<RECORD 1>

Accession number:20160701941225
Title:Influence of high oxygen modified atmosphere packaging on different breeds of chilled pork meat quality and water holding capacity during storage
Authors:Li, Xia (1); Li, Yin (1); Zhang, Chunhui (1); Deng, Shaoying (1); Jing, Xiaoliang (2); Wang, Chunqing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Comprehensive Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (2) ChuYing Agro-pastoral Group Co., Ltd, Xinzheng, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Chunhui(dr_zch@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:236-243
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Pork is one of the most commonly consumed meat worldwide, and its quality has received great attention. Pork quality is evaluated by edible quality, nutritional quality, health and safety quality and technical quality, and consumers often rate meat by their nutritional quality and edible quality, which are mainly determined by protein content, meat tenderness and water retention. Meat tenderness has a good linear correlation with cooking loss. Since the chilled meat is susceptible to contamination during the process of storage and circulation, ensuring the quality of chilled meat and meanwhile extending the storage period have great significance for the development of chilled meat. High oxygen modified atmosphere is a new packaging technique, which usually contains 70%-80% oxygen and 20%-30% carbon dioxide and can effectively extend the shelf life of meat. Oxygen can ensure the stabilization of meats' red color and carbon dioxide will prolong the shelf life of meats by inhibiting the microorganism growth. Meat in the high oxygen modified atmosphere packaging will produce a series of complex physical and chemical and biochemical changes, and these changes have important influence on the quality. The investigate the protein oxidation effect on pork quality and water holding capacity when the different varieties chilled pork were stored in high oxygen modified atmosphere packaging. Crossbred pigs (Duroc&times;Landrace&times;Yorkshire) (with halothane genotype NN) and Sanmenxia black pigs (without halothane NN gene) were used in this experiment. The changes of CIE^*color (L^*, a^*, b^*), protein oxidation, water distribution, water holding capacity and muscle microstructure during the storage at 4 in high oxygen modified atmosphere packaging (80% O<inf>2</inf>+20% CO<inf>2</inf>) were determined. The results showed that with the extension of storage time (0-10 day), carbonyl content increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) and sulfhydryl content declined significantly (P&lt;0.05). The results also showed that myofibril protein oxidation from the 2 types of pigs became more severe with the extension of storage time, which induced the breakdown of the structure of myofibrils. The microstructure of the myofibrils was altered obviously, which was indicated by perimysium rupture, increasing of space between fibers, and loose structure. It was observed that immobilized water converted to free water and thus water holding capacity decreased. Immobilized water of both the crossbred pigs and the black pigs declined significantly (P&lt;0.05) at the 3rd day compared with the control. Compared with that of the control (at the initial state), free water in the meat of the crossbred pigs and the black pigs on the 3rd day decreased, while it increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) on the 5th day for the crossbred pigs and on the 10th day for the black pigs, respectively. Cooking losses of the meat from 2 breeds of pigs increased significantly compared with that of control (P&lt;0.05) when the storage time was longer than 5 d. Meanwhile, CIE^*colors of the 2 breeds of pigs were increased at first and then decreased. The L^*values of meat from the 2 breeds of pigs reached the maximum on the 7th day. The a^*values reached the maximum on the 3rd day. The b^*values of meat from the crossbred pigs and black pigs reached the maximum value on the 5th and 7th day, respectively. Results show that high oxygen modified atmosphere packaging has the similar effects on CIE^*color, protein oxidation, water state change, water holding capacity and microstructure of meat from the 2 breeds of pigs, which indicates that the effects of high oxygen modified atmosphere packaging on pork meat quality and water holding capacity are universal. The results provide the basis for control pork quality and cooking loss during cooling meat storaged in high oxygen modified atmosphere packaging. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Modified atmosphere packaging
Controlled terms:Anesthetics - Carbon dioxide - Color - Energy storage - Food processing - Mammals - Meats - Microstructure - Oxidation - Oxygen  - Packaging - Proteins - Quality control - Thermal processing (foods) - Water supply systems
Uncontrolled terms:Chilled pig - Microorganism growth - Modified atmosphere - Myowater state changes - Nutritional qualities - Packaging techniques - Protein oxidation - Water holding capacity
Classification code:446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems

 - 525.7 Energy StorageEnergy Storage

 - 694.1 Packaging, GeneralPackaging, General

 - 741.1 Light/OpticsLight/Optics

 - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 822.2 Food Processing OperationsFood Processing Operations

 - 822.3 Food ProductsFood Products

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 2>

Accession number:20160701941234
Title:HACCP knowledge modeling and reasoning for agricultural products cold-chain logistics
Authors:Mu, Xiangwei (1); Chen, Yan (1); Cao, Yan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Transportation Management College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:300-308
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to ensure the safety and quality of agricultural products, most agricultural products need to use cold chain logistics in a low temperature environment for transportation, processing and storage. Recently, most studies focus on the safety monitoring and management of a certain single step of cold chain, but a highly effective and reliable cold chain monitoring management needs to realize the knowledge expression, understanding and sharing among multiple agents and business segments in the whole cold chain. The cold chain HACCP (hazard analysis critical control point) knowledge semantic model (CC-HACCP) based on Description Logic SROIQ(D) is proposed to describe the semantic information of the cold chain logistics business and the HACCP management. This model mainly describes the semantic elements such as core concepts, constraints, object attributes, data attributes and attribute characteristics, which are correlated with the domain of cold-chain logistics HACCP management system, and meanwhile, CC-HACCP also uses SWRL rule language to enhance the knowledge reasoning ability. In the experiment, an instance of CC-HACCP ontology was built to describe the business knowledge and rules for the agricultural product cold-chain logistics about "eating oyster", in which the HACCP knowledge sharing requirement between the instances of "step_of_live_oysters_checkup_and_acceptance" and "step_of_live_oyster_transportation" was quite obvious. The model of CC-HACCP was rewritten as an ontology based on semantic web language OWL 2 DL. Through the functions of knowledge checking, case identification and rule reasoning, the HACCP plans in the raw material suppliers, cold chain logistics service providers and production processors were developed, and the new "concept-instance" relationships were automatically identified. For example, "step_of_live_oyster_transportation" was an instance of the concept of cold chain step (CC_Step); after reasoning by reasoning engine, it was also identified as the instance of the critical control point (CCP) and the risky step (Risk_Step). Some new "instance-instance" relationships were also inferred by the HermiT inference engine and the SWRL inference rules. For example, "step_of_live_oyster_transportation" was not required to submit or deliver any proof to the next step, and according to the results of reasoning, the cold chain logistics service provider who was responsible for the "step_of_live_oyster_transportation" would find out that he should generate the proofs of the "transportation monitoring record" and "cargo list", and submit both of them to the next step. Cold chain logistics service provider should also deliver the proofs of "fishing license" and "fishing time identification" from the raw material suppler to production processor. All of the inference processes about above results of the instance of "step_of_live_oyster_transportation" were analyzed in detail in this paper. And according to the transitivity of the property "next_step", all of the subsequent steps of "step_of_live_oyster_transportation" would be found out, and the requires from all of the subsequent steps would be shown in the inference results. These experiment results show that, through the cold chain HACCP management knowledge modeling and the CC-HACCP semantic model, the HACCP plans from different agents can influence each other and be improved, which means that the HACCP knowledge from the different steps in the cold chain has been shared in the whole process. Therefore, the application of HACCP knowledge model has positive significance for the integration and improvement of the multi-HACCP security monitoring and management of agricultural products, which is helpful to improve the efficiency of the cold chain logistics management of agricultural products and ensure the safety and quality of agricultural products. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Chains
Controlled terms:Agricultural products - Agriculture - Computational linguistics - Data description - Digital storage - Engines - Fisheries - Information management - Logistics - Management  - Multi agent systems - Ontology - Quality control - Semantic Web - Temperature
Uncontrolled terms:Cold chain logistics - Critical control points - HACCP - Hazard analysis critical control points - Knowledge model - Knowledge reasoning - Low temperature environment - Semantic web languages
Classification code:602.1 Mechanical DrivesMechanical Drives

 - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

 - 721.1 Computer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming TheoryComputer Theory, Includes Formal Logic, Automata Theory, Switching Theory, Programming Theory

 - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and TechniquesData Storage, Equipment and Techniques

 - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 903 Information ScienceInformation Science

 - 912.2 ManagementManagement

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.043
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 3>

Accession number:20160701941224
Title:Machine vision system of nondestructive real-time prediction of live-pig meat yield
Authors:Tian, Fang (1); Peng, Yankun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, National R&amp;D Center for Agro-Processing Equipments, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Peng, Yankun(ypeng@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:230-235
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The live pig meat yield is an important element to pig-breeding, purchase and slaughter industry. It's beneficial to get hold of the pig's growing status to predict the live pig meat yield during pig-breeding and transaction. For the traditional detection method of meat yield, the product of pig weight and meat production rate is considered as the meat yield. It depends on the experience of the stockman and is unreliable. The live pig meat yield prediction based on machine vision system is a nondestructive, real-time and precise method. In this study, a method of automatic extraction of pig body parameters was proposed, and the prediction model of pig meat yield was built. First of all, the top-view images and side-view images of 54 live white pigs were captured by the self-developed machine vision system. At the same time, the pig weight was measured with the electric animal balance. After the data collecting was finished, the pig body parameters, namely the body length, chest width, hip width and hip height, were measured using the tape by worker. Then the image processing algorithm was developed on the Microsoft VC++ 2010 platform. The open source image processing library named OpenCV was used to assist the processing. In the top-view binary image, the central axis of the pig back was extracted. Then the body length, chest width and hip width were calculated based on the axis. In addition, the hip height was extracted in side-view binary image after the back curve was fitted. After the image processing and weight collecting of each pig, the 54 sets of data were divided into the calibration set and validation set for modeling analysis at the ratio of 2:1. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were used to establish the estimation models of live pig meat yield. Results showed that, the correlation coefficient of the pig body parameters got by image processing and manual measuring all could reach 0.96. So the parameters got by image processing could be used to modeling. The correlation between the 5 parameters, namely the body length, chest width, hip width, hip height and weight, was not significant. Pig weight had a higher correlation with meat yield and the correlation coefficient was 0.92. In the process of Stepwise-MLR analysis, only pig weight and chest width were reserved to the prediction model (P&lt;0.05), for they were more significant to meat yield. The correlation coefficients in model prediction and model validation were 0.94 and 0.88 respectively. The method of Enter-MLR and PLSR got higher correlation coefficients, which were all above 0.95. Because PLSR had the smaller standard deviation in model validation which was 3.09 kg, and its average relative error was the minimum which was 3.21%, it was confirmed to be the best model to predict the live pig meat yield. This study showed that, the PLSR model built based on pig's weight and body parameters could predict live pig meat yield effectively during the pig-breeding. Through the field experiment, we know that the system of live pig meat yield prediction is labor-saving and resource-saving. It's worth popularizing and more efforts have to be applied to improve the prediction precision in the future. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Binary images - Bins - Computer vision - Extraction - Feature extraction - Forecasting - Least squares approximations - Linear regression - Machinery - Mammals  - Meats - Models
Uncontrolled terms:Body parameters - Correlation coefficient - Image processing algorithm - Live pig - Meat yields - Multiple linear regressions - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR) - Weight
Classification code:694.4 StorageStorage

 - 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing

 - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 822.3 Food ProductsFood Products

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 4>

Accession number:20160701941213
Title:Decreasing soil pH value to promote spinach growth by application of urea phosphate under alkaline stress
Authors:Zhang, Li (1); Wang, Jing (1); Pang, Huancheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, CAAS, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Pang, Huancheng(panghuancheng@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:148-154
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil alkalization is one of major environmental problems which adversely affect growth and development of plant and crop yield in agricultural production all over the world. Effective measures should be taken to reduce the impact of alkaline stress on plant growth. Urea phosphate is a new-type compound fertilizer in the drip-irrigation. It can generate acid after hydrolysis, but it is unclear if it can improve soil pH value and plant growth after applying to alkaline soil at present. Therefore, this study was conducted to test the effects of urea phosphate solution on soil pH value, plant growth and physiological characteristics of large-leaf spinach. The alkaline stress was simulated by irrigating 5 mL/d solution which was a mixture of 300 mmol/L NaHCO<inf>3</inf>solution and 300 mmol/L Na<inf>2</inf>CO<inf>3</inf>solution at 1:1 molar ratio for 6 d in a greenhouse. Four treatments were set in a random complete block design in this paper, including CK (Non-alkali stress), AS treatment (adding 5 mL deionized water after alkali-stress), AS+FT treatment (adding 5 ml inorganic fertilizer solution after alkali-stress which was mixed with diammonium phosphate and urea solution and had a concentration equal with urea phosphate solution) and AS+UP treatment (adding 5 ml urea phosphate solution after alkali-stress). The results showed that the soil pH value was significantly increased by 44.19% after alkali-stress, but it were significantly decreased by 2.69 and 0.86 when applying urea phosphate solution and inorganic fertilizer solution to soil 6 days after alkaline stress, and urea phosphate solution had better effect than inorganic fertilizer solution on improving soil pH value. Compared to AS treatment, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities in AS+UP treatment were significantly increased by 6.42%, 42.08% and 55.13%, respectively, malondiadehyde (MDA) content was significantly reduced by 10.62% and then the extent of membrane lipid was obvious alleviated. Meanwhile, photosynthetic pigment content was greatly improved after applying urea phosphate solution. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid concentrations of AS+UP treatment were increased by 22.36%, 32.06% and 10.88%, respectively. Improvement effect on spinach seedlings growth in AS+UP treatment was superior to AS treatment, and plant height, whole leaf area and dry substance of spinach of AS+UP treatment were respectively 23.55%, 21.03% and 33.84% higher than AS treatment. However, the seedling growth in AS+FT treatment was inhibited and physiological characteristics of spinach leaves were decreased. Compared to AS treatment, SOD, POD and CAT activities in AS+FT treatment were reduced by 15.33%, 29.06% and 51.15%, respectively, and its MDA content was higher than that of AS treatment, so chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents were decreased by 19.84%, 37.15% and 14.15%, respectively. Moreover, leaf area, dry matter weight and root length were also respectively 26.47%, 26.16% and 1.65% lower than AS+UP treatment. This research indicates that urea phosphate solution has positive effects on improving soil condition and enzyme activity under alkaline stress. Therefore, it can be promoted as a kind of soil amendment to reduce soil pH value in alkaline soil, enhance the ability to adapt to alkali stress and ensure the normal growth and development of crop plants, and it may be a valid method to increase land use efficiency and mitigate the pressure of land demand. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Urea fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Alkalinity - Chlorophyll - Crops - Deionized water - Enzyme activity - Enzymes - Fertilizers - Irrigation - Land use  - Metabolism - Moisture - Oxygen - pH - pH effects - Phosphate fertilizers - Physiology - Pigments - Plants (botany) - Seed  - Soils - Urea
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Diammonium phosphates - Environmental problems - Growth and development - Photosynthetic pigment contents - Physiological characteristics - Spinach - Superoxide dismutases
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and DevelopmentUrban and Regional Planning and Development

 - 445.1 Water Treatment TechniquesWater Treatment Techniques

 - 461.9 BiologyBiology

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 801.1 Chemistry, GeneralChemistry, General

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 5>

Accession number:20160701941206
Title:Data assimilation technique based on ensemble Kalman filter for improving soil water content estimation
Authors:Chen, He (1); Yang, Dawen (2); Liu, Yu (1); Zhang, Baozhong (1)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China; (2) Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:99-104
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil moisture in unsaturated zone connects the water and energy exchange process between surface water and groundwater, which has great influence to rainfall infiltration and surface evapotranspiration and hence has important meaning to agriculture, hydrology and meteorology. In agricultural study, accurate estimation of soil water content has significant importance to agricultural water management, irrigation regime determination and agricultural output increase. Soil water content can be quantified by surface observation, model estimation and remote sensing retrieval. Due to the large heterogeneity of soil property, surface observation at small scale can be hardly extended to large scale; while spatial distribution retrieved by remote sensing data can only obtain instantaneous value at satellite over-passing time. Land surface model is treated as a powerful tool in continuous estimation of soil water content, which is continuous in spatial and temporal dimension. However, the error tends to accumulate in the process of model simulation due to the inevitable uncertainty of forcing data and intrinsic error in model. Data assimilation technique can consider the uncertainty of the model and observation, update model states during the simulation period, and thus improve the accuracy of soil water content estimation, and exploit the advantages of both land surface model and remote sensing measurement. The concept and algorithm of data assimilation were first proposed by oceanologists and meteorologists, and have been gradually introduced to hydrology in recent years, such as soil water data assimilation and surface temperature data assimilation. As the development of remote sensing technique, more and more surface parameters can be obtained by remote sensing retrieval, which provides the available data sources for data assimilation system. The purpose of this study was to validate the data assimilation technique in improving soil water content estimation. To this end, an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) technique was coupled to a hydrologically-enhanced land process (HELP) model to update model states including soil water content and surface temperature. Random disturbance was added to the input data to generate ensemble model states and background error covariance matrix. The latent heat flux derived by MODIS data and surface energy balance system (SEBS) was used as the observation value of assimilation system to update the model states in HELP model. We chose a typical cropland in Weishan irrigation area (36&deg;8'-37&deg;1'N, 115&deg;25'-116&deg;31'E) as the study area, where located an eco-hydrological station (36&deg;38'55.5&Prime;N, 116&deg;3'15.3&Prime;E, average sea altitude of 30 m) with long series of flux data and meteorological measurements. The observation data used in this study were composed of flux observation data including soil heat flux, sensible and latent heat flux, meteorological observation data including rainfall, sunshine duration, air temperature and humidity, wind direction and speed, upward/downward longwave/shortwave radiation and infrared surface temperature, and vegetation observation data including canopy height and leaf area index. The model was firstly validated by the observation data in 2006, in which the open-loop estimation without state updating was treated as the benchmark run. The root mean square error (RMSE) of soil water content in surface, root and deep layer was 0.055, 0.053 and 0.053 m³/m³respectively. After data assimilation update, the surface temperature estimation of both wheat season and maize season was improved to a large extent, with an effectiveness coefficient of 94.8% and 73.0% respectively. Data assimilation also improved the estimation accuracy of soil water content, with a reduction of RMSE by 30%-50% compared to the benchmark run. In wheat season, the effectiveness coefficient of soil water content estimation of data assimilation in surface, root and deep layer ranged from 9.31% to 74.17%. Compared to wheat season, data assimilation showed better results in maize season, the relative error of soil water content in surface, root and deep layer was reduced to 3.70%, 3.62%, and -5.45%, respectively, and the effectiveness coefficient of all 3 layers was over 60%. These results demonstrate that the effect of data assimilation on improving soil water states is positive, which provides a new approach in continuous estimation of soil water content. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:16
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Atmospheric temperature - Bandpass filters - Covariance matrix - Errors - Groundwater - Heat flux - Hydrology - Irrigation - Kalman filters  - Latent heat - Mean square error - Rain - Remote sensing - Search engines - Soil moisture - Soils - Surface measurement - Surface properties - Surface waters  - Temperature - Uncertainty analysis - Vegetation - Water content - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural water management - Data assimilation - Data assimilation techniques - Land surface modeling - Sensible and latent heat fluxes - Soil water content - Surface energy balance systems - Surface water and groundwaters
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

 - 443.3 PrecipitationPrecipitation

 - 444.1 Surface WaterSurface Water

 - 444.2 GroundwaterGroundwater

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

 - 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer

 - 703.2 Electric FiltersElectric Filters

 - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

 - 943.2 Mechanical Variables MeasurementsMechanical Variables Measurements

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 6>

Accession number:20160701941207
Title:Analysis on cutoff time optimization of border irrigation to improve irrigated water quality
Authors:Bai, Meijian (1, 2); Li, Yinong (1, 2); Tu, Shufang (1, 2); Liu, Qunchang (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) National Center of Efficient Irrigation Engineering and Technology Research, Beijing, China; (2) Irrigation and drainage department, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:105-110
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Irrigation cutoff time is one of the important factors of irrigation management, and the determination of optimum cutoff time can effectively improve the irrigation performances. But for different irrigation conditions, the cutoff time of irrigation is very different, and it is difficult to directly determine the cutoff time of any given irrigation event. So, the cutoff control index of basin irrigation is used to study the cutoff control modes of basin irrigation. When the irrigation water is closed before the water advance to the end of basin, cutoff control index is equal to the ratio between the water advance distance when the irrigation water is closed and the basin length. On the contrary, R is equal to the ratio between the cutoff time and the time that water advance to the end. The optimization method of optimum cutoff time for basin irrigation was presented, and the minimum infiltration depth larger than zero and storage efficiency larger than 80% were set as the objective function to optimize cutoff time. One-dimensional hydrodynamic model of basin irrigation based on the hybrid numerical method was used to simulate the basin irrigation process. Combining the irrigation model with optimization method of cutoff time, the irrigation processes of 106176 irrigation events with different soil type, basin length, basin slope, land leveling precision and inflow rate were simulated, and for the same land leveling precision, the spatial variability of surface elevation was considered. For land leveling precision of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 cm, 4, 12, 15, 20 and 28 groups micro-topography data were respectively generated. The corresponding optimum cutoff time for each irrigation event was obtained, the influence of the irrigation factors on the optimum cutoff time was discussed, and the irrigation cutoff control modes were proposed. The irrigation data of typical fields were used to validate the rationality of the proposed cutoff control modes by comparing the irrigation performances under different cutoff time. Results showed that the optimum cutoff time of irrigation event was up to different irrigation factors. Cutoff control index changed with the basin length, basin slope, inflow rate and land leveling precision. Among these irrigation factors, the influence of slope and inflow rate on cutoff control index was the most obvious. Cutoff control index decreased with the increase of inflow rate. For the basins with the length of lower than 70 m, cutoff control index increased with the increase of slope, and for the basins with other lengths, cutoff control index conversely decreased with the increase of slope. Generally, cutoff control index decreased with the increase of basin length, but the influence of basin length on cutoff control index was obvious for the basins with &gt;100 m length, when basin length was not more than 100 m, the influence weakened. The influence of land leveling precision was related with other irrigation factors, cutoff control index decreased with the increase of land leveling precision for &lt;70 m basin, and increased with the increase of land leveling precision for other basins. By comparing the irrigation performances of typical basins under actual irrigation cutoff time and proposed cutoff control index, the rationality of proposed cutoff control index of basin irrigation was validated. For different basin length, slope, land leveling precision and inflow rate, the values of irrigation cutoff control index were presented. For the basins with the length of less than 70 m, the range of cutoff control index was 0.9-1.15.For most conditions cutoff control index should not be less than 1, but when basin slope was middle and leveling precision was not good, cutoff control index was about 0.9; and if slope was greater than 3&permil; and land leveling precision was good, cutoff control index should not be less than 1.1. For the basins with the length of greater than 70 m and basin slope was less than 1&permil;, the range of cutoff control index was 0.8-1; but when basin slope was greater than 1&permil;, the range of cutoff control index was 0.75-0.95. The research results can supply reference for the cutoff control of basin irrigations, and the cutoff control index can be chosen according to the practical irrigation events. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:12
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Control - Digital storage - Flow control - Irrigation - Models - Numerical methods - Water - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Border irrigation - Control index - Hybrid numerical method - Irrigation management - Irrigation performance - Objective functions - One-dimensional hydrodynamic model - Optimum cutoff time
Classification code:445.2 Water AnalysisWater Analysis

 - 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

 - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and TechniquesData Storage, Equipment and Techniques

 - 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 7>

Accession number:20160701941217
Title:Hyperspectral estimation model of dust deposition content on plant leaves
Authors:Li, Weitao (1, 2, 3); Wu, Jian (2, 3); Chen, Taisheng (2, 3); Peng, Daoli (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; (2) Geography Information and Tourism College, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, China; (3) Anhui Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Integration and Application, Chuzhou, China
Corresponding author:Peng, Daoli(dlpeng@bjfu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:180-185
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Dustfall is an important indicator to characterize the regional atmospheric environment quality. The dustfall status and regional environmental quality can be reflected directly by dust deposition content on plant leaves. The acquisition of hyperspectral data measured at ground surface is more and more convenient in recent years with the development of hyperspectral technology. Study on inversion model for foliar dust deposition content based on hyperspectral data will improve the efficiency of atmospheric dust monitoring and spatial sampling. And the model can not only be used as an effective complement to traditional atmospheric dust monitoring means, but also improve the time accuracy and spatial accuracy of dustfall monitoring. The aim of exploring the construction of hyperspectral estimation model of foliar dust deposition content is to promote the application of hyperspectral and remote sensing techniques on dustfall monitoring, and provide theoretical basis for the quantitative monitoring of regional dustfall based on the ground hyperspectral data. The adult Beijing poplar leaves were collected in Beijing urban area during the period from September 17 to September 18 in 2014.In order to collect the hyperspectral data and the data of per unit area dust deposition content on leaf samples, the work was carried out in the following sequence: spectral measurement, weighing, dust removal, weighing, spectral measurement, and measurement of leaf area. We finally got 59 valid sample data. We analyzed the influence of foliar dust deposition content on the spectral reflectance and trilateral parameters of poplar leaves. And the relationships between leaf spectral characteristics and foliar dust deposition content were studied. Then, the estimation model of foliar dust deposition content based on spectral parameters was established. The results showed that foliar dust deposition content enhanced the reflectivity of 400-700 nm band and inhibited the reflectivity of 710-1110 nm band. And foliar dust deposition content had no obvious effect on red edge position, yellow edge position and blue edge position. The linear relationship between spectral reflectance of the near infrared wavelengths (730-1000 nm) and foliar dust deposition content was obvious, and the coefficient of each band was higher than 0.7. The reflectance of green band was not sensitive to the influence of leaf dust deposition content. And the relationships between red edge amplitude, red edge area and leaf dust deposition content achieved significant relation. Three correlation coefficients' matrices were constructed by the indices calculated based on different spectra reflectance and foliar dust deposition content. The maximum value in each matrix was higher than the maximum value of correlation coefficient between single band and foliar dust deposition content. The highest value of correlation coefficients of the 3 matrices was 0.7615, which was in the matrix of correlation coefficient of normalized index and foliar dust deposition content. Models based on multivariate linear regression, principal component regression and partial least squares regression all had stronger ability to predict. The partial least squares regression model with the independent variables, which included spectral reflectance at the band of 749, 644 and 514 nm, red edge slope, red edge area, normalized difference index composed by the band of 924 and 1010 nm, difference index composed by the band of 713 and 725 nm, and normalized difference vegetation index composed by the band of 749 and 644 nm, had the highest estimate accuracy with the modeling decision coefficient of 0.734, the forecasting decision coefficient of 0.731, and the root mean square error of 0.311 for prediction. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:15
Main heading:Dust
Controlled terms:Air pollution - Deposition - Forecasting - Infrared devices - Least squares approximations - Matrix algebra - Mean square error - Models - Plants (botany) - Principal component analysis  - Reflection - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Spectrum analysis - Weighing
Uncontrolled terms:Air pollution measurements - Dust deposition - HyperSpectral - Multivariate linear regressions - Normalized difference vegetation index - Partial least squares regression - Partial least squares regression models - Principal component regression
Classification code:451 Air PollutionAir Pollution

 - 451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 921.1 AlgebraAlgebra

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

 - 943.3 Special Purpose InstrumentsSpecial Purpose Instruments

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 8>

Accession number:20160701941231
Title:Reduction of active oxygen metabolism and mitigation of chilling injury in Hami melon fruit as influenced by postharvest hot water treatment
Authors:Wang, Jing (1, 2); Mao, Linchun (1); Li, Xunwen (2); Zhang, Hui (2); Zhang, Mingming (2); Ju, Guodong (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Biological Systems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Agricultural Products Processing Technology Research Key Laboratory, Hangzhou, China; (2) College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
Corresponding author:Mao, Linchun(linchun@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:280-286
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the present study, we examined the effect of heat-treatment on chilling injury and active oxygen metabolism in Hami melon. Hami melon "Xizhoumi 25" was used in this experiment. The fruits were immersed fully in hot water of 55 or normal water at (22&plusmn;2) for 3 min, and then stored at (3-5) for 35 d. Quality and physiological changes in fruits were measured during the storage period. The results showed that the contents of H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>and O<inf>2</inf>^-in heat-treated fruits were higher than the control fruits within the first 14 d, which indicated that a prompt increase in H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>and O<inf>2</inf>^-was induced after the treatment, and the accumulation achieved the maximum on the 14^thday (P&lt;0.05), but the treatment reduced the H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>and O<inf>2</inf>^-accumulations at the middle and later period of storage (from the 14^thto the 35^th) (P&lt;0.05). The active oxygen signal played a key role in cold resistance of fruit. Through improving the activities of peroxidase (POD) (P&lt;0.05) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P&lt;0.05), a higher scavenging capacity of reactive oxygen free radical was maintained, and the increase of cell membrane relative permeability except for the 21st day (P&lt;0.05) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (P&lt;0.05) from the 21st to the 35^thday were inhibited effectively. So the heat-treatment reduced the chilling injury, prevented the loss of total soluble solids and ascorbic acid contents, and it could better maintain the quality of Hami melon. But the activities of POD and SOD of control fruits were lower than the heat-treatment fruits during the cold storage, and H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>and O<inf>2</inf>^-content increased obviously at the middle and later periods of the storage, which led to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, promoted the membrane lipid peroxide, and ruined the regionalization of the cell membrane; the cell membrane permeability and plasmalemma peroxide produced the MDA accumulation in great quantities, and eventually the serious chilling injury occurred on the 35^thday. The control fruits showed the serious water loss shrinking and the weightlessness rate was 6.61% after moved to room temperature; the chilling injury rate of control fruits was 27% higher than that of the heat-treatment. Therefore, this method is effective to reduce the chilling injury of postharvest fruit storage and has a certain popularization value and application prospect. These results suggest that heat-treatment may induce active oxygen signal molecule, improve the active oxygen scavenging enzyme activities, delay membrane lipid peroxidation process, and thereby prevent the development of chilling injury in Hami melon fruit. The results provide a theoretical reference for Hami melon postharvest storage. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Water treatment
Controlled terms:Ascorbic acid - Cell membranes - Cold storage - Cytology - Enzymes - Free radicals - Fruits - Heat treatment - Ionization of gases - Lipids  - Membranes - Metabolism - Oxidation - Oxygen - Peroxides - Physiology - Scavenging - Shrinkage - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Active oxygen - Cell membrane permeability - Chilling injury - Effect of heat treatments - Hami melon - Membrane lipid peroxidation - Reactive oxygen species - Relative permeability
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment TechniquesWater Treatment Techniques

 - 461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue EngineeringBiological Materials and Tissue Engineering

 - 461.9 BiologyBiology

 - 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes

 - 612.1 Internal Combustion Engines, GeneralInternal Combustion Engines, General

 - 644.3 Refrigeration Equipment and ComponentsRefrigeration Equipment and Components

 - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 9>

Accession number:20160701941216
Title:Parameters optimization of WOFOST model by integration of global sensitivity analysis and Bayesian calibration method
Authors:He, Liang (1); Hou, Yingyu (1); Zhao, Gang (2); Wu, Dingrong (3); Yu, Qiang (4, 5)
Author affiliation:(1) National Meteorological Center, Beijing, China; (2) Crop Science Group, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, Bonn, Germany; (3) Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China; (4) Key Laboratory of Water Cycle &amp; Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China; (5) School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway; NSW, Australia
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:169-179
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Crop model calibration and validation are essential for model evaluation and application. It is important for model application to accurately estimate the values of crop model parameters and further improve the capacity of model prediction. In the previous researches, trial-and-error method was widely used in model calibration and validation. The deficiency of this method was subjective selection of parameter values and time-consuming processes. To overcome these issues, the optimization methods such as general likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE), genetic algorithm (GA) and shuffled complex evolution (SCE-UA) algorithm were alternative method for model calibration and validation. However, it is a problem to decide which parameters for optimization. It is essential to select the most sensitive parameters among hundreds of parameters in the crop model for optimization. To avoid subjective selection of parameters for calibration and validation, we used the global sensitivity analysis method of model parameters and the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method based on Bayesian theory to optimize the crop genetic parameters in the WOFOST (world food studies), and the data of three-year winter wheat field experiment in Luancheng in the North China Plain were adopted. The main objectives were: 1) to analyze the sensitivity and uncertainty of WOFOST brought by 55 crop genetic parameters using the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test; 2) to calibrate and validate the WOFOST using the MCMC method after sensitivity analysis. We found that: 1) The most sensitive parameters for maximum leaf area index (MAXLAI) in the crop growth period were successively: specific leaf area at development stage of 0, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.75, maximum CO<inf>2</inf>assimilation rate at development stage of 1.5, and maximum relative increase in LAI (RGTLAI); 2) The most sensitive parameters for total above ground production (TAGP) in the crop growth period were successively: maximum CO<inf>2</inf>assimilation rate at development stage of 1.5 (AMAXTB150), specific leaf area at development stage of 0 (SLATB00), life span of leaves growing at 35, extinction coefficient for diffuse visible light at development stage of 0 (KDIFFTB00), maximum CO<inf>2</inf>assimilation rate at development stage of 1.8 (AMAXTB180), efficiency of conversion into storage organs (CVO); 3) The parameter sensitivity for MAXLAI and TAGP in potential and rain-fed production level was almost coincident, which indicated that yield level didn't influence the parameter sensitivity results; 4) Eleven sensitive parameters were selected for optimization by using the MCMC method. The first calibration and validation strategy (i.e. the data in 1998-1999 for calibration and those in 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 for validation), was better than other 2 strategies. 5) WOFOST simulation was much improved if the optimized parameters by the MCMC method were adopted. The index of agreement was higher than 0.9 and the relative root mean square error was less than 20%. However, WOFOST performed worse in rain-fed case because water stress factor was added to limit crop growth. The results indicate that more sensitive parameters should have priority in adjusting values for model calibration and validation. In addition, the MCMC method is a feasible optimization method for WOFOST calibration and validation. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Sensitivity analysis
Controlled terms:Carbon dioxide - Crops - Digital storage - Evolutionary algorithms - Genetic algorithms - Markov processes - Maximum likelihood estimation - Mean square error - Models - Monte Carlo methods  - Optimization - Plants (botany) - Rain - Uncertainty analysis
Uncontrolled terms:Feasible optimization methods - Fourier amplitude sensitivity tests - Global sensitivity - Markov chain Monte Carlo method - MCMC - Model calibration and validation - Model parameters - WOFOST
Classification code:443.3 PrecipitationPrecipitation

 - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and TechniquesData Storage, Equipment and Techniques

 - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

 - 922 Statistical MethodsStatistical Methods

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 10>

Accession number:20160701941221
Title:Kinetics characteristics of pressurized pyrolysis and gasification of pine powder
Authors:Feng, Yipeng (1, 2); Wang, Xiaobo (1); Zhao, Zengli (1); Li, Haibin (1); Zheng, Anqing (1); Huang, Zhen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy of Chinese, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; (2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Zengli(zhaozl@ms.giec.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:205-211
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Gasification is one of the most important biomass energy utilization techniques, which is clean and efficient. The pressurized biomass gasification has the advantages of large capacity, high efficiency and low cost compared with the atmospheric gasification of biomass. Meanwhile, thermogravimetric analyzer is a widely used for studying biomass gasification. The researches on atmospheric gasification in thermogravimetric analyzer have been widely reported, but there are a few papers about the pressurized gasification. In this work, the processes of pressurized pyrolysis and CO<inf>2</inf>gasification of pine powder were performed in a pressurized thermogravimetric analyzer, which pressures were set as 0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 MPa. The pressure of thermogravimetric analyzer was controlled by a pressure electromagnetic valve which could be operated by computer. Air was removed firstly by a vacuum air pump in order to avoid the influence of the air, and then N<inf>2</inf>and CO<inf>2</inf>were pumped in. When the pressure in the thermogravimetric analyzer reached the setting pressure, the temperature was increased to 1400 at the heating rate of 10/min. The Malek method was used for inferring the most probable mechanisms of pressurized pyrolysis and gasification, and the effects of pressure on pyrolysis and gasification process as well as their kinetics characteristics were investigated. The results showed that pressure had a significant effect on pyrolysis/gasification of pine powder. The release of volatile matter was inhibited and the maximum weight loss decreased from 73.80% at 0 MPa to 71.40% at 0.9 MPa with the increase of pressure under the N<inf>2</inf>atmosphere. According to the results of Malek method, the pressurized pyrolysis was divided into two stages, and the secondary reaction mechanism and the random successive nucleation growth were proved to be the most probable mechanisms for the first and the second stage of pressurized pyrolysis, respectively. The activation energy in the first stage of pressurized pyrolysis increased from 41.15 kJ/mol at 0 MPa to 52.41 kJ/mol at 0.9 MPa. Under CO<inf>2</inf>atmosphere, the high pressure inhibited the release of volatile matter in pyrolysis stage which also happened under N<inf>2</inf>atmosphere but promoted the char gasification in the gasification stage. The maximum weight loss rate increased from 0.101%/min to 0.162%/min and their corresponding temperatures decreased during the process of char gasification. Furthermore, the two-dimensional diffusion (cylindrical symmetry) was proved to be the most probable mechanism for pressurized CO<inf>2</inf>gasification. The activation energy of char gasification increased from 201.94 kJ/mol at 0 MPa to 230.73 kJ/mol at 0.9 MPa. Meanwhile, the frequency factor rose from 4.55E+06 to 7.04E+07 min^-1. Additionally, when the value of carbon conversion was in the range of 0.6-0.95, the reaction rate of CO<inf>2</inf>gasification gradually increased with the increase of pressure, and the finish temperature of the char reaction shown a downward trend. The results provide a theoretical basis for the efficient and clean utilization of biomass. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Gasification
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Biomass - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Chemical activation - Energy utilization - Enzyme kinetics - Kinetics - Pyrolysis
Uncontrolled terms:Atmospheric gasification - Kinetics characteristics - Pressurized - Pressurized gasification - Pressurized thermogravimetric analyzers - Pyrolysis and gasification - Thermogravimetric analyzers - Two dimensional diffusion
Classification code:525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization

 - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds

 - 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; RelativityClassical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 11>

Accession number:20160701941192
Title:Estimation of maize lodging area based on Worldview-2 image
Authors:Li, Zongnan (1); Chen, Zhongxin (2); Ren, Guoye (1); Li, Zhangcheng (1); Wang, Xin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Remote Sensing Application, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China; (2) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Chen, Zhongxin(zxchen@mail.caas.net.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-5
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Lodging of cereal crops due to strong wind and rain is a common agricultural disaster in many regions of the world, leading to crop growth retardation and yield reduction. Area of crop lodging is very critical for agricultural hazard assessment and agricultural insurance claim. A survey method of lodging using high resolution remote sensing data acquired from unmanned aerial vehicle or satellite is fast and efficient. Worldview-2 multi-spectral image has a 1.8 m spatial resolution in 8 bands (from 400 to 1040 nm), which is a type of useful remote sensing data of agricultural information in many aspects, but there are few researches about lodging survey. Therefore, a maize lodging survey using Worldview-2 image was discussed in this paper, which was aimed to find an optimum method for estimating the lodging area of maize. In 2012, a Worldview-2 image with the swath of 5 km&times;5 km was acquired on September 14th after a lodging event occurred on September 12th in Wanzhuang Agricultural Park of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and the precise area of lodging at 3 fields was measured using the photogrammetry of unmanned aerial vehicle. In this paper, the features of spectrum and texture were analyzed for finding out the optimum features and bands in classification. Firstly, typical pixels of normal maize (285 pixels) and lodging maize (284 pixels) were sampled. Spectrum was acquired from multi-spectral image after ortho-rectification and atmospheric correction. Mean texture feature was acquired from reflectance data by applying co-occurrence based filter. The spectral curves showed that there was a significant difference between normal maize and lodging maize. The reflectance of maize increased after lodging, and the values of the 3 bands including red edge, infrared 1 and infrared 2 were greater than 0.1. The change of canopy structure might be the main reason of this phenomenon. Comparing texture feature of lodging maize to normal maize, the values of the 8 bands between the 2 kinds of maize were different, and especially the band of green, red edge, infrared 1 and infrared 2. According to the feature analysis, red edge, infrared 1 and infrared 2 were chosen as the optimum bands for classification in this study. Then, 8 classification methods were carried out by using different features, bands and algorithms of classification. The type of features included spectrum and texture, the bands used for classifying were respectively 3 optimum bands and all 8 bands, and the algorithms of classification were respectively based on Mahalanobis distance and the maximum likelihood. Finally, an optimum method was chosen according to the error. The estimation results of 8 methods showed that, the errors of those methods that used 3 optimum bands were lower than those using 8 bands, and when using the 3 optimal bands, the errors of those methods based on the algorithm of the maximum likelihood were lower than those based on the algorithm of Mahalanobis distance. According to the performance of 8 methods, the method that used reflectance of red edge, infrared 1 and infrared 2 based on the maximum likelihood was the best one, for which the minimum error was 2.2%, the maximum error was 8.9%, and the average of error was 4.7%. According to this study, using Worldview-2 multi-spectral image can estimate the area of lodging maize accurately based on remote sensing data of unmanned aerial vehicle. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Classification (of information)
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Algorithms - Crops - Errors - Image processing - Insurance - Maximum likelihood - Maximum likelihood estimation - Pixels - Reflection  - Remote sensing - Spectroscopy - Spectrum analysis - Surveys - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural disasters - Agricultural informations - Atmospheric corrections - Classification methods - High resolution remote sensing - Lodging area - Maize - Multi-spectrum
Classification code:652.1 Aircraft, GeneralAircraft, General

 - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 922 Statistical MethodsStatistical Methods

 - 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 12>

Accession number:20160701941233
Title:Adsorption kinetics of monascus red pigments with hydroxyls by retrograded corn starch
Authors:Lin, Xuhui (1); Dong, Shirui (1); Guo, Junjie (2); Lian, Xijun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Biological Technology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China; (2) School of Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
Corresponding author:Lian, Xijun(lianliu2002@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:294-299
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Retrograded corn amylose is a kind of resistant starch which is formed by the interaction of amyloses through hydrogen bonds. Those bonds hinder the combination of starch and water/amylase, which makes retrograded amylose insoluble and resists amylase hydrolysis. Some of retrograded corn amyloses can form regular crystal with identical characteristic named B-type structure. Such crystal structure provides possibility to absorb organic compounds containing hydroxyls. There are residual carbohydrates, amino acids, water soluble protein and peptides and so on in fermentation broth in the production of monascus red pigments by fermentation liquid method. It is difficult to isolate those substances from pigments in the following process, so the pigments are mixed with impurities in the product. These impurities reduce the degree of pigment purity and bring uncertainties to the stability of pigments in use. The retrograded starch is insoluble in water and contains a lot of hydroxyls, so hydrogen bond can form between starch and hydroxyl-containing pigments or other organic compounds containing a large number of hydroxyl groups. Then the substance containing a lot of hydroxyls is absorbed by retrograded starch, but those ones having no or fewer hydroxyls will stay in solutions. Thus, the component containing hydroxyl groups will be separated from solutions. In this paper, the corn amyloses with different molecular weight distributions were made by retrogradation method and those amyloses were used to absorb monascus red pigments. Absorption capacity and speed of monascus red pigments by those amyloses were determined. The results showed that the maximum absorption capacities of monascus red pigments by amyloses retrograded for 1-4 times were 0.56, 0.84, 1.04, and 1.10 mg/g respectively, when the absorption temperature was 80 and the absorption time was 140 h. The narrower the molecular weight distribution of amylose and the higher the absorption temperature, the higher the absorption speed. The average absorption free energies of all samples, which were calculated by Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption isotherm equation, were less than 8 J/g. Such calculated results suggested that the pattern for retrograded corn amylose to absorb monascus red pigment belonged to physical absorption. The results of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated after drying those retrograded corn amyloses presented some kinds of more bouffant structure when they were combined with monascus red pigments. In order to increase the pigment absorption content of retrograded corn amylose, the regular crystal should be cultured from amylose with the narrowest distribution of molecular weight. So the method of preparing those materials became vital. Only identical amylose with special chain length could involve in retrograded amylose, so amylose with narrow distribution of molecular weight could be obtained by repeated retrogradation. The results of the paper provide a reference for isolating and purifying monascus red pigments with hydroxyls. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Cyclodextrins
Controlled terms:Absorption - Complexation - Crystal impurities - Crystal structure - Enzyme kinetics - Fermentation - Hydrogen bonds - Molecular weight - Molecular weight distribution - Organic compounds  - Scanning electron microscopy - Starch
Uncontrolled terms:Absorption capacity - Absorption temperature - Adsorption kinetics - Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption isotherms - Narrow distribution - Red pigments - The scanning electron microscopes (SEM) - Water soluble protein
Classification code:801.4 Physical ChemistryPhysical Chemistry

 - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 931.3 Atomic and Molecular PhysicsAtomic and Molecular Physics

 - 933.1.1 Crystal LatticeCrystal Lattice

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 13>

Accession number:20160701941230
Title:Optimization of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii sterilization from concentrated apple juice by radio frequency heating
Authors:Bai, Jing (1); Yue, Tianli (1); Wang, Huxuan (1); Niu, Chen (1); Yang, Lixia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Yue, Tianli(yuetl@nwafu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:273-279
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the production of concentrated apple juice becomes larger in recent years, the spoilage of osmotolerant yeasts is increasingly serious, and the safety and quality of concentrated apple juice in China has been under serious threat. Zygosaccharomyces rouxii (Z. rouxii) is a kind of osmotolerant yeast which possesses great resistance to osmosis, acid and preservative and might result in spoilage for concentrated apple juice. This is not only a risk to consumers' health, but also bringing huge losses to the production enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to seek a new sterilization method which can sterilize Z. rouxii quickly, as well as exert less impact on apple juice quality. Radio frequency (RF) heating sterilization is a novel dielectric heating sterilization method, by which the internal heating is rapidly generated as a result of molecular friction in response to an applied alternating electric eld with the frequency between 3 kHz and 300 MHz. This technology can offer the advantages of rapid heating, high penetration depth, heating homogeneity and so on. This article used Z. rouxii as model microorganism, and studied the influence of different factors on apple juice heating and Z. rouxii sterilization under the RF heating treatment. To achieve the goal, single-factor analysis was conducted to measure the effects of RF heating time, polar plates' spacing, juice volume, juice concentration on the sterilization efficacy. Combining single-factor experiment results and practice, RF heating time, polar plates' spacing and juice volume were further researched using a three-variable three-level Box-Benhnken design to optimize the sterilization conditions. A quadratic polynomial model for the logarithmic reduction of viable count for Z. rouxii was established, and the results indicated that the interaction effects of RF heating time and polar plates' spacing, RF heating time and juice volume, and polar plates' spacing and juice volume were extremely significant (P&lt;0.01). Moreover, the order of significant degree of 3 factors was as follows: polar plates' spacing &gt; juice volume &gt; RF heating time. When the concentration of apple juice was selected as 70%, the optimized parameters were determined by response surface experiment and they were as follows: polar plates' spacing of 110 mm, juice volume of 45 mL and heating time of 70 s. Under this optimal condition, at least a reduction of logarithm value of 6 for viable count of Z. rouxii could be achieved. In addition, the verification test showed that there was a good fit between the experimental and the predicted values. Meanwhile, this study also compared the variations of juice physical indicators and juice flavor between RF heating and traditional water bath by electronic nose when achieving the same sterilizing effect. The results indicated that the sterilization rate of RF heating (70 s) was outstandingly faster than water bath (330 s), and furthermore, its impacts on the quality and flavor of apple juice were less than water bath treatment. Therefore, the results indicate that the method of RF heating can efficiently sterilize Z. rouxii in concentrated apple juice. The research provides a theoretical basis for further study on the RF heating sterilization and its application in sterilizing Z. rouxii in concentrated apple juice in industry. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Heating
Controlled terms:Concentration (process) - Electronic nose - Fruit juices - Fruits - Health risks - Optimization - Radio waves - Spoilage - Sterilization (cleaning) - Water treatment  - Yeast
Uncontrolled terms:Box-benhnken designs - Juice concentrations - Logarithmic reduction - Quadratic polynomial - Radio frequencies - Radio frequency heating - Single-factor experiments - Zygosaccharomyces rouxii
Classification code:445.1 Water Treatment TechniquesWater Treatment Techniques

 - 461.7 Health CareHealth Care

 - 461.9 BiologyBiology

 - 711 Electromagnetic WavesElectromagnetic Waves

 - 801 ChemistryChemistry

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 822.3 Food ProductsFood Products

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 14>

Accession number:20160701941200
Title:Building 3-D model of diesel injector used in agriculture verified by injection rate of each hole and simulation on internal flow characteristics
Authors:Luo, Fuqiang (1); Zhou, Qun (1); Xue, Fuying (1); Wu, Xiwen (1, 2); Zhong, Da (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) Dynamical Commanding Department of Zhenjiang Watercraft College of PLA, Zhenjiang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:58-63
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Agriculture-used diesel engine is widely used because of its simple structure, low engine cost and popularity. Because of the offset of the injector position to the cylinders' center axis in a two-valve diesel engine, the angles between the nozzle hole axis and the needle axis are different, which hence enhances efficient distribution of the mixture. It was observed from investigations that the injection rate of each nozzle hole of the injector was different but smaller for the nozzle hole with the higher angle (between the nozzle hole axis and the needle axis). The injection process is important to the spray process, mixture formation and combustion. The internal flow characteristics of the injector hole is the boundary condition for the spray, combustion and so on, which play a crucial role in improving the spray quality, optimizing the combustion process and decreasing the pollutant emissions. In the present study, a three-dimension model of valve covered orifice (VCO) injector with 5 holes used in a two-valve diesel was established. The simulation of internal cavitation and velocity distributions of each hole in the VCO injector was based on the two-fluid model and the cavitation model. Because of the needle movement and the fluctuations of the injection pressure, the internal flows in the nozzle holes were unsteady. The internal transient flow could be technically reflected by the moving mesh. The simulated and measured fuel injection rates and cyclical fuel injection quantity of each nozzle hole were compared and analyzed. Experimental validation showed that their differences were under limits, and the relative error of the cyclical fuel injection quantity per cycle of each hole between the simulated and experimental value was less than 5%, which proved that such model could be used to study the transient flow characteristics and the influences on angle between each nozzle hole axis and needle axis of the nozzle. Comparison and analysis were done, and the results showed that there were significant differences in fuel flow characteristics and cavitation among nozzle holes, which were variable during the injection process. Firstly, the continuous changing of injection pressure destabilized the internal cavitation of each hole, which influenced the injection rate at the nozzle outlet in cam angle at maximum needle lift. The increasing injection pressure resulted in the bubble's collapse, which made the effective flow area increase and the injection rate decrease, and vice versa. During the initial part of injection, the internal cavitations of the 5 holes were different and did not progress to the outlet of the nozzle holes. This extension in length of the internal cavitation did not affect the injection rate of each hole. Secondly, the bigger internal cavitation zone of the holes moved to the center with the increase in the angle between each nozzle hole axis and needle axis of the nozzles. This increased the flow velocity at the center of the holes, which enhanced the spray characteristics. The results obtained indicate that the spray characteristics and the injection rate should be comprehensively considered when designing and installing the two-valve multi-hole nozzle to ensure the optimum mixture formations, the combustion optimization and the reduction of emissions. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cavitation - Combustion - Diesel engines - Engine cylinders - Engines - Flow velocity - Fuel injection - Fuels - Mixtures  - Models - Needles - Nozzle design - Nozzles - Transition flow - Two phase flow - Variable frequency oscillators
Uncontrolled terms:Experimental validations - Fuel injection rate - Fuel-flow characteristics - Injector - Internal flow characteristics - Simulation calculation - Three dimension modeling - Transient flow characteristics
Classification code:612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine ComponentsInternal Combustion Engine Components

 - 612.2 Diesel EnginesDiesel Engines

 - 631 Fluid FlowFluid Flow

 - 713.2 OscillatorsOscillators

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 15>

Accession number:20160701941211
Title:Digital image processing of mass-size distribution of soil structures in plough layer
Authors:Ding, Qishuo (1); Dong, Chengsheng (1); Li, Yinian (1); Qiu, Wei (1); Xue, Jinlin (1); He, Ruiyin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:134-140
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In many instances the basic structural units of plough layer are soil aggregates which are resulted from tillage operation and packed into layers to form the seedbed. Quantification of plough layer is limited to a few basic soil parameters, including cone index, bulk density and porosity. Soil aggregates are assessed with dry sieving. These parameters do not provide the detailed structural information of plough layer. Precision management of plough layer requires that soil structures be quantified with more parameters that are geometrically quantifiable. Quantitative method for tilled-layer soil structures was adopted; the digital images of soil structures were taken, the aggregate mass was calculated and the mass-size distributions of soil structures sampled from a plowed paddy field were studied. The tilt angle of camera was set to 30&deg;, 45&deg;, 60&deg; and 90&deg;, respectively, when taking the photos of soil structures. Soil structures were also measured manually with dry-sieving method for comparison. During the manual measurement of soil aggregates, a caliper was used and both the long and the short axes of the aggregates were measured. The dry-sieving used the nested sieves with the openings of 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 mm, respectively. Geometrical parameters of soil structures in each size range were calculated with an image-processing program developed in MatLab, including angularity, shape index and rectangle degree. Collected data for the mass-size distribution of the soil aggregates after plowing were also fitted respectively with 3 models, i.e. Weibull model, Rosin-Rammler model and Gaudin-Schuhmann model. It showed that, along with the increase of size range, both angularity and shape index increased, but rectangle degree decreased, meaning that different effects of mechanical operation were induced by different size ranges of soil structures, even though under the same plowing treatment. Detailed analysis on each size range and each tilting angle showed that photos taken with 60&deg; tilting angle yielded the best fitting results compared with other tilting angles. The 60&deg; tilting angle was the most suitable for camera when used for on-line soil structure monitoring. No significant difference (P&gt;0.05) was observed between digital image processing and manual measurement, proving that the digital image processing was an accurate method to acquire mass-size distributions of soil structure. Compared with Weibull and Rosin-Bammler distribution, Gaudin-Schumann model provided the best fitting between aggregate mass and size, with the R²of 0.98. Digital image processing discriminated soil structures in finer scales and provided a higher precision curve fitting for soil structures compared with dry-sieving method. The variation of the acquired results from dry-sieving was significant due to the large size ranges between adjacent sieve sizes. Unlike the limited methods for tilled-layer soil structure quantification, such as dry sieving, image-processing was capable of not only quantifying the geometrical parameters of soil structures, but also distinguishing and separating soil structures in finer scales, such as 5 mm size range or any other arbitrary scales. This fine scale distinction was helpful in providing more precise modeling on soil structures. The results prove that the image-processing is a powerful tool to calculate geometric parameters of soil structures and discriminate soil structural features in detail. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:47
Main heading:Image processing
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Agricultural machinery - Cameras - Curve fitting - Geometry - MATLAB - Models - Sieves - Size distribution - Soil surveys  - Soils - Weibull distribution
Uncontrolled terms:Manual measurements - Mass size distribution - Mechanical operations - Quantitative method - Rosin-Rammler model - Soil structure - Structural feature - Structural information
Classification code:406 Highway EngineeringHighway Engineering

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 742.2 Photographic EquipmentPhotographic Equipment

 - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and EquipmentAgricultural Machinery and Equipment

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 16>

Accession number:20160701941197
Title:Effect of harvesting date on loss component characteristics of rice mechanical harvested in rice and wheat rotation area
Authors:Wang, Guimin (1); Yi, Zhongyi (1, 2); Chen, Cong (3); Cao, Guangqiao (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Science, Nanjing, China; (3) Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Yi, Zhongyi(yzy201@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:36-42
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Rice harvesting mechanization in China is developing rapidly in recent years. In 2013, the total of rice and wheat combine harvester was 1.13 million, the mechanical rice harvesting area was 23.95 million hm², of which the area cross the district was 7.70 million hm², and at the same time, there was an area of 5.65 million hm²harvested by manpower. Nowadays, the machine harvesting service of rice in China has been still in a supplier market, which results in the situation of making farmers wait for machines and thus prolongs the harvest time and causes a loss to the machine harvesting. However there are few researches on the loss from the machine harvest of rice and the elements of grain loss in the current studies. In this paper, the author sets a mechanical harvesting test in a paddy field with unified management during 12 consecutive days, which is to test the weight of 1000 grains of rice, the weight of grain remained inside the harvester, the weight of grain dropped from the hit by cutting table and the weight of harvested rice, and then calculate the relative loss rate and absolute loss rate according to the data. The results show that the distribution range of the loss rate of dry matter is 0-5.88%, that of the entrainment cleaning loss rate is 0.61%-0.82%, and that of the loss rate of grain in the field is 0.21%-0.51%. The entrainment cleaning loss on different harvesting date has a significant difference at 0.05 significant level, and the loss of grain in the field and the weight of harvested rice have significant difference at 0.01 significance level. It can be seen from the F-value that the impacts of harvesting date on different factors are as follows: the weight of rice harvested &gt; grain dropped loss in the field &gt; entrainment and cleaning loss. On November 4th, 5th, 15th and 16th, there was no significant difference for the weight of harvested rice; on November 9th, 10th, 11th and 13th, there was no significant difference for the weight of harvested rice; on November 17th and 18th, there was also no significant difference for the weight of rice harvested. On November 9th -13th, the weight of harvested rice was the highest, and the loss rate was the lowest. The timeliness loss of rice mechanical harvesting is a quadratic curve; the longer the harvesting period, the more obvious the loss rate. The coefficient of timeliness loss of rice mechanical harvesting is 0.0009. About 5 days earlier or later from the optimal harvest date, the average loss rate of rice mechanical harvesting is 1.38%, which accounts for 30.43% of the total loss, and the average loss rate of dry matter is 0.42%; about 15 days earlier or later from the optimal harvest date, the average loss rate of rice mechanical harvesting is 3.61%, which accounts for 72.30% of the total loss, and the average loss rate of dry matter is 2.61%. In a conclusion, the optimal harvesting day is from November 9th to 13th. This research can be helpful to determine the optimal harvesting period, and produce the dynamical parameters to provide the data support for harvester allocation optimization that is aimed at the best production efficiency. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Cleaning - Crops - Growth (materials) - Harvesters - Harvesting - Losses - Mechanization - Plants (botany)
Uncontrolled terms:Allocation optimization - Component characteristics - Dynamical parameters - Production efficiency - Rice - Significance levels - Timeliness - Wheat combine harvesters
Classification code:601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 17>

Accession number:20160701941195
Title:Design and experiment of pneumatic cylinder precision seed-metering device for panax notoginseng
Authors:Gao, Xiaojun (1); Zhou, Jinhua (1); Lai, Qinghui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
Corresponding author:Lai, Qinghui(laiqinghui007@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:20-28
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Notoginseng is one of rare medicinal herbs in China, and it is mainly grown in Yunnan Province. Market demand of notoginseng is very large, and hence, until December 2014, the planting area of notoginseng has reached 40000 hm². At present, the main planting pattern is through manual operation, and the labor intensity is very high and the sowing quality is discrepant. However, there is no precision seeding device suitable for notoginseng. Therefore, the mechanization planting of notoginseng has important practical significance. Notoginseng is planted on small plots of land, the planting density and the requirement of seeding precision are high, so we designed a small sized precision metering device. The liquidity of the seeds is not good and the shape of seeds is irregular for notoginseng, so we chose the pneumatic seed-metering device to adapt to the characteristics of the seeds accordingly. In order to meet the precision seeding requirements of notoginseng planting, a unique pneumatic cylinder-type precision metering device was designed. This device integrated the features of vacuum suction, insulated pressure for seed-clearing and zero speed of seed dropping. In this paper, the main structure and the working principle of the metering device were expounded. The pitch-row of the hollow shaft was determined and the stability of the flow field was ensured by the flow field analysis through the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The key structure parameters were determined through theoretical calculation according to planting requirements. The contrast test of dropping seed indicated that zero speed of seed dropping was necessity. According to the extensive testing combined with the experimental results of relevant scholars, the main factors which affected seeding performance of pneumatic cylinder precision seed-metering device were determined, which were forward velocity, negative pressure and adsorption angle. During the test process, in order to reach zero speed of seed dropping, the installation angle of adjustable insulated pressure plate was changed with forward velocity. The notoginseng seeds in Wenshan were chosen for sowing object. Based on the three-factor five-level quadratic orthogonal rotating combination test method, the influences of forward velocity, negative pressure and adsorption angle on sowing performance were explored. The experimental results showed that the influence of negative pressure on the qualified rate was very significant (P&lt;0.01), and the influences of forward velocity and adsorption angle were significant (P&lt;0.05). The regression equations of the 3 factors were fitted through the processing by Design Expert 8.0.6 (experimental design expert) software. Based on the results of examination, we found that the fitting of the equations was good, the best parameter combination was adsorption angle of 20&deg;, negative pressure value of 660-720 Pa and forward velocity of 0.72-0.76 m/s, and under the optimal condition, the qualified index was greater than 90.2, the missing index was less than 4.9, and the multiple index was less than 5.3.The pneumatic cylinder precision seed-metering device met the standard and requirements by comparing the results with the national standard and notoginseng planting requirements. This approach of research is suitable for the exploitation of notoginseng seed-metering, and provides a theoretical reference for the design of pneumatic cylinder precision seed-metering device for Panax notoginseng. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Seed
Controlled terms:Adsorption - Computational fluid dynamics - Cylinders (shapes) - Design - Design of experiments - Flow fields - Machinery - Mechanization - Optimization - Pneumatic drives  - Pneumatic equipment - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Pneumatics - Testing - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Negative pressure value - Panax notoginseng - Parameter combination - Precision seed-metering devices - Seed metering devices - Seeding performance - Theoretical calculations - Zero speed
Classification code:601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design

 - 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

 - 632.3 PneumaticsPneumatics

 - 632.4 Pneumatic Equipment and MachineryPneumatic Equipment and Machinery

 - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 901.3 Engineering ResearchEngineering Research

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 18>

Accession number:20160701941235
Title:Application of radio frequency identification (RFID) ownership transfer protocol on tracing of Chinese herbal-trace
Authors:Zhang, Bo (1); Zhang, Dan (2); Meng, Lijun (3); Cheng, Lei (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Information Engineering, Bozhou Vocational and Technical College, Bozhou, China; (2) School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; (3) Beijing Tong Ren Tang (Bozhou) Traditional Chinese Medicine Ltd., Bozhou, China; (4) College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Bozhou Vocational and Technical College, Bozhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:309-314
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In the traceability system of Chinese herbal medicine quality, due to the characteristics of Chinese herbal medicines, we need the shared ownership of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags between the Chinese herbal parties. Because Chinese herbal medicines have unique features as compared to other ordinary commodities, we should put forward higher requirements for the security of RFID tag's data based on the consideration of medicines quality and safety. In the process of the ownership transfer of RFID tags, the transfer protocol must have the advantages of high security, being able to withstand external attacks and prevent leakage of privacy data for real traceability of Chinese herbal medicines. But common ownership transfer protocols are mostly related to the ownership transfer process with a single tag, and have prevalence of privacy data leakage, ownership transfer process instability and other shortcomings. How to achieve the transfer protocol of the shared ownership becomes the emphasis to ensure data security focused on RFID tag, and also becomes the important key to the quality guarantee of Chinese herbal medicines. For the defects of existing ownership transfer protocol with single label, using TTP (trusted third party) symmetric encryption mechanism, we put a new shared ownership transfer protocol i.e. TTP model shared ownership transfer protocol (TSOTP) based on the lightweight encryption algorithm. After the process of initial label certification by the TTP certification authority, we use the symmetric encryption algorithms to produce the symmetric key of generation group. The new owner of the tags uses a shared group key to achieve authentication, and then assigns a new key for the RFID tag which is ultimately authorized; when the new owner of the tags receives the updated label key to confirm the results using hash function operation with the information of the backend server received, then detecting the legality of the shared key, he can read the sensitive data of label. In the implementation of RFID authentication protocol, the calculation of certification and response process will consume a lot of system resources, and how to reduce the amount of calculation becomes a key for the efficiency of protocol operation. After the reader receives the confirmation label, the label will generate a random number by the XOR, the result is encrypted by hash function and to compared with the received information for the previous step, if they get on matching, it will be sent a responsed information to the server, otherwise it will terminate implementation of the agreement in order to avoid the occurrence of the phenomenon of replay attacks. TSOTP protocol can improve the stability of the tab in the transfer process of ownership, well achieve the safe transfer of the shared ownership among users, ensure data security of RFID tags, improve forward and backward security, reduce private data leaks, Dos attacks, replay attacks and other risks, and meanwhile avoid the repeated transfer of ownership, simplify the calculation amount of label certification, which shows good stability and efficiency and meets the research needs of Chinese herbal medicine quality traceability system. Malicious attackers frequently tamper tag data and collect herbs in the transfer process in order to achieve the purpose of obtaining illegal profits. How to improve security of the RFID tags for Chinese herbal's circulation will become the research focus in the future process of medicine traceability system establishment. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Radio frequency identification (RFID)
Controlled terms:Authentication - Cryptography - Data privacy - Denial-of-service attack - Efficiency - Hash functions - Information management - Labeling - Medicine - Plant extracts  - Plants (botany) - Quality assurance - Radio waves - Random number generation
Uncontrolled terms:Certification authorities - Forward and backward securities - Ownership transfer protocols - Radio-frequency-identification tags (RFID) - Rfid authentication protocols - Shared ownerships - Transfer - Trusted third parties
Classification code:461.6 Medicine and PharmacologyMedicine and Pharmacology

 - 461.9 BiologyBiology

 - 694.1 Packaging, GeneralPackaging, General

 - 711 Electromagnetic WavesElectromagnetic Waves

 - 716.3 Radio Systems and EquipmentRadio Systems and Equipment

 - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.044
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 19>

Accession number:20160701941201
Title:Design of circulating distilled water device and experiment on effect of cooling device
Authors:Lin, Derong (1); Chen, Rongming (1); Wu, Renzhi (1); Zhang, Xingwen (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:64-70
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Water crisis is potentially the most serious environmental problem. Due to the enormously wasteful and therefore non-sustainable use of water, groundwater levels are decreasing at an alarming rate. The water distillation units used in almost every science laboratory, need to use water to cool the steam and thus provide distilled water. Distilled water device is a kind of equipment for preparing distilled water. With the development of science and technology, the demand for distilled water will be larger and larger. However, in terms of either energy efficiency or security, there is a certain gap between water distiller supply and social development requirement. In this paper, a new type of circulating distilled water device is designed. The device consists of 3 parts: distillation unit, cooling device and impounding reservoir, and the 3 components are connected by pipes and pumps to form a loop circulation system. The distillation unit consists of 4 parts: heater, pot of vaporization, steam pipe and condenser; double vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) are used in the heat insulation of the vaporization pot wall. The cooling device consists of 4 parts: cooling plate, fan, impounding reservoir and stainless steel casing. To decrease the temperature of outer wall of the evaporator pan, VIPs are used for the insulation of outer walls. The excellent thermal insulation properties of VIPs make them widely applied in energy conservation fields, especially in building engineering. Experiment shows that double VIPs have good insulation properties and can improve the safety of the device. Theoretical and experimental modal analysis determines the optimal structure of distilled water device and the optimum working parameters during the circulating process. The effects of temperature on cooling device are obtained mainly through accelerated testing. The optimal regularization parameters of cooling device are cooling plate's horizontal angle of 60&deg;, water flow of 43.3 mL/s and fan speed of 6.0 m/s. Outlet water temperature of cooling device is 26, which meets the humidity requirements for forming condensation. The device is an improvement on a simple distillation apparatus. It can prevent overheating and accidents effectively. All of the needed components and appliances can be readily bought from the market. It is simple to manufacture, low in cost and dependable in its functions. In this article, the distilled water device is designed as a circulation system, and various structural parameters of cooling device are optimized. The results can provide the reference for improving the structural design of circulating distilled water device, the safety performance of the equipment, the efficient production of distilled water and hence the use of water resources. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Reservoirs (water)
Controlled terms:Boiler circulation - Cooling - Design - Distillation - Distillation equipment - Electron emission - Energy efficiency - Flow of water - Groundwater - Historic preservation  - Insulation - Modal analysis - Plates (structural components) - Safety engineering - Stainless steel - Structural design - Structural optimization - Temperature - Thermal insulation - Vaporization  - Walls (structural partitions) - Water - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Development of science and technologies - Distilled water - Experimental modal analysis - Optimal regularization - Optimum working parameters - Outlet-water temperatures - Thermal insulation properties - Vacuum insulation panel
Classification code:408.1 Structural Design, GeneralStructural Design, General

 - 408.2 Structural Members and ShapesStructural Members and Shapes

 - 413 Insulating MaterialsInsulating Materials

 - 413.2 Heat Insulating MaterialsHeat Insulating Materials

 - 441.2 ReservoirsReservoirs

 - 444 Water ResourcesWater Resources

 - 444.2 GroundwaterGroundwater

 - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation

 - 545.3 SteelSteel

 - 614.2 Steam Power Plant Equipment and OperationSteam Power Plant Equipment and Operation

 - 631.1.1 Liquid DynamicsLiquid Dynamics

 - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

 - 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 914 Safety EngineeringSafety Engineering

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 20>

Accession number:20160701941208
Title:Analysis of flow field characteristics and sediment deposition rate in irrigation canal in front of sluice during gate closing
Authors:Zhang, Fangfang (1); Zhang, Yaozhe (1); Su, Xiaoling (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Yaozhe(zhangyaozhe28@tom.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:111-118
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To analyze flow field characteristics and sediment deposition rate of irrigation canal in front of sluice during the gate closing, a generalized numerical model was set up according to the preliminary design scheme of the scheduling diversion channel on a river in South Asia. By the software Flow-3D, simulation analysis of the flow field characteristics of canal in front of sluice was carried out under 3 characteristic conditions (high, medium and low water level) during the gate closing. In addition, the intensity of circulating under characteristic conditions was extracted, which was denoted by average velocity of water particle on the lateral axis of recirculation. Referring to the movements of water and sediment in closed channel, an estimation method of accretion rate of canal in front of sluice was proposed, and corresponding formula was derived, in which the coefficient &alpha; comprehensively reflected geometric hydraulic conditions and turbulent diffusion intensity of sediment at entrance. Based on the data of contemporaneous suspended sediment model, the average value of the coefficient &alpha; was 0.02331. We adopted 0.0235 for the coefficient after calibration and calculated the sediment deposition rate in canal in front of sluice under 3 characteristic conditions. Hence, approximate elliptic circulation appeared around vertical axis in the canal in front of sluice during the gate closing, and planar flow velocity showed fluctuation. Water level elevation was low in center and high all around. Planar flow velocity of inferior wall was larger than that of superior wall. Water level elevation of the former was higher than that of the latter. In fact, water in recirculation zone exhibited three-dimensional and transient property. By the Flow-3D, radial circulation around the streamline of planar circulation was obvious, which promoted mass, momentum and energy exchange to become uniform between the upper and lower flow constantly. Therefore, vertical flow velocity in recirculation zone was in different directions but relatively uniform in value, which differed from logarithmic or exponential vertical distribution of flow velocity in common open channel. On the whole, planar circulation occupied the main position, and the radial circulation was secondary in the canal in front of sluice. Intensity of planar circulation increased obviously with the main flow velocity increasing, owing to the increasing of turbulent shear stress. The flow field of canal in front of sluice was similar to that of closed channel in cecum branch during the gate closing. Results on cecum circulating flow can be used in canal in front of sluice. The sediment deposition rate of the canal in front of sluice is large, so the irrigation canal will present the trend of cumulative deposition, which certainly will bring serious influences on the operation and management of irrigation canal system. The trumpet-shaped cross section of the entrance is extremely unreasonable. Preliminary design scheme of the entrance in water diversion canal needs sufficient demonstration. However, the calculation of sediment deposition rate in the canal in front of sluice provides evidence for siltation analysis of the project under other conditions. Geometric and hydraulic conditions at entrance are various in main, branch or lateral canal. Influencing factors on the coefficient &alpha; in calculation formula of sediment deposition rate are numerous. The results in this paper can offer the reference for analogous engineering design. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Irrigation canals
Controlled terms:Canals - Computer software - Deposition - Deposition rates - Flood control - Flow fields - Flow velocity - Hydraulic structures - Irrigation - Open channel flow  - Reconfigurable hardware - River diversion - Sediments - Shear flow - Shear stress - Suspended sediments - Velocity - Water levels
Uncontrolled terms:Flow field characteristics - Hydraulic conditions - Operation and management - Recirculation zones - Sediment deposition - Simulation analysis - Turbulent shear stress - Vertical distributions
Classification code:407.2 WaterwaysWaterways

 - 441 Dams and Reservoirs; Hydro DevelopmentDams and Reservoirs; Hydro Development

 - 442.1 Flood ControlFlood Control

 - 483 Soil Mechanics and FoundationsSoil Mechanics and Foundations

 - 631 Fluid FlowFluid Flow

 - 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

 - 721.3 Computer CircuitsComputer Circuits

 - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 21>

Accession number:20160701941194
Title:Working characteristics of vertical shallow-basin type seed-metering device based on high-speed photography and virtual simulation
Authors:Liu, Hongxin (1); Xu, Xiaomeng (1); Liu, Junxiao (1); Wang, Chen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:13-19
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Vertical shallow-basin type seed-metering device is a mechanical precision seed-metering device. Its structure is based on the traditional vertical composite plate seed-metering device, and it can utilize the gravity, centrifugal force and interaction force between the seeds as the composite filling force to fill seeds, which solves the question of single filling force of traditional vertical composite plate seed-metering device. Based on the mechanism research of filling seeds, the author utilized the discrete element simulation analysis software EDEM (engineering discrete element method) and the physical prototype test to verify if vertical shallow-basin type seed-metering device had good working performance at high working speed. Generally, there was a certain model hypothesis in the existing research, for example, in the process of theoretical analysis, mechanical model had a certain simplification and assumption, in the EDEM simulation, there was the particle model assumptions, and meanwhile the discrete element simulation had not the phenomenon of knocking on a seed caused by the vibration of the machine under the actual working condition. Therefore, in order to observe and analyze the working condition and working mechanism more actually and intuitionally in the internal of vertical shallow-basin type seed-metering device, as well as the motion state of seeds in the cavity of seed-metering device, the paper utilized the high-speed photography technology to shoot the working process of the device at different rotational speed of seed shaft, and at the same time, the paper used the EDEM to simulate the working process, used the post-processing module of EDEM to label the particle, and made the analysis on the working process. Combined with 2 kinds of image analysis technologies, the results showed that to ensure the reliability in the process of cleaning seeds, the folding angle of seed plate of vertical shallow-basin type seed-metering device should be at the range of 67&deg;-90&deg;; meanwhile, to avoid hurting the seeds that was caused by the phenomenon of towing seeds in the process of cleaning seeds, the height of seed layer should ensure that there was a distance of 3-4 times of seed diameter between seed layer and protecting-seed device; in the process of throwing seeds, in order to ensure the uniformity and the quality, the smooth finish of the hole should be ensured and the size of throwing-seed mouth should be 16 mm&times;30 mm. The simulation and physical prototype showed that the trajectory of throwing seeds was a parabola curve, which was relevant with the rotational speed and whose open mouth became bigger with the increasing of rotational speed; the seed-throwing angle was positively associated with the rotational speed. The research provides the reference and basis for refining the design of vertical shallow-basin type seed-metering device and revising the relevant structure parameters to improve the working performance and ability of the device at high working speed. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:High speed photography
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Computer simulation - Computer software - Filling - Photography - Plates (structural components) - Pneumatic materials handling equipment - Quality control - Reliability analysis - Seed  - Software testing - Speed - Vibration analysis - Vibrations (mechanical)
Uncontrolled terms:Discrete element simulation - Mechanical precision - Mechanism research - Seed metering devices - Structure parameter - Virtual simulations - Working mechanisms - Working performance
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and ShapesStructural Members and Shapes

 - 691.1 Materials Handling EquipmentMaterials Handling Equipment

 - 691.2 Materials Handling MethodsMaterials Handling Methods

 - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

 - 742.1 PhotographyPhotography

 - 746 Imaging TechniquesImaging Techniques

 - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and EquipmentAgricultural Machinery and Equipment

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

 - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 22>

Accession number:20160701941226
Title:Dynamic characteristic analysis of distributed-compliant arm in vacuum suction device for scallop viscera separation
Authors:Li, Na (1); Jiang, Haiyong (1); Zhang, Xianpeng (1); Yi, Jinggang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:244-251
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The scallop is one of the major economic bivalves in China, whose adductor muscle is called shellfish. Shellfish are nutritious, delicious, and have many healthcare functions, edibleness and economic value. The automatic collection of adductor muscle usually includes 2 methods which are mechanical type separation and non-mechanical type separation. The mechanical separation uses mechanical device to separate adductor muscles and viscera compulsively, but this kind of method often causes lacerated hurt for adductor muscle, and low rate of finished products. The non-mechanical method realizes the separation of adductor muscle and viscera through adopting heat treatment, chemical reagent treatment, and ultrahigh pressure technology, etc. However, the non-mechanical separation destroys the nutrition component of adductor muscles because of the hot process on them. Therefore, the low-loss separation for adductor muscles of bay scallop and viscera is one of the key processes to realize the automatic collection. In order to reduce the high-loss of adductor muscles of scallop during automatic separation, this paper presents the suction separating device based on the distributed fully-compliant mechanism. The suction separating device is composed of suction tube and motivating mechanism. Due to the space limitation, it is difficult to use the traditional mechanism to realize the high-speed lift and the complicated location and posture of the suction tube, and so the motivating mechanism for suction tube with the compliant arm as the principal part can simplify the complication of mechanical structure observably. The motivating mechanism is based on the energy storage and deformation of the distributed fully-compliant arm to realize the control of locomotion and posture of the suction tube during separating process, so it is essential to analyze the dynamic characteristics for control. The pseudo-rigid-body model for the compliant arm is built, which makes the compliant mechanism equivalent to a multi-body system with underactuated joints. Based on the influence coefficient method, the dynamic model of the equivalent multi-body system for the compliant arm is established. According to the dynamic modeling, the second-order nonholonomic constraint equations are developed from the decomposition of the active joint and the equivalent passive joints, and then the acceleration expressions of passive joints and the input torque of active joint are obtained. The dynamic characteristic of the compliant arm is simulated and the prototype is tested, then the result proves that during the negative pressure adsorption, the connective part of compliant arm and suction tube can keep horizontal basically to ensure explosive power to viscera under negative pressure with the input angle of motor &le;56&deg;; when the input angle &ge;61&deg;, the angle of the bottom of suction tube and horizontal direction that is between 25&deg;-30&deg; can satisfy the experiment data with compliant arm driving, which can make the target object break away from suction tube to end the adsorption process. The test results and simulation analysis are basically identical. Hence, based on the characteristics of the compliant mechanism by relying on elastic deformation itself to realize the transition of the locomotion and force with less even no kinematic pair in the mechanism, the motivating mechanism of suction tube proposed in this paper can simplify the mechanical structure and control system observably, and reduce the cost of equipment manufacture and energy consumption. The research on the separating device has very important application value for the realization of scallop automatic manufacture. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Compliant mechanisms
Controlled terms:Digital storage - Dynamics - Energy utilization - Experiments - Manufacture - Mechanical control equipment - Mechanisms - Models - Molluscs - Motivation  - Muscle - Separation - Shellfish - Tubes (components)
Uncontrolled terms:Compliant arms - Dynamic characteristic analysis - Fully compliant mechanism - Influence-coefficient method - Non holonomic constraint - Pseudo-rigid body models - Ultra-high pressure technology - Vacuum suction
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue EngineeringBiological Materials and Tissue Engineering

 - 461.9 BiologyBiology

 - 471 Marine Science and OceanographyMarine Science and Oceanography

 - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization

 - 537.1 Heat Treatment ProcessesHeat Treatment Processes

 - 601.3 MechanismsMechanisms

 - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and PipelinesPipe, Piping and Pipelines

 - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and TechniquesData Storage, Equipment and Techniques

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 901.3 Engineering ResearchEngineering Research

 - 912.4 PersonnelPersonnel

 - 931.1 MechanicsMechanics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 23>

Accession number:20160701941205
Title:Yearly variation of soil infiltration parameters in irrigated field based on WinSRFR4.1
Authors:Cai, Huanjie (1, 2, 3); Xu, Jiatun (1, 2, 3); Wang, Jian (1, 2, 3); Chen, Xinming (1, 2, 3); Zhu, Dajiong (1, 2, 3); Xie, Fei (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering of Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China; (2) Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China; (3) College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:92-98
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil infiltration parameters, which contain infiltration coefficient and infiltration index, determine the conversion velocity and distribution from irrigation water to soil water. Thus, they affect the irrigation effect and quality of ground irrigation and are of characteristic of time variations in summer maize-winter wheat rotation system, which may lead to different irrigation quality in different irrigation times. In order to reveal changes of soil infiltration parameters with time, this study obtained a series of infiltration coefficients and infiltration indexes of soil Kostiakov infiltration equation in different irrigation times based on field experimental data. The border irrigation experiment was conducted in 2012-2015 under summer maize-winter wheat rotation system at the Jinghui Canal irrigation area of Guanzhong Plain in Shaanxi Province. WinSRFR4.1, an integrated software for analyzing surface irrigation system, was used to estimate a field-averaged infiltration function from the field measured geometry in order to optimize the soil Kostiakov infiltration parameters. Manning function was to estimate the field synthetic roughness coefficient in different irrigation times, and then the Merriam-Keller post-irrigation volume balance analysis of WinSRFR4.1 model based on the advance-recession data was applied to simulate the process of field irrigation. Goodness of fit between simulated and measured values was evaluated by the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of advance-recession time and determination coefficient R². The results showed that the root mean square error of the simulated water flow and the water flow regression processes were between 0.15-2.1 and 2.5-7.8 min, respectively. The coefficients of determination were more than 0.7. There were a wide variety of factors affecting soil infiltration parameters, such as soil bulk density, soil water content, organic matter, soil texture. Soil surface bulk density and water content changed with tillage, irrigation, and raining, which would affect soil infiltration parameters. Based on that, we took the soil surface bulk density, and soil water content as the main factors. According to the dominant factors affecting soil infiltration with the optimal soil infiltration parameters values, we had established the quantitative relationships between the infiltration parameters of Kostiakov infiltration equations and main factors, analyzed the yearly variations of soil infiltration parameters. The results indicated that the soil infiltration parameters changed significantly in the different irrigation periods with 95.0-210.0 mm/h and 0.42-0.67, respectively. And the relationship among the two infiltration parameters and soil moisture content, and soil surface bulk density conformed to logarithm function law, which adjusted R²was 0.846 and 0.741, respectively. According to these, we had built up the experimental regression equations to estimate the soil infiltration parameters of different irrigation period with soil surface bulk density and water content. These results have theoretical value for ascertaining irrigation technique parameters and have practical value for water management with irrigation. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Infiltration
Controlled terms:Crops - Flow of water - Hydraulics - Irrigation - Mean square error - Models - Moisture - Soil moisture - Soils - Water content  - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Determination coefficients - Infiltration coefficients - Infiltration parameters - Integrated software - Root mean square errors - Roughness coefficient - Technique parameters - Winter wheat
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 631.1.1 Liquid DynamicsLiquid Dynamics

 - 632.1 HydraulicsHydraulics

 - 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 24>

Accession number:20160701941227
Title:Appropriate shelling process parameters of Antarctic krill at initial stage of fishing
Authors:Zheng, Xiaowei (1); Shen, Jian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, National R&amp;D Branch Center For Aquatic Product Processing Equipment, Shanghai, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:252-257
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The Antarctic krill is a marine organism with a large number. It has great value of development and utilization. As a new protein resource, Antarctic krill will get more and more attention since the offshore fishery resources are dwindling. Although the Antarctic krill has a high value of nutrition, it is hard to process because of its high fluorine content and strong enzyme activity. The krill has to be processed within 2 h on the ship after fishing in order to maintain its quality. Shelling is one of the effective methods to improve the quality of krill product. In previous studies peeling method was researched in order to get integral meat of Antarctic krill. Parameters such as body length and body weight of Antarctic krill that was just caught up were also measured. And we know that the peeling process conditions got from the response surface for Antarctic krill had a certain value in use and the method could be used on the ship. So the shelling prototype was developed and tested on the ship. In order to verify the krill shelling equipment and improve the production process, the research focused on the impacts of feeding rate, storage time and pre-cooling on shelling yield and residual rate, which would provide the bases for the practical production. The production process was considered carefully. Feeding speed was controlled by manpower in order to put the krill into a trough evenly. Then the krill would be pumped to the shelling machine after evenly mixing with water. The shrimp was put on the gauze for 2 min to filter the water after shelling, and then residual shells in shrimp were removed by manpower. The last processes were weighing, packaging and frozen. Test equipment unit was designed as 8 groups of rollers with reciprocating rotation. Yield was one of the most important indices for the evaluation of equipment ability, and residual rate was the other. The product quality of shrimp meat needed to be judged by sensory evaluation. The sensory evaluation team was made up of 5 seafarers who had a lot of experience of krill production on board. The comprehensive point was based on the integrity of shrimp, shell residue, plumpness and cleanliness. The results showed that the yield was about 24% and the residual rate was about 5%, and the shelling equipment was reliable. The yield of shelling from fresh Antarctic krill reduced slowly with the increasing of the feeding speed. It was relatively stable when the feeding speed was under 50 kg/h. And the residual rate was on the rise with the increasing of the feeding speed. When the feeding speed was higher than 60 kg/h, the residual rate of shrimp shell increased significantly. The krill with the storage time of less than 120 min could be used for production. Freshness is the most important factor in the quality of shrimp meat. Pre-cooling is an effective way to maintain shrimp quality. Frozen shrimp is not recommended to be used because the yield of shrimp meat will become lower significantly. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Enzyme activity - Equipment - Equipment testing - Feeding - Fisheries - Marine biology - Meats - Processing - Sensory analysis - Sensory perception  - Shellfish - Ships - Speed - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Antarctic krill - Development and utilizations - Meat yields - Offshore fisheries - Practical production - Process parameters - Production process - Shelling
Classification code:445.2 Water AnalysisWater Analysis

 - 461.4 Ergonomics and Human Factors EngineeringErgonomics and Human Factors Engineering

 - 461.9 BiologyBiology

 - 691.2 Materials Handling MethodsMaterials Handling Methods

 - 822.3 Food ProductsFood Products

 - 901 Engineering ProfessionEngineering Profession

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

 - 913.4 ManufacturingManufacturing

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 25>

Accession number:20160701941193
Title:Parameter optimization and test of pneumatic conveying equipment for peanut pods
Authors:Wei, Hai (1); Xie, Huanxiong (1); Hu, Zhichao (1); Yan, Jianchun (1); Liu, Minji (1); Xu, Hongbo (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of agriculture, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Xie, Huanxiong(xhxnq@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:6-12
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the internationally competitive oil crop and cash crop, peanuts have attracted great attention in China, and become an important export commodity and the key to the agricultural structure adjustment. Transportation equipment has directly affected the peanut quality after harvest and the degree of automation. Nowadays, people are increasingly concerned about food safety, and the quality risk of peanut pods during the process of conveying, such as dehiscence and break, has drawn more attention. Due to various factors, the peanut pods are easy to break in the process of conveying, which not only affects the later production, but also increases the risk of aflatoxin in the process of transportation and storage. Pneumatic conveying has great advantages for granular materials because of its simple structure, flexible operation and stable production efficiency and so on, which is widely used in the areas of agricultural product processing. Aiming at the problems of power loss, peanut pod's dehiscence and break, crushing rate and unstable production efficiency, the structure and parameters of the existing pneumatic conveying equipment were improved and optimized. Besides, the experiments were conducted in main production areas of peanut. Through analyzing, the pod's damage elements, including pod physical characteristics, fan speed, pod moisture content and air lock structure, were determined respectively. In the process of conveying, the impact of various forces on peanut pods would cause damage easily. To avoid these damages, the silicone buffer plate was installed on the wall of separate cylinder, which reduced the force between the material and the separate cylinder effectively. In order to adjust airflow velocity, the frequency conversion governor was installed on the conveyor equipment to control the fan speed, which could reduce the impact force to achieve the best conveying effect without the decrease of production efficiency and the break of peanut pods, when materials entered the equipment. By using WDW-200 type computer-controlled electronic universal testing machine, the compression capabilities of different peanut varieties were contrasted, and we selected white sand peanuts as the test materials, whose shells are coarse and thin. Then, we measured the moisture content of this kind of peanut in different drying periods. Afterwards, the rotate plank type air lock was designed to replace the original rotation type air lock, which would remain to be closed until the weight of peanut pods reached the set value. This kind of air lock could not only reduce the shear force to the pods when the gravity plate was opening and closing, but also avoid the squeezing action to the peanuts. At the same time, when the conveyed material quantity was unstable, the gravity door of the air lock could adjust the conveying quantity, which avoided the reduction of gas material mix proportion and the increase of peanut pod's acceleration, and thus avoided the second break by relieving the strike of peanut pods in the unloader. According to the contrast test, the rotate plank type air lock caused a minor injury compared with the rotation type air lock. On this basis, pneumatic conveying orthogonal optimization test was conducted with the improved equipment. The influences of silicone buffer plate thickness, fan speed and peanut pod moisture content on productivity, dehiscence rate and broken rate were considered respectively. According to the comprehensively weighted evaluation and variance analysis, the results showed that the silicone buffer plate thickness had the most obvious influence, followed by the fan speed and peanut pod moisture content. When the thickness of silicone buffer plate was 5 mm, the fan speed was 2700 r/min and the moisture content of peanut was 10%, the dehiscence and broken rate of peanut pods reached the minimum, which achieved the best conveying effect. This study can provide reliable evidence for structure optimization of pneumatic conveying equipment of peanuts. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Oilseeds
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agricultural products - Agriculture - Air - Crops - Cylinders (shapes) - Efficiency - Equipment - Locks (fasteners) - Machinery  - Materials testing - Mechanization - Moisture - Moisture determination - Oils and fats - Optimization - Plates (structural components) - Pneumatic conveyors - Pneumatics - Shape optimization  - Silicones - Speed - Structural optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Orthogonal optimizations - Parameter optimization - Peanut pods - Physical characteristics - Pneumatic conveying - Test analysis - Transportation equipments - Universal testing machines
Classification code:408.2 Structural Members and ShapesStructural Members and Shapes

 - 601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design

 - 632.3 PneumaticsPneumatics

 - 632.4 Pneumatic Equipment and MachineryPneumatic Equipment and Machinery

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 815.1.1 Organic PolymersOrganic Polymers

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 901 Engineering ProfessionEngineering Profession

 - 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

 - 944.2 Moisture MeasurementsMoisture Measurements

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 26>

Accession number:20160701941223
Title:Analysis of characteristic and influencing factors of rural settlement landscape pattern in metropolitan suburbs
Authors:Ren, Guoping (1, 2); Liu, Liming (1); Fu, Yonghu (1); Yuan, Chengcheng (1); Song, Zhijun (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) College of Urban Management, Hunan City University, Yiyang, China; (3) Miyun Branch of Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Liming(liulm@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:220-229
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To reveal the differentiation characteristics and influencing factors of rural settlement landscape spatial pattern in metropolitan suburbs, statistical analyses of landscape pattern index was performed to determine different characteristics of rural settlement landscape spatial pattern of Qingpu District in Shanghai. Then multiple logistic regression model and factor analysis were performed respectively to interpret the different landscape spatial pattern according to natural, spatial and social economic factors. The results showed that the spatial pattern of rural settlement landscape was east-west differentiation. In the east region, rural settlements landscape spatial pattern presented the characteristic of small scale, dense distribution and regular morphology. Meanwhile, in the west region, rural settlements landscape spatial pattern presented the characteristic of large scale, spare distribution and broken morphology. Influencing factors of rural settlements landscape spatial pattern included geo-spatial and social-economy factors. The factors of influencing the differentiation of rural settlement landscape spatial pattern based on the geo-spatial factors in Qingpu District included explanatory variables of scale, distribution and shape. The explanatory variables of scale differentiation were the cultivation radius, distance to the nearest national roads and city center. The explanatory variables of distribution differentiation were the distance to the city center, nearest town center and nearest major rivers. The explanatory variables of shape differentiation were the distance to the nearest national roads, nearest highway and nearest provincial roads. Therefore, our results suggested that the primary factors to shape rural settlement landscape spatial pattern in this region were network of traffic and the degree of urbanization. The factors of affecting the differentiation of rural settlement landscape spatial pattern based on the social-economic factors in Qingpu District included social investment and infrastructure construction. The developed traffic network served as a strong external force to guide the selection of the settlement location. The rapid urbanization enhanced the outreach of rural communities, especially in urban and rural areas connected by transportation network. The rural space was taken into the framework of urban development, which accelerated material flow between urban and rural areas, ultimately resulting, spatial reconstruction of the rural settlement. The continuing and increasing investment of government in this region improved the rural agricultural production environment, achieved the reallocation of resources, and also resulted in high standard for development of rural land space. As such the rural economy was developed and residents' income level increased. Thus, the urbanization can be viewed as a process of upgrading urban and rural industries and industry restructuring. The relocation of the urban industry accelerated the development of rural industrialization, which broke the traditional rural settlements space distribution principles and also changed the environment of the settlement space homogeneous dispersion. As a result, rural industry development eventually changed rural population and settlement spatial differentiation. The development of rural industrialization improved the living standards of rural residents and changed villagers' views of outside world. Those changes impacted their life behavior or activity space, causing rural settlement landscape spatial difference and rural surplus labor transfer. The movement of rural surplus labor force from the township to the center of the town resulted in diffusion of the center of the district and town construction to the surrounding villages and towns, and promoted rural homogeneous space transition into the diversification, and exacerbated by the differentiation of the settlement space. The migration of agricultural population to other industry provided favorable conditions for change of agricultural land ownership and land consolidation. It also created an opportunity for the rural settlement spatial structure reorganization. In conclusion, these above-mentioned factors changed the inherent nature and form of rural settlement landscape, making the rural settlement landscape spatial pattern dissimilation, hollowing and fragmentation. It deeply changed the intrinsic quality of rural settlements landscape spatial pattern in that region. Our results have important guidance to plan the rural landscape protection and urban and rural land regulation in metropolitan suburbs. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Cultivation - Economic and social effects - Economics - Factor analysis - Investments - Land use - Regional planning - Regression analysis - Spatial distribution  - Standardization - Transportation - Urban growth - Urban transportation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Infrastructure construction - Landscape pattern - Landscape pattern indices - Multiple logistic regression - Qingpu district in Shanghai - Reallocation of resources - Rural settlement
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and DevelopmentUrban and Regional Planning and Development

 - 432 Highway TransportationHighway Transportation

 - 433 Railroad TransportationRailroad Transportation

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

 - 902.2 Codes and StandardsCodes and Standards

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

 - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 27>

Accession number:20160701941215
Title:Spatiotemporal variations analysis of meteorological drought in China based on scPDSI
Authors:Wang, Zhaoli (1); Li, Jun (1); Huang, Zeqin (1); Zhong, Ruida (1); Chen, Jiayin (1); Qiu, Zhuohui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:161-168
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent decades, frequent droughts have been detected in some places in China along with the global climate change, which cause great damage to the development of social economy. Thus, it's high time to investigate the spatio-temporal evolution of droughts. Based on the newly published scPDSI PM (self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index based on Penman-Monteith) dataset with high spatial resolution, the annual and seasonal variations of droughts in China from 1961 to 2009 were researched. Other research methods like linear regression, Mann-Kendall method, wavelet analysis as well as REOF (rotated empirical orthogonal function) were adopted to investigate the spatio-temporal pattern of droughts in China, and find out how droughts changed under the influence of the general circulation of atmosphere, in order to provide the foundation for drought control and drought resistance. The results indicated that: 1) In 1961-2009, China as a whole became moist significantly at annual and seasonal scale with the mutations of turning drought to wetness detected in early 1970s. 2) Period analysis illustrated that the oscillation period of seasonal and annual drought remained generally unanimous, and the dominant period of annual drought was 6.2 years, while drought in spring, autumn and winter generally had the periods of 2.6 and 6.2 years with 6.2 years as the dominant period; otherwise, drought in summer presented a dominant period of 4.4 years. 3) In the light of the spatial modes disassembled from REOF, the entire country was divided into 8 regions with different characteristics of drought or wetness, which were Northwest China, Northeast-Inner Mongolia Plateau area, the Greater Khingan Range area, the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area, the southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area, the Middle China (including Sichuan Basin, Hanzhong Basin and Loess Plateau), Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and Southeast China. It was found that the sub-regions of REOF could primely manifest the geographical features of different regions, and hence objectively testify the actual drought condition in China. Among the 8 regions, the Greater Khingan Range area, Southeast China, the southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area, and Northwest China were getting moist while the latter 2 areas had a significant trend (P&lt;0.05); Northeast-Inner Mongolia Plateau area, the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area, the Middle China and Huang-Huai-Hai Plain were getting dry, and except Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, the former 3 regions were prominently getting dry. Take the regions as the objects, no matter at annual or seasonal scale, Northwest China was getting moist, while the Middle China was getting arid (P&lt;0.05). Although the geographical positions of the 8 regions resulted in the discrepancy of influence under different climate factors, the 8 regions generally had the oscillation period of 2-9 years. 4) M-K test (Mann-Kendall test) on the 8 regions showed that the seasonal MK values of different regions varied with each other, which indicated that drought-wet degree of different regions had obvious seasonal feature, and yet most regions had a tendency of getting drought in spring and getting moist in summer. 5) Good correlations were found between polar vortex index and drought in most areas. Correlation analysis indicated that droughts in Northwest China may be affected by the polar vortex, Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and Pacific Oscillation (PDO). Droughts in Northeast-Inner Mongolia Plateau area, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area and the Middle China were significantly influenced by IOD, and drought of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain was negatively correlated with PDO. Unlike the conventional PDSI index, scPDSI integrates solar radiation and air speed into account, which will be of scientific and practical importance to forecast and distinguish different drought conditions. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:40
Main heading:Drought
Controlled terms:Climate change - Damage detection - Geographical regions - Meteorology - Orthogonal functions - Precipitation (chemical) - Precipitation (meteorology) - Vortex flow - Wavelet analysis
Uncontrolled terms:China - Empirical Orthogonal Function - REOF - ScPDSI - Self-calibrating Palmer drought severity indices - Spatio-temporal variation - Spatiotemporal evolution - Spatiotemporal patterns
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

 - 443.3 PrecipitationPrecipitation

 - 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 28>

Accession number:20160701941209
Title:Effects of irrigation and nitrogen regimes on dry matter dynamic accumulation and yield of winter wheat
Authors:Song, Mingdan (1, 3); Li, Zhengpeng (1, 3); Feng, Hao (1, 2, 3)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China; (2) Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China; (3) Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China
Corresponding author:Feng, Hao(nercwsi@vip.sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:119-126
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Wheat yield formation is mainly dependent on dry matter accumulation, which is influenced by irrigation and nitrogen input. It will be very helpful for improving yield to understand how irrigation and nitrogen affect wheat dry matter accumulation. Field experiments over 2 years with three-level irrigation and four-level nitrogen input for winter wheat were conducted during 2012-2014 in Guanzhong Plain located in Shaanxi Province, China. Dry matter accumulation with growing degree day was fitted by Richards function, and 5 derived characteristic parameters were analyzed using the univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), the result of which was more appropriate when there were significant correlations among dependent variables. None of the 5 derived characteristic parameters of dry matter accumulation was significantly influenced by the interaction of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization. None of irrigation, nitrogen and year had a significant effect on the function parameter b and c. Irrigation significantly prolonged the thermal time required for the entire dry matter accumulation process and then led to an increase of dry matter at maturity from 10831 kg/hm²under rainfed condition to 13 813 kg/hm²with irrigation at wintering and jointing stages. Nitrogen fertilization significantly enhanced the average and maximum rate of dry matter accumulation, and shortened the thermal time achieving the maximum rate of dry matter accumulation since sowing. Dry matter at maturity significantly increased from 8001 to 14112 kg/hm²under the nitrogen input from 0 to 210 kg/hm²in this study. No more dry matter was gained from more nitrogen input. Weather conditions over 2 years had a significant effect on the thermal time entering the rapid growth stage and achieving the maximum growth rate since sowing, but had no significant effect on the maximum of dry matter. The effect of irrigation on yield and yield components varied with weather conditions in study period. Irrigation significantly increased the yield and the weight of 1000 grains in 2012-2013, however, it had no significant effect on those in 2013-2014. The weight of 1000 grains evolved from 35.8 under rainfed condition to 41.7 g with irrigation at wintering and jointing in 2012-2013, which resulted that the corresponding yield increased from 4.74 to 6.29 t/hm². In 2013-2014, irrigation significantly enhanced the grain number per square meter from 13 833 under rainfed to 15 749 with irrigation at winter and jointing. Yield and grain number per square meter were significantly influenced by nitrogen, while nitrogen had no effect on the weight of 1000 grains over 2 years. Grain number per square meter increased from 10414 to 15911 as nitrogen input increased from 0 to 210 kg/hm², which contributed to the corresponding increase of yield from 4.42 to 6.96 t/hm². No more yield and grain number were gained from more nitrogen input, which indicated the nitrogen rate of 210 kg/hm²would be sufficient for wheat growth and yield formation. The interaction of irrigation and nitrogen had no effect on yield and yield components during 2012-2014. The yield had a higher correlation with grain number per square meter than with the weight of 1000 grains, which indicated that yield was largely determined by grain number. Both of yield and grain number per square meter had a strong correlation with the average and maximum rate of dry matter accumulation, which indicated improving the rate of dry matter accumulation would be a promising measure to raise yield in the future. This also indicated that nitrogen was the limited factor to wheat grain yield improvement in this study area. The results obtained in this research provide scientific basis and valuable information for selecting the optimum irrigation and nitrogen regimes in semi-arid regions of China. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Controlled terms:Crops - Grain (agricultural product) - Grain growth - Irrigation - Meteorology - Multivariant analysis - Nitrogen - Water content
Uncontrolled terms:Dependent variables - Dry matter accumulation - Function parameters - Growing degree-days - Multivariate analysis of variances - Nitrogen fertilization - Richards functions - Yield components
Classification code:804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 922 Statistical MethodsStatistical Methods

 - 933.1.2 Crystal GrowthCrystal Growth

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 29>

Accession number:20160701941219
Title:Optimization of forward osmosis process for concentration of biogas slurry
Authors:Xu, Meilan (1); Ye, Qian (1); Li, Yuangao (1); Song, Yanqing (1); Xiao, Fen (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Xiamen Key Laboratory of Membrane Research and Application, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, China; (2) Wuhan Poten Environment Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
Corresponding author:Ye, Qian(yeq@xmut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:193-198
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Biogas slurry is one of the products of anaerobic fermentation of livestock wastewater, which contains substantial quantities of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients. For environmental protection and resources recycling, the biogas slurry could be used as a fertilizer. However, the biogas slurry could not be completely used for nearby farmland and it is difficult to transport such large volume of biogas slurry. Therefore, concentration becomes important for economic transportation and practical application of the biogas slurry as a fertilizer. In recent years, forward osmosis (FO) concentration technology has attracted growing interest. However, there were few researches concerning concentration of the biogas slurry with FO technology. To facilitate the extensive application of FO process for concentration of biogas slurry, further and comprehensive works should be carried out. In this study, a forward osmosis process was built for concentration of the biogas slurry and the performance of this process under different conditions was investigated. The results indicated that the membrane orientation should be set as FO model when the active layer was facing the feed solution. When the support layer was facing the feed solution (pressure retarded osmosis, PRO model), although the initial water flux was higher, the water flux declined quickly. Under the FO model, the hydraulic shear caused by the cross flow could prevent the deposition of the solutes of the biogas slurry over the active layer of the membrane, thereby alleviating the membrane fouling. By comparing the performance of the FO process under different cross flow velocities of 10.2, 15.4, 20.5, 25.6 and 30.7 cm/s, the cross flow velocity of 20.5 cm/s was considered to be preferred for this process. When the cross flow velocity was increased to be 25.6 and 30.7 cm/s, the water flux decline quickly, which was possibly due to the severer internal concentration polarization and membrane fouling caused by the higher initial water flux. To select the ideal draw solution, four inorganic draw solutions as NaCl, MgCl<inf>2</inf>, Na<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>and MgSO<inf>4</inf>solutions with the same concentration were tested for this process. Due to the highest osmotic pressure of MgCl<inf>2</inf>, the highest water flux was obtained when MgCl<inf>2</inf>was used as the draw solute. To obtain the optimal concentration of MgCl<inf>2</inf>draw solution, the performance of the FO process with MgCl<inf>2</inf>solution concentrations of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mol/L was further evaluated. The results indicated that the increase of MgCl<inf>2</inf>solution concentration could heighten the water flux. However, when the concentration was increased to be 2.5 and 3 mol/L, the enhancement of the water flux was not significant. Therefore, comprehensively considering the water flux and the cost of draw solution, the MgCl<inf>2</inf>solution concentration of 2 mol/L was advised to be used for this FO process. Under the above optimal conditions, the volume of the biogas slurry was reduced to be 1/5 of the original volume by the FO process. Soluble organic substances, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and total potassium concentrations in the concentrated biogas slurry significantly increased. The rejection efficiencies of the above substances were 82.2%, 96.4%, 83.8%, 83.6% and 80.2%, respectively. The above results indicated the excellent performance of the FO process. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Concentration (process)
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Biogas - Facings - Fertilizers - Flow velocity - Membrane fouling - Membranes - Nitrogen - Optimization - Osmosis  - Phosphorus - Potassium - Shear flow - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Anaerobic fermentation - Biogas slurry - Concentration polarization - Crossflow velocities - Draw solutions - Membrane orientation - Potassium concentrations - Pressure-retarded osmosis
Classification code:402 Buildings and TowersBuildings and Towers

 - 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels

 - 549.1 Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals

 - 631 Fluid FlowFluid Flow

 - 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 30>

Accession number:20160701941198
Title:Design of obstacle avoidance control system for low altitude and low speed eppo unmanned helicopter
Authors:Zhang, Xunxun (1); Xu, Hongke (1); Zhu, Xu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Electronic and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:43-50
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Considering the threat of ground obstacles in the process of spraying for the low altitude and low speed eppo unmanned helicopter, an obstacle avoidance method based on the improved artificial potential field was proposed. The ability of the helicopter to avoid obstacle was the key issue to improve the accuracy and the efficiency, which could be realized in the following steps. Firstly, because ground obstacles were various and of different shapes, most traditional artificial potential fields regarding obstacles as a mass point or a sphere was not conducive, and they could not spray precisely if ground obstacles were treated as the same type. To solve this problem, ground obstacles were divided into 2 types i.e. low and high ones, of which high obstacles contained both cylindrical and cubic obstacles. Their minimum safety areas were defined differently: cone was for low obstacles, cylinder for cylindrical obstacles and cuboid for cubic obstacles. To prevent the wide-angle maneuvers and improve the efficiency of spraying, 2 kinds of obstacle avoidance strategies were formulated, which were climbing over them for low obstacles and bypassing them for high obstacles respectively. Secondly, in order to conquer the defect that obstacles were unable to avoid the helicopter initiatively, an obstacle avoidance algorithm based on the improved artificial potential field was given by introducing the relative speed between the helicopter and the obstacle into the repulsive potential. Meanwhile, obstacle avoidance orders were given according to the proposed algorithm, such that the helicopter adjusted its velocity and altitude in real time. Then, in view of continuously changing payload weight during the spraying process, the flight controller was designed based on the adaptive back stepping theory, which was not only to track those obstacle avoidance orders precisely, but also to suppress the parameter uncertainty caused by the change of the payload weight. Both the obstacle avoidance algorithm and the flight controller constructed a whole obstacle avoidance system, aiming at ensuring the security of the helicopter. Moreover, how to combine the obstacle avoidance algorithm with the flight controller was clearly demonstrated. Finally, simulation results showed that the proposed obstacle avoidance method could avoid ground obstacles effectively and efficiently, whose obstacle avoidance path was shorter and obstacle avoidance time was less than the traditional artificial potential fields. For the low obstacles, the obstacle avoidance path was shortened by 66.7% and the obstacle avoidance time decreased by 31%; for the high obstacles, the obstacle avoidance path and time were nearly the same as the traditional artificial potential fields when avoiding cylindrical obstacles, but when avoiding cubic obstacles, the obstacle avoidance path was shorten by 42% and obstacle avoidance time decreased by 25%. On the other hand, the adaptive back stepping controller was verified with its effectiveness and stability. The helicopter could avoid obstacles quickly and smoothly whether its payload weight was 10 or 16 kg, even though the payload weight changed continuously in the process of spraying. In a word, the proposed method has a better effect, which can provide a reference for technical applications of eppo unmanned helicopter. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Process control
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Aircraft control - Algorithms - Altitude control - Collision avoidance - Control - Controllers - Design - Efficiency - Flight control systems  - Helicopters - Machine design - Motion planning - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Uncontrolled terms:Adaptive back-stepping - Artificial potential fields - Minimum safety area - Obstacle avoidance algorithms - Obstacle avoidance controls - Obstacle-avoidance system - Technical applications - Unmanned helicopter
Classification code:601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design

 - 652 Aircraft and AvionicsAircraft and Avionics

 - 731.1 Control SystemsControl Systems

 - 731.3 Specific Variables ControlSpecific Variables Control

 - 732.1 Control EquipmentControl Equipment

 - 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and EquipmentAgricultural Machinery and Equipment

 - 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

 - 914.1 Accidents and Accident PreventionAccidents and Accident Prevention

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 31>

Accession number:20160701941203
Title:Multi-objective parameter optimization of centrifugal compressor impeller with Kriging model
Authors:Zuo, Shuguang (1); Wei, Kaijun (1); Wu, Xudong (1); Nie, Yujie (1); Xu, Sichuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Xudong(wuxudong@tongji.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:77-83
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The high-speed centrifugal compressor used in the air supply system is the major noise source of the fuel cell vehicle. Therefore, it is important for the compressor to achieve low noise level as well as high compression ratio and efficiency. This paper presents an optimal design method for the centrifugal compressors using numerical simulation, Kriging model and genetic algorithm at the operating point. The rotational speed at the operation point is 80000 r/min, the mass flow rate is 0.08 kg/s, and the compression ratio is 1.65. The steady RANS simulations are preliminarily used to provide the performance maps as well as the consistent initial conditions for the subsequent unsteady simulations. Performance maps are compared between numerical and experimental results at 40000 and 50000 r/min, which show a good agreement. Next, the unsteady simulations are performed to calculate the sound power level of the compressor. In order to analyze the influences of the blade inlet angle, blade outlet angle, trailing edge angle, tip clearance and blade thickness on the compression ratio, isentropic efficiency and sound power level, the optimal Latin square design is adopted to create the sample space. Each one of the sample points is simulated with the presented numerical method. The results show that the tip clearance and blade thickness are 2 primary factors. The compression ratio and efficiency decline when the tip clearance and blade thickness decrease, while the sound power level rises. The front incline is found to be better than the back incline. The Kriging model is built to reflect the functional relationship between the impeller design parameters and the performance parameters. Then, the multi-objective optimization is conducted with the genetic algorithm based on the Kriging model instead of the numerical model. The errors of the compression ratio, isentropic efficiency and sound power level between the Kriging model and the numerical model at optimized point are 0.11%, 0.46% and 0.01%, respectively. The blade inlet angle, blade outlet angle, trailing edge inclined angle, tip clearance and blade thickness of the baseline design are 37&deg;, 45&deg;, 26.7&deg;, 0.3 mm and 1.2 mm, and the optimized design are 35.226&deg;, 50.863&deg;, -2.465&deg;, 0.365 mm and 0.611 mm, respectively. Compared with the initial design, the compression ratio and isentropic efficiency of the optimal design are increased by 3.56% and 1.02%, respectively and the sound power level is decreased by 3.79 dB. The sound pressure spectrums show that the noise at blade passing frequency decreases by 16 dB. The rotational frequency and its noise at the harmonic frequency as well as broadband noise at the 0-1800 Hz and 10000-16000 Hz also decrease. The compression ratio and isentropic efficiency of the centrifugal compressor are also improved at the off-design points. Internal flow fields are analyzed to find out the mechanism of the improvements. The results show that the velocity distribution is more uniform and the secondary flows in the blade flow channel significantly decrease after optimization, which means that the mixing loss at the impeller outlet decreases. This research provides a reference for optimizing the acoustic behavior as well as the performance parameters of centrifugal compressors at the early design stage. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Centrifugal compressors
Controlled terms:Acoustic noise - Audio signal processing - Centrifugation - Channel flow - Compression ratio (machinery) - Design - Efficiency - Fuel cells - Genetic algorithms - Impellers  - Interpolation - Models - Multiobjective optimization - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Optimal systems - Optimization
Uncontrolled terms:Aerodynamic noise - Blade passing frequency - Centrifugal compressor impeller - Functional relationship - High speed centrifugal compressor - Kriging model - Multi-objective parameter optimizations - Unsteady simulations
Classification code:601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components

 - 618.1 CompressorsCompressors

 - 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

 - 702.2 Fuel CellsFuel Cells

 - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing

 - 751.4 Acoustic NoiseAcoustic Noise

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 32>

Accession number:20160701941202
Title:Modal parameter identification for pipeline of pumping station based on improved Hilbert-Huang transform
Authors:Zhang, Jianwei (1); Jiang, Qi (1); Zhu, Lianghuan (1); Wang, Tao (1); Guo, Jia (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:71-76
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:For large pipeline structure, high-frequency white noise and low-frequency noise are mixed into vibration information, which belongs to one kind of non-stationary and nonlinear signal in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In order to improve the precision of modal parameter identification for pipeline, on the basis of the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) modal parameter identification theory, an improved HHT modal parameter identification method was proposed, which combined the united filtering technique of singular value decomposition (SVD) and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) as pretreatment. The basic of SVD is to process the online data or discrete data with the theory of matrix SVD to obtain the feature information of pipeline structure. The core of EMD is to decompose self-adaptively the signal into a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) from high frequency to low frequency based on its time scale characteristics. Firstly, the pipeline structure vibration signal was processed with SVD, and high-frequency white noise was filtered out. Then the further EMD was conducted on de-noised signal processed by SVD, and through analyzing the spectrum diagram of every IMF component, low-frequency noise was filtered out. So the combined SVD-EMD filtering method was used to process vibration signal to achieve a higher precision de-noised signal. When strong noise was filtered out by the combined SVD-EMD filtering technique, the useful dominant dynamic characteristics of structure were highlighted, which decreased the noise interference to a large extent and avoided the false modal interference effectively during the later HHT processing. Structure system order was determined by singular entropy increment. Finally the de-noised signal was conducted by the improved HHT method, and the structure modal parameter was obtained. Taking the No. 2 pipeline of Pumping Station 3 in Jintai River pumping irrigation as the research object, this proposed method was used to identify vibration response data to achieve modal parameter identification. Three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) of No. 2 pipeline was constructed according to fluid-solid interaction theory, through which the structure modal parameter was obtained. Stochastic subspace identification (SSI) is one kind of high precision modal parameter identification method, which is used in many fields in recent years. By comparing the frequency results of improved HHT method, SSI and FEM analysis, the results showed that the frequency identified by improved HHT method was slightly smaller than that by SSI, and closed to that by FEM with the maximum error of 3.6%. This improved method can accurately identify the frequency of pipeline, which reduces the strong noise of pipeline and improves the modal parameter identification precision, and thus can be extended to lager pipeline structure. This proposed method provides a new idea for safe operation and online monitoring of the pipeline, and can be used effectively to solve the problem of structure modal parameter identification under ambient excitation, especially under the background with strong noise. This method has a broad prospect in engineering application. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Modal analysis
Controlled terms:Composite beams and girders - Finite element method - Flow interactions - Identification (control systems) - Interference suppression - Mathematical transformations - Parameter estimation - Pipelines - Pumping plants - Pumps  - Signal analysis - Signal processing - Signal to noise ratio - Singular value decomposition - Spurious signal noise - Stochastic systems - Vibration analysis - Water supply - White noise
Uncontrolled terms:Empirical Mode Decomposition - Improved Hilbert-Huang transforms - Low signal-to-noise ratio - Modal parameter identification - Pumping stations - Stochastic subspace identification - Three dimensional finite element model - Vibrations
Classification code:412 ConcreteConcrete

 - 446 WaterworksWaterworks

 - 446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems

 - 618.2 PumpsPumps

 - 619.1 Pipe, Piping and PipelinesPipe, Piping and Pipelines

 - 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

 - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing

 - 731.1 Control SystemsControl Systems

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 33>

Accession number:20160701941232
Title:Preparation and characters of whey protein isolate-sodium tripolyphosphate aggregates by heating
Authors:Xie, Siyu (1); Hou, Juncai (1); Feng, Xianmin (1); Xiao, Hongliang (2); Wang, Li (2); Wang, Zhangdong (2); Wang, Qingyun (2); Cheng, Jianjun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; (2) Heilongjiang Wondersun Dairy Co., Ltd, Harbin, China
Corresponding author:Cheng, Jianjun(cheng577@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:287-293
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:This study was aimed to prepare the whey protein isolate (WPI)-sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) aggregates using heating at higher pH value and evaluate their characteristics. The results of single-factor experiment showed that the increase of viscosity of polymers was different from the increasing of WPI concentration, temperature, pH value, STPP content and aggregation time. The models were obtained by using a Box-Behnken optimization experiment design with the 4 factors (temperature, pH value, STPP content and aggregation time) based on the results of single-factor experiments. The results of Box-Behnken optimization experiment showed that the order of the effect of the 4 factors on viscosity was as follows: temperature &gt; STPP content &gt; pH value &gt; aggregation time. The optimized condition determined was that 10% (w/w) WPI, 0.09% (w/w) STPP at 90 for 42 min with pH value of 8.40, and the actual viscosity was 5083 mPa&middot;s. The prepared WPI-STPP thermal aggregates were the thick sample with a semi flow state, and the regression model was fitted well. Determination of properties and structural analysis of WPI, WPI-STPP thermal aggregates and WPI aggregates showed the water holding capacity, surface hydrophobicity and rheological characteristics of WPI-STPP thermal aggregates were improved compared with WPI and WPI aggregates. For WPI aggregates, water holding capacity increased from 4.83 to 5.20 g per gram protein (P&lt;0.05). However, the solubility of WPI-STPP thermal aggregates decreased from 88.5% to 34.50%, which was lower than that of WPI. Heat treatment and STPP significantly affected the surface hydrophobicity of the soluble aggregates. WPI-STPP thermal aggregates could form good cold-induced gels, which could widen its application in foods of gel type. When STPP was added, the average particle size of whey protein thermally polymerized increased from 31.39&plusmn;1.81 &mu;m for WPI to 292.09&plusmn;2.17 &mu;m for WPI-STPP thermal aggregates. The difference between strong and weak soluble gels could be assessed by the oscillatory dynamic experiments using parallel-plate geometries. Rotational rheometer showed that the rheological characteristics of WPI-STPP thermal aggregates were improved. The rheological characteristics were determined from storage and loss moduli as the functions of time and frequency. WPI-STPP thermal aggregates had higher storage modulus values. The results showed that the increasing of particles played a significant role in the water holding capacity and rheological properties of these dispersions. The microscopic structure analysis of WPI-STPP thermal aggregates showed that they denatured fully, and the larger irregular fractal aggregates of WPI-STPP thermal aggregates could be most useful to increase the viscosity. Transmission electron microscopy showed that heat-induced WPI-NaCl soluble gels had a dense structure and a higher number of cross-links. The utilization of WPI-STPP thermal aggregates is very attractive due to the low-complexity processing conditions needed, lower production cost and higher nutritive value. The production cost of yogurt is less than yogurt with pectin according to the optimal technological condition of the experiment. The application of this technology proposed in this paper will bring great economic benefits for the yogurt processing industry. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:41
Main heading:Agglomeration
Controlled terms:Aggregates - Dairy products - Gels - High resolution transmission electron microscopy - Hydrophobicity - Optimization - Particle size - pH - Polymers - Proteins  - Regression analysis - Sodium - Transmission electron microscopy - Viscosity
Uncontrolled terms:Parallel plate geometry - Rheological characteristics - Single-factor experiments - Sodium tripolyphosphate - Storage and loss modulus - Technological conditions - Thermal aggregation - Whey protein isolate
Classification code:406 Highway EngineeringHighway Engineering

 - 549.1 Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals

 - 741.3 Optical Devices and SystemsOptical Devices and Systems

 - 801.1 Chemistry, GeneralChemistry, General

 - 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 815.1 Polymeric MaterialsPolymeric Materials

 - 822.3 Food ProductsFood Products

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

 - 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 34>

Accession number:20160701941204
Title:Fluctuations influence factors analysis of growth of agricultural machinery total power
Authors:Ju, Jinyan (1); Zhao, Lin (1); Wang, Jinfeng (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China; (2) College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:84-91
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As the main indicator to measure the development level of agricultural mechanization, total power of agricultural machinery provides an important reference basis to formulate the development policy for related department of agricultural mechanization. The growth of agricultural machinery total power has important significance to accelerate the development of agricultural mechanization, realize agricultural modernization, construct the comprehensive socialism new countryside, and guarantee food production and food security. Therefore, it is significant to research the main influence factors of growth fluctuations of agricultural machinery total power, and maintain its steady growth. The growth of China's agricultural machinery total power is affected by many factors, and its data series have the characteristics of complexity and nonlinearity. Using the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method, the growth of agricultural machinery total power and its influence factors from 1986 to 2013 were decomposed in multi levels and multi scales, and fluctuation components of intrinsic mode function (IMF) affecting the growth of agricultural machinery total power were obtained. Based on this, set pair analysis (SPA) theory was used to analyze the correlations between each IMF component of the growth of agricultural machinery total power and the corresponding influencing factors, and then the comprehensive influence rate of each factor to the fluctuations of the growth of agricultural machinery total power was calculated. The comprehensive influence rates of government finance investment, planting area per capita, fuel price index, grain yield per unit area, development of non-agricultural industries and number of the first industry professionals were as follows: 23.89%, 23.73%, 23.67%, 7.13%, 7.41% and 14.17% respectively. It showed that the main factors influencing the fluctuations of the growth of agricultural machinery total power were government finance investment, planting area per capita and fuel price index; number of the first industry practitioners followed; and the minimal influence factors were grain yield per unit area and development of non-agricultural industries. There were 4 influence factors which only affected the growth trend of agricultural machinery total power and had no impact on its fluctuation, which were rural net income per capita, agricultural output value per capita, price index of mechanized farm tool and proportion of rural labor with cultural level above junior middle school. Therefore, in order to stabilize the growth of agricultural machinery total power and reduce its fluctuation, government finance investment should be stabilized, and the scale of subsidy fund for agricultural machinery purchase, the subsidy scope and subsidy standard for agricultural machinery product should be determined scientifically and maintained to be relatively stable, so that the subsidy policy of agricultural machinery can better play the role of macroeconomic regulation and control. At the same time, stabilize fuel price and increase grain yield per unit area, so that the enthusiasm of farmers to purchase agricultural machinery can be maintained; speed up the rural labor force transfer policy and land circulation policy, increase the planting area per capita, and develop agriculture moderate scale management so as to realize the sustainable development of agricultural mechanization; accelerate the development of non-agricultural industries so as to improve the farmers' life quality and create more employment opportunities, which can reduce the influence of its short-term fluctuations on the growth of agricultural machinery total power. Research results can provide scientific basis for the adjustment and decision-making of development policy of agricultural mechanization, and promote the healthy and rapid development of agricultural mechanization. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Agriculture
Controlled terms:Agricultural implements - Agricultural machinery - Commerce - Costs - Decision making - Economic analysis - Factor analysis - Finance - Food supply - Fuels  - Grain (agricultural product) - Grain growth - Investments - Mechanization - Modernization - Public policy - Rural areas - Signal analysis - Signal processing
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural mechanization - Agricultural modernizations - Characteristics of complexity - Empirical Mode Decomposition - Influence factor - Set pair analysis - Set pair analysis (SPA) theory - Total power
Classification code:601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design

 - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 822.3 Food ProductsFood Products

 - 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics

 - 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics

 - 912.2 ManagementManagement

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

 - 933.1.2 Crystal GrowthCrystal Growth

 - 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 35>

Accession number:20160701941220
Title:Nitrogen release characteristic of polymer coated urea in paddy soil and its relationship with cumulative temperature
Authors:Yang, Xin (1); Wu, Lianghuan (1); Wu, Shaofu (2); Chen, Jianqiu (3, 4)
Author affiliation:(1) Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropic Soil and Plant Nutrition, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; (2) Agricultural Extension Station of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, China; (3) Shandong Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Linshu, China; (4) National Engineering &amp; Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, Tai'an, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Lianghuan(finm@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:199-204
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Single application of fertilizer is more than necessary for rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. Japonica) production in southern China, which is in shortage of agricultural labor and keeps high potential to mechanized production. However, split applications of conventional urea play a key role on rice production in this area. To detect nitrogen (N) supply from controlled release fertilizer by single application, a field experiment was conducted during 3 years (from 2012 to 2014) in Mashan Station of Agricultural Bureau of Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province. In the study, a kind of polymer coated urea (PCU) for single application was investigated. The N release characteristics of PCU were studied in the rice field with buried bag method. Treatment plot of PCU was divided into fertilization area and buried bag area. A total of 150 PCU bags were buried each year. According to rice growth stage, 5 bags each time were taken out for one plot. Then the coated urea samples were slightly washed by distilled water and ground using a hand mill. The residual urea was dissolved into distilled water, and the N release from residue PCU was measured using the spectrophotometric method. The result of three-year field experiment suggested that the released period was about 5 months under field condition, which was longer than the designation of PCU controlled release period (4 months). Duration from transplanting to harvesting was 152 d in 2012, 158 d in 2013, and 142 d in 2014. Corresponding cumulative N release rates of PCU in the whole growth stage were 73%, 83% and 69%, respectively. The relationship between cumulative N release rate and number of days after transplanting was fitted by a quadratic equation, and values of R²were 0.991 in 2012, 0.997 in 2013, and 0.984 in 2014. In our study, no lag period was determined for this product in the field. When the coated urea was applied into paddy soil, it started to release N. The N preliminary solubility rate was 0.36%-3.75%. It was 3.75% in 2014, which was much higher than the other 2 years. There was only 0.36% N released out in 24 h in 2012 and less than 0.9% in 2013. Its release process could be divided into 2 phases: quick release phase and slow release phase. Daily N release rate of PCU was around 0.5% in the whole rice growth stage, which was 0.48% in 2012, 0.49% in 2013, and 0.5% in 2014, respectively. In the first 2 months, the daily release rate was around 1% in most of time, and gradually slowed down after then. Soil relative moisture had differences among 3 years, which was 72%-80% in 2012, 60%-77% in 2013 and 80%-99% in 2014, respectively, and all of these were over 60%. When soil moisture is sufficient, temperature is another and even only important factor to influence N release rate of PCU in the field. The study showed that cumulative N release rate was closely correlated with cumulative temperature. Cumulative soil temperature and cumulative air temperature showed similar regulations. Cumulative N release rate of PCU reached about 50% when cumulative temperature reached about 2 000&middot;d. According to the experiment model above, people can hold the release regulation of PCU when this kind of urea is applied. Nitrogen release characteristics of PCU suggest that it can match the N need of rice and decrease the N loss to surrounding environment. Single application of polymer coated urea need to be concerned for famers in future. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Urea fertilizers
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Atmospheric temperature - Fertilizers - Intelligent networks - Metabolism - Moisture - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Plastic coatings - Polymers  - Soil moisture - Soils - Spectrophotometry - Temperature - Urea
Uncontrolled terms:Air temperature - Application of fertilizers - Coated ureas - Controlled-release fertilizers - Relative water content - Soil temperature - Spectro-photometric method - Surrounding environment
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

 - 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 813.2 Coating MaterialsCoating Materials

 - 815.1 Polymeric MaterialsPolymeric Materials

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 941 Acoustical and Optical Measuring InstrumentsAcoustical and Optical Measuring Instruments

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 36>

Accession number:20160701941229
Title:Real-time monitoring of moisture content and kinetics analysis of apple drying process by impedance measurement
Authors:Li, Xingshu (1, 2); Jin, Lizhen (1); Zhang, Bo (1); Xiong, Xiufang (1); Zhang, Haihui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling, China; (2) Shanxi Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Equipment, Yangling, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:266-272
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Apple is one of the most competitive agricultural exports in China, accounting for about 30% of the total production of fruits. Unsuitable preservation or storage methods can lead to the loss, which may amount for 30% of the total. To reduce the loss of apples after harvesting, deep processing is an appropriate method. As a kind of snack food, dried apple slice is produced by a drying process and the natural flavor of apple can be retained. During the drying process, the drying temperature and time have a great influence on the apple slice quality. To develop a new method to monitor and characterize the drying process of apple slices as well as evaluate the influence of the drying temperature and time on this process, the electrical impedance and moisture content of apple tissues were measured during the drying process under different conditions. The hot air temperature was set to 40, 50, 60 and 70, and the hot air speed was set to 0.5 and 1.0 m/s, respectively. The 6 same apple samples were placed in the drying chamber for drying test. One sample was to detect the change of the impedance characteristics, and the other samples were used to detect the change of the moisture content. The interval measurement time was 20 min. Until the mass difference of the 2 successive measurements for one sample was less than 0.01 g, the experiment was stopped. Results showed that the electrical impedance of apple slices increased with the increase in the drying time, and the increase rate was slow in the early stages and fast in the latter part of the drying process. The moisture content decreased during the drying process, and the decrease was fast at the beginning and slow in the latter part. Thus, the variation tendency of moisture content was contrary to that of electrical impedance during the process. The electrical impedance of apple slices showed a negative linear correlation with the moisture content when the moisture content was more than 20%. So electrical impedance measurement could provide a simple and rapid approach for predicting the moisture content, and furthermore it was capable of monitoring and evaluating the drying process of apple slices. The curves of the normalized electrical impedance and moisture content with the drying time could be approximated with the logarithmic drying model which could describe the characteristics of the drying process. The rate constant of the model at various temperatures was estimated by the normalized impedance and moisture content. The rate constant increased with the increasing of drying temperature. Then to analyze the effect of temperature on the drying rate constant, the rate constants at different temperatures were formulated by the Arrhenius equation. Based on the obtained rate constants at different drying temperature, the activation energy was calculated. It was found that when the speed of drying hot air was 0.5 and 1.0 m/s, the activation energy calculated from the normalized impedance was 33.925 and 28.912 kJ/mol, respectively; the calculated activation energy from the moisture content was 27.320 and 22.947 kJ/mol, respectively. The activation energy decreased with the increasing of hot air speed, which indicated that the higher the hot air speed, the faster the drying of apple slices. The findings are useful to monitor the drying process of apple slices and have the potential applications in the control of fruit drying process. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Drying
Controlled terms:Activation energy - Agriculture - Chemical activation - Electric impedance - Electric impedance measurement - Enzyme kinetics - Fruits - Models - Moisture - Moisture control  - Moisture determination - Rate constants - Thermal processing (foods)
Uncontrolled terms:Apple slices - Effect of temperature - Electrical impedance - Electrical impedance measurement - Impedance characteristics - Impedance measurement - Normalized impedance - Variation tendencies
Classification code:701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and PhenomenaElectricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena

 - 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 822.2 Food Processing OperationsFood Processing Operations

 - 942.2 Electric Variables MeasurementsElectric Variables Measurements

 - 944.2 Moisture MeasurementsMoisture Measurements

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 37>

Accession number:20160701941214
Title:Estimation of root zone storage capacity and sensitivity analysis to climate factors at catchment scales
Authors:Zhao, Huan (1); Xu, Zongxue (1, 2); Zhao, Jie (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; (2) Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Zongxue(zxxu@bnu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:155-160
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Moisture storage capacity at root zone plays an important role in hydrological processes, soil moisture movement and vegetation development, which is also a crucial parameter in hydrological and ecological modelling. However, due to the great heterogeneity in soil texture and the restriction of observation currently, there is no effective way to observe this parameter at catchment scales. In this study, a typical catchment of the Taizi River in Northeast China was selected as the study area. On the basis of monthly runoff depth data at Nandianyu Hydrological Station, the parameters in FLEX model were calibrated and validated during different time periods, of which the parameter S<inf>u</inf>represents the moisture storage capacity at root zone, while the S<inf>uMax</inf>corresponds to the S<inf>u</inf>under the best hydrological process condition in simulation. A snow model was incorporated in the original FLEX hydrological model in order to improve the performance of the model in the places where snow and melting water cannot be ignored. Based on observational meteorology data and multi-source remote sensing data sets, the modified mass curve technique (MCT) was employed to estimate the moisture storage capacity at root zone in Nandianyu catchment, taking snowmelt as an important part of water input for technique modification. The MCT was originally used in engineering design, however, in this study the moisture storage capacity was estimated using this approach by treating the whole root zone of this catchment as a reservoir. Based on the relationship between cumulative inflow and water demand in dry seasons when the rate of water demand exceeded water inflow, the required moisture storage capacity at root zone for each year was yielded, and cross validated with the result derived from the FLEX model to test the availability of MCT in the study area. Different climate scenarios were further set to test the sensitivity of moisture storage capacity at root zone to rainfall, snowmelt and evapotranspiration when these 3 climate factors increased or reduced by 10%, 20% and 30% independently using the MCT which demonstrated to be feasible. The results show that: 1) The improved FLEX model could be used to simulate hydrological process in the study area, presenting a high accuracy in runoff depth simulation and flow hydrograph simulation. The value of parameter S<inf>uMax</inf>representing the moisture storage capacity at root zone under the best simulating condition was 27 mm; 2) The moisture storage capacity at root zone estimated by MCT was demonstrated to follow the Gumbel distribution, with a range of 21-84 mm. The value of moisture storage capacity derived from this approach coincided with the estimate derived from the FLEX model, which meant that the modified MCT could be used to estimate the moisture storage capacity at root zone in the study area, and the estimates derived from this approach could be used as parameters in hydrological and ecological models; 3) Curve slopes of the change of moisture storage capacity at root zone with evapotranspiration, precipitation and snowmelt were 1.37, 0.73 and 0.37, showing that the moisture storage capacity at root zone had a reduced sensitivity to the change of evapotranspiration, precipitation and snowmelt. Besides, with the increase of evapotranspiration and reduction of precipitation, the sensitivity of the moisture storage capacity at root zone enhanced while there was no big difference under the variations of snowmelt. This work can provide a basis for water deficit estimation and maintaining normal development of ecosystems when they are faced with drought. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Climate models
Controlled terms:Catchments - Digital storage - Drought - Ecology - Evapotranspiration - Hydrology - Models - Moisture - Parameter estimation - Remote sensing  - Reservoirs (water) - Runoff - Sensitivity analysis - Snow - Snow melting systems - Soil moisture - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Climate factors - Hydrological modeling - Mass curves - Root zone - Storage capacity
Classification code:441.2 ReservoirsReservoirs

 - 442.1 Flood ControlFlood Control

 - 443.3 PrecipitationPrecipitation

 - 454.3 Ecology and EcosystemsEcology and Ecosystems

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and TechniquesData Storage, Equipment and Techniques

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 38>

Accession number:20160701941199
Title:Matching of fuel injection and combustion systems for small swirl chamber diesel engine
Authors:Liu, Shengji (1); Xu, Kang (1); Sun, Jian (1); Wang, Jian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:51-57
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The huge annual output of single-cylinder diesel engines is a major feature of Chinese internal combustion engine industry. In China the amount of these engines with bore diameter below 80 mm accounts for 35% of domestic production. Most of these diesel engines adopt the swirl chamber combustion system. However, with the development of direct-injection process, many problems for these engines occur, such as large smoke emissions at full load, poor performance under low speed and high idle speed, and there are few basic researches on them. Therefore, the research of low-emission high-performance swirl chamber diesel engines contains certain academic significance and practical value. The 170F swirl chamber diesel engine was used as the research prototype, and with the method of experiment and numerical simulation, the fuel injection and combustion systems were analyzed. By the design of new injector, the establishment of simulation model of injection system and the optimization of the injection parameters, the maximum fuel pressure under the rated conditions increased from 18.54 to 25.28 MPa, the initial injection rate reduced and the shape of injection rate was optimized. By the simulation of combustion with the software FIRE, the deviate distance from the injection oil line to the center of the swirl chamber and the best volume ratio were determined. The results showed that when the deviate distance from the injection oil line to the center of the swirl chamber was at 0.33-0.38 R (R is the radius of the swirl chamber), and the volume ratio was in the range of 0.47-0.50, the mixing and combustion performance would be better. This study showed that in order to achieve the targets of low emissions and high performance, the injection parameters and performances of the swirl chamber diesel engine should be designed and optimized according to its displacement just similar with the direct-injection diesel engine. The test results of 170F swirl chamber diesel engine showed that the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the original engine under the rated condition (2.6 kW, 3000 r/min) was 327.3 g/(kW&middot;h) and the smoke was 4.5 BSU. When the long-size short-structure nozzle was used and the fuel injection system was optimized, the BSFC and the smoke decreased to 282.2 g/(kW&middot;h) and 2.0 BSU respectively. After the parameters of the combustion system were matched, the BSFC and the smoke dropped to 274.7 g/(kW&middot;h) and 1.2 BSU respectively. The experimental results showed that the specific emissions of the optimized diesel were lower than the emission standards in Phase III in China. Compared with results of the original engine, the CO and HC+NO<inf>X</inf>emissions decreased by 70.3% and 20.9% respectively under the 5 conditions. Moreover, the CO and HC+NO<inf>X</inf>emissions decreased by 72.8% and 21.3% respectively under the 8 conditions. The BSFC decreased by 16% and the diesel smoke was reduced from 4.5 to 1.2 BSU under the rated condition. The research provides a technology route of energy-saving and emission-reduction for swirl chamber diesel engines. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Diesel engines
Controlled terms:Combustion - Computer software - Direct injection - Emission control - Energy conservation - Engine cylinders - Engines - Fuel consumption - Fuel injection - Fuel systems  - Fuels - Internal combustion engines - Models - Neutron emission - Numerical methods - Optimization - Rating - Smoke
Uncontrolled terms:Brake specific fuel consumption - Combustion systems - Direct injection diesel engines - Energy saving and emission reductions - Fuel injection systems - Performance - Single-cylinder diesel engine - Swirl chambers
Classification code:451.2 Air Pollution ControlAir Pollution Control

 - 521 Fuel Combustion and Flame ResearchFuel Combustion and Flame Research

 - 525.2 Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation

 - 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization

 - 612 EnginesEngines

 - 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

 - 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 39>

Accession number:20160701941212
Title:Effect of typical takyr solonetzs reclamation with Flue flue gas desulphurization gypsum and its security assessment
Authors:Wang, Jing (1, 2); Xu, Xing (1); Xiao, Guoju (2); Wang, Jun (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; (2) Development Center of New Technique Application and Research, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; (3) Qianjin Farm of Bureau of Reclamation in Ningxia, Pingluo, China
Corresponding author:Xu, Xing(xuxingscience@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:141-147
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Flue gas desulphurization (FGD) gypsum is an industrial waste, which is produced by coal-fired power plant based on limestone-gypsum with a novel wet device. Takyric solonetz, a typical subclass of alkali soil, is widely distributed in the north of Yinchuan Plain of Ningxia Autonomous Region, the west of Hetao Plain and the desert steppe in north Xinjiang in China. Due to the hard soil texture, poor permeability and difficult improvement, takyric solonetz has become the main factor severely affecting the development of local agriculture, and is expected to bring threat to the regional food security in the future. The present study was to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of FGD gypsum on improving the typical takyr solonetzs of Ningxia region. In 2013 and 2014, a comparative field experiment was conducted in the farmland of Qianjin Farm in Pingluo County, Ningxia region, China (106&deg;13'-106&deg;26'E, 38&deg;45'-38&deg;55'N) and the precocious japonica "Jite 605" was taken as the test material. Five application rates of FGD gypsum (0, 1.05&times;10⁴, 2.10&times;10⁴, 3.15&times;10⁴and 4.20&times;10⁴kg/hm²) were applied. Besides, the leaching amount (4.5&times;10³m³/hm²) was designed in combination with FGD gypsum. We investigated the changes in soil property and agricultural production as well as the safety of FGD gypsum as soil amendment. It showed that by using FGD gypsum stimulation, the soil pH value and ESP (exchangeable sodium percentage) decreased in the 0-20 cm soil layer, which were from 9.8 and 42.1% before experiment to 9.1 and 35.2% in 2013, and 8.3 and 25.7% after experiment in 2014, respectively. These changes facilitated the growth of rice, and thereby increased the rice yield and improved the quality of the plots treated with FGD gypsum. The rice yield increased by 2 333.3-3 317.4 kg/hm². The amount of FGD gypsum used did not change much the rice grain weight, the milled rice, the brown rice rate and the chalky rate, while the head milled rice rate increased from 52.6% to 59.7%; the chalky grain rate and chalkiness degree were changed by the varying of the amount of FGD gypsum: it decreased from a peak value of 9.3% at 3.15&times;10⁴kg/hm²FGD gypsum to 8.1% at first, and then increased gradually to 9.1%. The amount of FGD gypsum improved the appearance quality of rice, chalky rice rate but reduced the cooking quality of gel consistency. The results showed that the suitable amount of FGD gypsum applied to reclaim takyric solonetz farmlands and improve rice quality was 3.15&times;10⁴kg/hm², which had obvious effect. The contents of metals i.e. chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in corn grains were quantified by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Comparing the metal contents in grains, when 3.15&times;10⁴kg/hm²FGD gypsum was applied to cultivated paddy, the contents of almost all of the metals in the corn grains in the FGD gypsum-treated plots were the same to or lower than those in the control plot. Almost all of the metal contents were lower than the standard values set by pharmacopoeias for human intake. These results suggest that the proper use of FGD gypsum will be helpful to fertilize the soil, and thereby increase the production and improve rice quality. Moreover, the contents of the heavy metals in the soils well comply with the Hygienic Standard for Grains in China (GB/T2715-2005), which implies that FGD gypsum will not deteriorate the soil environmental quality. The findings of this study will provide technical support for improving the newly reclaimed takyric solonetz farmlands as well as data support for improving the rice quality. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:32
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Alkalinity - Cadmium - Coal - Crops - Desulfurization - Farms - Flue gases - Flues - Food supply  - Fossil fuel power plants - Gypsum - Heavy metals - Image quality - Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry - Lead - Mass spectrometry - Metals - Production - Quality control  - Soil testing - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Alkaline soils - Coal-fired power plant - Exchangeable sodium percentages - FGD gypsum - Flue gas desulphurization - Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometries (ICPMS) - Rice
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources

 - 482.2 MineralsMinerals

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 524 Solid FuelsSolid Fuels

 - 531 Metallurgy and MetallographyMetallurgy and Metallography

 - 546.1 Lead and AlloysLead and Alloys

 - 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals

 - 801 ChemistryChemistry

 - 801.1 Chemistry, GeneralChemistry, General

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 822.3 Food ProductsFood Products

 - 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 40>

Accession number:20160701941210
Title:Soil thermal conductivity model based on soil physical basic parameters
Authors:Su, Lijun (1, 2); Wang, Quanjiu (2); Wang, Shuo (3); Wang, Weihua (4)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Science, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China; (2) Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China; (3) Shangluo Water Resources Bureau, Shangluo, China; (4) Faculty of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Quanjiu(wquanjiu@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:127-133
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil physical basic parameters are key factors for impacting the soil thermal conductivity, and they are also closely related to the model parameters used to calculate the soil thermal conductivity. In order to study the relationship between soil physical basic parameters, organic matter content and soil thermal conductivity model parameters, the precision of different soil thermal conductivity models was discussed by analyzing 10 types of soil samples in this paper. There were 9 types of soil textures which were sampled from different areas in Shaanxi Province, and the last one was sampled from Zhangye, Gansu Province, which was used to verify the feasibility of the new models. According to the sand content, these soil samples were divided into 2 types: fine-textured soil and coarse-textured soil. The soil thermal conductivity models were used to fit these 2 types of soils, and the comparison results indicated that the theoretical models such as C&ocire;t&eacute;-Konrad model and Lu-Ren model were more precise than Campbell model and Johansen model. The fitted results of Johansen model were significantly smaller than the measured values, and the ranges of root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R²) and relative error (Re) for this model were 0.0848-0.2548, 0.656-0.827 and 10.32%-20.41%, respectively. Moreover, C&ocire;t&eacute;-Konrad model and Lu-Ren model had better fitting results for fine-textured soil, and the ranges of RMSE, R²and Re were 0.0810-0.1208, 0.842-0.940 and 9.67%-10.57% for C&ocire;t&eacute;-Konrad model and 0.0725-0.1238, 0.874-0.937 and 8.28%-9.91% for Lu-Ren model. However, these 2 models were not suitable for calculating the soil thermal conductivity of coarse-textured soil when the water saturation was larger than 50%. Thus, the improved models, which described the relationship between thermal conductivity and soil physical basic parameters, were developed based on C&ocire;t&eacute;-Konrad model and Lu-Ren model. The results showed that the improved models could be used to fit the thermal conductivity in different soil textures, and the RMSE was less than 0.0964, the R²was up to 0.92 and the Re was less than 9.6%. For predicting the soil thermal conductivity with higher sand content or higher silt content, the values of RMSE, R²and Re for the improved C&ocire;t&eacute;-Konrad model were 0.1183, 0.9259 and 9.47%, respectively, which was better than the C&ocire;t&eacute;-Konrad model, Lu-Ren model, and improved Lu-Ren model through the analysis of simulation error. On the other hand, for predicting the soil thermal conductivity with lower sand and silt contents, the values of RMSE, R²and Re for the improved Lu-Ren model were 0.0815, 0.9326 and 8.11%, respectively, which was better than the other 3 models. Moreover, the improved models were used to calculate the soil thermal conductivity of the other types of soil textures in Zhangye. Because the soil texture in Zhangye is sandy clay loam soil in which the sand content is higher than 60%, the improved C&ocire;t&eacute;-Konrad model has the best effect when calculating the soil thermal conductivity according to the analysis results. The parameters in the improved models contain soil texture and organic matter content, which can be used to describe the relationship between thermal conductivity and soil physical basic parameters in detail. Furthermore, choosing an appropriate improved model based on soil texture can calculate the soil thermal conductivity more accurately. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Thermal conductivity
Controlled terms:Biogeochemistry - Biological materials - Errors - Mean square error - Models - Moisture - Organic compounds - Sand - Silt - Soil surveys  - Soils
Uncontrolled terms:Analysis of simulations - Basic parameters - Coarse-textured soils - Coefficient of determination - Organic matter content - Root mean square errors - Sandy clay loam soils - Soil thermal conductivity
Classification code:461.2 Biological Materials and Tissue EngineeringBiological Materials and Tissue Engineering

 - 481.2 GeochemistryGeochemistry

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

 - 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 41>

Accession number:20160701941218
Title:Online fault identification method for supercapacitor group of optimal K-means cluster based on Euclidean distance
Authors:Yu, Peng (1, 2); Yang, Rengang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agriculrual University, Beijing, China; (2) College of Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Rengang(yrg@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:186-192
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to keep the energy storage system which is based on supercapacitor group with series connection work reliably, the fault groups of supercapacitors are necessary to be identified. A fault state identification method of K-means cluster was presented in this paper. A Euclidean distance index was proposed to choose K value automatically. In this method, the voltage signal data are preprocessed to form the sample array. The singular value decomposition is applied to project out a shadow subset of the sample array. The K-means method is used to cluster the shadow subset for fault state identification. The fault subsets are detected in the cluster result. The largest cluster is identified as normal state and the others are abnormal state. The Euclidean distance index was proposed to decide the optimal K value automatically after enumeration of all possible K. This index is based on the Euclidean distance of pairwise data points and pairwise cluster centers. The minimize value of index is bonded to the optimal K value. Adjustable coefficients are used to improve the adaptability of this index. Based on the principle of K-means cluster method and Euclidean distance index, the fault state identification process was introduced. In this process, after sampling the voltage of supercapacitor cells, the difference voltage array is established to form the feature space. The singular value decomposition is used on the difference voltage array to form the sample subset. The variance of sample subset is compared to set limitation. If the variance overrides the limitation, K-means algorithm will be used to cluster the sample subset, and the Euclidean distance index will be used to decide the optimal K value. By counting the group amount of sample subset, the fault state capacitors can be distinguished. An experiment system was designed to verify the efficiency and validity of the method and index. The experiment environment was MATLAB-Simulink. Two experiments were carried out based on the experiment system. The first experiment was for the comparison of different indices. This experiment was set in randomly charging and discharging situation to approach the actual situations. The optimal K value was picked out from the enumerated values by searching the minimum value of Euclidean distance index. The result collections distinguished the normal and abnormal sets. As this result was the same with the given situation, the effective of Euclidean distance index was proved. The result showed that the proposed character vector exacting method correctly reflected the characteristics of supercapacitor state. Other existing indices were computed out. The comparison of efficiencies among different indices was made. The homogeneity-separation (HS), Calinski-Harabasz (CH) and Krzanowski-Lai (KL) index failed to identify the right group of this case. Hartigan index got the right result. But the Hartigan index also had its drawback in utilities, efficiency and complexity. The second experiment was designed to prove the correctness of the method and index in different working scenarios. In this experiment, 3 groups were set. The 1st group included 2 subsets of samples in which the capacitors were charged with different current, the 2nd group included 2 subsets of samples in which the capacitors were discharged with different starting voltage, and the 3rd group of data included 4 subset of samples in which the capacitors were charged and discharged randomly. The Euclidean distance index indicated that the 1st and the 2nd group got the results of 3 subsets. The largest subset was the normal set and the other 2 subsets were abnormal set. The Euclidean distance index showed that the 3rd group got the correct results of 2 subsets. All of the experiment groups got the expected result. The results showed that the fault state could be identified correctly through the dynamic cluster method according to the voltage signal of supercapacitor cell. The validity of Euclidean distance index to select the optimal K value of clusters for fault identification was proved. Two main conclusions were drawn in this paper. The first is that the fault state identification method based on K-means cluster can distinguish the normal and abnormal set of serial connected supercapacitors. The second is that the Euclidean distance index can select the optimal K value automatically. The fault identification method proposed in this paper has 2 advantages. The first advantage is that identification of capacitor parameters is avoided. The second advantage is that this method has low dependency on precise of acquisition data. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Set theory
Controlled terms:Capacitors - Digital storage - Fault detection - Models - Signal analysis - Singular value decomposition - Voltage measurement
Uncontrolled terms:Adjustable coefficient - Dynamic cluster - Energy storage systems - Fault identifications - Series connections - State identification - Super capacitor - Validity index
Classification code:704.1 Electric ComponentsElectric Components

 - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing

 - 722.1 Data Storage, Equipment and TechniquesData Storage, Equipment and Techniques

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set TheoryCombinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory

 - 942.2 Electric Variables MeasurementsElectric Variables Measurements

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 42>

Accession number:20160701941196
Title:Design and experiment of DX1B bamboo root excavator
Authors:Deng, Xiaolei (1); Li, Xin (1); Xia, Xinxin (1); Yang, Zhen (1); Xu, Tianwei (1); Qiu, Zhiwei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou Universtiy, Quzhou, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:29-35
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:There are more than 40 genera and 500 species of bamboo plants in China. Bamboo forest total area is up to 4.2 million hm², and annual production is 18 million tons. Bamboo processing industry in China has been expanding and growing quickly because of good social and economic benefits as well as better environment protection significance, and this will drive the exploitation and use of bamboo resource. However, the bamboo roots hewn occupy a round range with a diameter of about 0.5-0.7 m and rot in several years in the land, which thus will block the growth of underground bamboo roots system if not be cleaned out in short time. Then the rapid comeback and progress of bamboo resource will be influenced, and meanwhile the land resource will also be wasted. In order to solve the low level of mechanization in the process of bamboo root grabbing, in view of the key factors affecting the bamboo root grabbing in the complex areas of bamboo forest and the different agronomy requirements, we researched and designed the automatic bamboo root excavator to solve the related problems. The main working principle of the bamboo root excavator was described. The design of the main structure and key parts was proposed. And the critical parameters were calculated. In addition, the cylindrical cutter and the pressure spring were analyzed by the finite element method. Theory analysis and simulation were presented to testify that the strength of the machine could satisfy the requirements of bamboo root grabbing. The analysis results showed that the von Mises stress of cylindrical cutter was about 195.6 MPa and its safety coefficient was 3.2. Besides, the maximum stress of pressure string was 4.6&times;10⁹Pa. Meanwhile, the modal analysis was carried out on the holder of machine to obtain the first four-order natural frequencies and mode shapes; the first four-order nature frequencies were 33.227, 36.23, 91.297 and 106.98 Hz, respectively. The first order and the second order frequency were close, so they could be seen as the multiple roots of the vibration equation. The analysis of the dynamic stability was proposed in order to avoid the resonance frequency during the structural design. Finally, the experiments with small prototype were carried out in bamboo forest to verify the performance of the machine. In the experiments, the diameters of cylindrical cutters were from 40 to 120 mm, and the diameters of the corresponding grabbed bamboo roots were from 30 to 70 mm. The maximum grabbing depth was 250 mm. The experiments showed that the majority of the bamboo roots could be grabbed by digging down about 150 to 200 mm rather than digging to their bottom. And the shapes of bamboo roots were kept well. When the grabbing speed was about 2 mm/s, the stability and efficiency of the prototype were optimal. The entire grabbing process needed 2-5 min. The efficiency was improved by more than 60% compared with the manual grabbing. The results show that the designed bamboo root excavator realizes the automatic feeding and picking, and has the functions of automatically discharging soil and grabbing roots. During the grabbing, the worker does not need to contact with bamboo roots and soil. The research can offer a solution for the bamboo root grabbing in the complicated hilly and mountainous area. It can provide a reference for the development of full automation of bamboo root grabbing. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Bamboo
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Computer simulation - Construction equipment - Design - Efficiency - Excavation - Excavators - Finite element method - Forestry - Machine design  - Machinery - Modal analysis - Natural frequencies - Structural design
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture machinery - Analysis and simulation - Automatic discharge grabbed roots - Automatic feeds - Environment protection - Hilly and mountainous areas - Natural frequencies and modes - Performance experiment
Classification code:405.1 Construction EquipmentConstruction Equipment

 - 408.1 Structural Design, GeneralStructural Design, General

 - 601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design

 - 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

 - 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

 - 921 MathematicsMathematics

 - 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 43>

Accession number:20160701941228
Title:Multi-scale and multi-layer structural heat and mass transfer modeling and experiment on drying of rice in bin
Authors:Li, Yan (1); Xu, Yingying (1); Yuan, Yueding (2); Zhao, Zhe (1); Yuan, Yuejin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China; (2) College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Yichun University, Yichun, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:258-265
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The traditional drying theory of grain materials is mainly based on the assumption of moisture transfer in continuous medium at present, which indicates that the difference between the skeleton and pore is ignored. However, the complex structure inside grain stack is closer to a discrete solid, and the internal part of grain is a multi-layer physical structure, including seed coat (hull), chaff and embryo tissue. Obviously, it is not consistent with the actual situation to ignore the influence of these factors on drying process. So, in order to study the mechanism of heat and mass transfer for the grain drying in bin and the effect of rice stack structure characteristics on the drying process, the basic idea of multi-scale theory was introduced to the drying research field of grain materials in this paper, and a multi-scale and multi-layer structural model of heat and mass transfer processes for grain drying was established by applying the pore network method and taking the rice in bin as the study object, of which the physical model included the pore-throat-pore network and the skeleton (grain) and the rice stack was divided into the particle scale and the dryer scale. The difference of skeleton and pore at different scale was taken into account by distinguishing the mechanism of heat and mass transfer at different scale, and the corresponding heat and mass transfer theory was applied to describe the heat and mass transfer process during the drying in rice stack porous media. The information correlation point between the 2 adjacent scales was found to fuse the corresponding heat and mass transfer information. The effect of rice stack structure characteristics on the drying process was considered by obtaining the rule of the rice packing structure transformed into the pore network and coupling the momentum, energy and mass equations. An experimental study on rice drying was conducted in order to validate this model. The drying bed of experiment was a rectangular cavity with 0.1 m thickness, 0.2 m width and 0.2 m height. There was an air inlet with the shape of isosceles right triangles at the bottom of the drying container, the top of the drying container was as air outlet open to the atmosphere, and there were 14 holes opened on the front wall of the drying container, which were for measurements of the air humidity and temperature. The simulation and experimental results indicated that the established model could explain the mechanical properties of rice drying well. The maximum relative error between the simulation results and experimental data for the average moisture content of rice stack in the container was about 7.6%, and the maximum relative error between the simulation results and experimental data for the dry basis moisture content of single grain of rice at air inlet was approximately 6.8%. During the drying process, the temperature of rice was about 2 K lower compared with the corresponding vapor temperature, and the traditional drying theory that neglected the difference between the grain skeleton and pore was inappropriate. The heat transfer rate of rice grain was much faster than the mass transfer rate and there was a higher moisture gradient inside the rice particle. The diffusion coefficient of rice embryo played an important role in the drying process, whose effect on drying was larger than that of rice hull and chaff. The migration of the moisture in the rice grain from embryo to hull surface became much more difficult when the diffusion coefficient of rice embryo was very small, and the moisture was imprisoned effectively inside the rice grain. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the design of the process and equipment of the grain drying in bin. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Air intakes - Atmospheric temperature - Bins - Complex networks - Containers - Diffusion - Drying - Heat transfer - Mass transfer - Models  - Moisture - Moisture control - Moisture determination - Musculoskeletal system - Porous materials
Uncontrolled terms:Dying - Heat and mass transfer - Heat and mass transfer models - Heat and mass transfer process - Information correlation - Maximum relative errors - Multi-scale - Rice
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

 - 461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and BiomimeticsBiomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics

 - 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

 - 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer

 - 641.3 Mass TransferMass Transfer

 - 694.4 StorageStorage

 - 722 Computer Systems and EquipmentComputer Systems and Equipment

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 944.2 Moisture MeasurementsMoisture Measurements

 - 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

<RECORD 44>

Accession number:20160701941222
Title:Land use classification in arid and semi-arid irrigated area based on HJ-CCD data and decision tree method
Authors:Yu, Wenjing (1); Liu, Xiaona (2); Sun, Danfeng (1); Jiang, Wanbei (1); Qu, Wei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Institute of System Comprehensive Development, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Danfeng(sundf@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue:2
Issue date:January 15, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:212-219
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:HJ satellites with the characteristics of high temporal resolution, high spatial resolution and large coverage, can provide the regional land use/cover classification with high accuracy. Pingluo county is in the arid and semi-arid area of northwest China, the climate and human irrigation activities caused complicated land use/cover type and serious soil salinization in the study area. In order to achieve the dynamic monitoring of land surface information with low cost and high precision, a regional land use supervised classification based on the classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm was developed and discussed in Pingluo county using the multi-temporal and multi-spectral information of HJ satellite CCD data. Firstly, high quality HJ-1 CCD data (the interval was about 20 d) were selected, and preprocessed including geometric correction, radiometric calibration and atmospheric correction. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were calculated and overlapped together. Secondly, the land use types including double crops irrigated land, one crop irrigated land, paddy, sand, saline-alkali soil, forest land, construction land and water were adopted for the two-level classification system, and the training samples were selected to obtain the typical NDVI time-series curve of each land type. Then, the characteristic parameters (including maximum, minimum, range, the difference between the value of the July 29 and the May 10 phases, the difference between the value of the October 10 and the July 29 phases, the mean value of the October 4 to the November 8 phases) which could reflect the phonological pattern in the area were extracted through the analysis of the NDVI time-series curves. Thirdly, the principle component transform of a multi-spectral image in March with ample soil information was performed for improving the separation between the construction land and saline-alkali land when the first principal component (PC1) was chosen for a parameter band for classification. Finally, a CART decision tree classification was implemented by combining the multi-temporal and multi-spectral parameter bands in the area. The decision tree had a total of 102 leaf nodes and could be expressed as "If&hellip;Then&hellip;" forms. The results showed that the overall precision of this classification method was 92.26%. The Kappa coefficient was 0.91. The accuracy of the paddy field was the highest which reached 98.23%. The accuracies of sand, one crop irrigated land and water were all greater than 90%. Double crops irrigated land, forest land, saline-alkali land, construction land were all greater than 80%. The participation of PC1 had made great contributions in improving the classification accuracy, especially for construction land and saline-alkali land, their accuracy increased 26.34% and 12.14%, respectively. The overall accuracy of CART decision tree classification was increased 2.58% than maximum likelihood classification. The classification accuracy of vegetation improved the most. The results of CART decision tree classification were more accurate and meticulous than maximum likelihood classification (MLC), and it effectively correct the obvious wrong classification results in MLC. The study indicated that the established typical NDVI time series curves based on HJ-CCD data had strong representativeness for each land use type in this region. The extracted time and spectrum dimensional parameters could distinguish between most of the land categories well. The results of CART decision tree classification were more clear and accurate than MLC. The proposed methods in this study had certain feasibility and applicability, and could provide empirical basis for the further application of HJ-1 CCD data in land use/cover and environment monitoring in different scale area, and also give informational and technical supports for the multilevel and comprehensive land resources and environment management by using HJ satellite as the main data source. &copy; 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Data mining
Controlled terms:Classification (of information) - Crops - Decision trees - Forestry - Information management - Land use - Maximum likelihood - Principal component analysis - Saline water - Satellites  - Soils - Spectroscopy - Time series - Time series analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:Classification and regression tree - Decision tree classification - First principal components - Maximum likelihood classifications - NDVI - Normalized difference vegetation index - Semi arid - Supervised classification
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and DevelopmentUrban and Regional Planning and Development

 - 444 Water ResourcesWater Resources

 - 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

 - 655.2 SatellitesSatellites

 - 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing

 - 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing

 - 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

 - 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory

 - 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

 - 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.02.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
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