2016年1月第32卷增刊1

2016年1月第32卷增刊1

Accession number:20160701933126
Title:Suitable moisture and soil nutrient improve degradation of sulfadimidine in soils
Authors:Xu, Qiutong (1); Gu, Guoping (2); Zhang, Mingkui (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; (2) Shaoxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shaoxing, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Mingkui(mkzhang@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:132-138
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Widely application of antibiotics in medicine and animal breeding had resulted in its pollution in soil environment. Antibiotic resistance is an increasing challenge for health care services worldwide. Antibiotics of both human and veterinary origins have been widely detected in various environmental matrices including surface water, groundwater, soils, and sediments. Within a relatively short period of time after the first antimicrobial drugs were introduced, bacteria began exhibiting varying degrees of resistance. The excessive use (and abuse) of antibiotics in agriculture, and in both human and veterinary medicine, has played a critical causative role in the development of antibiotic resistance. Sulfadimidine and its epimers/isomers were most frequently detected, and it enters soils by the use of animal excrements as fertilizers. In order to understand the degradation characteristics of antibiotics in agricultural soils, two soils with different nutrient levels were selected to carry out several pot soil culture experiments for studying the effect of fertilizers (organic manure, NPK, N, PK), tillage intensity (tillage, no tillage), water conditions (drought, udic, drought-udic alternation, wetness) and crop plantation (vegetables, not vegetables) on degradation of sulfadimidine in the soils. The results showed that the application of organic manure, NPK, and N fertilizers could promote the degradation of sulfadimidine in the soils, as compared with no fertilizer treatment. The effect of organic manure application on the degradation of sulfadimidine was the most obvious. However, the effect of PK fertilizer application on the degradation of sulfadimidine was not obvious. Tillage also could promote the degradation of sulfadimidine in the soils. Both udic moisture regimes and drought-udic moisture alternation were more favorable for the degradation of sulfadimidine in the soils than drought and wetness. Plantation of vegetable crop could improve the degradation of sulfadimidine in the soils. The degradation proportion of the antibiotics in the rhizosphere soil was higher than the whole soil. While the degradation proportion of the antibiotics in soil with high nutrient level was generally higher than soil with low soil nutrient level. It was thought that effects of fertilization, soil fertility, crop plantation on the degradation of sulfadimidine in the soils were related to alteration in soil microbial activity caused by those factors. Tillage can promote the degradation of antibiotics in the soils by increasing its photolysis. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Animals - Antibiotics - Crops - Degradation - Drought - Fertilizers - Groundwater - Manures - Moisture - Nutrients - Photodegradation - Photolysis - River pollution - Sediments - Soil conditioners - Surface waters - Vegetables - Veterinary medicine
Uncontrolled terms:Antibiotic resistance - Degradation characteristics - Environmental matrixes - Fertilization - Fertilizer applications - Soil microbial activities - Sulfadimidine - Tillage
Classification code:444 Water ResourcesWater Resources

- 453 Water PollutionWater Pollution

- 461.6 Medicine and PharmacologyMedicine and Pharmacology

- 483 Soil Mechanics and FoundationsSoil Mechanics and Foundations

- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

- 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.019
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933146
Title:Catalytic pyrolysis of bio-oil model compounds over La/P/Ni modified ZSM-5
Authors:Song, Qiang (1); Yu, Fengwen (1); Wang, Jia (1); Mao, Chen (1); Nie, Yong (1); Ji, Jianbing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Yu, Fengwen(yufw@zjut.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:284-289
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In recent years, the rapidly growing consumption of fossil fuels negatively affects the environment and public health has attracted much attention. Much effort has been made to find a clean and renewable alternative energy. Bio-oil, produced by flash pyrolysis, is one of the more encouraging products for valorisation of biomass. It has been identified as a promising alternative energy source for fossil fuel owing to its outstanding characteristics such as higher energy density, more suitable for storage and transportation, less capital investment than any other products of biomass. However, the nature of bio-oil contains high acidity, strong corrosiveness, low heating value, thermal instability and chemical complexity, which severely restrict its wide range of applications as a high quality energy. Therefore, it is necessary to upgrade bio-oil. The upgrading techniques include steam reforming, esterification, emulsification, hydrodeoxygenation, catalytic pyrolysis etc. In this paper, catalytic pyrolysis experiments were performed in a fixed bed with inner diameter of 16mm and height of 380mm for bio-oil model compounds (diacetone alcohol, furfural, ethyl acetate and guaiacol) over different characteristics zeolites (HY, HZSM-5, ZSM-5, P/ZSM-5, La/ZSM-5, Ni/ZSM-5) at the condition of T=400, WHSV=4 h-1. The catalysts physical properties were investigated by BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area) analyse. Water content was detected by using the method of Karl Fischer (870 KF Titrino). The GC-MS was used to analyze the major constituents of the pyrolytic products qualitatively and quantitatively. After the addition of La, the pore size increased from 0.61 nm (ZSM-5) to 0.89 nm (La-ZSM-5). On the contrary, the pore size of P modified ZSM-5 is 0.49 nm which is smaller than that of ZSM-5.The pyrolytic products of the model compounds included organic fraction, water, coke and gas. Compared with ZSM-5, the coke deposition over the La modified ZSM-5 decreased from 2.61% to 1.99% and the organic fraction increased dramatically from 46.10% to 61.51%, which showed the best performance in terms of products distribution among all modified catalyst. The conversions of overall model components and single model component were calculated respectively. The difficulty of the model components pyrolysis is guaiacol > furfural > ethyl acetate>diacetone alcohol. By adding catalysts, the conversion of totally compounds were increased in different degrees, which meaned zeolite promoted the degree of catalytic pyrolysis. HZSM-5 had a best catalytic pyrolysis activity with the highest totally compounds conversion rate of 65.98%. There was a slight decline in the conversion of model compounds contrasted ZSM-5 with La/P/Ni modified ZSM-5.The major components of catalytic pyrolysis were aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, phenols and so on. It means that a series of decarboxylation and decarbonylation reactions were taken place during the pyrolysis process. On the one hand, the reduction of the oxygen content of bio-oil help to improve its stability, on the other hand it will enhance its heating value. The optimal selectivity of aromatic reached 7.36% over HZSM-5. The La modified ZSM-5 improved the selectivity of aromatic from 6.72% to 7.28%. The highest yield of saturated alcohol was 7.1% over ZSM-5 and decreased using modified ZSM-5.According to the catalytic pyrolysis products distribution, the different reaction pathways for model compounds were discussed, which provided a theoretical basis for experimental study of upgrading bio-oil. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Pyrolysis
Controlled terms:Alcohols - Aldehydes - Aromatic compounds - Aromatic hydrocarbons - Aromatization - Biofuels - Biomass - Carboxylation - Catalyst activity - Catalysts - Catalytic reforming - Emulsification - Fossil fuels - Fuel storage - Fueling - Fuels - Furfural - Investments - Ketones - Lanthanum - Nickel - Phosphorus - Pore size - Public health - Reforming reactions - Steam reforming - Thermodynamic stability - Zeolites
Uncontrolled terms:Alternative energy source - Bio-oil model compounds - Brunauer-emmett-teller surface areas - Catalytic pyrolysis - Higher energy density - Products distributions - Storage and transportations - Thermal instabilities
Classification code:461.6 Medicine and PharmacologyMedicine and Pharmacology

- 547.2 Rare Earth MetalsRare Earth Metals

- 548.1 NickelNickel

- 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

- 694.4 StorageStorage

- 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

- 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

- 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.039
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933115
Title:Spray behavior of butanol-diesel and numerical simulation of mixture formation with engine
Authors:Liu, Shuai (1); Wang, Zhong (1); Li, Zhiyue (1); Zhao, Yang (1); Qu, Lei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:50-56
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:A n-butanol/diesel spray test system was constructed to conduct common rail bench test and constant volume bomb experiments in present work to investigate the impact of different n-butanol blending ratios on spray characteristics and the spray evolution process. To be specific, the research was carried out under the n-butanol blending ratios ofwith 0, 10%, 20% and 40% respectively to study various n-butanol blending ratio effects and to analyze the variation of the physical and chemical characteristics of the fuel. Then, the fuel spray patterns data at 0.4 ms was carefully collected and analyzed to compar the effect of different n-butanol blending ratios on spray penetration and spray angle. In addition, an-butanol/diesel spray model in engine cylinder was also established, to analyze how spray penetration and SMD of blended fuel varied during spray process,, as well as the impacts of n-butanol blending ratios on evaporation characteristics of blended fuel. Furthermore the various changes in velocity field and number density field in spray processes with different blending ratios have been taken into consideration and discussed for more detailed problems. It can be observed from the research data that: in normal temperature and pressure region, as the n-butanol blending ratio increased, the spray penetration decreased and there was a moderate rise in spray angle during spray process; as blending ratios of n-butanol increased by 40%, the spray penetration slightly reduced by 4.95% while reversely the spray angle climbed by 16.7%. Also when the injection pressure ascended, there was obvious rise both in the spray penetration and spray angle, particularly, if injection pressure rose by 40 MPa, the spray angle increased by 28.43°. During the spray evolution process, the n-butanol blending ratios influenced the spray penetration slightly, while in the very initial step of fuel blending process, the higher the n-butanol blending ratio was, the smaller SMD of blended fuel became. Along with the development of the spray process, however, the ultimate spray penetrations of different blended fuel were basically the same. In the injecting duration period, with the increasing of n-butanol blending ratio, there was a substantial drop in the mass of the fuel injected into the cylinder, and the peak velocity value of the jet dropped distinctly. Moreover, as a result of the fall in the viscosity and surface tension, the volatilization of blended fuel was apparently enhanced and subsequently fuel evaporation mass was increased slightly. The n-butanol blending ratios had quite limited impact on number density of drops but obviously facilitated the spray period, that is, the larger the blend ratio was, the better the spray characteristics would be. Besides this, in the central region of the downstream jet the figure of number density reached the highest. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Blending
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Butenes - Chemical analysis - Computer simulation - Diesel engines - Drops - Engine cylinders - Engines - Evaporation - Fighter aircraft - Fuel purification - Fuels - Numerical models - Spraying - Velocity
Uncontrolled terms:Constant volume bombs - Injection pressures - Mixture formation - Normal temperature and pressures - Physical and chemical characteristics - Spray characteristics - Spray cone angle - Spray penetration
Classification code:612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine ComponentsInternal Combustion Engine Components

- 612.2 Diesel EnginesDiesel Engines

- 652.1.2 Military AircraftMilitary Aircraft

- 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

- 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

- 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

- 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and EquipmentAgricultural Machinery and Equipment

- 921 MathematicsMathematics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.008
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933111
Title:Design and experiment of local grapevine trunk targeted precision sprayer
Authors:Cheng, Xufeng (1); Xiao, Aiping (2); Li, Ting (2); Zhang, Shanwei (1); Zhang, Zhanshuo (1); He, Yuan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Arts and Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; (2) School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Xiao, Aiping(9979533@qq.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:20-26
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Precision pesticide technology is developing fast, and gradually applied to agriculture and forestry production. Precision pesticide will become the standard mode of application in the future for fruit trees. Cutworm is one of the serious harm to the growth of grape pests, "Barrier zone" is the effective control method of cutworm prevention, this method is forming a barrier of not less than 15 cm for medicine close to the soil in grape tree sprayed with pyrethroids, hinder from the root up cutworm crown eating grape's buds and shoots, such method not only reduces the cost, but also reduce the impact on other non-target insects. This paper propose a kind of intelligent target circular precision pesticide method, and designed the mechanism and control system, in order to realize the automatic targeting, and then precisely spraying a "Barrier zone". The work of circular target pesticide application process is the laser sighting, target determination, localization of fine-tuning and spraying around the grape tree. Nozzle motion mechanism is composed of two parts, translation mechanism and a circular rail sliding mechanism. The translation mechanism has 2 degrees of freedom moving axially perpendicular to each other; circular rail sliding has two semicircular orbits which linked by a hinge. When the sprayer working, translation mechanism adjusts the position make grape trunk in the center, then forming a circular orbit with semicircular orbit. The nozzle rotates along the circular orbit around the trunk of grape in the rolling platform, so the nozzles can spray pesticide around grape trunk. The control system includes 2 parts, which are target detection module and motion control module. Laser scanning and visual identification information fusion method is using to detect targets. After the laser range finder has finished a complete two-dimensional scan, the target size and position information can be obtained by the target identification algorithm. CCD camera is used to capture target images, then OpenCV was used to detect the contour of target image acquisition to the spraying equipment to judge the object in front is curved or straight trunk of grape stakes, if it is determined that the bending grape trunk is fine and perform precision pesticide, if it is determined that the straight stakes, then sends signals to let the trailer to move on. In the experiment, 30mm, 40mm, 50mm three different sizes of straight type, slanting type and twisted trunk are included. Two environment situation: wind and no wind were considered in spraying experiment design. Test shows that the application effect of two kinds of application methods of target diameter and shape target slightly affected, but the impact is not marked. Target circular precision pesticide method got the average drug coverage rate as 96.87% on target, and the drug' utilization ratio as 75.61% in wind environment. When in wind environment, the average drug coverage rate is 89.71%, and the drug' utilization ratio was 67.61%. The device with the drug' utilization ratio is not only much higher than the traditional vehicle strip application method is also higher than that of multi nozzle proposed by Washington State University to target pesticide application methods. Circular on target was not only can reduce the cost but also reduce the environmental pollution. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Spray nozzles
Controlled terms:Agricultural implements - Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Algorithms - CCD cameras - Control systems - Cost reduction - Crashworthiness - Degrees of freedom (mechanics) - Design - Forestry - Image acquisition - Machine design - Nozzles - Orchards - Pesticides - Range finders - Spraying
Uncontrolled terms:Cutworms - Environmental pollutions - Information fusion method - Pesticide applications - Target identification - Two-dimensional scan - Visual identification - Washington State University
Classification code:601 Mechanical DesignMechanical Design

- 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

- 714.2 Semiconductor Devices and Integrated CircuitsSemiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits

- 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

- 731.1 Control SystemsControl Systems

- 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial ChemicalsChemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals

- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

- 914.1 Accidents and Accident PreventionAccidents and Accident Prevention

- 931.1 MechanicsMechanics

- 943.1 Mechanical InstrumentsMechanical Instruments

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.004
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933134
Title:Advances in body size measurement and conformation appraisal for sheep
Authors:Zhang, Lina (1, 2); Wu, Pei (1); Xuan, Chuanzhong (1); Liu, Yanqiu (1); Wu, Juan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China; (2) College of Physics and Electronic Information Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Pei(jdwupei@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:190-197
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Body size parameters and conformation appraisal for sheep can reflect its growth development, production performance and genetic characteristics. Therefore, it is very important to study the way of body size measurement and conformation appraisal in improving the breeding efficiency of sheep. A review on the body size measurement and conformation appraisal for sheep was presented in this paper, focused on the body size measuring parameters, the conformation appraisal method, and the relationship between body size and growth development, body size and production performance, body size and genetic characteristics of sheep. Five core conclusions were summarized: parameters in body size measurement, methods of conformation appraisal, relationship between body size and growth, development, relationship between body size and production performance, and relationship between body size and genetic characteristics. Generally, the parameters of body size consist of four type indicators: body length, body width, body height and circumference. While, in some places, such as the region from west Asia into Tunisia in North Africa, the fat-tailed breeds represent the dominant sheep breeds, and the studies confirmed that the role of the tail fat was an adaptive character of the fat-tailed sheep breeds. So, several linear traits of the fat tail were individually measured to research the sheep's trails. All collected data of body size were analyzed to design efficient selection and breeding strategies for genetic improvement and appropriate genetic evaluation. The genetic and non-genetic effects for each of the growth traits were analyzed and evaluated using the animal model and statistical methods such as containing regression analysis, principal component analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, discriminant, and correlation analysis, etc.. During the last decade or so, there has been extensive development in statistical procedures for estimation of variance components, and the BLUP (best linear unbiased prediction) has been used extensively for analyzing the data. The results showed that some body sizes from each individual were correlated each other, and the genetic change depends not only on the heritability of traits, but also on the observed phenotypic variation. In view of the problems or limitations of the present manual measurement, including the tools of measuring stick, tape measure, etc., the sheep having to stand on a flat place with correcting posture, a non-contact measuring method for sheep's body dimensions based on machine vision has been proposed and discussed. The new method would ease the livestock measuring workload greatly and overcome the limitations of manual measurement, which is specially suitable for the current situations of sheep feeding in intensive and large-scale way, the development and application of information and sensor technologies. Furthermore, with the attraction of application of machine vision technique in non-contact measurement, and the development of image processing technique, it pointed out that these would must be the trend in future body size measurement for livestock since it prevents from the animal's stress actions and anthropozoonosis. This will provide a basis on the rational management and production efficiency improvement in sheep breeding. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:50
Main heading:Anthropometry
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Animals - Cell culture - Cluster analysis - Computer vision - Efficiency - Image processing - Measurements - Parameter estimation - Principal component analysis - Quality control - Regression analysis - Statistical methods
Uncontrolled terms:Best linear unbiased predictions - Body sizes - Development and applications - Genetic characteristics - Image processing technique - Noncontact measurements - Production performance - Sheep
Classification code:461.3 Biomechanics, Bionics and BiomimeticsBiomechanics, Bionics and Biomimetics

- 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

- 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

- 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

- 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

- 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.027
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933109
Title:Design and experiment of biomass briquetting machine with vertical double circular mould
Authors:Yao, Zonglu (1); Zhang, Yan (1, 2); Zhao, Lixin (1); Guo, Zhanbin (2); Meng, Haibo (1); Cong, Hongbin (1); Huo, Lili (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; (2) HeiLongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Institute of Engineering, Daqing, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Lixin(zhaolixin5092@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:8-12
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:China is a large agricultural country with rich straw resources. According to the nationwide crop straw survey, although the annual amount of straw resources which can be collected is 687 million ton, the utilization rate can only reach 69%. Therefore, such situation leads to the resources waste, and irrational treatment can caused serious environmental pollution. Biomass briquetting fuels, which have the characteristics of excellent combustion performance and high production rate, can be suppressed by special equipment to block with a certain density. Therefore it can be one of the effective methods of the straw utilization. At present, the briquetting device applies the circular mould structure, and has the problems like low productivity and high energy consumption. Based on the vertical circular mould and double circular mould structures, this article designed new type of double mould and the corresponding pressure roller, had the work principle and main structures research, determined the main parameters of this kind of structure. The angle of the moulds was 8°, the die hole eccentric angle was 4.3°, dual bore centerline angle was 10°, and angles between two pressure rollers was 170°. The production test, applying this kind of equipment, whose material was furfural residue (moisture content and particle length were 26.2% and 6-0.15 mm, respectively) had been finished. The test results included becoming normal particles ratio of lower and upper mould, productivity, density, durability and energy consumption and so on. Test results indicated: The production rate of the briquetting machine was 2.39t/h, energy consumption per ton was 55.86kW·h/t, the ratio of becoming normal particles was more than 96%, and the particle density was more than 1.1 g/cm3. The indicators reached the requirements. Compared with production parameters of single circular mould briquette machine, this innovative device had better performance. Compared with the upper ring mould, the lower ring mould was better in the aspects of productivity and normal particles ratio, density and mechanical durability had the same level. This kind of double circular mould machine promoted the Chinese biomass solid fuel industrial development. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:10
Main heading:Molds
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Agriculture - Biomass - Briquets - Briquetting - Durability - Energy utilization - Fuels - Productivity - Rollers (machine components) - Straw - Waste incineration - Waste treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Combustion performance - Environmental pollutions - High energy consumption - High production rate - Industrial development - Mechanical durability - Particle densities - Production parameters
Classification code:452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and DisposalIndustrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal

- 524 Solid FuelsSolid Fuels

- 525.3 Energy UtilizationEnergy Utilization

- 601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components

- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.002
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933150
Title:Comprehensive evaluation for nitrogen footprint and gray water footprint of agricultural land use system
Authors:Fu, Yonghu (1); Liu, Liming (1); Yuan, Chengcheng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Liming(liulm@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:312-319
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Footprint research has gained more and more attention in ecology and sustainable development research fields. Nitrogen (N) footprint has theoretical and practical significance in evaluating the effect of activities on reactive N emission. Grey water footprint (GWF) is an indicator of aquatic pollution, which is important in the assessment of environmental effects of pollutants on water resource. In this paper, we employed both N footprint and GWF to evaluate environmental effects of agricultural land use system on reactive N loss and water quality. Based on the framework of the N footprint and the GWF, we built up an indicator system and assessed the environmental effects of agricultural land use system at the regional scale. To test the approach, the Taojiang County was chosen as the case study area. We assessed the N footprint and the GWF by using the official statistics during 1980 and 2010.The N footprints and the GWFs of the past agricultural land use system showed a large variation from 1980 to 2010 in Taojiang County: the total N footprint and the GWF increased drastically by 102.18% and 136.42% (i. e., from 15135.09 to 30599.40 t, and from 4.35×108to 10.27×108m3) respectively during the period of 1980-2010. The unit area N footprint and GWF were 0.35 t/hm2, 1.01×104m3/hm2in 1980 and increased to 0.70 t/hm2, 2.33×104m3/hm2in 2010.The input N footprint was increased from 15 084.23 t in 1980 to 30 551.39 t in 2010, while the unit area input N footprint were 0.35 t/hm2in 1980 and then increased to 0.69 t/hm2in 2010. The results indicated that the growth of fertilizer input was the main reason for N footprint increasing, which accounted for 72.72% of the input N footprint in 2010.Compared with 1980, the pollution N footprint gradually increased to 10 032.79 t in 2010.The proportion of pollution N footprint reached 32.84% in 2010.The unit area pollution N footprint was 0.10 t/hm2in 1980 and increased to 0.23 t/hm2in 2010.Based on the results, the GWF of N fertilizer was higher than that of phosphate fertilizer; and we selected the GWF of nitrogen fertilizer as the total GWF of agricultural land use system in Taojiang County. Compared with 1980, the total GWF of agricultural land use system in Taojiang County gradually increased to 10.27×108m3in 2010.The GWF of phosphate fertilizer increased from 1.88×108to 5.92×108m3between 1980 and 2010. The unit area GWF of phosphate fertilizer was 0.44×104m3/hm2in 1980 and increased to 1.35×104m3/hm2in 2010.Increasing virtual water that was used to dilute the growing loss of reactive N was the key factor that had caused the increase of total GWF in Taojiang County. The result indicated that agricultural land use system had become the main contributor of air pollution and non-point source pollution, and this comprehensive approach in this paper could assess the environmental negative effects of agricultural land use system effectively. Based on the method, the negative effects of environmental issues on the N footprint, the GWF in county level were quantified preferably. The environmental sustainability of agricultural land use system was facing severe challenges in the increasing N footprint and the GWF of agricultural land use system in Taojiang County. The measures, including optimizing field management technique such as N fertilizer reduction, agricultural land use system designing, land use structure adjustment, are recommended for reducing the N footprint, the GWF and their environmental risk. The method proposed in this paper can provide a novel approach to quantify the losses of reactive N to the environment and to evaluate the environmental effects of agricultural land use system on water pollution level. The results can offer a valuable reference for the agricultural sustainable development and land use system optimal utilization for other similar grain producing regions. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Water pollution
Controlled terms:Agricultural runoff - Agriculture - Fertilizers - Land use - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Phosphate fertilizers - Planning - Pollution - Quality control - Risk assessment - Sustainable development - Water quality - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural land use - Comprehensive evaluation - Environmental sustainability - Footprint - Grey waters - Non-point source pollution - Taojiang County - Water pollution levels
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and DevelopmentUrban and Regional Planning and Development

- 444 Water ResourcesWater Resources

- 445.2 Water AnalysisWater Analysis

- 453 Water PollutionWater Pollution

- 453.1 Water Pollution SourcesWater Pollution Sources

- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

- 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds

- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

- 912.2 ManagementManagement

- 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

- 914.1 Accidents and Accident PreventionAccidents and Accident Prevention

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.043
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933152
Title:Effection of different yeasts and maceration enzymes on aromatic components of cabernet gernischt red wine
Authors:He, Yingxia (1); Jiang, Yumei (1); Li, Jixin (1); Mi, Lan (1); Ma, Tengzhen (1); Hang, Jie (1); Cheng, Yurong (1); Hu, Yanyun (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Research and Development Center of Wine Industry In Gansu Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
Corresponding author:Jiang, Yumei(jym316@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:325-332
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to provide technical support for the production of high-aroma quality wine in Gansu Hexi Corridor, the volatile compounds of Cabernet Gernischt red wine were analyzed by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction coupled with Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, three maceration enzymes (EX-V, EX and HC), two yeast strains (BDX and D254) were used to prepare samples respectively and the volatile compounds of samples were compared and analyzed. The results showed that 75 compounds were identified in Cabernet Gernischt red wine, in which esters, alcohols, acids, aldehydes, ketones and terpenes were the major compounds; 56, 46 and 44 compounds were identified in samples added with EX, EX-V and HC maceration enzymes respectively, while 44 and 50 compounds were identified in fermented wine by D254 and BDX yeasts. The total concentration of volatile compounds in EX-V an d D254 samples was significantly higher than EX, HC and BDX samples, the differences of aroma compounds among Cabernet Gernischt wine fermented by different maceration enzymes and yeast strains were not obvious, while the trace aroma compounds were significantly different. The aroma contribution of compounds depends on odor activity value, i. e., OAV (concentration: the threshold value). According to OAVs, ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl caprylate, ethyl caprate, Hexanol, phenethyl alcohol, amyl alcohol contribute much to main aroma compounds of Cabernet Gernischt red wine. It was generally recognized that aroma substances could contribute to the overall aroma when its concentration reached at 20% of threshold (OAV>0.2), and 20 compounds were identified as OAV>0.2 in the tested Cabernet Gernischt red wine, β-damascenone and geraniol could provide lemon, orange and other fruit flavor, phenethyl alcohol gived flavor of rose to wine, hexanol gived grass to wine, ethyl butyrate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate and ethyl caprylate gived flavor of pear, banana, apple and strawberry to samples. In order to determine the characteristic flavor of Cabernet Gernischt red wine, the aroma substances were divided into nine series on the basis of aroma sensory characteristics which were fruit, balsam, solvents, flora, vegetal, phenol, fat, empyreumatic and spice, to calculate OAV values of aroma compositions of each series and made the map of aroma intensity. The results of aroma intensity analysis showed that aroma intensity of the fruit of Cabernet Gernischt red wine was the strongest, the vegetal, fat and flora followed. Aroma intensity of the fruit, vegetal, fat and flora in EX-V and D254 samples were higher than that of in EX, HC and BDX samples. Aroma intensity of grass, strawberry, green apple and banana in EX-V samples was significantly higher than EX samples. Aroma intensity of Strawberry and green apple in D254 samples was significantly higher than BDX samples, while aroma intensity of the pear, orange, pineapple is 1.8, 2.5, 1.75 times of BDX sample. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Odors
Controlled terms:Alcohols - Aromatic compounds - Citrus fruits - Drug products - Enzymes - Essential oils - Fermentation - Flavor compounds - Fruits - Gas chromatography - Ketones - Mass spectrometry - Optimization - Volatile fatty acids - Volatile organic compounds - Wine - Yeast
Uncontrolled terms:Aromatic components - Cabernet gernischt - Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry - Head-space solid-phase microextraction - Intensity analysis - Maceration enzymes - Odor activity values - Sensory characteristics
Classification code:801 ChemistryChemistry

- 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

- 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

- 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

- 822.3 Food ProductsFood Products

- 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.045
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933116
Title:Design and internal flow field analysis of high specific mixed-flow pump with double volutes
Authors:Shi, Wei (1, 2); Li, Yanjun (1); Yuan, Shouqi (1); Deng, Dongsheng (2); Liu, Jun (2); Zhang, Daqing (1)
Author affiliation:(1) National Research Center of Pumps, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; (2) Jiangsu Water Source Co., Ltd. of the Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Division, Nanjing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:57-62
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Global energy issues affect the economic development, it is the base of improving national standard of living conditions. According to incomplete statistics, power consumption of pumps account approximately 17% of total generating capacity. Thereby increasing the efficiency of the pump is necessary to energy conservation which also has a very important significance on creating a resource-saving society. Mixed-flow pumps are more and more widely applied to industrial and agricultural production, the requirement of the performance of the mixed-flow pump become increasingly high. When the working condition deviates from the designed condition, the flow filed at impeller outlet does not match well with the flow field at volute inlet, which will lead to the efficiency drop of mixed-flow pump. Reasonable design of mixed-flow pump impeller and volute can improve the distribution of flow field, and then improve the hydraulic performance of the mixed-flow pump. Based on theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and model experiment research methods, impeller and volute matching optimization of high specific mixed-flow pump with volute were conducted. This paper developed a high-performance mixed-flow pump model with double volutes whose n<inf>s</inf>equals to 585 with the target of perfect match between impeller and volute under different flow rate conditions. The full three-dimensional numerical calculation internal flow field and radial force of the optimal designed high specific speed mixed-flow pump with double volutes was investigated. Numerical simulation of the pump used the standard κ-Ε turbulence model. The κ-Ε turbulence model was considered to be a model which can predict the hydraulic performance and simulate the internal flow field accurately. The calculation domain contains inlet pipe, runner, volute, outlet pipe. And the mesh of inlet pipe and outlet pipe adopted unstructured mesh, the mesh of runner and volute adopted unstructured mesh. The results of numerical simulation were in agreement with the experimental ones, which indicated that the numerical simulation model and the calculation methods could be used to predict the internal-flow in a double volutes mixed-flow pump. The results showed that: the high efficiency area in the double-volutes pump was significantly broadened compared with the single-volute pump. And the internal flow streamline was very smooth at working condition in the double volutes mixed-flow pump. The pressure distribution in the double volutes pump revealed a increasing trend from impeller inlet from inlet outlet, which could make the impeller do work to the fluid effectively. the efficiency of double-volutes pump at designed flow rate was higher than the single-volute pump; the radial force in the double-volute pump was also smaller than the single-volute pump, which indicated that the double-volutes program not only keeped superior hydraulic performance but also could significantly reduce the radial force in comparison with the single-volute program; The radial force vector trail always presented a square distribution and the radial force fluctuation was always regularly, which contains 4 crests and 4 troughs in one rotating period. The conclusion in this paper had reference value for the design and study of internal flow in the mixed-flow pump. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Pumps
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Design - Economic and social effects - Flow fields - Impellers - Mesh generation - Numerical methods - Numerical models - Optimization - Turbulence models
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Double-volutes - Full three-dimensional - High specific speed - Internal flow field - Mixed-flow pump impellers - Radial forces - Simulation and modeling
Classification code:601.2 Machine ComponentsMachine Components

- 618.2 PumpsPumps

- 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

- 921 MathematicsMathematics

- 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.009
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933147
Title:Progress of cellulase that using for biomass hydrolysis process
Authors:He, Minchao (1); Xu, Jingliang (1); Chen, Xiaoyan (1); Kong, Xiaoying (1); Yuan, Zhenhong (1); Zhang, Yu (1); Yu, Qiang (1); Liu, Yunyun (1); Wang, Wen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Yuan, Zhenhong(yuanzh@ms.giec.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:290-296
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The effectiveness of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is a key limiting factor for the economical and efficient bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials into fermentable sugars. A group of important factors which could influence the economic and efficiency of the cellulase catalytic reaction was deeply discussed, such as, screening and isolation of strain with a high level of cellulase collected from agricultural field soil or forestry land soil, breeding a hyper cellulase producer after a series of mutation process with a variety of mutation strategies, an engineering singular componet cellulase producing strain constructed by the gene manipulation, factors influencing the cellulase activity in the liquid states fermentation system, the enzymatic hydrolysis mechanism of cellulase especially the important and widely accepted presumption of cellobiohydrolase(CBH) catalytic hydrolysis procedure, the influenza of enzymatic catalytic hydrolysis of lignocellulose after a pretreatment as well as the optimization of the enzymatic hydrolysis mixture. Particularly, both the critical limiting factor of the filter paper cellulase activity in the liquid state fermentation system and the vital limiting single cellulase component in the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials after a pretreatment were all deeply discussed from a novel perspective. Comparision and analysis the hyper enzymatic activity of CBH, EG(endo-gluconase), BGL(β-glucosidase) as well as FPA(filter paper activity) from a large number of related literatures, it could be presumed that CBH just was the critical enzymatic component which could determine the enzymatic activity of filter paper in the overall fermentation system in the presence of hyper activity of BGL. Furthermore, analyzing the decline rate and the residual activity of CBH, EG, BGL as well as FPA in the enzymatic hydrolysis system, it was assumed that the CBH could also determine the FPA and hence it could be the crucial enzymatic component in the cellulosic materials depolymerizing system. In other words, CBH was not only the critical enzymatic component which plays a crucial part on the enzymatic activity value of FPA but also exerts a critical effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency in the cellulosic materials after a pretreatment. It is worth mentioning that there is a possibility to demonstrate the spatial distribution of microorganism with a high-level of cellulase in nature. Moreover, it is credible that the FPA value of microorganism isolated from the nature without any mutation ranged from 0.02-5.00 FPIU/mL. In addition, it should be mentioned that the credible FPA value of those hyper producers such as the Trichorderma reesei Rut-30 and the Penicillium decumbens JU-A10 as well as other notable cellulase producing strains isolated from the nature. To be specific, the filter paper activity (57.00 FPIU/mL) maybe the highest value among a great number of reports throughout the world. Finally, it was highly stressed that the revelation of rate-limiting reaction step of enzymatic hydrolysis procedure and the demonstration of the forming mechanism for the critical limiting factors could be the major focus in the field of biomass bioconversion associated with cellulase catalytic hydrolysis. And hence, the foundation of the mechanisms relevant to the vital limiting reaction step will provide a theoretical guidance for the protein engineering improvement of CBH's catalysis efficiency and specific activity. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:58
Main heading:Enzymatic hydrolysis
Controlled terms:Bioconversion - Biomass - Catalysis - Cellulose - Efficiency - Enzyme activity - Enzymes - Fermentation - Fibers - Hydrolysis - Molecular biology - Paper - Strain
Uncontrolled terms:AA9 lyase - Biomass bioconversions - Cellobiohydrolases - Cellulase - Critical limiting factor - Lignocellulosic material - Liquid state fermentation - Rate-limiting reaction
Classification code:461.9 BiologyBiology

- 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

- 811.1 Pulp and PaperPulp and Paper

- 811.3 Cellulose, Lignin and DerivativesCellulose, Lignin and Derivatives

- 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

- 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.040
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933123
Title:Soil salinization features in arid areas farmland
Authors:Mao, Haitao (1, 2); Huang, Qinghao (1); Wu, Hengbin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Civil Engineering Institute of Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China; (2) School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:112-117
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Xinjjiang is the biggest drought and saline area in China and soil salinization is of unique characteristics. In order to find features of soil salinization in arid area of northwest plains in China, in this study, we sampled from typical farmland in Xinjiang and carried out a series of laboratory experiment. Five soil samples were collected from the farmland for determination of their particle composition, and permeability coefficient. Based on these, the soils were classified into gravel, silty sand, fine sand, silt and loam. The rising height of capillary water from these soils with tap water as water resource was measured in 20 days of experiment. In another experiment, the salt accumulation was observed with NaCl and KCl in water as salt resources. The salinity in soil 5-cm depth was determined. The soil lithology, rising height of capillary water, and salinity were analyzed for their relationships. The results showed that the rising height of capillary water was fast in the first 12 days of experiment, and it was faster in soils with coarse particles. Meanwhile, the salt accumulation in soil 5-cm depth was obvious. However, the salt accumulation in soils with more fine particles could last for a longer period than those with coarse particles. In the end of experiment, the salinity in soils with coarse particles was smaller than that in fine particle-dominated soils. The rising height and rate of capillary water were most obvious in the first 3-4 days, which may indicate the control of saline soils should be in the early stage. In addition, the sandy soils were accessible to salt scale in 3-4 mm thickness, which may clog the capillary and prevent from the development of salinization. But, the thick salt scales also lead to difficulty in control of saline soils and they should be destroyed by surface ploughing. The results provide valuble information for understanding and control of soil salinization in arid area. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:19
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Arid regions - Capillarity - Farms - Lithology - Saline water - Sand - Water resources
Uncontrolled terms:Arid area - Capillary water - Coarse particles - Laboratory experiments - Particle composition - Salinity - Salt accumulations - Soil salinization
Classification code:444 Water ResourcesWater Resources

- 481.1 GeologyGeology

- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

- 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.016
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933117
Title:Spatial distribution of main parameters of Hargreaves formula in typical time scales in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain
Authors:Tang, Xiaopei (1); Song, Ni (1); Tao, Guotong (2); Chen, Zhifang (1); Wang, Jinglei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory for Crop Water Requirement and Regulation of the Ministry of Agriculture/Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, China; (2) Power China Zhongnan Engineering Corporation Limited, Changsha, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Jinglei(firiwjl@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:63-70
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to improve the applicability and accuracy of Hargreaves formula in different regions, and improve the estimation precision of regional crop water requirement and the level of irrigation management, the nonlinear fitting for the main parameters of the Hargreaves model in typical time scales (annual scale and quarter scale) was combined with the Kriging method in this study. The dependent variable was the reference crop evapotranspiration (ET<inf>0</inf>) calculated with the Penman-Monteith model, and the independent variables were the maximum and minimum temperature, and the atmospheric solar radiation. The long series of daily weather data from 1961 to 2012 was collected from 54 meteorological stations in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Results indicated that the annual dynamics of the transformation coefficient K of the Hargreaves model was similar with the variation of K in summer. The K value increased gradually from the northwest to southeast in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. The key geographic factors controlling the distribution of K in the scale of year and summer were longitude and latitude, the correlation coefficient between K value and longitude all were 0.42, and which between K value and latitude were -0.37 and -0.47. However, the K value in spring, autumn and winter was opposite to the variation in summer, decreasing gradually from the northwest to southeast in this region, the correlations between K value and latitude in spring, between K value and elevation in autumn, between K value and longitude in winter were better, and the correlation coefficients were 0.43, 0.38, -0.48, respectively. The main meteorological factors controlling the distribution of K were the minimum temperature, sunshine hour and relative humidity. Changes in the exponential coefficient n in the scale of year and summer were similar, which increasing from the southeast to northwest in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain gradually. The key geographic factors controlling the distribution of n in the scale of year was longitude, the correlation coefficient was -0.53, and in summer the key geographic factors were longitude and latitude, the correlation coefficient were -0.59 and 0.44. However, the n value in spring, summer and winter increased from the northeast to southwest in this region gradually, and there was a better correlation between n value and latitude in these seasons, the correlation coefficients were -0.71, -0.64, -0.40, respectively. The key factors controlling the distribution of n were maximum temperature, sunshine hour and relative humidity. The values of temperature offset T<inf>off</inf>increased gradually from the southwest to northeast in this region. T<inf>off</inf>increased gradually from the south to the north in the scale of year, spring, summer and autumn, increased with the increase in latitude. While in winter, T<inf>off</inf>increased gradually from the west to the east. The key meteorological factors influencing the distribution of T<inf>off</inf>were solar radiation, sunshine hour, and maximum temperature. The correlation index between the calibrated Hargreaves model and P-M model was 0.79 in the scale of year, 0.70 and 0.71 in spring and autumn, and 0.46 in winter. The standard error of parameters calibrated with the nonlinear fitting was decreased to a very low level. The standard error of K, n and Toff was lower than 0.001, 0.72, and 10.0, respectively. The statistical analysis indicated that the calibrated Hargreaves model had a high goodness-of-fit and improved the estimation accuracy of the corresponding parameters. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Atmospheric temperature
Controlled terms:Atmospheric humidity - Calculations - Calibration - Crops - Evapotranspiration - Geographical distribution - Humidity control - Irrigation - Meteorology - Parameter estimation - Solar radiation
Uncontrolled terms:Correlation coefficient - Hargreaves - Huang-Huai-Hai Plain - Maximum and minimum temperatures - Meteorological station - Penman-Monteith models - Reference crop evapotranspirations - Transformation coefficients
Classification code:405.3 SurveyingSurveying

- 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

- 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena

- 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

- 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

- 921 MathematicsMathematics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.010
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933122
Title:Effects of water deficit on water use and yield of spring highland barley under straw mulching
Authors:Shi, Xueshuang (1, 2); Li, Fahu (1); Yan, Baoying (3); He, Dong (3); Pubu, Duoji (3); Qu, Zhen (3)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Lazi Water Authority, Rikaze District, Lazi; Tibet Autonomous Region, China; (3) Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Rikaze District, Rikaze; Tibet Autonomous Region, China
Corresponding author:Li, Fahu(lifahu@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:105-111
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It is very important to improve water use efficiency for the development of water-saving agriculture in high altitude semi-arid cold region of Tibet. In order to obtain a suitable lower control limit of soil moisture content for irrigation and set up water-saving irrigation regime, the responses of spring highland barley to water deficit level in various growth stages were investigated by a field experiment under straw mulching condition in 2014.Experimental treatments included full irrigation treatment in whole growth period (control) and water deficit treatments that exerted in seedling, jointing, heading, filling, and mature stages respectively. The lower control limit of soil moisture content was 75% of soil field capacity in full irrigation treatment. In water deficit treatments, the lower control limit of soil moisture content was 65% (slight water deficit) and 55% (heavy water deficit) of soil field capacity in the growth stage that water deficit was imposed, and that in the other growth stages was 75% of the soil field capacity. The upper control limit of soil moisture content for irrigation was soil field capacity for all the experimental treatments. The results showed that water deficit treatments in various growth stages significantly decreased water consumption amount and daily water consumption intensity of spring highland barley (P<0.05), and the degree of decrease increased with the increased water deficit level. Mean water consumption intensity all over the whole growth period was 4.9 mm/d with a maximum value of 7.3 mm/d that occurred at heading stage under full irrigation treatment, and the water consumption intensity was 4.0-4.6 mm/d under various water deficit treatments. The effect of water deficit treatment imposed in the filling stage of spring highland barley on crop water consumption amount was biggest and that of water deficit treatment in the heading stage was second in all water deficit treatments. Compared with full irrigation treatment, the water consumption amount of spring highland barley was decreased by 56.4-68.0, 82.1-124.7, 36.0-71.3, 142.2-175.9, and 43.6-48.2 mm, respectively, for the water deficit treatments exerted in seedling, jointing, heading, filling, and mature stages. Water deficit did not significantly affect the ear length, seeds per ear, thousand seed weight, harvest index, and grain yield of spring highland barley. Under the experimental conditions, water deficit treatments exerted in various growth stages did not significantly result in the reduction of grain yield, but water use efficiency was increased by 10.5% and water-saving percentage was 11.7% on average. Water deficit treatment imposed in the filling stage of spring highland barley resulted in a highest water use efficiency of 1.77-1.84 kg/m3and a biggest water-saving percentage of 19.6%-24.2% in all experimental treatments. In a word, when the lower limit of soil moisture content was controlled at 55% of soil field capacity, water deficit did not significantly affect the yield and its components of spring highland barley, and meanwhile a high water-saving percentage was obtained. This indicates that spring highland barley has a great water-saving potential and possibility if straw mulching management measure is adopted in the high altitude semi-arid cold region of Tibet. The effects of water deficit treatments in multiple growth stages on the growth of spring highland barley need to be studied further. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Water resources
Controlled terms:Efficiency - Filling - Grain (agricultural product) - Grain growth - Heavy water - Irrigation - Moisture - Moisture control - Moisture determination - Soil moisture - Soils - Statistical process control - Straw - Water conservation - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Crop water consumption - Experimental conditions - Management measures - Water use efficiency - Water-saving agricultures - Water-saving irrigation - Water-saving potentials - Yield
Classification code:444 Water ResourcesWater Resources

- 446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems

- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

- 691.2 Materials Handling MethodsMaterials Handling Methods

- 731.1 Control SystemsControl Systems

- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

- 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

- 933.1.2 Crystal GrowthCrystal Growth

- 944.2 Moisture MeasurementsMoisture Measurements

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.015
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933112
Title:Optimizing gear shifting quality with backstepping control for automatic transmission
Authors:Zhao, Xinxin (1); Yang, Jue (1); Zhang, Jing (1); Zhang, Wenming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Jue(yangjue@ustb.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:27-33
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The Automatic Transmission is widely equipped in the heavy-duty trucks, while the driving comfort reduction during gear shift is the major drawbacks, and the optimization of gear shifting process is quite challenging due to the various objectives. With the development of modern control theory, it has been widely applied into gear shifting duration, such as PID control, genetic algorithm and dynamic programming et al. In this paper, a backstepping control strategy is proposed to enhance the gear shift quality, which will transform the multi-objective optimization to a single target tracking as well. According to the gear shifting dynamic model, gear shifting can be divided into four phases, lower gear phase, torque phase, inertial phase and higher gear phase. The clutch output torques during engagement and disengagement are derived considering the motion states of the off-going and on-coming clutches. The trajectory target is defined on the basis of the rotatory input and output speed of the transmission. Since the torque is hard to be measured accurately and the transmission output speed does not has obvious change during the torque phase of gear shifting, we will adjust the current of pressure reducing valves in the inertial phase. By analyzing the motion states of off-going clutch and on-coming clutch, the mathematical model of output torque for clutches has been built in this paper. The backstepping method and state stability theory (ISS) are utilized in the sliding mode controller to control the synchronization torques by tuning the valves current. The shifting quality is assessed in terms of the shift time, jerk and sliding friction work which are considered into the objective function in sliding control problem. All of them are fitted as three-order polynomial functions, and the controller parameters are evaluated according to the system parameters and the margin of errors. Based on the reference trajectory, the speed of driven plate on-coming clutch decreases as a third order polynomial during inertial phase which lasts about 0.4s. When the torque of turbine evaluates around 200 Nm, the k<inf>1</inf>and k<inf>2</inf>are equal 15 and 4 respectively to satisfy the steady error e<inf>1</inf>less than 10 rad/s and Ε<inf>1</inf>is less than 280 rad/s2. The gear shifting model is established in AMEsim platform interfacing with the controller model in Simulink. At the 1.13 s, the gear shifting simulation becomes to the torque phase. At the same time, the oil pressure of off-going clutch Cd start to decrease until the pressure come to zero. While the oil pressure of on-coming clutch become to increase after 0.18 s, the pressure rise to the desired value slowly. The process is going to be the inertial phase from 1.43s. The results of co-simulation suggest that the controller tracked the objective rotate speed closely and the maximum jerk of vehicle was around 6 m/s3and fulfills the standard of China (17.64 m/s3). The designed slider controller is shown to track the trajectory precisely, and the proposed backstepping method is therefore able to improve the transmission shifting quality. Additionally, the future work is to validate the real performance of this method. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Quality control
Controlled terms:Backstepping - Clutches - Controllers - Dynamic programming - Genetic algorithms - Multiobjective optimization - Navigation - Optimization - Sliding mode control - Target tracking - Three term control systems - Torque - Trajectories - Transmissions - Vehicle transmissions - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic transmission - Back-stepping controls - Pressure reducing valves - Reference trajectories - Single target tracking - Sliding friction works - Sliding mode controller - Tracking controls
Classification code:602.2 Mechanical TransmissionsMechanical Transmissions

- 731.1 Control SystemsControl Systems

- 732.1 Control EquipmentControl Equipment

- 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

- 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

- 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.005
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933138
Title:Stable bearing capacity coculation of greenhouse structures considering skin effect of covering material
Authors:Ding, Min (1); Li, Mimi (1, 2); Shi, Xudong (1, 3); Zhang, Peng (1, 4); Jiang, Xiugen (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Tianjin Chemical Engineering Design Institute, Tianjin, China; (3) China Machinery TDI International Engineering Co., Ltd., Beijing, China; (4) China Aerospace Construction Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Jiang, Xiugen(jiangxg@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:224-232
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The greenhouse is a kind of agriculture production building facilities. It should bear all kinds of loads, including the loads induced by gravity, improper operation, and live loads, such as wind load and snow load. At the present time, a large number of research studies on greenhouse have focused on illumination, temperature, gas and humidity, whereas there are few researches published on greenhouse structures, especially on greenhouse structure design theory taking the supporting role of covering materials into account. It is necessary to carry out the research on space robustness of greenhouse structure by bringing the design work condition into correspondence with the actual work condition. Then three types of greenhouse including Huabei-type greenhouse, venlo greenhouse and sunlight greenhouse, were chosen to be prototypes, and the numerical simulations on the overall collapse process of single hinged frame, whole frame structure, whole frame structure with plate glass covering, whole frame structure with PC board covering, and whole frame structure with membrane covering under windstorm and snowstorm were carried out by using finite element analysis software ANSYS with consideration of geometric imperfections, material nonlinearity and geometric large deformation. The collapse modes of greenhouse structure and the corresponding load-displacement curves were obtained. The stable bearing capacity and the space robustness of greenhouse structures were analyzed under three typical weather disasters. At the same time their ultimate load coefficient and stable bearing capacity coefficient were provided. The results showed that buckling failure mode happens easily for greenhouse structure under vertical snow load, the whole structure bearing capacity was higher for greenhouse structure under horizontal wind load considering skin effect of covering material. It was due to more compression-flexure members existing in greenhouse structure under vertical snow load than that under horizontal wind load. And the larger slenderness ratio of these members leaded to unstability. Therefore snow disaster resistance of greenhose was lower than wind disaster resistance. When the control load was wind load, the stable bearing capacities of all whole frame structures for sunlight greenhouse were larger than that of single hinged frame, the increase of the whole frame structure and the whole frame structure with membrane covering was about 20%. And the increase of the whole frame structures with plate glass and PC board was about 50%. The enhancing effect of skin effect of covering material on stable bearing capacity of only sunlight greenhouse could be considered when control load was wind load. When the control load was snow load, the stable bearing capacities of all whole frame structures for Huabei-type greenhouse and venlo greenhouse were both larger than that of corresponding single hinged frames, and increaseed 1-2 times and 1-4 times, respectively. Therefore, the enhancing effect of skin effect of covering material on stable bearing capacity of both Huabei-type greenhouse and venlo greenhouse could be considered when control load was snow load. Plate glass covering was the most favorable to the stable bearing capacity of greenhouse structure, and the increase falls in between 20%-280%, PC board was the second and the increased falls in between 20%-240%. Membrane was the last and the increased falls in between 0-0%. The studay was useful to the windstorm and snowstorm resistant design of greenhouse. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:24
Main heading:Greenhouse effect
Controlled terms:Aerodynamic loads - Bearing capacity - Buckling - Disasters - Dynamic loads - Finite element method - Glass - Greenhouses - Loads (forces) - Numerical methods - Plates (structural components) - Printed circuits - Robustness (control systems) - Skin effect - Snow - Structural dynamics - Structural frames - Structure (composition) - Wind stress
Uncontrolled terms:Agriculture productions - Building facilities - Cover materials - Finite element analysis software - Geometric imperfection - Greenhouse structure - Load-displacement curve - Material non-linearity
Classification code:408 Structural DesignStructural Design

- 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

- 443.3 PrecipitationPrecipitation

- 651.1 Aerodynamics, GeneralAerodynamics, General

- 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and PhenomenaElectricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena

- 731.1 Control SystemsControl Systems

- 812.3 GlassGlass

- 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other StructuresFarm Buildings and Other Structures

- 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

- 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.031
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933149
Title:Normative landscape scenario and its application in planning of new countryside construction
Authors:Li, Hongqing (1); Liu, Liming (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Liu, Liming(liulm@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:305-311
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:New urbanization planning and new countryside construction planning are significant tasks in China. How to make proper planning in the context of increasing uncertainty will be a great challenge for the policymakers. We need to find a way to get more future information for planning. The trend extrapolation method, for example LUCC, CLUES, and CA-Markov, is a traditional approach to predict land use change. These methods perhaps solve some certain problems, but the results may be invalidated if some relevant factors change drastically. With the purpose of avoiding this situation, we introduced a new method normative landscape scenario. The normative landscape scenario can allow us to merge science into policy and explore scientific questions in simulated landscape patterns. The normative landscape scenario is distinctive in: integrating multiple disciplinary perspectives; the emphasis on public participation; the iterative design process; being plausible, replicable, and imaginative; and allowing investigation, comparison, and evaluation. In our study, the scenario building process was based on the following steps: 1) Describing the present and defining the focal questions; 2) Formulating hypotheses describing scenarios with qualitative storylines based on knowledge of multidisciplinary, stakeholder perceptions and policy; 3) Generating new landscape patterns by extracting quantitative mapping rules from qualitative narratives; 4) Repeating step 2 and 3 until fulfilling the specific target; and 5) Assessing scenario outcomes and inspiring policy. In order to examine the application, we took Jinjing Town as a case study, and successfully developed two alternative scenarios: I maximizing agricultural production and II improving water quality. Meanwhile we also simulated scenario III: rural landscape pattern by the Life cycle method. Land cover maps of alternative futures were created to provide visual insight into landscape change for managers. The effects of each landscape scenario were calculated across a range of environmental, biodiversity, economic, and social indicators that were compared with a baseline from 2010.Using the model of LPI and water quality variables, we evaluated the water quality under three scenarios. Obviously, scenario I indicated some improvement in water quality, as the values were slightly lower than the baseline; the water quality in scenario II was very well controlled l and kept at a very low concentration level; scenario III indicated the bad results. The export of TN in the three scenarios was 343 t, 175 t, and 575 t per year, respectively. About the aspect of agricultural value, the maximal total value was unquestionably scenario I which was 672.35×105yuan, and it increased by 65% relative to the baseline. Scenario II had a larger ecosystem service value than the other two scenarios which was up to 2033.58×105yuan. In other words, scenario II might supply more ecological functions. With the help of FRAGSTATS 4.2, the species richness density in scenario II was the highest, followed by scenario I, and Scenario III was the same as the baseline. Compared with the baseline, biodiversity including plant and animal diversity was of the best quality under the landscape resulting from scenario II. Scenario I was the next best. Farmers are likely to prefer Scenario I because it increased economic returns. However, this scenario may contradict the farmers' perception of an appealing landscape, a friendly environment, and a beautiful rural landscape, which can be achieved in scenario II. Therefore an array of policy implications for production prices, agricultural subsidies, ecological compensation, and agricultural services were proposed to support sustainable agricultural development and water quality improvements. Evidence from the case studies suggests that this method is feasible and presented some advantages over the traditional trend extrapolation method. The normative landscape scenario is not only a suitable method in new countryside construction planning, but also can provide available policy choices for policymakers. It is meaningful for nature resources management, environmental protection, and agricultural policy-making. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:31
Main heading:Plants (botany)
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Biodiversity - Ecology - Economic and social effects - Ecosystems - Extrapolation - Forestry - Iterative methods - Land use - Planning - Public policy - Quality control - Rural areas - Water quality
Uncontrolled terms:Disciplinary perspective - Jinjing town - Low concentration levels - New countryside constructions - Normative landscape scenario - Scenario analysis - Sustainable agricultural development - Water quality improvements
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and DevelopmentUrban and Regional Planning and Development

- 445.2 Water AnalysisWater Analysis

- 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering

- 454.3 Ecology and EcosystemsEcology and Ecosystems

- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

- 912.2 ManagementManagement

- 913.3 Quality Assurance and ControlQuality Assurance and Control

- 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

- 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.042
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933141
Title:Release of heavy metals in lake sediments under hydrodynamic flux
Authors:Lu, Jiangang (1); Zhong, Xie (2); Wu, Haizhen (1, 2); Wang, Hua (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangxi Water Resources Institute, Nanchang, China; (2) Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
Corresponding author:Wu, Haizhen(Wuhaizhen_77@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:248-253
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:To study the release flux of heavy metals in sediment of the lake under different hydrodynamic conditions, an interior experiment was designed and carried out. The experiment aimed to simulate the migration of sediment in the lake and to investigate the release regularity of heavy metals in sediment under different hydrodynamic conditions. The sediment in Xingzi Reach of Poyang Lake was selected as the experiment material and a circulating facility was designed. The circulating facility was composed of an inlet tank (0.5 m3), an experimental tank (2 m×1 m×0.5 m), an outlet tank (0.5 m3), a storage tank (0.5 m3) and a pump. First, sediment had been tiled at the bottom of the experimental tank with the thickness of 8 cm for half an hour. Then water of 30cm deep was filled in three tanks. The experiment was carried out by pumping water into the inlet tank from the storage tank, going through the experimental tank, the outlet tank and finally back to the storage tank. The average flow velocity was controlled at 0 to 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, and 65 cm/s as the highest speed by the gate. The test of each speed maintained 1 hour to ensure the water was circulated through the facility at least once. In this case, the test not only simulated different migration state under different hydrodynamic conditions, which were "stationary state", "slight migration state" and "intense migration state", but also detected the total concentration of heavy metals in water under different flow velocity conditions at the same time. In order to reduced the experimental error, the sample was taken 3 times to calculate an average concentration. Through analyzing varied heavy metal concentration under different hydrodynamic conditions, some conclusions were drawn as below: When flow velocity was less than 25cm/s, heavy metals were released only in interstitial water for not much sediment was suspended and heavy metal concentration was not increased greatly with slight interference; With increasing flow velocity, sediment shifted from "stationary state" to "slight migration state" and the concentration of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb rose evidently for that much sludge moved up, smaller particle mud of heavy metals went up to overlying water, and large quantity of heavy metals released in interstitial water at the same time; When the flow velocity reached 60-70 cm/s, "intense migration state" was achieved since the movement of mud at the bottom was relatively severe and silt by piece. The concentration of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in water and its release flux in sediment speeded up. When flow velocity was 65 cm/s, the density of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb was 127.16, 220.5, 0.28, 11.07 μg/L respectively. The release flux was calculated by analyzing the concentration changes of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in the water under different flow velocity conditions. The relationship between release flux of heavy metals in sediment of the lake (y) and speed (x) was established by linear fitting. The result shows that release flux of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in sediment of the lake has an exponential relationship with speed. In addition, to test the applicability of the established related equation, this paper applied the equation to field experiment of Poyang Lake. First, the concentration of heavy metals in Poyang Lake under different hydrodynamic conditions was detected and the velocity was recorded. And then the release flux of heavy metals in Poyang Lake was calculated by referring to the relationship which was established from the interior test. The concentration of heavy metals in Poyang Lake was calculated (that is the calculated concentration) according to the release flux. Finally, the calculated concentration was compared with measured concentration. The result shows that the values between calculated concentration and measured concentration are very close with the error range of 5%-20%, which indicated that the relationship between release flux of heavy metals and speed set in this paper was basically reasonable and could adapt to conditions similar with Poyang lake and the sediment particle size of 50 to 200 μm, of the experimental facility was feasible and operable. The results can provide scientific basis on control and governance of heavy metal pollution. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Lake pollution
Controlled terms:Cadmium - Copper - Experiments - Flow velocity - Fluid dynamics - Heavy metals - Hydrodynamics - Lakes - Lead - Particle size - Pollution - Pollution control - Sediments - Speed - Storage (materials) - Suspended sediments - Tanks (containers) - Velocity - Zinc
Uncontrolled terms:Circulating flume - Experimental facilities - Heavy metal concentration - Heavy metal pollution - Hydrodynamic conditions - Po-yang lakes - Sediment particle size - Sediment release
Classification code:453 Water PollutionWater Pollution

- 483 Soil Mechanics and FoundationsSoil Mechanics and Foundations

- 531 Metallurgy and MetallographyMetallurgy and Metallography

- 544.1 CopperCopper

- 546.1 Lead and AlloysLead and Alloys

- 546.3 Zinc and AlloysZinc and Alloys

- 549.3 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals Nonferrous Metals and Alloys excluding Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals

- 619.2 TanksTanks

- 631 Fluid FlowFluid Flow

- 694.4 StorageStorage

- 901.3 Engineering ResearchEngineering Research

- 931.1 MechanicsMechanics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.034
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933130
Title:Extracting tea plantations based on ZY-3 satellite data
Authors:Xu, Weiyan (1, 2, 3); Sun, Rui (1, 2, 3); Jin, Zhifeng (4)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, CAS, Beijing, China; (2) School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; (3) Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing, China; (4) Zhejiang Climate Center, Hangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Sun, Rui(sunrui@bnu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:161-168
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Tea is the most consumed natural plant drink in the world, and it plays an important role in human's daily life. The spatial distribution information of tea plantation is helpful for the government management and decision-making. Songyang county is located in southwest part of Zhejiang province, China, and the topography is characterized by basin in the central and surrounded by hills and mountains. The humid and cloudy climate is very suitable for tea planting, which accounts for the large proportion of tea plantation area, 68.5% of county's whole cultivated land. In this paper, ZhangXi Town, ZhaiTan Town, YeCun Town and ZhuYuan Town of SongYang County in Zhejiang Province were chosen as study area, and ZY-3 satellite images acquired on December 25, 2012 and June 9, 2013 were used to study the method of tea plantations extraction. Eight categories including roads, water, buildings, shadows, bare soil, forest, other crops and tea plantation were identified after conducting visual interpretation and field surveys. The decision tree method was adopted to extract the tea plantations. Due to the fact that tea plants in plain areas and mountains areas show different characteristics in their planting patterns, planting area and growth status,, the decision trees were built separately for these two different areas. The threshold values in the decision tree were determined by gradually changing their values in a certain range. Spectral curve analysis shows the range of the difference between band4 (0.77-0.89 μm) and band3 (0.63-0.69 μm) on December 25, 2012 is 20-30. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is almost unchanged or decreased from summer to winter for forest lands as they are covered mainly by evergreen broad-leaved forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, bamboo forest and mixed forest. As for tea plant, due to its seasonal harvest and pruning in summer, NDVI in summer is a little lower than that in winter and the threshold value of NDVI difference between summer (June 9, 2013) and winter (December 25, 2012) was 0~0.1.As tea plants are terraced planted along the contour in mountain area, texture features characterized with nearly parallel line trend for tea plantations are presented in the image. The panchromatic data on December 25, 2012 was used to derive texture features. Anisotropic strength with a range of 0 to 1 was obtained after conducting the anisotropic strength algorithm. The classification results with different threshold values were compared with region-of-interest data and threshold values with the highest overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient were selected as final threshold. For plain areas, the difference between band4 and band3 was used to roughly exclude roads, water, buildings, bare soil, other crops and part of the forest from tea plantations with the value above 26.Then the threshold value of 0 for NDVI difference between summer and winter was adopted to exclude the remaining forest. Spectral feature and textural feature were both used to extract tea plantations in mountainous areas. The threshold value of 20 for band4 and band3 difference and 0 for NDVI difference between summer and winter were firstly adopted to exclude water, buildings, crops, roads, bare soil and part of forest. And the threshold of 0.35 for anisotropic strength was then adopted to exclude the remaining forest. The classification maps were validated with ground verification data and compared with results derived from neural network (NN) classification. The results show that decision tree method combining with spectral and textural information can significantly improve the classification accuracy. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient in the plain area were 95.00% and 0.85, respectively, increased by 5.46% and 0.19 when compared with NN classification. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient in the mountain area were 92.97% and 0.69, respectively, increased by 7.57% and 0.61 when compared with NN classification. The presented study could provide a reference for government forecasting crop production and preventing disaster for tea plantation. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Decision making
Controlled terms:Anisotropy - Classification (of information) - Crops - Cultivation - Data mining - Decision trees - Disaster prevention - Forestry - Image processing - Image segmentation - Landforms - Remote sensing - Soils - Spectrum analysis - Surveys - Transportation
Uncontrolled terms:Anisotropic strength - Classification accuracy - Classification results - Evergreen broad-leaved forests - Normalized difference vegetation index - Phase difference - Tea plantations - ZY-3
Classification code:481.1 GeologyGeology

- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

- 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing

- 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing

- 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

- 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

- 912.2 ManagementManagement

- 914.1 Accidents and Accident PreventionAccidents and Accident Prevention

- 931.2 Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids and SolidsPhysical Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solids

- 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.023
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933151
Title:Evaluation of cluster development level of agriculture products processing industrial park
Authors:Zhang, Huiyuan (1); Guo, Xuexia (1); Liu, Yu (1); Ran, Guowei (1); Wang, Guokou (2); Wang, Hai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Institute of Agriculture Products Processing, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China; (2) China Packaging and Food Machinery Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Hai(wanghai948@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:320-324
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Industrial clustering, as a marked feature and a major pattern in the development of China's agro-processing industry, represents the trend of development. In order to study and summarize the successful experiences and investigate the status of cluster development of agro-processing industrial parks in different provinces, the author designed a comprehensive evaluation model, taking into account of diverse factors, including regional industrial clustering index, share of companies settled in industrial park, share of main business income, as well as investment in science and technology in the industrial park. Data on 8 indicators was collected in provinces : the evaluation score on the proportion of agro-processing companies in the industrial park among all companies of its kind in the province, the evaluation score on the proportion of large-scale agro-processing companies in the industrial park in all companies of its kind in the province, the evaluation score on the proportion of leading agro-processing companies in the industrial park in all companies of its kind in the province, the evaluation score on the proportion of fixed assets value of companies in the industrial park in the industrial total in the province, the proportion of main business income of companies in the industrial park in the industrial total in the province, the evaluation score on the proportion of after-tax profits of companies in the industrial park in the industrial total in the province, the evaluation score on the proportion of employment in the industrial park in the industrial total in the province, and the evaluation score on the proportion of investment in science and technology in the industrial park in the industrial total in the province. The level of clustering in various provinces is ranked according to statistics (from high to low): Heilongjiang, Jilin, Gansu, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Fujian, Hebei, Jiangsu and Hunan. The study examined effects and level of clustering for agro-processing industrial parks in China. It finds that regions with high level of clustering are more privileged in terms of industrial resources or labor resources, more committed to investing in science, technology and technical innovation, and more capable in management and resource integration. Besides, they can properly extend the industrial chain to attract large-scale or leading companies, create favorable conditions for production and financing, and offer convenient services in transportation, technology and information. With reduced transaction cost and better productivity, the companies in the industrial parks can increase main business income and profits. The study notes that development of clustering in industrial parks will need to be put into the context of national fundamentals, tap the potential of local advantages, and be aligned with development of agro-processing industry. Efforts are needed to develop master plan for agro-processing parks, set up and enforce industrial standard, squarely implement preferential policies on taxation, water and power, provide more support in financing, commit to technology development and technical innovation, cultivate brand for leading companies, and set up role models to showcase good practices, in order to facilitate cluster-based development. Government shall create platform for services and regulation, focusing on early warning and surveillance. Several policy recommendations are put forward in the study as follows: advocate differentiated pattern of development (agricultural science and technology, agro-tourism, experience and sightseeing, etc), explore multiple functions of industrial parks, create new sources of employment and income for farmers, promote integration of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, and boost innovative, balanced, green, open and shared development of the industry. The study provides reference for peer agencies, public organizations, companies and relevant researchers and analysts. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Economic and social effects
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Industry - Investments - Processing - Profitability - Taxation
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural science and technologies - Agriculture products - Comprehensive evaluation model - Evaluation - Industrial parks - Industry clusters - Science and Technology - Technology development
Classification code:821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

- 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics

- 913.4 ManufacturingManufacturing

- 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.044
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933132
Title:Prediction of leaf phosphorus contents for rubber seedlings based on hyperspectral sensitive bands and back propagation artificial neural network
Authors:Guo, Pengtao (1); Su, Yi (1); Cha, Zhengzao (1); Lin, Qinghuo (1); Luo, Wei (1); Lin, Zhaomu (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Science, Danzhou, China
Corresponding author:Cha, Zhengzao(chazhengzao@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:177-183
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Traditional chemical analysis for the determination of leaf phosphorus content is time consuming, expensive and labor-intensive. Hyperspectral remote sensing has the potential to rapidly and accurately predict the element concentrations or biochemical composition in foliage. Thus, the aim of this study was to test the utility of hyperspectral sensitive bands in combination with back propagation artificial neural network to estimate leaf phosphorus contents for rubber tree seedlings. A sand culture experiment was carried out to grow rubber tree seedlings. These rubber tree seedlings were cultivated with Hoagland's nutrient solutions. Hoagland's nutrient solutions were set at five levels of phosphorus concentration. They were 31 mg/kg (P4), 23.25 mg/kg (P3), 15.5 mg/kg (P2), 7.75 mg/kg (P1), and 0 mg/kg (P0), respectively. Each level was replicated five times, and each replicate included five seedlings. Leaves of rubber tree seedlings were sampled at 85, 100, 115, and 133 days after start of the culture. At each sampling time, two matured leaves were collected for each tree. Ten leaves were obtained from each replicate and were combined as a sample. Finally, a total of 100 samples were collected. At each sampling date, leaf samples were sent to laboratory soon after the collection, and their leaf hyperspectral reflectance was measured by ASD FieldSpec 3 spectrometer. Phosphorus contents of the corresponding leaves were also analyzed using the conventional chemical analysis method. A second order low-pass digital Butterworth filter with normalized cutoff frequency 0.5 was used to the original spectra to filter out the noise signals. Next, differential technology was applied to the denoising of leaf hyperspectral reflectance in order to extract the first and the second derivative spectra, respectively. After that, correlation analysis was conducted to calculate correlation coefficients between rubber tree seedling leaf phosphorus contents and leaf hyperspectral reflectance as well as its first and second derivative spectra. Finally, hyperspectral sensitive bands were selected based on the results of the correlation analysis. These selected hyperspectral sensitive bands were used as input variables, and multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least-squares regression (PLSR), as well as back propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) model were used to estimate the leaf phosphorus contents for rubber tree seedlings, respectively. Results indicated that wavelength of 555 and 722 nm of the original hyperspectral reflectance, wavelength of 674, 710, 855, 1091, 1197, 1275, 1718, 2181, and 2228 nm of the first derivative spectra, and wavelength of 816, 890, 1339, 1357, and 2201 nm of the second derivative spectra were the hyperspectral sensitive bands. BPANN model with the selected 16 hyperspectral sensitive bands had the best predicted results. Correlation coefficients (r) between predicted leaf phosphorus contents and measured leaf phosphorus contents were 0.964 and 0.967 for training dataset and test dataset, respectively. Values of root mean squared errors (RMSE) were 0.01039 and 0.00856 for training dataset and test dataset, respectively. Values of relative error (RE) were 4.51% and 4.08% for train dataset and test dataset, respectively, and values of ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) were 3.71 and 3.23 for training dataset and test dataset, respectively. The results demonstrated that hyperspectral remote sensing could be used to rapidly, and accurately predict the leaf phosphorus contents for rubber seedlings. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:33
Main heading:Chemical analysis
Controlled terms:Backpropagation - Butterworth filters - Correlation methods - Cutoff frequency - Forecasting - Forestry - IIR filters - Least squares approximations - Linear regression - Low pass filters - Mean square error - Models - Neural networks - Nutrients - Phosphorus - Reflection - Regression analysis - Remote sensing - Rubber - Seed - Spectrum analysis - Statistical tests - Testing
Uncontrolled terms:Back propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) - Differential technology - Hyperspectral reflectance - Hyperspectral remote sensing - Leaf hyperspectral reflectance - Multiple linear regressions - Partial least squares regression - Partial least squares regressions (PLSR)
Classification code:703.2 Electric FiltersElectric Filters

- 723.4 Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence

- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

- 818.1 Natural RubberNatural Rubber

- 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

- 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

- 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.025
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933121
Title:Soil-coated ultrathin plastic-film mulching and suitable irrigation improve water use efficiency of winter wheat
Authors:He, Liqian (1); Zhang, Weihong (1); Du, Xiong (1); Zhang, Yongsheng (1); Wang, Lei (1); Cao, Caiyun (2); Li, Kejiang (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Baoding, China; (2) Institute of Dryland Farming, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Hengshui, China
Corresponding author:Du, Xiong(duxiong2002@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:94-104
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:More than 70% of water is used for agriculture, excessive water consumption for conventional winter wheat production is aggravating the groundwater crisis in Hebei Plain. In order to mitigate the water supply and demand conflict, a field experiment was conducted from 2011 to 2014 (October-June) in Shenzhou County, where more than 90% of the agricultural fields are used for the winter wheat-summer maize double-cropping. A randomized block design was employed with six treatments and four replicates, the treatments included: 1) soil-coated ultrathin plastic-film mulching (SUPM) with 75 mm irrigation at jointing stage, 2) SUPM with 75-mm irrigation at heading stage, 3) SUPM with 75 mm irrigation at filling stage, 4) rainfed under SUPM, 5) rainfed, 6) conventional farmers' practice with 225 mm irrigation splitted into three applications (control). The study examined the effects of SUPM with different irrigation management on WUE, yield formation of winter wheat. The fieldwork procedure of SUPM was as follows: the straw of the previous crop was removed, and after base dressing with chemical fertilizer the field was plowed twice, the field surface was leveled, and wheat seeds were sown. The whole plot was mulched using ultrathin 0.004-mm-thick plastic film without separation between adjacent strips of film. The film was tensioned and its surface kept flat without folding, then 1-2 cm of soil was manually placed on it; consequently, the film was completely covered with soil. A wheat plumule could pierce the film and emerge. So relative seamless coverage of field was achieved to control soil water evaporation. After the wheat was harvested, summer maize was manually dibbled without plowing, only 60 mm irrigation applied after sowing during its whole season. The result showed that under SUPM the seedlings and spike number decreased by 8.6%-12.0% and 7.4%-11.7%, respectively, compared with the control, but the 75 mm irrigation at jointing or heading stage ensured the biomass formation and increased grain number per spike and kernel weight. The timely 75 mm irrigation under SUPM promoted the dry matter transfer to grain from vegetative organs, the transfer amount was 37.2%-57.3% higher than the control, and the contribution rate of transfered matter to grain increased by 4.7-10.1 percentage points. Also, the field water consumption decreased by 99.9-118.9 mm, and the water-use efficiency increased by 26.1%-34.5%. Regression analysis showed, under SUPM with 118 mm filed water consumption from jointing to heading, wheat could obtain the most biomass, and with 78 mm from heading to filling could achieve more than 15 fertile spikelets per spike and a higher leaf area index with the value of 5 at filling stage. This was why the wheat whose field water consumption was only 3/4 of the control could achieve an equivalent grain yield to the control. In the study, as wheat growing process and the cropping years continued, the soil water in 2 m soil body tended to decrease, and greater water deficit occurred as the soil layer was closer to the surface. Furthermore, the layer of soil water extracted by the rainfed wheat was deeper than that irrigated. From the second growth season, the continuous soil drought resulted in the yield reduction of the wheat which was irrigated until filling stage, the irrigation at filling stage was unhelpful for yield and increased the field water consumption. As the soil water decreased continuously, it was very necessary that the irrigation was earlier applied to increase yield and WUE. The soil water content at wheat sowing in autumn was significantly higher than that at harvest of previous wheat in summer, decreasing soil water consumption from sowing to jointing was crucial for water-saving of wheat production. SUPM could conserve soil water in autumn and winter, and to supply across seasons for wheat growing in the following spring. Overall, in Hebei Plain SUPM in combination with timely 75 mm irrigation could be considered a new method to decrease the water consumption, improve WUE and maintain grain yield of wheat production effectively. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:36
Main heading:Grain (agricultural product)
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Economics - Efficiency - Fertilizers - Filling - Forestry - Groundwater - Irrigation - Moisture - Plants (botany) - Plastic coatings - Plastic films - Regression analysis - Soil conservation - Soil moisture - Soils - Water conservation - Water content - Water resources - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Chemical fertilizers - Irrigation management - Plastic film mulching - Soil water evaporation - Ultra-thin - Water supply and demands - Water use efficiency - Winter wheat
Classification code:444 Water ResourcesWater Resources

- 444.2 GroundwaterGroundwater

- 446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems

- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

- 691.2 Materials Handling MethodsMaterials Handling Methods

- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

- 817.1 Polymer ProductsPolymer Products

- 817.2 Polymer ApplicationsPolymer Applications

- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

- 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

- 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

- 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.014
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933113
Title:Fuzzy control and experiment of rail pressure for high- pressure common rail system of diesel engine
Authors:Xin, Zhe (1); Li, Yaping (1, 2); Zhang, Yunlong (3); Niu, Jianbin (4); Zhao, Xulong (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) United Automotive Electronic Systems Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China; (3) Department of Automotive Engineering of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; (4) Beijing Office of PoleLink Information Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:34-41
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In view of the high-pressure common rail system of diesel engine, the rail pressure control strategy was established based on the model in this paper. First, according to the electrical, magnetic and fluid flow characteristics of the main components in the common rail system, the mathematical models were built, including proportional electromagnetic valve, high-pressure pump, common rail and other major parts. The motion equation and circuit equation were established through the simplification of the stress state of the proportional solenoid valve. The continuity equations were set up respectively according to the liquid flow characteristics of the high-pressure pump and common rail pipe, and the common rail system transfer function was derived through the Laplace transform of the above equations. Second, the rail pressure control model was established based on MATLAB/Simulink, which contains the rail pressure target value calculation and rail pressure controller design. The calculation of target value of rail pressure includes two operation conditions i. e. starting and post-start. The constant value of 71 MPa is taken as the target value under the initial starting condition. After starting, the calculation of target value is based on the query of rail pressure target basic values according to engine speed and current fuel injection quantity, as well as the corrections on the other environmental parameters such as fuel temperature, coolant temperature, inlet pressure and temperature. The control strategy of rail pressure includes the open-loop control under the early starting condition and the closed-loop control at the starting process after rail pressure reaches the target value. The design of rail pressure control adopts the rail pressure controller with feedforward control and feedback control. The feedforward control mainly considers the basic value of the feedforward control according to the engine fuel injection quantity and the feedback values from the injectors and other components. The rail pressure feedback control adopts the traditional incremental PID (proportion-integration-differentiation) controller and the fuzzy adaptive PID controller. The input of PID controller is the rail pressure deviation, and the inputs of fuzzy adaptive PID controller include the rail pressure deviation and its change rate. Taking the derived transfer function of the common rail system as the control object, the response characteristics and anti-interference performances of the two control systems were simulated, and the simulated target rail pressure curve was compared with that of the bench test. The results showed that the rail pressure target value by the model calculation was close to the test value. The rail pressure dynamic response tests were conducted with the incremental PID controller and the fuzzy adaptive PID controller on the basis of the known target value of rail pressure, and their control effects were compared. With the setting of a group of PID controller parameters, under the condition of initial parameters of the fuzzy adaptive PID controller, the incremental PID controller showed a certain limitation, which could not realize ideal control during the full change range of rail pressure, and especially at the lower or higher pressure ranges, its dynamic response performance turned worse. While the fuzzy adaptive PID controller in the whole rail pressure change range had a good response and stability. On this basis, the fuzzy adaptive PID controller was tested and the response performance was analyzed on the actual rail pressure under engine starting, deceleration and full load conditions. The results of simulation and bench test showed that the fuzzy adaptive PID controller had better follow-up performance and responsiveness (response time was less than 0.3 s) to the target rail pressure, and the stability of the rail pressure under the stable working condition (steady-state error was less than 2 MPa) was superior to that of the traditional incremental PID controller. The control strategy of rail pressure proposed in the study can realize accurate control of diesel fuel injection, and also provide a reference for technology localization of common rail diesel engine. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Controllers
Controlled terms:Computer simulation - Diesel engines - Diesel fuels - Dynamic response - Electric control equipment - Engines - Equations of motion - Feedback control - Feedforward control - Flow of fluids - Fuel injection - Fuels - Fuzzy control - Laplace transforms - MATLAB - Models - Pressure control - Proportional control systems - Solenoid valves - Statistical process control - Temperature control - Three term control systems - Transfer functions
Uncontrolled terms:Bench tests - Common rail diesel engines - Environmental parameter - High pressure common rail - High pressure common rail system - Proportion integration differentiations - Proportional solenoid valves - Rail pressure controls
Classification code:523 Liquid FuelsLiquid Fuels

- 612.2 Diesel EnginesDiesel Engines

- 619 Pipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering GenerallyPipes, Tanks and Accessories; Plant Engineering Generally

- 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

- 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

- 731 Automatic Control Principles and ApplicationsAutomatic Control Principles and Applications

- 732.1 Control EquipmentControl Equipment

- 921 MathematicsMathematics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.006
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933153
Title:Study on hydrogels of swelling kinetics of pH-sensitive γ-PGA/PVA
Authors:Ma, Xia (1, 2); Li, Luyao (1); Zhang, Mianmian (1); Yu, Haiyan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China; (2) Anhui Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry (China Tobacco Anhui Industrial CO., LTD), Hefei, China
Corresponding author:Yu, Haiyan(hyyu@sit.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:333-338
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to obtain non-cytotoxic hydrogel of superior water holding capacity and biocompatibility, this paper reported about the production of pH-sensitive hydrogels at different gamma poly glutamic acid (γ-glutamic acid, γ-PGA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) mass radios of 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4 and 7:3 with no use of any chemical reagents. Then the properties and structure of the prepared hydrogels were characterized and the swelling kinetics of the different feed composition in different pH value (pH values of 4.0, 7.4 and 9.0)solutions were studied. The preliminary research on the drug slow-release of the prepared hydrogels were also conducted. The results showed that the γ-PGA/PVA hydrogels have the pH sensitivity and swelling-deswelling properties. With the amount of γ-PGA increasing, the swelling degree would decrease and hydrogels would show higher endurance of heat. Meanwhile, since the hydrogen bonds between γ-PGA and PVA were enhanced, the structure of the hydrogel would become more compact which would hinder the diffusion of water in the hydrogel and lead to the enhancement of its water-retention rate. The kinetic studies showed that the different pH values of solution had no effect on the initial diffusion behavior of the hydrogel which all belong to the non-Fickian diffusion model. It was also proved that different hydrogel samples in different pH values shared the same change trend of swelling rate which indicated that in the initial swelling process of γ-PGA/PVA hydrogel, the diffusion rates of water molecules and the relaxation rate of macromolecules were almost the same which also indicated that hydrogel with different components shared the same swelling kinetics process. In the same pH value environment, the water diffusion coefficient would increase along with the increase of hydrogel swelling rate, the value of characteristic constant would increase with the increasing content of PVA. The drug release study showed that 5 groups of hydrogel samples of drug embedding effect was more ideal and the embedding rates were between 70%-80%. The changes of pH value had consistent effects on the release properties of 5 groups samples. The hydrogel released rapidly in the buffer solution of pH value 7.4 with release rate of about 80%, and the release period of the buffer solution in pH value 1.2 was lengthened with final release rate of about 40%. With the increase of PGA content and the decrease of PVA content, the release rate of the drug decreased along with a lower final equilibrium release percentage and a longer release period. In addition, it was found that the drug embedding rate of the 5 groups of hydrogel samples was higher, and the performance was satisfactory. This may be due to the structure of the hydrogel containing carboxyl group, which belongs to pH sensitive hydrogel and the hydrogel in an acidic medium swelling rate and swelling degree smaller than in alkaline medium. The results provide a reference in the application of biotechnology, medical and industrial. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:23
Main heading:Hydrogels
Controlled terms:Alkalinity - Amino acids - Biocompatibility - Diffusion - Diffusion in liquids - Diffusion in solids - Enzyme kinetics - Food processing - Gels - Hydrogen bonds - Kinetics - Molecules - pH - pH effects - pH sensors - Swelling
Uncontrolled terms:Diffusion of water - Drug release study - Non-Fickian diffusion - pH-sensitive hydrogel - Polyglutamic acids - Swelling-deswelling properties - Water diffusion coefficients - Water holding capacity
Classification code:461.9.1 ImmunologyImmunology

- 801.1 Chemistry, GeneralChemistry, General

- 801.4 Physical ChemistryPhysical Chemistry

- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

- 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

- 822.2 Food Processing OperationsFood Processing Operations

- 931 Classical Physics; Quantum Theory; RelativityClassical Physics; Quantum Theory; Relativity

- 931.3 Atomic and Molecular PhysicsAtomic and Molecular Physics

- 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.046
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933124
Title:Analysis on reutilization characters of fertilizer N in tobacco field with15N tracing technique
Authors:Hou, Maomao (1); Shao, Xiaohou (2, 3); Zhai, Yaming (2, 3); Yuan, Youbo (4); Ding, Fuzhang (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Gardening, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; (2) College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Efficient Irrigation-Drainage and Agricultural Soil-Water Environment in Southern China, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China; (4) Institute of Tobacco Science in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
Corresponding author:Shao, Xiaohou(shaoxiaohou@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:118-123
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:In order to study how the later-season flue-cured tobaccos absorb and utilize the fertilizer N that remained by the first season, in 2011, an experiment controlled with different irrigation amount (600, 800 and 1 000 mm) and different fertilizer nitrogen amount (15N double labeled NH<inf>4</inf>NO<inf>3</inf>, 90 and 120 kg/hm2) was conducted using the lysimeters, and the15N-N (fertilizer N originated from 2011) amount in the tobacco organs and the soils were observed during the flue-cured tobacco cultivation from 2012 to 2014.Meanwhile, the impact factors of the tobaccos' reutilization rate to the first-season fertilizer N were analyzed. Results showed that: 1) the amount of fertilizer N that originated from the first season in the later-season tobacco leaf, stem and root, was increased as the nitrogen application increased in the first season, but overall decreased as the irrigation amount increased; 2) the total reutilization rate of the 3 later-season tobaccos to the fertilizer N that applied by the first season was 10.79%-14.58%, and 600 mm amount of irrigation combined with 90 kg/hm2amount of nitrogen application was most advantageous for the later-season tobaccos to absorb the fertilizer N that remained by the first season; 3) the average reutilization rate of the 3-later season tobaccos to the fertilizer N that applied by the first season, was negatively related with the irrigation amount in the first season (P<0.01), and was positively related with the amount of fertilizer N that remained by the first season in 0-20 cm soils (P<0.05). The first-season irrigation affected the reutilization rate of later-season tobaccos to the fertilizer N that applied by the first season through changing the distribution pattern of the fertilizer N, especially through changing the amount of fertilizer N in the 0-20 cm soils. However, the detailed impact mechanism still needed to be further clarified. Above all, the later-season flue-cured tobaccos can absorb many of the fertilizer N that applied by the earlier season, and the reasonable formulation of irrigation and nitrogen application regimes in the earlier season was extremely important for improving the fertilizer N reutilization rate of later-season tobaccos. The research conclusions can provide useful information for the improvement of the soil ecological environment of tobacco-cultivated areas and the sustainable development of the tobacco agriculture. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:20
Main heading:Tobacco
Controlled terms:Cultivation - Curing - Fertilizers - Flues - Irrigation - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Soils - Sustainable development
Uncontrolled terms:Distribution patterns - Ecological environments - Flue-cured tobacco - Impact factor - Impact mechanism - Irrigation amounts - Re-utilization - Tracing technique
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

- 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

- 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

- 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.017
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933131
Title:Accurate calculation of farmland area during remote sensing survey
Authors:Yi, Xiangsheng (1); Ma, Shangjie (1); You, Jiong (1); Wu, Quan (1); He, Yajuan (1); Guo, Lin (1); Fu, Ye (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:169-176
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Farmland is an important agricultural resource, which is directly related to the food security and is concerned by the public and government. As an important method, remote sensing images are usually interpreted to acquire the farmland area. However, for the reasons of spatial resolution of remote sensing images, many small features and linear features are interpreted into farmland, which surely affect the final farmland area. Thus, subtracting the small features and linear features is a key method to improve the accuracy of farmland area during the process of remote sensing survey. In this study, the Suixi County of Anhui province was selected as the study area. In addition, the GF-1 image with 16 meter resolution was used as data source. In order to get exact farmland area, different methods were used in various steps. Firstly, the farmland was interpreted by the fusion of image texture and spectral information according to the GF-1 image. Secondly, linear features were subtracted by remote sensing interpretation and spatial calculation of Geological Information System (GIS), and small features were subtracted according to the 36 sampling frames. Thirdly, farmland areas of interpretation in Suixi County were accurately calculated by subtracting the small features and linear features. Four important conclusions were got in this study, which were list as follows. (1) The total farmland area in the Suixi County was 1320.64km2according to the results of interpretation. The farmland mainly distributed in the central regions (such as Sipu Town, Baishan Town) and southern regions (such as Shuangduiji Town, Nanping Town), while it relatively distributed small in the northern regions (such as Suixi Town, Liuqiao Town). (2) Liner features in the Suixi County mainly contains road, river and channel. There were 45.14km2liner features which were interpreted into farmland according to the GF-1 image. The area of these liner features took up 3.42% of the total farmland area in the Suixi County. (3) According to the calculation of 36 sampling frames, the subtracting coefficients of small features were between 1.27% and 7.92%, and the mean of subtracting coefficient for the small features was 3.51% in the Suixi County. In addition to the linear features, there were still 44.77km2small features which were interpreted into farmland. (4) Based on the results of interpretation, the finial farmland area in the Suixi County was 1230.73km2after subtracting the small features and linear features. The absolute value of mean error for the farmland area was from 6.57% before subtracting the small features and linear features, while it was only 0.68% after the subtraction in the Suixi County. As for the 36 sampling frames, the absolute value of mean error was from 1.77% before the subtraction to 1.91% after the subtraction, which was not significant. The results in this study implicated many small features and linear features were interpreted into farmland. Subtracting the small features and linear features could obviously improve the accuracy of interpreted farmland area. This study could be helpful for improving accuracy of interpreted farmland area during the process of remote sensing survey. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Farms
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Food supply - Geographic information systems - Image recognition - Image reconstruction - Image texture - Land use - Oil well casings - Remote sensing - Surveys
Uncontrolled terms:Accurate calculations - Agricultural resources - Farmland - Geological information systems - Linear feature - Remote sensing images - Remote sensing interpretation - Small features
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and DevelopmentUrban and Regional Planning and Development

- 511.2 Oil Field EquipmentOil Field Equipment

- 723.2 Data Processing and Image ProcessingData Processing and Image Processing

- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

- 822.3 Food ProductsFood Products

- 903.3 Information Retrieval and UseInformation Retrieval and Use

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.024
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933114
Title:Exergy analysis on compressed air engine
Authors:Xu, Huanxiang (1); Yu, Xiaoli (1); Wang, Lei (1); Fang, Yidong (2); Fan, Zhipeng (1); Dou, Wenbo (1); Li, Daofei (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; (2) School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Corresponding author:Li, Daofei(dfli@zju.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:42-49
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The compressed air engine is a new kind power machinery, which uses high-pressure air as its energy storage medium and working medium. The high-pressure air expands inside the cylinder to produce power. Compared to the conventional internal combustion engine, compressed air engine has many advantages in terms of simple structure, no pollutant emission and no fuel consumption, etc. Thus, the compressed air engine has attracted plenty of attention. The previous researchers almost concern about the prototype designing, working process studying and energy loss analyzing on some specific operating condition. However, it is still lack of a systematic study about the energy loss distribution of compressed air engine as well as their causes. In order to solve the issues mentioned above, the exergy loss distribution and its variation trend in the working process of a single-cylinder compressed air engine developed by Zhejiang University were studied in this paper, through applying the thermodynamic theory and exergy analysis method. At first, the mathematical model of the compressed air engine was established and explored in Matlab. After the validation, the mathematical model was used to analysis the difference between the ideal and actual working process of the compressed air engine. Then, the exergy balance model of compressed air engine was built, and was used to analyze the influences of the main operation parameters on the exergy loss distribution, containing of engine revolving speed, intake pressure and temperature. The simulation results of the analysis showed that there is a big difference between the actual working process and ideal working process of compressed air engine, which lead to a lower actual efficiency than the ideal efficiency. The exergy loss of compressed air engine mainly contains intake loss, heat transfer loss, exhaust loss and friction loss. The intake loss and exhaust loss are the two largest part of compressed air engine loss, which result from intake throttling and high pressure, low temperature gas exhausting, respectively. Added together, the intake loss and exhaust loss account for about 30%-40% of the total intake exergy. The raising of engine revolving speed or the falling of intake temperature both lead to an increase of exergy loss in the intake and exhaust processes, while the raising of the intake pressure leads to an increase of exergy loss in the exhaust process and a decrease of exergy loss in the intake process. From economic considerations, the compressed air engine need to run in low revolving speed with appropriate high intake pressure and temperature. In order to validate the variation trend of compressed air engine exergy efficiency, a test bench of compressed air engine was built. The actual exergy efficiency of compressed air engine under different operation parameters were tested and computed, including revolving speed, intake pressure and temperature. It is shown that the test results well agree with the simulation results, though there is a slight gap between them, which proved the accuracy of the built compressed air engine mathematical model. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:30
Main heading:Air engines
Controlled terms:Air intakes - Compressed air - Compressed air energy storage - Energy dissipation - Energy efficiency - Engine cylinders - Engines - Exergy - Heat engines - Heat transfer - Internal combustion engines - Machinery - MATLAB - Pressure vessels - Temperature - Thermodynamics - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Economic considerations - Energy loss distributions - Exergy Analysis - Exergy efficiencies - Exergy loss distributions - Operating condition - Operation parameters - Thermodynamic theory
Classification code:525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion

- 612.1 Internal Combustion Engines, GeneralInternal Combustion Engines, General

- 612.1.1 Internal Combustion Engine ComponentsInternal Combustion Engine Components

- 619.2 TanksTanks

- 631.1 Fluid Flow, GeneralFluid Flow, General

- 641 Heat and Mass Transfer; ThermodynamicsHeat and Mass Transfer; Thermodynamics

- 921 MathematicsMathematics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.007
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933148
Title:Analysis of rural residential land consolidation based on willingness classification
Authors:Gao, Yang (1, 2); Zhang, Fengrong (1, 2); Hao, Jinmin (1, 2); Zhang, Bailin (1, 2); Zhu, Fengkai (3); Qu, Yanbo (4)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; (2) Key Laboratory for Agricultural Land Quality Monitoring and Control, The Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing, China; (3) College of Land Administration, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; (4) School of Public Management, Shandong University of Finance and Economic, Jinan, China
Corresponding author:Hao, Jinmin(jmhao@cau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:297-304
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As an effective measure, rural residential land consolidation can not only intensify the rural residential land use, but also relieve the contradiction of urban and rural land use. We used the geological data and economic social materials gotten by GIS spatial techniques, global observation and interviews, and made empirical researches in Wuxiang County, Shanxi Province. Firstly, divide the type of rural residential land consolidation. As the diversity in terrain, economy and population structure, the rural settlements were different. This study chose 8 factors in 3 aspects, and used them to classify the settlements into 4 types, which were geological disaster type, urban development type, natural recession type and internal development type. It was very meaningful to divide villages of the study area into respective rural residential land consolidation types, because it not only helped us find out the current situation of the overall rural residential land utilization, but also coordinated the consolidation potential of individual village. So the division of rural residential land consolidation types was the basis for other researches of rural residential land consolidation. Then, establish the game theory model about consolidation willingness between local government and village collective, and use it to analyze the feasibility of different rural residential land consolidation types. As the administrator of the region, the government wanted to improve the living condition of peasants and raise the level of economic development through rural residential land consolidation. Also, villagers were the immediate stakeholders of rural settlement, so they had rights to determine whether the land is consolidated or not. With the property of public welfare, the local government had the leading role in rural residential land consolidation, so this game model was the dynamic game of complete information, which meant the local government took action first. The strategies of peasants were affected by the actions of the government. If the local government would like to consolidate the rural settlement, it would provide compensation for the villagers, and the villagers could spend less. If the local government would not like to do it, the peasants would suffer from more stress which came from funds. Based on this, we deployed the multi-factor assessment method to evaluate the willingness of the 2 players. We considered gains and cost when the government took action, containing 5 indices which were consolidation potential, population, rural housing land area per capita, terrain niche and distance between settlements and main streets. We chose 6 indices on the aspects of population structure, living condition, development prospect to analyze the willingness of villagers. We chose 24 settlements to evaluate, and found that the settlements of Payoff I could be consolidated, the government had better provide policies beneficial to settlement consolidation for payoff II, the settlements of Payoff III could be improved by the villagers, and the settlements of Payoff IV needn't be consolidated in the near future. The study can provide an effective reference for rural residential land consolidation, and the accuracy of its result is also associated with the work plan of rural residential land consolidation. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Rural areas
Controlled terms:Consolidation - Economics - Game theory - Geographic information systems - Geology - Housing - Land use - Urban growth - Zoning
Uncontrolled terms:Complete information - Development prospects - Economic development - Game - Internal development - Population structures - Rural residential - Willingness
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and DevelopmentUrban and Regional Planning and Development

- 403.1 Urban Planning and DevelopmentUrban Planning and Development

- 481.1 GeologyGeology

- 903.3 Information Retrieval and UseInformation Retrieval and Use

- 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory

- 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.041
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933129
Title:Comparation of different LAI products in hulunber meadow steppe
Authors:Yang, Fan (1, 2); Li, Zhenwang (2); Bao, Yuhai (1); Li, Xiaoyu (1, 2); Zhang, Baohui (2); Xin, Xiaoping (2)
Author affiliation:(1) Geographical Science College, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China; (2) Institute of Agriculture Resource and Regional Planning, CAAS, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Xin, Xiaoping(xinxp@caas.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:153-160
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Leaf area index (LAI) is an important parameter in vegetation physiological process model. It is important for global climate change research. Recent years, LAI products is increasing in different characteristics. Different products are suitable for different areas, our research fouced on finding out the most suitable LAI product for typical meadow steppe. The study compared the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), GEOLAND2 Version1 (GEOV1), Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS) Leaf Area Index (LAI) products and HJ LAI in hulunber China in 2013.6 measurements of LAI data in 2013 from June to August were acquired. The field measurements achieved by LAI-2000 in 3 km×3 km areas on the temperate meadow steppe in hulunber. The SR (simple ratio index) was calculated from the HJ-1A/B CCD image band reflectance in study area. statistical model between vegetation index SR and LAI ground measurement was established. LAI field measurement were well simulated with the statistical model (R2=0.6042). The HJ-1A/B CCD images with 30m spatial resolution were used on generation of LAI reference map. And others LAI products were 1km spatial resolution. So spatial resolution need transformed to the same scale. The three LAI products HJ LAI were evaluated and cross compared to assess their uncertainty and variability. The results showed that the three LAI products are overestimated meadow steppe LAI the most severe GLASS LAI, over about 41%, followed by MODIS about 32%. GEOV1 LAI product is close to HJ LAI, RMSE=0.289 MAE=0.216. In terms of accuracy, the products were ranked in the following order: GEOV1 > MODIS > GLASS. GEOV1 appears to be the most accurate product. Compared to MODIS and GLASS, GEOV2 significantly improved the accuracy in the high LAI area. The neural network (NNT) algorithm, whose training dataset was derived from fused CYCLOPES and MODIS products with varied weights and an additional SWIR band, was the key to the favorable performance of GEOV1.So GEOV1 was the most accurate product for estimates meadow steppe. The differences between LAI products were compared. No significant discrepancies existed between the GEOV1 and GLASS LAI product results (R2=0.6465). By comparing LAI products data in whole year we found that the three products with good timing consistency. GLASS LAI showed a smooth curve, and had significantly overestimated when LAI valuesas wsmall. MODIS LAI was unstable. The LAI of GEOV1 products were smaller than the other two products from the 133rd day to the 201st day. GEOV1 LAI was similar with GLASS LAI, and higher than the MODIS LAI. The numerous pixels that cause obvious LAI retrieval anomalies had the highest quality. So few pixels contaminated by clouds were not a significant cause of the LAI retrieval anomalies in study area. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:22
Main heading:Radiometers
Controlled terms:Climate change - Experiments - Glass - Image processing - Image reconstruction - Image resolution - Physiological models - Pixels - Remote sensing - Satellite imagery - Uncertainty analysis - Vegetation
Uncontrolled terms:GEOV1 LAI - Global climate changes - Meadow steppes - Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer - MODIS LAI - Physiological process - Statistical modeling - Uncertainty and variability
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

- 655.2 SatellitesSatellites

- 812.3 GlassGlass

- 901.3 Engineering ResearchEngineering Research

- 922.1 Probability TheoryProbability Theory

- 944.7 Radiation Measuring InstrumentsRadiation Measuring Instruments

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.022
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933143
Title:Life cycle assessment analysis for cogeneration of fuel gas and biochar
Authors:Huo, Lili (1); Zhao, Lixin (1); Meng, Haibo (1); Yao, Zonglu (1); Cong, Hongbin (1); Wang, Guan (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agricultural Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Zhao, Lixin(zhaolixin5092@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:261-266
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Chinese straw biomass gas-carbon cogeneration conversion technology is in the pilot phase, including the cross flow moving bed and vertical flow moving bed technologies. The effects of a variety of product utilization modes after straw pyrolysis are highlighted. For example, the better energy utilization efficiency can be seen: the gas product can be converted to power or biogas and so on, and the carbon product can be turned into different products of energy and carbon-base fertilizer, which can replace part of the fossil energy, reduce CO<inf>2</inf>emissions and pollutants. However, there is still not quantitative evaluation about life cycle economy and energy consumption of current biomass cogeneration technology, and the effects of products and byproducts to the environment are not clear. In order to explore the efficiency, economy and greenhouse gas emissions of energy conversion about biomass forming biochar and fuel gas through pyrolysis process, the life cycle assessment principle was applied, and then the 3E (economy, energy and environment) model for the cogeneration of biochar and fuel gas was established. To be more precise, corn straw was selected as the material, and the analysis range was from crop planting phase to the utilization of fuel gas and biochar. There were 4 stages: corn planting, collection, storage and transportation to the factory, conversion to fuel gas and biochar, and product application. In the meanwhile, the advantages and disadvantages of 2 technologies i. e. cross flow moving bed and vertical flow moving bed were discussed. The results showed that the net energy of applying cross flow moving bed technology was 6 542.2 MJ/t, and the energy output-input ratio reached 4.5.Among them, the top 3 energy consumption items were nitrogen fertilizer for planting, fuel consumption for agricultural machines and power consumption for pyrolysis, of which the energy consumption proportions were 30.8%, 20.4% and 17.2%, respectively. The total cost of the fuel gas-biochar cogeneration was 319.4 yuan/t, of which the cost at pyrolysis conversion phase accounted for about 34.0%, and the product revenue and the net profit were 567.6 and 248.2 yuan/t, respectively. The CO<inf>2</inf>equivalent emission was 18.05 g/MJ through the energy consumption process, and the amount of reducing CO<inf>2</inf>equivalent was 40 g/MJ after biochar was returned to the field to fix carbon. Two biomass pyrolysis conversion technologies have their own features. Therefore, based on the product application characteristics, applying appropriate conversion process is vital. Both technologies have some benefits, such as economic advantages, energy saving and low greenhouse emissions, which have certain application value. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:14
Main heading:Life cycle
Controlled terms:Agricultural machinery - Biomass - Byproducts - Carbon dioxide - Cogeneration plants - Costs - Economics - Energy conservation - Energy conversion - Energy efficiency - Energy utilization - Fertilizers - Fuel economy - Fuel storage - Fuels - Gas emissions - Gas fuel analysis - Gas fuel storage - Gases - Greenhouse gases - Nitrogen fertilizers - Particulate emissions - Pyrolysis - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Conversion technology - Energy and environment - Energy consumption process - Energy utilization efficiency - Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - Life cycle assessment analysis - Quantitative evaluation - Storage and transportations
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources

- 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels

- 525 Energy Management and ConversionEnergy Management and Conversion

- 614 Steam Power PlantsSteam Power Plants

- 694.4 StorageStorage

- 801 ChemistryChemistry

- 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

- 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds

- 821.1 Agricultural Machinery and EquipmentAgricultural Machinery and Equipment

- 821.5 Agricultural WastesAgricultural Wastes

- 911 Cost and Value Engineering; Industrial EconomicsCost and Value Engineering; Industrial Economics

- 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.036
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933108
Title:Analysis of magnetic salinity water irrigation promoting growth and photosynthetic characterisitcs of Populuseuramericanna 'Neva'
Authors:Liu, Xiumei (1, 2); Wang, Huatian (1, 2); Wang, Yanping (1, 2); Ma, Fengyun (1, 2); Wang, Lu (1, 2); Wan, Xiao (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Silviculture of Shandong Province, Taian, China; (2) Forestry College of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Huatian(wanght@sdau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:1-7
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The salt stress could injury the photosynthetic mechanism and affect the photosynthetic function of plants. To explore the action of salt stress on plants growth under magnetic treatments (M4, M0 Ms), and to understand the magnetized effect on reducing salt injury, parameters such as different morphological parameters, photosynthesis and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, were measured. Some experimental materials, from one-year cutting seedlings of salt-sensitive Populus × euramericanna 'Neva', were irrigated with magnetized 0, 4.0 g/L NaCl solution, others were irrigated with the same solution but non-magnetized (NM0, NM4 NMs). The results showed that: 1) P<inf>n</inf>, G<inf>s</inf>, C<inf>i</inf>, T<inf>r</inf>, WUE decreased 1.5%-51.1% in NM4, and M4, L<inf>s</inf>increased 12.2% and 26.7% respectively. There were extremely significant differences for them compared to NM0 and M0; the NM0 and M0 maintained higher but L<inf>s</inf>lower than that of NMs. They respectively characterized by significant difference among the treatments (P<0.01). 2) Φ<inf>Eo</inf>, Fv/Fm, and PI<inf>ABS</inf>, first increased and then decreased with prolonging of stress time, showed same trend. Compared with NM0 and M0, the treatments in different group showed extremely significant difference (P<0.01); the Ms kept a relatively higher level compared to NMs, and the increasing proportion was within 0.12%-18.2%. 3) Compared with the control treatments (NM0, M0), the salt-stressed treatments decreased in the height, branch diameter, single leaf area, biomass parameters, root, and leaf biomass allocation proportions, with the increasing extent of 10.7%-55.8% for these parameters. The stem biomass, increasing from 15.8% to 20.9%, had extremely significant differences among the four groups (P<0.01). The Ms also kept a relatively higher level among those 6 biomass indexes compared to NMs. 4) The morphological parameters of root system declined, by 12.8%-51.5% in salinity treatments, but Ms kept higher than NMs, and there were extremely significant difference for the overall level of performances (P<0.01). Salt in soil could reduce the root/shoot ratio, root diameter, length, area and volume, which maintained higher levels of root morphological parameters in Ms respectively. There were extremely significant differences except the root volume compared with NM0 and M0 (P<0.01). In conclusions, the salt injury to photosynthetic mechanism of plants in Ms was less than in NMs which was beneficial to maintaining the integrity of the photosynthetic organ function, and thus-increasing physiological and biochemical activities in plants and promoting its growth. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:46
Main heading:Ecology
Controlled terms:Biomass - Chlorophyll - Growth (materials) - Irrigation - Magnetism - Photosynthesis - Plants (botany)
Uncontrolled terms:Biochemical activity - Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters - Experimental materials - Magnetic treatment - Morphological parameters - Populus - Salinity treatment - Salt stresss
Classification code:454.3 Ecology and EcosystemsEcology and Ecosystems

- 701.2 Magnetism: Basic Concepts and PhenomenaMagnetism: Basic Concepts and Phenomena

- 741.1 Light/OpticsLight/Optics

- 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

- 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

- 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.001
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933119
Title:Simulated total evapotranspiration of winter wheat with modified Shuttleworth-Wallace model in different stages in Nanjing
Authors:Liu, Chunwei (1); Zeng, Xieting (2); Qiu, Rangjian (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China; (2) Institute of Protected Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:80-87
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Winter wheat is an important food crop in Nanjing. In order to investigate the water management and increase the yield, it is crucial to investigate the precise water consumption of winter wheat and its influencing factors. Using the data of measured evapotranspiration (ET) with weighing lysimeter and meteorology factors from automatic weather station during 2011-2012 and 2013-2014, we analyzed the seasonal variation of winter wheat ET and simulated the ET using Penman-Monteith (PM) and Shuttleworth-Wallace (SW) model in 4 different periods from sowing to harvest in the experiment site of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (118.8°E, 32.0°N, with an altitude of 32 m). The site belonged to subtropical monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 15.6 and an average annual rainfall of 1 106 mm. The soil was yellow brunisolic soil with a field capacity of 0.30 cm3/cm3. The weighing lysimeter had an effective evapotranspiration area of 4 m2, with an accuracy of 0.1±0.01 mm. Jarvis model was modified to calculate the canopy resistance which was considered as the most sensitive variable in PM and SW models. In addition, we discussed the relationships between ET and environmental factors. The results showed that winter wheat ET increased gradually to 0.25 mm/h in the sowing and tillering stage, kept at a low level of about 0.20 mm/h in the winter period, and increased rapidly in the regreening and shooting period. The peak ET was 1.37 mm/h in April when the canopy was well developed. The PM model was suitable for calculating the ET in developed canopy cover, but the underestimate of the ET occurred in the beginning of the stage and the overestimate of the ET occurred in the end of the growing season. The analysis of modeling ET in sowing-tillering, tillering completion-regreen stage and jointing-filling stage indicated that the SW model performed well with a minimum stomatal resistance of 70 s/m, however, there was still large errors in milky stage. Lower soil water content occurred in the end of the growing season for winter wheat in Nanjing area, as a result the minimum stomatal resistance increased, which might be the direct reason that caused the obvious error in the ET simulation. Thus, we corrected the minimum stomatal resistance to a high value of 150 s/m for the Jarvis model in milky stage. The comparison between the ET from SW model and the measured ET by lysimeter in milky stage indicated that the modified SW was better than the unmodified SW model, for the modified and unmodified models, the slope was 1.12 and 3.57, the mean absolute error (MAE) was 0.05 and 0.18 mm/h and the agreement index was 0.62 and 0.33, respectively, in 2011-2012 and the MAE was 0.09 and 0.12 mm/h respectively in 2013-2014. The combined SW model obtained better results than each single model when evaluating the seasonal ET because of the optimized canopy resistance in different seasons. The modified SW model increased the determination coefficient (R2) to 0.87 and 0.67, decreased the MAE by 0.02 and 0.01 mm/h and apparently increased the agreement index to 0.82 and 0.70, respectively, in 2011-2012 and 2013-2014.The values of whole season ET were 408 and 453 mm using the modified SW model respectively during 2011-2012 and 2013-2014, and the ratio of soil evaporation to total ET was 28%. ET was mainly controlled by net radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and air temperature and the order of determination coefficient of the environmental factors was net radiation > vapor pressure deficit > air temperature. It was concluded that we could use a larger canopy resistance in SW model in milky stage in order to evaluate the ET during the whole season. The results can improve the evaluation precision of the ET throughout the whole season and be used as a reference for water management of winter wheat in Nanjing. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Evapotranspiration
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Crops - Errors - Hydrostatic pressure - Lysimeters - Models - Plants (botany) - Soil moisture - Soil surveys - Soils - Water management - Water supply - Weather information services - Weighing
Uncontrolled terms:Automatic weather stations - Determination coefficients - Environmental factors - Nanjing - Penman-Monteith models - Subtropical monsoon climate - Vapor pressure deficit - Winter wheat
Classification code:443 MeteorologyMeteorology

- 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

- 446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems

- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

- 631.1.1 Liquid DynamicsLiquid Dynamics

- 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

- 943.3 Special Purpose InstrumentsSpecial Purpose Instruments

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.012
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933145
Title:Using and molding of biological gas industry competitiveness evaluation based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process
Authors:Liu, Yue (1); Meng, Haibo (1); Sheng, Yujun (1); Cheng, Hongsheng (1); Song, Liqiu (1); Yuan, Shuai (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Resource Utilization from Agriculture Residue, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Meng, Haibo(newmhb7209@163.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:275-283
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:With the increase of China's energy demand and the enforcement of environmental protection, biological gas industry draws more and more attention. In order to understand biological gas industry development level, evaluation of industry competitivenesshas become an urgent problem. The analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were applied to the evaluation of biological gas industry competition. 22 indices were adopted in order to construct an evaluation index system of biological gas industry competitiveness. The 22 indices included the scale competitiveness, economy competitiveness, technology competitiveness, manage competitiveness, sustainable development competitiveness in 5 aspects. A biological gas industrial competitiveness evaluation model based on the integration of analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to evaluate biological gas industry competitiveness in Beijing. The analytic hierarchy process was used to establish judgment matrix by the comparison of the relative importance of indicators, calculate and check each indicators, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was applied to determine the evaluation set, construct the subordinate function of each indicator and single factor evaluation matrix. Then multiply the subordinate degree by the weight of each indicator, the evaluation result could be gained. The comprehensive utilization of analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method could solve the complicated multi-factor problem in decision making, thus not only overcome the issue of subjectiveness of analytic hierarchy process in handling hard-to-quantify indices, but also avoid the shortcoming of neglecting index weights with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. This study based on industry competitiveness content tried to build a comprehensive biological gas industry competitiveness evaluation model. It was used for the diagnosis of biological gas industry competitiveness, and verified through the Beijing. Evaluation results showed that the synthesis score of scale competitiveness in bad membership degree was 0.49, belongs to bad level, the restriction factor mainly was the number of practitioners and total gas consumption. The synthesis score of economic competitiveness in medium membership degree was 0.65, belongs to medium level, the restriction factor mainly was the situation of increasing farmers' income. The synthesis score of technology competitiveness in good membership degree was 0.54, which belonged to good level, the restriction factor mainly was the situation of talent attractiveness. The synthesis score of administrate competitiveness in medium membership degree was 0.54, which belonged to medium level, the restriction factor mainly was the operation management model at the level of technical safety management. The synthesis score of sustainable development competitiveness in excellent membership degree was 0.51, whicn belonged to excellent level. The biological gas industry competitiveness in Beijing belonged to medium level, whicn had obvious advantages in the aspect of waste resource utilization ability and pollutant emissions, and had high level in the aspect of scientific research investment and technology equipment, whicn had medium or poor level in the aspect of management level and economic benefits, industrial scale, etc. It need improve and promote more. The model reasonably well represented the status of biological gas industrial competitiveness in Beijing. The research results could provide the basis for biological gas industry development of Beijing. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:21
Main heading:Competition
Controlled terms:Analytic hierarchy process - Biogas - Biomass - Decision making - Economic and social effects - Economics - Environmental protection - Fueling - Fuzzy set theory - Gas emissions - Gas industry - Gases - Industrial economics - Industrial emissions - Industrial research - Investments - Models - Planning - Safety factor - Sustainable development - Waste management
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive utilizations - Economic competitiveness - Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process - Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation - Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method - Industrial competitiveness - Industry competitiveness - Single factor evaluation
Classification code:451.1 Air Pollution SourcesAir Pollution Sources

- 454.2 Environmental Impact and ProtectionEnvironmental Impact and Protection

- 522 Gas FuelsGas Fuels

- 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics

- 912.1 Industrial EngineeringIndustrial Engineering

- 912.2 ManagementManagement

- 914.1 Accidents and Accident PreventionAccidents and Accident Prevention

- 921.4 Combinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set TheoryCombinatorial Mathematics, Includes Graph Theory, Set Theory

- 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science

- 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.038
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933128
Title:Estimation of wheat residue cover using simulated Landsat-8 OLI datas
Authors:Li, Zhiting (1, 2); Wang, Changkun (1); Pan, Xianzhang (1); Liu, Ya (1, 2); Li, Yanli (1, 2); Shi, Rongjie (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China; (2) College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Wang, Changkun(ckwang@issas.ac.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:145-152
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Remote sensing of crop residue cover is very important because of its significance in agricultural production. Hyperion, Aster, and Landsat-5 TM sensors have been successfully used to estimate crop residue cover. However, Hyperion has extended its active duty, almost no good SWIR data of Aster that are useful for identification of crop residue have been acquired since May 2008, and Landsat-5 TM was officially decommissioned on June 5, 2013.Therefore, it is significant to evaluate the performance of Landsat-8 OLI for predicting crop residue cover, which is the latest member of Landsat series and has several advantages over Landsat-5 TM such as the fine spectral resolution. The study was conducted in Fengqiu, which was an area of conservation tillage., the spectra with varying wheat residue covers on the soil surface were measured by using an ASD spectroradiometer (FieldSpec 4 Hi-Res). The measured spectra were used to simulate the corresponding bands of Landsat-8 OLI, Landsat-5 TM, Aster, and Hyperion, which were then employed to construct spectral indices. The potential of Landsat-8 OLI in the prediction of crop residue cover was evaluated by comparing the correlation coefficients between the wheat residue cover and the simulated band reflectance and spectral indices. Moreover, we used the spectral indices to build the calibration models, which were then validated using the measured values of wheat residue cover. Correlation coefficients between the wheat residue cover and the band reflectance of Landsat-8 OLI and Landsat-5 TM were higher in the shortwave infrared region (1 200~2 400 nm), which should be caused by the fact that wheat residue presents a broad absorption feature near 2100 nm associated with cellulose-lignin. Correlation coefficients between the wheat residue cover and the spectral indices using the Landsat-8 OLI1 band (NDI<inf>OLI21</inf>, NDI<inf>OLI31</inf>, and NDI<inf>OLI41</inf>) were better than those for all spectral indices derived from Landsat-5 TM. The correlation coefficient for NDI<inf>OLI21</inf>was highest among all indices derived from Landsat-8 OLI (r=0.78, P<0.01), whereas it was lower than that acquired from SINDRI (r=0.88, P<0.01), LCA (r=0.85, P<0.01) or CAI (r=0.85, P<0.01). NDI<inf>OLI42</inf>, NDI<inf>OLI52</inf>, NDI<inf>OLI53</inf>, NDI<inf>OLI54</inf>, and BI<inf>OLI</inf>were better in estimating the wheat residue cover than the corresponding spectral indices derived from Landsat-5 TM; NDI<inf>OLI21</inf>, NDI<inf>OLI31</inf>, NDI<inf>OLI41</inf>, and NDI<inf>OLI51</inf>were better than all of the spectral indices from Landsat-5 TM; NDI<inf>OLI21</inf>was the best index in estimating the wheat residue cover among all indices derived from Landsat-8 OLI and Landsat-5 TM (R2=0.60, RMSE=9.56%, MRE=9.83%), while it was slightly lower than SINDRI (R2=0.75, RMSE=7.98%, MRE=7.82%), LCA (R2=0.67, RMSE=8.85%, MRE=8.54%), or CAI (R2=0.72, RMSE=8.35%, MRE=8.16%). These results indicate that Landsat-8 OLI is able to effectively estimate wheat residue cover, which will have good application prospects in the prediction of crop residue cover. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:43
Main heading:Crops
Controlled terms:Agricultural wastes - Agriculture - Estimation - Forecasting - Infrared radiation - Life cycle - Reflection - Remote sensing - Soil conservation - Straw
Uncontrolled terms:Agricultural productions - Application prospect - Conservation tillage - Correlation coefficient - LANDSAT - Residue cover - Short wave infrared - Simulation
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

- 741.1 Light/OpticsLight/Optics

- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

- 921 MathematicsMathematics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.021
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933140
Title:Analysis of microbial diversity of submerged biofilters in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for grouper (Epinehelus moara) based on high-throughput DNA sequencing
Authors:Huang, Zhitao (1); Song, Xiefa (1); Li, Xun (2); Wan, Rong (1); Dong, Dengpan (1); Shi, Rongrong (1); Zhai, Jieming (3)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Fisheries, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; (2) Huangdao Ocean and Fisheries Bureau of Qingdao, Qingdao, China; (3) Laizhou MingBo Aquatic CO., LTD, Yantai, China
Corresponding author:Song, Xiefa(yuchuan@ouc.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:242-247
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Nitrification biofilters were widely used to remove ammonia and other metabolic waste products in recirculating aquaculture systems, in which the biofilms played a crucial role in the biotransformation of contaminants. The functional dynamics of the microbial communities were not thoroughly characterized, which provided the impetus for efforts to characterize their species composition and activity. Microbial communities in various biofilters have been intensively studied by various molecular methods, such as polymerase chain reaction - denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), sequencing of clones in DNA libraries and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). However, these tools tend to underestimate the microbial diversity of the biofilter. So-called metagenomic studies use either "shotgun" or PCR-directed sequencing to characterize largely unbiased samples of genes from all the members of sampled communities. Compared to traditional methods, application of the metagenomics approach - in combination with next-generation DNA sequencing, which can generate millions of DNA sequence reads with an average length of over 400 bp - can provide insights of unprecedented depth into microbial community composition and diversity. Against this background, we applied polymerase chain reaction-mediated amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and high-throughput Illumina-MiSeq sequencing to seek insights into the microbial community composition of a series of submerged biofilters in commercial recirculating aquaculture systems for grouper (Epinehelus moara). Our results demonstrated the usefulness of the approach for elucidating bacterial community structure in the series of biofilter; we detected a mean of 27, 737 usable DNA sequence reads and 737 operational taxonomic units (OTU) for each of the 3 submerged biofilters and 488 OTUs were shared among the series of submerged biofilters. Rarefaction curves indicated that further sequencing would not result in identification many more OTUs within each sample. Biofilter 3 had the highest microbial diversity than biofilter 1 and biofilter 2 based on the value of Chao1 index and Simpson index. Bacterial community compositions were characterized at the phylum and genus levels, respectively. Among the 14 most frequently observed phyla, the most dominant was Proteobacteria, representing about 50% of reads in the overall data set for a given filter. The other dominant phyla were Bacteroidetes (23.3%-35.4%), Verrucomicrobia (2.0%-8.8%), Chloroflexi (2.5%-3.5%), Planctomycetes (1.6%-6.3%), Actinobacteria (2.0%-2.7%) and Nitrospirae (0.2%-7.1%), which were similar with the previous study. At the genus level of taxonomic classification, more than eighty taxa were observed, including 2 genera which were important to the process of nitrification. The nitrite-oxidizing genus Nitrospira was abundant in biofilter 3 (7%) and less abundant in biofilter 2 (0.8%) and biofilter 1 (0.2%). The ammonia-oxidizing genus Nitrosomonas varied ranging from 0.1 % to 2.3%. These results suggested that Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira played important role in nitrification in the series of submerged biofilters. The UPGMAM dendrogram created by hierarchical cluster analysis of our results showed the biofilter1 and biofilter 2 closely clustered. The results showed that high-throughput DNA sequencing technology could provide unprecedented depth into microbial community and the findings in this work would data and theoretical basis for design and optimization of series of submerged biofilters in recirculating aquaculture system. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Polymerase chain reaction
Controlled terms:Ammonia - Aquaculture - Bacteria - Bacteriology - Biofilters - Chains - Cluster analysis - DNA - DNA sequences - Electrophoresis - Gene encoding - Genes - Hierarchical systems - Microbiology - Microorganisms - Nitrification - Pollution - RNA - Throughput
Uncontrolled terms:Bacterial community - Bacterial community composition - DNA Sequencing - Fluorescent in situ hybridization - Microbial community composition - Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoreses (PCR-DGGE) - Recirculating aquaculture system - Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms
Classification code:461 Bioengineering and BiologyBioengineering and Biology

- 602.1 Mechanical DrivesMechanical Drives

- 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

- 801 ChemistryChemistry

- 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

- 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds

- 821.3 Agricultural MethodsAgricultural Methods

- 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.033
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933110
Title:Heat dissipation performance of electric farm-oriented vehicle with horizontal battery pack
Authors:Xu, Xiaoming (1, 2); Hu, Zhichao (1); Yuan, Shouqi (2); Xie, Huanxiong (1); Zhang, Meng (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Nanjing Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China; (2) School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:13-19
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The forced air cooling was widely used as the cooling method of battery pack with natural wind or air-conditioning wind, the research mainly focused on how to balance the flow condition of every modes of battery pack. Because the forced air cooling had the characteristics of simple structure, low cost and high maintainability, so it could better meet the operating requirements of modern electric farm-oriented vehicle. Different inlet modes of battery pack would affect the heat dissipation performance of forced air cooling, through the simulation calculation method to study it's effects on the heat dissipation performance of different inlet modes; it would generate great significance for choosing inlet mode and structure optimization design. Combination with thermal power of 55 Ah lithium-ion battery monomer at different charge and discharge rates, the paper selected the horizontal battery pack with forced air cooling as study object, and researched on the influence of inlet mode to the heat dissipation performance at different conditions (including sustained acceleration, sustained deceleration, pause and pulse discharge processing, electric vehicle practical work) with FLOEFD software, the results showed that: the temperature rising of horizontal battery pack was significantly higher than temperature difference based on different conditions, in the case of longitudinal inlet mode, the maximum temperature rising and temperature difference of battery pack at the end time of sustained acceleration were 3.91 and 2.24; the maximum temperature rising and temperature difference of battery pack at the end time of sustained deceleration were 4.91 and 3.70; the maximum temperature rising and temperature difference of battery pack at the end time of pause and pulse discharge processing were 5.17 and 2.94; the maximum temperature rising and temperature difference of battery pack at the end time of electric vehicle practical work were 7.36 and 5.40. The maximum temperature rising and temperature difference of longitudinal inlet mode were lower than horizontal inlet mode, among them, the maximum temperature rising and temperature difference at the end time of sustained acceleration of longitudinal inlet mode were lower by 0.01 and 0.03 than horizontal inlet mode; the maximum temperature rising and temperature difference at the end time of sustained deceleration of longitudinal inlet mode were lower by 0.14 and 0.03 than horizontal inlet mode; the maximum temperature rising and temperature difference at the end time of pause and pulse discharge processing of longitudinal inlet mode were lower by 0.03 and 0.01 than horizontal inlet mode; the maximum temperature rising and temperature difference at the end time of electric vehicle practical work of longitudinal inlet mode were lower by 0.36 and 0.08 than horizontal inlet mode. The longitudinal inlet mode would improve the heat dissipation performance of battery pack with forced air cooling. The reference basis for choosing inlet mode and structure optimization design of electric farm-oriented vehicle with battery pack would be offered. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:12
Main heading:Battery electric vehicles
Controlled terms:Air conditioning - Computer simulation - Cooling - Electric batteries - Electric discharges - Electric vehicles - Experiments - Lithium alloys - Lithium-ion batteries - Secondary batteries - Structural optimization - Vehicle performance - Vehicles
Uncontrolled terms:Battery pack - Charge and discharge - Forced air cooling - Inlet mode - Operating requirements - Simulation calculation - Structure optimization - Temperature differences
Classification code:542.4 Lithium and AlloysLithium and Alloys

- 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer

- 643.3 Air ConditioningAir Conditioning

- 662.1 AutomobilesAutomobiles

- 701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and PhenomenaElectricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena

- 702.1 Electric BatteriesElectric Batteries

- 702.1.2 Secondary BatteriesSecondary Batteries

- 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

- 901.3 Engineering ResearchEngineering Research

- 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.003
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933144
Title:Experimental investigation of wood chip gasification using downdraft fixed bed gasifier
Authors:Ma, Zhongqing (1, 2); Ye, Jiewang (1, 2); Zhao, Chao (1, 2); Sun, Qingfeng (1, 2); Zhang, Qisheng (3)
Author affiliation:(1) School of Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Lin'an, China; (2) Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province, Lin'an, China; (3) School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:267-274
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Gasification is a thermo-chemical process to convert carbonaceous materials into gaseous products which could be used as a fuel in engines for power generation or in boiler for heat supply. This paper investigated the effect of equivalence ratio (ER) on the gasification performance in terms of the temperature in the gasifier, the composition distribution of the producer gas, and the tar content in the producer gas using a lab-scale downdraft fixed bed gasifier fed by Pinus sylvestris wood chips. In addition, the characteristics of gasification byproducts, namely bio-char and bio-tar, were analyzed. The proximate and ultimate analysis, the surface morphology, the surface area, and the pore size distribution of wood charcoal were obtained by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The components of light tar and heavy tar were obtained by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the optimal ER was 0.251 with the maximum LHV of producer gas (4.55 MJ/Nm3along with CO of 17.47%, H<inf>2</inf>of 14.67%, CO<inf>2</inf>of 12.43%, and CH<inf>4</inf>of 2.12%), a minimum tar content of 350 mg/Nm3, and a maximum cold gas efficiency of 65.46%. The charcoal was a porous material with a high heating value of 28.17 MJ/kg and a high BET surface area 342 m2/g which could potentially be feedstock for the production of briquettes fuel and activated carbon. The light tar was mainly composed of phenols (36.75%), acetic acid (22.14%) and ketones (13.73%). After refining and dilution, the light tar could be a potential substance to produce plant growth regulator. The heavy tar was mainly composed of heterocyclic aromatics (59.98%), light aromatics (1 ring) (4.71%) and light polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (2-3 ring) (16.48%). The heavy tar could be a potential feedstock for aromatic chemicals production. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:26
Main heading:Tar
Controlled terms:Activated carbon - Aromatic compounds - Aromatic hydrocarbons - Aromatization - Biomass - Byproducts - Carbon - Carbon dioxide - Charcoal - Chromatography - Experiments - Feedstocks - Gas chromatography - Gases - Gasification - Heat engines - Ketones - Mass spectrometry - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - Pore size - Porous materials - Scanning electron microscopy - Wood - Wood products
Uncontrolled terms:Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method - Composition distributions - Experimental investigations - Gas chromatography-mass spectrometries (GC-MS) - Gasifiers - Plant growth regulators - Thermo chemical process - Wood chip
Classification code:524 Solid FuelsSolid Fuels

- 801 ChemistryChemistry

- 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

- 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

- 811.2 Wood and Wood ProductsWood and Wood Products

- 901.3 Engineering ResearchEngineering Research

- 951 Materials ScienceMaterials Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.037
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933135
Title:Implementation of low voltage compensation control in medium voltage distribution network
Authors:Yang, Weiqi (1, 2); Gao, Xiaoyang (1); Piao, Zailin (2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; (2) College of Information and Electric Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
Corresponding author:Gao, Xiaoyang(gaoxiao1081@sina.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:198-202
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Voltage is an important assessment criterion of power quality. The low voltage phenomena (LVP) frequently appeared in the power distribution network especially at the rural areas of China, which had been key technical problem to be solved by the local departments of State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC). However, LVP happened mostly at the end of the rural medium voltage distribution system in the peak season, by which the electric power consumption of farming and farmers were seriously affected, and also lay behind the development of agricultural economy. Insufficient primary voltage of the distribution transformer was the main cause of rural low voltage phenomena. Increasing rural substation sites or the conductor section could also improve the power quality, but the investment cycle was too long and the rate of return lower. It is not suitable for large-scale popularization and application in rural areas. The thesis presented a synthesized optimal dynamic compensation method for low voltage in the whole electric power line, which was adopted practically and led in Xifeng medium voltage distribution network of Liaoning. First, based on the line voltage-regulation theory with voltage regulator and the terminal voltage monitored by feeder terminal unit (FTU), the voltage level of the whole electric power line was up to the national criteria with the power on-load tapping voltage regulator controlled by the remote host computer. In the meantime, at the basis of reactive power flow of the head line, and with the constraint condition of voltage in the nodes of reactive power compensators installed, the reactive compensation commands were sent by the remote host computer. The total reactive power capacity was 440 kvar (kilovolt ampere reactive) in each node of compensators, in which 50 kvar was as static compensation and the other as dynamic separated into 4 groups. According to the output of reactive power tide at the transformer substation, 1 static and 4 set of dynamic capacitor banks were composed of 17 different combinations in every compensation node, which was optimized for grouping parallel capacitor switch by the remote host computer based on the principle of reactive balance. Finally the national supervision standards of reactive power dynamic balance were reached after above computerized dynamic adjusting measures taken in the whole experimental power grid. The experimental results showed that the line power factor increased to 0.99 from 0.97 under the maximum power flow after the synthesized compensation implementation, and 10KV line active power loss rate decreased by 6 percent compared with before, and distribution transformer primary qualified voltage rate rose to 100% from original 22%. In the paper, several theories and methods of wireless communication and computer control and line-automation were integrated into the practical application example of comprehensive voltage compensation, which effectively improved the voltage level and fluctuating range, the qualified voltage rate and the power loss rate in the rural low and medium voltage distribution network. It has good reference value of engineering. The proposed methods also come up with new solutions for the intelligent development of reactive power compensation of rural substation. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:17
Main heading:Electric power distribution
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Capacitors - Earnings - Economics - Electric lines - Electric load flow - Electric power factor - Electric power system economics - Electric power transmission networks - Electric power utilization - Electric transformers - Electric utilities - Electricity - Integrated control - Power quality - Reactive power - Remote control - Rural areas - Terminals (electric) - Transformer substations - Voltage distribution measurement - Voltage regulators - Wireless telecommunication systems
Uncontrolled terms:Electric power consumption - Line-voltage regulation - Low voltages - Medium-voltage distribution networks - Medium-voltage distribution systems - Power distribution network - Reactive power compensation - Reactive power compensator
Classification code:701.1 Electricity: Basic Concepts and PhenomenaElectricity: Basic Concepts and Phenomena

- 704.1 Electric ComponentsElectric Components

- 706 Electric Transmission and DistributionElectric Transmission and Distribution

- 731.1 Control SystemsControl Systems

- 732.1 Control EquipmentControl Equipment

- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

- 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics

- 942.2 Electric Variables MeasurementsElectric Variables Measurements

- 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.028
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933133
Title:Recognition of phomopsis vexans in solanum melongena based on leaf disease spot features
Authors:Tian, Kai (1); Zhang, Liankuan (2); Xiong, Meidong (1); Huang, Zhihao (1); Li, Jiuhao (1)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; (2) College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Corresponding author:Li, Jiuhao(jhli@scau.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:184-189
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Phomopsis vexans is one of the most devastating diseases of Solanum melongena. Early detection and prevention of crop diseases is critical to control the diseases, improve crop yields, reduce the economic losses and control pesticide pollution. Therefore, the research of recognition methods for crop diseases is necessary. This paper proposed a disease recognition method of phomopsis vexans in Solanum melongena, based on leaf disease spot features. In this method, computer vision technology was used as a means of digital image processing and pattern recognition technique, focusing on analysis of the diseased leaf spots of color, shape, texture parameters. Diseased sample image was collected through an image acquisition system which composed of FitPC and server with long-distance point-to-point transmission. The collected diseased leaf images were processed using a series of image pre-processing methods, such as image transforming, smoothing, and segmentation. After removing disturbance of noise with a median filter and excluded non-blade portion with Grabcut algorithm, the preprocessed image was obtained. Since the H-values of preprocessed image in the HSI color space were concentrated within a certain range, the threshold preprocessed image was chosen as the background of the diseased leaf image. The image segmentation method, based on the result of the background and the preprocessed image multiplication, was applied to separate the disease spot images from the diseased leaf images. The twelve color characteristic parameters, eleven shape feature parameters and eight texture feature parameters for each disease spot area, i. e. the 31 disease unions classifying features were extracted by statistical analysis. The feature vectors consisted of twenty strong classification feature parameters, which were selected by the variance and principal component analysis methods. Based on the training set that composed of 35 phomopsis vexans spot feature vectors and feature vectors of 35 other disease of Solanum melongena spot, Fischer discriminant function classification which use to classify the testing set was constructed. The recognition results of the kinds of phomopsis vexans by the proposed method were 90%. Under the premise of not changing the identify objects, to improve the accuracy of recognition, it required to consider of the influence of different classification feature vectors and different samples of training set on the recognition results. The results of control experiment showed that, the identification accuracy rate decreased with the reduction of the training set, and the identification accuracy of Fisher classification discriminant function constructed by feature vectors dropped without characteristic optimization. The causes of these results were that the sample of other disease of Solanum melongena contained phomopsis vexans similar diseases and redundancy parameters were presented in the original classification feature vetor. The analysis and experimental results in this paper demonstrate that before constructing discriminant function, enough training samples should be acquired and it's nesessary to select the effective parameters that identified well from the feature parameters. The proposed method indicated that using computer vision technology could realize the rapid and accurate identification of leaf diseases of Solanum melongena, and provide supporting technology to real-time detection on solanum melongena diseases in open field. This paper only studied crop leaf disease, while diseases of the stem and fruit were not involved, which remains to be further studied. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Classification (of information)
Controlled terms:Color - Computer vision - Crops - Discriminant analysis - Disease control - Diseases - Image acquisition - Image analysis - Image processing - Image recognition - Image segmentation - Losses - Median filters - Pattern recognition - Plants (botany) - Pollution control - Principal component analysis - Processing - Vectors
Uncontrolled terms:Computer vision technology - Identification accuracy - Image acquisition systems - Pattern recognition techniques - Phomopsis - Point-to-point transmissions - Principal component analysis method - Solanum melongena
Classification code:703.2 Electric FiltersElectric Filters

- 716.1 Information Theory and Signal ProcessingInformation Theory and Signal Processing

- 723 Computer Software, Data Handling and ApplicationsComputer Software, Data Handling and Applications

- 723.5 Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications

- 741.1 Light/OpticsLight/Optics

- 741.2 VisionVision

- 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

- 911.2 Industrial EconomicsIndustrial Economics

- 913.4 ManufacturingManufacturing

- 921.1 AlgebraAlgebra

- 922 Statistical MethodsStatistical Methods

- 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.026
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933120
Title:Analysis of corn water consumption, carbon assimilation and ecosystem water use efficiency based on flux observations
Authors:Zhan, Ling (1); Yang, Hanbo (1); Lei, Huimin (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:Yang, Hanbo(yanghanbo@tsinghua.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:88-93
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:It has a great significance on understanding the growth process of corn and guiding the agricultural irrigation to reveal the patters of corn water consumption, carbon assimilation and ecosystem water use efficiency. Therefore, this research collected flux and meteorological observations from 1997 to 2005 from three flux observations sites of the AmeriFlux network; and these three sites, focusing on farmland ecosystem, were located at corn fields in the northeast of the United States of America. At these three sites, latent heat, sensible heat and carbon dioxide fluxes were measured by eddy correlation system, and at the same time, other climatic variables, such as air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and photosynthetic active radiation were also recorded by automatic meteorological stations. Based on the observations, this research estimated the water consumption (evapotranspiration, ET, including soil evaporation and corn transpiration) according to the latent heat flux, gross primary productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem productivity (NEE), both of which were estimated by according to the carbon dioxide flux; and then estimated the water use efficiency at different time scales, namely daily, weekly and annual, and furthermore tried to explore the relationship of water use efficiency with vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by using a correlation analysis. The results showed that the growth duration of corn is 156-180 days, ET ranges from 440 to 520 mm, GPP ranges from 1320 to 1640 g/m2, and NEE ranges from -560 to -620 g/m2; the peaks of weekly average ET, NEE and GPP are 3.5-5.3 mm/d, -10.0 - -12.5 g/(m2d) and 17.5-28.0 g/(m2d) for the three sites. It could be found that air temperature had a notable impact on corn growth duration; and specially, air temperature at the US-Ro1 site was 2 warmer than that at the other sites, while the corn growth duration at the US-Ro1 site was about 14 d longer than that at the other sites. Regarding the water use efficiency, WN (defined as NEE/ET) ranges from 1.2 to 1.4 g/kg, WG (defined as GPP/ET) ranges from 3.0 to 3.5 g/kg at an annual scale. Both WG and WN had a small variation at an inter-annual scale, with a variation coefficient of 0.2; however, at an intra-annual scale, they had a large variation, with a maximum of 4.5-5.7 g/kg in WG and 2.4-3.2 g/kg in WN, and the minimums close to zero, which was synchronous with GPP variation. More remarkably, WG had a negative correlation with vapor pressure deficit (VPD) at a canopy scale, which could be explained in theory according to the Farquhar's photosynthesis model. In this research, a more accurate relationship between ET and VPD was revealed, i. e. there was a constant k that made ET and GPP·VPDkapproximately keep a direct proportion, with k value ranging from 0.42 to 0.63 for the three sites, which was close to the value of 0.5 proposed in the previous research. In addition, water use efficiency had no significant correlation with photosynthetic active radiation. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:27
Main heading:Ecosystems
Controlled terms:Atmospheric temperature - Carbon dioxide - Crops - Ecology - Efficiency - Evapotranspiration - Heat flux - Heat radiation - Hydrostatic pressure - Latent heat - Photosynthesis - Phytoplankton - Plants (botany) - Transpiration - Vapor pressure - Water - Water supply
Uncontrolled terms:Corn - Gross primary productivity - Meteorological observation - Net ecosystem productivities - Photosynthetic active radiations - Photosynthetically active radiation - United States of America - Water use efficiency
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

- 446.1 Water Supply SystemsWater Supply Systems

- 454.3 Ecology and EcosystemsEcology and Ecosystems

- 461.9 BiologyBiology

- 631.1.1 Liquid DynamicsLiquid Dynamics

- 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

- 641.2 Heat TransferHeat Transfer

- 741.1 Light/OpticsLight/Optics

- 804.2 Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds

- 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

- 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.013
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933125
Title:Applied monosodium glutamate wastewater promoting poplar growth, improving soil active organic carbon and carbon pool management index
Authors:Jing, Dawei (1, 2); Xing, Shangjun (2); Liu, Fangchun (2); Ma, Hailin (2); Du, Zhenyu (2); Ma, Bingyao (2); Yu, Xuedou (1); Zhu, Yaping (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Dezhou University, Dezhou, China; (2) Shandong Forestry Academy, Jinan, China
Corresponding author:Xing, Shangjun(xingsj-126@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:124-131
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Soil total organic carbon (TOC) is a stable and long-lasting carbon source and contains nearly all nutrients for plant growth, and therefore is a meaningful index for evaluating soil fertility. The quantity and quality of soil organic carbon influence soil potential productivity and reflect the spatial distribution and succession of plant community. However, it is not easy to detect short and medium term changes of total TOC due to the variation of soil background and natural level, and thus techniques that measure meaningful fractions of TOC should be used. The active organic carbon (AOC) as the component of TOC is a more sensitive indicator for environmental change. Although the proportion of AOC to TOC is very small, the AOC is closely related to soil productivity and plays important role in soil nutrient supply. Furthermore, the carbon pool management index (CPMI) calculated from changes in labile and total carbon relative to a reference soil shows to be a useful indicator for describing soil fertility. Therefore, analyzing the change rule of AOC and CPMI has important guiding significance for fertilization. In order to explore the biological effect of monosodium glutamate wastewater on soil improvement and determine the appropriate application level of inorganic fertilizer and monosodium glutamate wastewater for improving poplar growth, a field experiment including 5 treatments, i. e. CK (neither urea nor monosodium glutamate wastewater was applied), N<inf>100</inf>(100% of nitrogen was provided by urea), M<inf>10</inf>N<inf>90</inf>(10% and 90% of nitrogen were provided by monosodium glutamate wastewater and urea, respectively), M<inf>30</inf>N<inf>70</inf>(30% and 70% of nitrogen were provided by monosodium glutamate wastewater and urea, respectively) and M<inf>50</inf>N<inf>50</inf>(50% and 50% of nitrogen were provided by monosodium glutamate wastewater and urea, respectively) was performed. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of different treatments on TOC, AOC component and effective rate, CPMI in soil and poplar growth. Results indicated that in comparison to N<inf>100</inf>treatment, the TOC content significantly increased under the treatments of M<inf>10</inf>N<inf>90</inf>, M<inf>30</inf>N<inf>70</inf>and M<inf>50</inf>N<inf>50</inf>, and M<inf>50</inf>N<inf>50</inf>treatment was apparently higher than other treatments. The AOC, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) contents and their effective rates in M<inf>30</inf>N<inf>70</inf>treatment all reached the maximum, of which AOC content was 43.58%, 59.35%, 20.71% and 9.65% higher than CK, N<inf>100</inf>, M<inf>10</inf>N<inf>90</inf>and M<inf>50</inf>N<inf>50</inf>respectively and DOC content was 62.71%, 52.38%, 28.00% and 14.29% higher than CK, N<inf>100</inf>, M<inf>10</inf>N<inf>90</inf>and M<inf>50</inf>N<inf>50</inf>respectively. In the meantime, the CPMI was 192.56 under the M<inf>30</inf>N<inf>70</inf>treatment, which was 89.45, 43.58 and 30.86 higher than the treatments of N<inf>100</inf>, M<inf>10</inf>N<inf>90</inf>and M<inf>50</inf>N<inf>50</inf>, respectively. Additionally, the average growth rates of diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height and volume in M<inf>30</inf>N<inf>70</inf>treatment were 23.40%, 21.62% and 45.05%, respectively, which were also obviously higher than other treatments. However, in M<inf>10</inf>N<inf>90</inf>and M<inf>50</inf>N<inf>50</inf>treatments, less effects on AOC component and CPMI in the forest soil and tree growth rates were observed compared with M<inf>30</inf>N<inf>70</inf>treatment. The correlation analysis showed that volume growth rate was extremely significantly correlated with AOC, AOC effective rate, DOC, MBC and CPMI (P<0.01). These results suggest that monosodium glutamate wastewater combined with inorganic fertilizer, especially M<inf>30</inf>N<inf>70</inf>treatment, is beneficial to increase AOC content and CPMI of woodland soil, improve soil quality and fertility, and promote the growth of poplar. The results can provide theoretical foundation for the effective utilization of monosodium glutamate wastewater in forestry. In addition, we can speculate the monosodium glutamate wastewater combined with inorganic fertilizer would have broad application prospects in forest cultivation. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:37
Main heading:Soil surveys
Controlled terms:Carbon - Fertilizers - Food additives - Forestry - Growth rate - Lakes - Metabolism - Nitrogen - Nitrogen fertilizers - Nutrients - Organic carbon - Productivity - Soils - Urea - Wastewater treatment
Uncontrolled terms:Carbon pool - Diameter-at-breast heights - Dissolved organic carbon - Guiding significances - Microbial biomass carbon - Monosodium glutamate wastewater - Poplar - Theoretical foundations
Classification code:452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and DisposalIndustrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal

- 483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

- 803 Chemical Agents and Basic Industrial ChemicalsChemical Agents and Basic Industrial Chemicals

- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

- 804.1 Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.018
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933127
Title:Integrated soil fertility and yield response to long-term different fertilization in purple soil
Authors:Chen, Xuanjing (1); Zhao, Yanan (1); Chai, Guanqun (1); Zhang, Zhenzhen (1); Zhang, Yueqiang (1, 2); Shi, Xiaojun (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; (2) National Monitoring Station of Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Efficiency on Purple Soils, Chongqing, China
Corresponding author:Shi, Xiaojun(shixj@swu.edu.cn)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:139-144
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:The Nemero index is widely used to assess integrated pollution or fertility index. This index is becoming one of the most common methods because it has higher accuracy and shows better correlation with crops yield than other evaluating methods. However, the Nemero index is less used to evaluate the trend of integrated soil fertility under long-term varied fertilization especially on purple soils. Based on a long-term field experiment in the national monitoring station of soil fertility and fertilizer efficiency on purple soils, evolution trends of integrated soil fertility under different fertilization treatments for 20 years was therefore evaluated by the Nemoro index. By doing so, the authors expected to find out a sustainable fertilization management for high crop yield and soil fertility on purple soils. Results showed that different fertilization treatments had led to different trends of soil fertility after 20 years. Integrated fertility index (IFI) of soil with CK, N and NK treatments showed a declining trend over time. Whereas IFI of soil with NP, NPK, NPKM, 1.5NPKS and NPKS treatments were increased to a platform in 5 years and then kept stabilized after that. Balanced fertilization such as NPK, NPKM, NPKS, 1.5NPKS treatments resulted in high grain yield and their IFI had a small change with time. Furthermore, the average of IFI values for balanced fertilization treatments were significantly higher than that of CK and other partial fertilization treatments. Even so, the increased extents by these treatments were different. Averaged IFI values of soil with balanced fertilization treatments (NPK, NPKM, 1.5NPKS, NPKS) were 36.8%, 34.5%, 52.3%, and 50.1% higher than that of CK treatment, respectively. Correlations between IFI index and soil fertility parameters showed that soil organic matter, total phosphorus and available phosphorus content had more contribution to soil fertility of purple soil. In practice, result showed that fertilization could significantly improve the yield of crops compared to un-fertilization treatment (CK). Furthermore, grain yield with balanced fertilization was significantly higher than that with unbalanced fertilization treatments. The 20-year averaged grain yield of the fertilization treatment (NPKS, 1.5NPKS, NPKM, NPK, NK, NP, N) is 110.8%, 99.2%, 100.4%, 102.4%, 54.4%, 78.6%, and 36.5% higher than that of treatment without fertilization, respectively. Crop yield with NP treatment was higher than that with other partial fertilization treatments (NK, N) because purple soil can supply sufficient amount of K by continuous weathering of K-enriched mineral. Similarly, the integrated fertility index of soil under NP treatment was also higher than the other partial fertilization treatments. Although the IFI of soil with high rate of NPK fertilizer (1.5NPKS treatment) was the highest within all treatments, its averaged annual yield was even lower than that with less fertilizer treatments (NPKS). This indicated that excess fertilization might result in too high nutrient accumulation to cause yield reduction and reduce efficiency of fertilizer utilization. Based on 20-year data, NPK fertilization together with rice straw-return (NPKS) showed the best in term of crops yield and their stability. Regression between yield and IFI can be fitted significantly by a quadratic equation with a coefficient (R2) of 0.9758 (P<0.01). This showed that relative yield could reach the top when the integrated fertility index of purple soil was 1.81.This regression also indicated that IFI of purple soil should remain at a range of 1.63 to 2.01 for maximizing crop yield. In conclusion, long-term balanced fertilization can increase both crop yield and integrated soil fertility on purple soils and such trends could be matched well by the Nemoro index. Whereas, long-term unbalanced fertilization especially only N or NK application resulted in soil P deficiency, resulting in lower grain yield and a declining IFI. Furthermore, balanced NPK fertilization together with rice straw-return (NPKS) is recommended to maintain high soil fertility as same as rice yield on purple soils. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Soils
Controlled terms:Agriculture - Crops - Efficiency - Fertilizers - Grain (agricultural product) - Phosphorus
Uncontrolled terms:Available phosphorus - Fertilizer efficiency - Long-term fertilization - Long-term field experiments - Purple soils - Soil fertility - Soil organic matters - Yield
Classification code:483.1 Soils and Soil MechanicsSoils and Soil Mechanics

- 804 Chemical Products GenerallyChemical Products Generally

- 821 Agricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest ControlAgricultural Equipment and Methods; Vegetation and Pest Control

- 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

- 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.020
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933142
Title:Study on characteristics of catalyzed internal electrolysis treating simulated rural lead pollution water
Authors:Pan, Luting (1); Wang, Jiucheng (1); Han, Yue (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Modern Agricultural Science and Engineering Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:254-260
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Lead may cause a series of health problems which ranged from behavioral problems, learning disabilities to seizures or even death. The conventional treatment methods adopted for removing lead from wastewater included chemical precipitation, electro-chemical reduction, ion exchange process and adsorption method. However, these methods had certain disadvantages, such as high cost, technical sophistication, generation of sludge, or other waste products that needed to be processed. Therefore, it was necessary to research and develop a treatment method which had the advantage of relative high efficiency and low operating cost. On the basis of above considerations, an emerging lead removal system, namely, the catalyzed internal electrolysis based on advanced ferric-carbon filler, was applied to treat lead-containing wastewater, especially the lead pollution water in rural areas. To investigate the effect of catalyzed internal electrolysis based on advanced ferric-carbon filler treating water that simulated lead pollution in rural area, this study adopted single factor experimental design and orthogonal experimental design that included eight factors and three levels, making study on initial pH(1.0~8.0), reaction time(10-90 min) and aeration quantity(0-12 L/h). The results showed that the removal rate of Pb2+rose slowly at first and then dropped sharply when pH value rose from1.0 to 8.0.The removal rate of Pb2+rose steadily when the reaction time increased from 10 min to 60 min and tended to be stable when the reaction time kept extending to 90 min. The removal rate of Pb2+rose sharply at first and then dropped slowly when aeration quantity increased from 0 to 12 L/h. The influence of the three factors on removal efficiency of Pb2+were as follows: aeration quantity>initial pH value>reaction time, the best reaction condition occurred when the initial pH value was at 3.0, the reaction time was 60 min and aeration quantity was 6L/h. This paper fitted the reaction stage according to the first-order kinetic model, observed the surface feature and structure changes of the ferric-carbon filler before and after the reaction by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and analyzed the components of solution after the reaction by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and inferred that the mechanism for catalyzed internal electrolysis removing lead was oxidation-reduction and chemical precipitation. In optimum experimental conditions, the concentration of Pb2+could fall to 0.037 mg/L after treatment when initial Pb2+concentration was 1.0 mg/L, which could meet the requirement on limiting value of the case-III water specified in Environment Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002). This research results may provide theoretical foundation and design basis for the remediation of the lead pollution water in rural areas. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:28
Main heading:Lead removal (water treatment)
Controlled terms:Catalysis - Chemical analysis - Design - Efficiency - Electrolysis - Experiments - Fillers - Heavy metals - Internal oxidation - Ion exchange - Lead - pH - Pollution - Precipitation (chemical) - River pollution - Rural areas - Scanning electron microscopy - Statistics - Surface waters - Wastewater treatment - Water pollution - Water treatment - X ray diffraction
Uncontrolled terms:Action mechanisms - Components of solutions - Conventional treatments - Experimental conditions - First-order kinetic models - Lead pollution - Orthogonal experimental design - Theoretical foundations
Classification code:444.1 Surface WaterSurface Water

- 445.1 Water Treatment TechniquesWater Treatment Techniques

- 452.4 Industrial Wastes Treatment and DisposalIndustrial Wastes Treatment and Disposal

- 453 Water PollutionWater Pollution

- 531 Metallurgy and MetallographyMetallurgy and Metallography

- 546.1 Lead and AlloysLead and Alloys

- 801.1 Chemistry, GeneralChemistry, General

- 802.2 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

- 802.3 Chemical OperationsChemical Operations

- 901.3 Engineering ResearchEngineering Research

- 913.1 Production EngineeringProduction Engineering

- 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.035
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933136
Title:Risk assessment of main meteorological disasters of winter wheat in North China
Authors:Wang, Chunyi (1, 2); Zhang, Yujing (1, 3); Zhang, Jiquan (4)
Author affiliation:(1) Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) Hainan Meteorological Bureau, Haikou, China; (3) Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; (4) College of Urban and Environmental Sciences/Natural Disaster Research Institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
Corresponding author:Zhang, Yujing(angelazyj@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:203-213
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:North China Plane is one of the most important area for winter wheat planting, but meanwhile it is severely influenced by meteorological disasters, which may lead to serious reduction in yield. This research is carried out to evaluate the integrated risk for winter wheat in North China Plane through establishing the comprehensive risk model, which is made up of the integration of hazard, exposure and vulnerability models. The meteorological data in 1961-2010 and the winter wheat developmental stages data and yield data in 1981-2010 from 48 agro-meteorological observatories and MODIS data are employed to establish the risk model. According to the growth and development characteristics of winter wheat, the whole growing period is divided into three stages, which are early stage (from sowing to standing stage), middle stage(from jointing to flowering stage) and late stage (from filling to mature stage), respectively. In addition to the climatic conditions in the three stages, the precipitation in the period before sowing is also taken into account in the impact analysis for periodical disasters toyield reduction of winter wheat in North China. Disaster hazards in different growing stages are analyzed based on the drought index and dry hot wind index. According to the embryology mechanism of meteorological disasters and the regional environmental characteristics, the hazard, exposure and vulnerability models are established and thus the integrated risk model come into being, with which the integrated risk of meteorological disasters for winter wheat in North China Plain is evaluated, and then the risk distribution is demonstrated based on GIS technology. Results showed that, 1) According to the hazard model, in the stage before sowing, the hazard weights were generally low. Weights of drought hazard in early stage and middle stage were generally high, and middle stage had the highest weights in most area. The highest weight of dry hot wind hazard located in middle and south of Hebei Province. In late stage, the weights ratio of drought to dry hot wind could explain the main meteorological disaster locally, it showed that drought dominated in middle and western part of Henan Province, and its impact decreased from south to north, thus the impact of dry hot wind increased. According to the vulnerability model, the highest value area sat in Huanghua and Botou of Hebei Province, Juxian in south of Shandong, Lushi and Sanmenxia in Henan Province. According to the exposure model, the highest exposed area lie in southwest of Shandong and northeast of Henan. The weights of hazard, exposure and vulnerability were 0.3272, 0.3116 and 0.3612, respectively. 2) There were two high risk value centers in North China Plain, one of them lay in the junction of Hebei, Shandong and Henan province. The other one lay in Huanghua and Botou, Hebei province. Risk values decreased from center to surroundings. 3) North China Plain was divided into 5 parts according to the integrated risk value. In conclusion, in the whole growing period, the highest hazard value appears in the middle stage, for the late stage, differences in dominant meteorological disasters exist over the research domain, which could be coped by local measures according to their risk features. Vulnerability occupies the biggest component in the risk index. In the study, county is the smallest unit in carrying out the risk assessment, which means the result is more targeted and typical, so that it can provide reference in the management of agro-meteorological disasters for winter wheat in North China Plane. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:29
Main heading:Risk assessment
Controlled terms:Crops - Disasters - Drought - Environmental technology - Hazards - Meteorology
Uncontrolled terms:Comprehensive risks - Environmental characteristic - Growth and development - Meteorological disasters - Meteorological observatories - North China - Vulnerability models - Winter wheat
Classification code:444 Water ResourcesWater Resources

- 454 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering

- 821.4 Agricultural ProductsAgricultural Products

- 914.1 Accidents and Accident PreventionAccidents and Accident Prevention

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.029
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933137
Title:Analysis of wetland landscape evaluation and its driving factors in Yellow River Delta based on remote sensing image
Authors:Lu, Xiaoning (1, 2, 3); Zhang, Jingyi (1, 2); Hong, Jia (1, 2); Wang, Lingling (1, 2)
Author affiliation:(1) College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China; (2) Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China; (3) Key Laboratory of Geo-special Information Technology, Ministry of Land and Resources, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:214-223
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:As one of the most active regions in the world, the Yellow River Delta has a large-area wetland which plays a significant role in balancing the regional eco-environment. However, in the past decades, increasingly severe natural and human environment have formed great threat to the Yellow River Delta wetland. Researches are urged to make clear what exactly has changed and which factors exactly result in it in order to put forward the measures of instructions on regional wetland protection. Therefore, a wetland landscape database that contained 9 land use maps of the Yellow River Delta in the year 1973, 1979, 1985, 1992, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2013 was constructed with artificial visual interpretation as method and Landsat-MSS/TM/ETM/OLI satellite images as data source. Combined with the Yellow River runoff and sediment data, socioeconomic data, the Yellow River Delta wetland evolution and its driving factors were analyzed. Researches showed that: 1) Natural wetland was the primary wetland of the Yellow River Delta, among which saltwater wetlands accounted for the larger proportion. However, different natural wetland types had different distribution feature: saltwater wetlands had an evolution sequence from sea to land, while freshwater wetland had an evolution sequence by the distance to the Yellow River. Active and widely distributed, the tidal creek played good corridor function, and dominated the landscape distribution and evolution. 2) The wetland area of the Yellow River Delta experienced an overall decline during 1973-2013, and showed an overall fragmentation trend, accompanied with large scale natural wetland converting to artificial wetland and non-wetland. 3) Changes of wetland area of the Yellow River Delta also presented stage characteristics, mainly due to the superimposed effect of the significant periodic changes of the Yellow River runoff and sediment and the increasingly severe human influence. 4) There was a function relationship between the change of wetland area and the Yellow River runoff and sediment, which was especially close between saltwater wetlands and sediment, and between freshwater wetlands and runoff. However, more improvement should be made in further study as follows: 1) Main driving factors were discussed just based on qualitative analysis, and a more quantitative method needs to be used to quantify the driving factors in the process of wetland landscape evolution, which will provide the better guidance for regional wetland protection and restoration. 2) Only Lijin hydrometric station data were used in this study, which failed to quantify the distribution of water and sediment in space, and thus, the relationship between wetland landscape evolution and water-sediment change needs to be studied more clearly. At the same time, ocean and land interaction is another important factor which should be taken into account in the future. 3) Besides, as a typical coastal wetland landscape, tidal creek plays a significant role in regional wetland evolution, but due to space limitation, its effects were not presented in this article. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:25
Main heading:Wetlands
Controlled terms:Ecology - Economics - Factor analysis - Function evaluation - Image reconstruction - Land use - Remote sensing - Rivers - Runoff - Sediments - Space optics - Water
Uncontrolled terms:Different distributions - Driving factors - Function relationships - Landscape evaluation - Protection and restoration - Remote sensing images - Stage characteristics - Yellow River delta
Classification code:403 Urban and Regional Planning and DevelopmentUrban and Regional Planning and Development

- 442.1 Flood ControlFlood Control

- 454.3 Ecology and EcosystemsEcology and Ecosystems

- 483 Soil Mechanics and FoundationsSoil Mechanics and Foundations

- 656.1 Space FlightSpace Flight

- 921.6 Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods

- 922.2 Mathematical StatisticsMathematical Statistics

- 971 Social SciencesSocial Sciences

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.030
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933139
Title:Molding and control of greenhouse temperature-humidity system based on grey prediction model
Authors:Qin, Linlin (1); Ma, Guoqi (1); Chu, Zhudong (1); Wu, Gang (1)
Author affiliation:(1) Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:233-241
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Greenhouse temperature-humidity system can be regarded as a hybrid system, where the discrete variables, i. e. the switching states of environmental control devices, e. g. ventilation window, wet curtain-fan, sunshade nets and et al, and the continuous variables, i. e. greenhouse temperature, humidity, and measurable but uncontrollable disturbance inputs consisting of outside temperature, outside humidity, solar radiation, wind direction, wind speed and et al interact. Besides, what makes the greenhouse temperature-humidity system difficult to control is the existence of the outside measurable but uncontrollable disturbance inputs. As a result, some conventional methods like feedback, feedforward are not applicable to the greenhouse temperature-humidity system. In this paper, according to the hybrid characteristic of greenhouse temperature-humidity system, a method based on switched models was proposed for modelling and predictive control of greenhouse temperature-humidity system. The data sampling experiment was carried out under the open ventilation window condition and closed ventilation window condition, respectively. Firstly, by correlation analysis, outside temperature, outside humidity and solar radiation, which had obviously strong correlation with inside temperature and humidity, were chosen as three disturbance inputs of extended auto-regressive (ARX) models of the greenhouse temperature-humidity system, which could simplify model structure to some extent. Then model parameters of two subsystems were obtained by forgetting factor recursive least squares (FFRLS) under open ventilation window condition and closed ventilation window condition, respectively. Secondly, predictive control problem of greenhouse temperature-humidity system was transformed into mixed integer quadratic problem (MIQP), which was solved by branch and bound algorithm. In addition, grey prediction method GM(1, 1) was adopted to predict the measurable but uncontrollable disturbance inputs appearing in this system. Furthermore, due to limitations of the physical properties of the environmental control devices, the upper/lower amplitude constraints of inputs should also be taken into consideration. If the inside temperature was above the upper constraint or the inside humidity was below the lower constraint, switching state of ventilation window was open at the next step, if the inside temperature was below the lower constraint or the inside humidity was above the upper constraint, switching state of ventilation window was closed at the next step. After both solving mixed integer quadratic problem and upper/lower amplitude constraints analysis, optimal switching signal was obtained. In what followed, we considered the stability problem of the achieved switching model. Traditional stability analysis mainly focused on asymptotical stability when time approached infinity based on the Lyapunov stability theory, but there could be such a case that the system is asymptotically stable but at some finite time points the system has bad performance which may lead to uncertain results or system halting. Therefore, Finite-time stability of greenhouse temperature-humidity switched system is nontrivial for practical control case. Finite-time stability of two subsystems and switched system was illustrated by simulation results. At last, the simulation study was carried out, and inside temperature and humidity could be controlled within the setting range basically, and inside temperature and inside humidity could approach setting final goal in the end of control time, which showed the effectiveness of the modeling and control method achieved in this paper. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:34
Main heading:Humidity control
Controlled terms:Algorithms - Branch and bound method - Environmental engineering - Environmental management - Forecasting - Greenhouses - Hybrid systems - Models - Solar radiation - Stability - Switching - Switching systems - System stability - System theory - Temperature - Ventilation - Wind
Uncontrolled terms:Asymptotical stability - Branch-and-bound algorithms - Forgetting factor recursive least squares (FFRLS) - Grey prediction - Lyapunov stability theory - MIQP - Mixed integer quadratic problems - Switched system
Classification code:443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

- 454.1 Environmental Engineering, GeneralEnvironmental Engineering, General

- 641.1 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

- 643.5 VentilationVentilation

- 657.1 Solar Energy and PhenomenaSolar Energy and Phenomena

- 821.6 Farm Buildings and Other StructuresFarm Buildings and Other Structures

- 921 MathematicsMathematics

- 921.5 Optimization TechniquesOptimization Techniques

- 961 Systems ScienceSystems Science

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.032
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

Accession number:20160701933118
Title:Projection of reference evapotranspiration in hilly area of central Sichuan using statistical downscaling model
Authors:Feng, Yu (1); Cui, Ningbo (2, 3); Gong, Daozhi (1); Wei, Xinping (2)
Author affiliation:(1) State Key Engineering Laboratory of Crops Efficient Water Use and Drought Mitigation/Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; (2) State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering & College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; (3) Provincial Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture in Hill Areas of Southern China, Chengdu, China
Corresponding author:Cui, Ningbo(cuiningbo@126.com)
Source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abbreviated source title:Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao
Volume:32
Issue date:January 1, 2016
Publication year:2016
Pages:71-79
Language:Chinese
ISSN:10026819
CODEN:NGOXEO
Document type:Journal article (JA)
Publisher:Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
Abstract:Reference evapotranspiration (ET<inf>0</inf>) is an important component of agricultural water management, analysis on the change trend and spatial distribution characteristics of ET<inf>0</inf>under the climate change scenarios can be used as references for estimation of crop water requirement. In the current study, daily meteorological data from 11 meteorological stations were obtained from 1961 to 2013 in hilly area of central Sichuan, Southwest China. ET<inf>0</inf>during 1961-2013 were calculated by FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation, ET<inf>0</inf>during 2014-2099 were downscaled from HadCM3 (Hadley Centre Coupled Model version 3) outputs under two emission scenarios of high (A2) and low (B2) emission by statistical downscaling model (SDSM 4.2 software). Temporal trend and spatial distribution of ET<inf>0</inf>during 1961-2099 were analyzed by Mann-Kendall trend test and Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation method. The results indicated that ET<inf>0</inf>decreased non-significantly (P>0.05) during baseline period (1961-2010) with a tendency rate of -5.2 mm/10a, annual mean ET<inf>0</inf>was 757 mm, and the highest values of ET<inf>0</inf>were found in the north and south region while the lowest values were in the central region; HadCM3 projected a statistically significant (P<0.05) and continuous increase in ET<inf>0</inf>during 2020s (2011-2040), 2050s (2041-2050) and 2080s (2071-2099) with a rate of 8.9, 17.5 and 13.2 mm/10 a under A2 emission scenario and 12.1, 21.5 and 4.3 mm/10 a under B2 emission scenario, respectively. Averaged for the whole area, the projected increase were 7.9%, 10.9% and 16.7% under A2 emission scenario and 7.1%, 4.9% and 12.8% under B2 emission scenario for the three periods 2020s, 2050s and 2080s, respectively. The increase under A2 emission scenario was slightly higher than that under B2 scenario which may be caused by higher air temperature and solar radiation under A2 emission scenario. The highest values of ET<inf>0</inf>were found in the northwest and south region while the lowest values were in the central region both under A2 and B2 emission scenarios for the three periods 2020 s, 2050 s and 2080 s, and the greater increase in ET<inf>0</inf>was found in south central region while lower increase was in central, south and north region both under A2 and B2 emission scenarios for the three periods 2020 s, 2050 s and 2080 s. GCMs and SDSM were applied to project the climate changes in the future, which may lead some uncertainties in the results due to the uncertainties of GCMs, SDSMs and selection of predictors. In order to reduce the uncertainties of climate projection and improve the simulating abilities of SDSMs on future climate, more GCMs, downscaling methods and emission scenarios should be selected for the projection of ET<inf>0</inf>. This research provided possible temporal trend and spatial distribution of ET<inf>0</inf>in the future in hilly area of central Sichuan, which can provide valuable information for irrigation schedule planning. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.
Number of references:35
Main heading:Climate change
Controlled terms:Climate models - Evapotranspiration - Inverse problems - Meteorology - Models - Spatial distribution - Water management
Uncontrolled terms:Climate scenarios - HadCM3 - Projection - Sichuan - Statistical downscaling
Classification code:443 MeteorologyMeteorology

- 443.1 Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties

- 921 MathematicsMathematics

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.z1.011
Database:Compendex
Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.Compendex references:YES
201609

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