<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20161102109607
Title:Multi-objective optimization on hydraulic design of non-overload centrifugal pumps with high efficiency and low noise
Authors:Si, Qiaorui (1); Lin, Gang (1); Yuan, Shouqi (1); Cao, Rui (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) National Research Center of Pumps, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China 
Corresponding author:Yuan, Shouqi(shouqiy@ujs.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:69-77
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the hydraulic design level of centrifugal pump, 4 indicators i.e. noise level at BPF (blade passing frequency), efficiency, head and shaft power were taken as criteria, and the matrix method was firstly used in pump design field to finish the multi-target optimization of a model pump. All the indicators were calculated by the combined CFD/CA (computational fluid dynamics and computational acoustics) method, which was based on Lighthill acoustic analogy. Efficiency, head and shaft power of the pump were obtained from the flow field calculation, and sound pressure level of fluid-borne noise was simulated by the computational acoustics from flow noise source. Vibro-acoustic interaction effect between the fluid and solid wall was not taken into account during the process of fluid-borne noise calculation. The effects of the variation of impeller diameter, blade inlet angle, blade outlet angle and blade outlet width on the 4 indicators were well investigated based on the L<inf>9</inf>(3⁴) orthographic experiment. Furthermore, the optimum plan was selected according to the weight of each factor from the simulation. After comparing the test results between the optimized impeller and the original one, it was found that the optimum model satisfied all the standards. The head was 2.5% higher than the original model, the efficiency was 3.8% higher than the original one, the shaft power was 3.3% lower than the original model and the sound pressure level at export was 1.2% lower than the original model at nominal flowrate. It was verified that the matrix optimal method combined with the numerical simulation in pump optimization was feasible. Within the reasonable range, the gap between impeller and volute tongue was no longer the most significant factor for flow-induced noise of the pumps. Moreover, the PIV (particle image velocimetry) method was used to compare the inner flow field of the 2 models and analyze the difference to find out why the optimal impeller could supply a better performance with low noise. Non dimensional velocity related to the same volute inlet radius was used to carry out the comparison. The results showed that there was no obvious "jet-wake" flow structure existing inside the optimization mode, the optimized impeller's maximum velocity was 6.7% smaller than that of the original prototype pump, and its range of low velocity area was larger than the original pump model. Besides, due to the decreasing of the diameter of impeller, the impeller-tongue interaction effects were also weakened. All of these were the main exact reasons for the phenomenon that the optimal impeller had a lower noise. The key to design an impeller with high efficiency and low noise was to keep a reasonable gap between impeller and tongue (or diffuser), and form a better control on the flow in the impeller channels by better blade shapes so as to weaken the wake pulsation at impeller trailing edge. The research provides the theoretical and technical references for the hydraulic design of the multi-objective optimization, and especially for the new type of non-overload centrifugal pumps with high efficiency and low noise. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Multiobjective optimization
Controlled terms:Acoustic noise - Acoustic variables measurement - Acoustic wave transmission - Acoustics - Centrifugal pumps - Computational fluid dynamics - Computer simulation - Design - Efficiency - Fighter aircraft  - Flow fields - Impellers - Numerical methods - Optimization - Pumps - Turbulent flow - Velocity measurement - Wakes - Water piping systems
Uncontrolled terms:Blade passing frequency - Computational acoustics - Lighthill acoustic analogy - Matrix methods - Multi-target optimization - Noise - Particle image velocimetries - Vibro-acoustic interactions
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems

 - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components

 - 618.2 PumpsPumps

 - 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

 - 652.1.2 Military AircraftMilitary Aircraft

 - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

 - 751 Acoustics, Noise. SoundAcoustics, Noise. Sound

 - 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

 - 941.2 Acoustic Variables MeasurementsAcoustic Variables Measurements

 - 943.3 Special Purpose InstrumentsSpecial Purpose Instruments

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20161102109604
Title:Regression analysis of fatigue property of internal combustion engine piston with bionic stripe structure
Authors:Wu, Bo (1); Cong, Qian (2); Yang, Li (1); Liu, Yang (3); Jin, Shaojiang (1); Wang, Hongchen (1); Liu, Hongtao (4); Tian, Weijun (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Engineering Training Center, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (3) Studies Section, Changchun Industrial Technology School, Changchun, China; (4) Institute of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:48-55
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Piston is the main moving part of internal combustion engine, and works in the worst environment. During the reciprocating motion in the air cylinder piston endures the mechanical loads from multiple directions and the thermal load with high periodical variation. There are also contact friction between piston and air cylinder, poor heat dissipation and high temperature corrosion. All of these can make piston fatigue failure easy. First, this article made the dynamics analysis based on actual working conditions of internal combustion engine, and put forward to using the third thermal boundary condition to compute the temperature of temperature zone. So the boundary conditions of coupled thermo-mechanical analysis were got. Then we could observe the stress, strain and deformation of piston from coupled thermo-mechanical analysis results. Second, most animals have evolved and formed non-smooth surface, which can reduce drag and resist wear. The soil animal earthworm is one of the perfect animals, which has non-smooth surface. It shuttles back and forth in the soil, which was just like piston doing reciprocating motion in air cylinder. We copied stripes and holes from earthworm and enlarged them. The enlarging scale was decided according to piston size. Then the stripes and holes on the piston skirt were processed. The bionic piston could resist attrition and heat dissipation, and increase fatigue life. The coupled thermo-mechanical analysis results of standard piston showed that the stress of perfective aspect of piston was non-uniform. The stress was concentrated on the piston top and the third ring groove, and the maximum deformation was at the bottom of piston skirt. So this design made depth, width and space of stripe variable size. For the stripe, the closer to the top of piston, the larger the depth, width and space between columns. There were 8 stripes on the skirt from top to bottom, and every adjacent 2 stripes had the same size (1 and 2, 3 and 4,5 and 6, 7 and 8). Third, the three-level and three-factor orthogonal array was used, and 9 testing programs of bionic pistons were made. The first factor was stripe distribution pattern, and it included 3 levels which were stripe distribution, drilling in stripe and a line of stripe with a line of bore. The second factor was stripe depth, and it included 3 levels which were A (0.8, 0.7, 0.6 and 0.5 mm), B (0.9, 0.8, 0.7 and 0.6 mm) and C (1, 0.9, 0.8 and 0.7 mm). The third factor was stripe width, and it included 3 levels which were I (0.8, 0.7, 0.6 and 0.5 mm), II (0.9, 0.8, 0.7 and 0.6 mm) and III (1, 0.9, 0.8 and 0.7 mm). The coupled thermo-mechanical analysis was carried out on 9 bionic pistons. Three typical indices that were the maximum stress of piston top, the maximum stress of the third stripe groove and the deformation of piston, were extracted from the analysis results. Then the cycle index of starting-operation-stopping was computed based on the deformation of piston. The maximum stress of piston top, the maximum stress of the third stripe groove and the fatigue life were optimized by the part orthogonal polynomial regression design, which could find out the inherent law between 3 typical indices and 3 factors. Forth, the piston with optimum performance from the coupled thermo-mechanical analysis was the bionic piston 8, and that from the regression design was the bionic piston 1 and 3.The bench test was carried out with 3 bionic pistons and standard piston. In the bench test, the tested items included the abrasion loss of every piston, the observed wear pattern of piston skirt after experiment and the temperature of piston top under the normal condition. The experiment results could farther verify the simulation results. Ultimately, the fatigue lives of bionic piston averagely increased by 8.8% compared to standard piston. The influence of 3 factors on the performance of bionic piston from high to low was stripe width, stripe depth and stripe distribution pattern. It confirmed that the stripe distribution of a line of stripe with a line of hole was good at increasing fatigue life of piston, and the stripe depth of "B" and the stripe width of "I" and "III" were good at unloading concentrated stress. Abrasion loss of bionic piston averagely decreased by 90% and its top temperature averagely reduced by 5% compared to standard piston. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Engine pistons
Controlled terms:Abrasion - Animals - Biomimetics - Bionics - Boundary conditions - Combustion - Combustion equipment - Deformation - Design - Engines  - Fatigue of materials - Fatigue testing - Internal combustion engines - Pistons - Regression analysis - Soil testing - Stresses - Tribology - Unloading
Uncontrolled terms:Coupled thermo-mechanical - Distribution patterns - High temperature corrosions - Optimum performance - Orthogonal polynomial - Periodical variation - Reciprocating motion - Thermal boundary conditions
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and BiologyBioengineering and Biology

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 521.2 CombustorsCombustors

 - 612.1 Internal Combustion Engines, GeneralInternal Combustion Engines, General

 - 612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine ComponentsInternal Combustion Engine Components

 - 691.2 Materials Handling MethodsMaterials Handling Methods

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

 - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; RelativityClassical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20161102109615
Title:Adaptation evaluation for reference evapotranspiration methods in different regions of Sichuan
Authors:Li, Chen (1); Cui, Ningbo (1, 2); Feng, Yu (1); Wei, Xinping (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering &amp; College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; (2) Provincial Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture in Hill Areas of Southern China, Chengdu, China 
Corresponding author:Cui, Ningbo(cuiningbo@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:127-134
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET<inf>0</inf>) is an important parameter for water cycle and water balance. Accurate estimation of ET<inf>0</inf>becomes vital in water resource evaluation and agricultural water resource utilization. Numerous methods have been proposed for estimating ET<inf>0</inf>, among which the Penman-Monteith (P-M) model recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 1998 is the best one to compute ET<inf>0</inf>at present due to its foundation in physics and comprehensively considering the relationships. FAO has accepted the P-M model as the standard equation for the estimation of ET<inf>0</inf>since it provides the highest accurate results across the world no matter in an arid or humid environment. But the main problems on computing ET0 by the P-M model are its complicated nonlinear process and requirements of many climatic variables. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop a much simpler and more appropriate model in the areas with limited data. This paper compares the accuracy of the Hargreaves-Samani (HS) method, Makkink method, Priestley-Taylor (PT) method, Irmark-Allen (IA) method, Penman-Van Bavel (PVB) method and 48PM method. To obtain the best calculation methods and assess its adaptability, the Sichuan Province is divided into 4 regions (including the eastern basin (I), the moist mountainous area (II), the southwest valley area (III) and the western plateau zone (IV)), and the daily ET<inf>0</inf>in 46 stations from 1954 to 2013 is calculated. Then, this paper takes the ET<inf>0</inf>calculated by the P-M model as a standard, and makes a comparison among the 6 methods. The results show that all methods are obviously variable in different regions. The HS method, the PT method and the PVB method are more accurate while the 48 PM method, the IA method and the Makkink method have a larger error. Unfortunately, there is no method that performs good in all of 4 regions except the PT and PVB methods due to the different terrain or climate in different area. The HS method is relatively accurate in Area I and II which have a lower altitude; the 48PM method has a relative error more than 50% in the shallow hilly area and plateau area, while its relative error is lower in basin areas, such as -25%-11.1% in Batang and Dege, and 11.2%-37.5% in southeast area. Finally, we find that the best methods in the area of I and II are the HS method (root mean square error (RMSE) 0.58 mm/d, mean absolute error (MAE) 0.45 mm/d, mean relative error (MRE) 0.02) and the PVB method (RMSE 0.61 mm/d, MAE 0.39 mm/d, MRE-0.15), and the best method in the area of III and IV is the PT method (RMSE 0.55-0.6 mm/d, MAE 0.44-0.45 mm/d, MRE 0.02-0.06). Therefore, the HS method can be attained as the best one for calculating ET<inf>0</inf>in the eastern basin, the PVB method can be the best one for the moist mountainous area, and the PT method can be similarly chosen in the southwest valley area and the western plateau zone in Sichuan. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Errors
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Evapotranspiration - Landforms - Mean square error - Meteorology - Models - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Food and agriculture organizations - Methods - Performance evaluation - Reference crop evapotranspirations - Reference evapotranspiration - Resource evaluation - Root mean square errors - Sichuan province
Classification code:444 Water ResourcesWater Resources

 - 481.1 GeologyGeology

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20161102109601
Title:Design and experiment of broad width and precision minimal tillage wheat planter in rice stubble field
Authors:Hu, Hong (1); Li, Hongwen (1); Li, Chuanyou (2); Wang, Qingjie (1); He, Jin (1); Li, Wenying (1); Zhang, Xiangcai (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Beijing Agricultural Machinery Testing and Extension Station, Beijing, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Qingjie(wangqingjie@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:24-32
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Lacking of suitable machinery and heavy blocking are the major constraints for directly drilling wheat seed in rice stubble field due to the heavy straw load and heavy soil in rice-wheat cropping system in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region. Therefore, most farmers are reluctant to plant wheat in winter and a large number of croplands are idled. In order to solve the blocking problem in rice-wheat cropping system in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region, in view of meeting the agronomic requirements of opening ditch and reducing soil adhesion when sowing wheat in rice stubble field, a new anti-blocking method was proposed, which combined "seed-fertilizer-seed" broad width and precision planting mode with strip rotary tillage, and a broad width and precision minimal-tillage wheat planter was developed, which integrated the strip rotary tillage and broad width and precision seeding functions, and could finish ditch opening, strip rotary tillage, side deep fertilizing, broad width and precision seeding, and covering and compacting soil in the same run. Besides, the design and optimization for the key components were done, including double-wing ditch opener, double-shaft spiral indent roller seed-metering device and floating covering scraper. The stubbles among seed-fertilizer belts were cut and mixed with soil, and double-wing ditch openers dug the drainage ditch at the same time. The mean width of seed-fertilizer belts was 338 mm, in which 2 rows of seed and one row of fertilizer were set. The floating covering scraper was little wider than the seed-fertilizer belt, and when covering seeds and compacting soil in seed-fertilizer belts, it made ensure that there was good contact between seeds and soil. To evaluate the technology and the planter, laboratory experiments were conducted in Engineering College of China Agricultural University and field trials were conducted in Tuanfeng, Hubei Province. The laboratory experiments demonstrated that each indent of double-shaft spiral indent roller seed-metering device could only be filled with one grain of wheat seed at most, and the leakage rate of seed filling was 6.25%. The mean width of seeding rows was 74.6 mm, which reached the requirement of wide seeding. The field trials showed that the mean depth and width of ditch that was dug by double-wing ditch opener, were 175 and 238 mm respectively, which met the requirement of drainage. The mean sowing depth was 39 mm, and the qualified rate of sowing depth was 86.7%; the mean fertilizing depth was 81 mm, and the qualified rate of fertilizing depth reached 93.3%. Both of them met the requirements of national standard. When using the floating covering scraper to cover and compact soil, the soil adhesion was reduced by 48.34% compared with general press wheel. The slipping ratio of land wheel was 7.8%, and the blocking problem did not happen while the planter was working. The broad width and precision minimal-tillage wheat planter offers a new method of drilling wheat seed in rice stubble field, which can reduce blockage caused by the heavy rice stubble and decrease soil adhesion, and meets the requirements of opening ditch and broad width and precision seeding at the same time. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Adhesion - Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Crops - Design - Drainage - Fertilizers - Machine design - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Soils  - Tools - Wheels
Uncontrolled terms:Anti-blocking - Design and optimization - Laboratory experiments - Middle and lower reaches of the yangtze rivers - Rice stubble field - Rice-wheat cropping systems - Seed metering devices - Strip tillage
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design

 - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components

 - 632.4 Pneumatic Equipment and MachineryPneumatic Equipment and Machinery

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20161102109628
Title:Structure of beef chewing model based on discrete element method
Authors:Wang, Xiaodan (1); Wang, Hongmei (1); Han, Yunxiu (1); Jiao, Na (2); Cai, Yingming (1); Jin, Jiahui (1); Xu, Liping (1); Liu, Aiyang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (2) School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:228-234
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Tenderness is one of the most important factors influencing the quality of beef. Traditional evaluation methods have some disadvantages and limitations more or less. In order to predict beef tenderness accurately, conveniently and objectively, in this research, the discrete element method was used to establish the beef chewing model. Beef from the mid-region of longissimus dorsi (LD) was collected from 50 cattle as the samples, in which 30 cattle were used for structuring the beef chewing model, and 20 cattle were prepared for verifying the accuracy. The age of cattle (400-550 kg) was from 30 to 36 months, and the cattle were fattened for more than 6 months. After starving for 24 h, the live cattle were weighed, showered, stunned, killed, and bled blood. The 4 limbs and head of each animal were cut off, and the body of cattle was split into halves, cooled at 4 for 24 h, and then the carcasses were divided. Each piece of beef was cut into 10 mm&times;10 mm&times;10 mm sample, but the inter-muscular fat, connective tissues and tendon were deleted. The samples were placed into plastic bags individually in a 75-80 water bath, and cooked for 15 min until the internal temperature of beef sample reached 70. The samples were divided into 3 groups so as to carry out the experiments in triplicate after the samples were cooled to room temperature (20). Shear modulus and normal stiffness were detected by Brookfield CT3 texture analyzer (Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, INC. Middleboro Massachusetts, USA). With a two-cycle texture profile analysis (TPA) model (a compression model for normal stiffness) and a TA44 probe (cylinder diameter=4 mm), the size of testing surface of each sample was 10 mm&times;10 mm&times;10 mm (for normal stiffness). The related parameters settings were: test speed of 0.5 mm/s and deformation quantity of 2.5 mm for shear modulus detection, and test speed of 0.5 mm/s and preload of 2 N for detecting normal stiffness. In addition, density, restitution coefficient, friction coefficient and other parameters were also gained by the experiments to establish the beef chewing model. This chewing model made use of the particle body force in the Hertz-Mindlin with bonding model to replace the beef with micro particles which was the minimum unit in simulation. During the chewing process, the particle cluster would be not broken until the normal stress and tangential stress between random 2 micro particles exceeded the maximum limit values. The enhanced discrete element method (EDEM) recorded the exchange of force and beef particles of samples during the chewing cycles. Chewing simulation continued for 4 cycles and got the average shear force to judge the level of tenderness. Then the sensory evaluation and texture analysis were used to verify the results of simulation and compare their accuracy. Ten healthy and dentally tidy adults were chosen to evaluators who had the age from 20 to 25 years old and without thirst or hunger. Each evaluator chewed the samples and estimated the level. Accuracy of broken process and stress change during beef chewing by the EDEM software achieved 90% compared with the sensory evaluation method. On the other hand, the texture analysis showed that the parameters were test speed of 0.5 mm/s, moving distance of 2.5 mm and preload of 2 N. Compared with texture analyzer's results, the accuracy achieved 90% as well. The results prove that the discrete element method is a new efficient method for beef tenderness quality inspection. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Meats
Controlled terms:Beef - Collagen - Elastic moduli - Finite difference method - Friction - Laboratories - Models - Musculoskeletal system - Plastic containers - Sensory analysis  - Shear strain - Stiffness - Textures - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Engineering laboratories - Friction coefficients - Internal temperature - Massachusetts , USA - New efficient method - Restitution coefficient - Tenderness - Texture profile analysis
Classification code:445.2 Water AnalysisWater Analysis

 - 461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and BiomimeticsBiomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics

 - 817.1 Polymer ProductsPolymer Products

 - 822.3 Food ProductsFood Products

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

 - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20161102109631
Title:Improvement of foam stabilty of soy protein on fibrillar aggregate by glycosylation
Authors:Wang, Mengping (1); Chen, Yanqiong (1); Wang, Jinmei (1); Qi, Junru (1); Yang, Xiaoquan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Research and Development Center of Food Proteins, School of Food Science and Technology South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Jinmei(fejmwang@scut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:249-255
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To improve the solubility of the fibrillar aggregates under neutral condition and increase their functional properties, soy protein isolation (SPI)-lactose conjugate fibrillar aggregates were prepared by conjugating SPI with lactose under dry-heated Maillard reaction and then heating at pH value of 2.0 and 85. SPI-lactose conjugate fibrillar aggregates were detected using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) combined with Thioflavine-T fluorometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The hydrolysis kinetics of SPI-lactose conjugate showed that its fibrillar aggregation was a multi-stage process, which included the processes of peptide chain hydrolysis, self assembly, and formation of fibrillar aggregates. The protein subunit bands of SPI-lactose conjugate disappeared after heating for 6 h, while the SPI disappeared after heating for 2 h. The results suggested that glycosylation may decrease the hydrolysis rate of SPI. However, the fluorescence intensity and particle size of SPI-lactose conjugate were significantly higher than that of SPI (P&lt;0.05), which indicated that glycosylation could promote the growth of fibrillar aggregates and enhance the self-assembly ability of the fiber. Therefore, it can be speculated that glycosylation can promote the aggregation of protein fibrillar aggregates though it may decrease the hydrolysis rate of protein. The TEM images clearly showed that lactose was attached to the branch node of SPI-lactose conjugate fibril aggregates, which further confirmed the formation of SPI-lactose conjugate fibrillar aggregates. Moreover, the solubility of both SPI and SPI-lactose conjugate significantly increased near the isoelectric point (5.0 pH value), while decreased under neutral condition (7.0 pH value). Compared with SPI fibrillar aggregates, the solubility of SPI-lactose was remarkably higher under acid condition after heating treatment, which indicated that glycosylation may effectively improve the solubility of SPI under neutral conditions (6.0 pH value). The formation of fiber aggregates improved the solubility of SPI from 6% to 40% under acid condition (pH value of 2.0-5.0). In order to study the effect of pH value on foaming properties for the fibrillar aggregates, SPI and SPI-lactose conjugate fibrillar aggregates prepared by heating at 85 and pH value of 2.0 were readjusted to pH value of 2.0 and 7.0. The results showed that the foaming capacity of the SPI-lactose conjugate fibrillar aggregates with different heating time was higher than SPI fibrillar aggregates, implying that glycosylation may improve the foaming capacity. The formation of fibrillar aggregates decreased the foaming capacity of SPI, but increased the foam stability under both acid condition (2.0 pH value) and neutral condition (7.0 pH value). These results confirmed that the foam stability of SPI was improved significantly (P&lt;0.05) after glycosylation process and short time heating treatment under acid condition (2.0 pH value). The improvement of foam stability for conjugate fibrillar aggregates may contribute to the fact that lactose provided some hydroxyl group and electric charge to prevent the aggregation of fibrils. Thus, it will be an effective method to improve the functional properties of SPI by glycosylation with lactose and self assembly of SPI-lactose conjugate at 85 and pH value of 2.0, and this will facilitate the application of soy protein fibrillar aggregates in food industry. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Aggregates
Controlled terms:Chemical reactions - Dynamic light scattering - Electrophoresis - Glycosylation - Heating - High resolution transmission electron microscopy - Hydrolysis - Light scattering - Particle size - pH  - Polypeptides - Proteins - Self assembly - Solubility - Stability - Sugars - Transmission electron microscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Fibrillar aggregates - Fluorescence intensities - Foam stability - Functional properties - Lactose - Maillard reaction - Self assembly ability - Sodium dodecyl sulphate
Classification code:406 Highway EngineeringHighway Engineering

 - 741.1 Light/OpticsLight/Optics

 - 741.3 Optical Devices and SystemsOptical Devices and Systems

 - 801 ChemistryChemistry

 - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20161102109614
Title:Influence of admixture and water-cement ratio on hydration products and mechanical properties of cement-based materials
Authors:Wu, Fufei (1); Shi, Kebin (1); Dong, Shuangkuai (2); Chen, Liangliang (1); Ci, Jun (1); Wang, Xin (1); Zhang, Kai (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China; (2) College of Pratacultural and Environmental Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China 
Corresponding author:Shi, Kebin(xndsg@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:119-126
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Admixture and water-cement ratio are important factors affecting the development of properties of cement mortar or concrete. In order to study the influence of admixtures and water-cement ratio on the hydration products and the mechanical properties of cement-based materials, the study combined hydration reaction mechanism of pure cement and silicate admixture, derived the formulae of hydration products, theoretical maximum mixing amount and total porosity of composite cement-based materials, and investigated the effects of mixing amount of cement mortar with fly ash, steel slag and lithium slag on total porosity, mechanical properties and hydration products. This paper designed 3 gradients of water-cement ratio (0.50, 0.42 and 0.34), 3 kinds of admixtures (lithium slag, fly ash and steel slag) and 2 contents (20% and 60%); the ratio of cementitious material to sand was 1:2.5, and then, molding specimen accorded with the mix of mortar in the triple mold and the mechanical properties of mortar were tested when specimen was cured to 1, 3, 7, 28 and 90 d. The results showed that, after the same content of fly ash, steel slag and lithium slag incorporation, the contents of hydration products of composite cementitious materials, i.e. calcium hydroxide (CH) and calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), and the total porosity were smaller than those of pure cement; when the water-cement ratio decreased from 0.50 to 0.34, the total porosity of cement mortar decreased from 16.0% to 9.3%, and the contents of CH and CSH increased for the compound cement-based materials with mixing amount of 5%, but the increments were not big; the porosity of fly ash, steel slag and lithium slag cement-based composite materials reduced from 16.6%, 17.2% and 16.0% to 9.9%, 10.9% and 9.3%, respectively. When the admixture amount increased to 10%, the variation of porosity and hydration products of the 3 kinds of mortar was different. The content of hydration products (CH and CSH) of composite cementitious materials was still smaller than that of pure cement. Compared to pure cement, the contents of CH and CSH of lithium slag mortar reduced by about 81.1% and 4.2%, fly ash mortar reduced by about 20.9% and 9.5%, and steel slag mortar reduced by approximately 3.0% and 9.5%, respectively. The porosity of lithium slag, fly ash and steel slag mortar increased by 0.1%, 3.6% and 7.6%, respectively. Among the 3 kinds of admixtures, the theoretical maximum mixing amount of fly ash was the maximum, followed by lithium slag, and the steel slag's theoretical maximum mixing amount was the minimum. It was found that the compressive strength of lithium slag cement-based composite material was prior to fly ash and steel slag cement-based composite materials. In early stage (14 days ago), the compressive strength of fly ash mortar was prior to steel slag mortar; when water-cement ratio was relatively high, the compressive strength of steel slag mortar was close to fly ash. When the mixing amount was 20%, the compressive strength of lithium slag cement mortar was prior to pure cement mortar; if the mixing amount was 60%, the compressive strength of fly ash, steel slag and lithium slag mortar was worse than pure cement mortar. The study provides theoretical basis for material adding in mortar and concrete. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Strength of materials
Controlled terms:Calcium - Calcium silicate - Cements - Composite materials - Compressive strength - Concrete blocks - Concretes - Fly ash - Hydration - Lithium  - Mechanical properties - Mixing - Mortar - Porosity - Silicate minerals - Silicates - Slag cement - Slags
Uncontrolled terms:Admixture - Calcium silicate hydrate - Cement based composite material - Cement based material - Cementitious materials - Composite cementitious materials - Variation of porosities - Water-cement ratio
Classification code:412 ConcreteConcrete

 - 412.1 CementCement

 - 414.3 Mortar (Before 1993, use code 412)Mortar (Before 1993, use code 412)

 - 482.2 MineralsMinerals

 - 549.1 Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals

 - 549.2 Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20161102109618
Title:Effects of different tillage methods on soil organic carbon in soybean soil of drip irrigation in arid oasis
Authors:Su, Lili (1); Xu, Wenxiu (1); Li, Yajie (1); Tang, Jianghua (1); Wang, Na (2); Luo, Jiaxiang (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agricultural, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China; (2) Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Yining County, Yining, China 
Corresponding author:Xu, Wenxiu(xjxwx@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:150-156
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, the climate warming has become the focus of global attention. Unreasonable soil tillage can lead to greenhouse effect. Reasonable soil tillage management measures can make farmland soil play some carbon sink function, which fixes soil organic carbon (SOC), and also effectively controls greenhouse gas emissions. Currently, researches about the influence of conservation tillage on organic carbon exist, but the most of them are focused on the soil surface, and more are concentrated in northern China dry rain-fed agriculture. There are very few studies about organic carbon content of deep soil profile and irrigated agriculture, especially under the condition of drip irrigation in Xinjiang. In today's background of advocating low carbon agriculture, this study was to investigate the effect of different tillage methods on soil organic carbon in 0-100 cm soil layer planted with summer soybean by drip irrigation in arid oasis, in order to evaluate what was the most beneficial cultivation way to carbon sequestration in soybean field. After the harvest of winter wheat, 4 different tillage methods including tillage plough (TP), tillage (T), rotary tillage (RT) and no-till (NT) were carried out to study the effect of different soil tillage methods on soil bulk density, total organic carbon (TOC) and carbon pool management index (CPMI) in 0-100 cm soil layer in multiple cropping soybean field experiment during 2012-2014. The results showed that the contents of SOC and easily oxidized organic carbon (EOC) increased and the depth of soil increased. NT and RT treatments increased SOC and EOC content significantly in the 0-10 cm soil. Among them, the SOC mass fraction of NT treatment was 13.619 g/kg, higher than RT, TP and T treatment by 5.08%, 14.36% and 17.04%, respectively. The EOC content was 2.92 g/kg, higher than RT, TP and T by 5.04%, 21.16% and 31.53%, respectively. The TP treatment increased SOC and EOC content significantly in the topsoil of 20-30 cm. Among them, the mass fraction of SOC of TP treatment was higher than T, RT and NT by 16.22%, 12.31% and 10.52%, respectively, and the EOC mass fraction of TP treatment was 5.78%, 8.18% and 23.96% higher than that of T, RT and NT respectively. There was significant difference in SOC content of in 60-100 cm soil layer, but there was no difference in EOC content between TP treatment and other treatments. Soil bulk density and TOC content had significantly negative correlation (P&lt;0.01). Among different tillage methods, the NT's CPMI was the highest, and 4.41%, 9.90% and 22.06% higher than RP, TP and T respectively in 0-60 cm soil layer. The soil bulk density of each treatment increased gradually with the soil layer increasing, and under 30 cm depth, it increased slowly. The results showed that for the soil bulk density of 0-60 cm layer, the NT was the largest compared with other treatments, which was more obvious when being closed to the surface. The soil bulk density was relatively small in 0-30 cm soil layer for the rest of the treatment. The NT and RT treatment could improve the overall quality of CPMI in 0-60 cm soil layer and the tillage mulching significantly improved the CPMI in 20-30 cm soil layer. This study provides a theoretical basis for the selection of the most beneficial cultivation method to the carbon sequestration of soybean planting under drip irrigation in the arid oasis. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Organic carbon
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Carbon - Crops - Cultivation - Forestry - Gas emissions - Greenhouse effect - Greenhouse gases - Irrigation  - Soil conservation - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Bulk density - Carbon pool - Conservation tillage - Irrigated agriculture - Low carbon agricultures - Organic carbon contents - Rain fed agriculture - Tillage methods
Classification code:451 Air PollutionAir Pollution

 - 451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20161102109608
Title:Dynamic characteristics analysis of tubular turbine based on bidirectional fluid-solid coupling
Authors:Zheng, Xiaobo (1); Wang, Lingjun (1); Weng, Kai (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China; (2) The Fine Hydraulic Machinery Institute, Hangzhou, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:78-83
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study the stress, displacement and flow characteristics of flow field of the tubular turbine under the effect of coupling, the flow field and the structural response of the runner blade in the tubular turbine are calculated in one-way and two-way coupling by using the commercial software ANSYS 12.0 CFX and ANSYS APDL. The flow field is based on RANS control equation, two-equation SST-&omega; turbulence model and runner blade structure of the solid domain using the equations of the motion of elastic structure. The fluid-structure coupling numerical calculation of the tubular turbine under different working conditions is carried out for stress and displacement of the runner blade and the distribution of the pressure field of the runner in this paper. The calculated structural stress, the displacement distribution and the variation trend of the structure are compared. The difference of equivalent stress and displacement of the runner is analyzed under one-way and two-way coupling. The pressure distribution of the flow field inside the runner is also analyzed. The results show that under different working conditions, the equivalent stress, displacement distribution and variation trend of the one-way coupling and two-way coupling are basically same. The maximum equivalent stress occurs on the runner blade near the hub; the maximal displacement occurs on the blade trailing edge at blade tip. The maximum equivalent stress values of the two-way coupling are separately increased by 0.16%, 0.38% and 0.82% than the one-way coupling under 3 different conditions. In the maximum displacement position, the equivalent stress difference between uncoupled and coupled systems is more significant and the equivalent stress of the two-way coupling is increased by 1.71%, 1.90% and 2.51% respectively than the one-way coupling. The maximum deformation displacement of the two-way coupling is separately increased by 0.3%, 0.43% and 0.61% than the one-way coupling. Also in the position of maximum deformation displacement, the deformation displacement is increased by 0.52%, 0.88% and 1.08% respectively. With the increase of the guide vane opening, the maximum equivalent stress and the deformation displacement are also decline. At the same time, the difference of the equivalent stress values calculated under the 2 kinds of coupling is even more significant with the increase of the maximum displacement difference between unidirectional and bidirectional coupling. It is verified that the size of displacement and the relative displacement difference in solving the runner dynamic stress is a key factor to the difference between two methods of coupling. The maximum equivalent stress peak appears 4 times within a time period, just the same as the number of blades under 3 kinds of conditions. It shows that the maximum equivalent stress with time is affected by the number of blades. The maximum equivalent stress calculated by two-way coupling is volatile and stronger than one-way coupling. The frequency domain graph shows that the maximum equivalent stress frequency is 16 times rotation frequency by the one-way coupling, while 4 times by the two-way coupling. All in all, the difference of maximum equivalent stress between one-way coupling and two-way coupling is small. At the same time, the main frequency of the maximum equivalent stress is also different. The internal geometric boundary caused by blade displacement can also affect the change of flow field. Compared with uncoupling, the pressure difference between pressure side and suction side of blade decline near blade tip. This paper provides certain reference for further numerical study of fluid-structure interaction and hydraulic performance on tubular turbine. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Occupational risks
Controlled terms:Deformation - Efficiency - Equations of motion - Flow fields - Fluid structure interaction - Frequency domain analysis - Hydraulic motors - Pressure distribution - Tubular turbines - Turbine components  - Turbomachine blades - Turbulence models
Uncontrolled terms:Deformation displacements - Displacement - Displacement distribution - Dynamic characteristics analysis - Equivalent stress - Fluid and structure interactions - Fluid structure couplings - Stress and displacements
Classification code:617 Turbines and Steam TurbinesTurbines and Steam Turbines

 - 617.3 Steam EnginesSteam Engines

 - 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

 - 632.2 Hydraulic Equipment and MachineryHydraulic Equipment and Machinery

 - 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

 - 921.2 CalculusCalculus

 - 921.3 Mathematical TransformationsMathematical Transformations

 - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20161102109613
Title:Sensor placement optimization method for pressure pipeline suitable for grading pumping station
Authors:Zhang, Jianwei (1); Bao, Zhenlei (1); Liu, Xiaoliang (1); Wang, Tao (1); Jiang, Qi (1); Liu, Xuanran (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Water Resources, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:113-118
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the basic carrier of long-distance inter-basin water conveyance project of cascade, cascade pumping station is an important part of agricultural engineering and water conservancy projects, which plays an important role on solving the uneven space-time distribution of water resources. Safety monitoring research of cascade pumping station pressure pipe structure is a focus of current structural health monitoring and dynamic recognition research. But in practical engineering, safety monitoring of pressure pipeline structure is mostly based on experience of the sensor measurement points for decorate, which has a great deal of subjectivity and blindness. In order to solve the problem of pressure pipeline sensor optimization of cascade pumping station, an improved effective independence sensor placement optimization method based on total displacement is proposed. Effective independence method is about to obtain the best point to estimate the modal space independence by calculating the covariance matrix between the measuring points. Two candidate sensor location independence of measuring points may have the large contribution of modal vectors, but not have necessarily larger measuring point distribution in energy, which may lead to the lost of important structure information. What is more, the displacement and corresponding strain energy of structure damage are commonly large in practical engineering. Effective independence-total displacement method adds the total displacement of measuring points in the form of weighting sensor in the process of sensor placement optimization. The effective independence-total displacement method can retain the advantages of effective independence method, which overcomes the shortcomings of getting the points with less energy. The measuring points got by the effective independence-total displacement method can get good independence and satisfy the requirement of energy. Taking 3# pumping station 2# pipeline of second phase of Jingtai cascade pumping station as the research object, the effective independence method and effective independence-total displacement method were applied to achieve sensor placement optimization. Finally the optimal placement with different methods was gotten when the sensor number was 14.Comparing the effect of improved method with traditional effective independence, regarding modal confidence criterion, maximum singular value ratio, fisher information matrix and total displacement as evaluation index, total displacement criterion was proposed to ensure the final evaluation index of strain energy of the measured points in this paper. Study showed that effective independence-total displacement method could improve the strain energy and observability of the remaining measuring points, which could also retain the independence of each other. In addition, through the comparison of the measured data before and after optimization showed that the selected number and location of measuring points are reasonable. This improved method has good applicability to the practical structure monitoring, which shows that it is an effective and practical method for optimal sensor placement. The effective independence-total displacement method has achieved good results in solving the problem of sensor placement optimization of the cascade pumping station pressure pipeline, which can effectively avoid the problem of large strain energy measuring point information lost and ensure the independence between the measuring points. It is a kind of reliable sensor optimization method. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Structural health monitoring
Controlled terms:Covariance matrix - Displacement measurement - Fiber optic sensors - Fisher information matrix - Grading - Matrix algebra - Optimization - Pipelines - Pressure - Problem solving  - Pumping plants - Pumps - Safety engineering - Sensors - Shape optimization - Strain energy - Water management - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Displacement method - Effective independence methods - Optimal sensor placement - Pressure pipeline - Pumping stations - Sensor placement optimizations - Space time distribution - Water conservancy projects
Classification code:422 Strength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and MethodsStrength of Building Materials; Test Equipment and Methods

 - 444 Water ResourcesWater Resources

 - 446 WaterworksWaterworks

 - 618.2 PumpsPumps

 - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and PipelinesPipe, Piping and Pipelines

 - 741.1.2 Fiber OpticsFiber Optics

 - 914 Safety EngineeringSafety Engineering

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 922 Statistical MethodsStatistical Methods

 - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics

 - 943.2 Mechanical Variables MeasurementsMechanical Variables Measurements

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20161102109612
Title:Fault detection and management for automotive FlexRay network communication based on AUTOSAR
Authors:Wang, Yuefei (1, 2); Zhang, Yasheng (1); Liu, Hongjun (1); Huang, Weikang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China; (2) Engineering Research Center of Safety Critical Industrial Measurement and Control Technology of Ministry of Education, Hefei, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:105-112
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:During the past few decades, more and more hydraulic components in vehicles have been replaced by electronic control units (ECU). The increasing number of ECUs leads to the larger demands for real-time and high-speed communication between ECUs. As a result, communication network has become an inevitable trend in vehicles. Compared with the traditional controller area network (CAN) bus, FlexRay bus has great advantages in transmission efficiency, reliability and flexibility. Since it can meet the future requirements of network communication between ECUs, it has been applied to the power system, chassis system and X-by-wire system in some vehicles. However, how to guarantee the safety and reliability of FlexRay network communication has become an important problem. AUTOSAR NM (automotive open system architecture network management) possesses the functions of the state real-time monitoring and the cooperative sleep of network nodes, which are suitable for the vehicular FlexRay network management. AUTOSAR FlexRay NM mainly consists of 3 basic modes: bus sleep mode, synchronization mode and network mode. Based on the AUTOSAR NM, a network communication management method with fault detection function is proposed and designed. First, a FlexRay network of an automotive chassis and AUTOSAR NM is described. Second, the network internal nodes' state transition model of network communication management is established. For this model, besides normal operation state, repeating message state and state of preparing for sleep in AUTOSAR NM, a state of Error check is introduced to identify the communication faults of network nodes. Third, a distributed fault detection state mechanism is designed for the Error check state. Finally, the processing mechanism to the fault by the application layer is also given. Through the cooperation between the NM message and a variety of timers, the nodes can easily make sure whether the communication of suspected nodes works well. Furthermore, to reduce the bandwidth consumption of the previous NM, the calculation method for the key parameters is taken into consideration. The NM message is incorporated with the user messages, and then a mixed frame structure is adopted. The parameters like FlexRay static slot and the values of all NM timers are designed. At last, the experiments in Vector CANoe, which is a special software for automotive network application, are carried out to validate the proposed NM method in the paper. In the experiments of node communication failure, our NM with Error check has shorter response time to the node communication failures in the network than the traditional OSEK NM and the response time is also steadier. Besides, the practice of the network cooperative sleep is verified. In the other experiments for the bandwidth consumption, the equations of the consumption rate are presented, and the results show that the bandwidth consumption is close to zero because of the mixed structure while the bandwidth consumption of other methods is more than 5%. When the number of nodes is a constant, the bandwidth consumption of the previous NM decreases by 5% with the increase in the number of user messages. So the NM with Error check function proposed in the paper can be more suitable for the real-time application in the vehicular communication. In the future, the state transition model and the fault detection mechanism of network communication management will be further optimized. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Vehicle to vehicle communications
Controlled terms:Application programs - Bandwidth - Buses - Chassis - Control system synthesis - Control systems - Errors - Fault detection - Models - Network management  - Open systems - Response time (computer systems) - Sleep research - Telecommunication networks - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Controller area networkbus - Distributed fault detections - Electronic control units - Fault-detection mechanisms - Flexray - High-speed communications - Network communications - Vehicular communications
Classification code:461.4 Ergonomics and Human Factors EngineeringErgonomics and Human Factors Engineering

 - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor VehiclesHeavy Duty Motor Vehicles

 - 663.2 Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle ComponentsHeavy Duty Motor Vehicle Components

 - 716 Telecommunication; Radar, Radio and TelevisionTelecommunication; Radar, Radio and Television

 - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing

 - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 731.1 Control SystemsControl Systems

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20161102109636
Title:Respiration rate model of Agaricus bisporus based on enzyme kinetics equation under controlled atmosphere storage
Authors:Cao, Dongjie (1); Wang, Xiangyou (1); Wang, Juan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China 
Corresponding author:Wang, Juan(wangjuan7912@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:284-289
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agaricus bisporus is highly perishable horticultural product. It does not have a protective skin cover, which consequently leads to high moisture loss and a short shelf life of 1-3 d when held at ambient temperature. And with the improvement of people's living standards, the requirement of the quality of food is also more and more strict. The shelf life of 1-2 d after harvest has not satisfied the market. How to control the quality of the Agaricus bisporus is an urgent problem to be solved. During the storage and transportation of postharvest fruits and vegetables, respiration is the main postharvest physiological and biochemical process of fruits and vegetables. Respiration is the most important cause of physiological tissue changes in fruits and vegetables. The respiration rate of fruits and vegetables is an important indicator of senescence and ethylene production in fruits. A major factor contributing to postharvest losses is the product respiration, which converts the stored sugar or starch to energy in the presence of O<inf>2</inf>substrate, thus advancing ripening. Shelf life is directly proportional to the rate of senescence and inversely proportional to the respiration rate. Respiration plays a central role in the overall metabolism of a plant and is therefore often used as a general measure of metabolic rate. Controlling the respiration rate of fruits and vegetables is one of the important means to improve the value of the fruits and vegetables. Changes in respiration rate are influenced by many factors, such as storage time, storage temperature, environmental conditions. Storage temperature plays a major role in the respiration rates of fruits and vegetables, and when storage temperature decreased to lower levels, it causes a reduction in the biochemical reaction rate and consequently increases its shelf life. At present, there are many fresh-keeping methods to inhibit the respiration and keep the quality of fruits and vegetables. And a model of the respiratory rate of fruit and vegetable can provide important theoretical guidance and design basis for the storage and preservation method. Although the storage time is an important factor to affect the respiration rate of fruits and vegetables, there are few models to consider the storage time. A theoretical model of respiration rate of Agaricus bisporus related to storage time, based on the enzyme kinetics equation, was established. The effect of storage time on the respiration rate of Agaricus bisporus was studied at 5 and 20% oxygen concentration under the controlled atmosphere storage, and the respiration models of Agaricus bisporus based on this were established, with the coefficients of determination of 0.9766 and 0.9331 respectively. The difference between the model and the measured value was not significant (P&gt;0.05), the absolute error of the respiration rate was less than 5 mL/(kg&middot;h), and the relative error was 0.06%-24.95%. After that, the effects of storage temperature (5, 10, 15 and 20) on the respiration rate were studied as well as the established model parameters. Based on the model, the temperature dependence of the model parameters was evaluated using an Arrhenius plot, and the model incorporating temperature and time was established, whose coefficients of determination were 0.9073 and 0.9350 respectively. The difference between the model and the measured value was not significant (P&gt;0.05), the absolute error of the respiration rate was less than 17 mL/(kg&middot;h), and the relative error was 1.00%-25.25%. The verification tests showed that, the respiration of Agaricus bisporus in terms of time and temperature during the storage was well described by the obtained models, and agreed well with the experiment data. The respiration rate model can provide the important theoretical basis for the prediction of respiratory rate and the research of storage quality in the process of storage and transportation of fruits and vegetables. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Food storage
Controlled terms:Arrhenius plots - Digital storage - Energy storage - Enzyme kinetics - Enzymes - Errors - Ethylene - Fruits - Fungi - Kinetic theory  - Metabolism - Models - Packaging - Physiology - Quality control - Reaction rates - Temperature distribution - Vegetables
Uncontrolled terms:Agaricus bisporus - Biochemical reaction rate - Controlled atmosphere storage - Environmental conditions - Horticultural products - Respiratory rate - Storage and transportations - Temperature dependence
Classification code:461.9 BiologyBiology

 - 525.7 Energy StorageEnergy Storage

 - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

 - 694.1 Packaging, GeneralPackaging, General

 - 694.4 StorageStorage

 - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and TechniquesData Storage, Equipment and Techniques

 - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20161102109632
Title:Suitable moisture content maintaining storage quality of oil-tea camellia seed
Authors:Wang, Yaping (1); Shi, Xiaoli (1); Yao, Xiaohua (1); Fei, Xueqian (1); Guo, Shaohai (1); Luo, Fan (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:256-261
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Camellia seed oil is a kind of high-quality plant oil and has rich unsaturated fatty acids, but it is prone to oxidize and deteriorate during storage and processing. The quality of camellia seed oil is not only closely related to the processing and storage technologies, but also associated with the quality of raw material. Every plant presents its suitable moisture content, and too much or too little moisture could affect its growth and quality. The appropriate moisture content is therefore essential for the quality control, bioactivity and components of camellia seed. In this study, the effects of different moisture levels (7%, 10%, 13%, 16% and 20%) on the quality and nutritional changes of oil-tea camellia seed were investigated during the storage. The results showed that the physiological and nutritional quality of camellia seed could be kept well at the lower water content. The soluble proteins of camellia seed with 7% moisture was reduced by 13.05 mg/g during the storage, which was the least decline, and the reduction rate of soluble proteins of camellia with 20% moisture content was the fastest, which was basically the same with the change of soluble sugar. Too high moisture content could easily induce camellia oil's rancidity and deterioration. The acid value and peroxide value of camellia seed in 20% humidity treatment group was the highest, and 7% treatment was the lowest. In addition, the composition of fatty acids in 7% treatment was more stable to maintain the oleic acid content of camellia seed oil, and the content of &beta;-sitosterol and other nutritional indices could be kept well. In summary, the 7% moisture content of camellia seed was the better condition for the camellia seed storage, the 10% moisture content treatment was the second, and the treatment of 20% moisture content was the worst condition; and the same was its oil. Comprehensively considering the quality and the cost of the seed, the camellia seed with the moisture content of less than 10% could ensure the quality of seeds, while the moisture content of 20% was not suitable for its storage. The study provides a strong theoretical basis for reasonable storage of camellia seed. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Energy storage - Fatty acids - Moisture - Moisture determination - Oils and fats - Proteins - Quality control - Storage (materials) - Unsaturated fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:High moisture contents - Nutritional changes - Nutritional indices - Nutritional qualities - Oil-tea camellia seeds - Soluble proteins - Storage technology - Treatment group
Classification code:525.7 Energy StorageEnergy Storage

 - 694.4 StorageStorage

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

 - 944.2 Moisture MeasurementsMoisture Measurements

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20161102109603
Title:Method and experiment on automatic orientation of slice sampling for corn seed
Authors:Li, Guangwei (1); Gu, Kanfeng (1); Zhao, Mingyang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang, China 
Corresponding author:Gu, Kanfeng(kfgu@sia.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:40-47
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Molecular marker breeding is often used in modern maize breeding. Breeding section is an analytical sample used in modern molecular marker breeding, and maize breeding section is taken from the endosperm tissue of the endosperm end of the corn seed, which is about 15 mg and can be cut by hand and also by machine automatically. The corn breeding laser chip sampling robot is a device for automatic production of maize breeding section. In the process of making section, the accuracy of the automatic orientation determines the location and size of the section, and is a key link in the whole process. In order to solve the problem of automatic orientation of maize seeds in the design of corn breeding laser chip sampling robot, one method of corn seed orientation combined with computer vision and posture adjustment device is proposed in this paper, and the validation test of this method is done. In short, the method is to obtain the current posture of the seed from the seed image information at first, and then use the posture adjustment device to adjust the seed from the current posture to the ideal posture. The main content of the paper is the identification method of the seed posture and the design of the posture adjusting device. Based on the shape and posture of maize seed, through analyzing and comparing the differences of main characteristic parameters abstracted from binary image of those seeds under different shape and position, the obvious characteristic parameters are selected as the effective characteristic parameters, and the effective form and posture parameters include the ratio of perimeter to area, the roundness, the ratio of the minor axis to the major axis, and the proportion of area size of the sub regions, which are divided into 9 rectangular areas (3&times;3) uniformly from the target binary image. Using these effective characteristic parameters as input parameters of neural network, and the type of the predefined target shape and posture as the output parameter, the neural network model is established and trained using the MATLAB neural network pattern recognition toolbox. Finally, the training completed neural network model will be used as a classification model for the identification of seed morphology and pose. According to the output of the classification model, the angular deviation between the current seed pose and the ideal posture can be calculated, and the posture adjustment platform drives the rotation of the seed according to the deviation value, which makes the seed's posture close to the ideal posture. A clamping centering device is designed in posture adjustment platform, and to some extent, it can make up for the deviation between the finiteness of neural network recognition and the randomness of seed posture. The following is the result of the seed orientation test: the 497 groups of samples are trained; the morphology recognition rate is 97.8%, the posture recognition rate is 99.8%, and the recognition rate is 1.3 s per image, which can meet the design requirements of the corn breeding laser chip sampling robot, and verifies the accuracy of the method and the rationality of the design of the posture adjusting device. The research can provide a solution for the automatic orientation of the seeds in the design of the corn breeding laser chip sampling robot, and also a reference for the design of automatic orientation device, such as sunflower seed and gourd in seeding machine. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Computer vision
Controlled terms:Binary images - Bins - Design - Machine design - Models - Neural networks - Pattern recognition - Robots - Seed
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic production - Classification models - Effective characteristics - Identification method - Maize breeding - Neural network model - Neural network recognition - Posture recognition
Classification code:601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design

 - 694.4 StorageStorage

 - 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing

 - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

 - 731.5 RoboticsRobotics

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20161102109634
Title:Control method of relative humidity of carrot hot air drying based on detecting material's temperature
Authors:Ju, Haoyu (1); Zhang, Qian (2); Guo, Xiuliang (3); Xiao, Hongwei (1); Fang, Xiaoming (4); Liu, Yanhong (1); Zhao, Haiyan (1); Gao, Zhenjiang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) College of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China; (3) Keda Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Lishui, China; (4) Bee Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 
Corresponding author:Gao, Zhenjiang(zjgao@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:269-276
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Box type hot air dryer has been widely used for agriculture products because of its simple structure and convenient operation. How to shorten drying time, reduce energy consumption and improve products' quality becomes one of the important directions of research. As to the material which easily crusts in the surface, it is expected to use high relative humidity pretreatment and then reduce the relative humidity to enhance drying rate. In this circumstance, the temperature and moisture gradient between sample and drying air become consistent and high efficient drying process can be achieved. However, it is difficult to confirm the magnitude of relative humidity and its keeping time in each step during drying process. It is expected that material's temperature and relative humidity of hot air are the main 2 factors that have a significant influence on the drying process. High temperature of hot air drying leads to high temperature of material, so that drying time can be reduced. Material's internal moisture movement towards surface can be accelerated because of material temperature increment. Besides, the vapor partial pressure difference between material's surface and drying medium can be increased by reducing drying relative humidity, which can improve drying rate. In addition, material's temperature and relative humidity of drying hot air are the 2 aspects which reflect the mass transfer and heat transfer of the drying procedure. High relative humidity can increase material's temperature but decrease drying rate. Conversely, low relative humidity may increase drying rate but hinder increment of material's temperature. The drying procedure can be divided to initial preheating period, medium-term temperature increment period and late drying period based on material's temperature curve change. So according to material's temperature, drying period can be specified and then relative humidity can be controlled so that drying process can be optimized. In this paper, the control of relative humidity was designed for internal recycling hot air drying technology. In initial preheating period, relative humidity was set to a high value. And the material's temperature was raised rapidly. When the slowly increasing trend of material's temperature was detected by the automatic control program, the drying process transferred to medium-term drying procedure. In this period, material's temperature was kept at a specific value with the moisture removing fan open. When the material's temperature began to increase, the moisture removing fan was closed and the material was heated. When material's temperature approached drying hot air temperature or material's temperature couldn't rise rapidly, drying process transferred to late drying period. Carrot was adopted to test the performance of the automatic control program of relative humidity. The experiment result showed that in the way of self adaptive control of relative humidity, the maximum deviation of relative humidity was 1% in the preheating period, and the drying temperature of material kept under dehumidifying increased gradually. The maximum error between set temperature and achieved temperature was 0.8. In the last drying period, the judge on the drying end time by the moisture content in 15 min was 9 min later than the judge by weighing method. Drying time was reduced by 19.7% compared to the drying condition of 50% relative humidity in the initial period and 20% in the late period as well as the drying condition of 50% relative humidity pretreatment and removing moisture continuously afterwards. The present work comes up with a new way of controlling relative humidity in internal recycling hot air drying technology, which is useful for enhancing drying rate. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Atmospheric humidity - Automation - Control - Dryers (equipment) - Energy utilization - Heat transfer - High temperature operations - Humidity control - Mass transfer - Moisture  - Preheating - Process control - Recycling - Software testing - Solar dryers - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture products - High relative humidities - Low relative humidities - Reduce energy consumption - Self adaptive control - Temperature and relative humidity - Temperature increment - Vapor partial pressure
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

 - 452.3 Industrial WastesIndustrial Wastes

 - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization

 - 641 Heat and Mass Transfer; ThermodynamicsHeat and Mass Transfer; Thermodynamics

 - 642.1 Process HeatingProcess Heating

 - 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena

 - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

 - 731 Automatic Control Principles and ApplicationsAutomatic Control Principles and Applications

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20161102109641
Title:Bacterial community structure succession in fermentative biohydrogen with methanogenesis integration from reed straw
Authors:Jia, Xuan (1); Ren, Lianhai (1); Li, Mingxiao (2); Xi, Beidou (2); Zhu, Chaowei (2); Zhao, Youcai (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China; (3) State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Mingxiao(limingxiao8122@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:199-204
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The two-stage coproduction of hydrogen and methane using cellulosic biomass, such as reed straw, is a promising technology for achieving energy saving and emission reduction and developing a circular economy. The enhancement of hydrogen and methane coproduction from reed straw under enzyme pretreatment was evaluated during anaerobic fermentation. The effects of cellulase pretreatment on biogas production performance and intermediate metabolites' characteristics were investigated in this study. In addition, the combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 16S rRNA genes with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was used to study the composition and succession of bacterial community in fermentative biohydrogen with methanogenesis integration system. The results showed that the maximum accumulative biogas production and hydrogen proportion were 42.5 mL/g and 52.1% respectively in hydrogenogenic stage. And the maximum accumulative biogas production of 137.5 mL/g was 5.36 times higher than the control in methane prodution stage. However, the highest methane proportion of 68.4% in control test was similar to those under cellulase pretreatment. Therefore, the cellulase pretreatment has the benefit of structural damage on refractory organics while improving the hydrogen production potential in this study. Usually, hydrogen and methane formation is accompanied by volatile fatty acids (VFAs) generation during anaerobic digestion process. Hence, the composition and concentration of soluble metabolites produced were useful indicators for monitoring the hydrogenogenic process. The investigation of the soluble metabolites at the end of each stage showed that the main VFAs were distributed under cellulase pretreatment compared with the control. The composition of VFAs in hydrogenogenic stage was butyric acid and acetic acid, indicating that butyric-acid type fermentation was established. During the methanogenic stage, the butyric acid was consumed and the propionic and valeric acid were produced more. These results showed that cellulase pretreatment might be attributed to the diversity of microbial populations in 2 stages after enrichment. The sequences of 16S rDNA DGGE predominant band fragments were determined by comparison with NCBI database. The DGGE patterns showed that the 2 stages experienced different microbial community structure changes during the period. Early in hydrogenogenic stage, the low similarity of bacterial communities was observed. And then the high similarity with Deiss coefficient of 83.6% (lane: H3, H4) and 87.4% (lane: M6, M7) was obtained in peak production period of hydrogen and methane, respectively. The Cs value was reduced to 51.5 at the end of methane production stage (lane: M6, M9). The majority of the sequences obtained were affiliated with Clostridium thermocellum (Band 20), Enterobacter aerogenes (Band 28) and Sedimentibacter (Band 29). In hydrogenogenic stage, the dominant microorganism was Enterobacter aerogenes (Band 28), which can produce hydrogen and dramatically enhance the hydrogen production performance. A hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacterium of Sedimentibacter (Band 29) was also the dominant bacterium, which can produce hydrogen and acetic acid in hydrogen and methane coproduction process. The dominant microorganism of Clostridium thermocellum (Band 20) existed in 2 stages, which can degrade cellulose and play an important role in reed straw utilization process. Hence, the maximum cumulative biogas yield and proportion were increased dramatically under the cellulase pretreatment, which directly impacted the hydrogen and methane production ability. The result provides an important microbiology theoretical basis for the biofortification in biogas coproduction process from cellulosic biomass. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Hydrogen production
Controlled terms:Acetic acid - Anaerobic digestion - Bacteria - Biogas - Biomolecules - Butyric acid - Clostridium - Electrophoresis - Emission control - Energy conservation  - Fatty acids - Fermentation - Hydrogen - Metabolites - Methane - Microorganisms - Organic acids - pH - Polymerase chain reaction - Propionic acid  - RNA - Social sciences - Straw - Volatile fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic digestion process - Bacterial community structure - Community succession - Denaturing gradient gel electrophoreses (DGGE) - Energy saving and emission reductions - Hydrogen production performance - Microbial community structures - Reed
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control

 - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue EngineeringBiological Materials and Tissue Engineering

 - 461.9 BiologyBiology

 - 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels

 - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation

 - 801 ChemistryChemistry

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 821.5 Agricultural WastesAgricultural Wastes

 - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20161102109600
Title:Mechanical analysis and experiment on green soybean pod cleaning device based on vertical roller mechanism
Authors:Zhao, Ying (1, 2); Liu, Shourong (1); Xiao, Hongru (2); Qin, Guangming (2); Cheng, Qiaomin (2); Mao, Enrong (1); Jin, Yue (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agricultural, Nanjing, China 
Corresponding author:Liu, Shourong(lsr@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:17-23
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In 2014, soybean production was 179 million tons, and planting area was 102.1 million square hectare in China. China has become the fourth largest soybean production country after the United States, Brazil and Argentina over the world. However, the green soybean harvest still rely on manual power, what's more, harvesting has taken up the large part of labor force in green soybean planting, accounting for over 40% of the total labor force. The operation of pod taking off is a key link in the process of green soybean mechanization harvest, and meanwhile, it is a core factor and technology which seriously influences the equipment performances. The structure style of the device of pod taking off and its parameters selected for working directly determine its harvest capability of fresh soybeans and other legume crops. Therefore, a green soybean separation experiment device of 5TDS-00 type manufactured by Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization was designed to research the separation properties of green soybeans based on striking, in order to seek the optimal combination of the factors influencing the separation effect. This experiment device of pod taking off consisted of rollers of pod taking off, conveying mechanism, angle adjuster, distance adjuster, driving speed-adjusting motor, roller speed-adjusting motor and so on. The device was driven by motor and fed by chain conveyor, and could realize step-less speed regulation under the coordination of angle adjuster, distance adjuster and adjustable speed motor. After striking, the green soybean would generate the variable motion inertia force, which could overcome the pod-handle connection force so as to achieve the objective of separation. The energy collision model of the separation process and the mechanical model of pod-handle separation were constructed based on the principle of energy conservation. Quantitative analysis was done to verify the energy collision model and the mechanical model. The roller speed, feeding speed and roller distance were supposed to be the main influence factors. In the end, focusing on "Xiaonongqiuyan" and "Doutong 6" varieties, the experimental investigations were carried out. The test green soybean was derived from Hentang Export Vegetable Base in Changshu City, Jiangsu Province, and the sample collecting dates were from August 1st to 7th in 2014. Under the same climatic condition, the samples possessing the similar shape and quality could be chosen. After that the rapid refrigeration was needed and the storage temperature was set at -2-0. Moreover, the research should be completed within 24 h. The results showed that the crop variety had little impact on damage rate and separation rate. The order of the aggregative indicators according to their influence from major to minor was the roller speed, the feeding speed and the roller distance. When the roller speed was set at 600 r/min and the roller distance was set to 18 mm, and at the same time, the feeding speed was set at 0.3 m/s, the harvest rate could attain 99.0% and the damage rate could be reduced to 2.4%, achieving a good comprehensive property. The prototype field experiments showed that the production efficiency could be up to 3-5 mu every hour, which was more than 20 times the manual operation. The result of this paper can provide a theoretical foundation for the design of the green bean harvest device. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Speed
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Chain conveyors - Crops - Experiments - Feeding - Harvesting - Mechanization - Optimization - Rollers (machine components)  - Separators
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural mechanization - Comprehensive properties - Experimental investigations - Harvest rates - Principle of energy conservation - Production efficiency - Soya beans - Theoretical foundations
Classification code:601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design

 - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components

 - 691.2 Materials Handling MethodsMaterials Handling Methods

 - 692.1 ConveyorsConveyors

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 901.3 Engineering ResearchEngineering Research

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20161102109627
Title:Optimization of land use structure in Beijing based on goal of similar city in world
Authors:Huang, Yingchun (1, 2, 3); Yang, Bogang (2, 3); Zhang, Feizhou (1); Zhang, Wenxin (4) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; (2) Beijing Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing, China; (3) Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering, Beijing, China; (4) School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 
Corresponding author:Yang, Bogang(ybg@bism.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:217-227
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Based on the comparison of the evolution of land use structure between Beijing and Tokyo, we try to explore the goals of Beijing in land use in future and the quantitative goals in 2020 and 2030, and then optimize land use structure on amount and simulate spatial distribution, which can better develop the macroeconomic regulation and control function. Based on land use data in Beijing during 1992-2012 and in Tokyo during 1982-2011, we try to analyze the land use characteristics and evolvement rules in Tokyo, and then learn from it to develop the land use in Beijing, such as the direction of land use. Combining the land use and social economic development, we seek the detailed goals of land use in 2020 and 2030, and then establish the multiple-object optimization model that combines the economic, social and ecological goals. The Matlab2009 software is used to solve the relative optimal solution for the land use structure in 2020 and 2030. After that, we focus on yielding the optimized land use transition area matrix and the land use suitability map. First, we use the land use in Beijing in 1992 and 2012 to generate land use transition area matrices with an interval of 8 and 18 years, and then optimize the 2 matrices according to the principles of land use development in future, which pays more attention to reducing the frequency of land use conversion between land use patterns, and controlling the transition from farmland to construction land, and from ecological land to farmland. Second, we choose the natural, social and distance factors to yield the land use suitability map. The natural factor includes altitude, aspect and slope, the social factor contains gross domestic product (GDP) and population, and the distance factor mainly contains the distance to highway, railway, river, road, city, and original land use pattern itself. According to the optimized land use amount, the corresponding optimized land use transition area matrix and the land use suitability map, we employ the CA-Markov model to simulate the space distribution of land use. The research showed the optimized land use structure, and the proportions of farmland, ecological land, construction land, traffic land, water body and other land type are 21.00%, 50.50%, 19.00, 3.00%, 4.50% and 2.00% respectively in 2020 and 20.00%, 50.00%, 20.00%, 3.50%, 4.50% and 2.00% respectively in 2030. Farmland will decline and construction land and traffic land will increase in a reasonable degree, while ecological land, water body and other land type maintain as before. The optimized land use structure is in line with the goals of urban development, intensive utilization of land and ecological protection. In the validation process of the CA-Markov model, we not only verify the land use in amount but also in space distribution based on the Kappa coefficient. The absolute value of relative error on construction land is less than 0.3%, and the Kappa coefficients on amount accuracy validation are all above 0.6. Moreover, the spatial validation on Kappa statistics and a map comparison are also eligible. The model validation indicates that the land use optimization is sufficiently useful to planners and policy makers. From the optimization of land use in 2020 and 2030, the land use structure is gradually becoming stable, which means the changes in amount and space distribution are gradually becoming small, and also, the distribution of optimized land use is more intensive and ecological. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Land use
Controlled terms:Ecology - Economic and social effects - Economics - Farms - Markov processes - Matrix algebra - Optimization - Shape optimization - Structural optimization - Structure (composition)  - Transportation - Urban growth
Uncontrolled terms:Beijing - CA-Markov - Ecological protection - Gross domestic products - Multiple object optimization - Multiple objects - Regulation and control - Tokyo
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and DevelopmentUrban and Regional Planning and Development

 - 403.1 Urban Planning and DevelopmentUrban Planning and Development

 - 454.3 Ecology and EcosystemsEcology and Ecosystems

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 921.1 AlgebraAlgebra

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

 - 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

 - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20161102109611
Title:Modeling for dynamic contact angle of ball screw mechanism aimed to structural parameters
Authors:Li, Mengqi (1); Yu, Hui (1); Li, Dongying (1, 2); Wang, Bin (1); Zhang, Genbao (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China; (2) College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China 
Corresponding author:Li, Dongying(violet.li@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:98-104
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Ball screw mechanism is one of the key parts in mechanical and electronic products especially in precision machineries due to its high transmission efficiency, long service life and high precision, high carrying capacity and positioning accuracy, which is determined by the contact angle formed between nut and screw. Aimed at the current problems in universal and limited application, which resulted from the specific structure parameters, this paper establishes the relationship between contact angle and ball screw's structure parameters, as well as the model of the dynamic contact angle of ball screw mechanism combined with the geometric parameters of the ball and the raceway between nut and screw. The relationship between force and deformation in ball and raceway is got by using the Hertz contact theory, which is used to solve the stiffness in contact area between screw and nut. The relationship between ball's rotation and revolution speed and screw's rotation speed is got by using the raceway control theory, which is used to solve the centrifugal force and gyroscopic moment formed under working conditions. The structural model of the nonlinear equations of contact angle is got, in which the variable includes clearance, nominal diameter, ball diameter, helix angle and ball number. The solving procedure of dynamic contact angle is given based on the Newton-Raphson method. The influence of structure parameters on contact angle of ball screw mechanism under different working conditions is studied through the example analysis, and verified by contrasting the influence of ball screw's rotational speed on contact angles with a specific structure. The results show that the inner contact angles in screw raceway are always greater than the external angles in nut raceway under working conditions. The inner contact angles increase with the increasing of screw's rotational speed, and in contrast, the external contact angles decrease. Both the values of inner contact angles and external contact angles increase with the load increasing under the low speed working condition, but the difference of the 2 values decreases. Under the working condition with high speed and low load, the inner contact angle decreases at first and then increases with the load increasing, while the external contact angle only increases, and the difference value of them still decreases. As for the influence of structure parameters on contact angles, the inner contact angle is always bigger than the external contact angle; both the inner contact angle and the external contact angle increase by about 7&deg; while the clearance between ball and raceway increases by 0.1 mm; increasing the nominal diameter can lead to an increase on the inner contact angle and a decrease on the external contact angle; the ball's diameter and number have the familiar influence on the contact angle, the external contact angle can decrease with the increasing of the ball's diameter or number, but the inner contact angle decreases at first and then increases with the increasing of the ball's diameter or number; the helix angle has little influence on both the inner contact angle and the external contact angle, and the change values of both contact angles are less than 0.006&deg; when the helix angle increases by 1&deg;. Research results would provide the reference for the optimal design, dynamic characteristics analysis and accuracy improvement of ball screw mechanism. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Ball screws
Controlled terms:Contact angle - Dynamics - Machinery - Measurements - Models - Newton-Raphson method - Nonlinear equations - Rolling resistance - Rotation - Speed  - Structural design
Uncontrolled terms:Accuracy Improvement - Dynamic characteristics analysis - Dynamic contact angle - Geometric parameters - Hertz contact theory - Positioning accuracy - Structural parameter - Structure parameter
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, GeneralStructural Design, General

 - 732.1 Control EquipmentControl Equipment

 - 818.5 Rubber ProductsRubber Products

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

 - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics

 - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20161102109640
Title:Distribution and ultrastructure of silica on rice straw surface
Authors:Pan, Mingzhu (1); Du, Jun (1); Gan, Xihua (2); L&uuml;, Xinyue (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; (2) Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:309-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agricultural residues are annually renewable, widely distributed, and available around the world. Each year, there is around 205 million tons of rice straws produced in China. Rice straw has been traditionally used as organic fertilizer, energy, and raw material for paper and bio-composites. Rice is a typical silicon-accumulating plant. Silica is absorbed in the form of monosilicic acid. Monosilicic acid follows water in the transpiration stream, and finally deposits as an amorphous opal (SiO<inf>2</inf>). These amorphous opals are accumulated in cell walls of shoots, intercellular regions, and epidermic cells via biosilicification. Silica in rice plants is considered to be an essential element, although the beneficial effects of silica on growth and yield are partly attributed to the effects of the element on protecting plant from fungal diseases and insects. Furthermore, rice straw is a natural cellulose-SiO<inf>2</inf>hybrid nanocomposite. The cell wall could be a matrix for self-assembly of biosilica. Within cell wall, silica is bound in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, while SiO<inf>2</inf>nanoparticles act as reinforcement partners during the synthesis of such bioinorganic nanocomposites. Bioinorganic hybrid nanocomposites have become well known owing to their unique properties and widespread potential application in different areas, such as catalysis, adsorption, separation, and drug delivery system. In this paper, the sheath, stem, node and ear of rice straw were selected respectively, and the total contents of SiO<inf>2</inf>in tissues of rice straw were measured as follows: the weighted test samples were transferred to a crucible, carbonized gently over a burner, and then kept in a muffle furnace. The resulted ash was immersed in hydrochloric acid. The acid-insoluble residue was filtered, washed with hot water until no chlorides were detectable, ignited, and finally SiO<inf>2</inf>was obtained and weighted. The distribution of silica on the surface of sheath and stem was investigated with the scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectra (SEM-EDS). The ultrastructure of SiO<inf>2</inf>derived from rice straw tissues was measured with the X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results of SiO<inf>2</inf>content measurement showed that the silicon content of sheath (7.2%) was higher than that of stem (2.7%). The SEM-EDS results showed that the silicon content was 12.65%, 0.22% and 1.14% in exterior, middle and interior sheath, respectively. And the silicon content was 8.98%, 0.39% and 0.52% in exterior, middle and interior stem, respectively. Considering total SiO<inf>2</inf>content of sheath and stem, silica was mainly distributed in the exterior surface of sheath and stem. Furthermore, silica distributed in the exterior surface of sheath mainly exhibited small granular matter, accompanied with bigger granular matter and hair-like trichome. The distribution of silica in the exterior surface of stem was more regular, however, the content of bigger granular matter and hair-like trichome was further decreased. The silica in small granular matter with the diameter of 1 &mu;m mainly exhibited spherical and dumbbell-shaped. The XRD results showed that the crystal phase of rice straw exhibited Cellulose I, with crystallinity index of 55.3%, 59.0%, 47.8% and 57.4% in sheath, stem, node and ear, respectively. The crystallite size within them was 2.10, 2.13, 1.36 and 2.22 nm, respectively. Moreover, the SiO<inf>2</inf>derived from rice straw exhibited amorphous. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Silicon oxides
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Cells - Cellulose - Crystallite size - Cytology - Fertilizers - Histology - Microstructure - Nanocomposites - Scanning electron microscopy  - Self assembly - Silica - Silicate minerals - Silicon - Straw - Synthesis (chemical) - Tissue - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Acid-insoluble residues - Content measurements - Drug delivery system - Energy dispersive spectrum - Hybrid nanocomposites - Intercellular regions - SEM-EDS - Ultrastructure
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue EngineeringBiological Materials and Tissue Engineering

 - 482.2 MineralsMinerals

 - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals

 - 761 NanotechnologyNanotechnology

 - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and DerivativesCellulose, Lignin and Derivatives

 - 821.5 Agricultural WastesAgricultural Wastes

 - 933 Solid State PhysicsSolid State Physics

 - 933.1 Crystalline SolidsCrystalline Solids

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.044
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20161102109605
Title:Combustion and emission characteristics of jet controlled compression ignition engine at different loads
Authors:Zhang, Qiang (1, 2); Yang, Peiyuan (1); Long, Wuqiang (2); Tian, Jiangping (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) The 91550 Unit of PLA, Dalian, China; (2) Institute of Internal Combustion Engine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China 
Corresponding author:Long, Wuqiang(longwq@dlut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:56-61
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:One of the key points in diesel premixed combustion is the realization of combustion phasing control. The sensitivity of diesel to temperature and equivalent ratio was the crucial obstacle. In order to directly control the diesel premixed combustion phasing, a novel method called the jet controlled compression ignition (JCCI) for diesel premixed compression ignition was proposed. A single cylinder diesel engine was modified to study the JCCI system. First, a small ignition chamber comprising a gas fuel injector and a spark plug was mounted on the cylinder head in this diesel engine. Six small orifices were used to connect the ignition chamber and the main chamber. Furthermore, the compression ratio was reduced to 12 to avoid the auto-ignition of the premixed diesel fuel. Experiments were conducted on the JCCI engine under overall loads at a constant speed to study the trend of combustion and the emission characteristics of JCCI system. The results showed that the combustion phasing and emissions could be controlled by using the JCCI system. At medium load region whose brake's mean effective pressure was below 0.44 MPa, there was little change in the start phase of combustion and the midpoint phase of combustion and the combustion duration with the variation of load. The timing of jets issued from ignition chamber was controlled by spark timing. Therefore it meant that a direct control of the combustion phasing of diesel premixed combustion by employing spark timing in JCCI system could be expected. Due to a reduction of compression ratio and the relatively longer mixing time the combustion temperature was greatly reduced compared with that of original diesel engine. Then nitrogen oxide (NO<inf>x</inf>) was reduced accordingly. The maximum reduction of NO<inf>x</inf>was over 80% compared with that of original diesel during the medium high load region. At high load region whose brake's mean effective pressure was above 0.44 MPa, the controllability of jet was weakened with the load increasing as well as the linearity between spark timing and start phase of combustion and midpoint phase of combustion. The cylinder temperature increased as the load increased. When approaching full load, the cylinder was too high to avoid the auto-ignition of diesel mixture. It meant that the combustion of diesel mixture had begun before it was triggered by the jets issued from the ignition chamber. The combustion phasing was advanced greatly due to an auto-ignition of diesel mixture. Therefore the start phase of combustion and the midpoint phase of combustion and the combustion duration were reduced quickly with the load increasing. Furthermore, the acceleration of cylinder temperature increase could be expected and a great increase of NO<inf>x</inf>was caused as well. When approaching full load, NO<inf>x</inf>in JCCI was higher than that of original diesel engine. During overall load region, the smoke was maintained at a low level due to longer mixing time of diesel mixture compared with that in traditional diesel engine. The high emission of hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) could be seen during overall load region due to incomplete oxidation of fuel. The research can provide a reference for the control of diesel premixed combustion phasing. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Combustion
Controlled terms:Brakes - Carbon - Carbon monoxide - Compression ratio (machinery) - Cylinder heads - Diesel engines - Diesel fuels - Emission control - Engine cylinders - Engines  - Fuels - Ignition - Mixing - Mixtures - Nitrogen oxides - Reduction
Uncontrolled terms:Combustion temperatures - Compression ignition - Compression ignition engine - Cylinder temperatures - Emission characteristics - Mean effective pressure - Premixed - Single-cylinder diesel engine
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control

 - 521.1 Fuel CombustionFuel Combustion

 - 523 Liquid FuelsLiquid Fuels

 - 602 Mechanical Drives and TransmissionsMechanical Drives and Transmissions

 - 612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine ComponentsInternal Combustion Engine Components

 - 612.2 Diesel EnginesDiesel Engines

 - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20161102109639
Title:Identification of anthocyanins in Ligustrum quihoui Carr and chromatographic separation techniques
Authors:Wang, Erlei (1); Chen, Jingjing (1); Zhao, Yehui (2); Liu, Jingbo (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (2) Jilin Yatai Biological Pharmacy Co. Ltd., Changchun, China 
Corresponding author:Liu, Jingbo(ljb168@sohu.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:302-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As one kind of important hedge materials, Ligustrum quihoui Carr. has been widely used in landscaping. Currently, a number of researchers are engaged in the identification of the chemical structure for the leaves of Ligustrum quihoui Carr.. However, the chemical ingredients in the fruits have not been well studied up till now, especially the study on the anthocyanins is rare. In order to promote the application of Ligustrum quihoui Carr. on food and medicine fields, the present research focuses on the determination of anthocyanin content and monomer composition of Ligustrum quihoui Carr. fruits. The study adopted the combined techniques of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy spectrum (UV-vis), reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) and acid hydrolysis, as well as the preparation process of anthocyanin extracts using extraction, concentration, partition, column chromatography and freeze-drying technologies. The UV-vis spectrum results verified the existence of anthocyanins in the fruit part, and the total anthocyanin content was 499&plusmn;18.42 mg per 100 g fresh fruits, which was determined by the pH differential method. Two glycosylated anthocyanin monomers (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and petunidin-3-O-glucoside) were successfully identified from the fruits of Ligustrum quihoui Carr. by means of RP-HPLC, HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS technologies, and then testified through the identification of anthocyanin aglycones prepared by acid hydrolysis of anthocyanin glycosides. We also found that, petunidin-3-O-glucoside was the dominating form in the fruits of Ligustrum quihoui Carr., which could become a new focus of our further research. A natural and simple preparation process of anthocyanin extracts was obtained by the combined chromatographic separation techniques. A kind of safe and cheap extractant was employed to extract anthcoyanin glycosides instead of the use of harmful methanol, acetone, trifluoroacetic acid etc., which was composed of 70% ethanol (v/v) and 0.1 mol/L HCl with a mixing proportion of 9:1 (v/v). After the anthocyanin extracts were filtered and concentrated, ethyl acetate was used to remove fat-soluble impurities from the anthocyanin extracts in the partition process, and the extraction was carried out for 3 times. Because of the existence of lots of water-soluble impurities (reducing sugars, proteins and polar flavonoids) in anthocyanin extracts, the aqueous anthocyanin extracts were loaded onto a column (2.6 cm&times;50 cm) of cation-exchange resin (Amberlite XAD-7HP, particle size: 20-60 meshes), washed by deionized water (containing 0.01% HCl, v/v) to remove water-soluble ingredients, and then eluted by 40% aqueous ethanol (containing 0.01% HCl, v/v) to collect anthocyanin eluents, concentrated and freeze-dried; finally the extract was obtained with a purity of 35% and a yield of 0.6%. In view of the current purity of anthocyanin extracts, it was estimated that there were still many impurities mixed with the anthocyanin extracts, which needed a further separation using gel chromatography, high-speed countercurrent chromatography, preparative-HPLC etc. Because of the simplicity of anthocyanin profiles and high content of petunidin-3-O-glucoside monomer in Ligustrum quihoui Carr. fruit, it was promising to separate high-purity petunidin-3-O-glucoside monomer from the anthocyanin extracts using the combined purification techniques in our next experiments. The present research can promote the comprehensive development of the Ligustrum quihoui Carr. fruit, and meanwhile lay a foundation for further research on the bio-activity of anthocyanins in Ligustrum quihoui Carr. fruit and its potential application in food and medicine fields. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Anthocyanins
Controlled terms:Acetone - Carbohydrates - Chromatography - Column chromatography - Deionized water - Drug products - Electrospray ionization - Ethanol - Extraction - Fruits  - Glycosides - High performance liquid chromatography - Hydrolysis - Ion exchange resins - Ionization of liquids - Liquid chromatography - Mass spectrometry - Monomers - Particle size - Partitions (building)  - Pigments - Removal - Separation - Sugars - Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy
Uncontrolled terms:Chromatographic separations - Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry - High performance liquid chromatography-diode array detectors - High-speed counter current chromatography - Ligustrum quihoui Carr - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography - Total anthocyanin contents - Water-soluble ingredients
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and ShapesStructural Members and Shapes

 - 445.1 Water Treatment TechniquesWater Treatment Techniques

 - 801 ChemistryChemistry

 - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 815.1.1 Organic PolymersOrganic Polymers

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.043
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20161102109622
Title:Analyzing plastic greenhouse's partial coefficient for loads in combination of dead loads and wind loads
Authors:He, Yanping (1); Yan, Junyue (1, 2); Zhou, Lei (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Facility Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Farm Building in Structure and Construction, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China 
Corresponding author:Yan, Junyue(841018326@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:179-184
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As a light steel structure, plastic greenhouse is lighter in weight, shorter in service life, lower in cost, more sensitive to wind and snow load and less social effect than the industrial and civil building structures, such as masonry, reinforced concrete structures and even other light steel structures. Notable differences in features and characteristics between both structure designs are mainly as the follows. First, plastic greenhouse uses a flexible covering material (such as plastic film) which is far less intensive but more sensitive to the distribution and value of the wind and snow load. Its live load effect is much greater than the permanent load effect; therefore the design parameters (such as statistical parameters of resisting force and load effect ratio) of such structure are different from building structure. Second, greenhouse's parts can be removed, transported and reassembled, so the defects in bars and nodes inevitably occurs, which has a greater impact on the structure tension performance. Third, greenhouse is relatively short in service life, almost 5-10 years. Forth, due to fewer operators and flexible covering material, the social effects of failure for the plastic greenhouse are far less than the industrial and civil building structures. Therefore, according to the characteristics of the greenhouse above, by referring to the "Unified standard for the structure reliability design", the security level of plastic greenhouse can be classified as the third level, and the target reliability index is 2.70, equivalent to the failure probability of 3.5&permil;. At present, although the codes have been designed for building structure for a long time, there are no appropriate codes for such light structure in China, which leads to waste and unreasonable results inevitably. So it is especially important to improve the design method of plastic greenhouse. This paper studies the simple load combination of dead load and wind load. The dead load obeys the normal distribution, and by statistical hypothesis testing, the mean value of dead load is 1.06 times the standard value of dead load in the "Specification for the load of building structure" with the variance of 0.074 of the standard value of dead load. The wind load obeys the distribution of extreme value I. According to the data of 3 s extreme wind speed from 1981 to 2010, which were recorded by the domestic representative cities' meteorological stations, the formula of probability distribution of the maximum wind load through the design reference period is deduced as statistical basis. According to probabilistic limit state design method, the parameter values are determined which are target reliability index, load effect ratio, coefficient of variation of load, coefficient of variation of resistance, security level, and so on; the combination of permanent load and wind load is taken as the example, the partial factor for nominal value of loads is calculated to determine the partial coefficients for loads in combination of dead load and wind load. The statistics of constant load and variable load are the averages of random variables, and load partial coefficients are derived from characteristic value, so the average value should be converted to the characteristic value, and then the scope of the partial coefficients is iterated successively. The value of partial coefficient for dead load is between 1.07 and 1.11, and that for wind load is between 0.89 and 1.22. According to the scope of the partial coefficients, the theoretical values of the partial coefficients for structural parts under different load effect ratio are obtained, using the principle of least squares. The value of partial coefficient for dead load is 1.1 and that for wind load is 1.0. Finally, by comprehensive consideration, the suggested values are given, namely the value of partial coefficient for dead load and wind load is 1.0. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Loads (forces)
Controlled terms:Aerodynamic loads - Building codes - Buildings - Design - Dynamic loads - Economic and social effects - Greenhouse effect - Greenhouses - Least squares approximations - Load testing  - Loading - Normal distribution - Probability distributions - Reinforced concrete - Reliability - Snow - Statistical methods - Steel structures - Structural dynamics - Testing  - Wind - Wind effects - Wind stress
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Meteorological station - Partial coefficient - Plastic greenhouse - Statistical hypothesis testing - Statistical parameters - Structure reliability - Target reliability index
Classification code:402 Buildings and TowersBuildings and Towers

 - 408 Structural DesignStructural Design

 - 412 ConcreteConcrete

 - 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

 - 443.3 PrecipitationPrecipitation

 - 651.1 Aerodynamics, GeneralAerodynamics, General

 - 691.2 Materials Handling MethodsMaterials Handling Methods

 - 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other StructuresFarm Buildings and Other Structures

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

 - 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

 - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20161102109633
Title:Suitable hot air drying temperature improving quality of apricot kernel oil
Authors:Jiao, Zhonggao (1); L&uuml;, Zhenzhen (1); Liu, Jiechao (1); Zhang, Chunling (1); Liu, Hui (1); Yang, Wenbo (1); Wang, Sixin (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Acedemy of Agricutural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:262-268
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to explore optimal drying method and technological conditions, the effects of different conditions of hot air drying on sensory quality, physico-chemical characteristics and nutrition properties of apricot kernels and apricot kernel oil were studied using the wet apricot kernels after decorticating with blanching treatment as test materials. The apricot kernels with a moisture content of 4.61% were blanched in boiling water for 10 min and decorticated, and then the decorticated wet apricot kernels with a moisture content of 17.93% were dried with hot air at different temperatures (40, 60, 80, 100 and 120) till the moisture content of apricot kernels was decreased to about 4%-5%. After extracting the oils from cooled apricot kernels using the petroleum ether with boiling point from 60 to 90 under ultrasonic condition, the moisture and volatile content, sensory quality, color and smell, acid value and peroxide value, composition of fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols of dried apricot kernels or apricot kernel oil were determined. Results showed that the color of oil produced with decorticated apricot kernels after blanching and hot air drying treatment was lighter than that of raw apricot kernels, which was favorable to the sensory quality of apricot kernel oil. But blanching and drying treatment also led to an increase of peroxide value and a decrease of some unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), heptadecenoic acid (C17:1), eicosenoic acid (C20:1) and phytosterols content, which was adverse for the quality of apricot kernel oil. During hot air drying process, the drying speed was accelerated with the increase of temperature, while the apricot kernels and the oil produced from them became darker and browner, and the acid value and peroxide value increased as well. Oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) were the dominant fatty acids in apricot kernel oils, which accounted for 76.44% and 15.50% of the total fatty acids, respectively. After blanching and hot air drying treatment, the percentage of linoleic acid decreased significantly with the increase of drying temperature, while the change of oleic acid was slight with no significant difference among different drying temperature treatments. Some saturated fatty acids, such as palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) showed an increase with the increase of drying temperature, resulting in an increase of percentage of total saturated fatty acids in oils produced from apricot kernels dried under different temperatures. &alpha;-tocopherol, &beta;-tocopherol, &delta;-tocopherol, stigmasterol and &beta;-sitosterol were identified from apricot kernel oil. &beta;-tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol, accounting for 75.49% of total tocopherols in raw apricot kernel oil. The content of &beta;-sitosterol was the highest among the 5 tocopherols and phytosterols, which accounted for 80.62% of the total content of tocopherols and phytosterols in raw apricot kernel oil. After blanching and hot air drying treatment, the content of total tocopherols increased, while the content of total phytosterols decreased slightly. With the increase of drying temperature, the contents of &beta;-tocopherol, &delta;-tocopherol and total tocopherols in apricot kernel oil showed a decrease pattern, while the contents of &beta;-sitosterol and total phytosterols showed an ascending tendency. Drying at lower temperature may be helpful for obtaining high-quality apricot kernel oil with high content of tocopherols. In conclusion, drying at high temperature above 80 might lead to drastic change of apricot kernel oil, so the dry process should be done under low temperature for producing high-quality apricot kernel oil. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Fatty acids
Controlled terms:Alcohols - Blanching - Drying - Drying oils - Linoleic acid - Moisture - Moisture determination - Oleic acid - Oxidation - Palmitic acid  - Peroxides - Quality control - Saturated fatty acids - Shotcreting - Solar dryers - Temperature - Thermal processing (foods) - Unsaturated fatty acids - Volatile fatty acids
Uncontrolled terms:Apricot kernel - Apricot kernel oil - Drying temperature - Heptadecenoic acid - Lower temperatures - Physicochemical characteristics - Sensory qualities - Technological conditions
Classification code:412 ConcreteConcrete

 - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

 - 802.1 Chemical Plants and EquipmentChemical Plants and Equipment

 - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 822.2 Food Processing OperationsFood Processing Operations

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

 - 944.2 Moisture MeasurementsMoisture Measurements

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20161102109616
Title:Modified model for solute loss from soil to surface runoff considering with dynamic water transfer rate
Authors:Xia, Chuan'an (1, 2); Tong, Juxiu (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Groundwater Cycle and Environment Evolution, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China; (2) College of Water Resources and Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China 
Corresponding author:Tong, Juxiu(juxiu.tong@cugb.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:135-141
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Solute loss from soil into surface runoff water plays a significant role in agricultural non-point source pollution. Thus, studying the mathematical model of solute loss in runoff is important for forecasting and controlling fertilizer loss in farmland. Water transfer rate is taken as the function of soil erosion in this study, and water transfer rate is not a constant but an exponent function of time, which decreases with time and finally achieves an unchangeable value, residual water transfer rate. The soil erosion based model is modified and the numerical solution of solute concentration in surface runoff water is obtained through modifying the Hydrus-1D code. And, only the solute numerical model is modified for coupling the surface loss model which is discrete with the implicit difference method in Hydrus-1D code. Two groups of published experiment data are used to verify our modified model. The results show that the related coefficients (r), between forecasted results and observed data are no less than 0.81 in all cases. Moreover, both average value of absolute residual and root-mean-square error are remarkably smaller in all cases than the values published before, with the average decrease value of 35.42 and 60.77 mg/L, respectively, which suggests that the modified model in our study is much better than original model to predict solute transfer from soil into surface runoff water. Solute concentrations in both runoff and soil profile could be simulated well. This result suggests that the modified model characterizes the solute loss process in surface runoff or in underground drainage. The solute curve for the condition with or without ponding water can be simulated with the modified model by just setting the proper parameters. The sum of solute loss in runoff increases with the rainfall increasing and decreases with the time in the single experiment. Residual water transfer rate does not change with rainfall intensity. Under non-infiltration condition, solute loss account is much higher than free drainage and control drainage conditions. Residual water transfer rate slightly changes with the infiltration rate change. Such results may suggest that the residual water transfer rate is impacted by many experiment conditions and needs to be further researched. The modified model successfully rebuilds the experiment data under different experiment conditions. The original soil erosion based model fails to capture the observation data at early time. The modified model simulates the solute loss process much well, and the simulation results show that the sum of solute loss at early 1000 s is about 50% of the total loss in surface runoff. To predict and control the surface solute loss is very important work. Water transfer rate may not be a constant actually. The study results in this paper will provide the references for preventing and controlling agricultural non-point source pollution. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Agricultural runoff - Agriculture - Erosion - Forecasting - Mean square error - Models - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Pollution - Rain  - Runoff - Soil pollution - Soils - Water pollution
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural non-point source pollutions - HYDRUS-1D - Related coefficients - Root mean square errors - Soil solutes - Solute concentrations - Surface runoff waters - Surface runoffs
Classification code:442.1 Flood ControlFlood Control

 - 443.3 PrecipitationPrecipitation

 - 453 Water PollutionWater Pollution

 - 453.1 Water Pollution SourcesWater Pollution Sources

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 821.5 Agricultural WastesAgricultural Wastes

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20161102109619
Title:Application of hemispherical photography on analysis of maize canopy structural parameters under natural light
Authors:Wang, Chuanyu (1, 2, 3); Guo, Xinyu (1, 2, 3); Wen, Weiliang (1, 2, 3); Du, Jianjun (1, 2, 3); Xiao, Boxiang (1, 2, 3) 
Author affiliation:(1) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (2) National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) Key Laboratory for Information Technology in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China 
Corresponding author:Guo, Xinyu(guoxy@nercita.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:157-162
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Hemispherical photography (HP) has already proven to be a powerful indirect method for measuring various components of canopy structure. One of the main problems using HP for the determination of canopy structure such as leaf area index (LAI) and mean leaf angle (MLA), is the selection of the optimal brightness threshold to distinguish leaf area from sky area and thus produce a binary image. In this process, one of the challenges is how to overcome various natural light conditions which sometimes strongly affect the profile of the crop images taken outdoors. In this paper, a fusion and mapping method of illumination invariant multiple exposure images was proposed in order to eliminate negative impact of variant illumination. Firstly, a series of multiple-exposure maize canopy hemispherical images were captured under natural light condition. The camera (Canon EOS 5D Mark III, sigma 8 mm f 3.5 ex DG FISHEYE) was placed in the bottom of canopy towards the sky, and it provided vertical 180&deg; and horizontal 360&deg; canopy images. The images were captured at different exposure time such as 1/800, 1/400, 1/200, 1/125, 1/30 and 1 s. Secondly, the multiple photographs were fused into a single radiance map, so shadow and highlights parts of original images were extended to a large range. We were able to determine the irradiance value for each pixel, and plot it against the measured pixel value discretized according to the 256 pixel values commonly observed in 8-bit images for each exposure time. The pixel values were proportional to the true irradiance values in the scene. The pixel values, exposure time, and irradiance values formed a problem of least square. Finally, we also employed a histogram equalization method to map irradiance values to RGB color space. After mapping processing, the brightness of image had a more proper distribution, the dark regions were lit more brightly and the saturated regions were depressed to normal brightness condition; moreover, the histograms of images shared the similar distribution, that meant the pixels of variant illumination images after mapping processing had a high similarity. The comparison results showed that plant pixel of HP acquired at 14: 00 and 17: 00 with the threshold value of 180 had a difference of 15.4%, and our method reduced the difference, which was only 2.8%. In the analysis phase of canopy structure parameters, plant pixels were extracted from those photos, and then LAI and MLA could be inversed by Beer-Lambert theory based on the quantitative relationship between radiation condition and canopy structure. The experiment was conducted in 2013, and the planting density was 60000 plants/hm²with normal water and fertilizer management. The hemispherical images were obtained on August 6th, 13th, 19th, 22nd and 26th and September 12th, and the distribution of LAI and MLA was consistent with the rules of growth and development of maize canopy. Moreover, a performance comparison of direct surveying method and our method was carried out, and the LAI and MLA values of 13 samples were collected with the 2 methods. The results of regression analysis showed that our method had a high consistency with direct surveying method of canopy structure parameter, and correlation coefficient between the values from the 2 methods hit 0.94. The line slope was 1.463, which indicated the values from our method were lower than the direct surveying method. The method proposed in this paper expands the application range of HP, and provides a solution for automatic monitoring of canopy structure parameters. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Binary images - Color photography - Graphic methods - Image enhancement - Image fusion - Laminating machinery - Lighting - Luminance - Mapping - Photography  - Pixels - Regression analysis - Surveying - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Canopy structure - Correlation coefficient - Growth and development - Hemispherical photography - Histogram equalizations - Illumination invariant - Maize - Performance comparison
Classification code:405.3 SurveyingSurveying

 - 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing

 - 742.1 PhotographyPhotography

 - 746 Imaging TechniquesImaging Techniques

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20161102109621
Title:Design and implementation of monitoring system for agricultural environment based on WebGIS with Internet of Things
Authors:Du, Keming (1); Chu, Jinxiang (1); Sun, Zhongfu (1); Zheng, Feixiang (1); Xia, Yu (1); Yang, Xiaodong (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing, China 
Corresponding author:Sun, Zhongfu(sunzf@263.net)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:171-178
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There are two of the main practical monitoring approaches in agriculture including remote-sensing monitoring and on-farm monitoring. Remote-sensing monitoring uses remote-sensing technologies and devices such as satellites and aerial vehicles to extract the key parameters of agricultural information. The remote-sensing technology is effective on regional-scale monitoring, but difficult to collect real-time information in farmlands. On-farm monitoring uses a variety of sensors deployed in farmlands as well as corresponding data processing and transmission equipment to dynamically acquire on-farm information. The Internet of Things (IoT) technology based on the sensor nodes has been widely used in the field of agricultural environment monitoring in recent years. However, when a regional-scale monitoring is carried out by using the IoT technology, there are some problems in the distribution of monitoring sites and the space representation of monitoring data. Aiming at the problems, an approach to evaluation of agricultural environment from on-farm sites to regional scales and the corresponding solution are proposed in this paper. Most of the factors of agricultural environment remain minor variation and appear to be uniform in the same ecological type region, except for extreme weather events or geographical conditions. Therefore, the agricultural environmental information acquired by an on-farm monitoring site could be regarded as the representation of the entire farm where the site located, and the agricultural environmental information of a representative farm could be also considered as the reflection of an entire ecological type region with similar geographical and environmental conditions. An IoT-based monitoring system has been put into application in the past five years which includes a total of 110 on-farm monitoring sites in representative regions of wheat belts across 14 provinces of China and a central monitoring platform. Based on the established central monitoring platform, a regional-scale monitoring system for agricultural environment is designed by integrating with the spatial analysis technology of WebGIS. In the system, three types of WebGIS-based functions were implemented, including site data positioning, regional-scale evaluation, and thematic mapping. Through an interactive online map, positioning, real-time display and query of on-farm sites information and collected data are realized in the site data positioning. The regional-scale evaluation is used for analysis of the collected agricultural environmental information, and decision-making on crop growth conditions and meteorological disasters from on-farm sites to regional scales, while the thematic mapping is used for automatic generation, dynamic display and query of regional-scale monitoring thematic maps of crop growth conditions and meteorological disasters based on the evaluation. The fusion analysis of "on-farm" IoT data and "spatial" WebGIS data is provided in accordance with the characteristics of monitored objects. The system has been put into application in monitoring of wheat growth conditions and meteorological disasters in Henan Province. And the case is demonstrated in dynamic regional-scale monitoring of wheat dry-hot wind occurred on May 11, 2013 in Henan Province. The result indicates that the system is effective when monitoring agricultural environment from on-farm sites to regional scales with dynamical update and the applicability on diagnosis in crop growth conditions and meteorological disasters is improved. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Monitoring
Controlled terms:Agricultural engineering - Agriculture - Crops - Data communication equipment - Data fusion - Data handling - Decision making - Design - Disasters - Ecology  - Farms - Internet - Internet of things - Mapping - Maps - Remote sensing - Sensor nodes - Space optics
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural environment monitoring - Agricultural environments - Agricultural informations - Data processing and transmission - Design and implementations - Environmental information - Remote sensing technology - Web-GIS
Classification code:405.3 SurveyingSurveying

 - 454.3 Ecology and EcosystemsEcology and Ecosystems

 - 656.1 Space FlightSpace Flight

 - 722 Computer Systems and EquipmentComputer Systems and Equipment

 - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 912.2 ManagementManagement

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20161102109620
Title:N status monitoring model in winter wheat based on image processing
Authors:Chen, Jiayue (1); Yao, Xia (2); Huang, Fen (1, 2); Liu, Yong (2); Yu, Qi (1); Wang, Ni (2); Xu, Huanliang (1, 3); Zhu, Yan (2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; (2) National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; (3) Jiangsu Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Nanjing, China 
Corresponding author:Huang, Fen(fenhuang@njau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:163-170
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This paper explored the digital image evaluation index of the monitoring of winter wheat nitrogen nutrition and the establishment method based on digital image processing technology. The images of winter wheat canopy at different stages under different planting schemes (2 varieties, 2 planting density levels and 3 nitrogen fertilizer application rates) were taken from 2012 to 2014, and the basic color characteristic value of canopy image samples was extracted using the algorithm based on the normalized k-means clustering segmentation for the H component. Firstly, it chose 9 image feature parameters, including 3 monochromatic components (r, g and b), 3 linear combination parameters (r-g-b, r-g and r-b), and 3 linear combination parameters by standardized processing ((r-g-b)/(r+g+b), (r-g)/(r+g+b) and (r-b)/(r+g+b)), and analyzed contrastively the correlation between the above parameters and the monitoring evaluation index of nitrogen nutrition under different schemes. It was found that the characterization ability of 3 monochromatic components for wheat nitrogen nutrition level was not the same, but for the combination characteristic parameters by the 3 monochromatic components, the degree of correlation was better than the 3 monochromatic components, and at the same time, the increase of the level of correlation was more obvious after further normalized. So, to establish the image evaluation index of the monitoring of wheat nitrogen nutrition, the first step was to choose the base color component which had a stronger representation ability of leaf nitrogen content and increase its proportion, the second step was to adjust and optimize the combination weights of the other remaining monochromatic components, and the final step was to standardize it. A linear fitting was carried out at different sampling periods and under different cultivation schemes, which made use of basal image color characteristic values and leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) measurement during the same period in 2013, determined the best fitting content, and put forward the image normalized color mix index (NCMI) under the RGB (red, green, blue) color space. To study the feasibility of NCMI on monitoring nitrogen nutrition state, the experimental data in the year of 2014 were divided according to different periods and different cultivation schemes, and the correlation between NCMI and LNC, as well as that between other 3 typical image evaluation parameters, i.e. normalized red index (NRI), dark green color index (DGCI) and ratio of green light to red light (G/R) and LNC was analyzed quantitatively. The results showed that the correlation and the fitting of NCMI as winter wheat nitrogen nutrition evaluation index kept a good suitability, accuracy and stability, and meanwhile NCMI had a consistent change law with other 3 typical image characteristic indices (DGCI, G/R, NRI) under each scheme in 2014. Among them, the values of R²between established NCMI and LNC during 3 sampling periods (March 8th, March 31st and April 15th) were respectively 0.77, 0.79 and 0.94, higher than 3 contrast indicators at different degree, and the root mean square error (RMSE) reduced by 0.18%, 0.37% and 1.67% respectively compared with the best RMSE of other 3 indices. Under the certain vegetation canopy coverage condition, the correlation between NCMI and LNC for the 2 cultivars (Shengxuan No. 6 and Yangmai No. 18) on March 31th and April 15th was better than that of the 3 comparative indices, and the lowest RMSE were 0.1833 and 0.2230, respectively; the related degree between NCMI and LNC under the planting density of D2 (3.0&times;10⁶plant/hm²⁾in the 3 periods was higher, and the values of R²and RMSE were superior to the 3 indices on March 8th, while they were consistent with those between DGCI and NRI at the other 2 stages; the RMSE between NCMI and LNC on April 15th was 0.1299, which was reduced by 5.18% compared with the lowest RMSE of the other 3 indicators; NCMI was also better than other indices under the N1 treatment (pure nitrogen 150 kg/hm²) of the D2 planting density, and the R²increased by 7.69% and the RMSE improved by 4.11% compared with the best performer NRI. Therefore, it's more suitable to choose NCMI to be the digital image evaluation index of winter wheat nitrogen nutrition compared with other parameters under certain canopy coverage. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Color - Color image processing - Crops - Cultivation - Image analysis - Image segmentation - Mean square error - Models - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers  - Nutrition - Parameter estimation
Uncontrolled terms:Degree of correlations - Digital image processing technologies - Fertilizer applications - Leaf nitrogen content - Monochromatic components - Normalized color mix index (NCMI) - Root mean square errors - Wheat canopy
Classification code:461.7 Health CareHealth Care

 - 741.1 Light/OpticsLight/Optics

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20161102109624
Title:Comparison of crop gross primary productivity estimated with VPM model and MOD17 product in field ecosystem of China
Authors:Niu, Zhong'en (1, 2); Yan, Huimin (1); Chen, Jingqing (1); Huang, Mei (1); Wang, Shaoqiang (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 
Corresponding author:Yan, Huimin(yanhm@igsnrr.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:191-198
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Gross primary productivity (GPP) of terrestrial ecosystem is an important variable in studies of climate change and carbon cycle. Accurate estimation of GPP is crucial to understand ecosystem response to climate variability and change. The eddy covariance (EC) technique provides the best approach to measure net carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>) change at site scale, which can be employed in GPP calculation. However, the EC technique only provides integrated CO<inf>2</inf>flux measurements over footprints with sizes and shapes that vary with the tower height, canopy physical characteristics and wind velocity. Satellite remote sensing has played an increasing role in the characterization of vegetation structure and the estimation of GPP, because it can overcome the lack of extensive flux tower observations in large areas. Among all the predictive methods, the light use efficiency (LUE) model may have the most potential to adequately address the spatial and temporal dynamics of GPP because of its theoretical basis and practicality, such as the vegetation photosynthesis model (VPM) and photosynthesis (PSN) model. The VPM is based on remote sensing and eddy covariance data, and has been validated in 21 sites of 10 kinds of terrestrial ecosystems. The PSN model is utilized to calculate the GPP and net primary productivity product, called MOD17, based on MODIS images provided by Goddard Space Flight Centre, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the USA. The VPM and PSN model have been widely used in the world, however little is known about the differences of the simulation results between these models. In this study, we used the maximum light use efficiency of flux site and PSN model to run the VPM (called FLUX-VPM and PSN-VPM), respectively. Then, we compared the simulation results of FLUX-VPM, PSN-VPM and MOD17 product with flux observation GPP (called Obs-GPP). Results showed that in Yucheng station where winter wheat/maize rotation was adopted and Yingke station where maize was planted, the correlation coefficient (r), root mean square error (RMSE) and modeling efficiency (EF) between GPP estimated by FLUX-VPM and Obs-GPP were 0.92, 1.30 g/(m²&middot;a), 0.84 and 0.97, 1.13 g/(m²&middot;a), 0.91, respectively, and GPP values were overestimated by 3.8% and 12.1%, respectively. The r, RMSE and EF between GPP estimated by PSN-VPM and Obs-GPP were 0.91, 2.66 g/(m²&middot;a), 0.31 and 0.96, 3.30 g/(m²&middot;a), 0.27, respectively, and GPP values were underestimated by 59.9% and 52.8%, respectively. The r, RMSE and EF between GPP from MOD17 product and Obs-GPP were 0.90, 2.87 g/(m²&middot;a), 0.32 and 0.97, 2.75 g/(m²&middot;a), 0.49, respectively, and GPP values were underestimated by 54.3% and 63.0%, respectively. PSN-VPM and MOD17 product used the same maximum light use efficiency, while the difference existed in the model structure and input data. Meanwhile, PSN-VPM and FLUX-VPM were only difference in the maximum light use efficiency. GPP values estimated with PSN-VPM and MOD17 product were almost the same, which had substantial underestimation of GPP compared with FLUX-VPM and Obs-GPP. It suggested that the maximum light use efficiency may be the primary cause of underestimation of MOD17 product compared to FLUX-VPM. In the regional scale, the GPP values of MOD17 product had considerably underestimated compared to the ones estimated by VPM. Serious underestimation mainly occurred in the Northwest, Northeast and Huang-Huai-Hai Regions of China, with an underestimation of more than 50%. While in southern China the underestimation was below 30%. MOD17 product and GPP estimated by VPM had good positive correlation in dry-farming land of northern China with correlation coefficient of 0.85, while in northern paddy field, southern dry-farming land, and southern paddy field with weak correlation coefficient of 0.46, 0.14 and 0.10, respectively. The deviation from GPP estimated by the VPM and MOD17 product in northern China was almost the same as the error which caused by the maximum light use efficiency in site scale, and GPP estimated by the VPM were linearly associated with MOD17 product in northern dry-farming land of China. So we can presume that the maximum light use efficiency is probably the primary cause of the underestimation of MOD17 product in dry-farming land of northern China, compared to GPP estimated by the VPM. Last, the uncertainty of different models needs further studies in northern paddy field, southern dry-farming land, and southern paddy field in China. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:39
Main heading:Climate change
Controlled terms:Carbon dioxide - Crops - Ecology - Ecosystems - Efficiency - Estimation - Land use - Mean square error - Models - NASA  - Photosynthesis - Phytoplankton - Remote sensing - Space flight - Space optics - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Climate variability and change - Correlation coefficient - Gross primary productivity - Light use efficiency - MOD17 product - Net primary productivity - Physical characteristics - Satellite remote sensing
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and DevelopmentUrban and Regional Planning and Development

 - 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

 - 454.3 Ecology and EcosystemsEcology and Ecosystems

 - 471 Marine Science and OceanographyMarine Science and Oceanography

 - 656.1 Space FlightSpace Flight

 - 741.1 Light/OpticsLight/Optics

 - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20161102109625
Title:Component analysis of volatile organic compounds and determination of key odor in pig manure aerobic fermentation process
Authors:Shen, Yujun (1, 2); Zhang, Pengyue (1, 2, 3); Zhao, Lixin (1, 2); Meng, Haibo (1, 2); Cheng, Hongsheng (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Energy and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization From Agriculture Waste, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (3) College of Resources and Environment Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China 
Corresponding author:Meng, Haibo(newmhb7209@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:205-210
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pig manure aerobic fermentation will produce a trace of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), although the VOCs content is less, but the effect on human health cannot be neglected. VOCs are not a single substance, but a class of compounds. In order to control VOCs, investigation of odor-causing matters of pig manures in aerobic fermentation was carried out in August, 2014 at the Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization From Agriculture Waste, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China. We set up the aerobic fermentation of pig manure and straw mix with water content of 65%, and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen 25:1. In the aerobic fermentation process, in every 30 minutes, there was a five-minutes ventilation, and the ventilation rate was 1.0 m³/(min&middot;m³). Aerobic fermentation period was one month. We conducted an experiment to monitor volatile gas emission from the aerobic fermentation process, and determined the pig aerobic fermentation of VOCs components and their emission patterns. Research results showed that high temperature aerobic fermentation period lasted more than 10 days. It produced 33 kinds of volatile substances. Most of them emitted at the stages of high temperature. Besides ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, there were 31 kinds of VOCs, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, ortho xylene, meta xylene and p-xylene, styrene, cumene, phenylpropane, mesitylene, tert-butylbenzene, pseudocumene, naphthalene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrylic aldehyde, crotonaldehyde, benzaldehyde, pentanal, hexaldehyde, methyl phenyl aldehyde, methanthiol, methyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, 1,1-dichloroethane, sym-dichloroethane, trichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, butanone and trimethylamine. Of these 31 VOCs, there were 12 aromatic hydrocarbons, eight aldehydes, four Mercaptan sulfur ethers, four halogenated hydrocarbons, two ketones and one amine. The correlation analysis between importance to smelly gases and odor concentration showed that methyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide were significantly positively correlated with odor concentration (P&lt;0.01). Hydrogen sulfide and acetaldehyde were significantly positively correlated with odor concentration (P&lt;0.05). So the smelly and odor-causing matters of pig manures' aerobic fermentation were mainly methyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, acetaldehyde and hydrogen sulfide. In addition, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, hydrogen sulfide and acetaldehyde were significantly positively correlated with methyl sulfide (P&lt;0.05). In order to monitor the malodorous substances and provide reference for making control strategy in the aerobic fermentation of pig manure, we recommended methyl sulfide as a foul odor pollution indicator. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Hydrogen sulfide
Controlled terms:Acetaldehyde - Acetone - Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Aldehydes - Aromatic hydrocarbons - Carbon disulfide - Energy resources - Fermentation - Fertilizers  - Gas chromatography - Hydrocarbons - Hydrogen - Ketones - Manures - Naphthalene - Odor control - Organic compounds - Pollution - Pollution control  - Process control - Styrene - Sulfur compounds - Sulfur determination - Volatile organic compounds - Xylene
Uncontrolled terms:Aerobic fermentation - Correlation analysis - Dimethyl disulfides - Halogenated hydrocarbons - Odor concentrations - Resource utilizations - Smelly factor - Volatile substances
Classification code:525.1 Energy Resources and Renewable Energy IssuesEnergy Resources and Renewable Energy Issues

 - 801 ChemistryChemistry

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 821.5 Agricultural WastesAgricultural Wastes

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20161102109637
Title:Suitable 1-MCP treatment maintaining postharvest quality during storage at room temperature
Authors:Zhang, Lubin (1); Jia, Zhiwei (1); Gu, Hui (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) South Subtropical Crops Research Institute Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Hainan Province for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products, Zhanjiang, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:290-295
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pineapple belongs to the genus Ananas in the family Bromeliaceae, which is one of important tropical fruits in China and has the unique flavor people love. Pineapple industry has become an important industry in the development of agricultural economy in the tropical and subtropical regions, and about 60% of them are consumed in the form of fresh fruit in the producing area. However, ripe pineapples are not able to be kept for a long time, and easily suffer softening and blackheart. 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is a commonly used inhibitor of ethylene receptor, which is specifically and irreversibly bound to ethylene receptors to delay fruit ripening and senescence. Previous research results showed that 1-MCP postponed the softening of climacteric fruits, kept the quality of fruits in storage and extended the shelf life of fruits. Some research reported that 1-MCP inhibited the softening of non-climacteric fruits. Pineapple is a typical non-climacteric fruit and the effect of 1-MCP on pineapple fruit is rarely reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 1-MCP treatment on postharvest physiology and quality of pineapple, and provide a theoretical basis for the storage of fresh pineapple. The tested variety was 'Bali' pineapple. Harvested mature fruits were transported to the laboratory immediately, and then the fruits with the same size and being healthy were selected, washed and dried in natural air ventilation for test. Tested pineapple fruits were put into airtight boxes with different 1-MCP concentrations for 12 h at room temperature (25), then the fruits were placed in an incubator with about 85% humidity. Fruits treated by air were used as the control. Physiological indices related to fruit quality were evaluated, such as fruit firmness, malondialdehyde (MDA), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acid (TA), vitamin C (VC) content and ethylene production. Activities of lipoxygenase (LOX), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were detected by spectrophotometer. In the experiments, there were 3 replicates with 30 fruits for each repetition, and each treatment had 90 fruits. Statistical analysis of data was performed by the Excel software. Significant differences were analyzed by the statistical product and service solutions (SPSS) software at the level of 0.05.The results showed that the fruit firmness had significant differences between the control and the treatments with different 1-MCP concentrations (0.20, 0.35, 0.45 and 0.60 &mu;L/L) during the storage. On the 8th day, the firmness of fruits treated with 0.20 &mu;L/L 1-MCP was 2.80 kg/cm²which was similar to that of the control group. With the increase of 1-MCP concentration, the fruit firmness was gradually increased. While the 1-MCP concentration continued to rise up to 0.60 &mu;L/L, the firmness of pineapple fruits and peel color showed no significant difference compared to the treatment with 0.45 &mu;L/L 1-MCP concentration. So, the 0.45 &mu;L/L concentration of 1-MCP was the best concentration to treat pineapple fruits. During the storage, the peak of ethylene production was delayed for 4 d in 1-MCP treated group. From the beginning to the 14th day, the content of MDA of treated fruits slowly increased and was significantly higher than that in the control group. Meanwhile, the activities of LOX in treatment and control groups gradually declined, significantly lower than that in the treatment group during the storage. The peak of POD and CAT activity was also delayed; the activity of all POD, CAT and SOD was higher than the control group, and on the 14th day, the activity was 22.30%, 32.35% and 36.67% higher than the control, so the treatment by 1-MCP could defer the ageing process of pineapple during the storage. The content of TA showed a decline in the control and treated group. But, the TA content of treated fruits decreased slowly compared with the control group. Fourteen days after storage, there were 44.22 mmol/100g TA in the treatment and 33.01 mmol/100g TA in the control group. The determination showed that the soluble sugar content (SSC) was 300.24 mmol/g in the 1-MCP treated pineapple fruits and reached a peak on the 8th day, significantly higher than the peak content of 283.55 mmol/g in the control group on the 6th day. This indicated that the treatment delayed the increase of SSC of 1-MCP treated fruits. The VC content of the 1-MCP treated fruit showed a slow rise within the former 6 days, and after that gradually declined, which was 17.65 mg/100 g on the 14th day, about 44.80% higher than the control group. In summary, under the normal temperature conditions, the 1-MCP treatment postpones the time of ethylene production of pineapple fruits, and effectively delays the postharvest pineapple softening process, the decline of MDA, TA and VC content, and the increase of SSC, POD, CAT and SOD activities. Therefore, the flavor of pineapple fruits can be maintained by the 1-MCP treatment. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Digital storage - Energy storage - Ethylene - Fruits - Physiology - Plants (botany) - Tropics
Uncontrolled terms:1-MCP - 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) - Non-climacteric fruits - Physiological indices - Pineapple - Postharvest physiologies - Soluble sugar contents - Temperature conditions
Classification code:443 MeteorologyMeteorology

 - 461.9 BiologyBiology

 - 525.7 Energy StorageEnergy Storage

 - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and TechniquesData Storage, Equipment and Techniques

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20161102109617
Title:Characteristics of slope soil shear strength reinforced by vegetation roots under artificially simulated rainfall condition
Authors:Li, Huatan (1); Li, Guorong (1); Zhao, Yujiao (1); Hu, Xiasong (1, 2); Liu, Changyi (1); Zhu, Haili (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Geological Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China; (2) Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China 
Corresponding author:Hu, Xiasong(huxiasong@tsinghua.org.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:142-149
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Xining Basin which is located at the conjunction of the Loess Plateau and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is selected as the testing area, and the artificially simulated rainfall test and the washout test are carried out on the slopes with the monocultures of Caragana korshinskii Kom., Zygophyllum xanthoxylon (Bunge) Maxim., Elymus nutans Griseb, and Agropyron trachycaulum (Linn.) Gaertn, separately, and with the mixed planting of C. korshinskii and A. trachycaulum, as well as C. korshinskii and E. nutans. And there are denuded slopes there. Based on the artificially simulated rainfall test, the direct shear test is carried out systematically to analyze the influence of the rainfall on the shear strength and the corresponding shear strength variation regularity of 3 different soil layers. The result shows that before the artificially simulated rainfall test, the cohesion force of the soil in layer a (0-20 cm) mixing planted with C. korshinskii and A. trachycaulum, as well as C. korshinskii and E. nutans is 19.5 and 18.9 kPa respectively, which is larger than that for the soil layer a on the slope planted with the single plant under the same condition. The cohesion force for the soil in layer b (20-40 cm) on the slope planted with vegetation is larger than that of the denuded slope. And the difference of the cohesion force for the soil layer c (40-60 cm) between the planting slope and the denuded slope is not significant. After the artificially simulated rainfall test, the composite cohesion force of soil layer a on the mixed planting slopes is greater than that of the bare slopes. The composite cohesion force amplitude of the soil layer a on the 2 kinds of mixed planting slopes is greater than that of bare slopes, with an increase of 30.65%-56.45%. The increased cohesion force amplitude of soil layer a with the monocultures is 4.17%-38.89%, and that of layer b on the slopes with the mixed planting is 29.17%-34.72%. The cohesion force increased amplitude of soil layer c is significantly less than that of layer a and layer b, which means that the herb roots play a role in soil reinforcement in the shallow layer and the shrub roots play a role of anchorage in the relatively deeper soil layer. The research has theoretical and practical significance in the further study on the mechanism of shear strength improved by plants under the condition of natural rainfall in loess area, as well as in preventing geological disasters such as water and soil loss on slope and shallow landslide. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Shear strength
Controlled terms:Adhesion - Disaster prevention - Growth (materials) - Plants (botany) - Precipitation (chemical) - Precipitation (meteorology) - Rain - Reinforcement - Sediments - Soils  - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Arid environments - Caragana korshinskii kom - Geological disaster - Qinghai Tibet plateau - Simulated rainfall - Soil shear strength - Variation regularity - Water and soil loss
Classification code:443.3 PrecipitationPrecipitation

 - 483 Soil Mechanics and FoundationsSoil Mechanics and Foundations

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 914.1 Accidents and Accident PreventionAccidents and Accident Prevention

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20161102109626
Title:Object based land-use classification based on hybrid feature selection method of combining Relief F and PSO
Authors:Xiao, Yan (1); Jiang, Qigang (1); Wang, Bin (2); Li, Yuanhua (1); Liu, Shu (1); Cui, Can (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (2) Geographical Information Department, Changchun Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Changchun, China; (3) Navigation Collge Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China 
Corresponding author:Jiang, Qigang(wb5163@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:211-216
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, object-based methods have been increasingly used for the land-use classification of remote sensing data. However, the availability of numerous features with object-based image analysis renders the selection of optimal features. In this study, a hybrid feature selection method that combined filter approach and wrapper approach was proposed. In the filter approach, the Relief F algorithm was employed to select features that had the higher relevance with land-use classes. The wrapper approach used the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm as a search method and the classification accuracy of support vector machine (SVM) as an evaluator to search for an optimal feature subset from the selected features. The objective of this research was to examine the effectiveness of the proposed feature selection method on object-based classification. The study site was located in the southeastern part of Changchun City, Jilin Province. A Landsat8 image acquired on July 15, 2014 was selected as data source for this classification. To begin with, image objects were delineated by implementing multi-scale segmentation on the Landsat8 image. Second, a total of 95 features were extracted from the Landsat8 image. Third, the proposed hybrid feature selection method was employed to search for an optimal feature subset. In the first stage of the feature selection, the Relief F algorithm was applied to select 50 features that had the higher relevance with land-use classes in Weka 3.6. In the second stage, the PSO algorithm was used to optimize the kernel parameters of SVM simultaneously with the feature selection in Matlab 2010b. As a result, an optimal feature subset of 22 features was obtained. Finally, based on the selected features, land-use classification was performed using SVM classifier embedded in Definiens Developer 9.0. Using the confusion matrix that was determined on the basis of the visual interpretation map of Google Earth high-resolution remote sensing images, we calculated 4 statistical items for validation: overall accuracy, Kappa value, producer's accuracy and user's accuracy. The overall accuracy was 85.88% and the Kappa value was 0.8036. Among producers, several classes (such as water, cultivated land and forest) achieved over 90% classification accuracies, while building and grassland yielded over 85% accuracies. The lowest classification accuracy was 66.09% for road due to its mixing with building easily in city. At last, land-use classification was performed using SVM classifier. Then, a series of comparisons between the proposed method and the 4 other feature selection methods (i.e., Relief F algorithm, wrapper approach of combining PSO and SVM, all features, feature space optimization (FSO) algorithm) were made to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method further. The results of the comparisons showed that the proposed method obtained the highest classification accuracy among all the feature selection methods. The overall accuracy and the Kappa value of the classification using the Relief F feature selection method were 78.90% and 0.7079, much lower than the proposed method. The accuracy of the classification using the wrapper approach of combining PSO and SVM was similar with the proposed method. However, the proposed method was more efficient to select features than the wrapper approach. The classification that used all features obtained the lowest overall accuracy and Kappa value of 48.25% and 0.3225. The overall accuracy and the Kappa value of the classification using the FSO feature selection method declined by 10.53% and 0.1445 respectively compared with the classification results using the proposed method. The comparisons indicate that the proposed hybrid feature selection method of combining Relief F and PSO can be effectively applied to object-based land-use classification. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Classification (of information)
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Feature extraction - Image reconstruction - Image segmentation - Land use - Optimization - Particle swarm optimization (PSO) - Remote sensing - Space optics - Support vector machines
Uncontrolled terms:Feature selection methods - High resolution remote sensing images - Hybrid feature selections - Landuse classifications - Object based image analysis - Object oriented - Object-based classifications - Particle swarm optimization algorithm
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and DevelopmentUrban and Regional Planning and Development

 - 656.1 Space FlightSpace Flight

 - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing

 - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20161102109629
Title:Simulation and optimal design of uniform plate of brown rice based on discrete element method
Authors:Jia, Fuguo (1); Yao, Li'na (1); Han, Yanlong (1); Wang, Hui (1); Shi, Yufei (1); Zeng, Yong (1); Jiang, Longwei (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:235-241
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Humidifying evenly is the key to moisture conditioning technology. The uniformity of moisture content depends on the material distribution uniformity. Material uniform plate is the chief work part for increasing the material uniformity, and it has an immediate influence on the follow-up material processing quality and production efficiency. In order to improve the humidifying uniformity in the process of brown rice moisture conditioning, a new type of plate called curved-surface material uniform plate was designed on the basis of existing technology. Combined with the material movement rule on the cone material uniform plate, the parabola was set as the curved generatrix of curved-surface material uniform plate. One of the characteristics of the curved-surface material uniform plate was that it enhanced the uniformity of the material thickness by controlling the floating velocity of the material and offered a favorable condition for uniform humidification of brown rice, and moreover it couldn't damage brown rice. In this study, on the basis of the theoretical analysis, the working process of the curved-surface material uniform plate was simulated with the discrete element method (DEM), and it was found that the structure parameters and operating conditions of curved-surface refining plate were the key factors affecting its wok performance through the analysis based on the orthogonal design. DEM is a numerical method used for modelling the mechanical behavior of granular materials. Using the EDEM software, the influence laws of the rotation rate of material uniform plate, the curved-surface form and the feeding rate on the material thickness uniformity were simulated and analyzed. According to the performance evaluation indices of evenly distributing material, the structure of curved-surface material uniform plate was optimized. By the response surface analysis method, the mathematical model between each factor and coefficient of variation was established. The validation test was used to verify the availability and practicability of curved-surface material uniform plate which was created by three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, and the working process of curved-surface material uniform plate was recorded using high-speed cameras. The simulation results showed that the curved-surface form (parabola coefficient) had highly significant effect on the material distribution (P&lt;0.01), the feeding rate (caliber of nozzle) greatly affected the distribution of the material (P&lt;0.05), but the effect of plate rotating rate was insignificant (P&gt;0.05). To verify the correctness of mathematical model, the simulation tests were made under the optimal combination of parameters, and the experiment results showed that there was no significant difference between predicted and observed values. Considering material requirement, the parabola coefficient was 0.02, the diameter ratio of draft tube to curved-surface material uniform plate was 0.1875, and the plate rotating rate was 183 r/min. Under the conditions, the coefficient of variation of material thickness was 4.42%. The simulation results were basically consistent with the validation test results, and the relative error was 2.62%. The results have proved that it is feasible to use the DEM to analyze the performance of curved-surface material uniform plate, and the plate can be used for uniform distribution of brown rice. At the same time, the results show that the curved-surface material uniform plate improves the charge level distribution, enhances the material distribution uniformity, and contributes to the uniform humidification of brown rice. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Plates (structural components)
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Design - Factor analysis - Finite difference method - Granular materials - High speed cameras - Moisture - Numerical methods - Optimization - Surface analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Curved surfaces - Material distribution - Material requirements - Performance evaluation index - Production efficiency - Response surface analysis methods - Three-dimensional (3D) printing
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and ShapesStructural Members and Shapes

 - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

 - 742.2 Photographic EquipmentPhotographic Equipment

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20161102109638
Title:Isolation, purification and structure identification of anthocyanins from Vitis davidii Foex skin
Authors:Wang, Weiqian (1); Deng, Jiehong (1, 2); Shi, Xingbo (1, 2); Liu, Yonghong (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biological Technology of Hunan Province, Changsha, China; (3) Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha, China 
Corresponding author:Deng, Jiehong(hongjiedeng@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:296-301
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Anthocyanins are a widespread source of natural pigment of foods. Due to their bright attractive color, high solubility in water and health benefits, anthocyanins could be a replacement for synthetic colorant. In recent years, research on the preparation and purification of anthocyanins becomes the focus because of the requirements of bioactive and quantitative analyses. However, the effective methods for the purification of anthocyanins from natural products on a large scale are rarely reported. In this study, isolation and identification of anthocyanins from Vitis davidii Foex skin were investigated. Anthocyanins were extracted from Vitis davidii Foex skin with 70% ethanol containing 0.03% HCl, and then purified orderly by macroporous resin HP-20 column (eluted by 80% ethanol containing 0.05% HCl), polyamide resin column (eluted by 50% methanol containing 0.1% TFA), Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography (eluted by 50% methanol containing 0.1% TFA). The anthocyanins were detected by the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer and the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after dissolved in methanol containing 0.1% HCl, and then characterized by MS^Emethod using UPLC-QTOF. Moreover, the relationship between the fluorescence spectrum and the structure of the anthocyanins was explored by fluorimetry. The results showed that some anthocyanin (elution time was 11.935 min) was absorbed by polyamide resin, causing the proportion of anthocyanin to change, while Sephadex LH-20 could be used to separate and purify the anthocyanin extracts from Vitis davidii Foex skin. In the process of separation, the column bed must be smooth and tight. The optimum conditions of Sephadex LH-20 column included that the volume of sample was 2 ml and the 50% methanol with 0.1% TFA was used as eluant at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. Four types of pigments were isolated from Vitis davidii Foex skin, which were Pigment I, II, III and IV, and the scanning result of UV-vis showed that Pigment II was not the anthocyanin. Furthermore, Pigment I was identified as malvidin-3, 5-O-diglucoside by the MS^Emethod using UPLC-QTOF, which had a 655 molecular ion peak and 2 detected fragments at 331 and 493.Due to the lack of standards to compare, Pigment III was speculated as malvidin-3, 5-O-diglucoside-coumary, which had a molecular ion peak at 801 and 3 detected fragments at 331, 493 and 639. Pigment IV was speculated as the mixture of delphinidin-3-rutinoside and malvidin-3-rutinoside. The purities of Pigment I and Pigment III were determined by analytical HPLC, and estimated to be 98.64% and 98.33%, respectively. Conventional fluorescence detection showed that if the fluorescence was detected under UV light at 254 nm, the pigment in the 5th position would be substituted, but fluorescence spectrum of anthocyanin had not been reported. The relationship between the structure of anthocyanins and the fluorescence spectrum was explored, and it was found that the anthocyanin with diglucoside had 2 obvious fluorescence peaks detected, while the anthocyanin with glucoside had only a fluorescence peak detected. From the result it is inferred that the number of glycosides is associated with the fluorescence intensity and number. The result in this paper provides the reference for detecting the structure of anthocyanins by fluorescence analysis. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:18
Main heading:Anthocyanins
Controlled terms:Chromatography - Colloids - Column chromatography - Dextran - Ethanol - Extraction - Flavonoids - Fluorescence - High performance liquid chromatography - Ion exchange  - Ion sources - Liquid chromatography - Methanol - Purification - Resins - Synthetic resins
Uncontrolled terms:Fluorescence detection - Fluorescence intensities - Fluorimetry - Identify - Isolation - Isolation and identification - Structure identification - Vitis davidii Foex
Classification code:741.1 Light/OpticsLight/Optics

 - 801 ChemistryChemistry

 - 801.3 Colloid ChemistryColloid Chemistry

 - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 815.1.1 Organic PolymersOrganic Polymers

 - 932.1 High Energy PhysicsHigh Energy Physics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20161102109630
Title:Relationship between composition of gliadin and texture properties of quick-frozen dumpling skins based on different wheat varieties
Authors:Pan, Zhili (1, 2); Luo, Yuanqi (1); Ai, Zhilu (1, 3); Wang, Na (1); Xie, Xinhua (1); Suo, Biao (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Quick-frozen Food Made of Wheat Flour and Rice and Frozen Prepared Food of Henan Province Engineering Laboratory, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; (2) College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; (3) Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crop, Zhengzhou, China 
Corresponding author:Ai, Zhilu(Zhila@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:242-248
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Aimed to the selection of special varieties of frozen dumpling and raw material of dumpling skins, this paper investigated the differences of flours' quality indicators and structure characteristics of quick-frozen dumpling skins among wheat varieties, studied the regularity of gliadin, and screened the suitable wheat varieties. The 20 kinds of winter wheat flours in Henan Province were collected as the experimental material. The contents of gliadin by the RP-HPLC (reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography) were studied, and the rheology properties were also determined. The texture indices were measured after the flours were made into quick-frozen dumpling skin. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to investigate the relationship between quality indicators of flours and textural properties of quick-frozen dumpling skins. The results showed that 3 kinds of gliadin fragments (&omega;, &alpha;&beta; and &gamma;) were gotten in turn according to the retention time by the RP-HPLC analysis. The wet gluten was significantly associated with hardness and chewiness (P&lt;0.01), and cohesiveness was negatively correlated with the most of quality indicators. Flour protein quality did not only rely on the protein content. Based on the scree plot and the contribution rate of variance, 4 principal components were extracted by principal component analysis, which could reflect 83.40% of the information of original variables. The first principal component was mainly related to development time, stability time, degree of softening and stretching area, and named the chewiness factor. The second principal component was mainly related to setback value, breakdown value and degree of softening, and named the weaken factor. The followings were the toughness factor and the gliadin factor. The samples of 20 wheat cultivars were analyzed by cluster analysis based on the scores of 4 factors, and they could be roughly divided into 4 clusters. The glutenin and gliadin contents of Cluster 1 were higher than the other clusters, and water absorption rate, stability time, dough energy and other rheological parameters were also high for this cluster. The corresponding texture indicators, i.e. hardness, chewiness and springiness were higher than other clusters. The glutenin and gliadin contents of Cluster 2 were the lowest among all clusters, and its rheological properties were also the lowest. The corresponding texture indicators (hardness, chewiness and springiness) were lower than other clusters. The gliadin and gluten contents for Cluster 3 were in the middle, and the corresponding texture indicators were in low-middle level of the whole samples. Cluster 4 was similar to Cluster 3, and its springiness followed Cluster 1.The textural properties of Clusters 1,3 and 4 performed well, while Cluster 2 was the worst in the textural properties. Clustering results substantially corresponded with the texture characteristics of quick-frozen dumpling skins, and hence could be used as the basis for dividing the quality grade of the flours for making dumplings. Standard regression coefficients in regression analysis showed that the &omega; gliadin had the negative effects on hardness, springiness and chewiness in texture indicators of quick-frozen dumpling skins. The &alpha;&beta; gliadin played a facilitating role to hardness and chewiness, and had a greater impact on springiness. The &gamma; gliadin positively specifically affected cohesiveness, and had little effect on hardness, springiness and chewiness. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Principal component analysis
Controlled terms:Cluster analysis - Clustering algorithms - Hardness - High performance liquid chromatography - Liquid chromatography - Proteins - Quality control - Regression analysis - Textures - Water absorption
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental materials - First principal components - Regression coefficient - Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography - RP-HPLC - Structure characteristic - Texture characteristics - Wheat cultivars
Classification code:723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 903.1 Information Sources and AnalysisInformation Sources and Analysis

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20161102109610
Title:Influence of different flow conditions on rotor axis locus of mixed-flow pump
Authors:Li, Wei (1, 2); Ji, Leilei (1, 2); Shi, Weidong (1, 2); Li, Weiqiang (1, 2); Jiang, Xiaoping (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) National Research Center of Pumps and Pumping System, Zhenjiang, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:91-97
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The rotor axis locus of the mixed-flow pump is an important graphic sign of rotor vibration state, so it is an effective way to reflect the actual rotor movement condition intuitively. Also, it is an effective research method to prevent the rotor vibration deterioration induced by the hydraulic vibration. In this article, the experimental study on the axis locus of the mixed-flow pump was based on the Bentley 408 data acquisition system under the condition of 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 times of the design flow rate (380 m³/h). Besides, the rotor original axis locus chart and time domain chart of the mixed-flow pump were obtained in this article with the bi-directional dynamic measurement method. And then, the rotor original axis locus chart and time domain chart were purified with the signal processing and filtering functions of the ADRE Sxp software. The Butterworth filter was used to purify the original signal of the mixed-flow pump. Then, the rotor axis locus chart and time domain chart at one time frequency and double frequency were analyzed. Meanwhile, it also drew the waterfall spectrum diagram of the mixed-flow pump under different flow rate conditions. Those results showed that the flow rate had a great impact on the misalignment and the unbalance of the rotor system. From the results, we could know that the misalignment causes power-frequency vibration while the unbalance causes horizontal vibration. With the flow rate keeping away from the design flow, the vibration was increasing, and the shaft vibration which was caused by hydraulic excitation had peak vibration under small flow rate condition. The fluctuation amplitude of the rotor axis locus chart at one time frequency under the condition of 0.8 time of flow rate was 1.35 times higher than that of the design flow rate. The middle and high frequency vibration force which was induced by the unsteady flow under the condition of low flow rate was the main reason that caused power-frequency vibration deterioration. The fluctuation amplitude of the rotor axis locus chart of the double frequency had the maximum value with the increase of the hydraulic load. This article also adopted the frequency spectrum under different flow rate conditions to analyze the reason. It could be detected that the misalignment increased and the unbalance of the rotor system also became worse than ever when the flow rate value was keeping away from the design point. What was more, the vibration of shaft system also increased with the flow rate changing. The power-frequency vibration was the main component of the shaft system vibration and the double frequency also had great effects on the shafting vibration state, while other low frequencies had little influence on the shaft system vibration. The research results are useful for reducing or preventing the deterioration of vibration effectively, and provide the important reference for the steady operation of the mixed-flow pump under multiple working conditions. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Rotors
Controlled terms:Alignment - Butterworth filters - Data acquisition - Design - Deterioration - Fault detection - Flow rate - Frequency domain analysis - Frequency doublers - IIR filters  - Pumps - Signal processing - Time domain analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Axis locus - Data acquisition system - Fluctuation amplitudes - High frequency vibration - Hydraulic excitations - Multi-conditions - Multiple working conditions - Vibrations
Classification code:601.1 Mechanical DevicesMechanical Devices

 - 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components

 - 618.2 PumpsPumps

 - 631 Fluid FlowFluid Flow

 - 703.2 Electric FiltersElectric Filters

 - 713.5 Electronic Circuits Other Than Amplifiers, Oscillators, Modulators, Limiters, Discriminators or MixersElectronic Circuits Other Than Amplifiers, Oscillators, Modulators, Limiters, Discriminators or Mixers

 - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing

 - 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 921.3 Mathematical TransformationsMathematical Transformations

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20161102109599
Title:Design and experiment on maize stubble cleaning fertilization ridging seeder
Authors:Fu, Qiankun (1); Jian, Shichun (1); Jia, Honglei (2); Zhao, Wengang (3); L&uuml;, Aimin (1); Wei, Guojian (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Shandong Academy of Agricultural Machinery Science, Ji'nan, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China; (3) Jilin Academy of Agricultural Machinery, Changchun, China 
Corresponding author:Jian, Shichun(jscsh2002@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:9-16
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Maize is one of the main crops in the Northeast China. The agronomic requirement of maize planting in this region is stubble cleaning and ridging before sowing. Stubble cleaning can crush crop straw, which could promote the growth speed of maize and increase the organic matter content in soil. Ridging can increase the surface area of the land, which is beneficial for improving the soil temperature. Transverse ridge can hold water from flowing away. High ridge can avoid the submergence of corn. Side deep fertilizing can supply abundant nutrient for maize seedlings, increase root length, and improve seedling growth. Most maize-growing regions in the Northeast China use small four-wheel tractors to clean stubble and ridge, and sow on the ridge with small seeders. As for the above model, the multiple field operations are needed, which always break the physical structure of soil, disturb soil layer and even lead to water consumption with low mechanical efficiency. The existing combined machines can not ridge and sow together, resulting in ridge damage and difficulties in row-follow. In terms of this problem, there is hardly combined equipment to fulfill the above tasks. In order to solve problems mentioned above, this paper designed 2BYMQF-4 maize stubble cleaning fertilization ridging seeder, which was suitable for the agronomic requirement (cleaning stubble, ridging, fertilizing and sowing in one time) in the Northeast China. By researching multiple ridging method, theoretical analysis of ridging and sowing was made by this paper. The multiple ridging method of this machine was divided into 5 steps: stubble cleaning and small ridging after rotary tillage; ditching, fertilizing and seed dropping; covering soil by double disks; hilling with ploughshare and compacting with broad width flexible compacting roll. This paper described the overall design of the machine, and determined the structure parameters and the working parameters of the main parts, such as the connecting mechanism, stubble cleaning device, sower unit and ridging device. The paper also described the working principles of the parallel quadrilateral adaptive connecting mechanism and the compensated suspension mechanism, as well as the mechanical structure and working principles of the precision planter unit, analyzed the stress under ideal condition by theoretical calculation, and made the finite element static force analysis of the ploughshare according to the calculation results. The paper calculated the power consumption of the track equipment and the power take-off shaft to analyze the power disposition, and analyzed longitudinal stability of the tractor mounted implement based on virtual prototype technology. According to this operation method, researchers made the test program and test method of maize stubble cleaning, ridging, fertilizing and seeding machine, and also carried out the field experiment on this machine based on the program and test method. Field experiment indicated that stubble crushing ratio reached 88.2% at the conventional working speed. The qualified rates of the ridging height, the width of ridging top and the distance between ridging rows were respectively 95%, 90% and 90%. The pass rate of average grain distance was over 92%, with the standard deviation of 43.65 and the coefficient of variation of 5.24. The average depths of seeds and fertilizer were respectively 56.22 and 114.36 mm, with the coefficients of variation of 10.07 and 10.28. The machine has the advantages of combined operation in maize stubble cleaning, ridging, fertilizing and seeding, such as simple operation, reasonable structure, safe and reliable work as well as high operation efficiency, which meets the design requirements. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Cleaning
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Agronomy - Crops - Cultivation - Design - Efficiency - Experiments - Finite element method - Machine design  - Mechanisms - Power takeoffs - Software testing - Soils - Stresses - Testing - Tractors (truck)
Uncontrolled terms:Coefficient of variation - Coefficients of variations - Operation efficiencies - Organic matter content - Precision seeding - Ridge - Theoretical calculations - Virtual Prototype Technology
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design

 - 601.3 MechanismsMechanisms

 - 663.1 Heavy Duty Motor VehiclesHeavy Duty Motor Vehicles

 - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 901.3 Engineering ResearchEngineering Research

 - 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20161102109606
Title:Fatigue analysis of weld structure of rake dozer based on reverse determination of structural boundary loads
Authors:Li, Yuliang (1); Xia, Kun (1); Kang, Zhengsheng (2); Lin, Jianjun (3); Zeng, Wei (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; (2) Shantui Construction Machinery Co. Ltd, Jining, China; (3) China North Vehicle Research Institute, Beijing, China 
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:62-68
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Due to the bad working conditions and the weld defects in the structure which is subject to random multiaxial loadings, the fatigue failure occurs frequently in the rake dozer. When the defects exist in the working structure, if the whole engineering structure is taken as the fatigue analysis object, not only the computation model is complex, but also the data are enormous, which will make it difficult to predict the fatigue life of structure. Therefore, it is necessary to separate the local structure where defects are located from the whole one in order to reduce the complexity of the computation model. In this way, the determination of the boundary loads of the local structure is a key to realize successful analysis of structure fatigue. For irregular and regular structures, the finite element method (FEM) and the stress analytical computation equation are respectively used to establish the relationship between the test stress (strain) and the boundary load, so that the loads can be reversely determined. For the FEM method, the cross section of structure is firstly discretized, the center of the strain gage is regarded as the location of the corresponding FEM node, and all the force components of the boundary loads are applied to the boundary nodes of the cross section, and thus the relationships between the boundary loads and the test stresses or strains can be established through the FEM equations. According to the number of unknown boundary loads, the number of three-element rectangular rosettes can be determined according to the equation. For the structure with regular cross section, the number of rosettes can be determined in the same way based on the analytical equations. Next, the strain or stress data are collected and transformed to obtain the maximum and minimum normal stresses of the test points, and the load case of the structure is determined according to the stress states derived from the maximum and minimum normal stresses. In the paper, the cross section of the beam of the machine H-shaped frame is studied since there are potential structure defects in the multiple weld joints. Firstly, the object's approximately equivalent boundary conditions are determined based on the test data; secondly, an XFEM model is set up, in which the weld defects in the corner of the beam are taken as the initial cracks, and the material is Q235; then stress components on 6 directions of all elements such as the stresses of the crack tip are obtained; thirdly, the multiaxial fatigue life is predicted based on the multiaxial fatigue damage model proposed by Liu and Mahadevan. The fatigue life predicted by this method is 3559 h, i.e. the structure will be subjected to fatigue failure after 445 d if the rake dozer runs 8 h a day. The fatigue life is close to the actual situation, which has an error of less than 5%. The method proposed in this paper is feasible for predicting the fatigue life of big and defective engineering structures which are subject to complex working loads, and the prediction result provides an important reference for the structure design and the measurement of manufacture quality. Future work will be directed to the analysis of the errors caused by the area of the resistance strain gages and the distribution of forces exerted on the local structure, so that the method can be applied to other engineering structures. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Structural design
Controlled terms:Computation theory - Crack tips - Cracks - Defects - Elasticity - Fatigue damage - Fatigue of materials - Fatigue testing - Finite element method - Forecasting  - Loads (forces) - Machinery - Mechanization - Strain - Strain gages - Structures (built objects) - Underground explosions - Welds
Uncontrolled terms:Analytical computations - Analytical equations - Beam of rake dozer - Engineering structures - Fatigue life of structure - Multi-axial fatigue - Multiaxial fatigue life - Resistance strain gage
Classification code:408 Structural DesignStructural Design

 - 408.1 Structural Design, GeneralStructural Design, General

 - 538.2 WeldingWelding

 - 601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design

 - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming TheoryComputer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

 - 943.1 Mechanical InstrumentsMechanical Instruments

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20161102109602
Title:Parameter optimization and experiment of pneumatic holding part for banana crown cutting
Authors:Zhu, Zhengbo (1, 2); Yang, Zhou (1, 2); Sun, Jianfeng (1, 2); Xue, Kunpeng (1, 2); Niu, Mengmeng (1, 2); Qiu, Han (1, 2); Chen, Zhaochun (1, 2); Zhu, Qingchuang (1, 2); Sun, Zhiquan (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China 
Corresponding author:Yang, Zhou(yangzhou@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:33-39
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Banana is one of the most important crops in the world, and ranks the fourth after rice, wheat and maize with annual production of more than 106.71 million tons in about 136 countries and regions in 2013. Banana postharvest treatments consist of collection, transportation, crown cutting, cleaning and sterilizing, packing and storage. Banana crown cutting is one of the central tasks for banana postharvest treatments. In this treatment, banana stalk is fixed and cutting tool is used to separate bananas from banana bunch. The mechanization application level of banana postharvest treatments is relatively high abroad and the well-found lossless harvest system has been established. But there is no research result of banana crown cutting machine. Rapidly developing banana industry in China in recent years made banana production reach a record of 12.37 million tons in 2013 which contributed to about 11.6% of the world's banana production. The construction of banana postharvest treatments' infrastructure facilities and the mechanization application level are relatively backward in China. Excessively low level of mechanization causes more than the banana loss of 1 million tons every year in China. So the research of banana crown cutting machine is particularly significant to banana industry both in China and abroad. The existing banana stalk clamping devices hold banana stalk by inserting sharp edge part into fruit axis of banana in banana postharvest treatments. In this way, banana stalk must be removed by manual operation, in which banana stalks can't be loaded and unloaded one after another automatically. So those devices cannot be applied to banana crown cutting machine. This paper designed pneumatic clamping device, traction tray device and curved holding part to solve the above problems. The pneumatic clamping device is mainly composed of pneumatic system, straight-line moving mechanism and installing module of holding part. The clamping force is perpendicular to the axis of banana stalk and it can be regulated by adjusting the pressure of air compressor. The traction tray device is mainly composed of metal pole and tray. It is used to fix banana stalk tightly to tensile strength sensor and prevented it from axially slipping in tests. Tension tests of banana stalk samples clamped by pneumatic clamping device were done on the personal computer controlled electronic universal material testing machine. The relations of interaction between the holding part and the banana stalk were discussed in this paper. The results of single factor experiments showed that material of holding part, inner arc surface area of holding part, diameter of banana stalk and cylinder gas pressure had significant effect on the equivalent friction (P&lt;0.05) between the holding part and the banana stalk. Results of multifactor orthogonal experiments showed that the influence sequence of experimental factors from high to low was material of holding part, inner arc surface area of holding part, cylinder gas pressure and diameter of banana stalk. Linear regression analysis of orthogonal experiments results showed that the equivalent friction increased significantly to a peak value of 359.494 N when using rubber holding part with inner arc surface area of 1885 mm², banana stalk diameter of 69 mm and cylinder gas pressure of 0.5 MPa. There was no significant difference in equivalent friction between linear regression analysis result and actual value that was 375.975 N (P&lt;0.05). These researches are helpful for the design of banana stalk clamping device in banana crown cutting machine and are also beneficial to the improvement and application of clamping methods and clamping devices for stemmed plants. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Fruits
Controlled terms:Clamping devices - Crops - Cutting tools - Cylinders (shapes) - Friction - Machinery - Mechanization - Optimization - Personal computers - Pneumatics  - Regression analysis - Tensile strength - Tensile testing - Tribology
Uncontrolled terms:Banana stalk - Clamping - Experimental factors - Hold part - Orthogonal experiment - Parameter optimization - Post-harvest treatments - Single-factor experiments
Classification code:601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design

 - 603.2 Machine Tool AccessoriesMachine Tool Accessories

 - 632.3 PneumaticsPneumatics

 - 722.4 Digital Computers and SystemsDigital Computers and Systems

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

 - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; RelativityClassical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:20161102109623
Title:Farmland shelterbelt interval setting based on protection insurance rate
Authors:Zhu, Lekui (1); Liu, Tong (1); Zheng, Bo (1); Sun, Qinming (1); Han, Zhiquan (2); Liu, Zunchi (1); Zhang, Lichun (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China; (2) College of Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China 
Corresponding author:Liu, Tong(betula@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:185-190
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Setting appropriate farmland shelterbelt intervals is critical for ensuring an appropriate trade-off between shelterbelt protection benefits and unit economic benefits. If the shelterbelt interval is very large, the protection benefits will be reduced, and consequently the crops will suffer serious damage; however, if the shelterbelt interval is very small, more farmland area will be occupied, resulting in crop failure. With the development of precision and intensive agriculture, a new agricultural concept has been developed in which the ecological benefits that shelterbelts provide through the prevention of wind damage can be optimized against the economic benefits. In this study, we chose the jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) shelterbelts in southern Xinjiang, China as an example to develop a model for calculating a protection guarantee rate and farmland economic benefits, using the concept and method of the protection guarantee rate from hydrology. The protection guarantee rate was used to describe the number of wind damage incidents in this region, and the Weibull curve was used for the fitting of the number of wind damage incidents per hour in which the wind speed was greater than the threshold value during the jujube flowering phase. The results showed that the Weibull curve provided a good fitting for the number of wind damage incidents in the study area (R²=0.88). The farmland economic benefits included the protection benefits of shelterbelts with different levels of aerodynamic porosity and their corresponding economic benefits. These protection benefits were obtained from the field experiments, using a wind speed profile meter at a height of 1.5 m in 5 representative shelterbelts in the study area, which showed that the shelterbelt protection benefits were the greatest at a porosity of 0.34. The economic benefits were calculated by considering both expenditure and income; the expenditure included the amount that was spent on managing and maintaining the shelterbelt, and on planting and maintaining the jujube, and the income included both the jujube and the lumber benefits. To ensure that the expenditure and income were comparable across different time periods, we used the same method to calculate the compound interest over several years. Furthermore, the total revenue was calculated based on the expected protection guarantee rate and the corresponding benefits. The results showed that the benefits of the jujube shelterbelt increased when the protection guarantee rate changed from 100% to 95%, reaching a maximum value at the protection guarantee rate of 95%, and then decreased when the protection guarantee rate changed from 95% to 60%. Therefore, the optimal jujube shelterbelt interval was smaller when there was a greater shelterbelt protection benefit. Therefore, when assessing the probability characteristics of jujube hazard by wind damage, both the shelterbelt protection benefits and the unit economic benefits of the farmland should be considered. The regulation and control of farmland shelterbelt intervals was investigated using a combination of modeling analysis and field tests. The results showed that: 1) the trade-off between the ecological benefits of a farmland shelterbelt as a windbreak and the economic benefits could be assessed using the protection reliability method; 2) when the protection guarantee rate of the jujube shelterbelt was set at 95%, a shelterbelt interval of 132.1 m achieved an optimal unit economic value; and 3) the shelterbelt protection benefits were better at a porosity of 0.34 than at a porosity of 0.49. This study provides a new quantitative approach for the regulation of farmland shelterbelt intervals. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Economic and social effects
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Curve fitting - Ecology - Economic analysis - Economics - Farms - Models - Optimization - Porosity  - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Economic benefits - Insurance rates - Jujube - Wind speed - Xinjiang
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

 - 454.3 Ecology and EcosystemsEcology and Ecosystems

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

 - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids

 - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 42>

Accession number:20161102109598
Title:Reshaping and innovation of China land consolidation strategy
Authors:Yun, Wanqi (1); Zhu, Daolin (1, 2); Tang, Huaizhi (3) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Qualify, Monitoring and Control Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing, China; (3) Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing, China 
Corresponding author:Zhu, Daolin(dlzhu@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-8
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The concept and function of land consolidation in China have been continuously enriched and expanded since 1997, which has become more and more significant for the implementation of China's most stringent farmland protection and economical and intensive land use system. This paper reviews China's land consolidation practice and theoretical research of recent 20 years. Land consolidation in China now is experiencing a new adjustment stage after its 3 stages of development. Each stage has different features, of which Stage 1 focuses on the cultivated land quantity supplement, Stage 2 on basic farmland protection and construction, Stage 3 on the comprehensive improvement of the regional land, and now i.e. Stage 4 is taking the ecological concept for the guide. Total conditions about China's land consolidation planning implemented during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" is summarized in the paper and its main goal has basically been completed, including the goals of constructing 26.67 million hm²high standard farmland, supplementing 1.6 million hm²farmland, and constructing 116 basic farmland protection demonstration areas and 500 high standard farmland demonstration counties. A contrastive analysis on land consolidation objectives and implementation from 2011 to 2015 is made and 5 major problems of China's land consolidation at the present stage are pointed out, which include that the integrated land consolidation practice is still in low level, the pressure on the resources and environment has not been effectively relieved, the implementation effect of the construction land differs greatly in different areas, the land ecological remediation practice level is not high, and the land consolidation funds are instable. At present, China's economic and social development has entered a new normal. An effective way to solve the problems about food security, village reform and urban governance is urgently needed by innovating land consolidation concept, reconstructing land consolidation strategy, objectives and priorities, and breaking the bottleneck constraint of resource on economic growth so as to achieve rational land use comprehensively. Above all, the paper gives 6 suggestions. Firstly, innovate land consolidation concept by taking green development as the land consolidation change direction; secondly, in accordance with the requirements of the development, effectively organize the land consolidation projects by type classification, regional classification and degree classification; thirdly, build more than 10 million mu farmlands with the focuses on eco-farmland construction; fourthly, full strategies should be implemented and supported by land reclamation project; fifthly, promote the land comprehensive improvement and optimize land spatial pattern; sixthly, strengthen the demonstration construction and improve the policy mechanism. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Land reclamation
Controlled terms:Demonstrations - Ecology - Economics - Farms - Food supply - Innovation - Land use - Urban growth
Uncontrolled terms:Ecological remediation - Economic and social development - Economical and intensive land use - Farmland protections - Implementation effects - Land consolidation planning - Land consolidations - Regional classifications
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and DevelopmentUrban and Regional Planning and Development

 - 403.1 Urban Planning and DevelopmentUrban Planning and Development

 - 442.2 Land ReclamationLand Reclamation

 - 454.3 Ecology and EcosystemsEcology and Ecosystems

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 822.3 Food ProductsFood Products

 - 912 Industrial Engineering and ManagementIndustrial Engineering and Management

 - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 43>

Accession number:20161102109609
Title:Analysis on vibration characteristics of vehicle centrifugal fan rotor system
Authors:Zuo, Shuguang (1); Liu, Jingfang (1); Wu, Xudong (1); Wang, Zhe (1); Xiang, Longyang (1); Zhang, Jun (1) 
Author affiliation:(1) Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China 
Corresponding author:Wu, Xudong(1118wuxudong@tongji.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:84-90
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The high-speed centrifugal fan used in the air supply system is a key noise and vibration source of vehicle. Therefore, it is important for the centrifugal fan to achieve low vibration level. In previous studies, analyses of vibration characteristics are mainly based on the finite element method. But those models neglect the influence of bearing characteristics as well as the distribution form of different excitation sources in a bearing-rotor system. The focal point of this paper was to analyze the vibration characteristic of centrifugal fan system on the basis of the vibration analysis of the bearing-rotor system. Firstly, the nonlinear stiffness damping model of the water-lubricated bearing was solved by the disturbing force method. Then a dynamic model of rotor system was proposed based on the nonlinear stiffness damping model of water-lubricated bearing above. The first three-order critical speeds were calculated by the QR damped method based on the dynamic model of rotor system. The calculated first three-order critical speeds were 11594, 12272 and 64646 r/min, respectively. Secondly, a measurement for the vibration spectrum of the rotor system was conducted to verify the proposed dynamic model of rotor system. A high-speed centrifugal fan was manufactured for the experiment, in which the motor vibration acceleration spectrum of rotating half fundamental frequency was extracted. The results showed that the calculated critical speed was 63000 r/min, which agreed well with the measured one. This means that the finite element model of rotor system is effective for the analysis of rotor system. Thirdly, for the purpose of resource saving, the finite element model of rotor system above was further simplified to a one-dimensional beam model of rotor system. Comparing the first three-order critical speeds of one-dimensional beam model with the original model, the errors were 1.2%, 1.3% and 4%, respectively, which showed a good agreement. Therefore, the simplified one-dimensional beam model was used for the vibration analysis below. The vibration characteristics of the rotor system with imbalance masses were analyzed. The results showed that the excitation of single imbalance mass led to the vibration of rotating fundamental frequency. Multiple imbalance masses of rotor system led to the vibration at fundamental frequency and its frequency doubling as well as half fundamental frequency. The main vibration frequencies hardly changed when phase difference between the unbalanced masses was different. In addition, resonance happened at the natural frequency of 1137 Hz. Total vibration amplitude significantly increased when the system speed exceeded the third order critical speed of 64646 r/min. It also showed that under the excitation of bearing misalignment, the peak frequency of vibration was also mainly located at its integer frequencies, in which rotating fundamental frequency was dominant, followed by the rotating double fundamental frequency. The same as the excitation of imbalance masses, resonance also happened at the natural frequency of 1140 Hz. Total vibration amplitude had also an obvious increase when the system speed exceeded the first order critical speed of 11733 r/min. The analysis of vibration characteristics of rotor system in this paper is of great significance for the analysis of vehicle acoustics and vibration behavior as well as optimizing the vehicle ride comfort. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Vibration analysis
Controlled terms:Alignment - Automobile manufacture - Damping - Dynamic models - Fans - Finite element method - Frequency doublers - Lubrication - Models - Natural frequencies  - Speed - Stiffness - Vehicles - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Bearing misalignments - Centrifugal fans - Imbalance mass - Rotor systems - Vibration
Classification code:601.1 Mechanical DevicesMechanical Devices

 - 607.2 LubricationLubrication

 - 618.3 Blowers and FansBlowers and Fans

 - 662.1 AutomobilesAutomobiles

 - 713.5 Electronic Circuits Other Than Amplifiers, Oscillators, Modulators, Limiters, Discriminators or MixersElectronic Circuits Other Than Amplifiers, Oscillators, Modulators, Limiters, Discriminators or Mixers

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

 - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613

<RECORD 44>

Accession number:20161102109635
Title:Non-destructive detection of Korla pear stiffness based on acoustic vibration measurement
Authors:Wang, Zhipeng (1); Wu, Jie (1, 2); Zhao, Zhengqiang (1); Zhang, Hongwen (1, 2); Mei, Weijiang (1, 2) 
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China; (2) Research Center of Agricultural Mechanization for Economic Crop in Oasis, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, China 
Corresponding author:Wu, Jie(wjshz@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:4
Issue date:February 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:277-283
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Korla pear is one of the characteristic fruits in Xinjiang, and it has a wide international market. The quality of pear is related to its economic value. An effective and inexpensive non-destructive detection method is needed to reliably evaluate the internal quality of Korla pear. Stiffness is one of the most important indices to indicate fruit internal quality. Traditionally, Korla pear stiffness is quantitatively measured with the method of M-T test. This method is not suitable for commercial application because it can destroy the fruit when measuring. Thus, this study presents a measuring device based on the acoustic impulse response of Korla pear for non-destructively determining its stiffness. The measuring device consists of vibration control and dynamic signal analyzer, voltage amplifier, software system of vibration measurement and analysis, and test bench installed with 2 piezo beam transducers (one operates as an actuator, and the other as a sensor). In order to simulate hammer tapping signal, a positive half-sinusoid pulse with a peak amplitude of 2.5 V was generated by the vibration control and dynamic signal analyzer. This output signal was amplified by the voltage amplifier, which offered an impulsive excitation with an 80 V peak amplitude to the actuator, which was in contact with pear. Then the sensor, which was positioned at the opposite side of the actuator and also in contact with pear, detected the response signal of fruit. Both the excitation and response signal were acquired by the signal analyzer. The resonance frequency was obtained by the FFT of the response signal with the software system. The sound propagation velocity was calculated from the distance of the 2 contact points between pear and sensors divided by the lag time between excitation and response signal, which was determined by the cross correlation analysis. The fruit stiffness could be measured by the resonance frequency or sound propagation velocity. Different stiffness detection models were acquired by the linear regression analysis of the relationships between the stiffness obtained by resonance frequency and sound propagation velocity detection method and the stiffness measured with M-T method. The sensitivities of the different stiffness detection models were tested. Also, the discriminating rates of normal pear and rough-skinned pear by different stiffness detection models were compared. The results of repeated excitation at the same point showed that the acquired response signal from the system was stable and reliable. The differences of the resonance frequency and sound propagation velocity detected from different sensing points at the pear equator were not significant (P&gt;0.05). All the stiffness detection models showed a good correlation with high correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient (r=0.938) of the model based on resonance frequency detection stiffness combined with sound propagation velocity detection stiffness was significantly higher than the model based on resonance frequency detection stiffness (r=0.841) or sound propagation velocity detection stiffness (r=0.877), and its sensitivity was also the highest among the 3 models, which reached 67.30% and was very similar to that of the M-T method (68.49%). When the normal pear and rough-skinned pear were detected with this model, the discriminating rate was 86.7%, which was higher than that of the model based on resonance frequency detection stiffness (78.3%) or sound propagation velocity detection stiffness (80.0%). The results have proved that the acoustic vibration measurement is feasible for non-destructive detection of Korla pear stiffness, and can provide theoretical support for the commercial application of the new detection method. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Signal detection
Controlled terms:Acoustic wave propagation - Actuators - Amplifiers (electronic) - Computer software - Electronic equipment testing - Fruits - Impulse response - International trade - Natural frequencies - Phase measurement  - Quality control - Regression analysis - Resonance - Software testing - Stiffness - Velocity - Vibration analysis - Vibration control - Vibration measurement - Voltage regulators
Uncontrolled terms:Acoustic impulse response - Cross-correlation analysis - Dynamic signal analyzers - Korla pear - Measurement and analysis - Nondestructive determination - Resonance frequencies - Sound propagation
Classification code:713.1 AmplifiersAmplifiers

 - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing

 - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

 - 731.3 Specific Variables ControlSpecific Variables Control

 - 732.1 Control EquipmentControl Equipment

 - 751.1 Acoustic WavesAcoustic Waves

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

 - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics

 - 942.2 Electric Variables MeasurementsElectric Variables Measurements

 - 943.2 Mechanical Variables MeasurementsMechanical Variables Measurements

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.04.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201613