorter, but also produce more favorable impact when sugarcane tail left the spiral. Consequently, the experimental results showed that it could increase the friction conveying force and reduce the sugarcane retention time by appropriately widening the cutter spiral lifting mechanism width. It was advantageous to improve the transportation performance of sugarcane. Compared with 16 mm wide spiral, 20 mm wide spiral offered the equivalent total impulse after the sugarcane head entered the spiral. That made it easier for the sugarcane to enter the feeding roller, and before the sugarcane's tail left the spiral, the loading time from the spiral to the sugarcane's tail was more concentrated, the impact force was more balanced, and the backward transmission of the sugarcane was faster and more stable, which could effectively restrain the blocking problem of the front end of conveying system. The results provide the design basis for the construction of the late test platform and the development of the physical prototype. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Friction
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Computer simulation - Computer software - Conveyors - Crops - Harvesters - High speed photography - Logistics - Point contacts - Software testing - Sugar cane - Testing - Traffic congestion - Tribology
Uncontrolled terms:Backward displacements - Blocking - Circular cross-sections - Computer simulation experiment - Friction coefficients - Rectangular cross-sections - Sugarcane harvesters - Virtual prototype simulation
Classification code:692.1 ConveyorsConveyors
- 704.1 Electric ComponentsElectric Components
- 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications
- 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications
- 742.1 PhotographyPhotography
- 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and EquipmentAgricultural Machinery and Equipment
- 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products
- 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; RelativityClassical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 13>
Accession number:20161402194505
Title:Coastal soil clay content estimation using reflectance spectroscopy
Authors:Jiao, Caixia (1); Zheng, Guanghui (1); Shang, Gang (1); Sun, Dongmin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:137-141
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Clay content is an important soil property that affects the structure, nutrient supply and other characteristics of soils. Variations in clay content can indicate the degree of soil development or soil age. In traditional chemical analyses of soil properties, the extractant interacts in the solution and at the solution-particle interface, thus altering the equilibrium between the soil solid and solution phases. Soil reflectance spectroscopy has been developed as an effective alternative method of measuring soil properties primarily because it requires minimal sample preparation and it is fast, cost-effective, non-destructive and non-hazardous to the soil. In recent decades, research on the use of reflectance spectroscopy in soil science has achieved rapid advances. Reflectance spectroscopy can be successfully applied to estimate the soil clay content. However, the mechanisms of soil clay content estimation using reflectance spectroscopy are not very clear. The goals of this study were to identify the bands within the range of 360-2490 nm that can be used to estimate the clay content and explore the mechanisms of the clay content estimation using reflectance spectroscopy. A total of 150 coastal soil samples were collected. The soil reflectance spectra were measured in a dark room using a FieldSpec 3 portable spectrometer. Raw spectral data were pre-processed by smoothing (R) and then by first derivative (FD), continuum removal (CR) or reciprocal transformation (DS). Calibration (75 soil samples) and validation datasets (75 soil samples) were obtained from 1,000 random selections of the data. Stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were performed to estimate the soil clay content and to further identify the bands useful for modeling this parameter. The results indicated that the SMLR analysis of CR and R spectra and the PLSR analysis of R and FD spectra were characterized by good calibration and validation accuracies regarding the soil clay content. The frequency of a SMLR-selected band and the regression coefficient in the PLSR regression equation indicated the impact of the clay content on the reflectance spectroscopy. The bands of 360-900 nm and 1800-2490 nm were important for the clay content estimation. The absorption bands near 1900 nm were caused by crystal water in phyllosilicates, whereas the absorption at 2325 nm was attributed to the combined effects of absorption by chlorite and vermiculite. The 500-800 nm absorption bands were caused by the soil organic matter (SOM). And the relationship between the clay content and reflectance spectra was a secondary relationship attributed to the high correlation between SOM and clay content. The absorption near 410 nm was produced by the iron ions. The mutual adsorption of iron ions and clay was consistent with the relatively high model contribution. The regression coefficients in the PLSR yielded dual peaks of absorption near 1400 nm, which was attributed to the dual absorption peaks of kaolinite. In summary, the clay mineral composition, adsorption of clay and iron ions and correlations between clay and organic matter were the causes of the clay content estimation using reflectance spectroscopy. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Calibration - Chemical analysis - Clay - Cost effectiveness - Finite difference method - Ions - Iron - Iron compounds - Kaolinite - Least squares approximations - Linear regression - Metadata - Metal ions - Organic compounds - Reflection - Regression analysis - Silicates - Soil surveys - Spectrometers - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis - Vegetation - Water absorption
Uncontrolled terms:Calibration and validations - Clay mineral compositions - Coastal soils - Content - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Reflectance spectroscopy - Regression - Stepwise multiple linear regression
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue EngineeringBiological Materials and Tissue Engineering
- 481.2 GeochemistryGeochemistry
- 482.2 MineralsMinerals
- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics
- 531.1 MetallurgyMetallurgy
- 545.1 IronIron
- 741.3 Optical Devices and SystemsOptical Devices and Systems
- 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations
- 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
- 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics
- 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods
- 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 14>
Accession number:20161402194499
Title:Optimal irrigation frequency and nitrogen application rate improving yield formation and water utilization in winter wheat under micro-sprinkling condition
Authors:Zhang, Yinghua (1); Zhang, Qi (1); Xu, Xuexin (1); Li, Jinpeng (1); Wang, Bin (1); Zhou, Shunli (1); Liu, Lijun (2); Wang, Zhimin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Taian Fengyuan Irrigation Technology Limited Company, Tai'an, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Zhimin(zhimin206@263.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:88-95
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Reducing the loss of irrigation water and increasing water use efficiency (WUE) are important problems needed to be solved in current wheat production. Micro-irrigation can realize a small amount of irrigation for many times and the integration of water and fertilizer. It has been applied in wheat production in recent years. However, the effect of micro-sprinkling times and nitrogen application rate on yield formation and water utilization in winter wheat is poorly understood. In this study, field experiments were conducted from October 2012 to June 2014 at the Wuqiao Experimental Station of China Agricultural University in Cangzhou, Heibei Province (37°41' N, 116°37' E). In 2012-2013, micro-sprinkling 2 times (S2, 750 m<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>irrigation water applied at jointing and anthesis, respectively), 3 times (S3-1, 450, 300 and 750 m<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>irrigation water applied at jointing, booting and anthesis, respectively; S3-2, 750, 450 and 300 m<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>irrigation water applied jointing, anthesis and grain filling, respectively; S3-3, 600, 600 and 300 m<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>irrigation water applied at jointing, anthesis and grain filling, respectively; S3-4, 450, 750 and 300 m<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>irrigation water applied at jointing, anthesis and grain filling, respectively), 4 times (S4, 450, 300, 450 and 300 m<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>irrigation water applied at jointing, booting, anthesis and grain filling, respectively), and flooding (CK, 750 m<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>irrigation water applied at jointing and anthesis, respectively) were designed to preliminarily reveal the effect of micro-sprinkling frequency on grain yield and WUE in winter wheat and select the optimal model for micro-sprinkling 3 times. Results showed that S2 had similar grain yield to CK; S3-3 and S3-4 with the higher ratio of irrigation after anthesis increased thousand grain weight and harvest index and finally improved grain yield, compared with S2; there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in grain yield between S4 and S3-4. So, S3-4 was the optimal model for micro-sprinkling three times. In 2013-2014, 3 micro-sprinkling treatments including S2, S3 (that was S3-4 in 2012-2013) and S4 as well as 3 nitrogen treatments including N1 (45 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>), N2 (90 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>) and N3 (135 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>) were designed to clarify the effect of water-nitrogen coupling on yield formation and water utilization in winter wheat. Result showed that grain yield was higher in N2 than in N1 treatment under S3 condition; however, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in grain yield among nitrogen treatments under S2 and S4 conditions. The grain yield of S3 and S4 was higher 13.1% to 18.9% than that of S2 under N1 and N2 conditions; however, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in grain yield among micro-sprinkling times under N3 condition. Nitrogen application rate had no significant effect (P>0.05) on WUE under the same micro-sprinkling time; however, micro-sprinkling time had significant effect (P<0.05) on WUE under the same nitrogen application rate, it in S3 and S4 was 10.5% to 27.8% higher than in S2, and the higher increase occurred in S4. Increasing micro-sprinkling times improved the leaf area index at anthesis and late grain filling stage, delayed leaf senescence, increased the dry matter accumulation after anthesis and thousand grains weight, and finally increased grain yield. Increasing micro-sprinkling times reduced the total water consumption and the proportion of water consumption before anthesis, but increased the proportion of water consumption after anthesis. Appropriately increasing nitrogen application rate (N2) can further increase the dry matter accumulation and the proportion of water consumption after anthesis. Comprehensively, 4 times of micro-sprinkling under the total irrigation rate of 1500 m<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>with suitable nitrogen fertilizer rate of 90 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>in spring could realize high yield and high water use efficiency. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Crops - Efficiency - Fertilizers - Filling - Irrigation - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Water - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Increasing water-use efficiencies - Integration of water and fertilizers - Micro-sprinkling times - Nitrogen application rates - Nitrogen fertilizer rate - Water utilization - Winter wheat - Yield
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems
- 691.2 Materials Handling MethodsMaterials Handling Methods
- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally
- 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods
- 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products
- 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 15>
Accession number:20161402194522
Title:Sulfate removal effect of molasses alcohol wastewater pretreated by physical and chemical methods and its biogas production performance
Authors:Ren, Shoujun (1, 2); Sun, Yongming (1); Kong, Xiaoying (1); Wang, Yao (1); Yuan, Zhenhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; (2) Gansu Key Laboratory of Complementary Energy System of Biomass and Solar Energy, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Yongming(sunym@ms.giec.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:251-256
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Molasses alcohol wastewater normarlly contains high quantity of SO<inf>4</inf><sup>2-</sup>which can restrain the production of the biogas. In this paper, we used the activated carbon, BaCl<inf>2</inf>2H<inf>2</inf>O, Ca(OH)<inf>2</inf>and iron carbon micro cell to pretreat the molasses alcohol wastewater. Results showed that addition of 8.0 g activated carbon in 500.0 g molasses alcohol wastewater, the sulfate removal rate reached 80% and the gas production was the best which reached 437.3 mL/g. Activated carbon adsorption of sulfate can reach more than 80%, with a small amount of adsorption COD (<12%). Based on the content of S element and BaSO<inf>4</inf>molecules, in the 500 g molasses alcohol wastewater, addition of 70% of BaCl<inf>2</inf>2H<inf>2</inf>O removed all sulfuric acid. The cumulative gas production rate reached 483.2 mL/g. In the same way, addition of 70% of Ca(OH)<inf>2</inf>removed all the sulfuric acid, the cumulative gas production rate reached 436.6 mL/g, which is the relatively best. The removal rate of chemical reagents sulfate can reach 100%, and there was no effect on the COD. But the introduction of new ion could have a potential impact on the anaerobic fermentation. Calcium sulfate is slightly soluble in water, so the removal effects of sulfate is not better than that with BaCl<inf>2</inf>2H<inf>2</inf>O pretreatment, though low Ca<sup>2+</sup>concentrations can accelerate the formation of biofilm. Using the Iron carbon micro cell method to handle the molasses alcohol wastewater can effectively suppress the influence of sulfate and improve the wastewater treatment. For daily gas production rate, gas production cycle was shorter in the experimental group than the control group for 2 to 3 d. The first small peak gas production of molasses alcohol wastewater treated with iron-carbon micro-battery appeared in the first 12 d. The cumulative gas production rate with iron carbon micro cell addition can reach 451.0 mL/g which was 1.5 times of the control group. Iron-carbon micro-cell affected sulfate removal by producing iron sulfide and sulfate-reducing product FeS which precipitated in the wastewater. As such, the addition can improve the wastewater treatment. Although BaCl<inf>2</inf>2H<inf>2</inf>O could improve sulfur removal and increase gas production in treating molasses alcohol wastewater, its high cost limited its application. The iron-carbon micro battery in the gas production, although slightly lower than BaCl<inf>2</inf>2H<inf>2</inf>O had a low cost. The treatment effect of gas production performance was: 70% BaCl<inf>2</inf>2H<inf>2</inf>O> iron carbon micro cell > 8.0 g activated carbon adsorption > 70% Ca (OH)<inf>2</inf>> the control group. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Chemicals removal (water treatment)
Controlled terms:Activated carbon - Activated carbon treatment - Adsorption - Biogas - Calcium - Electric batteries - Fermentation - Gases - Iron - Miniature batteries - Sulfur compounds - Sulfuric acid - Wastewater - Wastewater treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Activated carbon adsorption - Anaerobic fermentation - Chemical method - Cumulative gas productions - Experimental groups - Gas productions - Sulfate radicals - Sulfate removal rate
Classification code:452.3 Industrial WastesIndustrial Wastes
- 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and DisposalIndustrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal
- 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels
- 545.1 IronIron
- 549.2 Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals
- 702.1 Electric BatteriesElectric Batteries
- 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations
- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally
- 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 16>
Accession number:20161402194519
Title:Process optimization of bio-hydrogen production by anaerobic fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysate supernatants of corn stalk
Authors:Zhang, Quanguo (1, 2); Sun, Tanglei (1, 2); Jing, Yanyan (1, 2); Wang, Yi (1, 2); Zhang, Yang (1, 2); Hu, Jianjun (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy of China's Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; (2) Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:233-238
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, hydrogen as eco-friendly clean energy has received the widespread attention. In numerous hydrogen production methods, anaerobic fermentation bio-hydrogen production has become a research hotspot in the field of renewable energy because it can utilize biomass raw materials effectively, reduce the agricultural waste pollution to the environment. The straw biomass is the main agricultural waste of crop production in China, which can be used to take direct or prepare molding fuel combustion and convert into biogas for comprehensive utilization generally. Cellulose content in maize straw (about 36%) is higher than that in wheat, soybean and sorghum straws, the research of cellulose energy efficient transformation in maize straw has important scientific significance and practical value. In this study, anaerobic fermentation experiments were performed for bio-hydrogen production from enzymatic hydrolyzate of corn stalk powder (<0.088 mm) using heat pretreated activated sludge as fermentation microorganism, choosing cumulative amount of hydrogen production as main experiment parameter,the influences of different factors on anaerobic fermentation bio-hydrogen production of corn stalk's enzymolysis were studied based on Box-Behnken model of response surface method. The significance of interactions between different factors during the anaerobic bio-hydrogen production process was examined and the anaerobic fermentation bio-hydrogen production process of corn stalk's enzymolysis was optimized. The results showed that temperature and enzymatic hydrolysate concentration were the factors that mostly impacted on the corn stalk anaerobic fermentation bio-hydrogen production process comparing with initial pH value. The interaction of two factors on the effect of hydrogen yield were all significant (P<0.05). Box-Behnken model was used to obtain the optimal conditions of hydrogen production. The optimal conditions were temperature of 38.32, the initial pH value of 4.93, and the enzymatic hydrolysate concentration of 20.70 mg/mL. Under such condition, the maximum hydrogen yield was 685.59 mL and the maximum hydrogen production rate was 57.13 mL/g straw. The model was validated through experiment, the actual maximum hydrogen yield can reach 659.24 mL and the hydrogen production rate was 54.94 mL/g straw, with the prediction error of 3.84%, which proved that this model had a good fitness. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Hydrogen production
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Cellulose - Cultivation - Energy efficiency - Fermentation - Fuels - Hydrogen - Optimization - pH - Straw - Surface properties - Waste incineration
Uncontrolled terms:Activated sludge - Bio-hydrogen production - Comprehensive utilizations - Corn stalk - Enzymatic hydrolysates - Hydrogen production method - Hydrogen production rate - Response surface method
Classification code:452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and DisposalIndustrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal
- 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels
- 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation
- 801.1 Chemistry, GeneralChemistry, General
- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally
- 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and DerivativesCellulose, Lignin and Derivatives
- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
- 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques
- 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 17>
Accession number:20161402194510
Title:Analysis on spatio-temporal trends and drivers in monthly NDVI during recent decades in Xinjiang, China based two datasets
Authors:Du, Jiaqiang (1, 2); Zhao, Chenxi (3); Jiaerheng, Ahati (3); Fang, Shifeng (4); Xiang, Bao (1, 2); Yin, Junqi (3); He, Ping (1, 2); Yuan, Xinjie (3); Fang, Guangling (1, 2); Shu, Jianmin (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China; (3) Institute of Arid Eco-Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang Academy of Environmental Protection Science, Urumqi, China; (4) The State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:172-181
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Vegetation plays an important role in regulating the terrestrial carbon balance and the climate system, and also overwhelmingly dominants the provisioning of ecosystem services. However, changes occurred on small temporal scales and the persistency or robustness of the changes was often not fully understood. Documentation of changes in vegetation over the most recent years is limited. These documented changes are especially important for policy development and ecosystem conservation and recovery. In this study, with GIMMS NDVI (1982-2006) and MODIS NDVI (2000-2012) datasets in Xinjiang, the spatio-temporal patterns of changes in monthly NDVI and their linkage with change in temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, humidity index and human activity were analyzed from March to November at regional and pixel scales. To detect the trend of NDVI during a given period, a least -squares linear regression was applied. To further explore the climatic factors driving NDVI change, interannual correlations between NDVI and climatic variables were calculated using Pearson correlation analysis. To analyze the temporal patterns and dynamic process, we estimated trends of NDVI and the correlation between NDVI and climatic factors over progressively longer periods of 25 to 31 years since 1982 and calculated the percentage of the area that showed a positive or negative trend in the seven nested time series. The monthly NDVI was significantly increased in all months besides November, but there were two distinct periods with opposite trends in most of these months, especially in June to September, from which it increased before 1998 or 1997 or decreased after 1998 or 1997. The trend of reversal of NDVI change also led to that the rate of NDVI increase was notably slowed or stopped as the NDVI record grew in an incremental length from 1982-2006, 1982-2007, &mellip;, to 1982-2012 for March-October. At pixel scale, the areas with significantly change of NDVI in size highly significantly (P<0.01) increased during seven periods in most months, especially for those with a significant (P<0.05) decrease trend. The rate of increase in size of areas with significant decreasing NDVI was larger than that with significant increasing NDVI in all nine months. Consequently, this caused stall or slow increase of regional scale NDVI. The response of vegetation NDVI to climate change for different months was different. The response of NDVI in March-June and September-November was more sensitive to thermal indicator, such as temperature and evapotranspiration. The correlation between NDVI and precipitation and humidity index was stronger in July-August, and areas with significant (P<0.05) correlation were larger. Moreover, the effects of spring temperature on vegetation growth were more substantial at high elevations, such as Altai Mountains, Tianshan Mountains, than that at low elevation. In addition, the impact of climate on vegetation became more significant over a longer time scale. Meanwhile, change in NDVI was significantly (P<0.05) affected by human activities. The change of planting structure and farming methods were also the driving factors. The promotion of agricultural production such as the rapid increase in the proportion of cotton cultivation and the change from flood to drip irrigation may reduce March-May NDVI in some farmland areas. The difference in study time spanning generates different results. Trend analysis during the multiple nested time series may contribute to a better and thorough understanding of NDVI dynamic. Extending the time series as much as possible and focusing on the course of change are particularly important in studies that monitor vegetation dynamics and its relationship with climate change. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Climate change
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Carbon - Correlation methods - Cultivation - Ecology - Ecosystems - Evapotranspiration - Irrigation - Pixels - Precipitation (chemical) - Temperature - Time series - Time series analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Ecosystem services - NDVI - Pearson correlation analysis - Spatiotemporal patterns - Spring temperatures - Vegetation dynamics - Xinjiang
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties
- 454.3 Ecology and EcosystemsEcology and Ecosystems
- 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
- 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations
- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally
- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
- 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods
- 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 18>
Accession number:20161402194518
Title:Relation of ferrum in different forms and ferric iron plaque of plant root with phosphorus removal in plant-biofilm oxide ditch
Authors:Liu, Wen (1, 2); Zhang, Jiantao (2); Zhou, Yipin (1); Chen, Ping (1); Lei, Zexiang (1); Liu, Hui (1); Wu, Qitang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China; (2) South China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agro-environments in Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Qitang(qitangwu@pub.guangzhou.gd.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:228-232
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Oxide ditch technology for wastewater treatment has been developed recently with such advantages as simple treatment flow, high stability, low capital construction investment and low operation cost. But the conventional oxide ditch still has many shortcomings as a type of deformation technology of activated sludge processes. For example sludge is easily suspending and expanding in the system, and single technology can bring lower removal efficiency on nitrogen and phosphorus (P). In order to solve these problems, a new type of oxidation ditch treatment system, plant-biofilm oxide ditch was developed in our laboratory, which combined the phytoremediation and biofilm technology with the oxidation ditch system and was applied to lake water surface for in-situ wastewater treatment. The simulation test and the plant-biofilm oxidation ditch small-scale experiment were carried out, and the removal of total phosphorus (TP), and the relationship between ferrum and aeration time, as well as the P absorption and removal by the ferric iron (Fe) plaque on the root surface of Canna generalis and Zizania cadaciflora in wastewater were investigated, in order to figure out the correlation between Fe in different forms and ferric iron plaque of plant root and P removal. Results showed that there was a close relationship between P removal and aerated time, Fe in different forms, ferric iron plaque of plant root in wastewater. The Fe<sup>3+</sup>concentration of discharge water went up, but the P concentration descended after wastewater was treated by oxidation ditch system. When the aerated time was 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h, the reduced amount of Fe increased by degrees on the whole with the extension of aeration time. When aerated for 12 h, the decline extent of Fe concentration in wastewater was very high, and the reduced amount of Fe was up to 0.45 mg/L. After the aerated time preponderated over 12 h, the decline extent of Fe concentration in wastewater was decreased. The relevance between the reduced amount of Fe and the aeration time reached a very significant level (P<0.01), while the correlation between the reduced amount of TP and the reduced amount of Fe also had a very significant correlation (P<0.01). In the small-scale test, the concentrations of P, Fe and Fe<sup>2+</sup>in the effluent of 3 systems all decreased to some extent and the reduced amounts exhibited as Zizania cadaciflora system > Canna generalissy stem > control system. Additionally, the ferric iron plaque of Canna and Zizania root surface could absorb P. The deposition of iron oxide on the root surface of Canna generalis and Zizania cadaciflora increased with the operation time increasing, and the amounts of iron plaque and absorbed P on Zizania cadaciflora root surface both exceeded that of Canna generalis. The amounts of ferric iron plaque were up to 3096 and 1595 mg/kg respectively for Zizania cadaciflora and Canna generalis. The correlation analysis result showed that the relationship between P and ferric iron plaque on enrichment root surface had positive correlation (P<0.05). The experimental research provides theoretic and practical basis for the improvement, further application and generalization of plant-biofilm oxide ditch. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Chemicals removal (water treatment)
Controlled terms:Activated sludge process - Biofilms - Bioremediation - Effluents - Iron - Nitrogen removal - Oxidation - Phosphorus - Pollution control - Sewage lagoons - Sewage treatment plants - Soil pollution control - Wastewater treatment - Water pollution control
Uncontrolled terms:Construction investments - Experimental research - Iron plaques - Nitrogen and phosphorus - Oxidation ditch - Positive correlations - Removal efficiencies - Small-scale experiment
Classification code:452 Municipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and DisposalMunicipal and Industrial Wastes; Waste Treatment and Disposal
- 453.2 Water Pollution ControlWater Pollution Control
- 454.2 Environmental Impact and ProtectionEnvironmental Impact and Protection
- 462.5 Biomaterials (including synthetics)Biomaterials (including synthetics)
- 545.1 IronIron
- 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions
- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 19>
Accession number:20161402194498
Title:Improvement of montmorillonite dispersion and water absorption/dehydration of water-release coated materials with appropriate dispersants addition
Authors:Zhang, Chaojie (1); Zhang, Zengzhi (1); Chen, Xinglong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research Institute of Ecological and Functional Materials, School of Mechanical Electronic and Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Zengzhi(942278417@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:82-87
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Polyacrylamide (PAM)/montmorillonite (MMT) composite guide water-release coated materials can apply to the desertification control, but there is a problem in the process of materials preparation since concentration ratio is inaccurate caused by gravity and others. Adding dispersants is one of methods to solve the imbalance concentration ratio problem of PAM/MMT composite guide water-release coated materials. This study focused on the properties of water-release coated material after added different dispersants including polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The mass ratios of PAM and dispersants were 1:0.60 (PVP), 1:0.20(PVA), 1:0.25 (SDS) (mass ratios were based on the pre-experimental study on dispersants for suspension of the compound solution). The film-forming property of fiber bundle and the structure of coating microstructure were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Water absorption and dehydration characteristics of the composite materials were studied by the thermal analyzer and weight analysis. Infrared spectrometer could analyze the chemical composition of the composite materials. The scanning electron microscopy results showed that the composite material (mass ratios of PAM and MMT was 1:10) adding dispersants including PVP, PVA, and SDS, could improve its film-forming property and dispersion property of MMT in the network structure of PAM. The film-forming property was the best after adding PVA, and the dispersion property of MMT in polymer was best after adding the 3 dispersants. Water absorption and dehydration property analysis by thermal analyzer and weight analysis revealed that PAM/MMT/SDS composite material was best, followed by PAM/MMT composite material, then PAM/MMT/PVP composite material and PAM/MMT/PVA composite material. Water absorption rate of PAM/MMT/SDS composite could reach 14 g/g at about 110 min, and its release moisture content could reach 2.08 g/g at about 100 min. The infrared spectrum analysis of composite water-release coated materials showed that the stretching vibration absorption peak wave number of Si-O-Si was 1043.1 cm<sup>-1</sup>, and stone silica's wave number was 796.9 cm<sup>-1</sup>. There were not new wave number appeared, and some occurred an offset. No new substances were formed in the composite material after adding dispersants, and MMT particles were attached in the network structure of PAM and dispersants mixture network structure. Comparably, PVA was good at forming and strengthening film, but its water holding capacity was worse; while the SDS was the opposite. PVP was between the 2 dispersants. In practice, it needs to choose dispersants based on the requirements of application. The study provides valuable information for accurate determination of formula in the water-release coated materials preparation. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Coated materials
Controlled terms:Absorption spectroscopy - Chemical analysis - Clay minerals - Coatings - Composite materials - Dehydration - Dispersion (waves) - Dispersions - Electron microscopy - Film preparation - Polyacrylates - Scanning electron microscopy - Sodium dodecyl sulfate - Sodium sulfate - Spectrum analysis - Stretching - Structural properties - Thermoanalysis - Vibration analysis - Water absorption
Uncontrolled terms:Coating microstructures - Dispersants - Film-forming properties - Materials preparations - Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) - Water absorption rates - Water holding capacity - Water release
Classification code:482.2 MineralsMinerals
- 535.2 Metal FormingMetal Forming
- 801 ChemistryChemistry
- 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions
- 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations
- 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial ChemicalsChemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals
- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally
- 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds
- 813 Coatings and FinishesCoatings and Finishes
- 813.2 Coating MaterialsCoating Materials
- 815.1.1 Organic PolymersOrganic Polymers
- 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 20>
Accession number:20161402194513
Title:Equine diseases auxiliary diagnosis expert system based on fuzzy rule promotion theory
Authors:Qin, Hongyu (1); Li, Jianxin (1); Gao, Xiang (1); Wang, Huan (1); Xiao, Jianhua (1); Wang, Hongbin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Hongbin(hbwang1940@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:194-199
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Many diagnosis expert systems for equine had been developed in the past, but there are no in-depth studies for the equine disease diagnosis expert system. And also most of the traditional expert systems are used by the conventional inference approach. The domain expert confidence factor (CF) for each rule of diseases is kept unchanged with its original value in conventional inference approach. So most of the traditional expert systems have a static knowledge base with static inference, and the decision power of these systems remains same through the life cycle of the system. In fact, the progress of equine knowledge requires modification of the knowledge base and rule base in the system. In this paper, we suggested a new approach for providing the intelligence in the system for diagnosis of the equine diseases. This experiment was conducted to develop a remote auxiliary equine diseases diagnosis expert system. By collecting and analyzing the experiences of diagnosis and treatment from experts on equine disease, the numerical expression of the equine diseases diagnosis knowledge was developed. The knowledge of equine diseases was represented with the method called object-attribute-value triples act (referred as O-A-V act) that combined with the generative formula. As such, it was easy to extract knowledge rules and these rules were used for inference mechanism. Using the confidence factor, multi-valued logic was used to represent the rules of confidence level. In this paper, we suggested a new inference method which was based on use of a fuzzy rule promotion theory. This approach can enhance the intelligence of the disease diagnosis system. If a rule was repeatedly used in corrective diagnostic results, it was then promoted to a higher confidence factor by the rule promotion factor (PCF), and the PCF was the original confidence factor in the next diagnosis session. In short, the dynamic PCF which was generated in the past dialogue was used instead of static CF in the final decision making process. The dynamically promoted rules were derived from those diagnosis sessions, which resulted in successful decisions. This enabled more efficient decision making in the future sessions. With this approach, it was not only decreasing the number of interactive between the system and the users, but also leading to acceptable diagnostic results. Based on the research of knowledge representation and inference mechanism, an auxiliary diagnostic expert system of equine diseases based on Microsoft.Net and SQL Server 2008 was designed and developed. It provided online help to equine farmers and extension workers in China. For the inference engine of system, we used the fuzzy rule promotion methodology that matched facts against conditions and determined which rules were applicable. Also, it automatically revised the confidence factor of each rule. The system performance test was conducted by 804 disease test cases. The successful and unsuccessful diagnosis consultation sessions were noted each time. By thirteen iteration tests, it showed that diagnostic accuracy of the system was closed to 92.28%. It proved that the method was a new way to enhance the diagnostic intelligence. The system met basic requirement of users. Suggestion for future improvement is needed to modify the rule promotion theory by minimizing the errors in the estimation of confidence factor and then estimation of the promoted confidence factor of the rule. By constantly maintaining and updating the knowledge base, and enriching the knowledge base, the system can definitely have a wide application in the countrywide. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Diagnosis
Controlled terms:Decision making - Diseases - Expert systems - Fuzzy inference - Fuzzy rules - Iterative methods - Knowledge based systems - Knowledge representation - Life cycle - Many valued logics
Uncontrolled terms:Confidence factors - Diagnostic accuracy - Diagnostic expert system - Equine - Future improvements - Inference mechanism - Promotion methodology - Rule promotion
Classification code:461.6 Medicine and PharmacologyMedicine and Pharmacology
- 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming TheoryComputer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory
- 723.4 Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence
- 723.4.1 Expert SystemsExpert Systems
- 912.2 ManagementManagement
- 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 21>
Accession number:20161402194502
Title:Optimal drip fertigation amount improving muskmelon yield, quality and use efficiency of water and nitrogen in plastic greenhouse of gravel-mulched field
Authors:Du, Shaoping (1); Ma, Zhongming (2); Xue, Liang (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Vegetables, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; (2) Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; (3) Institute of Soil, Fertilizer and Water-saving Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
Corresponding author:Ma, Zhongming(mazhming@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:112-119
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to solve water and fertilizer problem in the actual production of muskmelon in plastic greenhouse of gravel-mulched field, the effects of the different management mode of water and fertilizer on plant growth, yield, quality and use efficiency of water and nitrogen of muskmelon in plastic greenhouse under gravel-mulched field were studied in 2013, the study was to set up a new model of water-saving, good quality and high yield evaluation for muskmelon cultivation in the arid regions of northwest china. The experiment site was Gaolan Experiment Station in Lanzhou city, Gansu province, China. Six treatments were designed including two control treatments and four drip fertigation treatments, control treatments including two nitrogen levels (CK<inf>0</inf>and CK, N 0 and 180 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>) under the traditional flood irrigation, and drip fertigation treatments including 4 nitrogen levels (T<inf>1</inf>, N 0 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>; T<inf>2</inf>, N 180 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>; T<inf>3</inf>, N 108 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>; T<inf>4</inf>, N 252 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>). Each block was 3 m×4.8 m with 30 plants; blocks were separated by 70 cm deep plastic film to prevent the cross penetration of water and fertilizer. The photosynthesis rate was measured with portable photosynthesis systems between 8:00 am -18:00 pm on fruit enlarging period. The dry matter accumulation and N accumulation amount at different growth stages, yield, quality, use efficiency of water and nitrogen of muskmelon were measured. The results showed that drip fertigation treatments could improved the photosynthesis of muskmelon, and the photosynthesis rate of T<inf>2</inf>treatment increased by 21.26% and 13.90% respectively compared to CK at 12:00 and 14:00, and average water use efficiency of drip fertigation treatments increased by 2.55%-12.44% compared to CK. Dry matter accumulation of muskmelon plant had no significant difference between flood irrigation and drip irrigation under the same nitrogen levels between seedling stage to flowering stage, dry matter accumulation of T<inf>2</inf>treatment increased by 22.89% and 28.10% significantly (P<0.05) compared to CK respectively at expanding stage and maturing stage. Compared to CK, the drip fertigation treatments increased the yield by 7.40%-14.35%, soluble solid content by 5.00%-9.38%, vitamin C content by 11.52%-16.13%, and the use efficiency of water and nitrogen by 28.81%-40.65% and 22.78%-77.22%, respectively, but reduced nitrate content by 15.55%-27.93%. Besides, drip irrigation could reduce mass fraction of soil in the sand layer, so the service life of gravel-mulched field was extended. Between different nitrogen levels under drip irrigation, dry matter and nitrogen accumulation of plant increased with increasing nitrogen fertilization level. The yield of T<inf>2</inf>and T<inf>3</inf>treatments were 38189.34 and 36585.15 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>respectively, and soluble solid content were 17.5% and 17.1%, respectively, which were the highest among all the treatments. Excessive nitrogen fertilizer could reduce vitamin C content and increase nitrate content of fruit. Nitrogen use efficiency of T<inf>3</inf>treatment was 37.73%, which was the highest among all the treatments, and increased by 44.34% and 42.81% compared to T<inf>2</inf>and T<inf>4</inf>treatments respectively. Water use efficiency of T<inf>2</inf>and T<inf>3</inf>treatment were 30.07 and 29.67 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively, which was the highest among all the treatments, and increased by 20.76% and 19.16% compared to T<inf>1</inf>treatment, respectively. The yield, quality and water and nitrogen use efficiency were the highest for T<inf>2</inf>and T<inf>3</inf>treatments. So, drip fertigation was efficient management mode of water and fertilizer for muskmelon cultivation in plastic greenhouse of gravel-mulched field in the arid area of northwest china, and the optimal nitrogen rate was 108-180 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Nitrogen fertilizers
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Efficiency - Fertilizers - Floods - Fruits - Gravel - Greenhouses - Image quality - Irrigation - Nitrates - Nitrogen - Photosynthesis - Quality control - Water conservation
Uncontrolled terms:Different growth stages - Dry matter accumulation - Muskmelon - Nitrogen accumulation - Nitrogen fertilization level - Nitrogen-use efficiency - Use efficiency - Yield
Classification code:444 Water ResourcesWater Resources
- 741.1 Light/OpticsLight/Optics
- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally
- 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds
- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
- 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering
- 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 22>
Accession number:20161402194493
Title:Error analysis of dynamic localization tests based on binocular stereo vision on litchi harvesting manipulator
Authors:Ye, Min (1); Zou, Xiangjun (1); Luo, Lufeng (1); Liu, Nian (1); Mo, Yuda (1); Chen, Mingyou (1); Wang, Chengling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Zou, Xiangjun(xjzou1@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:50-56
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The random error caused by disturbance is the bottleneck of vision positioning of harvesting manipulator. In order to improve the work-efficiency and positioning accuracy of litchi harvesting manipulator, the precise positioning of litchi picking point was studied. Firstly, a binocular stereo vision and an added vibration table to simulate external force disturbance were used to detect the picking point coordinates. The experiment was conducted using the mechanism and the vision-positioning experimental platform based on binocular vision in laboratory. The cameras used in the test and that on the manipulator were the same. The vibration table created perturbation in three coordinate directions. The corresponding perturbation was close to that when conducting outdoor work in a dynamic environment (such as mechanism vibration or wind). A calibration plate was used as a reference to detected positions in the horizontal direction, and a laser rangefinder was used to measure ground truth in the depth direction. The accuracy reported by the specs of calibration plate and laser rangefinder were ±0.2 mm and ±1 mm, respectively. After measuring the ground-truth position, the errors were calculated. Secondly, an error analysis scheme was proposed. The errors resulting from vision positioning system were divided into original positioning and random positioning errors according to the change rules. The positioning errors under static conditions were regarded as original positioning errors. Random positioning errors were resulted from the influence of unknown external forces. Finally, the quantitative analysis and evaluation of the errors were separately determined by statistical methods. The results showed that the variation trend of original positioning errors was basically consistent with random positioning errors in the distance of 600 to 1000 m. The maximum errors obtained were 58.8 in vision depth direction and 17.3 mm in horizontal direction. The positioning precision in horizontal direction was high. Errors in vision depth direction were considerably larger than errors in horizontal direction. The original error achieved a narrow confidence interval. The original positioning errors in vision depth direction and distances were linear, while the errors in horizontal direction were nonlinear. The random positioning errors under dynamic environment were normally distributed. The random positioning errors in vision depth direction had no obvious connection with errors in horizontal direction. The random positioning errors in vision depth direction, which were greatly influenced by the disturbance, showed a low positioning accuracy and were worse than the errors in horizontal direction. So the disturbance restraint in vision depth direction should be improved. The experiment results can be used to calibrate vision system and layout the vision positioning scheme under dynamic environment. Meanwhile, a mathematical model of error tolerance was established. As the existing end-effectors cannot conduct error tolerance for random error, it also provided a theoretical basis for error -tolerant design of fruit-picking end-effector. Indoor positioning and grasping experiments were conducted for litchi using the manipulator based on the binocular vision. The picking success rate was over 90%. The results verified the applicability of the error-tolerant design. In summary, a precise positioning measurement was proposed based on institutions and vision positioning, and random positioning error could be compensated for by the mechanism of error tolerance. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Stereo vision
Controlled terms:Binocular vision - Calibration - Computer vision - Cosine transforms - Dynamics - End effectors - Error analysis - Errors - Fault tolerance - Harvesting - Manipulators - Normal distribution - Random errors - Range finders - Robots - Stereo image processing
Uncontrolled terms:Analysis and evaluation - Binocular stereo vision - Disturbance restraint - Dynamic environments - Experimental platform - Litchi - Positioning - Positioning precision
Classification code:723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing
- 731.5 RoboticsRobotics
- 741.2 VisionVision
- 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods
- 921.3 Mathematical TransformationsMathematical Transformations
- 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory
- 943.1 Mechanical InstrumentsMechanical Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 23>
Accession number:20161402194530
Title:Rapid detection of oil content and 3-dimensional reconstruction of microstructure of fried lotus root
Authors:Zhu, Yaodi (1); Zou, Xiaobo (1); Shen, Tingting (1); Hu, Xuetao (1); Zhao, Jiewen (1); Shi, Jiyong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Corresponding author:Zou, Xiaobo(zou_xiaobo@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:302-306
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Recently consumption trends towards healthier and low fat products have played a significant impact on the snack industry. Lotus root slice is a kind of fried food. To improve and simplify the prediction model of oil content of fried lotus root slice, the synergy interval partial least squares (siPLS) and the net analyte signal (NAS) method were combined to search for the optimized informative spectral wavelengths about oil content from the high spectrum of fried lotus root slices, and then the spectral model was developed on the basis of oil content. Then the oil distribution in fried lotus root slices was non-destructively and rapidly measured by the step multiple linear regression (SMLR) models. Finally, the oil was stained by the Nile red. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a new technology that can be used to observe the microstructure and oil distribution of fried lotus root slices after frying at atmosphere. A series of optical sectioning at different depths were obtained and then treated to make volumetric reconstructions. The results showed that the spectra were preprocessed by the SNV method and divided into 27 intervals, among which 4 subsets, i.e. No. 8, 10, 12 and 16 were selected by the siPLS. Then the NAS was used to characterize the net signals of oil content from the fried lotus root slice's spectra, which were used for regression variables of the NAS model. The NAS calibration model was obtained with the correlation coefficient of 0.819 in prediction set, and the root mean square error of 0.682 mg/g dry solid in prediction set. It proved that the siPLS-NAS could determine the optimal variables in high spectrum and improve the accuracy of model. In addition, the results showed that after frying, the cellular structures were well conserved in terms of shape and size. Oil showed to be mainly located on the surface of the crust formed. Oil remained in the enlarged intercellular space during the washing or the frying operation or in the damaged cells partially filled with starch. Cell detachment, because of starch swelling and dehydration, seemed to be the preferential connection between cell layers. The positive effect of frying at atmosphere on oil uptake reduction could be the restriction of these connections. Overall, this study has an important significance for decreasing oil uptake in terms of microstructure changes. Besides, it provides reliable data and effective means for the future study. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Oils and fats
Controlled terms:Confocal microscopy - Food processing - Forecasting - Image reconstruction - Laser applications - Least squares approximations - Linear regression - Mean square error - Microstructure - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis - Starch - Surface analysis
Uncontrolled terms:3D reconstruction - Confocal laser scanning microscopy - Hyper-spectral images - Lotus root slices - Oil contents - Oil distributions - Oils
Classification code:744.9 Laser ApplicationsLaser Applications
- 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
- 822.2 Food Processing OperationsFood Processing Operations
- 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods
- 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics
- 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.044
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 24>
Accession number:20161402194514
Title:Numerical simulation and validation on heat exchange performance of pile spiral coil ground heat exchanger
Authors:Yang, Weibo (1); Yang, Jingjing (1); Kong, Lei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Hydraulic & Energy Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:200-205
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The new trends in energy savings and greenhouse gas reductions are expecting to explore the utilization of shallow geothermal energy. The most popular way to exploit shallow geothermal energy resources is the ground coupled heat pump (GCHP) system with using ground as a heat source. Because underground temperature is rather constant compared with ambient air temperature, the GCHP could achieve higher efficiency as well as more stable performance compared with traditional air source heat pumps. Thus the GCHP system becomes increasingly popular in commercial and institutional buildings. In general, a vertical borehole with ground heat exchanger (GHE) is used as the mainstream of GCHP system. However, the wide application of this type of GCHP technology has been limited by its higher initial cost and substantial land areas required to install the GHE. For this reason, the foundation piles of buildings have been used as part of GHE in recent years to reduce the cost of drilling borehole and save the required land area. This innovative idea of utilizing what are usually called "energy piles", has led to notable progress in the field of GCHP systems. It has become particularly attractive because it lowers total cost and spatial requirements, and offers the higher renewable contribution. In this paper, a novel configuration of an energy pile with a spiral coil was proposed. In order to investigate the effects of various factors on heat exchange performance of the pile spiral coil GHE, a numerical model of the pile with a spiral coil was developed. Based on the numerical solution of the model, the effects of pile diameter, pile depth, spiral coil group number and soil type on the heat exchange rate and soil temperature distribution of the spiral pile GHE were analyzed. The results indicated that increasing foundation pile diameter can improve the thermal storage capacity and thus enhance heat exchange rate of pile. But increase in foundation pile diameter can also result in the decrease of heat exchange rate per unit pipe length. So the pile diameter cannot be increased unlimitedly. At the same time, increasing the pile depth can improve the heat exchange rate of pile, and have little influence on heat exchange rate per unit pipe length. Thus the thermal performance of pile foundation can be improved by increasing pile depth. As for soil type, among clay, sand and sandstone, the sandstone was most conductive to the pile heat transfer and thus the soil temperature rise rate was minimum. On the contrary, the clay was the worst for heat transfer of pile foundation and soil temperature rise rate was the fastest among the three soil types. Additionally, increasing spiral pipe group number helped to improve heat exchange rate, but the heat exchange rate per unit length can be reduced largely. The experimental validation showed that the heat transfer rate and soil temperature predicted by the model were in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data, and the maximum relative errors were within 9.7% and 9.2% for heat transfer rate and soil temperature, respectively. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Piles
Controlled terms:Air source heat pumps - Computer simulation - Costs - Digital storage - Energy conservation - Energy resources - Finance - Foundations - Geothermal energy - Geothermal heat pumps - Greenhouse gases - Heat exchangers - Heat pump systems - Heat storage - Heat transfer - Numerical models - Pile driving - Pile foundations - Sandstone - Soils - Temperature - Temperature distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental validations - Greenhouse gas reductions - Ground-coupled heat pump systems - Heat exchange performance - Maximum relative errors - Shallow geothermal energies - Simulation and validation - Underground temperature
Classification code:405.2 Construction MethodsConstruction Methods
- 408.2 Structural Members and ShapesStructural Members and Shapes
- 451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources
- 481.3.1 Geothermal PhenomenaGeothermal Phenomena
- 482.2 MineralsMinerals
- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics
- 483.2 FoundationsFoundations
- 525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues
- 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation
- 616.1 Heat Exchange Equipment and ComponentsHeat Exchange Equipment and Components
- 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
- 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer
- 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and TechniquesData Storage, Equipment and Techniques
- 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications
- 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
- 921 MathematicsMathematics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 25>
Accession number:20161402194496
Title:Development and experiment of automatic duck feeding device with opening way for paddy
Authors:Ren, Wentao (1); Wang, Yue (1); Kong, Aiju (1); Xin, Mingjin (1); Song, Yuqiu (1); Wu, Liyan (1); Liu, Cuihong (1); Cui, Hongguang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:70-76
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The technology of raising duck in paddy filed has good economic and ecological benefits for rice based agriculture. The past studies are usually only based on interaction effect between ducks and paddy. In this paper, we took the development of automatic duck feeding equipment that could adapt environment of paddy as its study object. Equipment for both automatic feeding system and automatic door system are crucial issues needed to be solved by adequate design, calculation and testing. Through the relevant experiment for the speed of ducks returning to cages, we gained optimal speed of the automatic door was 5r/min. The automatic door of the related calculation showed that the adaptive quality of the automatic door was 4.15 kg, moment of inertia was 0.24 kg·m<sup>2</sup>. The time of accelerating speed of automatic doors from 0 to 5 r/min was 0.0067s. According to the dynamic theory, we obtained the minimum torque of automatic door was 9.8 N·m. Automatic door powered by 15W DC gear motor. The DC gear motor can produce 28.6 N·m torque, which can meet the designed door requirement. Due to the hopper placed in the paddy field, feed was from more easily formed arch by affecting with damp, which influenced the control precision of feed quantity. So hopper with break-arch by vibration needed to be designed. For different kinds of feed angle of repose, the hopper's cone angle was designed to 60°. Taking advantage of the relationship between the DC motor armature current and DC motor torque, we measured the range of variation of torque during hopper discharging operation. The result showed that the minimum change rate of hopper torque appeared in transitional position between the body and the cone part, and the maximal load torque of the hopper was 47.79 N in the process of running. Based on the result of load torque, 24 V, 160 W 7.5 r/min DC gear motor was selected in the actuality. The optimal parameters of the break-arch that were measured by using of three factors at three levels orthogonal test were vibration eccentricity for 30 mm, rotating speed of 1200 r/min, vibration source location as below. Using the ternary quadratic orthogonal regression experiment of field experiment, we conducted researches on the optimal parameter between audio and automatic control system for maximizing the return rate of ducks. According to absolute value of coefficient in the regression equation, the factors affecting the rate of ducks return to cages were delay time of automatic door, sonic loudness and interaction between delay time of automatic door and sonic loudness in rank from big to small. At the same time, the maximum rate of ducks return to the cage was 98% from the equation in theory. Field experiment results showed that the closed delay time of automatic door was 1 min and sonic loudness was 100 dB, which would make the return rate of ducks achieve more than 97.5%. Under the same feeding condition, contrast experiment between manual feeding and automatic feeding was carried out. The test results showed that average weight of ducks in every week was not significant difference (P>0.05), which meant the designed automatic equipment could achieve the same result compared with manual feeding. The results were of great significance for improving automation level of rice-duck technology, accelerating the promotion and application of rice-duck technology. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:DC motors
Controlled terms:Arches - Automation - Doors - Earnings - Equipment - Feeding - Hoppers - Torque - Torque measurement
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic equipments - Automatic feeding systems - Motor armature currents - Orthogonal regression - Raising duck - Rate of return - Rice fields - Vibration eccentricities
Classification code:402 Buildings and TowersBuildings and Towers
- 408.2 Structural Members and ShapesStructural Members and Shapes
- 691.1 Materials Handling EquipmentMaterials Handling Equipment
- 691.2 Materials Handling MethodsMaterials Handling Methods
- 705.3.2 DC MotorsDC Motors
- 731 Automatic Control Principles and ApplicationsAutomatic Control Principles and Applications
- 901 Engineering ProfessionEngineering Profession
- 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics
- 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids
- 943.2 Mechanical Variables MeasurementsMechanical Variables Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 26>
Accession number:20161402194512
Title:Fast estimation method for time-series forest LAI at small and medium regional scale
Authors:Lu, Wei (1); Fan, Wenyi (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Fan, Wenyi(fanwy@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:188-193
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to solve the problem of low spatial heterogeneity of MODIS LAI products when used in regions of small and medium scale, in this paper, we presented a new method for the fast estimation of time-series LAI. LAI growth function is closely related with forest type, forest age and forest density. The normalized LAI growth function is associated with forest type and age of stand and is irrelevant with forest density. Due to the differences of LAI from different position caused by different forest density, LAI growth function of a large area can not represent the partial regions inside it, which means the LAI extracted from MODIS LAI product pixel can not represent the LAI of the internal parts. But leaves of the same forest type at the same age have a similar growth trend, namely, the normalized LAI growth function from the same forest type and age is basically the same. So the normalized LAI growth function obtained from a larger MODIS grid region with the same forest type and forest age can basically represent the normalized growth state of leaves from the sub-region within it. If the maximum LAI and normalized LAI function of the subregion are obtained, LAI growth function can be estimated based on the basis of formula. First of all, the MODIS LAI data sets were pre-processed. The MODIS time-series LAI curves were extracted from LAI MODIS raster data sets, and non normal seasonal fluctuations of LAI time-series curves were found. This study used Locally Adjusted Cubic-Spline Capping, namely LACC, to solve the problem of the non normal seasonal fluctuations. Based on the local weighted regression method, the LACC algorithm proposed by Chen et al was developed for the curve fitting and smoothing of abnormal data. In the framework of the method proposed by this paper, firstly, we extracted the MODIS time-series LAI cures of two broad-leaved forest samples and a mixed forest sample, and compared them with their own observed time-series LAI. A large deviation between the MODIS time-series LAI value and observed time-series LAI value was presented, but their normalized LAI values matched well, indicating that the normalized LAI growth curve obtained from the larger regions (MODIS pixels) could simulate the normalized LAI growth of the partial region of the large region (sample plots). Based on those conclusions, the normalized growth curves of MODIS LAI were extracted to simulate the annual variation of LAI in the studied area, and then the normalized LAI curves was fitted by using the three spline interpolation function to simulate the variation of LAI in study area at daily step. Secondly, according to the research results of LAI estimation model by Zhu Gaolong for Maoershan study area in 2011, RSR ( reduced simple ratio) had the best correlation with effective LAI, and it was most suitable for the LAI estimation. Based on the traditional remote sensing statistical model proposed by Zhu and TM remote sensing data, LAI was estimated after leaves completely expanded, namely the maximum LAI, which was the peak of the curve and by which the curve was controlled. Twenty LAI values observed in July 31, 2011 were used to verify the LAI maximum layer with R<sup>2</sup>of 0.747. Finally, the normalized LAI fitting function and the maximum LAI were multiplied to obtain the time-series LAI data sets. The results showed that for directly estimated value of higher spatial resolution LAI on small and medium regional scale, the MODIS LAI products were not accurate and suitable, but the normalized MODIS LAI growth curve maintained high consistency with the normalized observed LAI and was used to simulate the annual change of real LAI. Moreover, the proposed method in this paper simply and efficiently provided time-series LAI data for other studies on small and medium regional scale. The fast estimation of time-series LAI proposed by this paper also had the following features: 1) the method can be applied to the region where the forest types are relatively simple and the age structure is not complicated. If the study area does not meet such situation, researchers should optimize this method by distinguishing age groups in each forest type; 2) the estimation accuracy of the LAI maximum layer estimated from TM data, which this method has certain dependence on, should be ensured above a certain precision. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Forestry
Controlled terms:Curve fitting - Interpolation - Pixels - Radiometers - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Time series analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Broad-leaved forests - Leaf Area Index - Local weighted regression - Reduced simple ratio - Seasonal fluctuations - Spatial heterogeneity - Spline interpolation function - Statistical modeling
Classification code:921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods
- 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics
- 944.7 Radiation Measuring InstrumentsRadiation Measuring Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 27>
Accession number:20161402194504
Title:Estimation of evapotranspiration and soil evaporation of winter wheat in arid region of Northwest China based on SIMDualKc model
Authors:Wang, Zishen (1, 2); Cai, Huanjie (1, 2); Yu, Lianyu (1, 2); Wang, Xiaowen (1, 2); Shi, Xiaohu (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid Area, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (2) Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Cai, Huanjie(caihj@nwsuaf.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:126-136
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Crop evapotranspiration (ET<inf>C</inf>) consists of transpiration and soil evaporation. It is important to know the proportion of transpiration and soil evaporation in field of agricultural water saving. The dual crop coefficient approach can calculate transpiration and soil evaporation by dividing a crop coefficient (K<inf>c</inf>) into a basal crop coefficient (K<inf>cb</inf>) and a soil evaporation coefficient (K<inf>e</inf>). In this study, we used SIMDualKc model, a computer model developed by using the theory of dual crop coefficient approach, to calculate evapotranspiration and soil evaporation of winter wheat under different irrigation schedules in arid region Northwest China. Before modeling, a 2-year water-controlled experiment of winter wheat was conducted to calibrate and validate SIMDualKc model. Evapotranspiration was observed by a large-scale weighing lysimeter or calculated by water balance approach, and soil evaporation in 2013-2014 was measured by a micro-lysimeter. We compared the observed evapotranspiration and soil evaporation with the simulated ones. The regression coefficient (b), determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>), root mean square error (RMSE), average absolute error (AAE), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR) and index of agreement were used to evaluate the errors between observed and simulated evapotranspiration and soil evaporation. The results showed that the SIMDualKc model could accurately simulate evapotranspiration and soil evaporation of winter wheat under different irrigation schedules. Modeling result showed that the key water requirement period of winter wheat was from jointing to grain filling stage, and the soil evaporation ratio in the whole winter wheat growth stage was highest in the mid season stage, followed by the late season stage, crop development stage, and initial stage. On the basis of the simulation, we investigated the relationship between soil evaporation ratio and meteorological factors (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, average relative humidity, wind speed at 2 m above ground surface, solar radiation), and crop factor (ground surface coverage) by using the path analysis method. The result showed that the irrigation only affected soil evaporation in a short period, while ground surface coverage affected it most in a long period with a total indirect influential coefficient of -0.857. A regression model of soil evaporation ratio and ground surface coverage was developed by using the soil evaporation ratio simulated by SIMDualKc model and the ground surface observed in the field experiment. The regression model could accurately calculate soil evaporation of winter wheat under different water conditions with determination coefficients 0.721-0.902 and it could be used as a simplified method to calculate soil evaporation. These findings confirmed that SIMDualKc model was a useful tool to study the change of evapotranspiration and soil evaporation under different irrigation schedules. The further study should focus on the integration of SIMDualKc model and other crop growth models. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Evapotranspiration
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Crops - Errors - Evaporation - Grain growth - Irrigation - Lysimeters - Mean square error - Models - Regression analysis - Scales (weighing instruments) - Soil surveys - Soils - Transpiration - Water conservation - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Average absolute error - Basal crop coefficients - Crop evapotranspiration - Determination coefficients - Influential coefficient - Root mean square errors - Soil evaporation coefficients - Winter wheat
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties
- 444 Water ResourcesWater Resources
- 461.9 BiologyBiology
- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics
- 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations
- 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods
- 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products
- 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics
- 933.1.2 Crystal GrowthCrystal Growth
- 943.3 Special Purpose InstrumentsSpecial Purpose Instruments
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 28>
Accession number:20161402194525
Title:Bt biopesticide produced by semi-solid state fermentation from kitchen waste and its stability
Authors:Zou, Hui (1, 2); Zhang, Wenyu (1); Jiang, Lin (1); Yao, Juejun (1); Liang, Jing (1); Wang, Qunhui (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, China; (2) Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Wenyu(zhangwenyu@cee.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:268-273
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Kitchen garbage is usually discharged from restaurants, public catering rooms and school canteens, and it is reported that 2000 t kitchen garbage would be produced per day in Beijing, China. In other big cities similar phenomena can be observed, and it is reported that half of the municipal waste is composed of kitchen garbage. Kitchen garbage is characterized by high moisture content, easily deteriorating and abundant in nutrition, but it should be treated as a kind of resource rather than simple waste because it is mainly composed of starch, protein, cellulose, fat, and trace element, such as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe); kitchen garbage can be regarded as a suitable substrate for microbial growth. In this research, kitchen garbage was used as the raw material to produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bio-pesticide which is one of the most commonly used and extensively studied bio-pesticides because of its various field applications, such as in agriculture, forestry, and public health sectors. However, the costly raw materials, high equipment investment, and complicated operation procedures in traditional Bt production process have seriously constrained its use at the industrial production scale. In this work we conducted to determine the potential and superiority of using kitchen garbage for Bt bio-pesticide production through semi-solid fermentation to reduce the production cost, and the effects of several parameters on the stability of the product were also studied. In this work, the semi-solid state sample with 75% water content presented the highest δ-endotoxin efficiency of 833 μg/mL, which increased by 54% compared to that of the solid-state sample (water content of 50%) and 162% compared to that of the submerged sample (water content of 99%), and proved that using kitchen garbage as the raw material for Bt production through semi-solid state fermentation has obvious advantages compared with traditional techniques and some similar studies. Mainly because of its nutritious substrate and effective fermentation mode, this technology can not only solve the problem of civil solid waste pollution but also bring a cost-effective resource for Bt bio-pesticide production. Among the main affecting factors during Bt bio-pesticide manufacturing and application, salinity, pH value and temperature had the minimal impact on the stability of the parasporal crystal; when these 3 factors were controlled at 3%, 11 and 60, respectively, the entomotoxicity of parasporal crystal could still remain above 70% after the fermentation of less for 48 h, and therefore common fermentation process would not inactivate the goal product sharply. By contrast, ultraviolet irradiation had more significant impact on parasporal crystal's stability, and the entomotoxicity of parasporal crystal declined by 50% when exposed to the ultraviolet (36 W, 60 μW/cm<sup>2</sup>, 40 cm) for about 3 h. On account of this, polylactic acid was used as the carrier to produce Bt slow-release formulation to mitigate the effects of ultraviolet. Experiments showed that the activity of Bt slow-release formulation remained over 75% of its initial value after 72 h ultraviolet irradiation, which was 10 times the untreated parasporal crystal. And the release rates of parasporal crystal in formulation were generally metastable in a 30-day period, and the compact structure of polylactic acid was proven to effectively protect δ-endotoxin from ultraviolet damage. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Fermentation
Controlled terms:Bacteriology - Calcium - Cost effectiveness - Crystal structure - Forestry - Irradiation - Kitchens - Magnesium - Pesticides - Polyesters - Sodium - Stability - Substrates - Trace elements - Wastes
Uncontrolled terms:Bacillus thuringiensis - Entomotoxicity - High moisture contents - Industrial production - Pesticide production - Solid waste pollution - Traditional techniques - Ultraviolet irradiations
Classification code:549.1 Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals
- 549.2 Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals
- 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial ChemicalsChemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals
- 815.1.1 Organic PolymersOrganic Polymers
- 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics
- 933.1.1 Crystal LatticeCrystal Lattice
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 29>
Accession number:20161402194531
Title:Microbial ecology of Trichiurus lepturus of haitail pretreated by high hydrostatic pressure during cold storage based on phenotypic and 16S rRNA gene analysis
Authors:Xie, Jing (1); Liu, Xiao (1); Yang, Xi (1); Qian, Yunfang (1); Zhang, Xinlin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing & Preservation, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:307-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The effect of high hydrostatic pressure (290 MPa, 6 min) on microbial ecology changes of Trichiurus lepturus during vacuum-packaged storage (12 d) was studied via 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis and phenotypic methods. The microbial colonies of aerobic culture and anaerobic culture, which were obtained from 5 microflora's growth stages (including fresh Trichiurus lepturus, fresh Trichiurus lepturus which were stored under 4 for 4, 8 and 12 d after high hydrostatic pressure treatment), were isolated and purified by the tryptic soy agar medium and tryptic soy broth medium, repeatedly classified by the traditional phenotypic methods (morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of bacteria strains), and then the bacteria DNA of pure culture was extracted and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Finally, 24 bacteria strains of aerobic culture and anaerobic culture in the vacuum-packaged Trichiurus lepturus under the 4 cold storage were obtained. The result showed that Pseudomonas brenneri, Pseudomonas fulva and Psychrobacter faecalis which appeared in the initial microflora of fresh Trichiurus lepturus were inactivated and non-existent after the high hydrostatic pressure treatment; 5 bacteria strains (including Shewanella baltica, Pseudomonas lundensis, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Microbacterium oxydans) gradually reduced and disappeared after the high hydrostatic pressure treatment. Three bacteria strains gradually grew with the extension of storage time, which were Microbacterium halimionae, Macrococcus caseolyticus and Rhizobium larrymoorei. In the whole process of storage after the high hydrostatic pressure treatment, 4 bacteria strains (Moraxella osloensis, Kocuria rhizophila, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis) always existed, and they were not sensitive to the high hydrostatic pressure treatment. Especially Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, which had a high proportion of total bacteria amount under the conditions of aerobic and anaerobic cultivation, could be considered as a dominate strain during the 4 cold storage. At the end of the shelf life of vacuum-packaged Trichiurus lepturus pretreated by high hydrostatic pressure, 5 bacteria strains (Leucobacter aerolatus, Pantoea agglomerans, Yersinia enterocolitica subsp. Palearctica, Chryseobacterium vrystaatense and Brachybacterium rhamnosum) appeared. The colony evolution of Trichiurus lepturus during the cold storage showed that Gram negative bacteria were sensitive to the high hydrostatic pressure treatment, while Gram positive bacteria had a high tolerance to the high hydrostatic pressure treatment. Under the influence of high hydrostatic pressure treatment, the microorganisms which have stronger ability of causing corruption are inhibited, and the microorganisms which have weaker ability of causing corruption become dominant bacteria, which may be one of the factors that the high hydrostatic pressure treatment can effectively extend the shelf life of Trichiurus lepturus. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Bacteria
Controlled terms:Aerobic bacteria - Chains - Cold storage - Crime - Ecology - Genes - Hydraulics - Hydrostatic pressure - Microbiology - Microorganisms - Physiology - Polymerase chain reaction - RNA - Sterilization (cleaning)
Uncontrolled terms:16S rRNA gene sequencing - Gram-positive bacterium - High hydrostatic pressure - Microflora - Physiological and biochemical characteristics - Staphylococcus epidermidis - Trichiurus lepturus - Yersinia enterocolitica
Classification code:454.3 Ecology and EcosystemsEcology and Ecosystems
- 461 Bioengineering and BiologyBioengineering and Biology
- 602.1 Mechanical DrivesMechanical Drives
- 631.1.1 Liquid DynamicsLiquid Dynamics
- 632.1 HydraulicsHydraulics
- 644.3 Refrigeration Equipment and ComponentsRefrigeration Equipment and Components
- 801.2 BiochemistryBiochemistry
- 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.045
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 30>
Accession number:20161402194520
Title:Process optimization for densification of water hyacinth pellets fuel
Authors:Zhang, Xia (1); Cai, Zongshou (1); Zhang, Dezheng (1); Zhang, Zhe (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:239-244
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water hyacinth has been identified as one of the top worst water weeds over the world. Due to its characteristics of rapid growth rate and broad environmental tolerance, it has widely spread in most waterways in 17 provinces of south areas of China since 1930's. However, water hyacinth has a strong ability to absorb nitrogen, phosphorus and other harmful heavy metal elements from water, so it has been widely used in the projects of ecological rehabilitation of water bodies in recent years over the world, which has made the problem of resource utilization of water hyacinth more important and urgent than before. Because water hyacinth is high in cellulose and hemicellulose content, it has the potential to be transformed into biomass fuel. Using mechanical force, water hyacinth can be extruded or compressed into biomass pellets, and could be an important way to utilize water hyacinth as an energy source. In the process of biomass densification, different chemical compositions of biomass can result in different compressing process parameters of biomass pellets. As an aquatic plant, the difference in the chemical composition of water hyacinth from other terrestrial plants can result in different compressing process parameters of water hyacinth pellets from other biomass pellets. Among all the compressing process parameters of biomass pellets, compressing force, temperature, moisture content and particle size of material are the 4 important process parameters that greatly influence the quality of biomass pellet fuel. In order to improve the densification quality of pellet fuel made from water hyacinth, the densification process of water hyacinth pellets was experimentally studied by using a compressing apparatus in the laboratory. Firstly, the single-factor tests were carried out, in which the variables were compressing force (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 kN), temperature (80, 90, 100, 110 and 120), moisture content of material (8%, 10%, 12%, 14% and 16%), and particle size of material (0.43, 0.58, 0.74, 0.89 and 1.07 mm) respectively. After that, the orthogonal test was also carried out, which was four-factor and three-level (compressing force of 5, 6 and 7 kN, temperature of 80, 100 and 120, moisture content of 10%, 12% and 14% and particle size of 0.58, 0.74, and 0.89 mm). The regression analyses and modeling equations between the 4 process parameters and the pellet density and diametric compression strength of water hyacinth pellets were performed with SPSS 17.0 statistical analysis software, and the optimal process parameters were obtained by the optimal toolbox of MATLAB. The results showed that the compressing force was the biggest effect factor of pellet density, followed by particle size, temperature and moisture content. The temperature, compressing force and particle size of material had almost the same effect on the diametric compression strength, while the moisture content had the least effect. The optimal process parameters were compressing force of 6 kN, temperature of 100, moisture content of 12% and particle size of 0.58 mm. Under those optimum conditions, the pellet density and diametric compression strength of water hyacinth pellets could reach 1362.21 kg/m<sup>3</sup>and 1.44 kN respectively. The results will provide a reference for the industrial production of high-quality water hyacinth pellets. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Pelletizing
Controlled terms:Biomass - Cellulose - Compressive strength - Densification - Ecology - Fueling - Fuels - Heavy metals - MATLAB - Moisture - Moisture determination - Optimization - Particle size - Regression analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Biomass densification - Cellulose and hemicellulose - Chemical compositions - Diametric compression - Ecological rehabilitation - Industrial production - Process parameters - Water Hyacinth
Classification code:454.3 Ecology and EcosystemsEcology and Ecosystems
- 531 Metallurgy and MetallographyMetallurgy and Metallography
- 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations
- 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and DerivativesCellulose, Lignin and Derivatives
- 921 MathematicsMathematics
- 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques
- 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics
- 944.2 Moisture MeasurementsMoisture Measurements
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 31>
Accession number:20161402194500
Title:All-film double-furrow sowing improving water and salt conditions and increasing maize yield in saline soil of cold and arid area
Authors:Li, Lei (1); Zhang, Qiang (1); Feng, Yuechen (1); Nie, Du (1); Sun, Jie (1); Yan, Min (1); Wang, Bin (1); Huang, Gaojian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Qiang(sxsnkytfs@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:96-103
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The saline land are 920.9 million hectares in China, and about 69.03% of it is distributed in the 6 western provinces belonging to the inland arid and cold area. Drought and wind in the early spring, and low soil temperature coupled with the harm of saline alkali often result in the low rate of maize emergence and weak growth of the seedlings. The study aimed to investigate the desalination effect of all-film double-furrow sowing in saline land in the arid and cold area. In 2012, 3 cultivation patterns were compared including all-film double-furrow sowing (QM), half-film mulch ridge sowing (LB) and half-film mulch hole sowing (CK). The spatio-temporal dynamics of temperature, soil moisture and salinity in the plowed soil during the growth of maize were analyzed and their effects on the rate of emergence, the process of growth and the yield of maize were assessed in Datong, Shanxi Province. The results showed that the soil temperature of QM and LB was increased significantly than CK in early growth stage. The warming effect of LB was highest in the seedling period and that of QM was in the jointing period. The water-salt environment in soil was optimized greatly in the QM treatment, and the emergence rate and the seedling rate of maize increased greatly. The soil moisture in the QM treatment at 0-30 cm was 3.6% and 2.9% higher than that in the LB and CK treatments under the drought conditions during the seedling stage, respectively, and 27.8% and 7.0% higher in the middle stage, respectively. The soil moisture of LB, QM and CK treatment in 1-m soil depth was 21.7%, 13.9% and 13.6%, respectively. The soil moisture of plow layer in the QM treatment was higher than that of CK, indicating that the QM treatment was good at water supply to plant. The soil salinity in the QM treatment reduced, which was 28.3% and 36.3% lower in the middle stage and 31.2% and 30.5% lower in the late stage than that of LB and CK, respectively. In the harvest season, the soil salinity of LB and CK was maximized in 30 cm depth but that of the QM was not accumulated in 30 cm. The emergence rate of the LB was highest, and the seedling rate of the QM was highest. In the big trumpet period, the plant height of QM was 20.3% and 27.1% higher and the dry weight was 49.6% and 57.3% than that of LB and CK, respectively. The maize in the QM treatment matured 4 days earlier than that in the CK and LB. The grain yield in the QM treatment increased by 69.7% and 125.3% compared to CK and LB, respectively. In short, the use of QM treatment could optimize the water-salt distribution in plowed soil, improve germination rate, shorten the growth period of maize, and considerably increase grain yield. All-film double-furrow sowing is a good cultivation pattern for saline land in inland cold arid area. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Desalination - Drought - Film growth - Grain growth - Growth (materials) - Moisture - Plants (botany) - Saline water - Salts - Soil moisture - Temperature - Water supply - Water treatment
Uncontrolled terms:All-film double ridge furrow sowing - Drought conditions - Germination rates - Harvest season - Maize - Soil temperature - Spatio-temporal dynamics - Water and salts
Classification code:444 Water ResourcesWater Resources
- 445.1 Water Treatment TechniquesWater Treatment Techniques
- 446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems
- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics
- 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
- 933.1.2 Crystal GrowthCrystal Growth
- 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 32>
Accession number:20161402194526
Title:Dynamic variations of organic compositions and water generation during bio-drying of sewage sludge
Authors:Cai, Lu (1, 2); Ge, Qifeng (1); Gao, Ding (2); Shen, Yujun (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Faculty of Architectural, Civil Engineering and Environment, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; (2) Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (3) Institute of Energy and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:274-279
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Mechanically dewatered sewage sludge generally has a moisture content that ranges from 80% to 85%. This high level of moisture makes it necessary for this type of sludge to be dewatered and dried to facilitate the disposal. Bio-drying of sewage sludge based on thermophilic aerobic fermentation is an economical and energy-saving method for sludge disposal. During the bio-drying process, microbial water, which plays an important role in the final efficiency of sewage sludge bio-drying, is generated by the degradation of organic matter. Accordingly, the investigations of dynamic variations in organic composition and water generation are essential to the management of sewage sludge bio-drying. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the degradation of organic matter and the generation of water during the sewage sludge bio-drying process. To accomplish this, a bio-drying experiment was conducted and the data were analyzed using the water mass balance equation. The bio-drying process was conducted using an auto-control technology for 20 d, during which the pile was aerated intermittently using an air blower. In addition, the pile was turned on the 9th, 12th, 15th and 18th day. The overall process consisted of 4 phases which in turn were the temperature increasing phase, the first thermophilic phase (>50), the second thermophilic phase, and the cooling phase (<50). On-line measurements were used to determine the water vapor and aeration water input. Additionally, the levels of hydrolyzable matter, lipid, lignocellulose and humic acid in different stages were also determined. The results showed that the total water generation was 61.80 kg/t for bio-drying material based on the water mass balance equation. The order of water generation rates calculated was as follows: the first thermophilic phase > the temperature increasing phase > the second thermophilic phase > the cooling phase. The dynamic variations in water generation were as follows: during the first thermophilic phase, water generation peaked at 9.40 kg/(t·d) on the 3rd day, while its mean value in the first thermophilic phase was 6.51 kg/(t·d). After the first even turning on the 9th day, the water generation increased to its second peak of 8.40 kg/(t·d) and the bio-drying pile entered its second thermophilic phase. From the 9th day to the 20th day, the water generation showed a decline. When the bio-drying process ended on the 20th day, the water generation was only 0.16 kg/(t·d). The mean degradation rate of organic matter peaked at 6.68 kg/(t·d) during the first thermophilic phase, while the one decreased to 2.29 kg/(t·d) during the cooling phase. After the bio-drying, the percent of easily degradable matter (hydrolyzable matter and lipid) in the total organic matter reduced from 49.91% to 37.94%. The variation in water generation in the bio-drying pile indicated that a large amount of metabolic water was generated between the 2nd day and the 9th day. The water generation could be attributed to the increase of microbial metabolism in the pile, as well as the high amount of organic matter that was degraded during this phase. Throughout the bio-drying process, the total water evaporation was 414.6 kg/t and the ratio of water generation to water evaporation was 1:6.7. Taken together, these findings indicate that much more water is evaporated than the generated. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Water aeration
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Cooling - Degradation - Dewatering - Drying - Energy conservation - Evaporation - Metabolism - Moisture - Oceanography - Organic compounds - Piles - Sewage sludge - Sludge disposal - Temperature - Waste disposal - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Aerobic fermentation - Bio-drying - Energy saving methods - Microbial metabolism - Organic compositions - Total organic matter - Water generation - Water mass balances
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and ShapesStructural Members and Shapes
- 445.1 Water Treatment TechniquesWater Treatment Techniques
- 452.2 Sewage TreatmentSewage Treatment
- 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and DisposalIndustrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal
- 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue EngineeringBiological Materials and Tissue Engineering
- 471.1 Oceanography, GeneralOceanography, General
- 481.2 GeochemistryGeochemistry
- 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation
- 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
- 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer
- 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions
- 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations
- 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 33>
Accession number:20161402194503
Title:Spatial-temporal evolution of total dissolved solids of groundwater in plain area of Yanqi Basin, Xinjiang
Authors:Zhao, Jiangtao (1, 2); Zhou, Jinlong (1, 2, 3); Gao, Yexin (3); Zeng, Yanyan (1, 2); Li, Qiao (1, 2); Du, Mingliang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China; (2) Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Urumqi, China; (3) Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Jinlong(zjzhoujl@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:120-125
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Yanqi Basin is one of the most important oasis agricultural areas of Xinjiang. But the ecological environment of Yanqi Basin is fragile, which depends on groundwater resources greatly. To study the spatial-temporal evolution of total dissolved solids (TDS) of groundwater is of great significance to groundwater exploitation in arid areas with fragile ecological system seriously affected by human. In order to identify the groundwater pollution status in the plain area of Yanqi Basin, 42 groundwater samples was collected in 2014. TDS and concentration of anion and cationic of the 42 groundwater samples were tested. T test was used based on the observed data of groundwater in the different periods of the plain area to determine the variability of TDS. The relationships between TDS and macro anion, macro cation, pH were analyzed with SPSS software. The results showed that TDS of groundwater was mainly affected by SO<inf>4</inf><sup>2-</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>+Na<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>and Ca<sup>2+</sup>. And the TDS were highly correlated with Cl<sup>-</sup>and K<sup>+</sup>+Na<sup>+</sup>. The correlation between the TDS and macro anion was highest, followed by Cl<sup>-</sup>, SO<inf>4</inf><sup>2-</sup>and HCO<inf>3</inf><sup>-</sup>; the correlation between the TDS and macro cation was also high, followed by K<sup>+</sup>+Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>and Mg<sup>2+</sup>. Zone map of TDS was drewn by the MAPGIS software. In the temporal scale, the average of TDS of groundwater was increased then decreased and increased again from 1983 to 2014, and the average value was 305.0, 1773.1 and 589.44 mg/L in 1983, 1999 and 2014, respectively. In the spatial scale, the TDS of groundwater evolved horizontally from piedmont to the plain area. The TDS of groundwater increased from upstream to downstream. Influenced by topography and hydrogeology conditions, the main hydrogeochemistry action changed from strong runoff to slow evaporation gradually. Area of groundwater with TDS<1 g/L showed an increasing trend but a decreasing trend from 1999 to 2014, which was consistent with downtrend of the mean value of TDS from 1999 to 2014 increased from 2011.7 to 2229.3 km<sup>2</sup>. There were 2 main reasons causing that change of groundwater TDS: 1) The groundwater table dropped from 4.98 to 7.34 m from 2000 to 2014, which prompted the solid phase calcium and magnesium soluble salts, insoluble salts and exchangeable calcium and magnesium in the soil and the lower layer sediments transferred to the groundwater; Meanwhile the increase of the groundwater table in the plain area led to high solutes concentration; 2) Urbanization had the great influence on the groundwater system. It changed the original land use patterns, and then the groundwater circulation system. And with the development of urbanization, industrial and domestic waste water increased year by year and could infiltrate into aquifer. The discharge of living and industrial waste water led to groundwater pollution, which was consistent with the dominant role of Cl<sup>-</sup>and SO<inf>4</inf><sup>2-</sup>in TDS. The study provide valuable information for understanding the condition of underground in Xinjiang. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Groundwater resources
Controlled terms:Aquifers - Calcium - Chemical properties - Dissolution - Ecology - Groundwater - Groundwater pollution - Hydrochemistry - Hydrogeology - Ions - Land use - Landforms - Macros - Magnesium - Pollution - Positive ions - Rivers - Salts - Soil testing - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological environments - Ground-water circulation - Groundwater exploitation - Hydrogeology conditions - Spatial temporals - Spatial-temporal evolution - Total dissolved solids - Yanqi basin
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and DevelopmentUrban and Regional Planning and Development
- 444.2 GroundwaterGroundwater
- 453 Water PollutionWater Pollution
- 454.3 Ecology and EcosystemsEcology and Ecosystems
- 481.1 GeologyGeology
- 481.2 GeochemistryGeochemistry
- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics
- 549.2 Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals
- 723.1 Computer ProgrammingComputer Programming
- 801 ChemistryChemistry
- 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 34>
Accession number:20161402194494
Title:Detection and experiment of sugarcane buds integrity based on Bayes decision
Authors:Huang, Yiqi (1); Yin, Kai (1); Huang, Meizhang (1); Wang, Xiaobo (1); Luo, Zhaoyu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:57-63
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Guangxi, a province in China, contributes more than 60% of China's sugarcane production per year. The sprouting rate of newly planted sugarcane is directly affected by viability of sugarcane buds. In sugarcane mechanized production, the detection of sugarcane bud viability for planting is still an issue and there is no a good classification method for differentiating viable sugarcane buds from the poor ones. To solve the problem, we proposed a classification method based on the minimum error rate of Bayes decision to detect the damaged buds as accurate as possible. Sugarcane cultivars of Taitang 22, Guitang 42 and Yuetang 60 were chosen for this study because they were representative cultivars of sugarcane in the area. We obtained sample images of sugarcane via image acquisition equipment, cut out the effective bud region images with computer vision technology, and extracted five features and eigenvalues including maximum gray scale. Then, a sample database was established, in which the image eigenvalues of the three sugarcane breeds was contained. Based on the data, prior probabilities of intact buds and damaged ones were calculated, from which eigenvalues' statistics of bud region images were obtained, and curve distribution diagrams of eigenvalues were described. By analyzing these statistics and diagrams, we found that all the distribution curves were connected end to end by horizontal lines and inclinable lines like zigzags. So these curves could not be fitted by normal distribution function, quadratic function, cubic function or exponential functions etc. Piecewise function could fit the distribution curve perfectly, but it would make the process of calculation and judgment more complicated when setting classification rules because of the excessive number of segments. Further observation showed that portions of small-proportion inclined lines and the saw tooth peak whose probability was zero could both be neglected. Then, the corresponding eigenvalues of the rest horizontal lines could be simplified to a uniform distribution. Calculating the even-distributed interval width and the entire interval width of the eigenvalues based on the database, the percentage between the two interval widths and the differences of percentage of the corresponding eigenvalues between the intact buds and damaged ones could be obtained. Using the percentage and the difference, even-distributed features could be confirmed. At the meantime, the conditional probability density was calculated by the probability density function of uniform distribution. Three features, including maximum gray scale, average gray scale and standard deviation of gray scale, which were the same even-distributed features of the three sugarcane cultivars, were chosen as the final classification features to simplify the classification rules. According to the full probability and Bayes formula, the prior probability and the conditional probability density of the final classification features were transformed to posterior probability, and then it could be classified by comparing the value of posterior probability. Matlab 2012b could be used to distinguish whether the bud was intact or not. The result of experiments showed that bud integrity classification accuracy of the three sugarcane cultivars were 92.09%, 93.49% and 93.02%, respectively. And the classification accuracy rate of damaged species had reached 98%, 97% and 96%, respectively. It proved that this classification method was feasible, which meant that it could detect damaged buds basically and provided a signal for eliminating the damaged buds automatically. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Probability density function
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Computer vision - Decision making - Distribution functions - Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions - Exponential functions - Image acquisition - Nondestructive examination - Normal distribution - Probability - Probability distributions - Sugar cane
Uncontrolled terms:Acquisition equipments - Classification accuracy - Classification features - Classification methods - Computer vision technology - Conditional probability density - Integrity - Posterior probability
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing
- 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications
- 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications
- 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products
- 912.2 ManagementManagement
- 921 MathematicsMathematics
- 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 35>
Accession number:20161402194528
Title:Potential evaluation method on plow layer soil-stripping of cultivated land occupied by non-agricultural construction
Authors:Chen, Xinpei (1); Zhong, Shouqin (1); Wei, Chaofu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
Corresponding author:Wei, Chaofu(weicf@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:289-296
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Stripping plow layer soil of cultivated land occupied by non-agricultural construction is an effective measure to reduce the contradiction between people and land, and to protect the cultivated land resources as city development and construction projects are increasing. Based on geographic information system (GIS) technology, from the aspects of the plow layer soil quality and the cultivated land quality, this study proposed a quantitative evaluation method about the potential of the plow layer soil-stripping of the cultivated land occupied by non-agricultural construction, and Jiangjin District of Chongqing was chosen as an example. Firstly, in order to ensure that plow layer soil-stripping was fertile, the indictors including organic matter, alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), total N, total P and total K were chosen to evaluate the quality of plow layer soil in Jiangjin District. The fuzzy mathematical evaluation method was used in the determination of the membership degree about evaluation indicators of plow layer soil quality. The analysis hierarchy process was used in the determination of the weight of evaluation indicators. The fuzzy set weighted synthesis method was applied to establish a comprehensive evaluation model for plow layer soil quality in Jiangjin District. Based on ArcGIS, the quality of plow layer soil in Jiangjin District was discussed by using the ordinary Kriging method, which was divided into 5 levels. Then, in order to save the financial resource and human resource, reduce the project cost and realize the scale stripping and improve the benefit of project, the indicators of slope, soil thickness, distance to lane and single plot area were chosen to evaluate the quality of cultivated land occupied by non-agricultural construction in Jiangjin District. By using the Superposition Tool and Statistical Tool in Analysis Tools of ArcGIS, the cultivated land occupied by construction land in Jiangjin District from 2013 to 2020 could be inferred. With reference to the evaluation indicators of cultivated land quality, the cultivated land occupied by non-agricultural construction in Jiangjin District could be divided into 5 levels. Finally, according to the level of plow layer soil quality and the level of cultivated land quality, the potential of plow layer soil-stripping in Jiangjin District could be calculated and the plow layer soil-stripping could be divided into 3 levels. The results showed that: 1) The area of plow layer soil-stripping was 30.18 km<sup>2</sup>in Jiangjin District, accounting for 76.39% of the total area of the cultivated land occupied by non-agricultural construction. The plow layer soil-stripping was mainly concentrated in northern and central Jiangjin District where existed booming economy, rapid development, flat terrain, contiguous cultivated land, convenient transportation, huge value-added potential. The levels of plow layer soil-stripping determined the priority of the plow layer soil-stripping and the reserve of soil resources. 2) The plow layer soil-stripping was scarce, and Level 1 and 2 were 0.32 and 4.64 km<sup>2</sup>, respectively, accounting for only 1.03% and 15.37% of the plow layer soil-stripping respectively. Therefore, the protection of cultivated land was a major task, and the high-quality soil layer in cultivated land occupied by non-agricultural construction should be stripped off in the development and construction in southwest hilly area. This study provides a scientific basis for the layout of regional non-agricultural construction and the protection of cultivated land, as well as some references for the subsequent use of plow layer soil. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Agricultural machinery
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Bark stripping - Economics - Geographic information systems - Land use - Quality control - Soils - Statistical mechanics - Transportation personnel - Urban growth
Uncontrolled terms:Analysis hierarchy process - Comprehensive evaluation model - Cultivated land qualities - Cultivated lands - Development and construction projects - Jiangjin district - Potential evaluation - Quantitative evaluation methods
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and DevelopmentUrban and Regional Planning and Development
- 403.1 Urban Planning and DevelopmentUrban Planning and Development
- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics
- 811.2 Wood and Wood ProductsWood and Wood Products
- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
- 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and EquipmentAgricultural Machinery and Equipment
- 903.3 Information Retrieval and UseInformation Retrieval and Use
- 912.4 PersonnelPersonnel
- 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control
- 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics
- 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 36>
Accession number:20161402194491
Title:Design and experiment of single leg of hydraulically actuated bionic multi-legged robot
Authors:Chen, Zhiwei (1); Jin, Bo (1); Zhu, Shiqiang (1); Huang, Hanlin (1); Chen, Gang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Jin, Bo(bjin@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:36-42
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study the influence of the end-effector's high speed contact with ground on the robot system when the hydraulically actuated multi-legged robot walks in a dynamic gait and realize its control as well, a single leg prototype of the bio-inspired hydraulically actuated multi-legged robot is developed. The robotic leg's structure is designed on the basis of research and analysis of the skeletons of the large dogs' hind limbs. The hip and knee cylinder layout are designed from the principle of rotating guide bar mechanism and swing guide bar mechanism, respectively. The torque of robotic leg's joint on stance phase is calculated on the basis of former biologists' research results and the planned joint trajectory of dynamic trotting gait on stance phase. The former biologists have already researched the dynamic gait of large dogs and separately measured the ground reaction forces on individual limb of trotting dogs using a series of four force platforms; the dynamic trotting gait trajectory with a speed of 2.5 m/s is planned as composite cycloid foot trajectory on flight phase with the same body height on stance. And the composite cycloid's foot trajectory is planned with the specifications: the stride length is 1 m, the stride height is 0.05 m, the period is 4 s, and the duty cycle is 50%. Based on the above bionic design, the mechanical parameters of the robotic single leg are determined: the length of thigh and shank is 0.35 m, the hip joint angle range is [-50°, 70°], the knee joint angle range is [-140°, -20°], the diameter of the cylinder piston is 0.02 m, the diameter of piston rod is 0.01 m, and the stroke length of the piston rod is 0.1 m. The virtual prototype of robotic single leg is designed via the three-dimensional modeling software Solidworks according to the design parameters. Furthermore, the feasibility of the parameters of the designed mechanical structure and hydraulic actuator is verified based on the dynamic vertical hopping simulation in MATLAB/Simulink. The dynamics of hydraulic single leg on flight phase and stance phase are formulated with the symbolic math toolbox of MATLAB, and the hydraulical single leg hopping control schemes on flight phase and on stance phase are designed, respectively. The conventional PID (proportion integration differentiation) controller is applied to control the angles of both joints at the desired angle values when the single leg is on flight phase; the cascade compliant control strategy is applied on stance phase. The initial condition of vertical hopping is that the single leg is dropped from the height of 0.65 m without vertical and horizontal velocity. The control parameter is set to make the single leg hop continuously to the desired height. The normal flow of the proportional servo valve with the differential pressure of 3.5 MPa is 0.67×10<sup>-3</sup>m<sup>3</sup>/s. The dynamic hopping simulation experiment result shows that the single leg continuously hops to the height of 0.65 m, and the mean flow of hydraulic system is 5.6×10<sup>-5</sup>m<sup>3</sup>/s when the hydraulic pressure is set to 16 MPa. At last the hydraulical single leg prototype is manufactured based on the virtual prototype of robotic single leg. It comprises the vertical hopping system with hydraulic power unit and the control system. The single legged vertical hopping experiment is successfully carried out on the hopping system. The single leg is able to hop continuously along the vertical guide rail when the parameters of conventional PID joint angle controller are set to reasonable values. The research of the paper provides the reference for the design of bionic multi-legged robot's single leg. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Machine design
Controlled terms:Biomimetics - Bionics - Biophysics - Controllers - Cylinders (shapes) - Design - Dynamics - End effectors - Flight control systems - Hydraulic actuators - Hydraulic equipment - Joints (anatomy) - MATLAB - Mechanical actuators - Pistons - Proportional control systems - Robotics - Robots - Steering - Trajectories - Virtual prototyping
Uncontrolled terms:Differential pressures - Ground reaction forces - Hydraulically actuated - Mechanical parameters - Mechanical structures - Proportion integration differentiations - Research and analysis - Three-dimensional model
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and BiologyBioengineering and Biology
- 601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design
- 612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine ComponentsInternal Combustion Engine Components
- 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and MachineryHydraulic Equipment and Machinery
- 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications
- 731.1 Control SystemsControl Systems
- 731.5 RoboticsRobotics
- 732.1 Control EquipmentControl Equipment
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 37>
Accession number:20161402194488
Title:Simplified method for designing diameter of drip irrigation laterals based on emitter flow variation
Authors:Ju, Xueliang (1, 2); Wu, Pute (1, 2); Weckler, R. Paul (3); Zhu, Delan (2); Zhang, Lin (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (2) Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; (3) Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, United States
Corresponding author:Wu, Pute(gjzwpt@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:14-20
Language:English
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A simple, direct, and easily adaptable analytical approach was developed for determining the appropriate diameter of the drip laterals laid on uniformly sloping grounds. The emitter flow variation was used as the index of water application uniformity. A diameter design parameter was developed by reformulating the analytical expressions of emitter flow variation of the single inlet lateral and paired laterals. The relationship between parameter and pressure loss ratio were expressed by the graphs and formulas. For the specific value of velocity exponent, the condition for designing the diameter of a single inlet lateral was the calculation parameter lying between -1 and ≤2.801, between -1 and ≤2.859 and between-1 and ≤4, respectively; meanwhile, the condition for designing the diameter of the paired laterals was the calculation parameter lying between 0 and ≤3.143, between 0 and ≤3.183 and between 0 and ≤4, respectively. On the other hand, for the required emitter flow variation and emitter design discharge, there would be one or two solutions of diameter for a single inlet lateral, and one, two or numerous solutions for the paired laterals. Based on the ranges of the parameter, the design equations for the diameter of the single inlet lateral and paired laterals were derived with the pressure loss ratio as the design variable. The analytical expressions of inlet working pressure head of drip laterals were also simplified based on the energy gradient line method. When the emitter design flow, emitter flow variation criterion, and lateral length were provided, the diameter and inlet working pressure head of the drip laterals could be easily calculated without performing complex computer operations or tedious computations. In case 1, the differences in the designed parameters of a single inlet lateral from the proposed approach and variable discharge method are less than 4% for most ground slopes. In case 2, the maximum deviation in the design parameters of the paired laterals from the proposed approach and previous two methods was ≤4%. These 2 cases indicated that the proposed approach could produce accurate results as those of the previous methods for practical purposes. By using the developed analytical expressions and regression relationships, the proposed approach provided a more simplified and adaptable design procedure than the traditional methods. This research could provide valuable information for improving the hydraulic design of drip irrigation system. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Irrigation
Controlled terms:Design - Flow rate - Nozzles
Uncontrolled terms:Analytical expressions - Analytical technique - Application uniformity - Diameter - Drip irrigation - Drip irrigation systems - Flow variations - Regression relationship
Classification code:631 Fluid FlowFluid Flow
- 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 38>
Accession number:20161402194511
Title:Extraction of winter wheat planted area in Jiangsu province using decision tree and mixed-pixel methods
Authors:Wang, Lianxi (1, 2); Xu, Shengnan (1, 2); Li, Qi (1, 2); Xue, Hongxi (3); Wu, Jiansheng (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, Nanjing, China; (2) School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science& Technology, Nanjing, China; (3) National Meteorological Center of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:182-187
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Remote sensing images with the medium spatial resolution can provide long-time series data of the same area, thus are suitable for remote sensing monitoring of major crops in a large scale. Based on the analysis of the time-series spectrum character curve, crop type identification and acreage extraction can be effectively achieved. The time series curve of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) can provide the information of crop growth dynamic change, thus is suitable for remote sensing extracting of major crops planting area. We used Jiangsu province as a research area and employed NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) time-series data from 46 scenes of MODIS images with spatial resolution of 250 m collected from January 1st 2013 to December 31st 2014, reflectance image data of MODIS collected on April 23rd and image data of Landsat to carry out the remote sensing study for winter wheat planting area. First, a time-series curve of NDVI was built from the MODIS data, which was smoothed by an improved Savitzky-Golay filter. The improved Savitzky-Golay filter reserved the authenticity of data at both ends of the NDVI time series while further improving the smoothness of the curve. Based on the reconstruction of NDVI time series analysis, phenology, plant structure and the samples of ground survey, we extracted the key value of typical objects in their phenological growth period emphatically. At the same time, we analyzed the variation trend of winter wheat, woodland and rice (starting time, range, extent and maximum of NDVI) during the growth period. Through comparing and analyzing the characteristics of NDVI time series curves of different objects after smoothing, we defined the different crops, determined the training rules and build the construction of decision tree so that we can extract the distribution of winter wheat preliminarily. The decision tree classification method can be done quickly and efficiently using multi-threshold, however whose threshold is difficult to select accurately as a result of mixed pixel problem. The range of threshold would affect the accuracy of winter wheat planting area extraction. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of mixed pixels, we used surface reflectance image data to extract the endmember spectral curve of winter wheat. With linear spectral mixture model, according to the abundance ratio of winter wheat, we further extracted winter wheat planting area accurately. The distribution of winter wheat in Jiangsu Province was obtained. At last, the experimental results agreed well with the statistical data and high precision of Landsat8 TM image. According to the results of Landsat TM8 supervised classification, the area of winter wheat was extracted and the results were compared to the frontal results. The precision of decomposing the endmember purified was better than ever. Moreover, it accurately reflected the real situation of winter wheat distribution in Jiangsu province. It was concluded that the method in this paper was simple and easy. Accuracy evaluation results showed that the study area of winter wheat planting area extraction accuracy reached 90%, which can accurately reflect the distribution of winter wheat in the study area, The method also indicated that the application in high resolution remote sensing time-series image data with medium resolution image can be accurately extracted crop acreage, for crop planting area of information extraction to provide reference. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Crops - Curve fitting - Data mining - Decision trees - Decomposition - Filtration - Image reconstruction - Image resolution - Pixels - Radiometers - Reflection - Remote sensing - Time series analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Decision tree classification - High resolution remote sensing - Linear spectral mixture model - Mixed pixel - NDVI - Normalized difference vegetation index - Remote sensing monitoring - Winter wheat
Classification code:716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing
- 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing
- 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions
- 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations
- 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products
- 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods
- 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics
- 944.7 Radiation Measuring InstrumentsRadiation Measuring Instruments
- 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 39>
Accession number:20161402194507
Title:Sand fixation experiment of Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. gum with different concentrations
Authors:Liu, Jun (1); Zhang, Yuqing (1, 2); Qin, Shugao (1, 2); Feng, Wei (1, 2); Sun, Yanfei (1); Wang, Li (1); Bai, Yuxuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Yuqing(zhangyqbjfu@gmail.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:149-155
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Desertification is a global environmental problem, bringing considerable economic, social and environmental problems to the local residents. A sand-fixing agent, Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. gum (ASKG), was introduced in this study to effectively control wind erosion. The ASKG was extracted from seed coat of perennial semi-shrub of Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. and mainly composed of glucose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, arabinose and xylose. In order to understand the effect of ASKG on sand fixation, an experiment by spraying different concentrations (0,0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20% and 0.50%) of ASKG on the sand surface was carried out. The crusts thickness, compressive strength, resistance to wind erosion, aggregate water stability, permeability and water retention and the effects of ASKG on plant seed germination and seedling growth were tested. When the ASKG was applied on the sand surface, the crust was formed in surface layer. The sand specimens treated with 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20% and 0.50% ASKG had produced the crusts with thickness being approximately 1.06, 1.31, 2.24, 2.95, and 4.30 mm and the compressive strength being around 0.10, 0.16, 0.20, 0.38, and 0.72 MPa, respectively. It indicated that the ASKG could remarkably increase the crusts thickness and compressive strength. The ability of anti-erosion was improved greatly with increasing concentration of ASKG. The sand specimens could withstand a strong wind of 20 m/s without wind erosion when the concentration was more than 0.10%. The mass fraction of micro-aggregates decreased and that of large aggregates increased because the sand specimens bonded together under the influence of ASKG. With the concentration of ASKG increased from 0 to 0.50%, the mean weight diameter of soil aggregates ranged from 0.21 to 0.52 mm in fast wetting, 0.20 to 0.73 mm in slow wetting, and 0.20 to 0.51 mm in wetting stirring, respectively. It suggested that the ASKG could notably enhance the soil aggregate water stability. The initial infiltration rate and steady infiltration rate of sand specimens treated with ASKG were 5.78-5.98 mm/min and 4.51-4.77 mm/min, respectively, and there was no significant (P>0.05) difference compared with no ASKG adding treatment with 6.13 and 4.72 mm/min, respectively. The ASKG had excellent water absorption and retention, and could promote the seed germination and seedling growth of the two pioneer sand-fixing plants (Corispermum puberulum and Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch.). In addition, spraying ASKG on sand by the amount of 3 L/m<sup>2</sup>, the cost was 0.10-0.45 RMB per square meter. If the expense of labor was taken into consideration, the cost could be controlled to about 0.40-0.90 RMB per square meter. The results indicated that the ASKG as a kind of sand-fixing agent has the characteristics of better sand-fixing, lower cost, and environment-friendly, and can be used to desertification control with vegetation. The effect was optimal with the concentration of 0.20%. This study provides valuable information for ASKG sand-fixation application. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Sand
Controlled terms:Agglomeration - Aggregates - Climatology - Compressive strength - Costs - Cultivation - Erosion - Infiltration - Water absorption - Wetting
Uncontrolled terms:Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. gum (ASKG) - Global environmental problems - Mean weight diameter - Sand fixation - Social and environmental - Steady infiltration rate - Water retention - Wind erosions
Classification code:406 Highway EngineeringHighway Engineering
- 443 MeteorologyMeteorology
- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics
- 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations
- 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods
- 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 40>
Accession number:20161402194508
Title:Agricultural water and soil resources matching patterns and carrying capacity in Yan'an City
Authors:Li, Hui (1, 2); Zhou, Weibo (1, 2); Zhuang, Yan (3); Ma, Cong (1, 2); Liu, Boyang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China; (3) Municipal Bureau of City Administration of Shuimogou District, Urumqi, China
Corresponding author:Zhou, Weibo(zwbzyz823@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:156-162
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Yan'an City is located on the loss plateau of Northern Shaanxi Province with severe water and soil erosion problem and poor condition of agricultural production. Water resource shortage and soil erosion have been two of the most important factors that limit the sustainable agricultural development. This study aimed to investigate the spatial matching pattern and carrying capacity of agricultural water and soil resources in Yan'an City. The water-and-soil resources relevant data from 2003 to 2013 were collected. An available water resource was employed to represent water resources. Then the Gini coefficient method based on the Lorenz curve and a model for calculating matching coefficients were constructed to evaluate the matching degree of agricultural water and soil resources of Yan'an City and its 13 administration counties. Additionally, by studying the factors affecting carrying capacity of agricultural water and soil resources, an evaluation system consisted of a target layer, a system layer and an index layer was established. Meanwhile, the Particle Swarm Optimization was adopted to optimize the projection index function and determine the one-dimensional value, and a Projection Pursuit Classification model was constructed to evaluate the agricultural water and soil resources carrying capacity at Yan'an City. The results showed that the Gini coefficient of water and soil resource in Yan'an City was 0.449, indicating the poor matching degree. The matching coefficient of agricultural water and soil resources in Yan'an City was 0.26×10<sup>4</sup>m<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>, which was below average level of Shaanxi Province (0.47×10<sup>4</sup>m<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>) and far below the national average level (0.54×10<sup>4</sup>m<sup>3</sup>/hm<sup>2</sup>), indicating a poor matching degree as well. The spatial matching pattern of the water and soil resources suggested that the matching degree was higher in South than that in North. Meanwhile, the agricultural water and soil resources carrying capacity of the administration counties in Yan'an City was different greatly, being lowest in Zichang and Yanchang (belonging to the IV level), indicating severe imbalance between socioeconomic development and water-soil resources development in these cities. The carrying capacity of Huanglong County was the highest, which belonged to the II level and indicated that the water-soil resources could satisfy the socioeconomic development, and the carrying capacity of other counties belonged to the III level and presented an imbalance development between social economy and water-soil resources. From this study, it suggested that the water diversion project and the farmland infrastructure project should be made and carried out to improve the basic conditions of agricultural production in these counties of Yan'an. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Economic and social effects - Economics - Electric current carrying capacity (cables) - Erosion - Flood control - Models - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Infrastructure project - Matching patterns - PSO-PPC - Socio-economic development - Sustainable agricultural development - Water diversion project - Yan'an city
Classification code:442.1 Flood ControlFlood Control
- 444 Water ResourcesWater Resources
- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics
- 706.2 Electric Power Lines and EquipmentElectric Power Lines and Equipment
- 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications
- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control
- 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 41>
Accession number:20161402194509
Title:Influence of mapping scales and pixel spatial relationships on GF-1 sub-pixel mapping accuracy
Authors:Wu, Shangrong (1); Chen, Zhongxin (1); Ren, Jianqiang (1); Zhou, Qingbo (1); Huang, Qing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Ren, Jianqiang(renjianqiang@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:163-171
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Sub-pixel mapping technology is significant to land cover information extraction and development of quantitatively agricultural remote sensing. Sub-pixel mapping accuracy is affected not only by sub-pixel mapping model, but also by many other factors such as reconstruction scale, pixels spatial relationship and image spatial resolution. These factors increase complexity and uncertainty of sub-pixel mapping results. At present, most relevant researches mainly focus on sub-pixel mapping model itself but research on influencing factors of sub-pixel mapping accuracy is ignored. Therefore, in this paper, analysis on main influencing factors of multispectral remote sensing image sub-pixel mapping accuracy was carried out. The study region located at the junction area of Taonan County of Baicheng City in Jilin Province and Tuquan County of Xing'an League in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Among them, Spatial Gravity Model (SGM) was applied in the sub-pixel mapping experiments which was one of the mainstream model in present sub-pixel mapping research field. Both 8 m and 16 m spatial resolution GF-1 multispectral remote sensing images were used as the data sources which were in the same sensor and had the same spectral resolution. Effects of reconstruction scale, pixels spatial relationship (touching, quadrant, surrounding) and image spatial resolution on the sub-pixel mapping accuracy in experiments were studied thoroughly. In the experiment of 8 m spatial resolution GF-1 remote sensing image, when sub-pixels was in touching spatial relationship and degradation scale was five, the experiment could achieve the best result of sub-pixel mapping. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of 8 m spatial resolution remote sensing image reconstruction from 40 m spatial resolution remote sensing image were 74.67% and 0.604, respectively. In the experiment of 16 m spatial resolution GF-1 remote sensing image, when sub-pixel was in quadrant spatial relationship and degradation scale was four, the experiment could achieve the best result of sub-pixel mapping. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of 16 m spatial resolution remote sensing image reconstruction from 64 m spatial resolution remote sensing image were 74.65% and 0.623, respectively. By analyzing sub-pixel mapping accuracy range caused by reconstruction scale, pixels spatial relationship and spatial resolution, the overall accuracy maximum range of these three factors were 18.08%, 4.39% and 0.08%, respectively. The corresponding Kappa coefficient maximum range was 0.268, 0.049 and 0.006, respectively. Therefore, by analyzing the sub-pixel mapping model mechanism, the order for affecting sub-pixels mapping accuracy based on SGM model was reconstruction scale > spatial resolution> pixels spatial relationship. The experiment results of this paper could provide a reference for choosing sub-pixel mapping models, setting model parameters and selecting the appropriate remote sensing data to obtain better sub-pixel mapping accuracy. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:38
Main heading:Pixels
Controlled terms:Image processing - Image reconstruction - Image resolution - Mapping - Remote sensing
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural remote sensing - Image spatial resolution - Inner Mongolia autonomous regions - Mapping accuracy - Multispectral remote sensing - Multispectral remote sensing image - Spatial relationships - Spatial resolution
Classification code:405.3 SurveyingSurveying
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 42>
Accession number:20161402194529
Title:Preparation and application of magnetoelastic biosensors system for simultaneously detecting Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus anthracis spores
Authors:Hu, Jing (1, 2, 3); Hu, Jiajia (1, 2); Shen, Wen (2, 3); Bryan, A. Chin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials Surface Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China; (2) Food Detection and Safety Center, School of Materials Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn; AL, United States; (3) Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:297-301
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A biosensor essentially consists of 2 main components viz., a physical transducer and a biorecognition element. In this study, a magnetostrictive platform is served as the transducer, and as the mass sensitivity, the magnetoelastic resonance sensors have a characteristic resonant frequency that can be determined by monitoring the magnetic flux emitted by the sensor in response to an applied time-varying magnetic field. Due to the magnetoelastic nature of the amorphous magnetostrictive alloy, the sensor exhibits a physical resonance when it undergoes a time-varying magnetic field, and a shift in resonance frequency of the magnetostrictive sensor depends only on the mass change when environmental parameters are invariable. This magnetostrictive platform has a unique advantage over conventional sensor platforms in that its measurement is wireless and remote. And phage, which has been verified to be thermally stable, is used as the biorecognition element. In this paper, a multiple phage-based magnetoelastic (ME) biosenor system for simultaneously detecting Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus anthracis spores was prepared by immobilizing 2 different kinds of phages as biorecognition element onto the magnetoelastic thin film made from 2826 MB MetglasTM, and the 2 kinds of phages were the E2 phage specific to Salmonella typhimurium and the JRB7 phage specific to Bacillus anthracis spores, respectively. Finally, 1 mg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA) was immobilized onto the magnetoelastic thin film as blocking agent for getting specific binding of target bacteria. The multiple phage-based magnetoelastic (ME) biosensor system was simultaneously monitored for the detection of different biological pathogens that were sequentially introduced to the measurement system. The detection system included a reference sensor as a control, an E2 phage-coated sensor specific to Salmonella typhimurium, and a JRB7 phage-coated sensor specific to Bacillus anthracis spores. The sensors were free standing during the test, and held in place by a magnetic field. In the detection process, the environment parameters were kept constant, and the changes in the resonance frequency of the biosensors, which were recorded by HP network analyzer 8751A over the testing period, were attributed only to the binding of the phages with target analyte of Salmonella typhimurium or Bacillus anthracis spores; the binding was also visually confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs by observing the surface of each kind of biosensor, and there were up to 10 different regions on each sensor surface which were examined and photographed by the SEM to obtain the reliable and statistical data. According to the shift in resonance frequency due to the binding of the phages with Salmonella typhimurium or Bacillus anthracis spores, the binding specificity and sensitivity of the biosensor were evaluated. The detection results showed that after sequential exposure to pathogenic solutions individually, only the biosensor coated with the corresponding specific biorecognition element of phage had the response. As the cells or spores were captured by the specific phage-coated sensor, the mass of the sensor increased, resulting in a decrease in the sensor's resonance frequency. Additionally, non-specific binding was effectively eliminated by BSA blocking agent and verified by the reference sensor, and the SEM measurement showed there was no frequency shift after the reference sensor was immersed in the solution for the same duration. The detection results also demonstrated that the multiple magnetoelastic sensors could be used simultaneously to detect specifically targeted pathogenic species and had good selectivity. The results show that the developed magnetostrictive biosensors can be applied for detecting Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus anthracis spores simultaneously. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Salmonella
Controlled terms:Antibodies - Bacteria - Bacteriology - Bacteriophages - Biosensors - Body fluids - Data visualization - Film preparation - Magnetic fields - Magnetism - Magnetostrictive devices - Natural frequencies - Resonance - Scanning electron microscopy - Thin films - Transducers
Uncontrolled terms:Bacillus anthracis spores - Biorecognition elements - Environmental parameter - Magnetostrictive alloys - Magnetostrictive material - Magnetostrictive sensors - Salmonella typhimurium - Time-varying magnetic fields
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and BiologyBioengineering and Biology
- 701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and PhenomenaMagnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena
- 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing
- 931.1 MechanicsMechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.043
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 43>
Accession number:20161402194490
Title:Kinematic analysis and parameter optimized experiment of garlic box putting process
Authors:Geng, Aijun (1, 2); Zhang, Zhaolei (3); Song, Zhanhua (1); Yang, Jianning (1); Li, Ruxin (1); Hou, Jialin (1); Liu, Shiqi (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China; (2) Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Machineries and Equipments, Tai'an, China; (3) Shandong Changlin Deutz-Fahr Machinery Company LTD, Linyi, China; (4) Horticultural Science and Engineering College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Shiqi(liusq99@sdau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:29-35
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Garlic is one of the major cash crops in China. Because of the special requirements of garlic planting, for which there isn't mature machine at home and aboard, and garlic planting is still done by worker. According to the fact that the planting state of garlic, this paper designed the garlic box and garlic planting test bed with tilt conveying belt. The garlic box was made of degradable protection material such as waste paper pulp and plant straw. The test bed consisted of frame, tilt conveying belt, guiding device, adjustable speed motor, transmission system, pulley, axle of pulley, ground wheel, angle adjusting device of tilt conveying belt, and so on. The garlic planting test bed was powered by adjustable speed motor. According to the garlic box dropping requirements end to end, the transmission ratio between conveyor belt and planting test bed was determined and its value was 1. When the test bed worked, the garlics were put into the garlic box by worker or machine at first, and the boxes were then put on the tilt conveying belt and conveyed to the ground. This paper analyzed the conveying process of the garlic box, and established the mathematical and graphic model about moving velocity of garlic box and clearance of adjacent garlic boxes. The result showed that the clearance of adjacent garlic boxes decreased first and then increased with the tilt angle of belt rising, and the relationship between the clearance of adjacent garlic boxes and the guide plate was positive correlation as the tilt angle of conveying belt was the fixed value. This paper also researched the force condition of garlic box when dropping, made clear the relative motion state between garlic and ground, and analyzed the conditions that could avoid relative sliding between garlic box and ground taking the 30° tilt angle of belt as the example. The analysis result showed the garlic box slided along the belt and the sliding could be avoided by adjusting the connecting position between guide plate and conveying belt to the one with the tilt angle of 16° between garlic box and ground. The result of single-factor experiment showed the test bed could work accurately and reliably, and it could satisfy the requirements of garlic box dropping; the tilt angle of belt and the velocity of test bed had effects on the clearance of adjacent garlic boxes, and the fluctuation range of the clearance of garlic boxes was very small (< 6 mm); the best conditions were the 30° angle of tilt conveying belt and the speed of test bed of 0.75 km/h respectively, under which garlic box did not slide during the experiment. The result of two-factor test indicated the tilt angle of conveying belt had significant effect on the clearance of adjacent garlic boxes, the order of the factors impacting the clearance of garlic boxes was tilt angle of conveying belt > running speed of test bed, and the best test combination for garlic box dropping was the angle of tilt conveying belt of 30° and the velocity of test bed of 0.75 km/h, under which the clearance of adjacent garlic boxes was 20.4 mm; the garlic boxes could be well connected as they were subtracted by 10 mm at the 2 ends of the box. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:13
Main heading:Equipment testing
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Belt conveyors - Belts - Crops - Kinematics - Pulleys
Uncontrolled terms:Garlic - Garlic box - Positive correlations - Protection material - Relative motion state - Single-factor experiments - Transmission ratios - Transmission systems
Classification code:602.1 Mechanical DrivesMechanical Drives
- 691.1 Materials Handling EquipmentMaterials Handling Equipment
- 692.1 ConveyorsConveyors
- 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and EquipmentAgricultural Machinery and Equipment
- 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products
- 931.1 MechanicsMechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 44>
Accession number:20161402194492
Title:Mechanical transplanting plug tray localization method based on binocular stereo vision
Authors:Wang, Yueyong (1, 5); Yu, Haiye (1, 2); Liu, Yuanyuan (3, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (2) College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (3) College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (4) College of Information Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; (5) Changchun Agricultural Machinery Institute, Changchun, China
Corresponding author:Yu, Haiye(haiye@jlu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:43-49
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Considering mechanical vibration and other external factors, there are two main aspects influence the plug tray position in the process of mechanical transplanting seedlings from plug tray to nutrition bowl. One is that the plug tray is skew or the center point of it has a displacement when the plug tray was placed on the manipulation platform or the conveyor belt area. The other is that the plug tray is raised partly which attributes to the soil adhesion at the bottom of it or the soil of previous plug tray accidentally slip onto the platform. Therefore, transplanting error can appear or fingers inserted too deep to wear out plug tray when manipulator walks according to the standard coordinates. These affect the transplanting quality, and sometimes even lead to failure of the whole plug tray transplant. In order to solve the problems and to provide precision coordinates of plug tray, we studied plug tray accurate localization method using binocular stereo vision. Firstly, we proposed the overall method of mechanical transplanting plug tray localization based on binocular stereo vision and acquisition of binocular images. Second, we located two-dimensional plane plug tray by calculating center point coordinates and deviation angles using images obtain from monocular camera. For calculations of center point, we used pixel labeled algorithm based on recursive method of connecting area in binary images, and angles adopted Radon transformation in edge detection images. Then, we located three-dimensional stereo plug tray by acquiring the coordinates of pairs of matching points that adopted Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) feature matching algorithm using pairs of images obtained from binocular cameras. Meanwhile, considering the factors of plug tray material and improvement the speed of three-dimensional reconstruction, we proposed a method of regional integrated matching points. Finally, we adopted Zhang camera calibration method, and used 8×8 checkerboards to calibrate stereo cameras. Cooperated with binocular camera calibration results, we rebuilt the three-dimensional coordinates of regional integrated matching points, and reconstructed plug tray spatial location by combining the results of two and three dimensions. Experimental results indicated that our plug tray localization method based on binocular stereo vision was able to reconstruct plug tray space posture veritably. We randomly selected 10 plug trays to do two-dimensional plane localization experiment. From the perspective of angle, we observed that the angle relative errors between detected and measured were in the range of -0.51° to +0.53°, in which the small angle had a large percentage of relative error. The reason for that was the Radon transform results were integer. From the perspective of center point coordinates, we observed the relative errors of horizontal and vertical coordinates between detected and measured were in the range of -7 to +7 and -6 to +7 pixels, respectively. The main source of error was the method taking the two-dimensional projection problem into account only. Angle and center point coordinates errors were within the acceptable range. We selected No.1 plug tray to do three-dimensional stereo localization experiment. We adopted SIFT feature matching algorithm matching binocular images (images size are 736 pixels×480 pixels),and got 147 pairs of matching points. When optimize the matching points by using RANSAC(RANdom SAmple Consensus) method, the number of matching points pairs dropped to 55. We reconstructed eight pairs of integrated matching points in the 2×4 area of world coordinates, seven of which the three dimensions relative errors between detected and measured were in 2 mm, and one of which was in 4.6 mm. In summary, our application algorithms were mature, the whole method was reliable, and satisfied the requirements of practical mechanical transplanting application processing. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Image matching
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Algorithms - Belt conveyors - Binary images - Binoculars - Bins - Calibration - Cameras - Edge detection - Errors - Mechanization - Pixels - Stereo image processing - Stereo vision - Transplants - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Binocular stereo vision - Feature matching algorithms - Mechanical transplanting - Scale invariant feature transforms - SIFT Feature - Three dimensional coordinate - Three-dimensional reconstruction - Two-dimensional projection
Classification code:462.4 ProstheticsProsthetics
- 601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design
- 692.1 ConveyorsConveyors
- 694.4 StorageStorage
- 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing
- 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications
- 741.2 VisionVision
- 741.3 Optical Devices and SystemsOptical Devices and Systems
- 742.2 Photographic EquipmentPhotographic Equipment
- 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and EquipmentAgricultural Machinery and Equipment
- 931.1 MechanicsMechanics
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
<RECORD 45>
Accession number:20161402194523
Title:Hydrolysate detoxified from steam exploded corn cob and its fermentation producing butanol fuels
Authors:Wang, Fengqin (1); Tong, Yinxing (1); Li, Chuanbin (1); Xie, Hui (1); Song, Andong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Enzyme Engineering of the Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
Corresponding author:Song, Andong(song1666@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:5
Issue date:March 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:257-262
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The development and utilization of biomass have been paid great attention by many countries with the depletion of fossil energy sources. Due to the recalcitrant and complex structure of lignocellulosic biomass, various pretreatment methods are adopted to help biomass carbohydrate's hydrolysis. Pretreatment can increase the biomass digestibility for efficient fermentable sugar production, but many fermentation inhibitors are also produced during this process, such as furan derivatives (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural), mini-molecule organic acid (acetic acid and formic acid), and lignin degradation products (coumaric acid, vanillin and other phenolics). Therefore, the detoxification process which removes fermentation inhibitors from hydrolysates is essential for the production of biomass energy; at the same time, for different fermentations have different adaptability of initial sugar concentration in fermentation liquor, the studies about the optimal initial sugar fermentation concentration are also meaningful. In order to study the best technology of butanol fuel production from steam exploded corn cob, 4 detoxification methods, which were over liming, D301 resin, over liming combined with D301 resin, and over liming combined with NKAII macro porous resin, were used to detoxify the hydrolysate of steam exploded corn cob, and their effects on butanol production were also determined in this research. The results showed that the D301 resin detoxification was the most efficient way to detoxify the hydrolysate of steam exploded corn cob. The removal ratio of vanillin could reach 100%; the removal ratio of formic acid, acetic acid, total phenol, furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural reached 60%, 46.04%, 56.31%, 82.95% and 87.52%, respectively. At the same time, total sugar lost ratio was only 4.38%. Finally, butanol and ABE (actone, butanol, ethanol) production were 5.2 and 7.5 g/L by fermentation with C. acetobutylicum CICC 8016, and the utilization rate of glucose and total sugar reached 100% and 73.67%, respectively. When the initial sugar concentration was 50 g/L in the detoxified corn cob hydrolysate, the maximum concentrations of butanol and total solvent were 9.7 and 14.6 g/L respectively after 96 h fermentation. The over liming and over liming combined with NKAII macro porous resin had poor inhibitor removal ratio and lower butanol production (no more than 1.0 g/L butanol was produced). Although over liming combined with D301 resin had higher inhibitor removal ratio, only 2.4 g/L butanol and 3.3 g/L ABE were produced because of high sugar lost ratio (about 41.59% glucose and 15.88% xylose were lost during the detoxification). In conclusion, the D301 resin detoxification is an idea process for butanol production from lignocellulose hydrolysate because of its high microbial inhibitor removal ratio and low sugar loss. This research provides a reliable detoxification method for butanol fermentation with the hydrolysate of steam exploded corn cob. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Fermentation
Controlled terms:Acetic acid - Aldehydes - Biomass - Degradation - Detoxification - Explosions - Formic acid - Fueling - Fuels - Furfural - Glucose - Lignin - Organic acids - pH - Resins - Steam
Uncontrolled terms:5 hydroxymethyl furfurals - Corncob - Detoxification process - Development and utilizations - Fermentation inhibitors - Lignin degradation products - Lignocellulose hydrolysates - Lignocellulosic biomass
Classification code:801.1 Chemistry, GeneralChemistry, General
- 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions
- 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
- 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and DerivativesCellulose, Lignin and Derivatives
- 815.1.1 Organic PolymersOrganic Polymers
DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.05.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201616
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